JOURNAL OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
DOROTHY E. HANSELL EDITOR
VOLUME 51
1950
Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, N. Y.
TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 51 1950
(Exclusive of Book Reviews and Notes, News, and Comment)
January (No. 601)
Giant Seguoras A Century Aco Henry Sheldon Anable 1 Lost IN THE ARCTIC Melville T. Cook 6 Tue Sourwoop—A NecLecteD TREE James G. Esson 12 Tue BotaxicaL NAME oF THE Bic TREE H.W. Rickett 15 JoHN 2. PIERRE J. 23 HELEN A. ScrIB 23 Witiiam J. BonistEeL 24
Fepruary (No. 602)
STROPHANTHUS, 5 , AND CorTISONE Joseph Monachino 23 Pascal CELERY AND ITS ORIGIN Roger L. de Vilmorin 39 A Wooptanp GLAbIOLUS GARDEN Mary F. Barrett 41 SaraH V. Coomes MarcH (No. 603)
A GARDENER’S Tour OF THE WEst INDIES John F. (Watkins 53 Tarwania, THE MonarcH OF CHINESE CONIFERS Hsen-Hsu Hu 63 Some Woopy-STEMMED Grounp Covers J. H. Beale 68
ApRIL (No. 604) Kenar—A PotentiaL New C. Gaber H. Ahlgren & elexan der Dotsenko 77
PLANTS To AvoID IN SMALL GARDENS Lon aes Meissner 81 A G My Witp Fiower Boox a H. Gottscho 83 HaAveMeyer Litac CoLiectTion alone TO GARDEN 98 Rutes For Devetorinc A WortHy Garven
Succestep By Lorp ABerconway 99 ExuHisit on TuLip anp Rose in DESIGN
Brincs Gotp MEDAL To GarDED 100
“GREEN THuUMB”’—WuHenre Dip Ir OrIcINATE?
May (No. 605) Donald P. ea aan Sue WesTERN New York’s Haven For RARE PLad
a3 — = a2 a a x
Paes CH Aroor AND AFLoaT For Brtster-Rust Walter H. Snell GrowinGc Harpy Prim Edward O. Birch Davi D. Keck os Heap Curator
June (No. 606)
Sawoust As A Mutcu For Roses Loren D. Pe THE TRAINING Or TrurFLE-Docs Donald P ButTTeErworts AND BLADDERWORTS R. Eliot —
Jury (No. 607)
“A Tree Grows Ix Yonkers” T. H. Everett THe New York BoranitcaL GARDEN William J, Robbins THe New York Botanicar Garvex and THE PLANTS oF TroPicAL AMERICA HY. A. Gleason ’ | Learnep Anout Roses From THem” Floyd F. Eldred ee ee —May 1950 Joun Henptey BarNHART—An Appreciation H. A. Gleason
Report Frowt CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Avoust (No. 608) E Rose As A Morir Ix Tue Decorative Arts John Kent Tilton ee Rep Currants Anp THe Waite Prine Briister-Rust if ‘ate er Hf. Snell Water RELATION Or PLAN *. Zimmerman Procress In Torani eee TECHNIQUES . R. Fenska Rose-Growers’ Dav—June 1930
as)
EPTEMBER (No, 609) Cornus Kousa—A Summer-Flowering Flowering Degwood . A. Everett Harntness Recorps Or Woony Prants At RocHEsteEr, New York
Bernard Harkness Piaxt Tumors Anp CANc Robert S. de Ropp he Or A ae Tx SWEDEN Donald P. Rogers
Octoper (No. 610) Recent Developments Ix StrRopHANTHUS As A
Precursor Or CorrisoNne Joseph Monachin Tue Oricix Or Corn Bett Mar. TPilliam Brown BRINGING E- “BLUE AMARYLLIS” Mes FLOWER T. H, Everett A Trip Ixto THe Mocunxtatns Or Cotorapo Helen M. Fox
101
— i=] a
M1 115 118
INS) asf BND
Novemser (No, 611)
A Prea For Tue Cuttivation Or Encuisu Ho ties Mrs. Alfred B. ae 261 Men
Francipant, A Tree OF oe AMERICA Edwin A. an: 5 Ir’s Closer THAan You Tu Stephen Collins 268 CHRYSANTHEMUMS ON Tran, 274 RYSANTHEMUM ARISTOCRATS Ernest ae ie H. Scott 276 Science In A Democracy v W. Bronk 278 N EXPERIMENT STATION'S 75TH ANNIVERSARY 281
December (No. 612)
Prants Tuar Ficure In Curistmas Trapition ANp Bian H
len M. 28 Winter Interest IN THE GARDEN DeEtte B. en 295 SixtH ANNUAL CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW AND ProcRAM Ne ORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 298 Inpoor CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW 302 Em
COVER ILLUSTRATIONS
Giant Sequoias In THe Cataveras Save-the-Redwoods
ROVE eague January Winter At WILLowwoop—the home of Henry Tubb Gladstone, N. J. ttscho-Schleisner February Rarn-Makinc Dott Or Hopi In- DIANS EN, Mitchell March Some ai nips At THe BoranicaL GarDEN—A ining by Gertrude awrence Berg April rele In ve May ROCADE Or YEzo”—Japanese Iris a June Tue CHINESE FRINGE TREE E. N. Mitchell July Harpy Mees Lities—in the pool at The New York Bede Gar- den August A New DIEFFENBACHIA E. N. Mitchell September New Wortp SuccuLent House No. 8—Conservatory of The New York Botanical Garden EN. Mitchell October C1RYSANTHEMUM CAN RR. Jackson & Perkins November
Tug Nativiry—a Panne . Botti- celli December
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
JANUARY 1950
In Tuts Issue: GIANT SEQUOIAS AS DESCRIBED IN 1854. ARCTIC ADVENTURE OF “MEL” T. COOK SOURWOOD TREE BOOK REVIEWS
NEWS NOTES OF THE MONTH
Paces 1—24
VoL. 51 No. 601
OR
ENTS $1.50 A YEAR [im : ; ; GIANT SEQUOIAS IN THE CALAVERAS GROVE
JANUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
Courses of Stud:
Outdoor ies Gardening 6 sessions on alternate Thursdays, 8-10 Jan. 5 rch 16, 1950 Seiten Mr. Arthur King $10; to married eles vie General pomk it 12 sessions on Mondays, 8-9 p.m.
Jan. 9- March 27, 1950 Instructor: Dr. H. W’. ee Ble to married ees, A Systematic Botany ‘Laborato ry n Monday: Jan. 9- March 27, 1950 Instructor: Dr. H. N. Moldete "$10: es need pare ve
Lessons in Botany sessions on Tuesdays, 2-3:30 p.m. Jan. 10- Feb. 28. 1950 Instructor: Mr. G. L. Wine ‘& $10; to married couples, $17 Nature Study for Teachers sessions on Wednesdays, 4-6 p.m., totaling 15 credit hours of work
Feb. 15-May 31, 1950 Instructor: Mr. G. L, Wittrock $10; to teachers, $5
Free Saturday an m. ae the Lecture Hall
Jan. 7 Tongass Timberland a and Timber and Totem Poles ‘wo motion pane ‘of Alaska fai the U.S.D.A. Forest ais Jan. 14 Tropical Birds and Flowering Trees of Trinidad Gladys Gordon Onitslens Jan. 21° Plants to Grow Indoors in Wintertime Jean Hersey Author of “Garden in Your Win ae Jan. 28 Diatoms, Jewels of the Sea Joseph F. Burke
ep Honorary ee Feb. 4 Flower Development, ene and Movement of Plants— In time-lapse motion pictur P. W. Zimmerman Boyce Thompson Institute Feb. 11 New York State Parks—A motion picture Members’ er oe sha Genealogical Society, 122 East 58th Street Jan. 5 A Garden | for Gourmets Albert C. Burrage Museum Exhibit. Art d Crafts of Haiti—an exhibit contributed by Mrs. O'Donnell Iselin, during jana in ihe rotunda of the Museum Building. Conservatory Displays W inter- es moe ota will continue to be shown in House 6 of the Conservatory daily, 10 a.m. 4pm =e
TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 1950
GIANT Sequoras A CENTURY AGO Henry Sheldon Anable 1 Lost IN THE ARCTIC Melville T. Cook THE SouRwoopD—A NEGLECTED TREE James G. Esson 12 JHE BoTANicAL NAME OF THE Big TREE H.W’. Rickett 15 Notices AND REVIEWS OF RECENT Books
loTES, News, AND COMMENT 21 OHN L ERRILL 22 PIERRE JAY 23 ELEN A. SCRIBNER 23 WILLIAM J. BONISTEEL 24
The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y. Printed i a U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at New , Xorle . Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies 19 ¢
JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
Vor. 51 January 1950 No. 601
Giant Sequoias cA (Century -Ago An Account of the Big Trees of the Calaveras Grove As Seen in 1854 by Henry Sheldon Anable
Sonora, TuoLUENNE* Co., CAL June 20TH, 1854
A FRIEND having arrived from Sacramento, with whom I had pre- vious to leaving that city made arrangements we visiting ie “Big Trees” we provided oe with good riding horses and after a late breakfast on the morning of the 6th of June, we ee and in due time arrived at Co es oe four and one half miles. This | is one of the
lu largest and lovelie a towns in the southern mines. . oined by three a gentlemen, one of Mr. Tose eph Tae. eee as guide. Our route lay thr rough a ae ae
section to the Stanislaus river, the ee o which is very steep; we
ood rope e ferry boat. The hills or rather oa on
ina ae time it is expected that the fer:
t .m. we arrived at the “Big ‘s rees” very much fatigued, having ridden 30 miles on horseback, neither of us being very much accusto ia
Ie seems He some Lene had been to these trees as early as 1850 as ther in one of them in July of that year; in 1852 some ene TS deen bed: but no one believed their story, so no one took any pains to ascertain the truth until in 1853, Capt. Hanford and Mr. Lapham having heard of them went to satisfy themselves. Forseeing
*The unusual spelling of “Tuolumne” and “Calaveras” is perhaps an attempt translate ee ale Indian names into En netsh . am anabl e to find any Tries. tion that either was eve! the letter —Newton B. Drury.
NS. 100 years — a Wisconsin newspaper, gan City Times, cnt Oe one “of . eens reliable first- ae descriptions of the big trees or giant sequoias of Califor:
Recently, a haat . the author's own typewritten letter was presented
to the New York Botanical Garden by Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Anable of New York a Mr is is the grandson of Henry Sheldon Anable (1815-1887), who in his late thirties left his home in She fl 0:
overland trip to California with his brother Samu The month of Jun 18 him en California, from where h e a visit to the group of big trees wi now comprise the Calaveras Grove. Though dis- covered only i years ae these were age ‘creating quite a sensa- tion through the land,” Mr. Anable wro is description of the trees,
taken directly fies letter (with minor Deine chiefly in punctua- tion) is republishe ‘as Gr rove, according to Newton B. Drury, Director of the
e quoted to Mr, Drury the latter replie “The measurements of diameters and circumferences are more accurate han mi of the abe records. However, I think some of the height meas- T .
101 i. ing the length of the fallen trunks, which are eas into many sections, no deduction was made for the gaps between sections.”
Henry Sheldon Anable aan came east again he came all the here he ed
5 s “< o 3 co. Za a = 5 a. a Q fe} 5 & rag 2 5 a o a a a ral a a a. 5 a ae a a
am man. To this day he is often referred to as the Father of Long Island City,
here he took a leading part in the laying out of the streets. Anable Avenue, iin . present City Hall there, has been named in his honor. He also figured in the fi incorporation of the city, which he a in many
eee ways
that this in time would become a place of hia resort, they took up all the land surrounding the grove, and Mr. Will Lapham built a hotel for the center eae of visitors. They also a ee one of the largest of the trees, the bark of which they took off, also a transverse section of the
3
wood, and Capt. eye is now exhibiting it in New York, to the aston- ishment of all beholder
“The stump of this tree, sate stands within twenty feet of the house, is twenty-five feet across the top without oe ge including the bark at widest part it is 31 feet in es . The tree was 295 feet high. All of these trees are ee in form, are os straight and tapering like the mast of a ship; as an evidence, the one cut down is 30 feet from the ground, 1414 feet i in diameter; 60 feet f the ground, it is 13 feet and 200 feet from the ground it is ‘10 f eet in ae without the bark. Four
in cutting it down, axes were no use, it was
aug
ld only be felled by etting with we d when it did fall it
crushed everything in its way and buried one half of itself in the groun T looked over th - atk and concluded t d not like “to fall off that log.” On unk of this tree they are now building a ‘double ten-pin alley, and Ase building a summer house over the stu supper we were all standing on this stump, w! suggested joining harids to it Id require to reach d with our heels on the outer edge and found it took 14 men with outstretched a d hi joined; we then st on the ground with t tree, 17 of ould not join hands and there being no more
men Mrs. Lapham came to complete the circle. The top of the stump is smoothly planed, and parties often dance upon it; four sets of cotillions
One side of the “Pioneers’ cabin” hee i ae out. On the inside of ee hole we measured 31 feet and 50 feet high, burning through one side forming a chimney, and in the hollow a oe 20 persons could
tab
ee pe oe
“Hercules” measures 98 feet in circumference and is 375 ane ae is Beenie defaced by fire. The “Father” as it ae on the ground is 425 feet long. This was the talles , and has probably
uppermost side a pair of - rses and barouche could e aed be driven
Mr. Lapham has sold the bark of one tree for $1,000. This they are now stripping, intending is sae it to Europe for erin it is = feet in circumference and 315 feet high. One old. tree, whose roots up- turned, measures 41 feet across at the roots. There is a relic ie vine on the und, which has been burned through the center from the ip up mee ae 100 feet from ce roots the fire has burned through on on si king an opening about 50 feet long. At this aaa we eu our horses in and rode them through, and came out at the roots; this we ion did several times. Our horse and men were all of good size, and a point we were obliged to lean a little to one side, but this was in Te
AN EARLY PARTY ENTERING THE CALAVERAS SOUTH GROVE Calaveras Big Trees State Park, near the north fork of the Stanislaus River, is an
south grove, shown above, is not yet included in the state park, the area under protection now consisting “ouily of the north grove, a scene in which is shown on the cover. Photographs are by courtesy of the Save-the-Redwoods League.
ea 7 i tree, where the burning and we were not very half h with an axe would remedy that defec
ne are on the land owned by the eae 15 of nee trees, smallest of which is 10 feet in diameter. The the most of them have been broken off by the weight of snow dur a i winter. They are a distinct species of on Ne of which no others are known to exist ; the Indians no others in California. They have been named “Washing-
ea. g! i
0 ne of the Yankee, to make it “bloom like the rose.” The largest
ie ‘or the history of the scientific naming of the tree which by one early botanist called ‘“Washingtonia” (not Washingtoniana) and which has Brat ey tly been designated as Sequ gadendron giganteum, see the note by H. W, Rickett on page 15, *See footnote on first page of article.
5
ete die are ieee to be over 3,000 years old; they show that number of c the wood.
When fat penne = would a the story of their gigantic size,
and even when the bark of one was put in San Francisco, and a section of a cone ex! ae many s shrugged their shoulder rs and pronounced a grand humbug, but now there is a good hotel there and parties are to be seen
going and re every day, their existence is now no longer doubted. The Si daraiaidanears is the largest perfectly formed tree ever discovered ; und
they seldom have any branches ler 100 feet from the ground. Travel- ers tell of large ae found i i i d Afri in Mexico there is a Cypress imeasuri feet in circumference and another 118 feet, but Humboldt says that this last up lose exami is fo if thre trees grown together. There are trees O me that are eet in circumfere: that ate but t hi gh; Humboldt a of one
t is much to be Rios that fire has destroyed so ee - them, as ee are few that are not in some way injured by it. The cut down t the Hips nor is the one the oh are now stripping, ie bark is Se nor had the fire touched t Mr. Lapham ses soon have a fine re the soil is ae timber aud the best water abundant. He is ae earing the land as fast as he can; good paths are oy = leading from the house to all the ee so that one can easily get abow ee is ai of large trees of from 30 to 40 feet in circumference ; ee is an es standing in the levy at Pi that I measured and und to be over 40 feet in circumfer ee a two nights at the ie Tre ,’ and on the morning of the third i pene for the great cave of Cee distance 10 miles, most of the way over a very blind trail, oii we lost several times. This is part of the country where white men are not very plenty, there ge no mining until near the cave, where we arrived about 4 o’clock p.m
ungry. e explored the cave after supper and brought away some beautiful specimens of stalactite of which we found immense quantities in the cave, and the next day returned to Sonora feeling well repaid for our trip.
Lost in the cAretic
By Melville T. Cook
UR trip to Alaska was intended for a joy ride and not for the purpose ist
f ying botany, but of course a botanist cannot be rea to close his eyes to the plants of a country in oh he is tra The voyage fro ttle to Juneau was made in the cee passage
ge from Sea Ju among the many beautiful wooded islands of the west coast which look tempting to a mills were seen at several places. A brief stop was made at Ketchikan and a two-day stop at Junea ith drives into the country made at both places. These towns e 1 mpri
a=] ot 2 i=}
“<¢ ia S is =] Er. a ct a a a> oO 4 3 a =] S =
GQ oO n @ is] ian =
ha h predominant t es and shru ere niece and there were none of the
vine ich a oak nda: i in tropical forests. The undergrowth of Hane a ae plants was dense and rank and ene orn in many places and I have no dou it ae have required as much effort to cut a road as in the tropics. I was told that the ee oo at the aes Cue was bent o hy heavy snows of lon: nters and r of never resumed ie ight position. This aes the es a a stration very di ;
The predominant trees were spruce, hemlock, and red and yellow
ial c m i
cedar. The red a
before that custom went out of fashion. The yellow cedar grows tall and straight and dies from the top, giving the appearance of a disease, but this is instead a natural dying. The great number of these dead trees i very rds aaa a these forests. Birch and a species of poplar were abundan and in the interior. These forests can probably furnish pulpw ae pa many ne s to come but for some reason this industry has not yet been developed in Alaska. I was told that a mill is being estab-
pleasure trip made to Alaska last summer by Dr. ‘‘Mel" T. Cook and Mrs. Cook ended in their being grounded on a mountain side above
the Arctic Circle, where the temperature was often below freezing. There they re or eek being rescued. The story of their ex- perience, including their botanical observations, is gi e. Dr
since hi: rement in 1940 lant Pathologist and Vice-Director of the
Insular Experiment Station at Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, has ae in the department of Botany at Louisiana State University, Baton Rou
nae ®
€ ow rT EHORS|
ma sKnewar
aN wes
Cb cas ee Ge Hl
Points on the pee Series of Dr. “Mel” T. Cook last summer are shown on the map above, which was pre steels by “Eduardo S Salgado of the Garden’s
poi The villag h would have Poe impossible, even had they known of its ptoximity, because of d swampy nature of the valleys.
lished. There was some lumbering and logging evident. Log houses were common in aus Bienen. ple oe ), and other artes everal of them e three stories high.
illows and a were abundant. The willows were not as large as
but e€ maller as we faa north. Mountain ash was ost conspicuous herbaceous pants was a ie lupine
h: Alaska. this species growing near the foot of Mende el glacier were 3 ae feet in height. Those growing in in Bro oks range, 50. miles north of ¢ Arctic Circle, were less than one foot in height but were ce largest ie the herbaceous plants observed in that area. Dandelions were found in considerable abundance at Whitehorse and some other places. They
8
were not so plentiful as can south but were very large and eee Mustard was found in many places, wise the extreme north. species e as
Juneau, and some other places wa: 11 species of C not more than 6 inches in height, each plant bearing a single cluster of flower The genus Rubus wa e abundant n ut not so commo! in the interior. We were told that wild currants also were abundant and we saw a few aie We were also told that the berry fruits had a high water content and were not oui good ps for jelly. Dock (Rumex sp). and yellow sonality. observed in ral places that we visited.
A few common ee ee were ae in yards, also a few species that were new to
We were caved in Juneau because of bad flying, or rather bad landing weather at Skagway.f The flight was in a small eight- aioe ae bian
plane up the valley and gave us a a view of bea nee Im n scenery and ae Mendel nae glac ae ee aes o less than 1,000 persons and is of s fa ene veal interest. During the gold rush
days s Rete was ae 10; 000. We went from there by the Alaska Yukon Railway over the White Pass to Whitehorse. This gave a id
road. About 3,500 pack horses were sacrificed in this march. The scenery
u except for the rapids in which so many men lost their lives in the gold
for the return. We went from Whitehorse to Fairbanks by plane, which
took us to an elevation of about 10,000 feet in order . clear the mountain
ranges. Fortunately the weather was good and we had a wonderful view t
Fairbanks is an ae town of about 7,000 or 8,000 inhabitants and is the center for tou In many respects it is a boom town, the last of our ae The 7 ermometer drops frequent! to as low as —60° F. the winter, but the climate is delightful in summer. The trees are oe so abundant. as on the coast.
The trip from Fairbanks to Kotzebue was by plane at an elevation of about 8,500 feet. age is a village of gee 300 Eskimos and whites, but in summer the Eskimo population may be larger. All the
4
*If not the common bunchberry C. canadensis, this was probabl the similar but slightly taller caren which is algo com Toni ai suecica, + Skagway y is the Indian name for bad or high sinds and we were told that the name is very appropriate. Planes were not permitted to leave Juneau for Skagway unless the, weather reports were favorable.
On the airplane trip from Juneau to Sias,, the Cooks had an excellent view of Muir and Mendenhall eerie Muir is shown above and Mendenhall, which is about
of the few herds of cide in Alaska, eer in a field of lupine such as Dr. Cook lescribes seeing as a prominent flowering plant in several aaa of the country which he visited. Photographs copyright by Winter & Pond, Jun
10
pasa except the very old people aes English. The ear is
sparse; in fact, much of the country was covered with snow at the time of our wee The aiiadgahat at ee po ae are the white whale hunt with the natives, the Eskimo dance, and the midnight sun. Fortunately the weather was clear and ae a ee of the midnight sun except h ut tw eks too late to see it at its best. This northern region was frozen to such epth during the ice age t the ground thaws only a fe ches down d a h e result is no eel ditches and ee sanitation. yphoid feger would be epidemic if the government did require sere ao which are given to
the pera ania by as Sicneus doc
The t day we ted on our trip to Fort ae and Circle Hot Springs, eee a . pu ae of seeing the mp vegetation and wonderful ie growing center. The trip to Fort Yukon gave us a good
planted De man. This is probably caused by depositing of seeds at various water level
For er on is a village of about 500 whites, Indians, Eskimos and Rene The Episcopal Church has a mission and small hospital which
_ cares - iy health of the people.
We ted from Fort Yukon to Circle Hot Springs but einai our pilot teoee once and we were lost. After a vain effort to get his beari i we out of gasoline and were compelled to ee on a gee ee 50 miles north of the ens Circle and
an panies of 3,200 feet. The landing wheels and both doors were ie ked off. Fortunately we were not injured ees for a few scratches ae bruises. Mrs. Cook had the most severe bruise where the belt buckle
ested against her body. The pilot put te doors back in position and chnke! the edges with insulation from inside the plane for protection
al the broken flexi-glass as a protection against the ees The pilot thought we would be rescued within a few how
Stes oe aire was alpine, consisting of a thick aan - moss and lichens mud and rocks. The herbaceous plants were small. sia es oe
the “following a were collected just i belo our rescue: Bup americanum C. & R., Saussurea pene olia DC., necio pin Less., es Gas bistorta subsp. plumosum (Small) Hult., Arnica louiseana Far. mee arcticus “Wats, Senecio frigidus (Rich.) Less., see iar “reticlate a Nek Sp., Eritrichium aretioides Cham., Eriophorum subsp. spissum (Fern.) Hult., Pedicularis Siete Wild. (fruit), Poa pre Fisch., Pyrola grandiflora Radius, Dryas octopetala edum decumbens (Ait.) Lodd., Anemone see ee subsp. interior
ll
, Arenaria arctica — and Axntennariat sp. All the species are aie common in the Yuk n Valley except the Eritrichium and it is not The determinations were made by Dr. J. P. An “ rson of Iowa State College, who for many years was a tea i. June A few species of trees grew in small holes. The ee of these trees
Our food consisted of emergency rations nee spam, ae bisquits and loz at Circle Hot Springs. The water in holes was cool, ee and gi : : : Although it was midsummer the sun did go out of sight behind a mountain
range for a short time at midnight. However, it was always light enough to read — if we had es apenas
The temperate was low enough S oe thin eas of ice on ss outside at times and 43° F. in the cabin. We did suffer, but were very oe The mosquitoes were cee and trol a during the warm m_ periods but a fairly high wind kep awa’
of the time. A light rain the first morning made the Soe too
ee . burn but after that the pilot set fire to the moss and kept it burning
most of the time. It burned rather slowly and made a good smoke which
did not rise very high. pe s this smoke that enabled the 10th U. S s.
Life under these conditions was monotonous but there was nothing that we could do to relieve our addition: Most of the native population aes the interior in Ne summer and goes to the beach or rivers where they ca
ive on fish. ails are poor and usually end in the swamp. An a attempt to walk oe is likely to prove disastrous. Pilots are instructed to stay with we pla:
The pilot had told us that planes would start in search two hours after
e Wi in Fai ks and that we would be located within a few hours. Th rch was s aie as h bse since we were far from where we were supposed to be, we ated nae the seventh
e€ ere su t loc day. The sound from the U. S. B-17 ie ies by Capt. Charles E Hale and Lt. Eldon J. James was sweet music to us. The an dropped
emergency rations and circled ae s for 34 hours until the two heli- copters driven by Capt. Eugene Nee r and Lt. Edward Manlove
arrived and took us to Fort a ee can left 86 dozen eggs and 25 gallons surplus cea on the mo We were met at Fort Yukon s the entire population, including the
{In this genus more species have been described than ene ae What appear to me to be mere apomictic lines have been described as sp
12
we ae two nurses from the Episcopal Church hospital, but since we a not i a te medical services we went on to Fairbanks.
eU. S. ee e Squadron is a very efficient organization ; which we
we to express our gratitude.
EC
The Sournood —cA Neglected Tree
By James G. Esson This_ article iF the oe in Mr. Esson’s Journal series on woody plants that are deserving of wider use in i The first, on the leatherwood (Dirca palustris), appeared in March 1949 might wonder why a tree so magnificent as the sourwood or sorrel e (Oxydendrum eesdae is so seldom seen in gardens. Its shiny n aci
N \T quick returns, and garden de: eee are concerned largely with immediate effect. No doubt, | tae) gardeners would question its hardiness in rela- tion to its native =
much more to be said for the sorrel tree. It seems to be immune to oo from eee pests and ae It is the only true tree represen- tative of the Heath family which can be @ grown in gardens in northeastern United States. While Rho ene maximum, also of the Heath family, mi on iad arborescent, it is only found so in its native Appalachian
The a tree is notable botanically i in that it is one of the few genera caning only one species to its name. In a way this is interesting, especi- ally if we delve a little into its meats . Gronovius, in his ie a Virginica (1739), eS it under the e Andromeda arbor also did Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum oo In 1778, the ye ne Linnaeus died, DeCandotle, Pan ne aie eee and projector of the Prod- romus (1824), was born. He , for technical reasons, to withdraw
this plant from the sais pa ae Cad ee the author of the name by which it now stands.
THE SOURWOOD TREE ALONG A NEW YORK PARKWAY (Shown on the opposite page)
ite curving fingers of bloom extend from the tips of the branches
zee ne id. a fuly. The pale greenish-white seed-capsules which follow the
flowers hold the tree in this same attractive form until the end of the season
14
It is significant that Catesby* in his Natural History of Carolina, pute and the Bahama Islands (1731), has a very lovely color plate of a ing plover with a fruiting branch of what he calls the sorrel tree. ane ‘ appears that DeCandolle simply latinized the first English name that was given to the plant—and this is one of the names by which it is still known
oday. Rei English gardening and botanical publications it was first men-
med as Andromeda arborea : ie fourth edition of Philip Miller’s Caaee ih (1754). e description is so similar to that of oo that it is doubtful if i knew te plant at that date, although Bean n his Trees and Shrub. s Hardy in n the British Isles s says it was intro- n 1752 ae in Loddiges’ Botanical Cabinet it is illustrated in color (lat 121 Os we read here: “In England it is tolerably hardy whe lished, but ae while young.’”’ Curtis’ Botanical Wa 1836 G 05) de es it as rge rowing in ieee Th al Cab nd Botanical Magazine both list it as An
dromeda. ward the end of the nineteenth century we find the sorrel es listed s Dictionary of hice ing as Oxydendron, a name which
T “distributed from Mount Lees West ee County, Pen : vee ndi e
y Mountains to western Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay,
n fe ough ee elevated regions of the Gulf one to western Louisiana.”
To have said ‘ Re ceaay Mountains and the Piedmont” instead of Alleg-
hany would have been more accurate, for the ae actually extends
over most of the length of oe Appalachian chain and out into the coastal
plain. It is thoroughly hardy in southern New York and along the eastern Maine.
Oxydendrum arboreum is rarely seen more than 30 feet tall in gardens It carries a straight trunk which becomes light grey and furrowed with age. Young br penn ve reddish-green ba ek the first winter. The smooth
aad green s, produced aerate, have a petiole % inch long. They are de etl oe and range from 5 to 734 inches in length and
to OY4 i inch ot in shape best ied as oblong-lanceolate. Though they give ae effect of being evergreen, the tree is deciduous, losing its foliage after a a autumn display, in which the leaves throughout oe assume intense shades of scarlet, crimson and orange, competing with the tupelo as exhibiting he brightest red of all. They are well demon- strated in volume 4 of Addisonia, plate 139.
The white an noe -like flowers, coming in late Le from the tips of the current es growth, are fully expanded by mid-July in a normal
* For n Mark Catesby and his work, see the Journal of the N Benen spies foe Tansey 1949, Journal of the New York
season. They a vidual flowers hea 5/16 inches As ha flowers fade,
en in Septe ei ance an il
are arranged in ae panicles 4 to 10 inches long, indi-
lon: creamy ies fruits develop and, although these rbee the empty capsules remain, giving the tree a pleasing fall.
Propagation is best inte oi seeds sown in spr i on a ne ia
veri that is used as a qua peat or finely and oe bee:
ae in an open location when of the S ath family tee it requires some m age. Durin suffering from the drought.
er-inch layer above hum oil ;
screened teafmold, oe either of which a liberal ene Of 7. added. Lath shades = assist growth in the early ee cry slineagh: he sorrel tree will gro
n some shade, it will flower
finally p fed in permanent quarter: it favors a es ele re content ng ae past dry summer es sorrel trees showed evidence of
s. Like cid soil. For best develop- the soil, but with it good drain-
Em
The Botanical Name of the Big Tree
correct botanical ete for the
db
hau nine years earlier fortunately iy a a publication not available here), but ia is conserved
published the name Wale one. but this is ieee a later Sng of Mei issner’s nam 1840 rely oe pace “and therefore ‘legit. e, Winslo’ shingtonia d becaus:
fe Zi ~ 5 9 =i 3 3 + oe
Ss Sa eaaee for that genus. hi ones Re a name, Sequoiade
The epee epithet gigantea was ap- plied by Endlicher in 1847 to what he
By H.W. Rickett
thought — the tree Boece. described be t se med) by Dou and which
ow ie be He ie es “Unfort rtu- nately, ee een in his se of the
of entirely species, so that a species Sequoia gi- gantea might technically be classed as a nomen dubium. we order ete the amiliar i essary to stretch a point and exchide these Epes from Endlicher’s oe
When inslow described the gent as ei
bh 5
ie:
he io ote e oe Tree’ be
Aa 2s
= & 5 aoe Ama
genus e io th e seal of time Washingtonia ern nica.” fae visional and
imate gz Int errne Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, there-
fore Winslow’s names are ruled out. a in tos americana as 5 are also il-
onym, synonyms iegitinate. 1 it pigeniee is Pee a new epithet fee have be made. But in the ime es most acceptable name for the ie tree is Sequoiadendron gigan-
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
A Much Needed Text For Botany Students
PLANT AND ANIMAL GEOGRAPHY. Marion I. Newbigin, Revised by Prof. _#F
H. J leure. 298 pages, 39 illustra- tions and maps, indexed. E. P. Dut ton, New York. 2nd edition 1949.
One of the notable deficiencies among foranical texts has long been a plant geography that ba be hese for an under- graduate c t this tack should have been at ion panty ante, Py site book by a iii pee is both of the immaturity of plant geo ea as e and an indication of
same time a scholar of deep understand- rudition and a teacher of great
This book covers a wide and is, of course, highly generalized. Rather than attempting to prese
di f
available, to illustrate
e has wisely aris that plant ae nities. are basic, and that the may
, mal communities are usually so loosely integrated as to scarcely exist at all She brief accounts of plant and animal classification, soils, _ climati changes and vegetational changes. It is a pity that the chapter on soils (not written by the author) is so far belo the level of the t he book
s to ee scarcely a moder: Tundersiend- of the eae especially its tropical eee
communities and some of their discussed in some : The last
ca") Oo @ 2 » og [are 12 g tones w 8 2. - 4 gp a Pe: eae
and bin . It is iiccestiig that she does not find the two sets to coincide in
respects. Doubtless the faunal feeiens are Mar least from the point of view of ammalogists. Many Leip at ee wAmerican ones, may t find some of the floral regions par- aeay convi separation of
ert regions as distinct major areas, while the arid southwester: rt of ed A o is included i “No:
the rthe La r Holarctic, is aay ar a reflecto ion of greater familiarity with the for Her bee between a tropop hytic and a mesophytic Soh ee in eastern North America with their common
boundary in the vicinity i: New York (p. 118) will Proebly leave ace botanists of that reg wonderin; she means. filo sts y q n some Pa! aes, as over-simplifica-
Indeed, if this t , then the ‘ecologists have been guilty of the epppsite ct Occasional errors will be found, resulting from lack of sufficient familiarity with the a of cae tax-
and aia of ae faults will outweigh, for ale evar Hee the value of the book as a text and as an ou standing piece of oe R, Hosea
No More grail bl 0 Channing Cope. a eine Sah rations, ‘introe duction by route romield Turner E, Smith & Co., Atlanta, Ga. 1949, $2.75,
This as - a eed ae ac- count author’s system of soil management
improvement and ada:
ree States. The author calls his
system “front porch ig” which he
hone . Re production of cas ef o system ll r, Sea
be of a
perennial ene crops” (page 150). Hig to eliminate the drudgery from
Cae
“The front porch farmer sets in motion a series Of fast-growing, nutritious, balan soil-ho Iding, mole ne Iding, soil-improvi: crops; stimulat and enriches t cn with rainerale {a very eae process), gathers
them with livestock controlled from field to field i imple fencing, markets the livestock nd thereby the plants which ort eran the livestock} when they atare
ften than that” easy.” (pages oan Oriomacele. the author’s discussion for the most part is somewhat superficial 1 i duc
itis iocal pee ural experiment station
(as o 8). He recom: inane crops
for oo pen to build up the aie
ae with half a ton of top- ae ing acre annually.
i porch farming,” it
ing, fertilizing, milking, care of new- born calves and cultivating the family garden, st attended to. These, if performe © owner, necessarily
perfect ease has not yet been discovered
Gove B. HarrincTon, Katonah, N.Y.
Contemporary Garden Design
GARDENS THE E! AND- SCA Christopher Tunnard. 184 pages, "illustrated, i ie
Sec-
Chas. Scr pone Ss Sons, New York. ond (revised) edition 1949. $5.
itten = stimulat! ov
r de: but its Brofase slistrations help to make is poi and
hi clea: underst tandable. Th ae previous movements 1 ndscape design is concise and quite
impartial. Some of the ries ex-
ly re)
fellow professionals
view is clea: stated and well doc ented.
Mary Deputy Lamson. —
17
History of A SS
TITANS OF TH IL. Edward Jerome Dies. 213 pee tations, index. Univ. of N.C. s, Chapel Hill, N.C. 1949. ae Brief, interesting _ area ies of 26 men e develop- ment a pans Sach see been aes to form a fair history of agri culture. Two Oioohae titer in the aoter on Dr. Shull should be noted The fifth generation of inbred
_ tain the author’s nciful terminolo
The 1948 corn crop was probably es times the 3,649,510 bushels listed for =
ier Torani more than anyon Normal. ly errors in a so few they. seem wo
VIRGENE KavANAGH.
Bobbink & Atkins
““GARDEN GEMS”’
for hihead Garden aebis
with the of thi tlog. In it are deed mae “iL in color the best of the New and
ers, and _ on: other fare aad. easel “Garden a post, 7 design ed to help you plan and plant es gard Free east the. "Mississippi; 35 cents elsewhere. Customers i, record receive their copies automatical isitors — alwa: — at our ‘about nine mile es fi Less than thirty minutes from central York. _ Bebbink & Atkins
dN.
401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N. Jd.
ISSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSE!
Ak seg! ae In an 76
HING IN T) DEN lee ee Tihatrated,
Pr ress, Emmaus, Pa., 1949, $3. For evens T have hopefully petted,
Rei sprayed and resprayed a plum
a is 0) un
of i ju that for the first time I can remember, my tree gatas cue a days of t to
bright, dry weather, hos horde of bees erha a ere c sineide ce.) But to the book, which is difficult to
mulc a rati ol sgicltral ee tried and
abies the ancients, interpretable ter! temporary scientific
thea undeservedly neglected in tl
present day, and one : desi, Se an di
point, Af the start i scientific javesteators aii practical worker: T. resent treat ent of subject, however, is design to appeal not to them but to that gullible segment of the population which can induce irchase pan s for hali- tosis, for sterility of soil or sow, for vils of our present national economy; and perhaps also to that om Aen. aed group who fail to read between the lines,
Inconsistencies shriek at the reader from the start. On the jacket, the high- peas ie Peel _Rodale’s stone
hi
sidered as though ident
cultural effects — surficial k mulches, crushed stone substrata, and _ soil-filled bedrock crevices. e last-named is il- lustrated by a gnarl nd gnomish tree, extremely typical of this site-type, but hardly commen sa ae odale’s “invention.” The cientific validity
claimed for this Ropuedtuial approach
omewhat counteracted by the fact that ats one a. the eight additional authors TS with
is credite a professional affilia tion. Be n plant science or organic gar- i it has been said that scientists e men who foll (or think they fol- low) the principles of lied logic and cientifi et 3 ciate ind
ai
cultists are me ing naught of mee principles, "occasionally simulate d le CC it
present volume on stone mu not ues one of the intermediate stages Frank E, Ecu Aton Poca Norfolk, Conn.
450 Years of Smoking
THE STORY OF TOBAC! 'N AMERI- CA. Joseph C. Robert. Ad on plus 24 pages of index, illustrations. Al fred Knopf, Inc. N.Y, 1949, nee
Joseph C. Robert, associate dea: waduste school of Duke
“The Story of Tobacco in ‘Am ; has given us one A the most interesting,
complete : ming narrative: ever hope t ue about the weed that as blanketed: pee = be and cast its
gracious sp nm of all races With a and and an attractive e ert unfolds the story of
mbus. Directly has affected the
st ry mi ens pine It furnished ie lifeline o es
British a:
the pige was the prime favorite) and on through the per-
THE LOVELIEST NEW FLOWERS COME
ae Gandens
newest, most exciting introductions pa ouctending old favorites, see Wayside a ance splendid new catalog for ang iB. it is a vast treas chest t of s| pis wels for your garden,
_ ely, New ROSE Babe Ruth—Glorious new rose- = hybrid tea. Strong, vigorous plants bloom (Bro! tusely.
BRONZE As well as 150 other tt b CACTUS 1950 “All America Rose ‘Slections* i Lovely New CHRYSANTHEMUMS
Bronze Cactus — Glowing Indian nes of Roses—Most enchanting n bronze fioaen vith subtle g india shading: m”* in our ‘entire colleciom Tridescent Bloor ebundandly 9 ly on vigorous 214’ plan old wore with y AprICoE tones, Very hardy aad
‘Om NIAS ow PASTEL CANNES
Spitfire — Early flowering, 7 foot high Si.
E - shri sie eth Bg huge, crimson flow- of SNE a a a Knaphil} Scarlet —Big, neers vermilion of p an Si rose, tats and iene a flowers bloom Taviahly tulip time on this Tux ious color and beauty all si r, choice, low
Saas Neus HARDY ASTERS
om. prea er until late October, this sera eae is +e es insite: pinkish -lavender flow- rs fully 2” across, Excelient # for cutt Plenty —One of the finest fall flow 5. Tho sands of semi- double, 2” flowers of lovely soft ‘blue completely cover this superb plant. Hardy, will grow anywher
SEND FOR THE WORLD’S FINEST
HORT ICUETURAL BOOK-CATALOG Unquestionably, this is the fin est catalog offered any- where, Almost 300 jee led w rae bebe new introductions and wortbu ile old. "favorites, fully listed and illustrated in “true-to-life” colors. Thss splendic cultural #1 structions for each i we Sie et your &, copy, it is necessary ioe oe enclose with your a « quest 50¢, coin or Stamps, for postage and handlin,
51 MENTOR AVE. MENTOR, OHIO
MaROY ASTER Plenty
iod when snuff and knee-breeches held sway, later to give way to the quid oo trousers, going into and beyond time when the cigarette Gallen oa and eee — place in the hearts of tobacco lov
Joun T. Stack, Honanne Bduor, The Tobacco Leaf.
Fibers and Fabrics
TEXTILE FIBERS THEIR ae Katherine Paddock see 599 illustrated, indexed. J. B, Lippincott, gpiladeln hia, Fourth edition,
«tat this book, in its fourth s of a completely ee a!
ally om use, arranged to impart progr ce infor: rma: tion about ae their application an their processin ection | eee such subjec con- geruction of fibers and gael caieioa of d and design. In Section If eae mn i and
market, vice on the selection and care of fabrics. Class Rae and a very complete ee of the uard machine are included i an app one
In a book of this type, so complete in its practical and Era Hotere _ is particularly pleasing to n eer bibliography at the oer a ae cn
des a complete plan for additional
W. F. Leccetr.
San meee Stor ae ICAL GAR. pes 1905-1949. Personal oe ee
illustrated indexed. Librar: ee
c The Huntington ‘y, San Marino, California. 1949,
better qualified Por - ae OF the Hinaagion B han Willia
trace the development of San Marino Ranch and its transition into a public institution.
20
Henry E, Huntington was a man of great eacieal vision. ge long-range that an Hertrich
planned resulted in the co folete units that oe the estate. This book is ord of ae ee the plant col- jection, even of cut flowers used in the ee one season.
this volume is more t! of oe Ranch. It is also Sebo of he Sg ccna of the ae ie ast dur aE same period of t Nose, Home Gardening Pi he South.
Value from Vegetables VEGE’
‘TABLE retest me Bro ester S. Hut Bit ed by W. Gregory. 482 pee ithustrated, indexe Je Pe Tappinentt Co., Phila- el. Iphia, Pa. 1949.
For the student who is interested in the aeademic pases sat vegetable produc- tion and for the 0:
on the od va vegetables should be valuable reading for all who are doin the futu of agriculture.
of references eee make this book a’ ek
W. V. Cun Long a Agricultural ond nical Institu
eis a anaes m. rage E. Norman Franklin a ders, aan a by RL. W. Gregory. 630 pages, illustrated, indexed. J. Lippincott Co. Phila ae a s A comprehensive study o ing throughout the United Aig ahs
book is a valuable work for students
confusing to a student of fruit-growing in the t. The list of suggested collateral read-
The k is marred by literally scores of gra cal and typographical error: Factual errors include recommendation of ammonium sulfate instead of alumi
Dona.p FERGUSON, Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute.
Timely Compilation ICTIONARY OF L. night. 183 pages, ‘Chorio otanies Co. 7 Waltham, Mass., Stechert-Hafner; New York, 1948. $4.50.
Within onths biologists will celebrate the SOth a Sve y of the re- oy a Mendel’s nd . inheritance. indication
ing this
at it in-
used in Cytology, Ani-
al "Breeding and Evolution.” It mi ght added ‘System:
ecially between Mie fields of cytology, genetics, ieee and taxonomy are being ob- literated.
W. H. Camp. E>
and Comment
Staff Conferences. To n the autumn series of monthly Beeerences of the staff and students at the Garden, of which Dr. P. ne ‘irs ae been given
Notes, News,
charg r, George L. McNew, recently appo! ited ce eof the Boyce Thompson Insti itute, Yonkers, N. Y., spoke Nov, 16 on “Botanical. Svan in
the Agricultural Colleges.” Dr.
was brought to the Institute from Tow: State College to succeed Dr. William Crocker ee his Paes
On December 14 H, Fulling, founder, publisher poet ce of The Botanical Review and Economic Botany, presented kodachrome slides of the Can- adian Rockies and Alaska.
Lectures. The Westchester aes Tree Protective Association heard Donald P. gers speak in Yonkers a 17 on the sub of “Rot.” Dr, ert S. de Ropp addressed the Torrey Botani- cal Club at en the eveni £ Nov. 1 on “Recent Studies on the Physi- ology of Plant Tumors.” Dr. H. N.
oldenke has lectured rec ks to the City Ga s Club on ‘ id of Mafiana,” the Cornwall Garden Club on “The World in My Garden,” Ww York University School of Medicine on “Poisonous Plai of the World,” and
Phi Sigma Society of Hunter College on “Plants of the Bible. easy e
sett Maguire, Nov. 7 on “Western Desert ers.”
Flow
Advisory Council, Mrs. John W. Roberts of enrages addiessed the Advisory Council at New York Botanical Bas en o emums Oct. 26. Dr. W. and Mr. Charles B. Harding addressed the annual
of Mrs
Bs. i William J. Robbins at-
he ney meetings of the Na-
nd pan ences in Deana days later
© Advisory Counc
pene tional ees Oct. 24-2
Northrop Memorial. an Harold N. Moldenke on been oo to the Boa: Ae 2 Dir the Alice Rich Northrop Me gaorial of organization of
whicl Ne on was one of ne caaes oup administers a mp for tndrprieged children of ee York Cit Mt. Washington, Mass., giving them cecal instruction in nature study. The Northrop herbarium : t the New York Botanical Garden.
Opportunities. The Department of Landscape Ar chitecture, oe School of De Hi fer
one year.
everal Cane positions in the
agricultaral pele ae ate and the U.S.
Civil Ser Com ashington
25, D.C. i mong
the positions to be ae some in this tt
plant uarantine inspector, and seed tech- nologist. Other positions are open in the field of eae economics ond related specialties.
Visitors. Autumn and early winter vital at He Pais! have included S. Fincham, Botany School, Cam: ie ee William T. Winne, Union College, eeu Georg Lawrence, Baky orto M. Isha-
ee Australian Scientific "Re-
i Office, L F. P, dustry, Reilly,
ond Plant. ah
a eee Duffy, Col S. Jackson, Universiny °
Returning to A four-year fel- lowship from ie SE culty of Science
the physiology is the fungi, with spe ecial refer ence to nutr:
tion, is entitled “An Investigation of the
Requirements of m menomycetes for Specific Essential Metabolites.”
Be eturni to ouk Uni- versity to teach ycology, Dr £
the plant pathology departments of Min- ee Wisconsin, and Cornell Universi- tie:
=
John L. Merrill
HE New York Botanical Garden lost a life member. and an officer of more than forty ye ice on Dec. 18 of John L. bag ean ri had b
istant Treasurer. 1918, he was made a member of the Board of Managers and — elected Treasurer.
en
Ga ca!
assistant to James A. Scrymser, founder
of Mexican Telegraph and — oe
and South American Teleg:
aoa ‘ag Sn as Ameria cates also
Ser
a
It was later that that Merrill was chosen to diced i im and. ie continued as Treas- urer until Jan, 11, 1937.
errill was
n five
ained ae President uae ‘the "cine of his a
Mr, Mer a was a former presiden All American Cables 3 n of and Radio Corporation, of International Telephone & orporation.
Active in international affairs of the western hemisphere and always wo rking
toward greater solidarity among the na-
tions, he was the reci: ae of hotiors in
ai
pia, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina,
be in Mexico, the Dennen Republi aiti. From 1927 t eee he
He was interested in ‘American eee and he took part in the work of numer ous historical and patriotic teres risubne ES Pierre Jay member of the Board of Managers m 1938 until poor health” Te- quired his resignation on Nov. 27, 1945, Pierre Jay, 79, succumbed to a long ill: t his home in New
Chairman of the Fiduciary Trust Co. from 1930 to 1945 and ponte chair- man since that d: s fi
in e resigned four years later and was again dees in 1934. On Sept. 16, 1938, named to succeed the late He e Forest o e Board of Managers, and upon the death of Col. J. E. Spingarn he was named, in Janu- ary 1940, to the executive mittee. He resigned from this appointment in 1943 Meanwhile, in January 1938, he was ee on ae ’s finance commit-
n
conmnittee ond fe. continued to serve on
both until his retirement from the board iti
1892, Mr
1917. As ‘oun, an he collected mosses during an expedition to Sout Ameri: His s are deposited in the Botanical Garden’s herbarium. In 1944 Mr. Jay contributed ine expedi- tion to Table tun . urinam which was carried out DE Bassett Manure
ual member of the Gen throughout ‘his ae of associa- tion with the institutio
23
a A. Scribner
Advisory Council’s Chairman sigh years (1926 through Scribner, died in
i933), Mes, Arthur H Nov.
rounds.
attention ie d a. na beauty of the grounds ut ce the botanical Rees
“As a body,” wrote Mrs. Scribner, “we
planting was de- ation,’
as frequ ently used
171: time were (1) selected groups in mis *The lm sted report waS a com) ive plan_for apeavenient of the New Yo rie ee tal Garden’ 's grounds, issued in 1924 by Olmsted un ‘others, Landscape Architects, of Brookline, Mass.
Sarah V. Coombs
eer of Sarah V.
(
A tribute to the car in Peel circles, whose death occurred Nov. 29, will appear in next
month’s Journal.
Mrs, Jerome W.) Coombs, long active
of and around the important buildings and conservatories, (2) more panes planting similar to that of the Si,
order orimatly oe r winter ay len of formal
‘urther, to protect these plantings, w: walls around the garden and motorcyclist
ards were requested.
These suggestions were to be adapted to the Olmsted plan by which the Gar- den then was being developed. Existing plans and conditio bane did not
starting point erennial border at the southeast end of the conservatory, which, ever since its establishment, has bee n a ae eel Me il Bo lans
E Sitien, iendctape Eichitegh: ihe following year, but at ae end of 1928 the perennia order postponed,
ox s. after Mrs, Elon ened ceeded = Mrs. ri
a new com-
mittee to work on the perennial border
project as a liaison between the council
e designer, der the immediate
i Everett, who ha
rden’s horticulturist d
d
dvisory Council near the prize gar nded then in existence near the end of the perennial border.
Mrs. Scribner was Garden’s Board
member of the of Menace from Me
1], 1932, until she resigned on Jan.
934.
Althou Mrs. Scribner, who Helen C. Annan before her mmartiage, he an a worker in many organiza- tiol ng ae the orticultural spc ane at NE ew York and the Vege of
Women Voters, it is oe believed as is
ia Botanical Garden. Her Bachar. ho died in 1932, was president of the Scribner’s
publishing firm of Charles
24
William J. Bonisteel
ORD came last month from Mexico
macy, where department. at the New York Bot:
1941 he un ndertook a cytogenetic study of eal under rial -in-aid from Wellco Fou
and a studen
bi ig on g He then taught materia med- before joining the Fordham
Acne ica there fac ult
of eleven
period years
a he Sonate book reviews and articles, : o efly o' uy
he also jected at the occasions. At the Herb i April 7-8, 1942, he spoke on commercial
‘a wro “Problems aad Pahitties in the Grow, ing of Drug Plants.” It was later that
e never returne m there,
Addisonia in 1931 and 1937 h prepared oo of Atropa Belle- donna and A
plants of two of
iy ly.
rene purposes al strair a with high alkaloid Gaels € was re bene in the Tor. rae Club a! also the American "Soe Tax nee the York Microscopic Society, Botanical Society of Am and iat cipe
fdas mag- azines. During 1941 and’ i ‘ira half of 1942, he was editor of Torre
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JosepH R. Swan, Chairman Cuartes B. Harvine, ee FREDERICK = Leth Jr, Vice-President ArtrHur M. ANDERSON, Treasure: HEN A MOonTAGNE, Secretary
Elective Managers
HERMAN BALDWIN Mrs. Evon Huntincton ee H. Clara WiuitaAM FEtton BARRETT Ho |OKER Francis E, Pow aa Howarp BAYNE IDNEY LANIER Mrs. EERGE pI. PE Epwrn De T. BecuTeL Mrs, ALBERT D. LASKER Witisan J. Horns Henry F, pu Pont Ciarence McK. Lewis Epmunp W. SINNOTT Rev. Rozert I. Gannon, E. D. Merritt Gangxe ‘CEY oe
S.J. Oak eicu L, THoRNE
Ex-Officio Managers Wuiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York ee Moss, President of the Board of Education Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club: Rutuerrorp Piatt. By Columbia University: Marston T. Bocert, CHARLES W. BALtarp, SAM F. TRELEASE.
THE STAFF
WittiaAM J. Rospins, Px.D., Sc.D. Director Henry DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Decor H. A. Gieason, Px.D. Head Curator
. P. Pirone, Plant Patholog Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. sat dal H. W. Rickert, Pu.D. Bibliographer Harotp N, Morpvenxe, Pa.D. Curator and Administrator oF Herbarium Bassett Macurre, Pu.D. ook ‘ator Donatp Puitie Rocers, Px.D ator E. J. Avexanover, B.S. Associate ae G. L. Wrrrrocx, A.M. Assistant Curator a. Education F. W. Kavanacu, Px.D. Associate Curator of Laboratories Icor NicHoLas ASHESHOV, M.D. paca iede Roserr S. ve Ropp, Px.D., DIC. Assistant Curator Marjorie ANCHEL, PH.D, Research Associate Rosatr EIKERT Technical Assistant Mary Srespins, M.A, Technical Assistant Ricuarp S. Cowan, M.S. Technical Assistant oHN J. Wurpack, B.S. Technical Assistant EuizazetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. ibrarian Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal Frank C. MacKeever, B.S. todian of the Herbarium JoserH Monacuino, B.S. Associate ae of the Herbarium Orto Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Haw ane Botany Exmer N. MitcHeLi grapher Bernwarp O. Donce, Pu.D Plant Pathologist on eritus
. B, Stout, Pa.D. vr Emeritus Frep a Seaver, Pas D., Sc.D. Gan ae er ied Inez M Assistant Honorary Curato or of M JOSEPH Fr BunKE Honorary Curator of the Distomuccee B. A, Kruxorr Honorary Curator of Economic Botany EtHe, ANSON ‘Ss. PecxaaM Honorary Curator, Iris cae Narcissus Collectioas A. C. PFANDER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
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All requests for further information mre be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
FEBRUARY 1950
In Tuts Issue: STROPHANTHUS STORY
PASCAL CELERY
GLADIOLI IN CANADA
1E BOTANICAL GARDEN AT THE A.A.A.S
REVIEWS AND NOTES ON NEWEST BOOKS
Ema Paces 25—52
VoL. 51 No. 602
NTS $1.50 A YEAR
FEBRUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
Courses of Study Nature Study for Teachers a sessions on Wednesdays, 4-6 a otaling 15 credit hours of w Feb. 15—May 3], 1950 Instructor: G. L. Wittrock $10; to teachers, $5
Free Saturday Programs 3 p.m. in the Lecture Hall Feb. 4 ee Development, Growth and Movement of Plants P. W. Zimmerman n time-lapse motion pictures Boyce Thompson Institute Feb. 11 New York State Parks— A motion picture from the New York Stat
Feb. 18 Gardens of Cloister and Castle H. W. Rickett
Bibliographer Feb. 25 New Fields for Garden Adventure Paul F. Pres Editor, Popular Gardening
Mar. 4 Flowers of the Pacific’s Tropic Isles Richard §. Cowan Technical Assistant Mar. 11 The Ways in Which Insects Harm Plants uis Pyenson
& Tech. Institute The spring program will open March 18 with a series of four motion eae showing National Parks as vacation spots.
Members’ Day hele w York oan Society, 122 E. 58th Street Feb. 2, 8:30 p.m. (Ca: Efficie T. H. Everett
Museum Exhibits
Arts and Crafts of Haiti, a colorful exhibit of oil paintings, ae bags, mats, rugs, jewelry, and other objects, will be continued until late in February. will be followed in March by an exhibit of plants used by the North American Indian:
Conservatory Displays Primulas and cyclamens will be among the dominant plants of the floral displays in the conservatory. Noteworthy indoor flowering ae in the display include Viburnum Tinus, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and Erica melanther i ome) TABLE OF CONTENTS EBRUARY 1950
WINTER AT WILLOWWooD, the home of Henry ae at Gladstone, N. J. ‘over photograph by Gottscho- ied E Josep. chino 2
Mag Aeon age nea AND eee: bh Mona 5 PascaAL CELERY AND ITS ORIG! see L, — Vilmorin 39 A ee GLADIOLUS aos ‘y F. Barrett 41 es Vv. Coomeas 43
s, NEwWs, AND COMM 45 hehe AND REVIEWS OF a ae Books 48
The Journal is published monthly by The ork B arden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. Printed na v S. A. Entered as en ore Nee ian 28, 1936, at the Post Office at Hla am Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $i. 50. Single co 135
JOURNAL
of
THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor
Vor. 51 Fesruary 1950 No. 602
Strophanthus, Sarmentogenin and (ortisone
The Botanical Aspects of the Story of the Newest “Miracle Drug”
By Joseph Monachino
TROPHANTHUS, a group of chiefly woody-stemmed climbers from
tropical Africa, rocketed to importance as the potential source of what has been described as “one of the greatest of all the wie drugs of the age” when it was announced in the press last August that a substance extracted from a ane of at least one species could be transformed by chemical sia ent into CoRTISONE. The chemical substance derived from certain s eat seeds is a glucoside know 11 aS SARMENTOGENIN.
synthetic oe holds eae for the successful combat of arthritis
and rheumatic fe ever, other chronic degenerative diseases, heart ailments,
hardening a ihe os high bio od pressure, perhaps even cancer.
laboratory eae re the synthesis of these compounds, however, are
among the most complied in all chemistry ; the products, so far, among orld.*
Cae a. it was revealed that the oie and complicated process by which the Tae! ‘had heretofore been made oo could be simplified through the use of ea fro eeds Strophanthus, presuma ably” S. sarmentosus, this tropical ae —
*The only method of manufacture of cortisone Aiea! known was with the ie ae ox-bile in a series of some 40 highly complicated chemical steps. If oxen e to be used exclusively in Crees ig cortisone, a e drug necessary for the relief ie one a patient for one day would require 40 head of slaughtered cattle, thus for one year 14,600 ee The deere ae ae be administered regularly, like insulin in diabetes, For the nued relief of the estimated seven million arthritics in the United States, in a ancl vee 100 ae cattle evould be needed, or about ten times the entire cattle herd in this countr
25
26
famous over night. A rush for haa seeds began, and several expeditions, one sponsored by the United States Government and others b t fac o i
g seeds of spe the New York Botanical Garden collected herbarium sp s from institutions here and on other continents and initiated a oe eet study of the entire group. Chemical and pharmacological studies so far have been centered on the plants known from Africa. These began around 1861, ee the famous explorer, David Livingstone, reported that an extract fro the
which has been used for more than half a century in a manner similar to digitalis.
Problems Ahead
Whether the seeds from which sarmentogenin was isolated and cortisone a tion n
was later synthesized e species S. sarw US estion not yet gs ae e is egiige ane Whether the seeds must hav a certai onditi rder See sarmentogenin is another eeriieg Whether tee ce not is tested may be of even greater value as a source of the ee isa Posy feerie for investigation Whee any species is oafficient abundan’ wild to provide eno ough seeds even for r exper riment may | e a factor in oe development of the drug for eventual clinical use. rats reover, some plants do not fruit abundantly and they frequently grow in places not easily accessible. Even wae
are said to be a ee in Re rarity of strophanthus fruits in some are as ae are fond of eating the young folli te
as been ee that sufficient cortisone to relieve one.arthritic atie for one year might be ohne from about one ton the ane light seeds. Before studies in the genus were initiated at t ew York
Botanical Garden, there was : the herbarium of this iaeutatien hardly inch of seeds of the species S. sarmentosus, Individu ally counted, there were p ae 26 seeds, reps enting two collections of the species: Of all the work in 1949 that come to the writer’s attention, a two- month effort of numerous ol rators to rolled’ seeds of the genus to i e
ome Asiatic species ma
mentogenin or some closely ine ede The « iS. pa as an arrow poison in the Philippines points to the ae in that wide- spread species of glucosides of possible eee value. Wells and Garcia
SEEDS OF STROPHANTHUS KOMBE
the Economic Museum of the New York Botanical Garden David Livingstone in 1861 described how the be on the Shire River in East Africa neat Mozambique used for their arrows a pole called “kombi” derived from strophanthus seeds. Some species are known to be the source of ‘strop! oe and oi : in
ow poison used in Afri of on with certainty have jelded's sarmentogenin, from which sabe can be syn ih ized, The ae vaciabilley, aa size and shape of seeds can be seen here. In Stropbanthus it is not always possible to identify a species from ae al ote .
28
(22)* have investigated its stem and root bark nak ae name of S. letei Merrill), but its seeds have not yet been given atten other comr mon species in the Orient is S. divergens ie divaricatus), n South K
Hong ea as a hi climber in ee eines and woodlands or as a small branched shrub on hillsides. “In July and August its large green fruits are conspicuous on the een but they do not become hard and woody until winter.” (6)
It was an Afri species, and apparently a fairly common one, from which two American ee ists, is Iter A. Jacobs and Michae | Heidel-
ere are some Sauncant facts and conclusions from their repor
What Seeds Were Used? Jacobs thought it of interest to consider The first sample of strophanthus jee ok ego med by Ko ae
Uae ie eines eat 20 20 phanthin” su sedly derived from “ pounds, yielded 31 grams of to: Kombe ds by these ieee Ir No sample of th rst eds ee suggested, ea not true strophan-
was retained. All subsequent tests with n but was pro y een ee S. hispidus and S, Kombe failed to yield Dr. Jacobs also tested S. hispidus, S. appreciable amounts of sar: ee sarmentosus, and S. gra aes obtained thus proving the misidentity of the first from officials Succ ed with the Lands mple. and Forests Department of Freetown,
Police sample of strophanthus seeds Sierra Leone, West Africa, He also oe 500 grams, or about 5.5 pounds) had obtained small quantities of S. Cour- en given to ae Jacolis several years montti from J. B. Clements, Chief Forest
before 1929 by _C. Munch, at that Officer of Nyasa and Protectorate, nee time connected Mo the Pharmacological S. ean from Director A. H. Kir Laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of oe o (subsequently called the Food, Drug and Toheanvike Territory. In Courmontit Insecticide dministration), United and the Sierra Leone S. ae he States Department of Agriculture at fad only traces a bitter glucosides shington, This samy as originally too eee for stu dy. Dr. Jacobs icin identified as S. sarmentusus, and speci- att low glucoside cont ht mens in the hands of several pharma- possibly . referable to differences cognosists appeared to verify the deter- among individual plants of the same mination. his unch maa a7 re or perhaps to seasonal influences. yielded sarmentogenin, Some He not mention the other species ce were retained by Dr. Monch foe in pier ion with the isolation of sar- toxicity experiments at the Bureau of mentogenin, Bae ugh he states that
Chemistry at Washington. Tn connec- Entinii was ind to be fairly rich in tion with his own observations, Dr. bitter gluco sides
he data available to the writer, all approaches in the attempt to ee ie real identity of the eerie Oren yielding species present a wide margin of doubt. Only flimsy speculations from guesswork can be
* Numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of the article.
SEED POD AND SEED OF eee emia KOMBE From a specimen in the Economic Museum ork Botanical Garden
of the ic This is a mericarp, that is, one follicle of the ek follicle fruit which is characteristic of the genus Strophanthus and of its family in coe The species S. Kombe i mee ast TT. pe T i S
made. There is evidence against S. sarmentosus being the right species. Dr. Jacobs’ Sierra Leone sample did not respond to Laas like the i Leo
Munch sample. It is almost certain — Sierra ay terial was
correctly identified. Undoubtedly it i as Jacobs panne themselves caution, that individual con eee might mo accoun — failure in the Sierra Leone sa: a S. edu is the
species in West Africa and by n experim t yet pabliehe niet
have been conducted with it; yet Gee is no aes that any particu ar demand has been made for this species. What is the species, then, which has yielded or Bs the future will provide sarmentogenin for the production of cortison
S. Kombe and S. hispidus, two com- come available. In this the authors state mercial ipecies are almost certain to be that a SARMENTOCYMARIN™ like that of d. The seeds S. gratu
exclude he ‘us differ 7ecps and ene as was extracted much from f S. sarmentosus TO nmercial seeds called “S. hispi- that the mistaken identity of Munch’ dus” originating from Nigeria, A speci- samp ‘ould — o uld—have been men of th seeds was sent to Prof. ious had it consisted of the former. Markgraf who reported that it was prob- S. Eminti is an East African species. ably a mixture, perhaps of S. Barteri circumstances attending Munch’s and S. Preussii. material the commercial “hispidu: s ri is a relatively rare plant. soars t oe by Jacobs seer . the I s presumed that the species yield- leate a ican origin © ing sarmentogenin is fairl on, a eae producing sarmentoge nin, How- im, coe is not S. sarmentosus in any of the “S. Kombe” supposedly used its forms or varieties, ecological or sea- by K Kohn and ane has an East Afri- onal phases then the evidence again can distributio points to S. Preussii. For obvious rea Hs Se commercial sample of “hsp sons, however, ue syidenee cannot be were of a substantial amount. It is there- fenais wed ft Thesproblem:stilt fore the present writer’s guess that the specie: as not be extremely rare. ,, Jhe recurrence of the designation If wentosus is not the sarmento- endic for the commercial samples genin “yielding “species, the above argu- which provided sarinentogenin is not favor S. Preussti* ue significant. Indeed, S. hispidus is
236 oa on sarmentogenin by Yery common; it has at least one species Tschesche and Bohle (20) has just be. in its synonymy, and two related. species cence (20) with similar hispid indumentum. But the
*At this point the writer wishes to str ey et hoes suggestion of S. Preussit "5 a mere ased ai ecessarily incomplete
‘gum ents.
me of the substances derived along the aay iD vie complicated process of obtaining armentogel
SP EOEHANTUS SARMENTOSUS AT i beers GARDEN
ber, which hi n the conse ne ot
of nea:
own ight 5 fee g the Ss piece in F935 Hoke ce eee through Cu
wa! . D. Merrill from the Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum in
commercial seeds und cording to Dalziel (ioa7) are found i
be entirely or in nore part of S. sarmen- tosus, which an rae (differen ooking nant athiesen,
mented on the anatomy of. pees eae of aera stated that the occurrence red crystals in the embryo is ee 7k S. sarmentosus.
There is no eae a us pha Seater he wh eae seeds furnished by De ee ne
this character in Neiileg the ney cation.
the Ge
The presence or lack of age n S, Preussit ee oon be given ex- el evidence, as the New York
Botanical Garden has obtained an excel- lent seed sample of about 200 grams of this species and has already submitted
ealin experimental data on peeren rt vielding oe oe eae available the Pro
and at this time,
petition presented ie hee investigators will probably publish so of | thei ndings, Althoug! ms Sade Englis ont, it is unbelievable that no elaborate experiments are being con-
ducted by the British.
31
Can Some of Original Seeds be Found? It is aca. likely that some seeds of the original ee used by
Dr, Jacobs are still in existence. If the ee can be located it might, with careful ae be possible to identify the plant, or at least to oe many species. The colored illustrations of seeds in Gilg’s mo h (4) might be helpful in identification study.
The
fails ere at the New York Botanical Garden should be most Pie According to the Dispensatory of the U.S.A., Smelt gives a number of chemical pee by which seeds of different ay of Strophan- thus can pia eee from each one and Mathiesen (12) describes seeds of v: spec The active ae in Sens seeds is
ol te pee hen be oe crondn ng that a sufficient quantity is — cies Wild Sources and Cultivation of Strophanthus Should it eventually be ascertained that the se sar saat eid ope for oul
in order to main we ton a ae cr from large-scale plantations can be ens hereto ore, ce e wiser course
tropical and subtropical re; A of species have already been cultivated as ornamentals or curiosities in Asia, Af he - icas. S. sarmentosus was introduced in Florida and Cuba in 1927, and it has flowered out-of-doors as far north as Highlands Sone in the aseadoned Nehrling Nursery at Sebring, Florida. S. gratus has been grown in lorida, Jamaica, Tobago, Trinidad, Para in Brazil, Borneo, and Saigon in Cochinchin: Dominica in t est Indies; S. speciosus in southern California and in Queensland; S. caudatus, sarmentosus, nd S. gratus in Hawaii collection of S. Petersianus (?) is available
f : Singapore, lists for the year 1912 the following species: S. gratus, S. brevicaudatus, S. dichotomus, S. hispidus, S. Jackianus, S. Petersianus,
32
and S. a east The Buitenzorg Botanical Garden has cultivate S. caud audatus var. undulata, S. Cumingii, S. dichotomus var. Marckii “S eaudatus f f. Ma fee S. gratus, S. hispidus, and two undeter- mined sp - Bot Ss. his, we _and S, Wallichii have been culti-
ch Most of the liana species can be trained either as vines or erect shrubs.
Exploratory Tests fie Related Plants
Other genera of the Apocynaceae, or Dogbane family, offer possibilities for investigatio: n a some of these are now being tested. Se oe oleander ) is Race close to Sriphaiiine: its toxic chara known sin and it has bee i like strophanthus, ret a digitalis series a ae oisons. Cerbera and Thevetia, of the same
also bot anically ee with onae having a digitalis-like action.
be identical with G-
ar. nt bush eensland
extract of the bark rapidly killed frogs when aia into fae and that experimental evidence suggests i Ree ance of the active principle to strophanthin and ouabin. K-sTRopHANTHIN-A (a cry: stalline ratio n a
obtained fro species of Apocynum. It is not unlikely oe ie the ae ee Mioveed Gay the Asclepiadaceae, aan medicinal substances may be obta
s 2 72)
TYPE SPECIMEN OF THE GENUS STROPHANTHUS (On the opposite aks ted by D. Kleinhof in 1750 in Java, th en photographed is probably ine Gee Darien ever colleceed by a botanist. aes was made the t type of Echites audata Sree by Nikolaus Laurens Burman in 1768.* In 1802 the ee botanist; Pyramus de Candle, proposed the new genus Strophanthus, and t species is now eadw wn as Strophanthus caudatus.
This historical sheet was borrowed from the Conservatoire Botanique at Geneva, Switzerland. It is one of more than 2,000 specimens that are on loan from some 25 institutions for a critical study of the genus now being conducted at the New York Botanical Garden.
*The notes on the sheet read:
En Java 1750, Frutex est volubalis flagellis sese figens aliis rebus, os eres erescens Tocis, Flos est pentandria monogynia, Fructus nondum obse us, 23 Echites caudata. Cumonya seu Pena! Translated, the fe een means that it is a twining chaih fixing itself by its branches on ‘other plants, growing in the higher places. The flower is pentandria monogynia. Fruit not yet observed. Native name “Cumonya” or “Mangoenong.”
eke . : LB Echitis ca Cae =, ca:
THE TYPE SPECIMEN OF THE GENUS STROPHANTHUS (For description, see the opposite page.)
34
Plant-Competitors of Strophanthus
The brilliant research of Russell E. Marker and co- — published al of 11
bri in the Jour e Am over ten years presents another ave starting material for th een on the steroidal sapogenins an hormones. His finding: species collected mainly in i omprising over 40, consideration. He stre
period of
nited deserve careful
sses the importance of the ey iaceae, and his studies gau
particularly suggest assays with Dioscorea and Aga
Nee ue have been received York Botanical Garden
(1837) 4:99, plate 76. T' ticle is ited to Guill on ry ve ie ‘i Londonensis. tunately,
1e sp fou es in ithe y, clgade ating. Neith the Mecnoeon ae the illustration ee prove adequate for identifying species with certainty. Unaware of the previous homonym, orton, in studying a plant whieh at the fime appeared to be a new species, oe oe by coincidence, “Dioscorea ” This name was never pub- fish am ee Morton, but a herbarium aiect bearing the epi ithet is ees at the New a rk Botanical Garden. the confusion in dasioncd an odd situation wae ‘witnessed fr
by the writer, Sel men from a
otse ed t amine the “Dios mexicana” sheet, of which they evidently had knowledge fr pr s visi
avidly, took careful note of the appear. ance of the species and the collection ata hey apparently were making plans to go to Mexico send an agent ere to search for the species, Their interest was to fi n sie they imed Dr. rker called “Di A ”
a scorea mexicana” and reported to yield BOTOGENIN from which cortisone could be synthesized.
Obviously, Dr. Marker’s Dioscorea re- mains to be identi sea a ould be sheer coincidence if it were either Morton's vient or et dest ribed in Eadie et Be ie Seme remarks made abou sugy ‘Dioscore ea. ee nbd
Bs original ag has not been seen by the writer.
B ioscorea ex-
° Fh o =i 9° 7 oaD
h- out the plan have Coal
s is chem ee
‘ucca, Zautho rhea, and ‘others ave
entered the pict Description of Strophanthus e genus ee was erected
by Pyramus De Candolle in 1802, His concept embraced four _ Ss, one be- ing Asiatic. Without seeing the fruit of any of the species, he nevertheless deducted from analogy position $ new genus near Nerin id Echites. The generic name i pt. It i
of twi isted in the bud, All original species have this with few exc see so have the 50 or
mote Bone known to dat
ndolle exphined the name Sirophonthas as ca en eee _ ine mg-flower, If mon nai
eeded it might well he THONG- nee
35
for greater euphony, STRAP-FLOWER. “The ie ee can be de- scribed a:
PLaNntTs oN pine climbing; sometimes erect shrubs or Aa trees. Climbers often erect or suberect in the lack of sup ticularly w! when, _ ung; either vines or bushy erect plants. Some species, such as S. hispidues, one 80 ft. or
More to tops of trees and h. stems se ever al inches in diameter; S. ‘Emin and S. ra- bilis are greatly branched bushes; S. Wel. witschit and other species are sometimes
Ss
Leave: ES short-petioled, ouposite, rarely 3- 4-whorled (as in S. speciosus), entire, TH different species they differ greatly in shape,
mn, and other details. Entir tubreus pes “puberuousy or hispid wat ee bristles, or may be ickly woolly er fic-
it others, like S. sarmentosus, may or wey not have leaves at ot period, depending on individual variation:
INFLORESCENCES poae al. Cymes 1-3 ranched, many- or few-flowered; sometimes, particularly in species wit r; wers,
arene fase ee fee are early dec! Sep. most He to the very re little a nay imbricate depending on their
A MEXICAN ROOT WHICH MAY BE A SOURCE OF CORTISONE
ed as “Dioscorea mexicana,” this ya, A root known as “D. mexicana” (an of cortisone.
experiments for the production to the
large root is believed
to be Dioscorea obscure name) has been used in en shown here was sent
City.
New York Botanical Garden by Maximino Mavias z of Mexico
36
ZO xed when icfindulae at base cale-like or lobular,
th, sometimes spreadin; the flowers are matured. di
laring at the upper part, often showy, white or weiow to reddish or purplish, the different parts of the corolla—tube, lobes and scales—often of ee on ades and colors. Corolla-lobes 5,
ded part mostly broadly ovate, ea anaes tips rounded . gratus or rare! erely pointed, but mostly long- tailed, the tails 2-3 times as long as the corolla-tube and linear, or remarkal 2 gated and thread-like, sometimes over one cot long and dangling fr the canopy.
S. Jackionus), free to and incon- spicuous or large (as in S. T hollonit end
Ss. gratus), included within the tube or serted far out.
TA _ 5, in: at tl part of the corolla-tube. Fismente verea ort. An- thers arrow-shaped, longitudinally dehiscent, without pollen in the upper and jower parts; tips of anthers sometimes mer ely inconspic
ously short-apiculate; ofte connectives
en es @ apex are elongated nn Scag: lanceo- ie points 2-3 umes ae aed th of fie fer ile Part 7 the d form the stigma. oY Cane PELS 2, on a slightly concave receptac often ad inferior, glabrous or_hairy; ted at apex just below the style. Ovules numer- ous. PS tyle ety filiform: aie culindn: cal, 5-10 flabellate-crested. Sti of two short apiculi. Fouticies 2, ventrally dehiscent; various in shape and size, sometimes over one Yoot lone, either narrow ‘or a inches in diameter.
dus an . Sarmentosus ve fruits to each individual, S. gratus yeaa on an average 2.2 Ibs, (avoirdupois) of seeds per plank
Couey ery nm pindle-shaped, occa-
Pi toward the apex. Bebe of two fleshy cotyledons and a small club-shaped or cylindrical radicle.
General Distribution of the Gen The pts neers has a ail distribution onl: Africa and Asia. it is foaad throughout the N,
in for a avannas, and te es. It reaches greatest diversity in the enn areas of Central Africa Staner and Michotte (1 enumerate
i in Africa can be had from Hutch- inson and Dalziel (8), Stapf (18, 19) and Braun (1). Onl ne species, S.
expected, the genus i in cathern India (7). S. Wallichit is reported as requent in the Ma’ f Orissa (5), and hi een collected in the Andaman Islands. Wightianus is known from several districts in Travancore (15).
ee has not been reported from
“Malay area (16) has several in- French Indo-China coastal areas of ) are within the dis- nus,
trophanthus is not known from The one endemic species
g
For- in the
RBARIUM
mosa,
Philippines is widespread there. The genus reaches the Netherlands Indies, S. caudatus is reported scattered in Java (10). e@ writer cow nd no record of the genus in New Guinea. It is not oe from ey ia, New Zealand, or
w Caledor SPECIMEN
OF StnOpuaniacs SARMENTOSUS IN FLOWER n the opposite page)
ant was originally introduced b
This pla e Uni ture, Bureau of ai eget as an Grane tropical vee Pavia at Coconut a Jalon
aoe Florida, abo
s r
States Department of Agricul- . March 10, 1927.
° species, as well as tho: ie source of arrow poison used by the d.
'
ECONOMIC COLLECTION BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
parple flewara, 7 poleonaya alknlotd whieh 1x weed ae : nonrt atimlant. CULTIVATED PLANT:
Sage”
A CULTIVATED SPECIMEN OF STROPHANTHUS SARMENTOSUS (For description, see the opposite page.)
Taxonomic Studies @) (1893) is also an excellent one. nus has been ee well covered This consists of 74 Peet ana ane ae pene
taxonomically. The most complete treat- a species are described, orig-
ment : that of Boe (4). The 43 species
Monographic studies on the genus have imow hike a ipl Were eto de- been initiated at the New York Botani- bh te synonymy was pre- cal Garden. For this purpose the herbar- sented ad collections were cited. There ium collections of Strophanthus from are ten plates in his work, one being almost all the major herbaria of both colored Uluctrations oe seeds of 18 the New and O orld have b bo
1 Since Gilg’s m
b i d: over 2,000 sheets of the genus. Also new
oo vy een Proposed, many collections of both botanical specimens y >t (17) and ae oe being made in connection The earlier monograph by Franchet wiki these studie:
Final Words and a Beginning
Changes in the aati picture are expected to be so ae that witne t
tomorrow may important developments altering some of our concepts. The one ion and views the writer has presented are the products of avai information Hee up to this day (Nov. 11) from published literat ai nt communications received fr
various corresponden rk Botanical Ga s suspected
as confidential data not to be made public until some strategic moment atrives
It As hoped that experimental work has been, and w ill be, successful
penicillin—that has been educated in miracles. It is not unnatural to hope that through eau aaa tube be another miracle, that it will provide for a beginning of s oach in the cure of degenerations of the human body, both eile! oe natural.
REFERENCES
Braun, K. Die Strophantht ten von Deutsch-Ostafrika. Der Pflanzer 6: ee 301. ee
a
2. anchet, M. Etude sur les Strophanthus de Il’Herbier du Muséum de Paris. ies Arc a Mis Hist. Nat. Paris 3 (5): 221-294. Pl. 7- ie ie
3, Gilg, Erni: Uber die Gruppierung der ae Art der Gattung Strophanns, Sect. Eustrophanthus. Jn Engler, A. Bo ieieche: Tahrbis cher 32: 153-162, 1
4, Gilg, Ernst. Strophanthus. Jn Engler, A. Monographieen Afrikanischer Pflan- eda und -Gattungen. Pp. 1-48. Pl. 1-10. Fig. 1-4. 1
5, Haines, H. The Botany of Bihar and Orissa. Part 4. 542. 1922.
6. Herklots, G. oe C. Foiconour plants of Heng Kong. Food & Flowers. No. 2. 31-34. 2 fig. Rae as
7. Hooker, J. D. Flora of British mae 3: 655-657. 1882,
8. utchinson, i: ia Dalziel, J. M. Flora of West Tropical Africa. 2: 47-49.
H Fig. 194.
39
9. Jacobs, Walter A., and Heidelberger, Michael. Sarmentocymarin and _ sar- mentogenin. Tour: Biol, Chem. 81: 765- he eee
10. Koorders, S. H. Exkursionsflora von Java. 3: 78. 1912.
ML. ipo Rossel E., ef al. Steroidal pen ie Am, Chem, Soc. 69: 67. 194
12. Mathiesen, F. J. Uber den Strophanthussamen des Handels. Pharm. Acta Helv. 2; 228- 240. 1927.
13. Shee F.A.W. Flora van Nederlandsch Indié. 2: 441-443, 1856.
14. ard, J. Apocynacées. In Lecomte, H. Flore eee de Il’Indo-Chine, 3: Hise 1200. 1933.
15. Rama, Rao Sahib M. Flowering Plants of Travancore. 257.
16. Ridley, H. N. The Flora of he Malay Peninsula. 2: 353- oe a 106. 1923.
17. Staner, P. and raat Revision des espéces congolaises du genre Strophanthus P. DC, Bul i jaca Bot. Brux., 13{1): 23-56. 1
apf, Otto.
18. St . In Thiselton- Dyer, W. T. "Flor: ora of Tropical Africa, 4(1): 167-187, 1
19, Stapf, Otto. In Thiselton-Dyer, W. Flora Capensis. 4(1) : 509-512. 1907.
20. Tschesche R. and Bohle, K. Uber blaaiche Herzgifte, XIHI. Mi teil. : Die Konstitution des Sarmenti gz er. Deut. Chem. Gesel. 69: 2497-2504. 1936
21. Tsiang, on Asiatic Apocynales 2. ae senia 2(2) 1 1934
22. Wells, d Garcia, Faustino, Chemical and pharmacodynamic investiga- tion of Strophanthus letei Merrill, Philipp. Jour. Sci. 26: 9-18, Pl. 1-3, 1925.
Pascal Celery and Its Origin
By Roger L. de Vilmorin (Translated from the French by Carol H, Woodward)
1% order to eae the origin of Pascal celery, which 1s onl stage in the improvement of celery, a brief history oi the appearance and evolution of varieties seers necessary ery, Apium graveolens, a plant of oe, origin which is especially abunda in t a Mediterranean region, is a typical example of man’s im- ovement of a wild species. In its wild form sae was known to the Chinese, = rae the Gre ae and the Romans, who used it for tation, for its medicinal me eine and as a con bree in fact, wild ee is a slightly ee which was once used to combat various maladies as well as drunkenne:
It mly in the 16th ae i celery became ee a vegetable, especie in Italy. It is, moreover, from this country that it obtained its ommon name. The He rst celeries cultivated were types w hole stalks,
reali a cutting cele: s again in Italy on the 17th century that the first celery with solid
40
stalks appeared. La Quintinye (1626—1700), gardener to Louis XIV, cul- tivated it and knew the method for blanching it and making it tender. He wrote about it in erfect rdener parfa
b it . “Perf Ga: (“Le fait jardinier, ou anes pour les jardins fruitiers et potagers, avec un traité Orangers et des eae sur l’agriculture”).*
But it ie at the end of the 18th century that a series of improvements began which gave us most of our varieties. The first catalog of the Vil- morin Company in 1778 mentions two ones solid celery and striped rose. White solid did not appear until la
In 1877, Vilmorin introduced dwarf ie ribbed) white solid which is still ore souiies there. — was a notable improvement since it was the first v without runne
e great a in the eae of celery is due to a emin, a market Pere of Issy near Paris, who in 1875 estes solid golden white
celery, known in the trade as Hake Golden w Self-blanching, but bean bearing 2 name. Vilmorin it o en e€ ea in 1884 and ported tons of it to Americ ke t had great success.
ina nee lot of the aia aoiies white eee that a grower in
a shee eee oe Nimes (Gard), Henri Pascal, discovered in 1884 his
now famous cele: Here is the text of what te wrote at that time to the firm of Vilmorin
in pulling out my solid golden white celery in order to blanch it
that I ree that certain stalks were aes to others. I found them
excellent for cooking, they are good besides, and well formed.” Vilmorin received aad of this in 1887 and a it to the test; the variety
In John Evelyn’s translation of La Quintinye, under the title “The Compleat Garderer La ae in ees is the statement, under “Works to be done in Septem- er” (Volum 166,
“We bind up our Cline ith one or two bands below, and then we raise
must be
extreamity of the Leaves a prevent the sap from ascending and spendin itself i No purpose, by which means it is kept down in the Buried Plant, and makes it grow thick.”
Under “Works done in October,” page 167, the section starts: “We continue the same Work as in the preceding Month as Graffing, the Season for which . b r ard
ordinary Companion on, i those that have been wanting in cele foresight; for in earnest, the Cold fails not to make great Havock in the Gardens be ite lazy; and oo - = ees Teainaing of the Month, however eae ngly fair soe the weath must be some dry long Dung brought and laid near the Endive, Apichores. ‘cherd Beets, Cellery, Leeks, Roots, &c. 2 being pris at hand, it may with the more faci ility in few hours be thrown upon every thing that needs it, to prevent their destruction.”
41
as then not very well established, for it gave some types with smaller coe like the original solid golden white. After several years of ere in 1890 Vilmorin aii out Pascal solid white, retaining for name of its discoverer. The Mees which the firm has called Giant Paseal ery vigorous ee extremely productive eae w pee aa very broad, thick, aah fleshy ribs, entirely true green when exposed to a mate but which blanch rapidly if only fied or earthed w 7 eThe lea are upright, vigor ous, but - rt and dark green. It keeps quite well pee the winter in stor rerooms. This variety vba always had great favor, and from different seed menicee it oo eived various names. To the sore trade Pascal celery is best known in its unblanched form. 1887, ee peewee i solid white celery, known in the a as ae e Plu From ane a on the varieties cay numerous, a s third rae of the book of pot herbs (“Les Plantes Potageéres’’) in 4 (now of print) mentions nearly forty hae without oe ne root celeries, An improvement over the oe celery, Improved Golden, Ne longer sal, ae esa ae wa: roduced in a by the Vilmorin firm. 2 Chemin but the American cus Saree then demanded ae ee of au older type, as it was mae adapted to their
tyle of packing. ‘Since then economic conditions have Ceca oa have become ee of celery seed, and if we in Frane ort less than formerly
we have at least ie ca of seeing of od roa varieties stil receiving honor in the U. S. A.
eA Woodland Gladiolus Garden
By Mary F. Barrett
WENTY-FIVE years ago an American visitor to Canada gave some
has served and attracted visitors from most of the states of the Union
arts of Canada.
John Blair, a native of North Bay, Ontario, about 225 miles north of Toronto, had served with the Royal Canadian Dragoons throughout World War I, had been gassed, and had retired on a pension to the little town of Magnetawan on Ahmic Lake, about 55 miles south of his former home.
42
There he acquired one and a quarter acres of woodland on the lake front oe three miles from the town and began to raise and eventually to experi- ment with gladioli.
ow, every morning, Mr. Blair, — a boat full of blossoming stalks, makes his way to the Magnetawan wharf. Thither from all bahia ons come the motor boats, fast or slow, of the summer campers, who buy ee get the mail, make dates (in a telephoneless region), eat ice ae cone: reclaim the earaaes which have no access to the camps. By early nes noon Mr. Blair’s flowers again have traversed the lake, but this time in many other boats.
The Blair garden was hewn out of the Canadian “bush,” which mostly consisted of maple and white birch. About one-third of an acre is given to the garden proper. The climate, he says, is perfect for the plants, but sand had to be se in, as = clay soil was unsuitable. The three divisions of the gard e plants, for plants from last year’s “bulblets,” (corm - ie eaiines are raised a few inches above the surrounding soil, and are edged with boards to prevent ne The rows run east and west to obtain maximum sunlight.
Blair ae pees the ie or second week of May, using ae perfect corms whic ve been soake . fis three hours in a solution of lysol: 1 anna . a eae aa The holes are made six eee es deep, and the ground is soaked so Ne oughly that it needs no more water until the plants are a foot high. When in bloom they require much water, which
t
until the blossoms appear. Then nicotine sulfate is substituted so as not to kill bees and humming birds. The “bulbs” are dug October 1.
r buys his corms from dealers in the U! al States and Canada.
As he is a obliged to raise only marketable eae as he destroys
all which do not come up to his standards, his garden presents an unusual
assortment of tall ae stalks bearing large, numerous, ae beautifully
d and marked flowers. His 15,000 plants include about 100 varieties.
The blossoms are fe eqented ze humming-birds, whose savage attempts
to drive one anothe sled are in oe uous with their gentle eg
and by bees; but t the Osses nade are ha re Blair says. H nen has oe nel aoe fe shen — SO: f his hybrids, as yet with- out names, are Helen of Troy x Excell, wit! ae ers six inches across,
with flow rose pink ath a eve throat and a white mide (kno own as No. 42 ae i; and Rosa van Lima x Crystal, with pink flowers having a cream an oat
: : A
An interesting sport, recently found by Mr. Blair, has appeared from a corm of Heavenly White, which itself is a sport of Rosa van Lima. Rosa
43
The peria: Lima’s carmine petals from oo perianth ane Lima ccasiona. . sea
In 1949 Mr. Blair a ted 5,500 August four varieties, all over three
(mauve). His seed bed is t asked which are the
eae
(yellow), Paul Rubens. ae
‘w sport shows reversion to a aa of pink on a sepal or a petal. a is ane
0
of ee names which he ae
(cream), P;
t ( se rose), Moncee: (dark red), Lemon ie ple).
n Lima - a pink perianth with a white midrib on each sana ane ite is without color except for Ros
an corms, and before the end o
n y for his own Ti most beautiful varieties el replies, “All.” (in addition to those a ready rthiana eet mai a. Bengasi
Visitors always are made coon to this beauty spot on a rather lonely
Canadian Lake
Sarah V. Coombs
MES: Jerome W. Coombs of Sca: dale died aie a month s itiness on
Nov. 29, Her uncommonly active ae est in plants spanned mo: a the 81 = of her life. She tees mem aber
the New York Bota
at Garden a
of the Advisory Council since
In the Garden's library are copies : of dozens of canna horticultural arti- et
cles that rote, and more will app aie ies of he books, “South African Flowers for American Gardens” and “Handbook of Flower Show Judging,” o hich she completed a revision in the past ar, On th ves also are highl valued publications from her own library, esen a ago. In the Gar-
den’ which she ibe ee Bau there is the memory of a
aa ‘caergeti woman of ae fais bilities : mateur who the respect oft the arotessional hoicutivist and botanist.
A love of flowers and scholarly inter-
rought back from the South in 1935. And among
est in them had been Cente by her father, the Reverend Charles H. Hall, when Sarah Virgini a Brooklyn. In the surroundings of Holy Trinity Church, where he
e garden : er father she made frequent excursions into the woods and ee ee th Carolina
ee
ung wi fake gave occasional concerts, on the viol but plant life eens es more of her attention than He marriage in 1895 to the Brooklyn lawyer, Jerome W. Coombs, her botanical eget cage to in- clude the fungi. For many years she d he husband collect ed ‘and studied
book. use: get then — most em priceless volumes now out of print bear marginal notes that are a treasure to the my ist. More
When an ee to Ser dale 4 in 1902 she planted some of the lesser known
44
bs and trees od her
several varieties of magnolia, fancy li- lacs, and rare rhododendrons, as well as unusual perennials. When in 1920 she built the house at - Rites Lane, sh set out two fine s Crypto- meria japonica, eG mslverbell, a sty- rax, a pink dogwood, a double-file vi-
burnum
attracting many blooming seasons. She w: e for choosing and planting the handeed” varieties of crab le carsdale Woman’s
cam Met. ‘Fadia aa with s with t
ic wiited the great pee area known as the Karroo, and she brought back speci- mens of unusual and ornam ae plants from this aan dry feo
Mrs. Coombs’ in ae the inspiration Be a "Botanical Garden’s
exhibit of South African plants in 1935, when some of her treasures fon 00 miles away were t put on display. She contributed an article to arden’ Journal at that e, and later that yea her book, “So rican Plants for American Gardens” was published b: Stokes, It was illustrated with her own colo photographs ince the
n si plants and their horticultural uses, prin-
cipally for the National cree iii ard:
in her own window garden, and g:
ay any plants to horkculturally minded aie
Mrs. Coo ay the Hortculsral Soeeg a uth Atvicg
all the s
f£ “The Handbook for Flower
to Alaska in the early 1940's in isslen wild
wr vor Bot acl ee published in De- cember 1944.
For many years Mrs, Coombs constant demand as a lecturer
more books on gardening subjects for this Journ:
he a r -ecently been working at the
York Botanical Garden on the
aimed her life a month
45
later, she drove to the
Garden from Scar ‘sdale to spend the da a.
t of a series of articles on “South African Amaryllids as House Pl ” is to appear in Plant Life this year.
In fact, she had undertaken an aston- ishingly heavy schedule 2 wring, with occasional lectu: us ill- nes: ing n
In a symposium the preceding day o the phytogeography of South “Ameria, Dr. Maguire spoke on the nde A. Gleason w. oe of at the aantal mice t of the Bo tanical Soe ty of America, cane an ae ine species concept, as retir- ing pre At meetings of the physiological sec- tion of the Bota meal Society of Amer:
Dr. ae the ever
erated Garden Clubs also was resume wee Pe a Saciety a tee Without such activity, she felt, sh v 6 i ae baeneraae presented a paper on “Evidence on the would n content, It is not often Panetionin ins, H d that the products of one’s later years Organ © Naty trients,” and De. Robert have ae Rett for lasting value de Rong spoke oi “The Comparative as ” pen oe eng Acid and the rown teri lant Tissue.” =o Dr. A. B. Stout spoke before the gen- eral seen the Botanical Society on Notes, News, and Comment eer ncompatibilities — Di- loids aad. Polypol s of Petunia.” The a With meetings of the Ameri- Pollen was scheduled to ak n Association for the Advancement of on “The Genetic cs jot Unilateral Hybri cence taking place in New York Ci zation in Petun t Christmas 1949 sate the ne At an evening secs on uniform- year o members of the staff of the New ork ae Garden played a prominent part in arra: peng in me ee the phot papers that EN EE
ee “ W. Rickett, as chairman of the systematic section of the Botanical Society of America, supervised plans for
a number of the sessions and presided at meetings bot! he McAlpin Hotel and at the New York Botanical Garden. The Garden was host at an all-day session of the systematic section of the aah 2 the American Society of Plant
mists and the ee Bevel Society on Wednesday,
the morming papers were wien i Dr,
Bassett Maguir re on “Taxonomy of the Rapatiaceae,” rod Richard Cowan on “A New Genus of the agers and by Ir. K., Sve enson of the American Museum Natural History on “The Status of Hypericum Mecilanae”
nhare Venezuela, in a successful search for the blowgun ba mboo, Arundinaria Schom- burgkii.
Bobbink & Atkins ““GARDEN GEMS”
for your Garden Library
den wi
Build you ich the help of this out- standiny catalog. In it are * described and - lustrated in color the best of the New and
Old-fashioned Roses; Unusual Evergreen Shrub. a Vines; Azaleas and Rhododen- drons; moliat; Lilacs and ny other
ers, and a hose of other rare and unusual “Garden Gems? desiene d to help you plan and vant @
Free f ae “Mississippi; 35 cents
oO. elsewhere. perdael alt, record receive atical
thei thirty minutes from central New _ Bobbink & Atkins
dN.
401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N.J.
46
ity of literature citations, Dr. H. W. ee spoke from the editor’s point of
was chairman of
the American
and Dr, Don- Mycological
r P,P. ‘one local arrangements for Pry topathological ay
P. Rog the ere of Aa
Staff Conference. Members of the s who attended | the AAAS. ke in pe York the last week in December ported on ae at the monthly con- qerente Jan. 1
Visitors. Among those who visited the Cryptogamic Herbarium curing the week re
3 Oo
Warne Florida S 71e Wawerst ity; L Will m Jewel College, Liberty,
i ig Kaneas- Rolla anit Misso otanical Garden; Paul M. ee Hollins Col lege, Virginia; Donald Richards, Lee Natural History Museum; aN . Glea- son, rtf
is arrisol
“Henry Tv
of tl Tennessee remained in several days after the necdnes aad will return in nies from the Gray Herbar-
oO atowicz, University A. J. Sharp
d A. Crum of the ce until wan 0
sity spent several days alter “the meetings doing bibliographic research in the li- brary.
José Cuatrecasas, who arrived from Colombia at the time of the meetings the Chicago
the
s to discuss South
Dr. I. Wahl visited the physiological laboratories Jan. 3 on his way from the University of Mircea: to Palestine.
Before and after Christmas tien vnycologiat at the University
Toronto, investigated material in the Thelephoraceae i in the Botanical Garden’s herbari
Among ie many other Hail who stopped at the Garden befor
= a Das- oa ed ‘University
India ; Egler, Aton For- ee Norfollc, pap Be C. Barneby, Wappingers ae Mee Y.; Julian A. Steyermark, Chi Natural History
useum; Char oe Ge Shaw, Was ington State College; M. J. Mur alamazoo, Mich., working on nine genetics; Gabriel Gutiérrez V., Facultad e Agronomia, Medellin, Colombia; W. . Camp, adem: Natural Sciences f Philadelphia ; h,
im 5 jt, of paler ee ae K.
ic EL P. mithsonian Institution; Lazella ae Arnold Arboretum; Lillian
ie el, Harris Teachers’ College e, St Mo.; Reed C. Rollins, Sette Universi Elbert_L. ae Jr., U. For Service; Robinso: - Abbott Buckene 11 University ; Mer Washington State Co Nene ae Botanique, Mon oe fie n, Jr. erst
ae
Tis treal; Charles
si r Dupree, Harvard University;
wd t E. a Fosberg, who left boca
Jan. 4 for oo of island vegetation
in the Pac
Look to Wh ayside FOR
HORTICULTURE’S NEWEST BEAUTIES In Wayside Gardens’ exciting n talog, y will see the many wonderful things shat fie happening in the world of flowers. More radi- ant new roses, hardier perenn:: als ‘enciely ew
s, cannas i - anteed no “quality items that measure ae Tea Fuse to ine bi e hig! shest standards of garden beauty and BABE RUTH perfo!
Beautifidl Ate ROSES
NEMAN BE RUTH Sparkling new hybrid tea rose whose sat- An exceptionaliy fine new hybrid tea iny buds of deep coral-rose develop slowly Tose. Heavy petaled, copper salmon buds int quisite, long lasting flowers. open sip Be paal , Tose-pin! WETS cd, disease ri eisaat plants bloom with iong and ties foli- an
Rugg seas protec all summer, adding sparkling age. Hardy, rabase pists Provide your garden. abundance of roses all s
color and fragrance to
Nea CHRYSANTHEMUMS Nee CYDONIAS
Ashes of Re nchani Spi lowering, 7 foot high ‘mum” in oie entire re collection. indeent Spiches is conta fowe hose, crimson flow: ald rose w: bls are tones. Ver: ers, Magnificent for hedges. ae ein Knaphill Scarlet, big, sbowy, vermilion
Bro bronze! dower, with slat Shadings bloom Howes pleon eh fs t calip time on this hoice, low grow!
abundantly on vigorous 30” p Beautiful Nes CANNAS
are the hard, offensive pa aod small
‘ids have of flowers in soft, “de clicate pastel s sha des ou rose, yellow and gold. Individual Moree
e larger than those of exhibition gladiolus.
SEND FOR THE WORLD’S FINEST sae enna BOOK-CATALOG Av reference book of almost 200 pages, Ai oh ‘sparéling. new jewels for your ga ae ee tae eds oh the world Hines, mote
MENTOR, OHIO
Gardens
51 MENTOR AVENUE
eae Wayside
rk
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
Forester, Sportsman, Conservationist
A SAND Sketches
ALMA) Hees: a There. Aldo ie
pold. 226 pages, ate Onterd pniversity Press, New York. $3.7
and County Alm is mo
than just another entertaining account .
the ervations naturalist story
teller, Ald Leopold: forester, ee
conservationist, and natural of giv
BS
roota in the cultural values of wilderness.
In his foreword Mr. Leopold says “There are som o can live without
who cannot.” The sketches, some of which are reprints in whole or part, a Almana
wher his family week-e and try to eal the land.
The episodes he discusses are arranged by calendar m months ae i. ag aes speaks in his comme hahits of game birds and ane "delights es Ae while the forester maki ae obse nao S
0:
turalist mourns t
wishe - idle spots and highways might be fount where the full native flora could be saved.
the years in different parts of the country. The essays are poetic in their cian the beauty of
the hat fad of cvilation and portray oe
the penalties that follow man’s inter- ference with the balance of nature. Upshot of the M
Th ot of atter” is set forth in Part III where he tries to “make shift with thing: as the: “
analyzes outdoor recreation into com- po o parts and conclu that the recreational development is no’
job ot alone “uit roads into tovely country f building receptivity into the still aslevely human mind.” Added sana in rea Afr, Aes oe delight Sau by Chai
RutH N. Werze1, Mt. Vernon, N.Y.
Lice ompictely Described
RY D. Gallge. oe I~VII, e
LICH! $12 each. Einar Munksg ard, Norr
gade 6, Copenhagen, Dena The first seven parts of Ola Ilge’s proposed series of ten volumes on the en-
pages of descriptive text in Part vu there are 101 plates including 657 fer nusual skal. ee
The plates alone place this fine work
ong the s avis for th lichenologist. in the field who might a “fortinate. “enough to have it available, it should most valuable source of information ane aid in clarifying his about lichen structure.
Banerte I. Brown, University of Rochester.
n Ecol
BRITAIN’S GREE A. G. Tansley. 267 Gane Mastraed a ed. George Allen & London 1949.- $5.
Backdrop for Travelers By a ogist
The British Isles lie approximately the latitude of Labrador, but det ath of moist Gee
they do in the p Atlantic winds aud girdled by the sea, they enjoy an able d temperate climate, The tort verdure the “Em- erald Isle,” so characteristic and strik- ingly different 7 ae wilder vegetatior aster
“Britain’s Green Mantle” ‘om the
the. ne pense oe he ext ded over much in Roman times, oe
neat,
much of the essential information pre-
an earlier and larger work,
sented “The British Isles and their V 1
erou! unfortunately a mall well edie.
e from extensive panoramas to inti- fate plant portraits and form admirable illustrations to the text
BY,
Revert C. Bare IVappingers Fails, New York.
ee Needs of Crop Plants AGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES ror N dited by ages, 5 color plat: igs 62 black and white figures. indexed American Tok re Institute, Washin, ton, D, C. $2.
The authors of es bs ok, all eminent scenic: in their respective fields, have brought together in one volume much o what is now known about diagnosis of soils and crops fo i ie :
ae methods
€ arial procedures. This pu fie
lication is a major contribution in its field.
F. Loew ale bees of Low
Indoor Adventures With Plants
GARDEN IN YOUR WINDOW. Jean Hersey. 272 pages, illustrations by Gertrude Herrick Howe: indexed, a Hall, Inc., New York. 1949,
y has a genius for titling
Jea: chapter ane is not th
amon for text well verpersed “with photograph, charts and dra carcely
know whether to start at the beginning or to read a chapter wherever the book happens
aving blossoming Easter he spring holiday.
The book appears jek and fancifu but it is packed with practical directions from one who has had long and su
g pla nts
on
ful Sate with win
doo Caro. H. Woopwarp.
Condensed vend for Farmers In Warm tes
OPICAL AGRI. = *Htasehel, 196 pages, er: ity ress
a small book ohne aah both on snd livestock an giving the aximum of informatio a ms non-technical pene) ve , farmers and ae
h
— rather than
tof land na
pain tropical crops are given in the ap pendic
The “bo ok would have been improved by illustrations: ‘and even a short ae graphy which could serve as a guide further reading.
R. Irvine, Pian. England.
50.
ae and sulean ides ‘HE
MIRACLE DRUGS. Boris Sokoloff. 308 pages, sindeteations, bibliography, Xx. Ziff Davis, s, New Yor ce 1949, as as tl
at frequent intervals by the i
layman. De okoloff has sifted the mation pouring into scien-
into a
it.
spectacular eS
Although s diseases are so far unaffected by the new ete this is truly - Reeanine of golden age for medic’ ve £ SWIFT, Heyden Gignac ‘Corporation, Princ NLS.
Chemicals for Plant Protection A CATALOGUE OF
INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.
Vol. It. Chemical
jon- Me a Brean 153 pages, i indexed. Chronica Botanica Ps altham, Mass.; Stechert-Hafne: rant New York, 1948. $5.50. Following closely the first vol- ae which was reviewed: in this Journal Dr. James G. Horsfall, Director of ie oss ae Agricul ral Experiment Station, in July Volume II of Frear’
s Catalogue of. ia ae ba Fungicides has appeared. The
t for a time being lation of
ted — at least lume with a
complet
ae
and an index of chemical com-
Caro, H. Woopwarp.
Growing cla Marketing Crops
presents the major operations require for the successful growing and market ing of crops very clearly. Emphasis is
ed to interest, the student to opportunities.
make the most of his
WatTer THOMAS, Pennsylvania State College.
For Boys and Girls RST noe OF BUGS. Margaret
Williamson. pages, jluserated.
ia Wa atte New
uld be = to be 8 or even ve
as this. Though simple to r fa and can to ae ae nd, with its many illus tions, acked with niiormauae eae
an eed child is likely to remember all his life, TOR BOOK. WHEAT, E on, COAL, SUGAR. Maud & Mis! etersha 5 books, 30 pages cake “uacrated dh, o aNineton Co., Philadelphia, fee 75¢ These five stor: 7 ook: er portant group of products onl ultimately,
THE
RIC im-
acne ts.
production of ony Se given in yaaueniatans for:
51
eee yon H. W. Hannah. millan, New
A who «lawyer and farm: oth ae Hititie a nye for the ae wee needs to know what his ae and et are in connection with his land. Nearly 100 pages of legal iclerences at the os include forms for many differ-
ent types of lease for farm property UILD GARDEN FURNI- tu URE. “Phited by H. J. Hobbs. 50 illustrated. Home Craftsman
Corp. New Yor! :
Abun diagra: and ae clarify the. arora fora aking tables poem settees and chairs for out tdoor
Guides for Gardeners, ees Cooks, Artists, Nature Lov THE TRICK OF GROWING HOUSE INDOW. Sophia ges, usta by inden d. pleat d, N us “oo Ls
indows
r
pe is large and easy d, and ‘the eal aed aie the k flat while it is bein:
Nor $3 eee dheented rat oh oie and drawings. Borden. mashing Co., _ An ae Calif.
Ped mple atte written the besinne® spirally ne aid com- ao The author is a West Coast grower. BIRDS IN YOUR BACK YARD. Ted
Pettit. 210 pages, illustrated, pudenet:
per & Bros., New Yor! . $3.
The increasing interest . mi fe birds as much a part of a garden as the
customar’
into one Tawing: yy George Greller aid fs de fdenuiGcstion of those that he describes. Aided by sketches
52
by Donald Ross, he gives directions for making bird houses for panes species,
tells Ghat to plant to e bi oe to one’s grounds, ae € ae mn er
birds in winter, another to bird a explain some tricks ot ird photo- raphy, and c ncludes comments -
ee make birds a aries oe on for having he ae BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO SEASHORE LIFE, Leon A. Hausman. 128 pages, illustrated, indexed. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. 1949. $2.
Only half a dozen seaweeds dided” in en “handbook of ine tas to be seen along the beaches. Nearly 250 forms of animal life are illustrat 4 FLOWERS—FRUIT (Two books). J. Littlejohns, 24 pages, illustrated. Pit- Publ. Co, New York. 1949.
he
$l. 50 eac Full-page es in color show successive stages the creation of
page paintings ie fies and flow- Preliminary drawings are also neue. and directions are ae in each book for exercises in painting. BETTER HOMES AND GARDENS GAR- DENING SUIDE: ts Brownell Nead & Guy 218 Sinustated, » Des
roffe panes,
Publ. Practical aie ee rane a year of Better Homes and Gardens magazine
.“] =
garden flowers, vege s and fruits, house plants, and ga: aintenance in 130 sepa articles, elaborately illus- trated, The guide is now available,
— igs eee - a will be available in
F ER Cl ‘atricia Easter!
erts, rie nd illustrated by brooke Grainger. gio Soon Publishers, New York.
It probably is ou. to. oper flower shop without knowing a astil from a stamen in a flower and without knowing the diference a gee and common ; but uld s
formation would be of value for any- one working day by day with plant If the book is as practical as it should be it seems to an dainitered
person), the labeled vignette which pre-
eae chapter one is an unfortunate choice as an introduction to the volume. THE DIARY. cele’ bee chet Oy Wet Jesley-in-Nassau, N. Y., for the 75th
‘Anniversary Fund of Wellesley Col-
kee Doubleday & Co., Garden City, Y. 1949, $2.50.
a dozen lines or so for
h day oO for the ig ce aoe oy gardening tasks cover us parts of the COOK! ‘sabella
CEN’ Conard. Bik panes Nadeved: The Herb Gro 90 g9. Press, Falls Village, Conn 1949.
“Cooking with an Accent” has b eee to readers of The Herb Grou H e improving cooke:
of herbs. WITH
ET! 72 Rages, strated. New
WINT BOUQU: Ruth FCannan Studio Publications,
flowers will welcome this
oF
fms) oq 3 oO
bin
ae etree: semi- ere tio Directions are clear, a. whe how
sabdaed eproductions, A CONSERVATION HANDB' Sam. uel H. Ordway, Jr. 76 vee y plossary; index. The ears ation Foundation, New York. 1949. $1.
This is a true handbook, fits the
that
f a size
pha are arranged in Tees ie
which deal with coheed and re- coe nerally, with the nature of renewa esources, saith approaches 2
conservation practice, and with t
s types of lands on which hhmanagerent i: o praen sed. The book poo with a i hich the index
page glossary, with w combined Caro. H,. Woopwaro.
ES
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JosepH R. Swan, Chairman Cuartes B. Harvinc, President FREDERICK S Mosezey, Jr, Vice-President ArtHur M, Anverson, Treasur Henry pE LA Monracne, Secretary
Elective Managers
SHERMAN BALDWIN Mrs. Eton Huntincton pes H. MontcoMery WitutaAM Fe_ton Barretr Hookan Ncis E, Powe t, Jr. Howarp Bayne IDNEY LANIER Te Haroip I. Pratr Epwin De T. BecHTEL Mrs, Avperr D. LASKer WILLIAM J. Roppins Henry F, pu Pont CLarence McK. Lewis Epmunp W. SINNOTT Rev. Rosert I. Gannon, E. D, Merritt CHAUNCEY STILLMAN S.J. Oak.eicn L. THORNE
a es ee Wiuiam O’Dw yor of the City of New York Mixuelas eo Piaicd of ihe Board of Education Rorert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club: Rutuerrorp Pratt. By Columbia University: Marston T. Bocert, CHartes W. Bacrarp, SAM F. TRELEASE.
THE STAFF Witiam J. Rosatns, Px.D., Sc.D. Director yay DE hee Montage Assistant Direcicn A, GLe. PH Head Curator P P, Pirone, bab Plant Patiologest THOMAS tL Everetr, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist . Ww. enue, Pa i Bayt Hia Harotp N. Motvenxe, Pa.D. Curator and Administrator of Herbarix Basserr Macuire, Px.D. Curator Donatp Pup Rocers, Pu.D. Curator E. J. ALEXANoveER, B.S. Associate Ciraicr G. L. Wirrrock, A.M. Assistant Ne a ee F. W. KavanacuH, Pu.D. Associate Curator of Laboratories Icor NicHOL. ASHESHO v, M.D Bact, teriologist Rosert S. pe Ror, ae D, D.LC. Assistant Curator Marjorir ANCHEL, Pu. Research Associate RoSaLiE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Mary Stepsins, M.A. Technical Assistant Ricuarp S. Cowan, M.S. Technical Assistant Joun J. Wurvacx, B.S. Technical Assistant ExizasetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. Librarian Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B. of the Journal Frank C. MacKeever, B.S. Crs: jae A Ly the Herbarium JoseeH Monacuino, B.S. Associate Cantedian of is Herbarium Orro Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Haz sae ane E_mer N. Mircueii rapher Bernarp O. Dopce, Px.D. Plant Pathologist Bort: A. B. Stout, Pa.D. Curator Emeritus Frep i. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Cur aoe Emeritus Inez M. NG Assistant Honorary Curator of Mosses JOSEPH fF Bake Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. KruxkorF Honorary Curator of Economic Botany ETHEL Ba = PecxaaM Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections A. C. Pra Gubericnden “of Buildings and Grounds
To reach t nical Garden, tak e Independent Subway to Bedford Park Bou station, “use ite ae graca Park Totiecant” exit te sins east. or take the Third "Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 2008 7 a station, eae New York Central he the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster A e bus No. ‘a0 Bedford Park Boulevard.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ooks, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three vo ge ENE descriptions A illustra- tions of 4,666 species. Second sen reprinte Flora o; he Prairies oe Mie of Central a America, by P. A. Rydberg.
lants of the V eee a Nee York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages, illustrated.
A handbook especially compiled for the beginner. 1935. Second edition 1947. $2.
The Bahama Flora, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Charles Frederick Millspaugh.
ae pages. Descriptions of the SpemnatOD ee Btesee yee ryophytes, and
hallophytes of the Bahamas, with keys, notes xplorations and collections, bibliography, and index. rat 6.25.
rth American Caric by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, conte 539 plates
of oe and related plane ae Harry Cc Creutzburg, with a des god of rete species. Indexed. 1940. Two y luiiee 1034 x 13% inches; bound $17.50. Foreign
s to the North American Species oh pad by K. K. Mackenzie. From
, Part ?-lants of the Holy Scriptures, by Blea cies with a check-list of plants that are mentioned in the Bible, each one omeamel He a gue otation. Revised from the Journal of March 1941. 23 pages, ateeeared 1948. 25 cents. ‘ood and Drug Plants of the North ane ican Indian. Two Pee articles by Marion A. & G. L. Wittrock in the Journal for March 1942. Vegetables and Fruits for the Home Ca es Four ted from he. Journal, 21 pages, ceseeneeel Edited PE Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents. e Flora of the Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- wen 38 pages, illustrate y an photographs leet drawings; bound with paper. 1941. eet etic 1947. 25 atalog of Ha eee aes a Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown outdoors os the New York Botanical Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 2 eaten Su centss Sucelene Plants of New and Old World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, indexed. Specs treated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second i - 50 cents.
iew of rene chinensis, et al by P. J. van Melle. A study of the many eaten eee forms of Juniperus which have es commonly included in the concept of J. chinensis. 108 pages, illustrated, bound in paper. 1947. $2. Periodicals Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing news, book reviews, and non-technical articles on botany, exploration, and horticulture. $1.50 a , a hoger
year; single copies 15 cent: e to members of the Garden its 51st volume. arden, a quarterly, designed to stimulate the laymen’s interest in th Id of plants and the science of plant life through articles written in popular vein. $2 a year in the United States; all other countries, $2 blished by the Garden’s Man- hattan office at 801 Madison Avenue, Yor ow in i cond volume. Addisonia, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanie ed by popular descrip- tions of flowering Pe: eight ples es in ee number, thirty-two in each volume. Now in its twenty ead ee eo a ee nee acenady, oe price, $10 a volume. Not o yan in O mbers of the Garden. ycologia, bim onthly, “ited in eatst ead otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens, containing technical articles and d notes of general in- terest. $7 a year; single co es a 30 each. Now in its forty-second volume Tittonia. i f botanical papers published in co-operation with the American Society of Plant Taxonomists. subsea price of volumes 1 through 5, $5 a volume ($4 to members of the Society). Now in its seventh volume. Price, $7.50 ($5 to members of the Society).
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of Nout America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. 97 parts now issued. Not eters in exchange. Prices of the separate parts on request.
i The N Mi
Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical Pape reprint ia rom journals other than me above, 1899-1933. 25 cents each, $5 volume. List of aaa titles on reque i
irs ond York Bounicad ec A collection of scientific
Memo papers, 1900-1927. Paes and prices on re
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
MARCH 1950
In Tus Issue:
GARDENS OF THE WEST INDIES
TAIWANIA MONARCH OF CHINESE CONIFERS
WOODY-STEMMED GROUND COVERS
GENETICS IN RUSSIA
AND OTHER BOOK REVIEWS
RAIN-MAKING DOLL OF HOPI INDIANS MARCH AND APRIL
PAGES 53—76 VoL. 51 No. 603 ON EXHIBIT DURING $1.50 A YEAR IN THE MUSEUM BUILDING
MARCH EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW Grand Central Palace — March 20-25, 1950 The Tulip and t. ose in Design will be the theme of the New York Botanical Garden's he Roe on the third floor of Grand Central Plea Gi the International Flower Show. Opposite this display, the Volunteer A iagiae working through the Manhattan office, will maintain a book an gift shop for raising funds for the Garden
Courses of Study Plant aig 4 sessions on Thursdays, 7:30-9 p.m Mar. 23—Apr. 13, 1950 Instructor: Frank C. MucKeeter $5 Free Saturday Programs p.m. in the Lecture Hall Mar. 18 National Parks as Vacation Spots—Four motion pictures Mar. 25. Plant Forms in Textile Design John Kent Tilton Director, Scalamandré Museum of Textiles Members’ Day Program At New York Genealogical Society, 122 E. 38th St. Mar. 9, 3 p.m, Lord Aberconwas
Museum Exhibits
Handicrafts of the Indians of the United States, in which native plants have been used, are being shown during March and April in the rotunda of the Museum ae at the New York Sere Garden. ane - objects and materials shown are on loa from the American Museum of Natural H.
In the four cases are paarenee a ee ate to food, articles of apparel, ae of weaving, and ritual and medicinal objec
Conservatory Displays pecial floral exhibits will continue ee the Easter season in the Conservatory, Shick 1s open daily from 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m
=e
TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 1950
A GARDENER'S TOUR OF THE WEsT IN John V. Watkins 53 TAIWANIA, THE MONARCH OF Cae. Cosi Hsen-Hsu Hu 63 Some Woopy-STEMMED GROUND COVE! J. H. Beale 68 ee AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BooKs 71
, NEWS, AND COMMENT 16
The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 5! N, Y. Printed + ei v- S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January’ 28, 1936, at "the Post ‘fice at pas oe tk, N. Y¥., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $i. 50. Single copies 13
JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
Vor. 51 Marcu 1950 No. 603
eA Gardener's Tour of the West Indies By John V. Watkins
URING the summer of 1949, in company with four nursery owners, €
of Tropical and Subtrop ical Fruits,” I had wanted to visit these lands where the exotic fruits, tree ferns, i s, and colorful ornamental ae are grown outdoors. When my Caribbean trip was nally made, it wa: after a quarter-century of experience in growing plants in a semi- ete i I kin many of the
climate, years that gave me a working acquaintance witl of th species that are planted in West Indian gard eee ite of this a training period, many methods in gardening were completely new to me, and, as a result of this trip, my concept of tropical gardening has nee materially.
s the clipper came in for the landing at Havana’s Rancho Boyeros Soe the dramatic quality of the “Queen of the Anlles” seed ap- parent. The first plant species to come into focus was royal ee
it grows everywhere on this island. This is the fan 2 life to the
as it Cubans; the leaves are used for thatch, the boots for the walls a the ara ie the is for pig feed. The royal a (Roystonea regia) s now protected by law nm the auto trip ss om the airport to the city, the first things that impress a garden-conscious traveler are the fertile red clay soil and the ea veget ation oe it supports. Here, plants grow magnificently ith a minimum of attention. In the dooryards flourish roses, four- ane etunias, Spo tuberoses, oleanders, copperleaf, and al S
=
avana, a city of a million flower-loving people, is noted for her ficus trees. Several species and several horticultural clones are used in avenue
53
About the Author
Me WATKINS, who is Associate Professor of Horticulture at the University of Florida, is the author of “ABC of Orchid Growing”
P and ‘ is in preparation, In 1939 the eres contri ae. to the Botanical Garden's oe an article entitled “Propagating Tropical Shrubs by Leaf-Bud Cutt After graduation from the os of Pittsburgh, Mr. Watkins studied horticulture and landscape design e University of Florida, then under- ook a i wi Ha: Tae
as magazine articles, and he is secretary of the Florida Nursery- 's Association.
pla antings. aa of the best known is upright- see Ficus nitida, This is the tree that forms the pleache ie allée over orld-famed Prado and alon a the Saye Highway for many miles o i outer shoulders of this Ayia oad, the surface Hae eeeiice and graft where they touch, to for ee anti-erosion mat. Even though it is riddled with thrips, this is one o . the finest examples of good choice of plant materials that I have ever s
bea with all visitor Fiddle-lea ved Fie Ss pandurata, ee ne ee ssi oe o ‘orous es ene all serve as stre For
reaso
the pink oleander that is abunda o in this flower-bedecked city s exceeds six in he ight, It i : aes to this reasonable stature by frequent ae = The same clone in the Gulf States reaches a height of fifteen nty feet a almost annie looks ragge ed and unkempt. Alla- a another favorite in Caribbean lands, is restrained so that it looks
55
neat and trim; bougainvillea standards and casuarina ge are eee dipped to ae constantly at their best. In short, topiary work, shearing of plants for places ies is a fine art in the ee af - skilled evden i Cuba.
In Havana the formal style of gardening, sometimes called the archi- tectural, is eel, right for the diminutive urban plots. Formality first of all demands finish, and here this basic requirement approaches perfection.
Plants mean different things to different people. Latins, no doubt t,
standards Ived i nglo-Sa: world. hen I visited C I was delighted with oe vivid colors, the beautiful sees Sea and the expert maintenai Yet, the philosophy of laissez faire influences
rden art in the ane and for the most part, ee owners seem to be quite satisfied to grow trees, shrubs, vines and flowers that are perfectly adapted to the climate and soil. Contrast = pleasantly ieee attitude with that of the average American garden clubber who anders time, effort and money in Peale attempts to ft rare, exotic eee into the sei environment of a (ake backyard.
IN THE ATKINS GARDEN AT SOLEDAD, NEAR CIENFUEGOS One of the 260 species of palms in cultivation there is shown at the left, while the
Saas Monstera deliciosa, appears at the right. (Photographs by courtesy of Harvard University.)
ard eed at the Atkins Garden in Cuba is shown here beneath a planting of ei palms, with a tall Washington palm at the corner. (Photograph by courtesy of Harvard Gntvenitiy -)
manual attainment. In the main, the trees, shrubs vines most fre- quently noted were those varieties which are easiest ease vegeta- tively. Cuttage, layerage and division are the methods aay used. Seed- age is required for palms and some flowering eects trees, of course. Graftage is restricted to the increase of oranges and mangoes.
To a horticulturist the flower markets near Havana’s huge cemetery
ahlias of good s nd substance la ut- excellent asters a oe pene roses are ihe Gree items during
57
June. ee plumosus, the indispensable florist “fern”, is much in ai ed Tropical Ce is included in all tours of the city. This net garden is ae ent of the romantic, picturesque style of the nineteenth century. i ipitous hills, deep c eee waterfalls and winding paths tend rea ves to es style of gardening. The fairy-tale eee sees refectories S much to enhance the m ae of a by-gone day. The s Garden n | Ceieeos has the ae acton of being the ie ne ares hen the continental United States. Here, m than wo t thousand kinds of plan nts compr ise the living collection. Under
played. Research that will benefit the as industry is an importan function of this station. Authorized groups of students, ae responsi ible leadership, are encouraged by Harvard to use the garden for study Two Famous ioe in Jamaica
Hope Garden, on the Liguanea Plain, near gy ee phere is the most cee dev sped, gee carefully maintained, fastest growing tropi- cal bot sel in the N yen rd. While this nt Naw to be lavish pee tion, Hope is really a great garden. The breathtaking entrance drive, the spacious lawns, the variety of ‘plan nt material, ee the a perfection of maintenance all contribute to make this mecca for eam the world around. As one enters by the oes road the specimen palms first command attention; then are seen the colorful beds of seasonal flowers arranged at intervals along the drive between the palms
Here is ae Host unusual treatment of plant material that I have ever
s e tee:
ape-myrtle plants, merely r cutti som urteen or
sixteen inches long, a d out in early spring icity Mah These oversized cuttings grow leafy tops then and bloom in June and July! Cray tle is the classic example of a woody plant that blooms on current growth, as flower buds ar formed in autumn and carried ti testing stage. These diminutive shrubs, less than two feet in height, Las Cua gorgeous, lacy panicles for the summer show. In Sep whe rape-myrtles are through blooming, the plants are ie cul pace e nursery. The driveway bed.
; returned to th Ty. are then set with small poinsettias that have been growing in the nursery area behind the scenes. These colorful euphorbs produce their gay red
58
bracts for the holiday season quite dependably, and then, when they pass from the scene, the early-spring shift is made back to crape-myrtles tion poinsettias an yrtles
the intent of this re : ee the Ho e Garden ie on the campus of the University of Florida. In the opinion of Jack wnes, Hope superintendent, the crape-myrtle is the most refined of all tropical plants. homey note was the fact that the summer annuals seen were those so well known to gardeners in the States. The globe amaranth in white or shades of amaranth, the usual zinnias, the blue or white torenias, marigolds
o at Hope Garden, rose lovers may see a large collection of the types of — eae gs that have proved successful in this land — a tropical region wher the Liguanea Plain, the best of East Indian mangoes pa ee are ion. t is interesting to note how the plant houses at Hope see den resemble the conservatories at the New York Botanical Garden, the Phipps Con- servatories in Pittsburgh and other great collections o Bee plants that are managed by graduates of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in En ae nd. Diminutive by all standards, Castleton ale also in Jamaica, is made double ‘by the Sea specimens that we pa nted here as the garden was being developed during the latter part cok e Victorian era. Bee cause of the high ech aine the ae ch rainfall, . constant temperature, and the high humidity, plants do exceptionally well here, the araucaria trees ke grown to Lee eee beyond description in the eighty-odd years that they shee been at Castleton. The large open turf areas, so British in conce and maintenance, add a finishing touch to this garden in ies eee rain forest. Dr. Liberty Hyde Bailey, dean of American horticulturists, and David Fairchild, a noted plant explorer, have both made several visits here and Su pet sete ne Downes told me that Dr. Bailey is enamored of the of palms to the right “of the cae labeled P: apie elata. The eee ee pean in the New World, these palms from a Pacific
ain forest are made distinctive by the nae ae brown bristles which arm the petioles
In his charming ook: “A Naturalist in Cuba,” the late Thomas Bar-
COURTYARD GARDENS IN HAVANA On the Ae
views in a Clara convent in na, now occupied by the city’s pane works ees sa from cua Sour. ‘Comaiscion. | New Yo ins
60
aa cesta Faia nobilis as being something ims special. I
able to see this rare tree in full flower at Castleton, but felt that, a eee are dull pink in color, it missed by a ver - wide margin being the most beautiful tree in the world.
Cut Flowers for the Caribbean Market
There is little : Cadcuatube interest to be n in Haiti with on on, and this eption is one of the oe foeieet ae
a.
an ae some five thousand feet near the summer resort of Kenscoff is the fam s plantation that produces cut flowers and fresh ceteibies ior ee great cities of a Caribbean. This is an eee that, staggers the imagina In connection wit most unusual tourist*
never-ending supply arden ee ce. In this temperate climate the fertile red clay oi ee Pieeceble strawberries of giant size, head let- tuce of delicious flavor, broccoli, celery, radishes and other cool-weather aan The chief aye ee however, is cut flowers. Shasta daisies
grow o perfe ction and t in constant demand because they stand up al in the t ropical see of the An eae cities. The quality of angen oa is Serene and these ship well ee ee
r heat arrives. To be in ae cae -high gardens are beds of
Chir aes poner ma lepa and glads by the acre. Spotted here and tee thr oughout the fields are bearing avocado trees. Roses and geraniums run riot in the dooryard of the hotel and in June I saw spireas in full flower and Ha Sava on young trees.
On the other side of Port au Prince, within easy taxi distance, the Service Technique (Experiment a has experimental en of crops under irrigation. Thes aaa are cultivated by tractor-drawn tools, Rice plantings a the loading of bananas into rete are other phases of crop production that a interest traveling gardeners.
Home fruits, for the most part, are crowded into indeterminate thickets
e ungle ae in upon the swept ya that surround the
diminutive dwellin a aes nanas, plantains, coffee, , coconuts,
avocados and ae ee mpete with each other for light, plant food and
water. Mangoes are och an important i eS = oo aitian diet that it has‘
been said that Mts invasions have nned against the one rea on Hispaniola y, June or ae a chosen as the tim
that the invading a ee subsist on mangoes Old and New World Influences in Puerto Rico
San Juan, Puerto Rico, has been strongly influenced by American appreciation of gardening and uses of plant material; yet, too, there
62
still remains much of the Old World in the plantings of the patios and tiny dooryards in the older sections of the second city of the Antilles.
edges,
the plots of se and the sheared bougainvilleas. Tuberoses (Poly- anthes oa e favorites here as in all tin communities, and vines are oe site or al decoration ; ae s wreath (Petrea volubilis), Ran- goon per (Quisqualis indica), allamanda “(Allamanda cathartica), and different ae ones of Bougainvillea are a The crape-myrtles ace stroemia indica and L. speciosa) are employed as street and dooryard trees, and in the ee uae o many kinds of ficus to cast he: ioe coe upon the sidew
At the other ae of the en “(about t half an hour by local aan is ahaa the home of the Federal Experiment Station. Her seen of the greatest collections of economic tropical ae in enn New We rid.
The aan building 3 is most attractive as it stands on an eminence overlooking a sweeping, palm-studded lawn. The turf of Zoysia matrella - one ay ae beautiful noes in the Caribbean as it grows to hal
this moist soil of fertile red clay. The Borinquen ae alm ap- eee dominate tes this scene. Its botanical names, Roystoneca. borin:
quena, is significant, for the genus commemorates Cae al Roy Stone, noted for A work in the island, and Borinquen was the aboriginal name for Puerto Rico. A more suitable memorial would be difficult to devise, and the aie: on of this endemic fina is a beautiful thing to behold. Outstanding, in the opinion of this gar aa - the beautiful ee sian at Mayaguez. Behind the main buildin a little valley wher the soil is acid, moist, and very fertile, oe huge epiphy tic and terest arums have grown into a naturalistic group that is one of the most re-
markable pavers in the bias aay This aroid oS is well worth oe any air-miles to se
Such sual plants as fifteen- foal mussaendas, fruiting plants of Cae ee and that most Bote 11s 2 all tropical fruits, the mangosteen io banned os o be seen here. On a hill above the main buildin rchard of ae a trees. Here I sampled
Back in Rio Piedras, the capital, again, before leaving for home, one
63
of the most successful horticultural ventures in the itinerary was visited. An American family has developed a colossal nursery here that specializes = to t oe i i i
able from the standpoint of vo efficiency of management, breadth of plant materials ed and en lined production methods.
ES
Tatwania, the Monarch of (hinese Conifers
y -Hsu Hu Fan Memorial Institute al Biology Peiping, China
Tiss recent fant of a living fossil, Mfetasequoia glyptostr panes has aroused keen interest all over the world in the rich flora of China. ot only rich in iki i -
as well. Besi hich he Chinese equivalent of the North American redwoods, China ee sae che rare coniferous genera not found in North Aerie or Eur Among these eae and Cryptomeria are found also in oor while
Dacrydium und in Indo-China. All the rest are endemic in the celestial empire. The cy North American coniferous genus which is not found in China is Taxodiu Tallest Trees of China’s Forests
e Chinese ane conifers the genus Tatwania is of special inter-
est, next only to Metasequoia, for in this group are the tallest trees in
Chinese forests, trees aie yuan to the oe — oe and the Douglas fir. Ther two species to this genus: one tow to me i
species Taiwania cryptomerioides was discovered at Wosyonken, Nanté
on the western slope of Mt. Morrison, at an Sauk of 2,000 meters by
Konisi [or Konishi] in 1904. The tree ur in central ranges
at 1,800 to 2,600 meters altitude, usually. sated “rough the forests of
Chomaccypar obtusa and C. formosensis, where it was easily recognizable
by its dark greenish crown always rising Hine than oO oro ther conifers. In his article “The Taxads and Conifers of Yunnan’* E. H. Wilson rote:
1See the Journ York Bot: Hae tee Garden for September 1948, in which Dr. Ta fe deine - discon ery of the living form of this species.
2These are Pseudotarus, Cephalotax: ne - ee farus, eae ae al Psoudolaris, Nothotsuga, Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Tatwania, and Fokiem
3Journal of the He nold Arboretum 7 :37-68. 1026
64
dron aralioides evergreen Oak S ymplocos an evergreen ee in a narrow belt betwen 700. pe nn “tt, aaltitade In my opinion it formed i ancient times forests with Trochodendron but has nate a in the suse by the two Chama es an i the present trees are mer vals. On Matsu-yama, a eee in the Arisan forest reservation, it is more Game than on Arisan itself, . So far as my own observations go it is everywhere in Formosa a ae tree. Small .... In the
lense fores s. ee crown is small, domeshape, oval or fla a Es aaa few = small. n the top is brokeh lateral branches assu: siti height the Taigania overtops all other trees on Arisan aad paraite as neee of 200 ft. The highest I measured was 190 ft. tall and 130 ft. to the first br pies girth is up to 30 ft.; the trunk is strai ht nd mast-like, buttressed a
On Vane 28, one Dr. Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti of Vienna discovered near Na: ene west of Char Lee west of Tsekou on the Salween River in northwestern Yona — nt trees of Taiwania which in habit and bark See ‘him of Sequoia. Thes ae identified with the type tree of the gen’ aiwania, T erytamerio ae lp the same paper on Yunnan Wilson ana in reference to this discove
e occurrence of Taiwania, - Libocedrus macrolepsis Benth. and Hook. and of Pseudetsuga TVilsoniana Hayata, i in western China an os on the mountains of Foenise an oO place in between these widely separated regions is a remarkable fact in
pla: a distribat on.’
In sei ie Mr, Chi-Wu Wang of the Fan Memorial Institute of
Biology collected aa ns of Taiwania at Shi-gi- a Champutung,
Nortnester Yur in a ravine among thick forest, at 2,500 meters,
at Bar-ru- cen Gis aia divide, a ae under
ee 2 2,800 meters. here attains a height of 23 meters with a circumference at breast ees of 7 meters
China’s Oldest Tree
In January 1942, the same explorer discovered giant trees of Taiwania at Bih- ene a? on aes a a in a ravine among mixed ever-
its annual rings, he found it to be over 1,600 years old. For all we know this is the longest- living tree ever fora recorded 1 2 China. Bih- Kiang Hsien is situated not far from the eastern bank of the Salween, and at a latitude more than 1.3° south ot Champutung where oaccas first discovered the Taiwania.
4These place-names are given as Ninalo and Chamnutung in E. H. Wilson’s report, “The Taxads and Conifers of Yunnan,” in the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 7:58. 1926.
Three seedlings of Taiwania Flousiana as they appeared at the New York Botanical Garden three or four months after germination.
In 1939 Prof. H. Gaussen of the aes of Toulouse, France, studied the specimens of Taiwania collected in Yunnan, and found the Yunnan tree to represent a new oe which he cae Tania Flousiana?
n Febru 1948, Hwa, an assistan the department - Re i ‘National Ca University, Nan ee a a gro a scbre of giant trees of Taiwania growing at an altitude of 2,800 fe se in western Hupeh, on the border of Li-Chuan and En-Shih provinces. He had b
ern H t dis ery of Metas quoia, The trees found here attain a height of 40 meter
Whi he sam Prof. and oT : nee Szechuan and Hupeh to make further field studies on Metasequoia, Mr.
sent to Dr. E. D. Merrill at me Arnold Arboretum, and a portion to the New York Botanical Garden.
5This species differs ree Ne type tree in Formosa in the staminate cones having more than 30 en and i e fruiting cones having 27 to 36 scales. In T. eryp- tomerioides the fruiting canes ee slightly fewer scales.
6These seeds laa t during the summer of 1949.
66
At first Prof. Cheng could not decide whether the Hupeh Tatwania i is
is confined to the island of Formosa,
Distributional Questions Raised
e discovery of Taiwania Flousiana in western Hupeh raises a num ber - sathesag bana soon sea it shows that in me soli past Tai a Flousiana not lim n distribution
nay have caused its extinction in wide areas in western China south of oe eae The eae patriarchs of the Hupeh grove survive to this day ly by mere chance
Two specimens of Taiwania Flousiana from Yunnan, in the herbarium of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology.
67
Hise Sei ? A ge mera sages and Libocedrus in Yun orm: species iene hase Ketelecria Daviliann: oa i aa formoron also in both Yun and Formosa, shows the close relationship between the re aeee flora o of t pee now widely separated regions; yet the occurrence of distinct species in the genera Taiwania and Libocedrus in Yun nd Formosa (T. Flousiana
est
y pee at least in these two genera, evolved distinct spec
Lastly, Taiwania has ae range of ean coe is oa: to quite ae ecological Cee In northw n Yunnan it grows
at 2,800 meters, and in western Hupeh at 900 1m ie ers. In Hupeh it has Ss same forest nas es as Metasequoia, which consist of deciduous genera, such as Fagus, Betula, Ostrya and Cercidiphyllun. In Yunnan it lives among ev ergreen "fore sts of oak and magnolia. The forest association of the type ariel T. cryptomerioides in Formosa also consists of ever-
green trees and shrubs. This may prove to be the oe ans association of the Taiwania trees of the Cretaceous and Eocene periods
just a evergreens found in nor Yunnan comprise the associa- tion at the present time; while the deciduous forest associates of Ti a Fi n we oe long to the Arcto- fary flora of Miocene age survivi si to From this fact we can deduct also that Taiwania will p: ‘o be pee in Te northern states of America such as New York,
athough ri original home is the southern provinces of Yunnan and Form Taiwania in America H. Wilson in 1938 had brought back to the tee Arboretum Pe seedlings of Taiwania ie Ashi from the forests of A and had also raised a nice stock oung plants cee the seeds collected
sincere hope of the author to see the tree monarchs of eastern Asia well established in American gardens through the recent cue of Flousiana in wester. - eh ti ith } ia, 1
compensate the long neglect rendered to these noble | in the past.
68
Some Woody-stemmed Ground (overs
By J. H. Beale
INETEEN forty-nine was a He aia: year for anyone striving for a good lawn — and this embraces almost everyone who w
their bes many to wonder Naa there might be other at pie pee ian grass to withstand drought There is no ete fos grass where a comparatively level area is used for lounging or recreation. No other plant making a dense growth is as comfortable to walk on, i no other plant will tolerate so well the wear of constant use. Some years ago a good deal was written about the turfing daisy Cane icaria Tehihatchewit), which it was said wo igre require very little and was ornamental if allowed to flower. What has become of
it? ae sil of its reputed good qualities, a remains the favorite. In many gardens, however, fire are areas where a grass carpet is un- nece: a ie on stee eS re, because of the exposure or the rapid run-off of r, it is impossible to keep the surface ade- quately covered grass; or again, under trees where shade is so t when reseeded every year grass dies out in sur such locations other plants may be substitu grass with a
mi ted for decided improvement in appearance. Though the initial outlay will be greater than for grass, there will usually be considerable reduction in the cost of ee eep. of any great degree of pans Rae should be set closer together tha would be considered n ary oO re nearly level ground,
qui to prevent erosion. For the same reason it is not always advisable to remove grass growing on the slope but to allow the new cover plants to smother it out as they increase in size.
Cover Plants for Sunny Are hich, then, are some eeu ae to replace grass? To name first ies w. hich requi re Pei e to the sun, perhaps none are better than e low forms of juniper a ets ig may be found ee for a large or eal areas.
Mr. Beale, who is Superintendent of the Arboretum at the Boyce Thom son Institute for Plant Research in Yonkers, New York, has taught the subject of Cultivation of oe Shrubs in the Garden's Two- Year Course in Practical Gardening since
69
creeping juniper (Juniperus ee makes a dense mat of
I ingly used for ground-cover p purposes is the Sd aan J. chinensis Sargentti) which loosely piles branch upon height _ 18 inches. Its color is a greyish-green, ne ne a bolde t is desir
ed than can be obtained with the creeping junipers
it can - highly recommended.
The Japgarden juniper (J. procumbens) is darker in color but does not
have the distinctive character of the Sargent juniper. Both have a slow
rate of growth which is desirable. A
ere are several that are suitable. The common, fields (
rm (J. communis saxatilis) also f horizontal branches are ae under 2 feet high. In color it resembles its slightly taller cou
Distinct in habit of siowih is the shore juniper Gd. conferta) as its shoots grow upri ight from procumbent branches. It is bright green with the se shoot tips a contrasting i form of the common aaa one plant will eventually cover an area 8 t ae mee in sear
mber el broad-leaved biel plants, ae ee ae crergren, a also make pleasing ground covers. ae euonym ee nVMUS oe sia its purple- eaved fori ee n be used i un or shade. the purple: “leat shows its craton only in w tive; others prefer the m subdued gr if t i ing i
oth are pen and
am ov ac)
aes can be taken care of no justification
a or oOo peal °'s 338 a3 = ° 5 Be =]
rock cotoneaster (Cotoneaster horizontalis) is another favorite. Guually rae 3 feet in ieighe its horizo ontal, fern -like branches and the mu pie of t ut small red berries, all attest to he reason for its popularity. Much smaller and clingi ng more cee to the ground, the creeping cotoneaster (C. adpressa) is
70
appropriate for small areas. It is unfortunate that the evergreen species C. Dammeri (sometimes called the bearberry cotoneaster) is not suffi-
e
The spring heath (Erica carnea), being es to the rhodod endrons, requires the same acid soil conditions, A sun-loving plant about 10 inches high, it puts on a show of tiny red flowers in late Match and April, and a smaller display in November in a mild season. It is a much more €
eee 2 : on to be badly injured and is occasionally killed during ; , however, grow densely enough to smother all but
a a ee we The sunrose Celica pa ee is not sufficiently sturdy to cope with native growth, but where the latter can be kept in check it ae make neat little mats of growth a a colorful display of flowers in
a plant having ts ge ia larger areas, poor soil, and more natural surroundings th. rage suburban garden, is the ieee bayberry (Myrica aurea a shiny Soe leaves and
rey nes in oe Tf allowed to it will grow quite tall, oy - the tall Soe are cut out it can be maintained at a height of 3 to 4 f a eel Plants for Shade o tu w to Melee aie loving ee covers, the Japanese a eee comes first to one’s mind. Opini s to its ONES value is ee quite de finitely f or or eae nevertheless it is without doubt of the most satisfactory ground covers for shady places. When ae to the sun the leaves turn yellow a are smaller. Even though ad is undergro s weed
of myrtle or periwinkle (Vinca eee Hee! has now become a popular shade plant that forms a green carpet t 8 inches high. The Baltic ivy (Hedera helix bala) isa eee hardier ahaa the English y (Hedera heliz) and in the north is replacing it as a ground cover. The bolder foliage of van Kinds pape. out in sharp contrast to the smaller leaves of man her plants used for this purpose. During winters when the pe an is light the feaves are likely to be injured by rost. A refined, completely prostrate plant for the poorest kind of sandy gro nd in sun or light shade is the bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). It si i
Another dwarf, some 6 inches in height, but with upright eee is the cela, or cee (Gaultheria ae. This, however,
71 requires at least average amounts of humus and moisture in an acid s
ium), 1% ond
the lower-growing variety calle Neghany sandmyrtle (L. buxifolium
oe a “ shade and need acid soil, but both are particularly
wy W n blo n June.
oT ea a ee es aa honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), much
advertised as a ground cover. There can be no question about its good
seeea as a soil ee he or about the sweet odor of its white blossoms. But neither c e be any doubt that it has
Hall’s ae ea a variety of L. japonica, can be equall — ae many 01 et which may be substituted for grass without
ei aoe weeds, so if you have ever considered using ae eee in any form as a ground cover, don’t, don’t, and yet again DON’T!
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
Lysenko and the Death of Genetics in Russia HEREDITY EAST AND WEST: Lyse: been called to consider and nae Te one Wor a: ae ee, Situation in Biological Scienc York,
Schuman, New York, sessions cua through ive siting DEATH OF A SCIENCE IN Russia. until August 6. The tenth and last sitting Th Bale oe Genetics as a Deveribed in qonvened: at 11 a.m. the morning S te Pravda Elsewhere. Edited by Con- 7th. Within the followi
way Take HS pages. Extended table 7 : ollowing hour
hour the laws of contents but no, index, | Univ. of Of heredity had been officially declared Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1949. non-operative in Russia and the science ae i a te’
IN BIOLOGI SCIENCE... “ee e Lysenko, e¢ al. 636
4 We, with dee ester Proceedings of the Lenin Academy of eiwiligation: searccly a conipreh hend sch
Agricultural Sciences of the U.S.S.R.. a situation or imag ine Me it possibly a List of
eee ie pene hit nonaden aa could have me - Or, only e
ternational Publishers, New York. 19 decade or two ene ss $ pr $5. some of the most brilliar t ecne nits ond On the ene of July 31, 1948, a scholarly works in this feld the world has gaunt-faced man with deep-set eyes and yet seen. Today these cytologists and an unruly shock of hair arose from his geneticists, at best, have been deprived of seat and d the general meeting of their positions and dispersed, some have the sae f the Lenin Academy of simply disappeared, and the remainder, Agricultural Sciences of the U.S.S.R. to usually the most erudite and productive, sae This man was Tote Denisovitch are known to have died under mysterious
ysenko, President of the Academy, The conditions which Russian officials refuse Tectia, with some 700 in attendance, had to discuss.
72
e of these Wie books — Ns
haps he
stead, they complement each o
unit, they piece together such information as we have concerning the death of the science of heredity in Russia.
One who is not overly conversant with the numerous oe Eee of the ge netics of plan mal.
SCO, he strives mightily to retain a com pletely Pitleootie) ai Personally, he has
i siderab: mtact with Lysenko so can nite onvincingly of his fannes and me reek
rkle approaches the situation from a free angle. He looks upon himself primarily as an editor with the preroga- tive of adding age ee explanations
sh t nie peter in the This k contains much not It starts with a series
author
in it, such a: 5 Th. Dobzhansky and H. J. Muller, From these writers, viewing the si as they do fro ifferent angles,
the speeches ssions . Re
Academy ost c tinent, Rye)
ge the reader ee what was going and how ce neacie thin
ae
accomplished. His footnotes are aes
helpful.
It should 7 pointed eae eae a a
as
hi eing prepared, either? ase that an official stenographic report— plete with identified and unidenti hed
heckling from the audience and rostrum, n the auditorium,
by el as eee report of the Pro. eedin
Revealing as were the texts printed in
° ress was “rigged” from the and geen ed to heap ridicule on alos ae AOE REE Those scientists any where still feelin vi Communit regime and a
plete report of the Proceed- i uotations out of
us slurs, obvious bad man- ners, and pl a unv: sane lies, than any volume of ie e@ same size this reviewer has ever read. their printed text, show
, the editors of Pravda
his pa; pers and_hecklin: small man, with no a lid phiicgphical outlook , and an abysmal se ae acy. It ‘has long been known that Lys
‘yond simpl father the basic egies of the matheroatics necess: for an understand- of genetic a i i
now sack that he is able t formance to his views by others; any disagreement leads to complete ruin, ‘often to de ath.
One who is not ee grounded i a classical Darwinian theory, who is no
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74
fairly well trained in modern genetic
methods, who is not conversant with oF
vanced agro-biological concepts, who
not familiar with basically gacd: famine
methods and ues and w dn -
dasperimenits made ¢ fletely ee any scientific checks, the patent s
were no ; instea r very lives.
a for their ‘In Ae a situation
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it is difficult to be lucid or completely
logical.
ed biologist can read this re-
port with its masses of semantic dave
and realize that not only cienci
genetics has now been destroyed in Russia that,
but there, sound scientific method Iso has 1 rom the wh field of biology. Whet er the scientifically untrai Ste titu-
s truth one expects to fin
W. H. Camp, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelpma,
Forest deaplovemen
CS IN SWEDISH FORESTRY PRA rice: Berti Lindquist. 173 pages, illustrated, indexed. Chron- ica Botanica Co roe Mass., English edition,
k, first pul viblighed i in Swedish in 1946, deals with practical forestry rom a genetical point of view e early forest exploitation in Sweden has resulted in a marked deterioration of the genetic quality of Swedish fore The author fully recognizes this deplorable condition and makes the following sug- gestions for its immediate future im provemen
1 - ap the forests of the country for natural stands of pine, spruce, birch, oak, aly alder, elm, beech, maple, and lime,
Divide the cou:
i ing habit, timber quality, cone production, and disease resistance ollect seed from “élite” or dominai in genetic-
cae for fut tie ah breeding.
Long-term measures advised for the
iproveneat of Sweden's forests a . Establi al
ce ane rule good mother
75
produce very fast growing progeny raised in a zone to which they be- pri
for hete rotic ty! progen:
The aie discusses silvicultural methods, enn Ee ee pie and stabilization as well as the re
nomi
mu- lates the reader to consider the present ry condition prevailing in countries
er than Sweden. A CibOe ey of the current litera ree Baa of im- wedish forestry practice
concludes t CiypE CHANDLER, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research.
Monumental ene Work
For Taxonom BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FREES AND SHRUBS Alfred Rehder, 825 quarto pages, indexed. The Amold
hae etum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
This large tea of finely printed pages began a ibliographic supple- ment to the autoee invaluable “Ma nual of Cultivated Tre nd Shrubs.” It will undoubtedly 10 n Rehder’s “Bradley Bibliography” as of the importa:
ay literary tools availble to the taxonomist,
whether or not he is interested in culti- ated plants. Its object is to suppl referenc! he authorship of all names
of families and their major subdivisions. h
t will long stand as a monument to his meticu- Tai care and. indefatigable oe in the service of systematic bot
H. wW. RICKETT.
Roots in the Ear And Their shes Needs TION:
Kramer. eo pages, bibliography, index. pcGray Hill Book
Co., New York. 1949. $4.5: The water facik of he present many problems based largely on the
heterogeneous nature of the ae itself. To pace problems are added tions of rooted
he ae Bas 2
valuable: not only to investigators, teach- ers, and students but also to all workers
e field of app r he lay
understan Homer Leroy SHANTz, Santa Barbara, Calif.
os deloieae for Planters (OME BOOK OF TREES AND
RUBS. Levison. 524 pages,
illustrated; 23 pages of index. Alfred
A. Knopf, Inc., New York. Second
edition, completely revised, enlarged and reset. 1949. $10.
ter nine y son has
ae evi nee edition
sion of photographs pe this book will re the hands of practitioners of only fair competence who are doing too large a share of the landscape planting of today. From his long p nal
ree thor has knowl he
necessary: insect pests and diseases, pruning ze nit gas ey en identifica- tion of s, books for further stu
This Journal's ie of the firs edition pointed ome errors in he descriptive See which are rected, In the event of a third Riese consideration might given to
The reference to the use of yellow birch as a street tree in Rochester is
obsolete; it has long pase into the limbo is unsuccessful experi e wel the Chi
oliage, were coming into wide ne ae I suspect the reference is to the only offered oe pumila, a ee tree in all respec
If Catalpa aa i cor- rectly so, the bapa catalpa, it is an uncommon tre eae on al habit from Asia. The ugly on GhatiOn. C. big- nonioides nana, gic is listed in some
catalogs as C. bunget, is the plant des- ed in the text. i joison
YS aphove japonica is a tree ae twenty- five meters, not twe ee -five fee
oe RKNESS, Bureau of its es N.Y. Notes, News, and Comment
Members’ Day. The senator
Ts’
of hav-
Invitation Four Thursd
Lectures. lay mn the Hs egies hrub:
urn, via and lecturer = hoe cultire: weir Arms Plains, . ¥.3; and Dr. Pirone himself. . Charles Beall, who in 1946 a volunteer worker in the Garden’s Plant Pathology is artment, returned in January to visit B. O. Dodge e. He is now with the Skogshogskelan aa mentalfaltet in oe iolm, Sw
Josiah L, Lowe of the Cala of
76
uae at Syracuse was at the Garden 26.
“Professor Joh tee of He Bot- any School at 2 Gane: rsity of Mel- bourne, Au ret visited the Diy ioe. cal laboratories Jan On 20, Pr os Ssor Pian ‘of the D ment of visitor
cure logy at Columbia was a
Lec Dr. Pirone addressed the Win eungton Gard len Club on “Main- i. a Shade and Ornamental Trees,”
9. t the annual banquet of the Weichung “Na ture Club in Plainfield, N. N. Moldenke spoke on “The Lan a of Mafiana” Oct. 18
eld. News of the death of
w:
a member e Corporation Janu:
7 1915, sua served continuously aan s death on October 6, 1949.
oe isory Cow oe of office
at the annual Gene of the poem
of
Council the Ww ae ae Garden Dec. 7 resulted in s. Jame:
Cc. M zie being named ner vice- chairman, succeeding Mrs. Charles Burl- ingham, and Mrs. Hugh Peters being hosen corresponding secretary, succeed- ing Mrs. Phil Weld. Mrs, Thoma D. Thacher remains the Advisory Coun- cil chairm: [ M thrie Shaw first vice-chairm: Barent _ Lefferts
ts secretary, “and Mrs. Junius A. ichards tre
Torrey Clu . Be H. W. Rickett was digied teas ative of the Torrey Bo- tanical Club at the Seventh “International Bo take plac
on the Garden’s Board of Mana the annual meeting January 17. London Conference. Camellias and ees w a be companion subjects at a conferen being arranged by the oyal Horticultural So ey for Ba 4 and = Ae ae The wt = competitive well a: of ieee a “eisussions a six-day tour of Cor s has been arranged, to meena m Lo mado March 25, One-day trips out of London will take place March 31 and April 1
“ah es garden:
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Officers JosepH R. Swan, Chairman CuarLes B. Harprne, President FREDERICK - Lauer e J Vice-President ArtTHuR M. ANDERSON, Treasu Hew: ELA TAGNE, Secretary Elective Managers
SHerMAN BALDWIN Mrs. Eton Huntincton Ropert H. MonrcoMery WILLIAM Fetton Barrett Hoo OKER ae NeIs E. PowELt, Jr. Howarp BayNE IDNEY LANIE! Haroip I. Pratt alee De T. pore Mrs. ALBERT D. LASKER aR J. Rossrns Henry F. pu Pon Cuarence McK. Lewis Epmunp W, Sinnott Rev. Ronee Ts GANNeit E. D, Merritt HAUNCEY STILLMAN
Su: Oak teicH L. THorne
Ex-Officio Managers Wutiam O’Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York se aL teas President a hi Board of Education T Moses, Commissioner ppointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club: RutHerrorp Piatt. By Columbia University : Marston T. Bocert, Cuartes W. Batiarp, SAM F, TRELEASE.
THE STAFF
WitiiaM J, Rossins, Px.D., Sc.D Director HENRY DE We Montace Assistant Director H. A. GLeason, PH Head Curator P, P. Praow, Pu. BP Plant Pathologist Tuomas H. Ever retr, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist I, we Ri. HD. ae op N, Morpenxe, Pu.D. Curator and Administrator of Herbar assert M eae e, Px.D. a
dei Associate ae Assistant Curator gy Education
, A.M. Kavanacu, Px.D. clssociate Curator of Laboratories
sor NicHoLas ASHESHOV, M.D. iologist ROBERT S. pE Ropr, Pu.D., D.I.C. Assistant Curator MaRyjorIE ANCHEL, Research Associate OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Asststant chnical Assistant
LIZABETH _C. Hatt, A.B., B.S ibrarian AroL H. Woopwarp, A.B. the Journal RANK C. MacKeever, B.S. Custodian “py di e ie Sel OsEPH Monacuino, B.S. Associate Custodian of aes barium iva M.S. Collaborator in Haw m Botan
MER N,. MITCHELL raphe r ava O. Doncz, Px.D Plant Pathologist ee \. B. Stour, Pu.D. ous x Emeritus Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. nis Emeritus Inez M. Harin Assistant Honorary oe fot or of Mosses JoserH F, Burke Peay ates of the Diatomacear B. A. Kruxkorr onorary Cur of Economic Botany ETHEL an tad = PeckHam Honorary pase tor, Iris an os Narcissus Collections
A. C. Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds cal G , take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevar:|
ach Prive aie Na ae iaied pat Boulevard exit and wall east. * OF take the Third Avenue aa to a ote so den or the 200th Street station, ue New York Sate to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue bus No. o Be dford Park Romlevard
ae CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN New York Botanical Garden wa
of ee York in 1891. The Act
body of incorporators, who
new members of
s incorporated by a ate a of the pie a of the State naam amon, things, for a selt-perpetuating elect members of te eae of Managers. They also elect of which is given below
of Incorporation meet annually to
their own body, the present roster The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected i the Board. By custom, they
are also elected to the Corporation. Office re: s. Thomas D. Thacher, eee Mrs. Guthri
Shaw, First Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Rec ce Seaeeree Mrs Tr
ne H. Allen
. Arth s Mrs. George Arents, Jr. George Arents, Jr.
E. C. Auchte:
Mrs. Elliott ites
. Be! Prof. eae Berke Prof. Marston T. Bog Prof. William J. Seen Mrs. James Seay rady George P. Bre: Mrs. Richard he Wolfe Brixey Leonard J. Buck Mrs. Charles pe am Charles Burling! Miss Mabel Gries Miss E. Mabel Clark
ry S. Fenimore Cooper Mrs. ee Corning II rs i m Redmond Cross
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey
Mrs. Charles Doscher
Mrs. Percy L. Douglas (t
lisa Farnol
Mrs. Re; Id Fin Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. Mo: Ge Ij Veo) Childs Frick
Cha les AaLapeaet Second Philip B.
Weld, Corresponding Secretary ;
Rev. ee eeiak Salfo Dr. H. A. Glea
Mrs. ai e "Godley es B. Harding
F ~ 2 > a
Park McCol
obert H. Montgomery ee H. Montgomery Barrington Moore
ul Mrs PE Peckham Mrs. George W. Perkins
Mrs. Sam
nald B. sane eee oe us Mrs. Paul Sturtevant Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger n
Alain C. White
Mrs. Andrew Murray hae Mrs. Nelson B. Willia
John C. Wister
Richardson Wright
renee. eS
JOURNAL
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
In Tuts Issue:
KENAF— A NEW CROP
GARDEN FLOWERS TO AVOID
WILD FLOWER BOOKS
HAVEMEYER LILACS AT THE GARDEN
NOTES an BOOK REVIEWS
ES
Paces 77—100 VoL. 51 No. 604 | : SOME ORCHIDS AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
NTS $1.50 A YEAR A PAINTING BY GERTRUDE LAWRENCE BERGER
Soe pd, fon Tat
APRIL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
Courses of Stud Botany sessions on Saturdays, 1: ae sa totaling 15 credit hours pr. $5;
15—May 1950. pease G. L. ock ingle trip — $1.00 Outdoor a Practice 8 sessions on Thursdays, 7—8:45 p.m. Apr. 20—June 8, 1950. pene Arthur King and Edward J. O’Keefe $15 Joint fee for iaried couples, $25
aN paiciieiiel 8 sessions on Tuesdays, 7—8:45 25—June 13, 1950. Instructor: A. C. Pfander $15 Joint fee for married couples, 23 Free Saturday Programs ; 3 p.m. in the Lecture Hall Apr. 1 Spring Pointers for the Beginning Gardener Arthur King Instructor in Practical Gardening, Ne
Apr. 8 Wild Flowers of Rocky Mountain National Park Walter Shannon Apr. 15 Honey Bee Culture in the Northeast Norman H. Foo
Long ae oe and Technical laine
Apr. 22 Learning Mosses for Pleasure—or: Why Be A Rolling Sto ad Geneva Sayre
sell Sage College
Apr. 29. Nature Study in Your Back Yard Ted Peuit
Boy Scouts of America Members’ Day ihe York eee Heh er 122 E, 58th St. April 13, 3 p.m. Orchid ' Growing for Eve C. Leslie Erickson
Spring Displays
y Although the species stay in the Rock Garden are among the first gi aaties
t i the Ro woodland road, and beneath the trees and ae the paths i in et area of the en oo will be blooming for several weeks from mid-Ap) i - who have been watching for earlier ieee ae ig have already seen the satered yellow of the winter and spring flowering ea hares, ei aa dogwoods, aida d C. officinalis, and of the native spicebus is - until the forsyth: pigs along with the daffodils, that the yellows ae Seria When color Pied to appear among the flowering bulbs and any shrubs and ground Ban in ‘the hompson Memorial Rock Garden, toward the end of April, the two gates the five-acre Jee are kept open daily for the public.
om) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1950
KenaF — A PoTeNTIAL New Crop Gilbert H. Ablgren & ape Dotzenko 77 PLANTS TO AVOID IN SMALL GARDENS Louise Aldrich Meissner 81 AMONG My WiLp FLOWER Booxs ns uel H. Gottscho 83 Notices AND REVIEWS OF Hees Books 90 lOTES, NEWS, AN OM. 97 HAVEMEYER LILAC Conon PRESENTED TO GARDEN 98
RULES FoR D PING A WORTHY R GESTED BY Lorp ABERCONWA 99
EXHIBIT ON TULIP AND RosE IN DESIGN Brincs GoLtp MEDAL TO GARDEN 100 “GREEN THUMB’—WHERE Dip It ORIGINATE? 100 ¢ Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. Fylnied it ¥: S. A. Entered as Second bees ee January 28, 1936, ‘the Post Office at ney a Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.5 Single copies
UBT? 206s RELY (PVs actiaa Gessstestieasepive tay Sea” Reais
JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
Vou. 51 Aprit 1950 No. 604
Kenaf—cA Potential New Crop By Gilbert H. Ablgren & Alexander Dotzenko
NY crops now grown in America have been introduced from other
ine r have been brought in that one might think the useful plants of the Se b were all well k ploited; yet plant explorers are still searching far and wide for new crops
to add to our a hes Their efforts are meeting with reason- ably isa
ne west ee in bed ea ta is KENAF (Hibiscus can- nti) This — to be uable ra effective ee a
ute (Corchorus capoatrs, witch ha as ie ong fe a leading source of s fibe ers for manufacturing rugs, carpets, twine, ie bags, ae ae covers, a any ae important products.
Im he Ghee world supply of jute is grown in India and Pakistan, but ne prot ion in those countries ee decreased ee million 400- pound bales in pre-war years to 8% million in 1948 and 714 million in 19491, This is because India oe Pakistan are putting more of their land into food-producing crops.
Kenaf was first privately introduced into this hemisphere in El Salvador. In 1941 the Board of Economic Warfare of the United States Govern-
authors of this article are Research Specialist and Research Assistant, respectively, in the Farm Crops a ae Rutgers University — the State University of New Jers w Brunswick, Dr. Ahlgren, who is also Chairman of the Department oF yarn Crops, is author and co-author of several agricultural books and of ‘Three Billion Bushels of Corn” which appeared in this Journal in January 1
*Grau, R. Ramos. News of the Cuban Sugar Industry. Sugar 44:26-30. 1949.
77
The kenaf plant on the left Lipa to the variety vaigaris, that on the right repre- sents the viridis variety. Thes the two important varieties grown in Cuba.
ment distributed kenaf seeds n the American tropics’, Since that time kenaf
sifica cash crop.
" Although: oe climate of New Jersey is = ae from that of Cuba, in the spring of 1949 the Division of Plant Introduction of the United States Department of ee : co-operation with the Office of Foreign ee aeas ae of t A., sent seed of kenaf to this state for ing*. ae ngly, on oe about a quarter of an acre was ey, in rows -y apart at the aaa Experiment Station
t New Brunswick, A oe treatment of about 5CO pounds of a 4-12-8 nee was given the area prior to plantin
? Crane, Julian C. Kenaf—Fiber Plant Rival of Jute. Economic Botany 1:334-350. 1947,
*The complete en ¥ Division of Ade Introduction and Exploratios, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engincering, United States Dz
ture, wit *The plants were grown as part of the State and Federal co- aan: projed for testing and evaluating plants of potential value made possible under the Res and Marketing Act of 1946 and ene as the New Plants Prcint NE! 9,
79
In spite of the extreme heat and drought of the 1949 season this kenaf
about Be feet. The stems varied in diameter from 1.9 to 3.1 cm. with an average of 2.4 cm. (about one a Flowering began in late September and rane until the first fros
On October 19, portions of . field were harvested to determine the
total green and dry matter produced per ac Iculated green yiel 48,776 ds per acre, or better than 24 tons. About 32.4 perce of this was dry matter, accounting for 15,800 poun separating the
stems from the leaves it was found that 58.4 percent of the plants con- sisted of stems and 41.6 percent leaves. By weight, the stems were com-
The plants in this stand of kenaf in New Jersey were 118 days old and about 7 feet tall.
80
posed of 38.5 percent bark, in which is found the fiber, and 61.5 percent the central woody cylinder. The fiber content is said to run from 4 to 6
In contrast, the yield of hemp (Cannabis sativa) per acre in the United States is approximately Be to 12 tons of green matter, or less than half that of the new crop. Approx eee 40% of the hemp plant consists of leaves and the feo 60 percent of stems, which give from 2% to
1 or 2 to 3 ton matter per acre. The sorghum would be about 90 percent stems and 10 percent leaves.
The fiber produced from kenaf is a ae or stem fiber, and can be utilized for the same purposes for which jute fiber is used’. In fact, tests with sugar bags made . ae compare to those made from kenaf fiber show he kenaf to be s
In 1949 kenaf was es rida, Texas, Indiana, New Jersey and ae other areas in ae Cae States of which the writers in not
aware. In Florida and Texas, at ae it ee to have psoas pos- sites as a commercial fiber ae Its ogre as Top i ae Ww rsey, however, at this He ge ah ie ined. Petha on on us ae as a woody ae for a improvement ee es if it ie not pro cal to grow it here for fiber, sin uch of it consists of Bereta aan to rapid meee This srepree it is ete
and rapidly. Pines in May followed be a more typical New Jersey
lant of such tremendous veget: vigor, especially one containing 80 much fiber and woody material, cone be studied further to determine its place in our agriculture.
General view of the kenaf planting at New Brunswick, N. J., in October 1949.
81
Plants to eAvoid in Small Gardens By Louise Aldrich Meissner oO ae ae inexperienced gardener is presented with plants which
“a oO grow anywhere and have such lovely flowers!” These a vill oe a real burden and will require many ee a a
work to get rid of them. So — to paraphrase an old s: Danaos et dona ferentes — I would say “Beware of fae moe gifts!”
I am still trying to get rid of Campanula rapunculoides, Sedum sarmen- tosum, and the knotweed, Polygonum Sicboldti,* wae vee eee a into my Long Island garden fifteen yea These wel meaning aa ghbors had lar: Pgeeya space where ae Shats Tike re could spread aa multiply ae indeed give a wonderful color effect. But I do ee ou to do some investigating before you allow them to enter your gates.
Cam mpanula es has bright purplish-blue flowers and is often found growing happily aes cone and about old neglected yards.
Sedum sarmentosum is a ¢ ometimes et the stringy stone- crop. It has brilliant yellow ee at light n leaves and will com- pletely cover your rock garden in a erat a rt time, rooting at every point and even cgianine into the lawn. Keep this pest out of your garden if you want to grow anything else in it.
edum album must be watched too. Farrer says it is ia ie in
its powers of propagation so that within a year of receiving two squashed sprigs in a letter you will be casting it out by cartloads — every ae grows with fearful rapidity
The Polygonum was given me by a friend who knew I was Hane in flower eed cae and thon she was doing me a favor. The ro of this pest s ‘o go down to China an no matter how hard you . to dig them - “til appears —truly such persistence is to be admired, but not in an unwanted plant! The prince! s feather (P. eee orientale ) is not to be confused ah the above. This is a tall annual with long
panicles of pink flowers -— an eee ee old- ichioned aie often used
ne of the greatest of all nuisances is the Chinese lantern plant (Physalis Alkekengi). Avoid it as you would the plague! It has little to recommend it — — for its highly colored gel seed-pods ; it spreads tre-
Lesser ae which have their pine in the garden as long as they can be kept where they belong, are the perennial blue ageratum or mist-flower
* Also known as P. cuspidatum.
82
(Eupatorium coelestinum) and the false pepe eal ic jana) — whic have heard called “obedience plant” bec: if a flow e rom i
t work th the soil ie every direction, but they are readily pulled up in spring. I ; : : .
The perennial i Aiaia is also a worthy flower — addin: ‘ood soft blue color note to the late-bloomi ing border and mixing eee in pica with other ae such as zinnias, marigolds, and small dahlias. It appears quite late in spring, resembli ing mint when breaking through
Ww variety and a good sky blue one, also there are many shades of pink and rose. If the flowers are cut off after blooming, the plants can better be kept from spreading.
A rapid creeper which must be controlled is the bugle (Ajuga gene- ee Its spikes of bright blue flowers abov e the low mat of leaves are ery effecti
e value for its lea flow also a less kn variety with variegated foliag: On een - nee ajugas is, however, that ene will thrive in part ae and under trees.*
e plume poppy or tree — (Bocconia cordata) is a handsome perennial w aa all plum of flowers in terminal panicles above beautiful heavy plu This an also spreads by underground suckers.
early-floweri ing herb called celandine (Chelidonium majus) is at-
small but bright in spring and if allowed to go to seed will carpet the ground. In a waste, shady place they are fine, but they can be too persistent for pleasure where other flowers are wanted.
The aromatic annual herb ciate Lease or American pennyroyal, is of no horticultural value but is ofte wn for the flavor of the leaves.
w esemb] dark-leaved Coleus. The leaves are a lov = wine red with ie luster,
* See 179, 180, and 200 e Journals for July and August 1949, wh Mrs. Frenes. R.W. illiams writes ‘ot 2 [paler a use of varieties of bugle in i shaded garden.
83
but if ee once let this one go to seed you will have hundreds more the next §|
T ‘al blooming asters or Michaelmas daisies are useful in shady corners, and if not allowed to Se to seed they will prove of real value from September ae October. e late-blooming Aster oe how- ever, ae is of a good aes he with ye oe ow eye, a std kept under control. Though it is interesting on account of its oe ght — often 5 to 6 feet — it is s o vigorous that it Bee be ne vad out of the garden ae sp
The pink loc t (Robinia hispida) is ‘a most attractive small tree or shru th gr real pinnate foliage and panicles of showy pink pea-shaped
0 e, but it wi watched. the sumac, . ae ery
rapidly . inderground suckers which end the lawn. It particularly likes our sandy Lo: ong Island en in eh a eee its ane
In closing, the best I can say is: “Forewarned is forearmed.”
eco edmong Ay Wild Flower Books By Samuel H. Gottscho
N the early nineties, largely as the ee of the writings Henry David Thoreau and John oughs, and as well the ee
articles of William Hamilton Gibson, ‘soo young a oa old, began to be seriously interested in Nature study. of course, embraced the study of wild flowers. Although none of writers had published a book solely on ee subject their journals, articles and books abound with references to native flora.
John Burroughs was ae in April, and of all the months he loved it best for it was the beginning of spring. The search for and finding the first hepatica and arbutus was a happy custom, faithfully observed ac
As early as 1878, his journal expressed the hope somebody would write a wild flower book simple enough to enable folks to learn the names
n 1 Ni ae magazine. This eventually became the first chapter of the book
a survey of the popular wild flower guides of the seventies and eighties see Mr. ia article, “The Golden Age of Wild Flower Illustration in America’ in the Journal for July 1949.
alled “Riverby.” In
f it opposite the preface. ere and Fern Books of Nineties a a's book, the first Aas many
s also a ve:
ae excellent Per oe ink wines :
ry Marion Satterlee, but later, or color plates were a aad the Like many of ie ee a he is now out of pri Mrs. Nisa also wrote a very helpful book on ferns, but her book of wild flower essays, “According to Season,” de- serves special mention here, It is a book
to read particularly in the winter fonths for it m
a great lov é outdoors, asks that her iniont son be likewise en- dowed.
The Lounsberry- ‘Rowan Guides
ild Flow by ought ae - 1899
of the flo ecording to location in ich t grow. It Hustrated by Mrs. Ellis Rowan and the color plat
are particularly to be commended, not onl r a fine rendition of the flowers, but also for the natural landscape back-
grounds against which see In 1901 tt "So
also
brought uthern Wild Flowers and Trees,” these two ladies. It is a fine a dium of the flora of the South The illus-
S of the fi ly ful and instructi oe I must also mention their “Guide to the Trees” because of the
84
the last paragraph of this essay, he again made . Hi
i is plea was heeded by
Know the Wild Flowers,” quoting
full-page color ea ies ahaa
autumn, aus with sdloyescence: d es and of great he Ip
In the sam r Harper & B: published “Flowers of the Prield, Carolin s
Hill a Creevy.
they can i found, The descriptive mate- rial is botanical and other information rather ate and condensed, The text is accompanied a the realetic drawings of Benjamin Lander
“Nature’s Garden” and Other. One of the best nee ae loved wild
flower books came out in 1900, “Nature's arden” b eltje Blanchan. This also has gone gh many editions Its
on insect relationships, are very complete and sympathetic. They express the author's love ild flowers and her intimat
good ne re phe ioeraphers of that period, R. Dug
id you ever hear °
e wrote two books, “With the Wild Flowers,” 1896, an Id, Forest and Wayside Flowers,”
1899, bi
He Baker & Taylor compen, New As stated on the title am ea, both books
Studies for Unlcamed Lover
a padereeaaine of the phesonena me flowers a inser
ode ae . Sons published
many ain the relations of
e
and Margaret oe Whitir
illustrations are life-sized line drawings hich, if so odes: can be hand-colored
by the owner,
The Mathews Perennial
For orty years F. it Mathews’ fdas sa of American Wild Flowers” standard reference
fon in , “Being
Colors and. Incidental rences to the Insects which s'st in their Fertiliza- tion.” Publish y G. P. Putnam’s Son it is still in print and at present the forty-third impression is on sale. The author’s twenty-nine color plates and three hundred line drawings are most excellent illustrations. Though lacking color, the line drawings are admirable Ledelai with important features of te plant or flower clearly stressed to aid
Tieatificatio n,
One of my favorite books of this period is Mabel Osgood vee Pai m7 Hau ed i
of ee
author traveling secund the neighborhood of her home at oe field, aieaan in her “Nell
ae is written in a somewhat varrative sue ee ks fast a lady a mpan of
her wie, re a ae er ot a ater | im- “Time O’ = a friendly, tative “nhabitant who knows where an
flo n erns, while an cogratiating little story about the sure frie ae ig mentor,
weay and out
Be Pon p a addition - these are some pictures fur. need by J. Horace McFarland. s. Wright wrote several good bird books ‘and a number of novels and chil-
n’s books, but her little volume of na- S, e Friendship
a perfect gem of nature
Vacation Companions i Ceel better known for
rriet
her books on trees, garden flowers and shrubs, wrote two excellent wild flower books published by Charles Scribner’ Sons and brought out in pocket-size vol- umes, intended for field use. “Our Early Wild Flowers” is a well-written guide book on the spring flower
oe ieee
a and popularly des cane ae 1
Mar efter eelee prints or. the ne di ly y
wers in groups, done in her earl s by the late Eloise P. Luquer.
“The Wa ae side Flowers of Sum
also by triet Keeler, ae intended fo be the companion 8 of the terer along the roads andi ields ey | Has simil illustrations al Rice “Our mn rthern Autumn,” in 1920,
mpletes this author’ : stad St our flow- It ok
ee chapter is an net ey for Chat ion by means and priv. wild flower sanc- a ae es Wild Flowers Every Child Should fuicu” by Frederic aes a as in 1909 by Doubleday, &
by otoaraphe ave unfortunately suffered tom inade- quate reproduc For Westerners “Rock ee ntain ward Clem
bes _ Flowers”
if it treats of many species which
PR i (ee gk Ma Pe tik.
gare 4 Cm
a
h Ye Ue y Cea. Ste Ry
bis Wook is Dedicated to {Qell Gwynn + Wp Pony
(by tohose name there bangs a tale ) in recognition of our friennsbtip of fifteen pears, and of ber intelligence in knowing when to stand still
87
ay Ae the dedicatory page of “
by Mabel of her ios and converted to the underlying photographic image.
sgood Wright. This pen-and-ink sket
‘Flowers and ee in their Haunts,” rawn over one
ch was d a line ‘ligsteation by bleaching out
grow in our northeastern states. The dee one by Edith Samecne beens P The
h. D,, are quite unusu: enty- ve ‘dll-page ‘olor Sere pea of nearly related species are heautifull done and in many cases the intermingled flowers make an intriguing mosaic, The text is rather technical and | beyond the average interested reader. ers of Mountain ¢ PL . by Edith Schwartz
foregoing published ty nae by the Wilson Com: e excellent set of plate i ed re he ‘book Ww ith popu- lar, concise descriptions of the various flowers netead of the evencs botanical of the former boo
ee 1924, the National “Gecstaphis So- ciety publis hed “The Book of Wild Flowers” “ 242 ae ae by ars was the
ook was a Comipilation of illustrations: ried aces and flower biographies that had bee Nati
le collec-
r Orel hids” by
se race Greylock Niles, published in n 190
utnam’s can id
enthuciace she det: findings on
a ulon 7
@ 3 a
sum:
By following streams ro ood- land paths, this int lady, accom- panied by ae es Has found in that one section nearly the orchids
native to New: Bisland, Hee eee of the quantities of some of the
orchids of today makes us, of the present, quite envious.
Picture ee
out the years i has assisted many thous- ar ands os develop an interest in wild
oe Botanist of New House, fin shed his W
omer
H ‘ita Flowers Ose
ely o tanica ne n Ls Macmillan Company in 1934 brought out k in me volume with the 5
of Schuyler "al of the fore- are out of print, m can Fi obtained oe he re-
article w. voted still in
Tene Still in Print:
Haiuder to thos Suthat are
rk of cott should be referred to here. Her four hundred or more color plates of North
“Rock Polypody,” Polypodinm on eg an illustration facing page 197 of ‘Flowers and Ferns in their Haunts,” by Mabel ean Wright, who took this ee about 1895. It is an excellent Sonne of a fern location close-up, and is made from one of her lantern slides
89
American wild flowers represent many ey are beautifully re- wers all pictured in origi:
E| ° 3. as S om S mo g
3 expensive edition is still avail-
ak 1931 Joseph E. Harned, a botai mi
land, published his “Wild ers of the Alleghanies.” This boo as ver fully illustrated by F, Schuyler Mathews n addition to all necessary botanical
e happy. w on rown’s “Mlustrated Flora oo: ue orthern nited States and Canada” on his shelves, To all botanists and. glue wil has
tudents, it years been the last w the court of last appeal for reference
q ealize how few of the total the average interested person can learn to kno The Latest Books
A recent book, “The Illustrated En- cyclopedia of American Wildflowers” by Needs of Today’s Nature Student
regoing deals with w:
be used by persons ye would area. Floras Mona which are more or After a years’
e limited to
oks, through their
inspira
less technical aes oided.
study of the ioe i in ee eeu it is the writer’s opinion that those published sees leave uae and enthus:
with s more succe tr 1 in gaining wild flow
Ethel Hinckley Hausman, published by the Garden City Publishing Company,
e Atlan
at particular periods. The com poe names are indexed and coe exed. manot er recent publication, er Guide to the Northeaster Midlana United S
“Wild mm and
1 to the average lover of wild flowers.
“American Wild Flowers” by Harold N. ee apie 2 Pe by Van Nostrand, ve survey of pee ican wild prec pala coast t coast and north to south. It i lendi book for the more advanced students of wild flowers who would like to extend their acquaintance to cover t ra of all sections of our country, t ling them to study the resemblances and dif-
ferences of species of the same family as they grow in various parts of the United States.
The for ild flower books treating of the species found east of the Rockies and north of the
like to learn the une
mene nas
ee oe of the country and
sympathy for problems r converts.
n conclusion, it might be fitting to quote from a letter aaa by John
* The successor to this work, which has been prepared in recent years at the New York Botanical Garden and is to be published soon, treats around 6000 species.—C. H. W.
90
Burroughs in — to a friend who contemplated ia a popular botany. ites,
After s , Marc
yOu
flowers and wil will eee ee a simple book and wa
oo . oe to color, A
your book will b
e names
make him desirous of learning two hundred. He nt ce
, ‘Also arranged : 36 that one can nalyze it. The key in ta combina tion lock. Make
succe
he w T
of t ee i common wild
tt those more advanced.
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
eee of Wild Flowers For Todey’s Motorist A TRAVELER'S GUIDE TO ROADSIDE WILD FLOWERS, SHRUBS AND TREES OF THE U, 8.” Kathryn &
in cso raphy, index’ Farrar, Strau Yo 1949. $3.
bibliog- & Co,
Here is a small book that pioneers a glorious idea. The Automobile Bluebook st
used to tell of points of interest like his-
toric buildings, a town’s chief industry, the
spot re a vivid ent took place e
Gar and the Panay Coan oe Ra Clubs, ers eve plants in
put wholly in
Thi too much to one book _csneealy _ Jess, than "200
this Tray
with their descriptions i in another section of the ae
oo had held strictly to the
facts about the flowers of the Hieheass and hyways from Maine to California are
sO eee: there ought to be more of them
Some omissions are hard to understand. Anyone who has driven through the h
full length. more about onderful
ie unty, bie is hardly mentioned The ame is of Ohio and unique
ir tra t S dene blazing Took con- tinue to grow and p cn THERFORD PLatr.
Phases of Gardening Histor GARDENER’S TRIBUTE.
254 pages, Tnlexen blige
Pippincott oe tha del
w Yor! $3
pecially hi books on girdening travel and the tented life
“Gardener ribute” introduces the eader to aon Stee phases of gar- dening hist each with its special set- tings and set ae are the nineteenth century plant explorer Robert Fortune, France’s ing Em press Josephine, sea on of rose fame, flower painters ributed t
Audubon’ s oy Laie: uh aie “gardening editors, Mr. ight himself can be sidered a “moder our of “the lat ection one s bigge er job of “Wditor -in- cehies of Henge Garden eed ine.
explained in Chapter One, called er pai Mr. Wright gives as ie reason (as though he feed ne!) f writing this delightful volume ‘ ‘the com- eti havi iven to one s
. Gottscho, and Mrs, Fra ancis ee
Every ardent aegis and Howes lover may well wish his name were on the roster, but will erie content himself in enjoyment of a book that is both in- formative and immensely fade ble. Atice L. Dusran.
Zinnias, Marigolds, and Mor
HOW TO GROW ANNUALS. Ann Roe
Robbins. 300 pages, intioxed: alus.
trated by L. J. Robbins. Macmillan, ew ne 1949. $3.50.
“How Grow Annuals” is an cle | or to Peconitientl to the an r of the zinnia, petunia, and marigold ass who would like to enlarge his sco a annual gardening.
The author has listed twenty-five an- nuals which she prefers and ot are more or Of these twenty- five she gone into ea giving
istory, deaeanuon. fecommnended varie-
ties, culture, also uses and plant Sveiae tions in andy q ick. reference forn There are also brief re of aed annuals or plants commonl reate ae annuals. The appendix poe ae t of U. Agricultural
C' oe Sure and lists of shoals
by color and for various other
It has been my observation ae ama- teu to so eed plant their tender annuals too soon, and here else I find the recommended dates too earl r thi cal (sou hwes-
F than E in the given spring and one zone maps.
The will find the sugges es “combinations Hee raters the fol the author's
with will be gre He disap pointed at times ‘with the cleome’s mide day “sleeping” it and sequent
E, JR, Con
Gr ee stl ~ Word FUL GARDENER. Agnes
JOY. Ret ther ‘4 pages, illustrations, Ce Hography, nd veer Mead & Ci 949,
Written in erate English and with the
mer :
ook at his trousers. If they’re patched
in the knees, you want him; if they’re patched in the seat, ee ae
tkmanship
d beat he tapestfies: of bygone lays whieh war are treasured.
“A goo ay book is like a garden carried
the pocket.” ae Joyful Gardener ae ihe stateme
The clear cle o the pencil- cia illustrations by Lee Vitale give a quality rarely seen today
Anne DorraNce.
Ecological Study MINIMUM AREAS FOR_ DIFFERENT SCAT LON: Arthur G. Vestal. Illi- s Biological Monographs Vol. XX., No. 3, 129 pages. 1949, $2 (paper); $3 (cloth).
It has been known for twenty years or more that the structure of any type of vegetation follows certain ete tical laws. The relation between the of the area and the number of Neer ate plotted
$s a typical S- shaped
: on the species-area curve the ich
eae ee will
then serve wellas a peureceniarive ule of re Ni hie He 1 brought ge summaries of statistical seis in
ian hands of seeerens aon of the world and for each of d their
from plots less than a ee
all parts them
nm ro pical for mber different species “cluded ther varies from only three up to two hundred.
H. A. GLeason.
Fresh Bad hae to F. ets GLORY, THE FOR HE yORLD. Richard St. B. 253 AA
OF che Baker T. a ae obaaes of ‘phtogranke Wyn, w York, $3.50. ts illustrati which the rightly calls magnificent this book a familiar brand h.
e tee
8 inter- interesting comments on
scription of the earth’s forests, spersed with
92
individual species and notable individual trees. At frequent intervals the impor- s, both for what they pro
gen f the air through their leaves. os pag irae stated h oe ee eS Mexico thus far have not
caf ered. ‘On page 129 Chr
istian fanatic.
detail. Working as he w ae hose benefits are economically diffus is only hope of success "ies in crea ting
his only an atmosphere of complete confidence in his advice.
LB. Sra
Oberin College.
Broad Survey of Agronomy
CROP baa DUCTION. John H. Martin
H. Leonard. 1,176 pages, illustrated, ae Macmillan, ew York, 1949,
large book of five sections gives
the case, ce is an exten
pages
On the the new text is a = cidedly vainebie conteibution to the ae field in general, and particularly
a better understanding of the produc
Look to Wa yude FOR
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In Wayside Gardens’ exciting new catalog, you will see the many wonderful things that are e
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strains of gla cannas and lilies. Guar- @. anteed superior qui items that measure up Tua 418 oe hig! nS est standards of garden beauty and BABE RUTH
Beautiful A ea ROSES
TOM BRENEMAN BABE RUTH Sparkling new hybrid tea rose whose sat- An exceptionally fine new hybrid tea iny buds of deep coral-rose develop slowly rose. Hs: ay petaled, copper salen ie into exquisite, long lasting flowers. open into huge, velvety, rose-pink flow! Rugged, disease resistant plants bloom with fone. strong stems aad flawless oli. protusely ae ee adding sparkling age. Hardy, robne «plans p rovide an color and fra, e to your arden, abundance of 1 News GinveANTHEOUAS Aves CYDONIAS
Ashes of Roses, most enchanting new Spitfire, flowering, 7 foot high “mum” in our ‘ence re collection. Iridescent stro is covered with ee. crimson flow- old rose with a: ee . Magnificent for hedge:
low copper Kn raphill Scarlet, big, s vermilicn bronze! flowers? with pate Jasin bloom sewers bloom lavishly at wu time on this abundantly on vigorous 30” plants, hoice, low growing plan:
.. canned Abe CANNAS
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e larger than those f exhib nm glad Slus SEND FOR E WORLD‘S FINEST HomTcbITUaAL BOOK-CATALOG
A valuable reference book of almost 200 pages,
filled Gis peeing new jewels for your
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be sure you get your copy, tt is necessary that
you oncloe wit tb your request 5O¢, coin or maps, to cover postage and handling costs.
MENTOR, OHIO
51 MENTOR AVENUE
a Wanside t Gardens
CANNAS
94
tion of our field crops in such a way a: to leave our soils fertile and ae for future generations ENRY Dorsey, University of Connecticut.
Crop Coverage POTATO PRODUCTION. E. V. denburg: 210 bages | ilustrated, videned, mstock, Ithaca, N. $3
e field of potato produc- Tt should also be of value to and ae ers Ras of the ned caus stor-
age, marke ae cially. In addition to thes eas oo it presents tech- nical rt and
ale illus- urpose for which it was prepared. MPBELL, es Cae.
Birth of U. S. Forestr a REAKING WN GR Giffo: Pinchot, 522 pages, Siuseaied with photographs and cartoon ba ranted inde: care Harcourt, Brac ‘ork, 1947, oe autobiography cae ie pe- s life 1885, j
€ . The interven- ei forest ae in Europe; his ane in 1898 a!
ief of Forestry Di
velt, Ig vation nt”; and the
the Goneervatioiists and the rol of pu le — nds a and A
“interests
d natu 5 dedica tal to ie activities
le ng relies t
orm very early in Pinchot’s
mind. In his student days he became o °
trol of all tim
private, “a conviction,” he wr
has grown steadily with ee “years and was never as stron no © saw
the ownership of natural and
s him Behtne erissder: “He with the political lene of his di hae ro ny 0 em, especially Presi-
dent vias Roosevelt, for much of his su Althoug book is largely an ace
such an important part in the out- f this controversy and attendant
should be read for what it is
mple, tl
waa then “The ork i nt Syoe bution: to the hater source-use in America.
eee H. GrawaM, Chief, Biology Division, U.S. D. A. Soil Consereanion Service.
n importan of re:
California’s Giants
The : spiration for this volume are an inspira- ion to the re: But th
THE STORY OF CALIFORNIA BIG
TREES. Howa a ED Daven port, 44
TREES OF YOSEMITE. Mary Curry pages, illustrate ‘alaveras Tove Tresidder, 134 pages, 34 linoleum Assn. Sere Calif. 19 a :
block prints by Della Taylor Hoss: This red booklet been
pibtiography, argesary, inden: Stanford prepared i i ne interest of ae Cine
edition 1948. $3. ve Association, which is attempting
to. acquir southern Calaveras Grove
block prints which were the in- dd he present area of the state
ey are book
,
Park, this ook | is an Rae sable guide to the trees of every trail. The febitat of every species is given and
P: shrubs, ny
eeded ae
REDWO: gion and the Redwoods.
All Aienons. and. regulations for
one
the park a nd
oppoeinity a a
se Tee eas ce with
s magnifice
SEQUOIA AND KINGS ws NA-
TIONAL PARKS. John R . White and
Samuel J. Pusateri. Pages, ay
trations, bibliography, Taaee
Univ. Press, Stanfor alif. 19. 49. e information tha ae
ook ; other trees, and herbaceous ae i ie
the
to the parks are provided
OD COUNTRY, The Lava Re- Alfred Powers. Duell, Sloan & 1949, $3.50.
i pages, nme ree, New
< tales woven
e folciore ond’ rae of this A
Caro. H. Woopwarp.
eee along FLORA OF THE ERIE ISLANDS.
ae we otated List of Vascular Plants. (Contri o. 9) Earl L. Core. 105 pages, illustrated, indexed. Ohio State Daves aan ne Thegdore Stone Labora- ory, » Obio, 1948, erty pho fe ograp! maps illu 7.
a group of islands whose history poe back to 1679 en French explorers first named one a them “ des Fleurs.” Since 1896 the number of species recorded has grown from 612 to around 1,000. of the report
A generous section is devoted to ecology.
Bobbink & Atkins “*GARDEN GEMS’’
for your warden sere
out-
fee Cov- ers, and a hos Y of other _ iy tausual “Garden Gems" designed to help you plan and vee an gard
Fre the Y Mischesibp 35 cents elsewbere. * Customers i, record receive their ee automaticall: Visi are always cians at our series ‘located about nine miles fro m “the New Jersey side of the Lincoin and Holland Tunnels and George Washington. erat: bese than thirty minutes fro | New
Bobbink & Atkins
Y 401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N. J.
HE AINE. of Maine" Sh side ee ond series, 62. Edith Bolan Ogden. 128 pages, illus-
map of Maine. Univ. or Maine Press, Orono, Maine. 1948. ach fern specimen tha at has been
studied is listed. The principal forms are illustrated and keys are provided for familHes, genera and species. The u of face type for botanical name in the keys, for counties where speci- mett ave been found, for authors’ names in the bibliography, and pas i e prin 1 : se reference in t
THE bales WIND: Ros:
Parmenter. TR pages wth Srawings
by the author. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. York, 1949. $2. 50.
New An account of the unique friendship
between is author and an abandoned ia plant — Ae ex ae to fe ee ie given Hable econ. thé Sone, aide eee ae plant life and its relation ship an existence, all these make ihe reeding tor this little book a delight- ful erience, ies so ha pens t “ lant in my Window,” Philodendron scandens, is by t t valuable addition to our
— as arrived with a shipment of orchid 2 Colombia at he Missouri Bounce. Garden, end has since taken the country by s
Weak R Lien, New Piel N.Y.
Background of ails ih
AGRICULTURE IN TH J. D. na eee 504 ee vinneuabons: grams, tables, bibliography, index. een ante Press, Lon- d New 1948. $10. is written in non-technical
Another large section of 450 page:
egion. The final chap-
ters are coe ed to agriculture in each
of the seven provinces, cach written by ert.
a Gear agricultural Scientists of all k ids facade nu- . ill "fn
anxious to study Afri oe End "Wie, will find a great deal of Ara and useful pia and the fi the a. ee one a good of the country.
ook has a useful 17- a index. . IRvINE, London, England.
Slam to Trees Pee TREES. rill, 174
William Alphonso
Xu pages, illustrated; paper
covers! publ shed by the auth or, Gaines-
ville, Fla, The title, the dedi mae (to ¢ oy Scouts of America), an ae a
e has written. especi- Rock-
aly for ee wing east of the “Pa is a Cinderella-like story in hich a dryad, guardian of the trees on Virginia farm, acts airy godmother, and a young forester, a graduate of Cor- vel, plays the part of prince. A simple plot makes this eroducticn to trees stable for upper elementary school ra
Par t II discusses specific trees of the fortiern states in simple ice Be Be- details of dis-
g of names, legends, and superstitions.
Among the most interesting items here are recollections of his bos contacts with certain trees, The text is illustrated with Blotouanpe showing habit, bark, leaves and flow
Southern Gee native and exotic, are represented in lists or brief descriptions.
The last chapters summarize useful trees, poisonous species, and tree worship. An excellent list of source books a regional texts is appended.
Mary F. Barret. i, a)
Notes, News, and Comment Cover Picture. The orchids toy? on the cover of this month’s Jou are one oF any paintings fei oe the New York Botanical Garden by Gertrude Lawrence Berger. In a recent exhibit of 56 oils and watercolors shown at ae
Barbiah Plaza Art Galleries, 31
been created at the Garden. Mrs. Berger’ 8 paintings are now on view at the Wash- ington ou Nee Hy nn, 1 University Place, New
Living es athe New York Se Gar Mrs ay * for the past eigh years his visit ted the grounds and gr ait houses almost ae ‘painting both indoor
and outdoor su
Gift of Green. The Garden’s sound and color motion picture, “The Gift o Green,” has bi
es Nt parts of the United States cee in Hawaii for free distribution. vations for the Im may be made by wr: iting o Sugar Information, Inc., the organization which, under the name of the Sugar Research Foundation Brat a aera tae of the film for the York Botanical eae The ae . 52 Wall St, New k 5, N.Y. ld Medal. Mary E. Eaton, who wa:
Gs Artist on the Garden’s staff from 1911 until 1932
rdei aton painted m pla Addisonia. She also Hlnstated fie wild flower
97
guides, and much of her work, which de-
picted almost pee native American blants, appeared as well in the National Geographic.
sory Council, Two new beat
the Garden by the ard of ieeerees Dec. 20. They are say Montgomery B. Angell and Mrs. Donald B. Straus, both of New York City. Meetings. In Philadelphia Feb. 17 a
19, Dr. William J. Robbins attended meetings of the Research Com e of the / ican Philosophi d
Co-operative Efforts in the Publication of Original Scientific Research, The meeting was Ms alled by the National Re- search Cou
Staff ee Howard C. Reynolds, graduate student at the Garden and
otany bia University, ad- dressed the staff conference Fe 4 on “Mexican Wild Flowers and Culture.” His talk was illustrated with koda-
toy, N. Y., spoke
n “Tax ¢ Problems in Mosses.”
Lec T. H. Eve was the speaker at "the February mene of the ee aey of pias York. His top “Pilgrim Plants in American
Gar ene! Ric aS. Cowan addressed the Wor- cester cae Horticultural Society ee 23 on aoe Scenes and Flowe ii
iated Garden Gree of New Rochelle heard Mr. Everett speak on “Begonias” Jan. > and t
Ga iated club, heard Dr Jan. 31 on “The World ii in my "Canden
Pacific Plants. Sidney F. ce graduate student at the University of Oklahoma, began t onths of work
e island of Ponape in the Pac
98
Bequest. A gift of five hundred dollars years. edited books for the has come to the Garden through the will pes oad Publishing Co. and wrote o Martha Prentice Strong, a life mem- aragus ture.
who died Oct. 28, Interested particu- ge as a gone force in the
larly in the daylily breeding work of Dr. horticultural and agricultural associa- ae ae ut, she ee that the dis- tions of his period, Dr. Hexamer is also the determined recognized as the first man to grow
Laan Peer ‘with him strawberries on a commercial scale for the New York mar 1 he won
arly botanical and h na t the Centennial eas a
Rare Boo an award a n i cultural Works pee recently been added Philadel ah a a exhibit of 550 n: to ae a Garden’s library through varieties of p:
Adolp Hecaner, ose Collec Bone ‘ot ap! ne plants which te qondfather Dr. Frederick M. Hexamer, made in Switzerland sho rtly before he died in Stamford, Conn, in 1909. Dr. came to pene are deposited in part Hexamer had amassed a large library jin the New York Botanical Garden's
.s arium.
among the shat valuable of which € volumes tha brought with him as Coltsfoot and Coal. oe on the rom Switzerland. The rae by Leonard uck on “Associa-
books selected by the Garden were ac- _ tio nts and Minerals” in
quired from his granddaughter, who Jeune for Decemb Mee ae Tarices
gave the institution first choice of the R. Williams of Winches writes
contents of the library. that coltsfoot (Tussilago eee Tikes Born in Germany in 1833 and educated coal.
in both medicine and botany at Zurich, “T have often got coltsfoot roots
Switzerland, Dr. Hexamer came to th Salem, Mass.,” she says. “The plant was it tates shortly after the middle probably he uae Py e
of the century. After a few years o settlers, for it und their old edical practice in New York City, he mill pond and oy leven “The huskiest,
abandoned th er in favor th thickest roots are those that grow in the
nursery business, an or ma ye freight yard, right along the track, where
raised crops on a large part of what is coal has been & else and plenty f iow the real estate development know ites are 2%
as Lawrence Farms between Chappaqua ow it in my 8 ‘shaded yard, where
and Mount Kisco. In Bailey's “Cyclo- it maakes a goo cover. But I
ound ieee of Horticulture,’ M. G. Kai ns has have watched it cleewhere aes the plar 3 mentioned Hexamer’s business of raisng in the freight yards are th
new varieties of plants to be distributed Mrs. Williams quotes i eee as premiums by the New York Tribune Sinclair Rohde’s book, “A Garden of exar exten. ly, a s," page 5: “Tr a s 2
in 188, came n re i ri Agriculturist, _ exten ing his influence where coltsfoot grows abana a “ through this journal for some twenty indicates the presence of c
Ee Havemeyer Lilac Collection Presented to Garden
PRING finds the first of the lilacs July 30, 1936, at Brookville, Long Island. - ie pies er Memorial Lilac For the establishment of the lilac we
Plan set place in a newly land- ing a memorial to her husband, eae pee north of the Rose Garden. Hoe has oa $20, ho . ue plants are the gift of Mrs, Theodore the New York Bot 1 Garden.
Havemeyer from the large collection The Havemeyer es ao ns Cedar Hill pane by her husband, who died Nurse, contained one of the country’s
99
outstanding collections of lilac species total pe is about five ee oe 7 Be
and are particularly of the ee i eet trees have been ved develo: yy Lemoine in France. gion aa ‘th e nena eile cti a mone this cllectin 550 lilacs have ce a Hilac cs are being irregularly grouped lected by the cg ae Garden. These around a lawn in the west-central portion were ‘ae ved from Long Island to the of the area. os last fall mand eee in for the Two sitting areas now being built will Planting out begun in provide pleasant views of both the Lilac and Rose Gardens, and at the southern f ose. ar a shelte
eal o '
The new lilac planting, which has been being constructed. Working in co-opera- designed by Marian Cruger Coffin, is tion with Miss Coffin has been Henry F. being made. a continuous unit with the du Pont, Chairman of iy Garden iT Rae Garden, the present road between cultural committee, w as contributed the two plantings being eliminated. The toward the expense of ake sitting areas.
s for Developing a Males Garden 0 by Lord Aberconw OUR precepts for the development of — worthy plants by ae aa die during a garden of permanent value were of- the process of in fered by Lord onc oe At his home at ee North Wales,
ew York Bo-
ee Sauce and thei guests at the aah of rhododendron te het New ealogical "Society the af. ™agnolias, entians, orchids, a: other an as ich 0. lants, with some of which he has done : some significant work in breeding. From
“First, a u want your garden to go 1921 to the beginning of 1950 he was on he ae let your children have a President of the Royal Horticultural hand in ociety, an organization whose member-
“Sec a let the garden be properly ship grew from 33,000 to 36, be during designed from the start. Don't let it be the last year of his presidenc: just a collection. of fortuitous plants.” the Brit - Emp ire
the landscape. representing the ye: toria’s “Third, when you have a_ first-class pre s plant, have a good display of it; make 7°18". e Doctor of Laws degree at- y * eA , tached to his name he claims to be the a first-class showing of it. only LL.D. ever given in appreciation ourth, in your main 7 Plenims have f T d “ ot care olan ec Pe legr n the interest of b ing mor stowed On ay ay plants into gardens, L “Aberconway medi: preceding th ers said that oped for new rulings Day meeting, Lord Aberconway wa: oth si of the Atlantic fi wi mid luncheon gue the Volunteer Asso-
bt permit the entry of rare plants of special ciates of the New York Botanical Garden, interest with less formality than at pres- with the press poe os nd the evening ent. The plant quarantine regulations, he before he was gue f honor at a din- pointe ile designed to keep new s insect pests and plant diseases out of of the New York area, by the each country, have also kept out many Managers and the Advisory Council.
100
Exhibit on Tulip and Rose in Design Brings Gold Medal to Garden
“The Tul as the
exhibit entitled ip eel in pele New k Botanical Garden eee a gold, medal a a Intemational Sho: k March 20-25. The exhibit, nich £ length, was resented as a sort o lector’s garden, with beds ce tulips and tin, ( 7
For an
nae
d craftsmanship, in ips figured as the
decorative elemer
Among the obje ects shown were Italian brocades, flower-covered dishes and vases fro ly co ene urns,
u b
ground were lengths of textiles, chiefly brocades of as interest, ‘lent by Scalamandré chintz provided by The rose and tulip
Many individuals lent personal prop-
ert: the exhibit. More than half of the Baie lime came - fro mn noe New City.
the Garden’s museum exhibits past two aon $ or more.
Flower Show committee consisted of
aD chairman; A. ander, vice-chair . Alexander, Mrs. Charles Burling Mrs. V mond
Cross, Eliz
Iselin, ett,
— and Gold Nea e Garden’s exhibit the Volun-
teer ee maintained a money-rais-
ing booth, where books, subscriptions,
herbs, sachets, and other articles were d
A booklet on “The Tulip and the Rose in Design” ve prepared for distribution e Fl Show. The remaining copies will be foal” to anyone sending his name and address an : three-cent stamp in care of this Jour
Eo
“Green Thumb”
dozen or more
of the New York Botanical Garden.
—Where Did it Originate?
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works
h failed to eal ti of the term ‘green thumb” in its
application to a natural abi for growing plants successfully. Yet the
hrase n tant us gan Riley, autho ias, What i
Know out Them, ho has been searching for the source of the term, 01
n re
800" mb’ will be wee by the Journal
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN fficers JoserH R. Swan, Chairman Cartes B. Harpinc, heii FREDERICK = Mosetey, Jr., Vice-. Siloti ArrHur M. Anverson, Tre HENRY DE LA Monrtacne, Secretar
Elective Manager.
ERMAN Ba.pw: Mrs. ELon oes Rozert H. Montcomery Wines FELTon fe Hoo JOKER Francis E. PowE t, Jr. Howarp BAYNE IDNEY LAN Mrs. Haroip I. Pratr a De T. Becutet Mrs. me B, pees Witizan J. Rosprns
y F. pu Pont Crarence McK. Lewis Epmunp W,. SINNOTT Rev. Roser! I, Gannon, E. D. MERRILL ~ pre Wen S.J. Oax rico L, THorNE
Ex-Officio Managers Wutam O’Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York ey Moss, President of the Boord of Education opert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club: Rutuerrorp Piatt. By Columbia University: Marston T. Bocert, CHARLES W. Batiarp, Sam F. TRre.ease.
THE STAFF WituiaMm J. Rosins, ne D., Sc.D. Director HENRY DE re MonvTacn Assistant Diver H. A. Gieason, PD. Head Curator P. Prronz, Pu.D Plant Pathologist Tuomas H. E RETT, N. D. Horr. rliculturist H, W. Ricxett, Px.D Bib, He aiead Harotp N. Motpenxe, Px.D. Curator and Administrator of Her Bassi Macure, Pu. rt ial Donato Puivip Rocers, Px.D. Cur E. J. ALExanper, B.S. Associate Curator G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Assistant Curator vs Education x ae KavanacGH, Pu.D. Associate Curator of Laboratories NicHoLas ASHESHOV, M.D. facteriolagest eee S. DE nore PuD,, DIC. Assistant Curator Manryjorte ANCHEL, Pu.D. Research Associate RosAaLle Wee Technical Assistant Mary Stespins, M.A. echnical Assistant Ricuarp S. Cowan, M.S, Technical Assistant oHN J. Wourpack, B.S. Technical Assi Euizanera C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. ea Caroc H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal Frank C. MacKeever, B.S. Custodian of the Herbarium Josepa Monacuino, B.S. Associate asta of the Herbarium Otto Decener, M.S. Collabor in see Botan: MER N. MitcHELL Photographer Bernarp O. Donor, Pa.D. Plant Pathologist hee UT, Pa meritus Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D Ca ie aed Inez M. ee Assistant Honorary Curator of M. JosepH F. Burk Honorary Curator of the Dinomacece
ETHEL ba s ore Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections A.C, Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
To the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard statio: oa ae the Be dford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the
ical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue bus No, 42 to Bedford Park Boulevard.
(a
SMembership in
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
and what it means
TO THE INSTITUTION, qoctieree mea reaches several hundreds of thou ands per: Bri i
ns pea of a program that of
efly, this ogram ogianeiace (1) hortiultaral Aispay,
ienti nd (4 To
hi education, (3) scientific research, and (4) botanical explorati urther this work and ° ee useful intormenen about nt life a The eat the Garden issues book: eriodicals, both scientific and popular, and nts lectures, programs, radio bread , and courses stud gardening a The laboratories and large herbarium and library serve the staff in its research and cational work, while the extensive plantings at the Garde eee es public vistas of ben to enjoy the year aroun blic is also free to the Botanical Garden library, and, under direct to consult the herbarium.
THE INDIVIDUAL, embers means, beyond the personal gratification of pee such a program, thes vileg
Free enrollment in courses up to as amount of the annual member- ship fee paid. sake scription to the Journal (published monthly) and to Addisonia Gane irregu ularly). Admission to Members’ Day programs and use of the Members’ Room also at other times.
A share of plants when made available for distribution. (These plants may include the Garden’s new introductions into horticu re
ture.) Personal eae with ae members, upon request, on problems related to botany and horticultur: announcement of Heal displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- grams, cand oth nts.
mbe Sane ia which serves as identification at special functions at the Botanic al Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in other citi
arden clubs may become “age woe of t Gus and thus receive certain piles for fhe club individual members. Information on Garden
the New York Botanical as a unit and others for Club Affiliation will be sent upon
s firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical Gade Pee on the classes ge Todas Membership and the privileges of membership will be sent upon req
* *
es of eteaNe in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to inten Memberships ar
Annual Single
Fee Contribution al Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 Sustaining Member 25 Fellow for Life 1,000 Garden Club Affiliation 25 Patron 5,000 Fellowship Member 100 Benefactor 25,000
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable Contributions to the Garden are deductible in computing Peder ace New York estate taxes A legally approved form of bequest is as follo r yee by pened a to The New York Roun een incorporated under the toes a New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of SS y be Hae subject to a reservation of income from the gift property ore sia haseae of the donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her li
Ail requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y.
JOURNAL
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
In Tus Issue:
TRUFFLES
BERGEN SWAMP: RARE PLANT REFUGE
AFOOT AND AFLOAT FOR BLISTER RUST
PRIMULA CULTURE OUTDOORS
NEWS OF THE GARDEN
BOOK REVIEWS Em Paces 101—128
VoL. 51 No. 605 NTS $1.50 A YEAR
MORELS IN MAY
SPRING FESTIVAL at The New York Botanical Garden May 10-14, 1950
Wednesday, May 10 Pat Aer eee Day, with exhibits of exotic flowers flown in from
Pan-American countries. Thursday, May 11 Garden Club ne with special tours arranged around the grounds
and buildin,
Friday, May 12 ee Dey, w ith a program for school children in a morn. a tulip specimen show and pi rogram in the after
Saturday, May 13 Bronx "teborood Day, with square dancing on the aa
low Hae showing of “While the Earth Fnac in the
Sunday, May 14 Your pea Day, with John Kieran and James J. Lyons among the speakers at an afternoon program with band music.
Em
sae eases PROGRAMS in the Lecture Hall
May 6 Fenlands, The ee es, and Gardens of England Three motion pictures
May 13 dae the Earth se motion picture with ymphonic aes ind Frank E. ee
May 20 oe for the Ter Logee Danielson, Conn. Em MORELS IN MAY
(The cover picture)
ved by many to be the tastiest of all mushrooms growing wild, the morel
(Mon bella eenleta) is the first edible fungus soupht in spring by pce ope oth
conifer woods in the vicinity of New York, it can often be found in abundance during May
i oan} TABLE OF CONTENTS MAY 1950 TRUF jonald P. Rogers 101
UF cee ae WESTERN New York's HAVEN FOR RARE ee W. C. Muenscher 103
i
AFoot AND AFLOAT FoR BLIsTER-RusT Walter H. ni 111 GrowING Harpy PRIMULAS Edward O. Birch 115 Davip D. Keck APPOINTED HEAD CURATOR 118 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 119
: Noricks AND Reviews OF RECENT Books 121
The Journal is Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York N. Y. Printed a ¥ 8. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post ice 3 Bien ork, tides the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $i. 50. Single copies
JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor
Vor, 51 May 1950 No. 605
Truffles Subterranean Treasures for the Epicure and Botanist By Donald P. Rogers e two thousand years in the civilization of western Europe, eee cooking has reached the dignity of an art, the truffle has been without a peer among resources for the epicure. It is no new thing that truffles have er oo i eliaerd acceptance as the special symbol of the
gourmet, for e in classical times, and so again has it been ever since oe c ee Tele renaissanc ly during those ages when neither learning nor man: oO onomy has been held in wide
en nei be w esteem have truffles been ignored by men any ne to those humbler animals who always know good food when the ey sm
An object less oe in appearance a . hard to imagine. Truffles
n are many of the less highly flavored species, or brown to black, as are e the kinds more oy Seigas they wholly resemble small stones. The
resemblance is, in fact, omplete that one digging truffles in stony soil has t feed eae likely ee ebbles for every t at he finds Although men with sufficient persistence and luck in finding a favorabl area may collect t feta naided, the most poset means of uncovering them is provided by animals, pigs or more commonly dogs, ites keener sense of smell able. nes to ieee the peed fone without the aim-
less digging and the endless unfruitful excavations of a man a a trowel. The animals are specially trained for the purpose, and people who gather truffles for the market rely on them wholly. From the days of Theophrastus, the great aie botanist, and Pliny, - Roman naturalist, down to modern times the nature of truffles has been subject of conjecture and fantastic invention. "The ophrastus recognized hen as vegetables ; but his successors for many centuries rejected his judg- ment. For most of two thousand years truffles were held to be special
101
1vULl
102
formations of—not merely in—the soil, perhaps more like concretions than ything else; they were believed to be brought into existence in one wa i hunder. casi
gh Micheli, ube recognized that they were fungi and gave them their proper ane in scient classification. From his work and that of his successors s known that truffles are mushrooms—that is, the fruits = fungi— ae related © the well oe and greatly sara sponge ushroom or morel ; that they live in association with the s of various =e from which they ee their food and to which ae Say yield up mate- rials used by the tree in its growth; and es the sp ores, which in ail fungi
that are attracted by the odor of the aes and use them as food. ruffles are commonly thought of as a product of Mediterranean lands, chiefly France and Italy; and it is true that they are nowhere else sys- ere gathered dod the table. They occur, however, throughout the orth temperate zone; and more than sixty kinds grow in North America. Mo f a e are kn hiefly or only from the west coast states—
t hint of places wh ag ae be growing. Of the few truffles found in the eastern states, most e been unearthed by botanists who were digging for something else. a great has been their sane the east that those cis a : have cle have been preserved as objects of scienti tific study an
und t way into bo eee museums. All of their qualities are one a their cia since it would be sacr ue a a botanist to 2
his specimens. There are, nevertheless, some American ee and aromatic, which deserve all of the praises that have been spent on ne Hee kin. And a pee one of these, Tuber dryophilum, has been
found most Ree in th ee It would x j
species could be collected aicee fully by the use of trained do ogs; and s
n pes truffle- ie fois ey times oer collaboration has produced fa fai numbers of ex t tru Other hunters, lacking a dog’s See ae succeede oa ie as ee pebbles. Bot h h gastronomes and botanists ould be aided in their respective pursuits by the activities of this special- ea sort of field-dog.
* * * 2 Next month Dr. Rogers will tell about the training of truffle hounds.
103
Bergen Swamp, Western New York's Haven for Rare Plants
By W.C. Muenscher All photographs by the author
ERGEN Swamp? is a relatively primitive area in the midst of a highly
mn.
recognized for some time, and in 1936 a small group of interested in-
aberes in shes aca sean ok formed an organization * to attempt to
n destru
pe a sts “te roamed over a ergen Swamp for at least a century.
me of the rarest plants in New York State have been known from there since its nee exploration others have been discovered there in more
recent years. For some plants Bergen Swamp is the only known habitat
York State
The part of Bergen Swamp that is best known to serene consists of an open marl bog area surrounded by a belt of for mp ane While the marl bog is an extensive and int ee ees of ae it epresets ae a static but a dynamic area, the uniqueness and ee sis of e highly dependent upon the surrounding Bor ane oe a fe types of cee that these support. A distinctive element in the vegeta ation encircling the open marl bog is the dense white- cedar or arbor- vitae thicket. The durable wood of the
1 Bergen is pronounced with a
2 Incorporated under and chartered by the nae a ee Regents of New York State, the aim of th gen Swa Preservation Society, Inc. is “to preserve inviolate for all time in their natural state the lands known a: ip; to conserve the flora and a of the lands owned by o control of the Society; to offer to schools and colleges and other properly accredited students or groups of persons ac s rests of th aoe for the purpose of observation and s' to om time to time scientific and cultural in-
a tudy ormation cover: ae the ileey aa wild life of the areas Speonwalled by the Society.” t this time, February 1950, a ee an active gain of about 110, tained title to about of swamp land and hi of acquirin,
nyone interested in = conservation of Bergen Sw: may to Dr. Babette I. Brown, Corresponding Secretary of the Soy. Dane Sect Campus, University of Rochester, Mpothiecter 7, New Yo rk, _Tequesting the leaflet titled “Bergen Swamp — Some Questions and Answers.’
104
The Varied Moods of Bergen Swamp
crows cawing ominously in the distance and turkey buzzards
thro’ myr: riad w hite trilliums and carpets of wild ginger, to — moss- eee deer trails bordered with violets, hia and foam-flow k closer at the oozing path to see the mosaic of a dozen tee: t leaves reen
ye filtering ee through the hemlocks, a magenta mass of fringed gala.
pan off the path to the left in the direction of an oven-bird’s call, and a cluster of large downy yellow nt sippers, just beginning to open, will Try find
unexpectedly burst into view race your ee ae Jost, and your reward in a glimpse of pink es in an op limax all, swing back among the cedars and ae eee e you, in
oc
another clearing, dozens of the tiniest of lady-slippers ap ae the blue-
berried boughs of creeping juniper. Theis small white waxy pouches glisten-
ing in the sun provide a rarer, yes, and fairer, sight than Wordsworth’s dils.
Less than five square miles in mabe Bergen Bei seems but a drop in the bucket compared to the 49,000 square ee of New York State, yet this region offers more of many a natural area
L m come weary with mental exertion Bergen Swamp in spring when the paths are running rivulets, traverse its breadth in nae search of something never seen before, and he'll be se sound sleep that night
al.
len: white cedars. If you would explore, but with a minimum of physical effort, the es of cape plants on almost any fallen tree will hold you wrapt for ms orld cold and lonely in November, you wil! find warmth and ee ce the hemlocks of the swamp with their companionable chickadees. rofessor Walter C. Muenscher of Cornell, who pee, eee more about a hehe swamp than any other person, and who for e than thirty years has found it a fascinating place to visit during every eas nd in all kinds of weather, in the following pages reports some of its highlights.
Babette I. Brown.
CEDAR POSTS FROM BERGEN SWAMP eure exploitation of arbor-vitae (locally called cedar) is the greatest izes eee the preservation of this important natural area of western New York Sta
ploitation can be halted, the most characteristic regions of the swamp are in serious danger of destructio
In order to give you a little idea of what can be seen in Bergen Swamp I will take you on an imaginary trip entering from the south side following a very zig-zag route, really not a path at all, and leaving it by the north side.
Bergen Swamp is readily oe from the siehtly aed ground on
be dri within 100 yards
the south, where a car can to its margin, Through an old abandoned oe al ce rim of Ae forest of birch, m and elm is easily crossed he edge he arbor-vitae belt which varies from scattered trees, shading a cool moss-carpeted floor, to a dense, almost a naerieta thicket of oir trees : various sizes de- pending upon how much time has elapsed ee tae a has been disturbed by wood cutters. roe the arbor-vitae belt has been crossed by walking,
crawling, or wading, we ee the most enacts part of the swamp, the Foues marl bog ar
requently covered aul several inches of water, these open marl areas are dominated by several ine - le bulrushes, and twig-rush, among which the fragrant arrow-grasses, the false asphodel, ae club-rush and spike-rush* and also ne opoaik hus, are comm
3 Botanical names of all plants mentioned are listed at the end of the article.
106
n the eee border ie the marl and on the higher, better aoe
where else in New York State. On still higher areas, in late summer, the a flat-topped Ohio goldenrod is abundant and Houghton’s ee mallest of them all, is found in the best stand known in aie York Sta
Dw arfed tamaracks, 100 years old aie nly a few feet high, presen es a pleasing. landscape with clumps of low-growing autumn ei and shrubby cinque
moist moss-covered turf in the shade of arbor-vitae, large
a
masses of blue and white violets abound, the dwarf dewberry - r everywhere, and th terwort thrives along moist stream borders, In open glades, where the sun penetrates am the arbor-vitae trees, several shrubs including swamp honeysuckle, bay b , for order around little copses, protecting clusters of yellow lady’s esa A little later the showy lady’s slipper rears its regal blossoms in boggy glades protected by shade part of each day. wild ey ia ae mbling garden Itroe forms a showy border with -of-Parnassus along the edge pools in partial shade.
a among the open marl areas occur many hummocks, often only
° moss beds form the bases for beautiful arrangements and designs of color form and texture. Several shrubby creepers contributing to these little natural plantings include the small cranberry, twin-flower, the creeping snowberry, bunchberry, and wintergreen. eee are also the higher bushes, Labrador tea, huckleberry, and several blueber
mong the evergreen creeper: sometimes not without considerable competition, the shy little ee thri abundance and the pitcher plan nt adds color by its reddi ish an nd persistent spreading leaves. Settee
i clusters of cotton grass and the flowers of the false asphodel, ee their Lean raga and the dwarf species of false Solomon’s seal ways add i After this introduction to the middle of the swamp, we shall leave it Be be ee : ide, but st we cross some forested knolls on which white d he lock a e dominant trees interspersed with hardwoods. Here 7 aries bash aa azalea appear to be making a last stand among other shrubs such as mountain maple and fly honeysuckle. Of the her- baceous species, the nd trillium occurs among a profuse growth of Indian cucumber-root, clintonia, goldthread, and others. In one rather moist area of about one acre thrive scattered clumps of the one-flowered
ish leds A SMALL AREA IN THE OPEN MARL BOG
In this December view the surrounding forest is seen to consist of white pine, tamarack, and arbor-vitae.
pyrola. Nearby the forest floor is ae = the pink of fringed ee ee ‘ccasoal white-flowered
As ach Black Creek near the Pe edge of the swamp, the sal oi sje to inundations, supports a quite different type of vegetation. The silt ae near the bank ie oe me andering stream has built a natural levee. The s here consis inly of silver hie and red ash with cena individwals of eee hes, bur oak, and sycamore. Near the water’s edge abounds the sandbar willow. Thick et
e fow
d green dragon, and extensive sands . lle ne are among the largest ae in an almost con se
veget the alluvial ae Baily slopes away from the stream towards
rgins of the sloughs the buttonbush makes dense masses to the parent exclusion of everything else.
In several depressions, areas appearing like open ponds he spring and early summer, can be found five members of the oe family
ap-
108
and many kinds of algae. Later in the summer these same areas, after the water has receded, are filled with many emersed aquatics and marsh plants Black Creek itself appears uninteresting in early Spring but by early summer the lake cress and several pondweeds begin to appear at the water surface. What earlier pee to be barren mud flats become
pals a dense nee of the rd's tail, with their continuity inter ted he aaiee a colonies of pecker flower, ae or ne ce ne gular bands ed with water cr
ver marking the course - small ree rivulets dcnae the shallow ee into set
For a single trip we have had enough tramping even if we have seen only a small part of Bergen Swamp. If we can find a fallen tree to use as a bridge to cross over Black Creek we shall soon be out of the swamp.
From this imaginary field excursion I do not wish to leave the impres- sion that we have seen nearly all ie is to Pe seen in Bergen Swamp.
herbs, shrubs s. Although I ha e t ie many trips during th 33 years, sometimes 1 ne mont paeae a ee | find some w plants each time I go th To introduc u to the algae, fungi,
ne uc he liverworts and mosses eee require sadiipne face in different seasons or to different habita In our hurried trip time did not permit a search for the coal skink, Muhlenberg’s turtle, the massasauga rattler, and ee pees gece 2 2 sw . ce inventory of the erie in many of the , even appr e form, is still waiting oe “held baie by the rologits on erica sts and entomologist: he lant world of Bergen Swamp es of species representing the follov coups: Spernatophts. 820, including 10 conifers and 810 flowering plants; ridophytes, 37, including ferns, club mosses, and horsetails; rep “168, oe 41 liverworts an and 124 mosses ;
pie mi nas a ee 2 2334 known species from an area of less than five square miles and represents approximately on of one per cent of
= ei a5 cae p
v , or remember w vie you revisit Bergen Swamp in fact or fancy may it always recall to yo
4 Anyone interested in the kinds of plants that have been found in Bergen Swamp
referred to The l’egetation of Bergen Swamp— dean I to VII, in Volume 9, Eiceecdin ngs, Rochester Academy of Since, 1946-1 The groups of plants covered in sequence are Hee vascular plants, epiphytes, Sees algae, diatoms, fungi, liverworts and mo
109
e sie one ee still see Nature at work and learn some of
A plac her lesson an As
yall viene oi quiet recesses, copses and canopies where on
€
may ae in undisturbed solitude for inspiration and stimulus for
the future. A fone
from the past with the possibility of linking the present
ge with the ae until both shall have become a part of the dim past.
E>
FLOWERING PLANTS OF BERGEN SWAMP A partial list
ARBOR VITAE (locally called cedar or white cedar)
ARROW-GRASS
ARROWHEAD (duck-potato)
ASH, RED
neal (puotee flower)
se:
IRCH suey UCKTHORN, SWAMP poreose BUNCHBERRY AagDIN dcr BW CARDINAL FLO’ CINQUEFOIL, om NIA
Gane. : NOWBERRY
Thuja occidentalis
Triglochin maritima and T. palustris Sagitaria latifolia Fraxinus pennsylvanica Rhododendron Hae aH Myrica pennsylvanica Bet
ula lutea [acini Te a alnifoli
UuncUs
Cornus canadensis
Cephalanthus eons
Lobelia cardinal:
Potentilla Faces
Clintonia ee
Scirpu. us caespitos: hor viride- carinatum
Ch hiogenes five
LADY-SLIPPER RESIDENTS OF wan aN SWAMP
Jt is
same small area. Left to right are shown the large yellow (C. (C. reginae).
pubescens), the stem
seldom that these four species of Cypripedium are
I found growing in t the small white fed: slipper (C. pe ronma miess (C. acaule), and the showy lady-slipper
LIZARD’S TAIL ALONG BLACK CREEK
Only beside occasional streams and in marshes is this little-known plant found in
the eastern half of the United States. Swamp
DUCKWEED DEWBERRY, DWARF
ELM
FALSE ASPHODEL
FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL IANT B EED GOLDENROD, HOUGHTON’S GOLDEN me OHK GOLDTHRE.
Lue oPcraawassi GREE
BEMtoC
HICKORY, SHAGBARK HOBBLE-BUSH HONEYSUCKLE, FLY OR SWAMP
ER, LADY 's SLIPPER, eM
It is common in the northern border of Bergen
Lemna and eae species Rubus pubesce:
Solidago Hough Solidago ohi
Coptis trifoli Parnassia carolin wtrisaema drecontien Tsuga canadensis Carya oe
bes cee Wee rizontalis Ledum gr roenlndicam Cypripedium regin Cypripedium acau es
111
ADY’s SLIPPER, WHITE Cypripedium candidum ae ’§ SLIPPER, YELLOW Cc pis edium pubescens LAKE CRESS moracia a Gonasce LIZARD’S TAIL os aururus cernua MAPLE Acer saccharum MAPLE, MOUNTAIN Acer spicaitum MAPLE, SIL’ Acer saccharinum
Mitella nuda OAK, BUR Quercus macrocarp orcHips (See also LADY’S SLIPPER) Arethusa bulbosa Pogonia ophioglossoides Calopogon pulchellus POLYGALA, FRINGED Polygala pau PINE, WHITE Pinus Strobus PITCHER PLANT Sarracenia pi rea PONDWEED Potamogeton antes and Berchto. PRICKLY-ASH onthoylam americanum oneses unifi
STARFLOWER Trientalis een SUNDEW Drosera rotundifolia SWEET-FLAG Acoru. MUS MO y; sien occidentalis Larix laricina
Frill res undulatum
TAMARACK
TRILLIUM, PAINTED
TWIG-RUSH Cla ais eee ea bor
TWIN-FLOWER Linn orealis
VALERIAN, WILD 7 Lae a uliginos
VIOLETS Viola ies
WAHOO Evonymus a aropu bir ees ATER CRESS Nasturtium offici
WILLOW, AUTUMN Salix serissim
WILLow, a ue Salix interi
WINTERGRI Gaultheria procumbens nei Zygadenus chloranthus
E>
cAfoot and Afloat for Blister-Rust By Walter H. Snell
HE seriousness and danger v of the oe an ae white os eee to ing ow
important disease for parts of the following twenty-five years, either with the Office of aes Pathology of the United States Dea nt of Agri-
culture, from Maine to Minnesota, or with the Conservation Department a the State of hey var
112
or boxes containi ried specimens of fungi. Some are Hee ina brary, require vast open spaces for their solution. Ho
botanist began a quarter-century of work on white pine blister-rust is i
here. The author, 2 plant pathologist and mycologist, is Professor of
at Brown University, Providence, R. I. I ees aie he will Wea
some further significant aspects of his work, which e dual putpe ose
pec of advancing botanical research and helping to save ‘he native white from destruction by a vicious fungus—C. H. W.
e of the interesting La aeab: with which I was connected was spread of this disease—the dist hi
the dangerous as a source of infection. The following points will a veiled concerning the blister-rust fungus. It is an obligate parasite. That is, it can grow only when obtaining its sustenance from some other ving te It is heteroecious in that it has two dwelling- cae in its life is, it alternates between white or five-needled pines and wild o acai
in e tk reproductive body formed on the pines is ca alled an aeciospore. Since
the disease is obvious: eradicate all ribes up to a proper distance from pines and keep them away
lee control work first was undertaken, not only was it necessary to know the € proper distance for elimination of ribes, De purposes of local paren but it wa: is desirable to find out how far the various types of
T a er caily aay it was believed that the three types of disseminable
Ss of the arn taee ospores se pine to ribes in the spring, eins oe ribes to ribes during the summer and sporidia from ribes to pine in the Pisce each ca il e of being carried (by the wind, for the most part) to a distance of a ae hundred feet to infect the proper host. I a bts to wonder why the distance was said so short, especially when out in Wisconsin I heard about the occasional great dust-
storms and i hee d for the first time the intimate details of how twisters carried tin roofs from cou ee hy county or picked up a heavy iron bar and drove it into a tree across the street. Now, of course lhe violent phenomena are one thing and the mild ae something quite different ; but, on the
113
other hand, when one kicked or ee a sree! infected or Lees ae
and saw a ata ated cloud of spor and hover or drift
was natural to wonder why such ee like een would be opee ae fe
Accordingly, I was oo to kane ie La - distances of dis- semination Bs the spor ae ummer work with the Office of Forest Pathology. I began with ea See i. om ake sia To myself, at least, I made the es that fey ah infect ribes after a single hop of at least 25 miles, but I began small in the hope of obtaining any distance over a thousand feet. While others were trapping spores with various ingenious devices over flat country and on mountain tops, I made the attack on the problem by observation of natural infections under the proper conditions. If I could find an infected ribes bush at os time of the first ange . the aeciospores from the pine in the spring, with no infected p pines thee tsoever within a certain radius, T “could conclude ene ene that the wind had carried th ore or spores that distance in a viable condition. a say “with ae ead a it has se sileeee: to me that ee aed cows and humans cannot be ruled o ith ¢ nty.
therefore set out to find a : got to cing ‘centers” —ribes nee a first-generation aha cafectone— —in areas where pines were conspicuous by their absence. I would then be eae to conn care- fully the largest circular area soseible around this center up to the nearest ine or ie perhaps going over an interloping or straggling pine within ee circle to determine that there was not a single possible blister-rust anker aihins that radiu: se oe seen difficulties. The first one of these was to
to be many wide-open spaces where there is not a pine i prey ae upon close investigation there are pines aplenty. The sec a “iff was to make sure that, when pines fa occur, there was not a canker ie the circle of the eee radius.
This meant not only great care but it meant a a. of trudging over all sorts of ground oe through all sorts of vegetation. It meant being a pedestrian for certain. With a radius of 1/4 mile only 1/5 square mile had to be Ae and there was on 2 miles of pacing in the four direc-
ions. With a radius of 1/2 mile, ie was only 3/4 square mile to be covered back and forth and only 4 miles of pacing. With a radius of
/4 mile 4s at lea miles of pacing; with a ale radiu e area was over 3 square miles and the pacing at least 8 miles; and w ie a ne of 1 1/2 miles, the area was 7 square fies seer the pacing alone 12 m:
I started out in Maine, which, in spite Gh its aod title of The Pine-Tree
114
State, is ae not blanketed with pines and was not 25 years ago. I found centers at various places but I could . - no fie in which, as I star ted ot from the pees es bush, I d: un into pines nee within a few hundred feet. I next tried the Arona and found a few ae pee could get hae re distances of 1/4 to 1/2 ss a a native ae aed where I was staying told me he ae : an a where the o pines for nie and he took me, like M — a hill Sverloulaig 4 some country in the Essex- Whallonsburg oa west of Lake Champlain. There before me lay oS an vel of fields and pas- tures in a dairy country, without a pine in I found some infected
rom a casual inspection of the terrain. Then began the tramping over the circle, back and forth and up and down, covering fencerows, Abies swamps, small patches of woods, etc. - found a few small pines in the circle, which eaten to pop up from n pes when I had my ce . the age ta not ue a aro ies in gene a ea were pena ie And w all wi and I w ee I found one mo
about ‘ ee in “dame, right . the side ate a ee that I had a pais times. This had to be examined twig y twig and fortunately for
y results was found to be likewise disease-fre
With this Soe of 3/4 mile parca ee out for Wisconsin and eis and t after some aay country east of St. Cro ns Th und a likel a 7. ae aries = Hea ribes in a favo Table nee that had a circle Ae a ae 11/4m It took me quite a while to examine the 4 square miles or so oe little - it water) but everything was rosy until the very end, when I found an 18- inch-diameter pine in a spot that ee peenee ae my 1 1/4 miles. I had to obtain permission from the of the property to cut this tree down and then I had a laborious mae inspecting pee single inch o aes twig, branch and trunk. Fortunately again, the tree was canker-fre
i Rush Lake c enter was very valuable for me. I not only had a d
of dissemination of aeciospores from pine to ribes of over a mile ea
a a ral situation set me thinking. Not being a pedestrian by heredity, natural ca, eae training or predilection, why should I not use my head and eh of my trousers ane ae teas and try to find a satisfac- tory aqueous area in place of a pie a pa w nk demanded the expenditure of such a quantity of pee ties calories and shoe-leather?
€ coast, I was something of a sea-faring man in a modest way. Therefore, I set sail (if the reader will pardon the ee hor and nes the interven- ing 1,000-odd miles of dry land) for the te England waters, fresh or salt. I thought of Lake Winnipesaukee first—in ve -pine country, of
115
good size ae with pone (and, need I add, in vacation country ?). spent part of a good summer going over the lake in a motor boat, looking for islands 7 might ie ve infected ribes a sufficient distance from any pine on the 1 Seley or on ee islands. The best I could do for distance, however, was about a half a My next naa was oe] on of aaa off Portsmouth, New Hamp- shire, and Kittery Point, Maine—surely with as pine e-free a stretch in between as one could ask for. My one ae ry was concerning the presence of any ribes bushes at all on those almost bare, wind-swept, fog-soaked ii and oy ability to find what must be rather measly bushes if there any. pee later that someone else had had the same thought before me an had found some bushes, but I did not know of this at the
tried tl or d, k Island, |
with no feelings of Contenee Here, however, carefully avoiding nests her windbeai
bushes and I ted as I a likely to become as I turned over laf ‘er et, ooking fo been re infection spot T finally found a few. ough. red that no human being had visited Duck arene since are fe de ae season, * and the possibilty of birds carrying an spores appeared to be very remote. Here then was something of the sort I had been looking for— Sones of ee - the aa sete! instead of he eds of feet. The Isles are 5 1/2 miles from the nearest mainland and about 7 miles wie the location of the old, severe, renee rust ay ime ce Kittery
This figure soon became a ae ee in nee far West, infected ribes were found 125 miles from hea nearest known white pine, but at the time it was the mph of an idea and a oe satiny conclusion to a lot
of ene that was one ae encouraging on many an occasion.
=eCy
Growing Hardy Primulas Experiences of a New Jersey Amateur By Edward O. Birch O VER and over eon we hear and read that it is easy to grow ee on the Pacific Coast, but difficult to grow them here in the Eas
Thus ny gardeners, es d from the start, never attempt ascertain what the really hardy primroses will do for them. What follows
116
is written with the hope that it may help to interest those who have not failed.
as yet tried primulas, or who have tried a ile
I have seen vigorous plants growing on their bandoned gardens of old homes and vacant estates, large cl S ee taking possession of open ground around them. Therefore, I think that, despite what is heard and read, we should put out of our minds the idea that primulas
out for eae
grow in the East, and at least have the satisfaction of finding
Her my experience in Short Hills, N. J., with various forms and Bae ‘of P acaulis and P. polyanthus.
The First Plant
hee bees b and good and
That 18, sci! was solid ae not hard; rain Aa net wash it aw: stead woul absorbed,
Anyone can h such a soil with the aid of peatmoss or le: me mold, if avail- able. is soil of a texture in which
azaleas, lg wer laurel, and rhododen- One need not ees about chemical Saas. or pH, but onl M about tex Then whe the plan
are established all that will be oe is an annual, early spring sprinkling of dry manure or perhaps cottonseed meal.
Hundreds of Plants From One
eferred t
s bloom, sciarated tne aane or ten divisions and the top half of a foliage cut off before re planting.
Dividing ee “this time enabled young plants to become er before wint- er set in. By con as division of the older clumps, I ae had hundreds of erie from this one ‘original yellow hose-
n-hose, I used them edge three te rders, facing south, ae: nr aa the one fae south being in full sun all da st, when the plants all t before starting fall those ae south withered
than those facing east and west,
but pian of that they were cone with the others at all times
success,
sible ieeation naturally e partial
shade of shrubs or filtered shade of trees
the ‘ae holds up better during sum- mer
Winter and Summer Care hile writing this in November the
foliage is full. w
ground between plants with about one-
ie inch of peatmos: ich be lowed to remain in spring. Young
Hants going through their first winter
addi to
b growth. Tt will ee ake artificial water- h will prevent the soil -
t dry out. "l£ rains do not occur at this
ime ot year, soil of the texture described should be watered about once a week. At least, that is ‘xperience, but in other sections conditions will vary and one’s
n judgment will have to be used.
Seed Sown in Soil
When propagating from seed, I sow i soil, and think it the best medium for :
Primulas used as an edging for a border of Azalea Schlip penbachii,
home gardener or amateur growing for Pa moss, pr
fessionals who are pr oe properly at all stages, but if the seed’s atural medium (soil) is used it w: carry seedlings to the time of transplant- ut fertilization i lwa: r to ng sow: ° erably wide, shallow pots: ie “the goth ae the bottom of the soe to the of the soil is about three ai onechalt ches, I use o half inc drainag material. qual parts of peatmoss an
and also hold moistu: r the it- self I use equal pa good loam, leafmold, and sand, thoroughly mixed and screened. If leafmold is not obtain ble, pulverized peatmoss c: substi- uted. I tamp it down tly, without
Hes as soon as the seedlings show they shoot a5 * ereiully sft a light ee ing of sand or soft, fine soil between
them, being careful not to cover tie This is important; the seed was sown top of the soil pe this light covering will give eed: pport until the roo really get dow! oa the Seedlin,
ee rally eee after the second lea ene in order to get more plants, nd place them about an inch apart in similar oil and containers where pe remain until placed in a nursery bed i
: ee
Me not have facilities for addtional flats or rely tl
I or match stick ‘to prick out
Seedings in c
and afternoon sun, also from heavy ains.
118
When to Sow See:
Fre eed of the current spring will germinate se if sown in late July than if
: e large enough, they be set nursery hee where ee will be tndilched
Z| once with peatmoss and at the begin- ing of wi Ae ure wih aaieMey ae
previously. outline seed is sown indoo in late winter,
or outdoors in bs socior, it ae germ- ination if the is made with hot
e again. If furt her watering is necessary before germination, it should be tepid.
Plants should be set in the nursery bed
in spring as soon as conditions warrant wees ae
edlin, ings have been taken from the fir a oes the soil should not be further disturbed ; eae . irregu-
to lo deed ae es “all propagation must e by div:
From Seed to Border
From the foregoing it will be seen Ge are pie ee pies eae a permanent loc: ached for the primulas : fast “Nor wine, pes the transfer to similar ‘containers for proper spacing; third, ery bed; then ay into the
that
on has been ot tten is from ex- 0.
the expense of flowers. As lon grow oe is good, he should let well saath alon
David D. Keck Appointed Head Curator
Succeeding Dr. Gleason ae I
[0 See Keck
of the New York Botanical Garden. in that post on January 1, 1951.
Graduated from Pomona College in
he Washington at Berkeley as assistant to H. M. Hall, and three years ee noe to Stanford to continue their exp en- tal project in a new laboratory ‘building. Since 1934 he has been a member of the
a ford University = accepted a:
the vain Institution of Washington at
as Head Curator H. A, Gleason
appointment He “vill succeed Dr.
institution’s staff on the Stanford campus By that time he had already been working for two collaboration with Jens C. illi Hie: pee as a research team
this te Mary Soper Pope med” 3 ethe Cran brook Institute of Science.
119
Dr, Keck’s many published papers, dating from 1925,
tion ington in 1940, 1945, and 1948; “ ion: ifferentiation in Pl: Species” to American Naturalist; also “Relations between Climate and Int specific Variation in Plants” and “Here ity of ee! and Ecologically Isolated Ra to Am nm Naturalist.
California, ae the basis of his experi- mental s ae
Dr. Kec a member of the A.S., American Sone of Naturist Sects
Society Plant Taxonomists , Botanical Society of erica, rrey Botanic: Club, Western Socie f Naturalists,
mber of the cai Se iences. t the New. York Botanical Gard
den Head Curator in
il . Gleason filling the post perio
a of by r, he will present a a paper at the Seventh International B holm in July. Returning | from Europe he will complete his year’s work at the Carnegie Institution before assuming his new position at the New York Botanical Garden.
Notes, News, and Comment
Book Service Department. A new book service department has been opened by the New York Botanical Garden in the Museum Building. For the first time, the Garden will ue oe of outside pa
i do own. Some of
ing and are on sale at the Information Boo th on the main floor.
‘or books that are ordered by mail, there na be a mailing charge of 10¢ a
Postcards, Colored La showing five scenes of the New oe Bo janie Garden a 10" in the Museum
ww (1) forsythia in spring beneath the ca ranches a the | trees, “daffodils on the slope with evergreens and flower- ing cherries in the backe round , (3) aza-
lily, and (5) chrysanthemums in front of the central dome onservatory. ndividual cards or sets will be sent b:
mail without extra charg
€. The Garden also hae on sale eleven
cherry
as
10¢, and they too
nt by mail without extra charge.
Tapestry Booklet, The Garden’s boo
let “Plore of the Uni E
will be
the unicorn in captiv
rary Cura ae title of Honor-
, was eliminated by the Board of
120
Managers at a meeting of the Executive Committee March 27. For many years interested ia medic nts. done extensive eerie o ae interior America
ff has been
h a in
away from New York the greater part of the time, continuing his work in Guatemala and elsewhere.
Garden Design Exhibit. Mrs. Helen M. Fox has been chairman of an exhibit of photographs, drawings, blueprints, books and prints Renee eae ‘design, which is being held a Public iba from Mar 19. Several photographs from the New York Botanical Seater are included in the exhibit, which emphasizes garden de- signs suitable for the northeastern states. Mrs, Fox a. i aa a a a
boo! ne pen fine Von Ga r- den, which is aieilable by mail from the
w York Public dees ae vente and 42nd Street, New York 18, N. Y,, for 50¢
Members’ Day. Orchids were displayed through ine courtesy of Thomas Young, Inc., of which C. R. Beck
age o with his father, is now employed by Thomas Young, Inc, at Bound Brook, N. J.
j. co New Yor
Conference. John an
d the also vegetatio fall maps ang ‘with books confribiGne to the subje
Spring Tours. The Volunteer Associates of the New York Botanical ie aN ne two se an Lotnoe
n Ma bers
Millbrook, Nea Yor a ny vi sa the gar- dens of Mrs. Oakleigh Thorne and Mr. & Mrs. Walter Bec
Booklets. The downtown office of the ir
at 801 Madison Avenue, New Yo: i and also in the Garden’s new Book Ser. vice Department in the Museum Building. Two of them
25¢, and “Our Ri
the Volunteer, Pee $
Dorothy Fensholt, Northwes
graduate
Visitors. a at
‘ornell_ worked . A
Hires, head of the Mis taire Laboratories, N
Millburn, . J.. with two of her assis- tants, Beverly Heller and Mrs. Charles W. Cram ue investigations on mosses in the herbarium Mar, 29.
Among nee recent visitors have been ohn A. re venson of the Plant Industry Station, ee oo John T. Middle- ton, Unive £ Californi River side; Car si Withn mer, Brooklyn oe M. Johnson, Rutgers ; house ‘of Bae Methodist University, Dallas; ree American Mu- seum of Evan ral History ; Howard E
Park Co: ory, Mil ee; and Mr. & Mrs iller, of Laramie, Wyo- ming. Mrs. Miller is the daughter of ven Nelson. uglas H. Allen of New York, inter- national industri alist author of
on guest at the Garten April lL W.A,
Sexton of ed PE ara eae and, Dr. G, Mor
of Sydney, epee sen ‘Dr. Hasan M. Yusef, on back to Fouad I. peed Anes among other
Cor; po rati N. vee of Dicseoren at the Garden ntly.
isory Council. Eight new member:
G of Managers Feb
Langdon Simmons of Greenwich, Com, and Mrs, John Senior of Lenox . Mas
rs. Jane Rus: Sie
sell Parsons, who Advi isory Council i in Febru.
da ‘orpora- tion since
d of panne. Dr. Thomas Lewis
Ma: anage rs in the
B. Stout, who re-
aie mer as to the W. At Burpee Co., Floradale Farms, Lompoc, California. ral Flyer. Members of the New
york” Botanical aot wil be granted ten free rides e Floral Flyer. The menertin Gel ae nae as a ticket, to be pun eee
ductor on the tractor t
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
North of the Golden Gate MARIN ieee J. T. Howell. pages, 24 photographs tee Charles on mo wnsend). University of Califor nt nie Berkeley and Los Angeles, $4.
Probably few visitors to San Francisco have failed to see, rising above the waters of the bay, ne gentle silhouette of Mount
ark of the Mari
any they Cnnoe care ‘but enjoy Mr. Town- ee beautiful photographs of Marin
ants of this Marin County a ate ect of Mr, Howell’s eitactive, lov: idly: written book. Within an area
of only 529 square aes he has pore d
ae occurrence of so
which he estimates to i nearly ein
a percent of the tate, T) a
p due to geological pegs comprised within this small ar The existe £ serpentine outcrops on Mo and Tiburon Peninsula for fe consible for many highly socalized ae tr eas oe finds the Golden Gate, how: to have been of very little sig- nificance, ee in the a as a barrier
the migration of specie
e Rati - i
a
mative
pl ion. ‘YS ne parently readily workable. Although are no taxonomic descriptions, there are
122
abundant citations of localities, and nu- merous critical taxonomic and other ote he state, most of whose Seen ts Sisinntet
is happening to California’ It is all th ore fortunate, therefore, that Mr. Howell ha
mented the present flora o region before it has been orcsehly en- gulfed i in ans onslaught of ever-expanding Sul
LIncoLN CONSTANCE University of ee ible ley.
Clements, eet sed
DANAMIG S$ 0! TION. Frederic E. lem nts, Foe pie ea and edited uy B. mall red and Edith S. Clem 356 pages, illustrations, cacy Tndee,
H. W. Wilso: w York, 1949. $3. interesting m. ae Glee of this notice for encouragement whe ese
Na a}
Much of his writing is taken too literally
nts.
resent volume is a repr inting in nee covering these chapter h
The Sea os role of plant succession: Competition in plant societie Plant indicators ; "Nature and structure of the climax ; The relict method in pone
7 ime io dic
com- [ 8s work s for the publications which it summa-
rizes. Some of the too-strong statements are pets more discernible in the con-
BE is well edited, beautifully
It succeeds admirably in its objective, to bring to er, in more erally avail- able form, the writings of Dr. Clements
in this field of his principal interest. Artur G. VEsTAL University of Illinois
Fungi Infecting Man
BIOLOGY OF PATHOGE! FU Edited Walter J. Nickerson "286 pages, illustrated, indexed. Chro
Botanica ¢o., ne tham, | ee 3 Stechert a
The short title given this book by the p y mislead some of its readers
that the aim was to discuss some of the aspects of the biology of some of those fungi pathogenic for man. The foreword by ner Hopkins, international- h own atin ou er empha- sizes vikie pres of s He points out some of the impo im ficiencies
the fact that much
biology of fungi pathogen man has been provided by bo! alan Ge and physicians. One has but to read the twelve chapters eeuonaes by eae
e WLTLN n, has writ: ten an nee ees as uel as chapters on respiration a ar including metabolic and
tion pro
witl é s a chapter ae fate on and a tabolism. " Additions 1 chapters ee interne
esearches
of their : h ce are
Lodder, A. de Minjer, A. L. Carrion, Margarita Silva, hoda Benham, C. W. Emmons, ’R. Cif erri, P, Redaelli,
F. T. Wolf, D. S, Martin and R. L. Peck.
123
would, of course, be impossible to
the whole a of paeeer S in a volume of 25 ges, but considering tiiese limitations ne will mu able information, as well as sources oh fhe: Haag indicated in the various bib- liographie:
c > € g 3 S oR =
B. O. Donce
Heredity and Breeding
ADVANCES IN GENETICS. Edited by
M. Demerec. 440 pages, index; a trations. Academic Press, York. 1947, $7.50.
This volume presents critical reviews of research on ten specific ar prob- ith pla
lems, Those dealing w: lants include:
cytogenetics and breeding ot forage crops, by Sanfo twood ; cytogene tics and speciation in Crepis by Ernest B. Babcock; origins and evolution of maize by Paul C. Mangelsdorf; types of poly- ploids, by, G. ard Stebbins, Jr.; a
of the origin of on New World cartons S. G, Stephen:
This is the first of a ee series, the purpose of xe as late in the
ical s' of roblems, “written by
e a so £ information t ngeneticists. As rticles are expected to deal with both theoretical and practical problems of ing, heredity, lated fields.
A. B, Strout.
Highest Power sola fascial ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and Application, x i ph W, G. 248 pages, illustratio: i Ant octane Pabhs and London. This is a anaes iterate ome introduction oo ig field o: tron oes the. ee is pn a ad. The icloeist who has not yet Ais uch forms as diatoms under the electron fe oe has a poor concept of their essential architecture.
VircengE KavAnaGH.
Relations of Plants With Water
WATER IN THI OF Con sik A S.C Crafts uP 4 TO etien & C.R. Stocking. 240 pages, illustrations, tables, ‘bibliography, index. Chronica Botanica Co. awa athena , Mass.; Stechert- Hafner, New Y 1949. $6.
rocesses and conditi in such a manner as ie ‘be intelligible to readers with only a limited knowledge of that fiel oe of Veale toa wee the
‘the book .
toe
tog efor ized satisfactory plant piysiclogits These chapte: would tify publication - The diecmson of osmosis and o quantities of plant cells is very oe and fortunately uses the terminology of
ES Ve
Bobbink & Atkins “'GARDEN GEMS’’
for soa Garden ial Build y ur garden with the hel, out- catalog. In it co dscibed is il.
and pee
10 help plan
Free east the Missi issippi; 35 cents elsewhere. Customers if record receive their copies automatic
at our nur-
s from the iene ey side of the Lincetn nd Helland Tunnels ang George Washington erage: = than thirty minutes from cen’
ink & Atkins wers and Nurserymen 401 ea Ave., East Rutherford, N. J.
# }
124
Meyer, which is familiar to most readers. and conflicting evidence con- C
“active” r intake by plant cells and tissues has also been carefully summar- ized Jater relations of the plant as
an The is eae by about 800 ele ae and illustrated by many tables, fig- ures, and graphs.
Paut J. K
Duke saan
7 Gardeners Fae Coast to Coast IRIS FOR EVERY GARDEN. Sydney B. Mitchell, 224 pages, Photographs, index, dates Oh, Tom Craig. Barrows, New 1949,” $3.
This isa nee needed boo k for Ameri- ula blivat tions on
while luable to exp re not ee : a gardener in this clearly written and
practical ae * well ieee and easy Cu propagation, breeding,
vi The there are nothing I but the old “wdooryard™ varieties of iris pes as a iauete y ie heir hai ae
cell fae given the at Is." M
gelia red here are rie splendid “varieties ‘still those that
available, _ descendants of
Williamson and Paul C rai ae Ir fact, see of the better irises in t United States exist because of Williamson and also Grace Sturtevant,
to concentrating on the huge-flowered, ta orts,
agree that William eee was others who barely sienucned or
completly feelected in oe book, It has to be a limited book, of course,
and it should
nake it easy to
handle and of a reasonable pri here- fore I feel that, with these ee it ally a ut, that it is,
at the same time, SGcuves readable ok,
ETHEL ANSon S. PECKHAM
Three New Textbooks
Of General Botan COLLEGE BOTANY, Clarence J. Hylan- der & Oran B. Stanley. 638 pages, lnetrated indexed, Macmillan, New
ork, me ae Drs. Hylander and Senice "ot caleate Usvesie have stated admirably the reasons for such a book and, in general outline, have fulfilled their
intent The line drawings are calcu- lated to tain the inte of the general college student; the text is not “stuffy”; presentation is ideal for students in edu- cation 7 pan to teach bi- ology otan € text material is well Seianced ‘with sections on general
wever, Serious
a general cilege curriculum, COLLEGE BOTANY. Harry J. Fuller & eae Tippo. 993 pages, illustrated, ne nerd: Henry Holt, New York. 1949.
De
Drs, Fuller and Tippo of the Univer- sit of Illinois have written a ae are introductory botany, suitable for the gen- eral college course or, with use of supple-
125
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t the pate , Most exciting introductions and outstanding old favor ites, see Wayside Gardens’ a ndid new catalog for Spring planting. It is a vast treasure chest of spar- kling jewels for your garden.
va
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Babe ~ Glorious new rose-pink hybrid tea. Saga Noe plants bloom’ _Profusely. Tom Breneman—A deli, of radiant coral rose. Exeemely hardy. As well as 150 other ie 1950 “All America Rose Selections.”
New CHRYSANTHEMUMS
nze Cactus — Glowing India: Ast ae of Re — Most en prone flowers ‘with pit ene a shacines lings in our “encize OS ea “idescent bloom abunda nn ne on vigorous 214’ plants oid Tose wath s auHeeR tones. Very hardy and from September ee flow He CYDONIAS Hn PASTEL CANNAS
Spitfire — Early flowering, 7 foot high . Js. E 5 shrub is covered with huge, crimson flow- of seectel alae ers. Magnificent for hedges.
Knaphill Scarlet—Big, showy, vermilion of peach, old rose, yellow and gold. For flowers a a lavishly 6 tulip time on this luxurious color and beauty all su: immer, ice, low gro
nly Neus HARDY ASTERS Pea early Seprem| til late October, this sturdy Brame is a mass oO! ennntis pinkish “lavender flow- ers a 2” across, Excellent for cutt) Plenty — One of the finest fall flowers. “Thousands of semi- double, 2” fouce of lovely oe pine complerely cover this superb plant. Hardy, ywher
SEND FOR THE WORLD‘S FINEST HORTICULTURAL BOOK-CATALOG Unquestionably, this is the finest a log offere fa
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HARDY ASTER Pronty
126
entary material from other sources, for
dom ;
contents
INTRODUCTORY BOTANY. Alexander Nelson. 479 pages, illustrated, andes Chronica ee a Co., Waltha: 9, $3.
e University of Edin-
the flowering plants
are ‘first discisaed, and subsequently the “lower” plants, with a bacteria and fungi bringing up ote ear. Genetical as- pects of botany are ernphiasized through- ut.
Only rarely in an elementary textbook re such items as phosphorylation, the Tra ube cell, heteroploidy, crossing-over, incompatibility, nae xenia included. The of s imbalance, manurial — mati, end sink may at first te strai o American botanists, and the lack of the “plead ie illustration of U.S. oks t be a drawback t
for anyone planning a career field of bislogy, the book is to be hly, = for the eee
ach t a and the Guay feacondble ded: eee
eee si igre Forestry U. Re- Walter B. Balch a is Colby, an . Talbert. Edited Ww. Gregory. 480 pages, ict lect in- or B. Lippincott Co., Philadel- hia, 1949, $3.
This, ae seventh, a newly revised edition of a text eee published
as tele title of a The new title was adopte
in 1919
includes a number os orn:
SOUTHERN HORTICULTURE MAN. AGEMENT Ot iG) Gh eset cet Wolfe. Edited by W. Gregory. 564 pages, illustrated. aceed: J. B. Lip pincott Co., Philadelphia. 1949. $3.
lt of fruit and vegetable crops
in the states ae Ar ites across to irginia ae xas across the Lf and ints south ern Florida is decd te in ais volume. Instructions are give Tr rm small hom rdens. chapter
there are suggestions for fudy sa veal tice and a list of practical refer FIELD C AGEMENT. vised. E. N. “Rergus & ENT az: monds. Edited b: Ww. Gregory. 600 pages, illustrated haved. J. Lip- pincett Co., Philadelphia. 1940" "$3. This art ore of bool Ped enagement ee petted y Lippincott. To grains, included in chapter on hay crop: FORACE CROPS. Gilbert H. Ahlgren. ce pages, i indeed Oi Book
The of Gilber of Rawees “Cniversity is hare ae be Journal reader: ie head of th Crops Dee at the New Jer: ae State College is “agriculture, Vee - tensive experime: entation dard ctice is always ete ee , “ne
rder to
expense of cilivaine. . during aie f Perhaps this will appear in a lat
volume
THERN FORESTRY arles N. Elliott & M. D. ‘obley. oN pages, illustrations, i a ioe ner E. Smith Co., Atlanta, Ga. 1949. $3.
wi forests consideration in this book, The purpose
127
has been to appeal to young people. The authors have both been instructors in summer camps where forestry was being taught.
New Editions Tae Sena ae TRAVEL E. I, Farrin, 278 pages, tustates me ford University Press, New Revised edition 1949. $4.
Wherever one journeys there are gar- dens, ae rks and splendid trees to be seen, and wih the help of “The Gar- dener’s Travel Book” one need miss very little @ new edition is more compact than the one of 1938, more complet
one of yet e. There are still slight ee ae and omis-
a book of
California has been ees omit- ted this time but other places of horti- cultural interest have been added. Rock- land County’s Dutch garden at New ity, N. Y., remains an undiscover em. B e wonder is, not that a fe errors have persisted but that so much has been included to make the book t! com. on for the traveler. APPLIE LVICULTU UNITED STATE. A, Westyera,
When Stanley A. reviewed the on Sieer in this a urn oe ten years e wrote that this book “will un- deubtedly become a standard handbook for foresters. It will be almost as useful and other students of forest The new ae retains the old — that ea ee the ct and
of each separately to
brings the reader up ate in forestry literature and practice. COMMON BRITISH GRASSES & LI UMES. J. O. T as and J. Davi 120 pages, illustrations, glossary, in- Longmans, Green, New Y« ird bean 1949, $2.25. Designed for ool and far: Ge Britain, ‘this eas now in vie ied aan nce as value the
Uni tates, for about half ce the pants illustrated and described are well
fees OF BACTERIOLOGY. Ma ae bit er. 936 pages, Sve trated, indexed. W. B. Saunders : oS Philade elphia. Fourth edition
Only five years have passed — ie third edition of this text, which w: €
vie in this Journal in Se ten mee 945 ew features include cana oe on mi Sasa oe a
tion viruses us com-
mon diseases, cand athe inclusion of the latest vie top BACTERIOL Burrows. 981 pages, Restated Na od W. B. Saunders Co., paula de Iphia. Fifteenth ey fii
roe 1 41 years s indi-
4 parts have been rewritten and a number of electron micrographs have been added.
was first issue .
of illustrations in color, in addition to exceptionally cane halftones, makes this book of vane far well as research wo ee ay felde con- cerned with eee growth.
Fibers Under the Microsco
pe AS. Werner von
TEXTILE FIBER ATL Bergen & Walter Krauss. 50 pages, plus 27 plates; Bibliography. Textile Book Publishers, I ork. R ed edition, 1949., re 30. hi Llecti cell phot crographs of the principal textile fibers of natural origins, and also man-made, is in its third pri ating, havin a fete distribution as a reference book in tech-
nical Taborstories, among libraries, nd as a school text book.
n ion to the photomicrographs which depict the outer surface of fibers ian structure by means
tabular form. Factors affecting the iden- tification of fibers, such as damage
128
wool by physical and chemical treatments and by oe fae ne are discussed, Included is aphy of some 300 references.
The 1949 edition has been brought up
to date Rae pea aies some of the newer fibers s' s Orlon and alginate rayon. Jutian S. Jacoss, Editor,
Textile Reach. "Tournal.
Broad Study of Yeast AAD YEAST LL, cS ID CYT OLOGY. Car re Pindegren th lustrations, tables, bibliography. eon cationay al ri blisher: St. Lou $7.
Yeast, an ever- fee tile source of expe ri- mental material for students of nutrition, et: i
i sophila- -maize- ste hierarchy. o some this to be an over-statement but to
ee ni
legren i undoubtedly ¢ the fore most ai t yeast genetics and Selon: in this couniy and is respon- sible for much of le proeress made in this field in recent y
LAWRENCE ATKIN, Fleischmann UT aboratanier
Yearbooks on Vegetables
AMERICAN POTAT! RBOOK. John Cc. Campbell, editor. 84 pages. Ameri- can Potato Yearbook, nae ‘ourth
Avenue, Ni ork. $2,
The ato Association of Am has povdet a handbook Sonne short rticles of inter gro and also
industry, agencies for seed certification,
recent literature on potato culture, per- iodicals, a buyer's guide, and ie tables aie with potato produc
RICAN TOMATO YEARBOOK. Ton a W. Carncross, editor. 40 pages, aes ae Yea: Took 289 Fourth
Avenue, ork, $2. Graphs and a usuat the past sed s situation in the ig and can- ning of tomatoes in ‘the Unit ed States. § c! rt
the country list of references dating from 1940 a a buyer’s guide.
Food eles Tex ABLE CROP: a tC. Thom
ati pages, Sister, indexed,
New York, 4th edition.
oe McGraw-Hill,
he $6. Mr. Thompson has made an extensive revision a his alr ae successful book, i esearch and ex-
capita consumption, now. auatow value of vegetables, aren infor Pp!
chemicals used as pesticides.
ing and other new methods of handling vegetables a ele are discussed in the “chal apter on rketing.
This is ah excellent edition, dealing with the production and handling of vegetable ay PS : — should still be considered the
urate and a tific textbook bie on the subjec ae M. University of Const
Results of Frost BIBLIOGRAPHY ON FROST ACTION IN vee ANNOTATED, 57 _ pages. Highway Research Board, 2101 Con- stituition. Ave., Washington 25, D.C. 1948. 45¢.
Nearly 300 references are given in this annotated bibliography, which is the fant a series issued by the Highway sare Board. Several lines of ree
are given on each reference.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JoserH R. Swan, Cha: Cuastes B. Harpinc, President | FREDERICK Ss. Mosier: Jr, Vice-President ArtHur M. ANperson, Treasurer HENRY DE LA MOonrTAGNE, Secretary
Elective Managers
SHERMAN BALDWIN Mrs. Eton Huntincton crane! H. MontcomMery
hay ne BARRETT Hose ER Francis E. Pow ., Jr.
How. Sipney LANIER RS, Harotp I. Pratt
panties DP T. TBeeHieE aie Avperr D, Lasker WittiaM J. Ropsins
Henry F. pu Pont ARENCE McK. Lewis Epmunp W. SINNOTT
Rev. Rozert I. Gannon, Taonas = oe WIS CHAUNCEY Reena S.J. E. D, MER OakteicH L. TH
pills M Hae rs
WiiiaM O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York Man Moss, President of ihe Board of Education Tt Moses, Park Commissioner
ointive Managers
App 8 By the Torrey Botanical Club: Rutuerrorp Piatt. By Columbia University: Marston T, Bocert, CHArLEs W. Battarp, SAM F. TRELEASE.
THE STAFF m J. Rossins, es Sc.D. Director Hee DE LA Montacn Assistant Director H. A, Greason, Pu.D. Head Curat P. P. Prrone, ce 2 Plant Pathologist Tuomas H, Eve N. D. Horr. orticulturist . Ww. Rien Pub, ia ceres Harotp N. Mo.venxe, Px.D. Curator and Administrator of Herbariu Bassetr Macurre, Pu.D. Cur NALD Puitrp Rocers, Pu.D Cur E. J, ALExAnper, B.S. Associate Cain G. L. Wrrrrocx, A.M. Assistant Gite ¢ Education F. W. Kavanacu, Pu.D. Associate Curator of Laboratories Icor Nu s ASHESHOV, M.D. ‘acteriologist Roser’ eé Ropp, Px.D., DLC. Assistant Curato MarjorizE ANCHEL, esearch Associate ALL RT Technical Assistant ARY STEBBINS, echnical Assistant Ricuarp S. Cowan, M.S. Technical Assistant J. Worpack, B.S. HY istant EtizaseTH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. tbrarian ‘AROL H, Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal Frank C. MacKeever, B.S. Custodian of the Fah tei JosepH Monacurno, B.S. Associate Custodian of ee erbart Orro Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Haw ae Botany Etmer N, MitcHe.i “Phot tographer Bernarp QO. Doncr, Px.D. Plant paar Emeritus A. B. Stour, Pa.D. Curator Emeritus Frep J. Seaver, ene D., Sc.D. Cur ss aN iid Inez M. H Assistant Honorary Curator of Mosse. JosrPH Ee Bue Honorary Curator of the Diswmacece
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL i ooks, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Jou eae fore of the Northern United States and Can Bs, i Nathaniel
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orth American Cariceae by Kenneth K. Mack enzie, containing 539 plates
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° ij = Qa fe} ie} 5 a Sy = = Ss ios] ° o
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juest. emoirs of The New Yor Beaten perien, A collection of scientific papers, 1900-1927. Contents and prices on reques
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
JUNE 1950
In Tuts Issur:
\WDUST AS A MULCH FOR ROSES TRAINING
TRUFFLE-HOUNDS
SOME
\RNIVOROUS PLANTS
NUMEROUS NOTES ND REVIEWS
Em
PaGEs 129—152
TOL. 51 No. 606
“BROCADE OF YEZO” JAPANESE IRIS PRINT
iTS $1.50 A YEAR
ROSE-GROWERS’ DAY t
The New York Botanical Garden In co-operation with the American Rose Society JUNE 15, 1950 10:00 am. Tour of the Rose Garden led by Lambertus C. Bobbink Talks in the Museum Building on THE AMATEUR’S ROSE GARDEN
11:00 a.m. Greeting to Rose Growers William J. Robbins Director 11:05 am, “An I Peamed About Roses from THEM” F. OF. Eldred
Old Greenwich, Conn. 11:35 a.m. Question period 11:45 a.m. Experiences in a Hillside Garden G. King Scarsiale N.Y. 12:15 p.m. Question period 12:30 p.m. uae — person bringing his own) and cold drinks will be served by the Garden 2:00 p.m. Rose Varieties for the Small Home Garden Harry L. Erdman Superintendent, Hershey, Pa., fe Garden 2:30 p.m. Question period 2:40 p.m. Water Relations of Pla And Factors Adesiae Conservation of Moisture . W. Zimmerman Boy Se stn 3:10 p.m. Question period Specimen roses from commercial growers will be exhibited in the rotunda of the Museum Building. James G. Esson is in charge.
Floyd F. Eldred of Old Greenwich, Coni ‘ower who aad times h used the services of the New York Botan fal arden. o poy aduaune D ir. Charles Glen
ing, who is Professor of Chemistry at Columbia and the Scientific Director of The Nutrition Foundation, Inc., has a rose n of 340 pl: of 52 varieties on the eastern slope of acre lot in Scarsdale. ry rama long bee own er. intendent of the Ro arden at Hershey, Pa., one of the largest and finest rose garde!
Nv oF a)
rc . Dr. . Limmerm physiology of plants at the Boyce Thompson Institute for more than years. He is best known for his work on plant hormones, having been the first to publish on most of the hormones in use ain such as 2,4-D, the root-inducing hormones, and the naphthalene types which inhibit bud: a
TABLE OF CONTENTS JUNE 1950
BROCADE OF YEZO, One of a collection of hand-colored prints of
Japanese iris on exhibit during the summer in the Museum Building over SAWDUST AS A MULCH FOR ROSES Loren D. Poot 129 E TRAINING OF TRUFFLE-Docs Donald P. Rog 131 BUTTERWORTS AND BLADDERWORTS R. Eliot Staufer 133 Notices AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BooKs 145 OTES, NEws, AND COMMENT 151
. Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N. ree x ae S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January’ 28, 1936, at ane Post Office oe New Yori Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.5 Single copies
JOURNAL’
of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
Vou. 51 ‘June 1950 No. 606
Sawdust as a Mulch for Roses
By Loren D. Flood
‘HER sawdust mulches on perennial plants in the garden are nm
ial or detrimental is a question much discuss practitioners and theorists, those who use them claiming satisfactory results, while those who merely talk about them pointing to th that th C: d any similar material uses up the available nitrogen and thus deprives the plants instead of benefiting them 5 , an accomplished amateur eee of Vineland, N. J., has solved the problem for both sides by supplying additional nitrogen with his heaps of sawdust.
Using his rose pa of 200 plants as an example, he ae his com- plete procedure here. It is a method of ene which gives him long- stemmed roses in abundance all summer long, even during weeks of drought—C. H, W.
ans four years we have been using an annual sawdust mulch for pro- cting and fertilizing our roses (and other woody plants as well), and it ce given the best results of any treatment that we have ever tried— and with less rodent trouble during the winter. Fall and Winter Treatment Whe ee a sawdust mulch to our roses, we wait until after the = ae fre Then when the ground is frozen to a depth of an inch Yr so, it is an raked to remove all old leaves a might . dinesed A heavy application of an organic fertilizer (about a pound to each r bus! ee then spread around on the top of the ground — ae inches from ne stalk of the bush to about a foot and a half
129
130
Next, eno cedar and pine sawdust (old dust if possible) is heaped around each bush until it is about a foot high and tapered down to cover all of the ‘erie a couple of inches deep to the edge.
The rose bushes are cut back to about two feet so that they will not whip ee in the wind, and are watched all winter to correct any dis- turbance of the sawdust. ae Procedur
The last of aes starts the eae part of the sawdust treatment and a an eye to the weather and an ear to the radio ae decide on how
for walking on it, it is not disturbed, and by fall it has become quite cayed
Tf we can procure fresh cow manure during early Flan we fill up the spaces betwee sp rose hae sie hae this in with bonemeal and super- phosphate. I get c we use a very es application
fw ure, of eee fertilizer ea sig this in ae inches
Summer Practices
As decaying sawdust will use up most of the ni itrogen around the bush, when foliage indicates its need by looking yellowish we have given liquid nitrate of soda to the plants. ae ene we dren the foliage with iron sulphate a number of times during the
To combat blackspot we dust du fee a ear sais ane with o three materials. When there are many flowers we use Triogen or ae mixture; at other times we use Fermate.
Any one comes when July and August have arrived and the temperature is 90 or mor rain for weeks on end. en only then will the use of a sawdust mulch pay big returns ne the — sate with Eybrid Teas eat or more feet high and § that ca be cut with stems a foot or more long, and, from a use a iron decreas a more brilliant flower
A word of caution is s that the bushes must be watched to note any mis- take that you may have made. This is easily detected by watching the
e bark. e have used oak sawdust also on our Thea and Japanese persimmons with en results
em
The Training of Truffle-Dogs By Donald P. Rogers
N America se ii helen Sera al name for those connoisseurs of aaa who prefer them on a dinner plate rather than
under delicacies ered by the fungus world, the truffle. There are, however, nds
truffles in America, many ki on the West Coast, probably fewer in the of them have the ari ineffable savor as the justly praised
pee ay ones, but they are rarely found and more rarely tasted. he principal ai for this ee is the manner of collection cas
Europe truffles are ted by pigs and dogs; in aie chiefly by men;
and of the three, he ee is the least “effective, (To do full ia it should
be added that the most successful collector and greatest student of truffles
nm America is a wo: .*) When dogs have been 7 pare can be foie
in this country ce men (leaving the woman f account) would
never have uncovered them. This has been shown ae Mr. Lorenzo Robba ork City, a
him in southern New York and New Jersey. The ae here presented of the management of the cee is taken from his no Small tie Best ruffle-dog, he points out, is not a breed, any more an a sheep-dog
manele hich are apt to se are no ly to be suitable subjects for aining, but any pee dog, like a beagle, Scotch terrier, spaniel, or the Ee included by those who do not own them under the generic term of
mutt, may make a sey E truffle-dog. The uae pee he not his rating by ben ch-show standards, hae his health, sense of smell, and obedience see dogs, like some people, being too sabe to be educable). Training
ould n ot be aie nn a oe is six months old, and is most apt to be eal before the of tw
train a dog to hant ‘raffles, one must of course pila him to
truffle. Either a aa a fresh one oe do, and one can procure i ay purchase or by laborious es Sin provision “of truffles for the pupil i is apt to be expensive, either in m me, ae is eee ae in all but the last stages of training, - ee of Gorgonzola cheese. The trainer should wrap the truffle (or Gea in a piece of pete
*Dr. Helen M. Gilkey of Oregon State College.
132
cloth, allow the dog to smell it and occasionally to eat a piece, and thus commence the training of his sense of smell and his desire.
buried, in the sight of the dog, and the place ener that ae trainer xt i g
can recognize it day, after the odor has per ie the soil, the do is | the spot. This procedure should be repeated t ree times a week. When the dog finds the truffle and digs it out he is rewarded with a biscuit (not a truffle ill not at once be a fi : — planted
truffle, but in time, says Mr. Robba, he should learn to do If training is commenced in Ae une, the = should be a eae trufite. ice by Sep- mber, when truffles may be expected to appear in the w oe Tt i is of course ‘considerably easier to train a second dog, who can be worked with the first.
Patience and Punishment
As in other forms of education, patience in the trainer is of great im, ae tance. con ion of the dog will be necessary at times, but pointi the dog while pet sternly at him will contribute ie ue desired
. chi Mr. Robba emphasizes, is that he must always - pes or pola hoe will show an ue sae preference for anythi ee mi ‘abbit, pheasant, or squirrel—over a hidden truffle, tad: ane be rere punched if he abi
Until he has learned his work the dog is best kept on a fifteen-foot hea a : may be unleashed but au within about thirty feet of the hun
e dog’s eae to seek meat-on-the-hoof oe be reduced by pee raw meat and ri se ones from ae everyday die ha his zeal for truffle- hunting can be sed by feeding him ae night, except ae the
snacks ach es ee be given as a reward eS locating truffles Where and When to Hunt
The o huni truffles he woods ; in Europe oak, poplar, and willow a ae as cree ae them, and in eastern United ate oak trees probably serve best as an indication of suitable truffle 1 nd. in the est mi: ave its truffles; and it i
t t h tember ta to the middle of December (unless the soil is hard-frozen earlier). What-does one do when the dog finds a truffle? Dig it up, indicate one’s appreciation of the dog, and retain the truffle, which may be agreeably dealt with later.
3 can)
133
Butternorts and Bladderworts By R. Eliot Stauffer
HEN a dog bites a man that is barely news; but if a man should
al a dog, that would get a banner headline. Li kewise, | animals feed upon plants seems familiar and normal, but that some ee should fee is upon animals has for years caused comment upon the part of natur-
Helly carnivory is not a unique property in the plant world, even when the meaning of the term is ies to plants utilizing various mechanical snares or traps to assist in obtaining some of their nutrients. Carnivorous species are to be fo cad among the members of two sub- classes of the dicotyledons as well as among the fungi. It would seem, therefore, that the carnivorous habit has probably arisen at more than point in the evolutionary development of plants, and certain nnulanees of apparatus in widely separated families have come about through parallel evolution.
Numerous articles have appeared in the popular and scientific press on carnivory among plants. Much of the popular material has contained erron- eous statements, and in general more attention has bee 7 ted to the
ss represented by Lae pitcher plants (Sarracenia), sundews (D ea 1 Venus’ flytrap (Dionaea). Undoubtedly this 1 is a pa bene the larger size of the hac Gane parts of the members of these groups facilitates observation or detection. By contrast, a nae od deal less of a popular nature has been written about one of the most interesting groups of carnivorous jee This is the — Lente which appears to contain only carnivorous genera. Fro of view two of the most important of these are Pingu he Baiterwor, and Utricularia, the bladderwort, since both of these are native SS American
e N continent and the second, at aes is widely ae ther Habitats and Habits of Pinguicula The butterwort belongs to a genus of — ieee herbs of moist or boggy spots. The various species exhibit snares of a simple type in which the mechanical action is very sluggish. Pingu la. vulgaris, which is found in Nor i e i
such as along marly shores, embayments or in interdunal bogs along Lake Huron or other of the upper Great eae pene r likely bee for it is on rock ledges or talus slopes kept moist by seepage or by spray from waterfalls. dy records show that See grew in such a
134
location in the Genesee River gorge in Rochester, but this station has long since disappeared because of excessive collecting, or perhaps because of
the changes in environment wrought by man. According to St. ae ,_ P. vulgaris is a limestone or calciphilic species bane is found on ledges or wet limestone sea-cliffs along the north shore e St. Law spé
: ions hese cliffs seem to rest i perpetual shade, while from the heights above there trickle rivulets and streams which h combine with the sea fogs to keep the talus slopes and the
ies. °
mea mro mt (Polygonum viviparum). Occasionally, as at the foot or ae St. Anne - : : ate :
nation. Especially striking is the a almost beaded appearance of upper e j
the t le s ve rfaces, h een a first-class subject for examination with a 10- or 14-pow nagni nifier ae low-power stereobinocul. icro scope. If a ae is cx in this Toahise. it will be seen that the texture of the upper surface is sed by pies stalked, pin-headed glands, and by other seaaile aa lying nearly flush with the surface. The sed age ee glo bules of a ee ae ginous fluid which serves
e plant’s victims in much same manner as the leaf-gland
pei "7 the fe trap their ae Observations of specimens of butterwort in their native habitat, as well
that midges and pas are the chief prey. In potted specimens of the hae ow-flowered P. lutea from = coastal plain of southeastern United e found to be so attractive to aph ids. na ee he as
: eliminate hen as pests on other ie nts in the same ho Lar s of the victims were even caught on the eae as ae con oer glands. In the field it is to be aes os pollen as well as other
1 Haro t. John, “A Botanical Exploration of the North Shore of the Gulf of a Lawes Memoir 126, No. 4, Biological Series, Canada Department of Mines, ttawa, 192
pom
THE ciao ace PINGUICULA VULGARIS
This-valen eehichiw. ing i an eae al oes along Lal ake Hu uron, shows the characteristic yellow tones of the furtery-locking leaves. Photographed o1 Kodachrome, it is reproduced here in approximately natu ral size.
136
wind-blown organic debris is often caught on the leaves. If this material is in the form of large particles, the plants generally develop corroded or rotted leaves within a few days. Such damaged leaves are soon discarded
AN APHID ON A BUTTERWORT STEM
When ese ina green nhouse, butterwort plants were found to entrap all the aphids. One of these tiny pests, magnified 60 ines is shown riot the gland-tipped hairs of the flower stem of Pinguicula lutea.
137
by a plant. Similar behavior is common in other aie i carnivorous plants when an overdose of food materials is caught by a leaf.
Besides the cree or “tanglefoot” character of butterwort leaves, these
also show a certain degree of — rolling of the sess ee which i probably . some Hae in the nivor ‘ous econ . ae This action is y feeble and is far oe he Hon he eae
traps ani which the napeeeeret eee a ae (Utricularia), are equipped
Ubiquitous Utricularias
The bladderworts belong to a widely distributed genus of aquatic or terrestrial herbs containing about 250 species. According to Muenscher * the i hese U. is
0 might be mistaken for one of the water milfoils, but closer examination shows that it consists of a much- oe ed ae stem bearing peculiar organs, which resemble ona Lee or bladders with a prominent beak. The ese bladders, w: ane ually modified ie repay careful study
with magnifiers or s live ans aa a as microscope at mag- ieee varying ran 10 to 400 time
Collecting Bladderwort Specimens
n order to study the bladders effectively, it is desirable to entertain certain refinements of technique in securing samples. If a specimen of . ied is d fro watery
se is pulle its wal environment and placed in a vasculum ontainer in order to carry it home, it will be found that most or all 2 the eee 1 bladders contain bubbles of air. This artificial condi-
tion, which ca se some misunderstanding on the part of earlier students of the genus, can be circumvented by using small sample bottles to collect specimens. The plants are aie ne the bottles, which should be comple ae with water so that no air bells are paces when the cap is put
in place. In this way ane can be red in prime condition for
microscopic study. sole should ie “ken | net to derange the plant by
crowding ie much into th 1e contai . This can be accomplished by snip- i ff branche:
studying immature or young on active traps. For an examination of obtained oe the plants, older traps on portions of a specimen Bae removed from the growing points should fe selected. On U. vulgaris or
2W. C. Muenscher, “Aquatic Plants of the United States,” Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., ees N. Y., 1944.
. BLADDERWORT PLANT IN A DISH FOR OBSERVATION ceedin; s of maturity are shown on this small ares of ae flat- er hisdiesor Uiinleria intermedia, which is magnified here three tim
U. intermedia such traps will often be found to be completely clogged with the remains of trapped victim Utricularias inthe Pine Barrens
Visitors to the Pine Barren region of New Jersey lan ie summer months cannot fa a mpressed with the wealth of s of Uiri laria to be ae the: ery roadside ditch at the es es the flow ie season, Each of cee species ae special characteristics which must largel. be passed over here, but several types are worth some Ge Saree tion. For example, the evolien bladderwort, U. in is an interesting plant, which is arrayed with a star- -shaped rosette en swollen . or
139
pontoon-like structures serving to support the floral stem above the water’s surface. Attached below this rosette and sub din the shallow water is a bea:
c rapidly. The resulting seedlings form winter buds which are characteristic of the genus and allow the wintering-over of the plants. Thirty Minutes to a Vict
Another Utricularia common in shallow ponds or pools is He humped bladderwort (U. gibba). One of the finest colonies of this species ever seen by the author was growing in a small deep spring-fed oe which had
nae cultivation, and served as a very fine camera subject. The traps are vigor- ous and seem to be quite dangerous for mosquito larvae or wigglers. A count on a sal een showed 85 traps of which 46 were adult or matu ure
A MOSQUITO LARVA BEING ENGULFED
The trap of this specimen of the humped bladderwort, Utricularia gibba, magnified six times, has partially swallowed the larva of a mosquito.
140
larvae. One trap, which is illustrated here, was observed to capture a larva, become reset, and capture a second prey within thirty minutes. This i U1 e
nd larva wa ulfe partly because of the space occupied by the still ae first one. The reaction time noted for the resetting of this trap compares quite oe with some data ee by Lloyd?* for another ne U. flex
Studying the Horned Bladderwort
Perhaps the easiest of all the Shera to study under magnification is the golden horned bladderwort (U. cornuta). This species, although aquatic, grows in pea substratum provided by well compacted decay- ing peat in sphagnum bogs with a very high water table. When these bogs reach such a stage of fe aa that pias — as oo (Chamae- daphne) and blueberry cee gin wd in, the horned bladderwort retreats to the sunken or - cushe oP by animals or other agencies between the sphagnum hummocks. U. cornuta iia Aas ee ae yellow caer au of all our species, and i
e bogs ne New where it is sane eee plentiful, i
ape eae it will be ae by the thousands, its flowers formin, o patches of a mixed with the occasional pink of the grass-pink (Calopo-
gon uaa ee
Bec: ° U. a grows in wet peaty Sap hee it should be noted that | a ee tanean parts are particularly delica e and can only be
composed, plant remains. When this is done the plant will be found to consist of rhizoids with erect simple leaves and much- ene root-like appendages carrying small bladders. These bladders are of a type differing from those of U. vulgaris in that‘they are not provided a eee
e
alluring glands and the ae cells which are called by ean “bifids” and “quadrifids,” it is ee to ae higher powers giving magnifica- tions from 100 to 600 t' nuta shows only pid” cells.) Because of the a ne pile Cen ed the traps it is not easy to get a clear picture of the structure and paren of the door and valve parts of the bladders except by Soda observations on numerous specimens viewed from different positio
3F. E. Lloyd, “The Carnivorous Plants,’ Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, Mass., 1942,
eee VIEWS OF THE GOLDEN HORNED BLADDERWORT
Upp show: the bifid processes inside oe threshold of the trap. Upper sis bids 0 on ale wall of the trap. Below, a smear o! a diatom t ei as am 408 the bifids. These three piotagrathe of Dien cornuta are magnified 1
142
The preter eb of the flat-leaved nese : U. intermedia) o1 page 138, which was made of a plant growing in observation cell, is magnified two times. This picture Relies es the normal leaf-bearing branches and those branches equipped w aperete The ones portion of this plant is young and actively aie and shows traps in all stages of devel ent. One trap near the center of the sere is a placed to
ng th
to The raps to the right of the first have been
seeicnally jie noe ie surface of the water, and each contains smal] air bubbles.
Action of the Trap
Although a detailed and well documented sat account of U; aoe has been Loan by Lloyd in his monograph “The Carnivorous Plants”
a short rev the more salient features a fy trap action of members of this gen bees well be seesica here. se fran ees italien — is a discoid vesicle a few millim n diameter at the m: This
sule is atta ae at one side - a eae - a main oe OE the Bie by a shor t stem tudded with glands. At about 90° to 150° en this
some species of several tapering glandular hairs, which may be seen in the accompanying photographs of the flat- ‘leaved bladderwort. In addition, the traps are provided on the outside with gla’ Hare ee -secreting ey for sa prey, and on ue interior with culiar med ¢ four-arm Ils called “bifids” quadr oe 7 The bifid peal are particularly ‘well developed on the i inner face of the threshold. As the ee can plate shows, anthocyanin sometimes occurs in the cells of the trap. This is, however, absent from young traps and its appearance is gov a by incompletely known factors. The hue which is given by this Pigment is apparently controlled by the acidity of the substrate in which the trap lies, since the eal oe more bluish when the trap is immersed in time. -bearing tap wate
3F, E. Lloyd, “The Carnivorous Plants,” Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, Mass., 1942,
143
THE MATURE TRAP OF A BLADDERWORT nthocyanin pigment in the beak of the trap of the golden hovned bladderwor, Utricularia cornuta, is paki in onal Hae sania: magnified 50 times. is bleed is hisuiied @ rap is in water having a lime content. Only mature gees ae anthocyanin pigment.
he general action of the trap is as follows: Prey in the ae of minute crustacea, protozoa, worms, insect larvae or even very y g fish a: attracted or stray to the vicinity of the traps. In this ce es peta enticed by the secretions of the glands Gitte ng the door r By chance ae trip the trigger haa This upsets a Shae ‘alae - a in the thereby resu ae ting in the expansion of the inging in of the ee piece me oe of water, which carries aie a into the trap. door er quickly to a closed but unset positi oe even clamping around an incompletely swallowed food morsel, and the trap proceeds to eS the prey and abs nutrients from it by some oe . enzymic action. During this ue the eliminates water fro terior by a mechanism not yet clearly oe. and thereby re- Benes aa Races balance of forces of the set trap. The bifids oer appear to be associated with the digestion of the animal p
Beth
if FLAT-LEAVED BLADDERWORT THROUGH A MICROSCOPE rt left, looking into the door of the trap from below, x Below, a sectional
er view of the trap showing the trigger hairs, x 33. At the ae the interior wall of the trap showing the quadrifid processes, x
The few illustrations and the limited account given here of the features
for study and admiration by any who are willing to seek it in its watery haunts.
145
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
Flowers of the ea dee Countryside occur. This is the book’s most notable INTRODUGTION<T0. WILDFLOWEES feature. The horticultural advice, al- Richard Morse 266 pages, illustrated though ood, is inadequate fo most with color plates, photographs and draw- American gardeners, havin en written ings; oases ar vee ondon and for the British amateur, Since few of the New $5. pecies which Kingdon-Ward encountered
he is work is novel. in the wild or has recommer in his
Part One, whic! Bee most of the book are growable in the eastern United
book, provides “a ample account of the States, this work can have little practical
more intere value here, except 01 Coa!
ng ae of wildflowers.” i i f
ems to assume some ac-
lesser celandine, monkshood,
flowers, and nowhere gives anything like a key ecies, This assumption, whic ears oe ioe See States, corres: st in
There are thirty ee in the ae part, offering interesting botanical in- formation on some milies, well illustrat in col ck and
regoing 1 matter,
ee a synopsis of families, distribu ne of Bi prin a calendar of flow lis hu
ing, a guide, t of on nared books “for further Scading” and an index hich the Latin names t their places hestde the English. Over
written and attractively pro H. W. Rickert.
From the Heart of Asia RHODODENDRONS. F. Kingdon-Ward. 128 pages; 1 color plate, 2 halftones, Latimer House, Led, London Pelle- grini & Cudahy, New York, 1950. $2.50.
pleasant ua = ia celebrated
Pres hunter of
eastern Him
descriptions, in Xing n-W:
ble style, of ae Asiatic ad ar where
hundreds of of Rhododendron
the genus into severa
CLEMENT Gray Bowers. Maine, N.Y.
An Admittedly Hazardous Text
THE ute ENTS OF GENETICS. C. D. arlington & K. Mather. ane pages, figures, tables, index. acmillan, New York, 1949, $3.75,
It would be disastrous to put this stim- ulating and brilliantly written book into be
the hands of a student; it will equally unfortunate if the prejudices which the volume is sure to arouse keep it fro : close attention of scholars. In a s'
and ce che authors frankly state, ““ s of attempting : esa a ee ein ae fic
fae | been eoacily mapped ou ment... . The other is to go further and use our knowl ledge of the mapped area to fill in the empty spaces according to the — sees assumptions. The first method the second hazardous. We
ave adopted it.”
simply written, some i: the fundamental
146
ae genetics are so tellingly dia- ned in aan charts, that the book itably fall
ly fall into many innocent h nsider, for instance, the plight of an 1 intelligent eee
by a substantial n cher of progressively minded aioe “italics for highly spec-
ulative and oversial attitudes, and bright red tor
nized to be absolutely incorrect. The book bears internal evidence . having ig
which red type is already indicated.
Epcar ANDERS Missouri Botanical Garden.
Dr, Clements’ Pikes Peak And Santa Barbara Work ADAPTATION AND ORIGIN IN THE GRLD. Frederic E, Clements, V. Martin, and Francis L. Long. 332 pages, photographs and drawings by Edith S. Clements; glossary, index. Book Dept., Chronica Botanica tae Walemy Mass.; Stechert-Hafner, ork, 1980. $6.
e, which summarizes the
published mat sed investigations has Seed Boe of notes in a series of Dr. Clements’ annual reports to the Carnegie Institution °
£ Washi nee im which he claimed numerous species convergences and sev- al species Convene as a result of
e °. manipulations. The present book undoubtedly presents a fair ac- counting of the labore of these persons
and their beies assistants during the
years as well a record of Dr. Cl ents’ philosophy: of species and his belief in the c i environ to pro-
owe ver,
ither
lements was ¢
the ate rengnt Sage lo
of his time or was
e province “a this
out that the hook i is ed The Role of Environment in Evolution,” and that d of
ae ci fi entities « o
I would tee : one of those to criticize the Book Department of Chronica Bot- anica for pu bh ica co of _this controver- sial book. I think that Dr. Verdoorn : a ring a he:
sults fo bli botanists dec:
as a ae known, also, of Clausen, Keck and Hiesey at Stanford Unveni? started by Hall as a schism
Look bo Wayside FOR
HORTICULTURE’S NEWEST BEAUTIES In Wayside Gardens’ exciting talog, you will see the many wonderful vahiogs thac are happening in the world of flowers. More radi-
nteed superior qualiry items that measure up Tea Frose to the io highest standards of garden beauty and BABE RUTH
perfor Beautiful HMé ROSES
TOM piesa BABE RUTH Sparkling new hybrid tea rose whose sat- An exceptionally fine new hybrid tea
iny buds of deep cor: ral: -rose develo; slowly tose. Heavy petaled, coy Per salmon buds into exquisite, long lasting flowers. open into huge, velvety, rose-pink flowers Rugged, disease resistance plants bloom with long, rone stems and Tavis _ protusely all summer, adding sparkling age. Hardy. pop ase plants | pr ovide a color and fragrance to your garden. abundance of roses all s
New CHRYSANTHEMUMS Az CYDONIAS
shes of Rose: enchanting new Spitfire, early flowering, 7 foot high “mum” in our ‘ence collection Iridescent Shep is oe with huge, crimson flow- oe rose with aj tones, Very hardy. Magni! t for dge:
e Cac glowing Indian copper Kec hilt — rlet, vermilion bone ‘howers with, salmon shadings bloom flowers loony isin at crop time on this hoice, low growing
abundantly on vigorous 30” plant
Beautiful New CANNAS
Gone are the hard, offensive colors and smail blooms usually Eocene with cannas, Six new iybrids have enormous trusses of Epquisice in soft, “delicate pastel shades of peach, aor 08 yellow and gold. Ladividusl Torets are larger in those of exhibition gladiolus, SEND FOR THE WORLD’S FINEST HORTICULTURAL BOOK-CATALOG aluable reference book of almost 200 pages, Aya with sparkling new jewels for your garden. Hundreds of She world's finest, most worthwi sah flowers ae Jey, we a and ee trated in glorio: Helpful explicit coltural ‘dinectio i ne stem, “4 be sure you get your copy, tt is “haceisary “tbat hid enclose with your request 50¢, coin or stamps, to cover postage and handling costs.
MENTOR, OHIO
51 MENTOR AVENUE
ra Wayside 4 Gardens
CANNAS
148
from ae approach to evolutionary problems among western American plants. i m, let us debate
in
materials. An honest man’s life work eserves more than aspersions (of whic
Dr. Clements had his fu Fs share) ; g it has earned refutation, part in
who de it at least peeeere a eae a pon for
Srantey A, Cal Cranbrook Institute of Saane
Flower Details from the Masters THE RENAISSANCE PAINT! DEN. Ruth Wedgwood qounedy, gy folio illustrations, one in color: Oxford University Press, New York, 1948. $30.
The author of this luxury book is a Silesia ee It was her original
idea to giv kind of lecture to g eden is m Gales at the Toledo Museum of Art. For rpose she selected flower motifs from Italian paint- ings of th qual oe ey i tails which museum
notice. From these heannn
work which should be of great interest to en enthusiasts, and tho eciate a ee a book.
clear type ae designed ane contem- porary pages by the renowned Bruce ee
The es us a colorful account of he “Fentfcance - nd symbolism of
the Roman concept of gardens as addi- tional rooms to their villas and oe houses. Gardens He = ne ‘or flori- culture, ctr flow ceptin ibl the fone reel sant aeentign: Per rats however, were given earnest oo Hedges and lawns were in evidence and oO s S pots.
Pp.
$ ho
rative use of pant materials in land- scape, in costum r-do’s a chaplets of roses pres . Ther incidental close pe of lilies, eariations, iris, daisies, many of them’ ae shed in with “artist's license.” Per haps the most
careful pial aa is that of a lily by Leo: ardo. Kennedy suggests ‘hat Bice botanical Grawings by this master may have been among those of his lost works wl hich Were rec ne, disbursed from Orazio Melzi’s
Since the Pere show details
only, the curious minded might wish that the complete compositions had been s possibly in miniature. It is
wondered why a work
reader migh ho: and enjoy the pleasure of _ParauinE. further this fascinating subject.
Harriet K. Morse.
Landscape Design For the Small Place HOW TO BEAUTIFY AND IMPROVE YOUR HOME GROUND. Hen: 16 pages, indexed. Plans and illustra- tions by author. ed idan House, New York, 1950. $3. is book Mr. eh well known designer of gardens and writer on hor- ticultural subjects, presents with plans and sketches a series of garden designs demonstrating a complet ut for
livable part of the house a
signs structural features shelters, tool houses, etc., and emphasizes the terraced or paved living- room with its fireplac
Instruction is given as to the building oft and other ee vue e walls, pat fae “Fe ences and pools, estions are offered for fre material sible for each situatio T.
dener or rather costly to buil
ae the book does contain many fone ideas and suggestions that ould be ada: aoe ted to almost anyman’s gar ici ne
Rute N. WerzeEt, Mt. Vernon, N.Y.
149
Indoor Hobby ORCHIDS AND Adelaide, Wiloushby. TOS Paes Miles. trated, indexed. Oxford University Press, Noo “York. 1950. $3..
ceed Willoughby knows her orchids
writes Cucina’ and with err sos oo w book, “Orchids The ea She del “e
ae the Lie an fa ‘hacker ‘ound history a
well a once ty tecnuaee As succes rowing and flow Tt i
fully : Ow: low always a great plea ic scover an expert who gives time and space to the
Se iad aside from the more familiar attley: Mrs. Willoughby presents clearly and inviting the alate to” involved in grow- ing orchids from seed—potting, suitable ousing and many F Onhee angles as well.
oe will start you on a obby,
and if you ie cal eaced will lead you along in the world of orchid g’
Jean Hersey, Author of “Garden in Your Window.”
pacha Background
r Commercial Resins VEGETABLE GU AND RESINS. F. N. Howes. 188 pages, sien trated, in- dexed, Chronica Botanica Co., Wal- tham, Mass.; gucgees t-Hafner, Inc., New York, 1949. aa
Half of this volume is devoted to the gums, half to resins ane eae Bcauee S. The author has sei rdin
re
poi
largely that of the plant scien’ than that of the industrial oe ead he hi ‘o straighten out some His volume
or in economic botany. Extensive bibliographies to the ach yines | of others dealing with applications and the chemis- try of the a ms and resins is included in He volum w the Prncipal Scientific Officer of
the Royal roe vos at ante sed oo or was for! ly an economic
in Afri
C. L. MANTELL,
Consulting Chemical Engineer. r
Pacific Coast Saga
TRODDEN GLORY. Cameron Rogers.
130 pages, illustrated. Foreword by
Stanley, walker, Maye Hebberd,
Santa Barbara, Cal. 9. $2.50,
the plan the er picture aa “idle ee ie Heine of the Cali- fornia poppy. Unfortunately, we aay plays a minor role, a backdrop o on-
ally pee a By of light to he. tragic This diag of the ee ere amazing num faber of fur bea a were shamefal eee The poppy rather to own when three outstanding touaee ae. A
ine plants “of the golden poppy far and wide.
The book is written in an individual
soossosg ‘Bobbink & Atkins “'GARDEN GEMS”’
for Aas arden pray
uild y sas din,
atalog. In it are decid me il. lustrated ih color
the best of the New and
he bic and many other
gall che novel and old favorite pao Flowers and Ground Cov- ers, and a host of other rare and unusual "Garden Gems’ ; designed to help you plan and plant your garden.
Free east of the Mississippi; 35 cents elsewhere, Customers if record receive their copies automatics
isitors are alwa: dent series located about ine pat ay from "he
Tunnels i George Washington Bridge. Less + thirty minutes from central New ea
_ Bobbink & Atkins
dN
ymen
401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N. J.
iw
150
style which becomes delightful when the author explodes into wrath. An index would be most helpful, £ DorRANCE.
Rafinesque’s 10,000 ies Names INDEX AFINESQUL E. D, Merrill. 306 folio oases 5 indexed. The per Gareeias um, Jamai Plain, $10
Rafinesque oe to Merrill) pub- lished some 2,700 new generic ener 335 new subgeneric and sectiona al s, 6, be
names—a grand total of 10,635. Of these about 330 n never fea ee listed. The present to
= fly ‘isles
< s ae 8 2s a Fad a
which ebliograchic matters are deat at sides eeu fiomensleacl icon alo: of ni
an index of 52 pages
H. W, Rickert.
iene, sequence ; is provided.
Fern Manual
FIELD BO
Herbert Daand. "28 Hace “nustrated with photographs and drawings. G. Putnam's ary New York. *Retised edition 1949. $3.50.
and botanical names i ve avery brought up to aes in tae use- ful handbook of ferns whic s first has since speared
Sai volume is the first revised editio Sunday Horticulture THE WEEKEND GARDENER. Dorothy fi Jenkins: 280 ee “indexed. pine: ‘o. Inc., New York. 1950. $2.
s a clever, energetic person to S
s her own gardening this way, hen her book should provide practical advice and answers to the weekend gardener’s problem
For Budding Naturalists
KNOW THE WILD FLOW.
Stefferud. 143 pages, illustrated by Sidney H. Horn, index. - a, American. “Libary ta aaa
rature, Inc., New York. 0, 35¢.
It never seems possible to a a book for beginners ee. to the more experienced people who study it. If it serves to arouse an interest in the subject which
d observation o il wers, beginner’s book may be s havi fulfilled its purpos red Stefferud’s
all volume has this as its There re places where the text i losely
SIX-LEGGED NEIGHBORS. Bertha Morris Parker. 36 pages, illustrations by Arnold W. Ryan. pom Peterson Co., White Plains, N. 949. 4
ellent illustrations in color
a a young p
ended. A few lines of text accompany ie picture on each page.
IN WOODS AND FIELDS. Margaret Buck. 95 pages, illustrated, Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, ae oon: 1950. $3 in cloth;
aa ds, and insects, as well as
are black and white wash drawings give adequate and clear detail,
Gardening Books from England EVERY DAY IN MY GARDEN. F. Had- field Farthing. 336 pages, Viiveirated,
indexed. George Allen & eee » Ltd, London; Macmillan Co., ork,
Third edition reprinted 194 3. 1 Approximately 75,000 copies of Far- thing’s cnvey bers in my G
arden” have reached the hands of gardeners since 1929. This book combines readabili with sound gardening practice. It is prabably only in the section—the last 49 pages of the. olume—entitled “Day b Day in the Ga: ” where adjustmen have to be made for North American
practice. For example, in A vicinity of
151
New York the corms of gladioli could cerealy be planted aoe with safety on the 24th of Mar
LILIES FOR GAR GREEN- HOUSE. D. T. Mache er pages, illustrated, indexed. Deena, ore Inc., Forest Hills, N. ised edition 1947. $2,
book on lilies, which w feted in — gland, is devoted to de en of a — e number of veer
and varieties, with ie parentage of each given pee it is known. Other chapters take up planting, propagation, and eat ture of lilies outdoors and in the greenhouse.
Wildlife and Conservation Gere FARMER AND WILD) Dur- ard : Allen, 84 pages, Mitlastrated, Drawin 's by "Os car Warbach. Wild- _ Management Institute, Washington, . C. Second printing 1949. nd cE)
Cartoons a other drawings, many ‘Dhotoge seh oe tie excl for the
an = 2 rl
seedy interested, ie are the ones most likely to acquire it.
PROBLEMS IN FOREST CONSERVA-
TION AND DEVELOPMENT. 23 pages.
PROBLEMS IN LAND REHABILITA.
TION AND oor CONSERVATION. 17 : ie ry University, Emory, G:
The Sch hse! of oe Administration of Emory University has issued tas on forest and soil conservation as Nos and 3 ae its Studies in Business ae Economic:
ES
Notes, News, and Comment
ournal raced oo The current rk
Ss at the oad of May, her resignation be- 30.
coming effective June
Miss Woodward came to the Gard
with Dr. Marsha’ . How
the sole editorship upon his death. Also with Dr. Howe she did
proof-reading of Dr. “Flora of the Prairie es an tral North America,” Hendley sie rt, c North American Flor:
e ye seh the ay oe was mak~-
several parts of
form £ activite s and services. Recognizing a need, in 1932 Mis: ‘ood- ward organized a publicity program for ew otanical Garden. she was given the management of the ree Saturday afternoon lecture pro- grams, which have since more than doubled in attendance. In 3 she in- ugurated a oa f bi-weekly radio s arde c
n W. . These oS continued for four years, with a different speaker for each program.
Throughout her years the Garden,
em: ram. ence of 1941, and for some five years the mbers’ 0:
which fas ee issued anew each y since August 1940,
innovation in Pf the publica- tion oe a “hs oklet from material which lad oe in tie Journal. The suc- one, entitled “Hardy Aza- book-
=
| 4 se} fay 7
G
“Plants of the Holy uring these years Mise Woodward
has also edited Several books for pub-
ae oo ns Ass i ee for House and
Garde Flower Grow-
er, Fine pany Naniral History, and Natur e Magazine; also for the New
152
York Times, New York Herald-Tribune, aad. Ake Chechen See Monitor. Much of her writing has likewise aineated in the Journal. e ae ted ae een extensive _ book-rev: secti the magazine in 1936. About ten years ago the sale of flower poner: n the meal seum Building. This project has pra me ‘the Book erie cunt mei
she Baal
in botany an nd horticulture.
Guest Editor Appointed. Dorothy Ebel Hansell, ae of the Bulletin of the American Rock Garden S the organization’s secretary, has been appoint-
uest Editor of the Journal of the
New York Botanical Garden, to succeed Carol H. Woodward, who has peaencd as Edi
M sell has had a long career
Ran a as wae official « N.AG.
of the ea of the
pean ae a Garden Society a os
first secretary, holding that abe
ae en oven May 1942. Retinaiie aoe aes Id a gaged
Garden
She extensive writing for various honucelucal magazines, Week-end Charge for Autos. On Satur. days, Sundays, and_ holidays, beginning fee 6, automobiles are being charged a e of 25 cents at the New Yo tk Botan
cal Garden. Members, however,
may bring their cars in without cost, upon presentation of their membership at
car the gate. Entrance to the erounne i is free for all auto ae on week-day: fio
mains free to pedestrians at all ti
Club Service on Floral Flyer.
Garden clubs and other
roups wishing to use ractor train, The Floral may engage the
hoa mini- 10 to cover the cost of the
the Garden lizabeth Rath _ ae Mycological department iversity of Toronto, Michael ieee of Heb rew Univers! ity, Jer salem, and J. E. Ganeker: - Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J.
Vis Dur May et “yisitors “Incuded E asta °
the
ard of Managers. we Pr leventhh avenue a Leonard J. w York City, Board of Manage the same meeting, on May at o new Paes were elected to ae
Pee ae Allen, New k City,
ck, 74 Trinity a have "been elected to
Benes Mrs. “ohh L pe Me Tang. don S. Sim mons, and Mrs, Wallace S. ker.
Prints on Display. Japanese iris in the $
will be
Botanical Garden. The
ese ae - the variety and its
quired in Japan in — ie pictures were fakes lone ago e Cooper Uni rik ae 4 "Dec tion hy ee Rather ford Jay. The tanical Garden’
rom Cooper Uni of these colored prints in America.
ota-
_ NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JoserH R. Swan, Chairman Cartes B. Harpine, Prades FREDERICK = Mosetey, Jr., Vice-President ArrHur M. ANDERSON, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Montacne, Secretary
Elective Managers
Doucras H. Avten Rev. R. I. Gannon, S.J. Roserr H. Montcomery
SHERMAN BaLpwIN Mrs. pon Huntincton Francis E. Powe t, Jr. ILLIAM Fetton Barrett _ Hook rs, Harotp I. Pratt
Howarp BAYNE IDNEY Le WILLIAM af a
Eowin De T. BecHTEL Mrs. oa D. Lasker EpMunp W. Sinnott
Leowarn J. Buck Cia & McK. Lewis CHAUNCEY Sane
Henry F, pu Pont Trowae eee OaxteicH L. THORNE
E. D. Merritt
sails pee Wuuitam O’Dw f the City of New York rere Mon. Peat a the Board of Education Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner
Appointive Managers
'y the Torrey Botanical Club: RutHErrorp Piatr. By Columbia University: Manes TON T. Bocert, Cartes W. BaLiarp, SAM F. TRELEASE.
oo STAFF
WiuaM J. Rossins, Pa.D., Sc. Director Henry De LA MonrTAGNE Assistant Director
A. Grrason, Pu.D. Head Curator P. P. Prirong, elon Plant Pathologist THOMAS ie Pong N. D. Horr. Horticulturist H. W. Rickert, Pu aD Bibliographer Harotp N. SIDER EE ie D. Curator and Administrator of seed st
. J. ALEXANDER, B.S, Associate ee G. L. Wrrrrocx, A.M. Assistant Curator of Education F, W. Kavanacu, sai Associate Curator of Laboratories Icor NicHotas As Ba chehologit
OBERT Ee Roer, Pad, DIC. Assistant Curator Marjorie ANCHEL, Px.D. Research Associate Rosatie WE: Technical Assistant
A TEBBINS, M.A, Technical Assistant Ricuarp S. Cowan, M.S. Technical Assistant
Nn J. Wurpack, B.S. Technical Assistant ExizaBetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S Librarian
L. Woopwarp, A.B. Edit the Journal F ACKEEVER, B.S, dian of the Herbarium JosEpa Mownacuino, B.S. Associaie eclesuaes of the Herbarium Orto Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Eimer N. MitcHetn Photographer Bernarp O, Doncz, Pu.D, Plant Bea tbe Emeritus A. B. Stout, Pa. Curt ie ee de Seaver, PHD. Sc.D. Cur nay Pan op INE oe istant Honorary Cur ‘Mos Jos: ey i By Honorary Curator of ie Di aiomncege ETHEL Sapa ‘S ger, aso: renee Iris and Narcissus Ais A. C. Pra Superinte: ndent of Buildings and Gro
To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent, Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station, use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and w: east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street Station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue bus No. 41 to Bedford Park Boulevard.
Sn | 4
THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New was incorporated by a special act of the (ae of the State
of Ww in 1891. The Act of eee tion provides, among other things, for a self-perpetuating
body of incorporators, who meet annually t ect monlsan of the Board of Man sane They also elect
new members of their own body, the eae roster of which is given below
n who are elected by ie Board. By custom, they
as D. Thacher, Coat en Mrs. Guthrie Vv I
York Botanical Garden
Shaw, First Vice-Chairman Recording Secretary ; Mrs. Hugh TPES, Concanancling Secretary ; and Mrs. Junius A. Richards, Treasurer.
as re nee Dr. H. A. Gleason
Mrs. Frederick A. Godley
Mrs. Raymond M. Gunnison a
Mss We ur M. ie lerson Mrs. Montgomery B. Angell Charles B. Hardin F E. Powell, Jr. Mrs. George cae ifs Mrs. Montgomery Hare Mrs. Harold I. Prate oe eat Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Rodney Proct
. Auc Mrs. Robert C Mrs. Joseph M. Proskauer
stin Mrs. Elon rs. Henry St. C. Putnam
Mea. Elliot. oe Mrs. Glemane Houghton Mrs. Grafton H. P: Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. Roy A. Lady Ramsey Prof. L.H iley Arc Huntin ton Stanley G. Ranger Stephen Bak Mrs. J. Horton Ijams Johnston L, pas a
Mrs. O'Donnell Iselin s. John Holme Ballantine Mrs. Walter Jenni Prof. Marcus M. "Rhoades oh rles lar. Mrs. Francis K. Kernan rs. Junius A. Richards William Felton Bar Mrs. Warren Kinney Dr. William J. Robbins rs. William Fe. ic Bae Mrs. Lee uss rs. Melvin E. Sawi Howard Bayne H. R. Kunhardrt, Jr John M. Schiff Mrs. John D. Beals, Jr Sidney Lanier Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. Albert D. Lasker Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott William B. Bell Mrs. Blake L. Lawrence Mrs. Townsend Scudder Prof. Charles P. Berkey Mrs. Barent Lefferts Mrs. Samuel Seab Prof. Marston T. ae Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. John L. Senior Mrs. James le dy Mrs. Madison H. Lewis Mrs. Guthrie Shaw George P. Bret Dr. Thomas S. Lewis Mrs. Langdon S. Simons Mrs. Richard i Wolfe Brixey Mrs. William A. Lockwood Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Leonard Mrs. Ethelbert Ide Low Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mrs. Charles Burlingham ir T. MacDougal rs. Clarance Stanley harles Burlingha: Mss. J: s C. Mackenzie Mrs. Henry St Miss Mabel Choate Mrs. David Ives Mackie Edgar B. Stern iss E. Mabel Clark Mrs. James W. Maitland Chauncey Stillman ~ R. Coe Parker McCollester Mrs. Donald B. Straus Mrs. Henry S. Fenimore Cooper Miss Mildred McCormick Nathan Straus Mrs. Erastus Corning II Louis E. McFadden Mrs. Paul Sturtevant Mrs. William Redmond Cross Dr. E. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger C. Suydam Cutting Roswell Miller, Jr. Joseph R. Swan Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise S. P. Miller Mrs. Joseph R. Swan s. Thomas M. Debevoise Mrs. Harold R. Mixsell Mrs. Thomas D. Thacher Mrs. Sidney G. de Kay e M. M Mr. Oakleigh L. Thorne Edward C. Delafield H. de la Montag! Joh: Traphagen Mrs. Lyman Delano Col. Robert H. Minaeoes He Sam F. Trelease Julian F. Detmer Mrs. Robert H. Montgomery SHeSuver Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Barrington ee on a Amari ay asebeiisy Mrs. Charles Doscher Mrs. William H. Moore Manfred Wahl Mrs. Percy L. Douglas e eee ee Mrs. Walter Douglas . Morrison len Wardwell Mrs. John W. Draper Seah : Medley Ug MbG, Ulreres I, Wels H F. du Pon Mrs. Aug s G. Pain Mrs. Philip B. Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute Mrs. ah Wine ns Nelson M Lynn Farnol Rufus L. Patterson Alain C. Whi Mrs inald Fi Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. Wallace S. Whitt: Harry Harkness Flagler rs. George W. Perkins rs. Andrew Murray Williams Mrs rtime: F Mrs ae T. Peters Mrs. Nels illiat (
Childs Frick R
ev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J.
eee Phipps
John C. Wister Richardson Wright
BEI OLLP IR LLP PELL Ne eae ea
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
4) Uc 1950
ema In Tuts Issur:
THE SEARCH FOR THE DOVE TREE
SOME ASPECTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN — also —
ITS INTEREST IN TROPICAL AMERICA
Y AMATEUR ROSARIAN’S
RING FESTIVAL — 1950
A TRIBUTE TO IN HENDLEY BARNHART
REVIEWS AND NEWS
Em
THE CHINESE FRINGE TREE in full bloom at The New York Botanical Garden
Paces 153—180 VoL. 51 No. 607
:NTS $1.50 A YEAR
THE CHINESE FRINGE TREE
e magnificent specimen of the Chinese ean tree, Chionanthus retusa, appeari i at t Yo
our cover illustration, was in full bloom k Botanical Garden duri ve ; t is one of the most nen a of all t all flowering trees. From a distance, the gently arching branches look like snowy white ostrich plumes, so
snowy dense are the lacy panicles of flowers. Closer examination reveals that each flower is com- i petals
yh ago—
the Chinese tae tree hs a much more shapely form of growth and is more doileos than its little known relative, the American fringe tree, Chionanthus virginica. The flowers of the latter are greenish white and, therefore, not as distinctly showy as those of C. retusa.
EC
A REMINDER—that throughout the year the keen plantsman, amateur or professional, will always find something of interest at the New York Botanical Garden
Le
TABLE OF CONTENTS
e REE GROWS IN YONKERS” Everett 153 THe New York BoTANIcAL GARDEN Willien i "Robbins 158 THe New York BoTANICAL GARDEN and E hae OF TROPICAL AMERICA H. A. Gleason 162 Dp ABOUT i From THEM” Floyd F. Eldred 165 SPRING cea MA JoHN HENDLEY en cei Appreciation H. A, Gleason 173 REPORT FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA REVIEWS OF RECEN 176 s, NEWs, AND COMMENT 179
The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. Frinted in ve S. A. Entered as Second anes Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at ney york , N. Y,, under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies 15 ca
JOURNAL
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
DorotHuy Ese. HANSELL, Editor
Vou. 51 Jury 1950 No. 607
‘cA Tree Grows in Yonkers”
Davidia involucrata, which initiated E. H. Wilson in plant exploration, is represented by a superb specimen in Westchester County, New Yor. T. H. Everett a ae surely - sas a ee largest and most perfect dove trees the 11 United St is flourishing in Yonkers, N. Y. It measures fully ce feet high aa a a spread at ea equalling its height.
It is located on a piece of privately ow. wed ane just of the spot where “Greystone”, the mansion of the late Samuel oe stood on the same side of North Broadway ee not mi ae inside
oper came upon this tree by chance on Memorial Day. it was in full bloom. A ae ae caused the thousands of pure white “doves” that depended f s branches to flutter gaily — and the sight beeen ae memories. Ir calle d the first time that I saw Davidia involucrata in blo
Ss a more descriptive name than “dove tree” for, from a ye ae it is not difficult to imagine the snowy ae ts to be dainty bits of mbric. I have never been able to see that they bear any nie strong reselanc to dov
I thought also of another Memorial Da ay, eee -two _ ago, when
s , Qa 8 n ia) 3 ® s <3 a BR ct =e Ss a nw
the late E. H. Wilson first saw ie tree in aloo in America and of it wrote, oe vase Se sight and one for which I had waited twenty- eight yea
I ee upon how much we owe indirectly to the dove tree and how much poorer our erie ee na eae Mass it not for it. Gardeners who have never the dove no — - : nec! have brighter and more satisfactory pe aes of For it was the dove tree that launched E. H. Wilson on is erceren career as a plant aan ity endeavor that gave us the regal lily, the
153
156
before and the trunk and branches formed the beams and posts of the house.” Wilson further records simply, “I did not sleep during the a of April 25, 1900. the first of May Wilson was back in Ichang. He had sa up his me to set out the following winter to the region, a thousand miles away, where Father David had found his dove trees in 1869, and a start fresh search. In the ign he would collect se ote seg a could in western Hupeh. Imagine his joy when bot som
— but he says that from the entire hundred he was not able in 1901 to gather a fond d seeds, and that never in all his saben Gate to China did he see the dove tree fruit as profusely as it did in
considering the specimen of the dove tree ving in Yonkers
d : :
Moupine are worth repeating for the aay of the cultivator. Moupine itself is at an elevation of 7,100 feet — it is surrounded by
is always fully charged ah moisture. D. vidio grows in partial shade ition in full sun
ep, a es es not dry out excessively during the summer. Propagation has been cted by means of seeds, oe and layers, with seeds probably ee the most satisfactory tree
157
Botanically the dove tree is related to our native tupelo and to the dogwoods, but i in its general landscape value it has much more the quality
xcept by specimen in a culti ne landscape rather than an associate of the woodlanders in a natural landscape. One factor to ae ep in mind, however, - a we Beads nee. nee hie ae eee after rain, _ odor an odor eads any great distance — ba trv it is no’ ae e to . see : the dining room ie the sitting out ee or porch. eS can be clearly seen in the photograph, the showy part of the ‘ SS like that of our native flowering dogwood, consists of bracts. In the ¢
Davidia involucrata, fully thirty feet high and with equal spread, as it appeared on Memorial Day, May 30, 1950, in Yonkers, New York.
158
of the dove tree, these number two (or occasionally three) and are of unequal size. The larger may measure nearly six inches long and half as wide and the smaller bract is about half as big as the larger.
rom 1869 to 1950 is but a long lifetime. Yet she ioe span our entire knowledge of this curious native of mountainous w n China h been gained iving specir
arden be ae ible 2 pee eee eeeees China on such peaceable missions?
eFC
The New York Botanical Garden * William J. Robbins, Director
T HE Act of Incorporation of the New York Botanical Garden Tea passed by the Legislature of the State of New York i nea a body corporate, by name, The New York Botanical Garden, o be fe in the City of New York for the ale of our - a maintaining a Garden and Museum and Arboretum therein and elsewhere, within or eaten the State of New rk, pe the eileaen ne ine of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the ane of botanical science and knowl- edge, and the prosecution Hee nal ee therein, and in kindred subjects, a affording cee He n the , for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and nines fee Iture and gardening, and for the ti recreation and instruction of the peo: ae ' The late Colonel J. E. Spingarn, notable horticulturist and public figure, and for many years a member of the Board of Managers, once said that anic
general major objectives. One purpose is that the Garden should be a place of pleasant resort for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the
*Excerpts from the talk Dr. Robbins made at the Annual Meeting of the Board of Manacsrs and Members of the Corporation on May 10, 1950.
159
general public. The other states that it should be an institution to preserve,
disseminate an them and m
Most t you, too, think only of
d extend our knowledge about plants, and our ability to grow ake use of them.
visitors to the New York Botanical Garden, and perhaps many of th the first of these. This is not surprising, for w
A
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THE
yi
LIBRARY NEW YORK
BOTANICAL Ne \ orm
Y
TZ
OF
GARDEN
a
Bookplate especially designed for the bequest of approximately 300 books from f
Mrs. Robert H. Fife, incorporating Mrs. Fife’
own bookplate as the center and border from the bookplate of the Library of the New York Botanical Garden.
have here, in 230 acres, one of the most lovely sections of New York City. More than 12,000 species of plants grow in our greenhouses and on our g
meern. Th
lly our c ew Y educational institu
rounds. The second of the major purposes of the New York Botanical G: is equall ? N ork Botanical Garden is a scientific and tion and has been since its origin, though its activities in
arden scientific
160
this ae are less generally known than its function as a place of public The ne York Botanical Garden has one of the best and most effective libraries devoted to botany and horticulture. bound volum mes and many thousand unbound volumes and
During the last year there have been added to the ae 2s bequest, the botanical and sere books from the library o Robert H. Fife, and that of Mrs. Sarah V Coombs, and from the fee of Mrs
, Mrs. Amy Spingarn, Mrs. T. A. Havemeyer, Miss Mabel Choate, “Miss Ha: rriet rae Britton your association with the New York Botanical Garden, you are
participating in a program of een Heme is concerned with the study of the fun growth, with special reference to the
ee supported in part by the t tumors which
an volved in an extensive ee suppo rted by the National Infantile Paralysis Foundation, on a study virus inhibitors. Diseases caused by viruses are common and serious ie plants and animals. The viruses with which Dr. Asheshov and his asso- ciates are working are those which attack bacteria; they are known t nically as Sei es Dr. heshi as discovered chemical substances wa prevent the bacterial viruses overcoming and destroying the ee we recogn ize that it is a lon y fr the virus disease of tnfantile eae and we are not so ee olhardy as to believe that our research ae turn up the substance ieee in controlling poliomyelitis. We think it is possible that our study may disclose new owle viruses — ich may open fresh inforation aiding in under: standing the polio virus and other virus dis We that out of hese efforts, and those of many others in ee eee ns, there ma eventually come a discovery by someone which will block the activity a the polio virus e have had a program aided by the financial assistance
ce of Dr. Fri oe Kavanagh, Dr. Annette Hervey, Dr. Marjorie Anchel aa aihece. has Se in the discovery, isolation and study of ten new antibacterial substan
study of antibacterial agents, substances similar to but erent fro his pr i i
2 oO 2 is) 5 fe c = Be 3 jon o to} 2 > oO on) wa a wn 2
to ane none of these shows therapeutic promise, They are active in a test tube but inactive in an animal, or too poisonous to be used in
161
mal. Nevertheless, our studies have contributed to this important feld and we hope to be able to continue our investigations on new sub- stances of this t
e also conduct investigations on nutrition, not the nutrition of animals but the nutrition of lower plants. We investigate substances which are
may seem, there are simple plants which will not grow a they are supplied with minute quantities of this anti-anemia vitam One of the miscroscopic ale plants which cae vitamin By, is called Euglena gracili is. Eugi s first observed by the great Dutch- man Leuwenhoek in 1674 in pee ‘whic ie ee from ae lake in Holland, called the Berklese Meer. Leuwenhoek ribed Euglena in a ee he wrote to Henry Ones Sn of ne Royal Society of Lon Others, inctuding Harris of England in 1696 and later Joseph Priestly,
1838 Ehrenberg described and aay in a folio volume, which is in our brat, eleven species of Euglena. 1883 Klebs, one of the e greatest of German botanists, recognized thi eee species and eleven varieties ook ee fifty species of this microscopic plant and many varieties are known to occur. a grows in hog wallows, ponds and other quiet bits of more or wat
been said to have been the cause for the red color of the Nile a as reported in ee Book Ir, Chapter 7.
In the 250 years since Leuwenhoek ae Euglena under his microscope,
a goo “a many men have spent a good deal of time and effort pipes information about a small group of plants which were of no ap importance.
ne can never eee however, when information which is oS
useless may bec of value, because within the last year it was found that Pagers gracilis will not grow ie it is “ee wi ith a minute amount of the anti-anemia vitamin, vitamin B,,
Euglena serves as a tool for detec and measuring the amount of this important vitamin. By the aes ‘of this minute plant, we can learn
162
where this vitamin originates in nature, what other ries has besides Euglena at one end of the evolutionary sequence and m the other require it, how really functions in the body, and mu ae more aed information. The New York Botanical Garden from the very beginning of its organ- ization has been concerned with oe as much as possible about the m
earth’s plant resources, especially of Pan-America, North America, Sout gee ny he C Many a of this staff, beginning with th director, have explored tropical America, studied
Dr. on, the first
the ae there and reported their results for the information and guid- ance of others. Dr. nf A. Gleason, Head Curator, of the New York Botanical Garden, will tell you something about the past and the present interests of the New York Botanical Garden in tropical America.
The New York Botanical Garden
an The Plants of Tropical -America
H. A, Gleason
SHOULD not be exaggerating if I told you that the first inspiration
teenth century scarcely any b a bias the United States had visited
the tropics. They had learned a t deal about the plants of North
America and re task had been fae to keep them busy. In 1885 Dr.
Henry H. Rusby, later curator of our economic collections, made his first : km :
Britton could n e those plants = Bolivia. He had no personal knowledge of eee ae he had very few Lets in the herbarium at Columbia with which he might com aan the a had very few books in the libraries from which he might learn coe the All previous wor! on the ae of South America had been be in Europe and all Britton ould do was to take the specimens and go to Eur. While worene oa them at the Royal Lie e ae at Kew, just side of London, he and Mrs. Britton decided that there pe bea anit
163
« Botanical Garden was organized, Britton became its
Bet cee Aes we are all ae of it today. chose as a task for the new es ea the thorough pean of fe hat life of North Aen including Mexico, Ca ntral America, a e West Indies. For his own personal Ae in, the program he took
ge ee in the United States. In due time their dream came ue, the New
for some ae years. han forty expeditions from this Garden rom Jamaica and Cuba at ne west
slands as far until he had built « up i ee the finest the most comprehensive collection of West Indian plants in the
[7 2 ~ “< o 2 4 le} i= 4 fa) g. r ° ine -o o a or o =
"accamaation of epee pe eee material is not our only func- tion, how We make ou owledge easily available to others by publication. Our West "Indian a resulted, during the thirty years of
of Be ae and the Flora of Puerto Rico. A monumental Fl Cuba was ued completed Beto Britton retired in 1930, and a Flora of Trini- dad, in cooperation with the British, had been cee All of this work
ee in 1930 and for the last twenty years we have done very little more on the plant life of the West Indies.
Britton had his troubles, of course, in studying the plants of the West Indies. These plants are often closely similar to those of en rie America, and it was often difficult to decide whether or not a Wes plant, growing in Grenada or St. Kitts or some other island, was a he ae as one growing in Surinam or Venezuela. It became ea for add le South America to our field of activity. It was far too ae for us to undertake alone, and in 1917 Britton ce a corres aoa with the ] ational Herbarium at Washington and the Gray Her. barium of Harvard University.
e same erouene faced us as had faced Britton in 1886. American institutions still had very few plants from tropical South America in their collections. eae a few American botanists ever hee plants there. The great majority of the collections were i . We Americans had to start at the bottom and work up, ie as Lae had done ee years before in the West Indies. I came to the Botanical Garden in 1919 and the South aie work was Saree assigned to me. I was appalled. t was a task for a Hercules, not for a poor botanist who had never even seen ee an But I pitched in and for twenty years all my
k obviously consisted of two parts, the first to poe rageds at cl ea of plants, the second to develop men with knowledge t the plants, and the two had to go on simultaneously. Collecting ene in 1917,
164
when in of our staff, and the veteran Rusby spent several months in Colombia. It has continued ever since With every ae ion into Sout ame our a ot in siz
and scope and now are far ae a . of Europe. We lack only oe earliest ae made ntu o by Eur en botanists and preserved in Eur eee nations ony, ant these are often of a a
torical ale We hav n been able up some of these by bargains. In 1930 we ee ae an University in England mi more than three th sea plants collected by Richard Spruce, one of th botanists along the upper Amazon and its tributaries. Just last week we received on Switcerland more than seven thousand specimens, represent- ing one of the basic collections in Paraguay.
do not mean to convey the idea that our Rca Garden is ahead
every one else in ae study of Latin American botany. South America 1s too large and the funds of ev nk rey tein are too limited to get a monopoly. B : T m proud to say that we at this Garden have in our collections a Ber es of the bate of French Guiana second only to that at Paris; of the h colony of Surinam second o that at Utrecht in Holland; of Venezuela and Colombia second only to that of the tional Herbarium at Washington; of Bolivia, d Britis Guiana, and those strange mountains of southern Venezuela probably sec- ond to none; of Amazonian Brazil we have a splendid collection but I can
across Venezuela and re-appear to the east in aes ulana pee even in Surinam, while other outliers rise above the plains of ¢ n Colombia. They are poorly known geograp waeee poe, a ore lly. In
fact, they are ne least known part of all the western ete It is the area in which Conan Doyle lo nee i: story, “The Lost World”, and he could not have chosen a better place.
The first two or three contacts aie these mountains were at the famous oe Roraima, and we have some of the plants collected then. Roraima has since been visited by the es Ule, and we have many of his collec- tons, eon till later by Tate and Pinkus and we fae all those plants.
the ascent of the fabulous Mount Duida by Tate, and we have a i a peters A few years later Tate ae oe an-tepui, ee for the highest waterfall in the world, dropping vertical sides aus e have that cles ge came Maguire’s tion to Sipa d Marah huaca and, o we have those plants. You should see a ot the beautiful Re oP tse mountains which bloom
(Continued on page 169)
165
An’ I Learned cAbout Roses From Them” By Floyd F. Eldred
T HRIVING roses mean a continuous battle aoe disease and pests — some much more serious than others — and this battle involves spray- ae or harieks Recah to whichever poe ve ce The pros and con nethods of application are I prefer spraying on the ‘hey ata rey with a good sp eve in it, gives more thorough protecti the surface of the leaves than particles of dust.
Sprayi ae oe is probably the most important a factor of rose culture. I shall admit oe in my neophite years, I was inclined to think its sap ee daa! was emphasized and that so much nee r dusting
the “perfection oe s S ideal” rather than a matter of practical payee ae when I learned from ee Rose a articles and oth sources that foliage wet for six hours or mor pplied fa vorable
2
the leaves are growing fast and the weather is rainy — even more often. In eadnee dry spells — less often. I do try to get it in ahead of rain, if ae in order to give the foliage protection during the coming wet
c y nothing is more ee ae = oo. of a bush more ai, ee eae the value of o other efforts more completely, than a good dose of black An di a this ciate with high humidity much of the season (o fee i. a -Jun mid-September), black spot, as far as I am concerned, is Public eae Number One! However, the spray program which I ie followed has kept my garden virtually free from black spot for the last few years
e Jean Soupert
s rated among the “finest”. This very fragrant yellow e
= this year by Bobbi ene Rutherford, ca Jer:
166
The clean healthy foliage and beautiful flower of rose Pink
the rose garden of the New York Botanical Garden
I mix my own spray. This is, of course, somewhat less expen-
s of DDT, I use Hexatox once or twice as a protection against red spider mite which often increases after using DDT. My basis spray follows: Two Gallons General Spray (sufficient for fifty to sixty bushes)
Fermate 2 rece — level :
Sulphur 3 tablespoons — rounded } rey
DDT Warees a Chars lev -
ease sulphate 2 teaspoons (only when aphids are present) Dupont sp: ae 10t to 15 drops (add ee wile stirring
If ae use pilin you know that it goes into solution very slowly. Watch e day, my wife said, “Why don’t you mix it with the ae pen That's the sort of sis I S, when I’m cooking.” I took her advice and it worked like arm !
I must admit that I have had mre success against Japanese beetles. “They” say that DDT is effective, but I am unable to confirm this and
i after sp
y reaso S be midge, though I am not sure this diagnosis is correct. In fact, I am not. positive that I have ever seen a midge. The damage fits the eee tion of their damage, namely, a “blasting” of the al or “bud” s
167
When the tip of the shoot, which will produce the
it is very small. d shrivels.
hid | is anywhere from % to % inch long, rns bri This means that the plant has to produce another lateral before that bud can be replaced. If there is a great deal damage, the bush will
pear thick with foliage but have very few buds. examination, it ae be found that this thick foliage consists of a large number of short shoots which have been “blasted” —- with the result that many new ee are started. T have santas ee of this damage to several of “them” ae for various sons, ring positive identification of the cause. = the cei that if it is not midge, then it must be hatever it i it in ae seas
I have ha other serious p ars. Again through
ignorance, it was well — aed ane 1 sare ie T had a problem.
refer to brown or “stem” canker which is a fungus disease of t in damp w
the canker spreads, ao slows down, the color fades ae te ‘oliage finaly ea and d i 1 — this time to my ee Dr. P always been more than ae and generous. He
ie prescribed an amazingly simple rem ie be
quickly diagnosed the troub on.”
le os et ha all = ieee es, at least an inch below the infec Sim of my uses, Lea ee treatment ae it ua ee a ee - all! re I cut th s back until the and alive. The pit! ae a cane ee nish color. ould be Rea disposed of. Id li be fee to a so 7 cia ed Sy signs of canker with
the fact remains that I still had quite a little of it this nee ee on it was ae less serious and, b only a few of the bushes showed the effects of the severe pruning. I h the effects will be still less this year for the en to cut out strong, heavy canes does take its f growth and bloo
ne the last rose has finally come and gone a Thanksgiving Day
rolls around, it’s time to put the rose garden aie for the winter. I have ion — the need to bring in soil from out-
side the garden for hilling up around the bushes —— then to get salt hay T the canes. yal
or marsh grass, to cov i es. “They” all warned against the use of leaves which hold moisture and invite mole ome advocated enclosures for each bush, such as peach baskets with bottoms out, or
chicken wire around each bush or bed, to retain the winter covering. One
168
“them” even lead ae up all of his 200 or 300 ae - rying them in a trenc winter and replanting them in the ! Well, this is eee I Bias company with some of ae ee a no soil to bring into the garden, I didn’t even know what salt hay or marsh grass was as ha ae no plage to keep it — and even if I had had the energy, t and money for that last operation, I wouldn’t have done it. It ee ‘ me at uprooting ae every fall eae not help but be a serious setback. So, I hill up all I can with the soil from between se ws, and then partly fill this fears with well rotted cow manure. Nex I shorten the taller canes, or any damaged and diseased ones, but ie wise do not prune until spring
For several years, when the Sate was smaller, I covered the beds with ae hee which my neighbors donated. Then, for a couple of years bee , I gota — load of trees from eae who them left o Ck hristm. How: it was a chore to locate the trees,
ever,
get hee Piel on ie em on the beds and, in a aa ae them
off and eo of them. Also, I sae not ae wondering whether there
was any relat n between these trees and my canker troubles, despite the assurance i tree experts that ne was unlike ly.
Last year I omitted trees or any other form of covering. Probably I
feet above igh tide) we have relatively few days where the iar eda a zero, with the coldest days of the winter being
Well, this is the story ae rose growing! Perhaps I should end it the way Kipling does his poe
“So be warned by my lot, which I know you will not, Aw learn about roses from the
The above is based upon Mr. Eldred’s Benin and eS in his rose garden at Old Greenwich, Conn., as related to the mbers of the New York Botanical Garden, of re American Rose ee iety and other visitors attending Rose-Growers’ Day at the Garden on J 5.
une 1
ort of Rose-Growers’ Day and excerpts from the talks by Dr. Char ae King. Professor . Chemistry at Columbia eae an immerman, of yce Thompson Institute, will appear
in the peo issue of the Pe of the New York Botanical Garden.
169
The New York Botanical Garden and the Plants of Tropical America (Continued from page 164)
for us from ba to time, most of them without names, unknown to science, and all sent . aca Dr. Bassett Maguire from his expeditions.
A hundr ae nd fi s ago, European botanists knew more about the anes of ae nee See than we did. A hundred knew more about the plants of Canada than the Canadians. Fifty years ago, they knew more about the plants of Latin America than we Americans knew. Now that is all chang: Americans, North Americans and South
Du he past thirty years or less have developed in th ite ates a dozen or twenty persons who are now the international a on particular groups of plants. Three, possibly four, of them
eric of the reputation of these men, the
most importa nt existing ieee of half a dozen groups of plants are house - in this buildin
We still more such concentrated knowledge in this country. should hie a great body of knowledge constantly on tap, constantly ok for use whenever an emergency arises. And if we do plan for such an increase in knowledge, the New York Botanical Garden must be included in the sek
Dr. on, for many years a director of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard Cae ity, had a favorite motto which I have often heard him repeat: “Strengthen the strong.” To strengthen ourselves in the strong position which we now occupy and have occupied for fifty years in the anes of oO es life of Latin a sea we need more money for exploration, more money for trained botanists to evaluate the results of the exploration, more pees to publish ie results of their study for the ultimate benefit of mankind.
=e
es — — Bay 1950
eae DS of spectators milled around the New York Botanical
ae eee the five days of the Spring Festival, May 10
entranced by the unusual fruits and exotic plants flown in from Pan- rar
the beautiful rock garden, the gay and colorful tulip plantings. They were keenly interested in the events which had been erctully Stunned for their enjoyment and ea
170
Mr. Charles B. Harding, hese stated at the annual meeting of d Members of
three reasons, one of them being to give pleasure and en Wate to ‘ople — millions of them — from New York and surrounding c munities. The ese Ae the enjyient of the ae c are, he oo ae physical — the gre uses, the rock garden, the hemlock grove, the ene: of pere oa pose bulbs and not sab fone collections, uch as the azaleas from Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, the conifers from Col. oie H. Moacene the lilacs from Mrs. oe A. ee
rose garden, presented by Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, and the sitting area in the same garden presented by Mr. Henry F. du Pont.
The other two reasons for the existence of the Botanical Garden are to explore and search for knowledge in the plant kingdom and to spread that knowledge through education. In bo : these pee of action, Mr. Harding reported ae satisfactory progress had been made.
Lest anyone labor under the slightest eee ORT that the Botanical Garden, while as ae . balanced budget a hawt oS does not need mo Harding made known e Garden definitely needs money. oe ae to ae . oe ns a for which money is needed in the following order of priority:
To put the slr of that portion of ie staff not paid by the city ona basis sees that paid by similar institutions ; to reestablish curator- fe whict oes been abandon or, lack of money; to provide for ad-
TS
uri omp the ae rebuild the perennial border, improve oe Hee Saeney hold poy ions in the greenhouse.
ee Harding ended his report with the announcement that in eee tion with the City of New York some very necessary repairs will be
made to the museum building and the library will undergo a re modernization.
The remarks of Dr. William J. Robbins, Director, appear in part on
h was Garden Club, Day and i ° the federated garden clubs from the states of New a. tk, New Jersey and Connecticut, the Garden Club of America, and t! en’s Garden Club ae ded. Mrs. Hermann G. Place, President of a ae Club of America, was hon- ored at peas
171
Dr. Robbins, in addressing the garden clubs, said in part: “In Oc eu 1948, a capital fund was established by the Board of Managers know as the Special apie Club Fund, the income of which is to be used |)
to provide for lectures and instruction in the field of botany and horti-
“The income from this fund was used in the first year to support a student ee Aaa in our program of abit research. The second ear the s devoted to supportin, ie expedition by Kingdon oe ee the Bena India border. This year we are utilizing the in-
ome to assist tudy of the _genus ‘Strophonthes the plant from whieh a prec oft ti has been obtained.”
In appr: she of . gift of tulips from the Associated Bulb Growers
Holland in 1949, May 12 was designated as Netherlands Day. The Nelo ae ociety arranged an exhibit of specimen tulips in the museum buildin,
That ene Dr. Willem Cnoop-Koopmans, Consul General of the Netherlands, presented to the Garden, on behalf of the Associated Bulb Growers of Holland, “Drie Eeuwen aera i De Geschiedenis van den Bloembollenhandel en der Hollandsche Bloembollen tot 1938” by E. are published in S’-Gravenhage in 1946, This is a com-
s rated of the Dutch flower bulb t ae written by the y Chairman of
Brooks, of the Nature peg toma of the Board of Education of the City of New York, and T. H. Evere Pease aan ai the Garden. Mr. Everett delighted - young tee ners with a humorous talk on how to plant a tulip bulb. Mr. Wittr ock palo " the audience ae sae
( representatives from each shoal received certificates, to be re-
deemed at a specified date, for two potsful of tulips in flower for their classrooms. This arrangement was made possible by the generosity of the Associated Bulb Growers of Ho a nd.
*See the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for February 1950.
172
Thus, in a way in which they could understand and appreciate, were the children shown all that the a os en has to offer them n and as they advance in years and know
In the aca of a student of Public School 73, the Bronx: “Not only did we enjoy the trip to the New York oe ed becatise we had a holiday from school, but paar we have r before seen such strange and oe kinds of plants and flow Speeches, which we usually find borin ere made eens ee eee We are all greatly indebted to oe Aon made the magnificent tour of our Botanical G :
le.”
“While the Earth Remaineth”, a motion picture in color, and square dancing aa many residents from the Bronx and nei ghboring boroughs together on Neighborhood Day, May 13. The program on the last day of the Spring Festival, Sunday, May 14, provided special ceremon ies with
1,000 school children sang “The Star Spangled Banner” in front of the Administra- tion Building of the New York Botanical Garden during the Spring Festival.
173
Jobn Hendley Barnhart . An Appreciation By H. A. Gleason
F the present staff at the New York Botanical Garden, no one had known John Hendley ee former Bibliographer, as long as Dr. Gleason, who has Pipes ed the following tribute to his career.
An earlier note and appreciation of Dr. Barnhart’s 39 years at the Garden appeared in the Jouraalt or February 1942, one month after he retired with the et a har ara Emeritus.
Dr. ied at his home at Southampton, N. Y., Nov. 11, 1949, at the oe a
mplete account of Dr. Barnhart’s career, with a list of his publications, has bee” eepared by his successor as Bibliographer of the New York ier cal Garden, W. Ri a tt, ot ay-June issue of the Bullet: the Torrey bonnie Club.—c, H. v
HE hundreds of botanists who from time to time turned to Dr. John ndley rcek for botanical information appreciate i he was a of remarkable ability in unusual directions, but none has had a better eportnity to eeneed the fact than his colleagues at the New Yor a cal Garden ee nhart sta rted He career es a medical degree from Columbia, but ve never practiced medicine. He was from ear ly m: manhood inte rested in
memory he never forgot a bladderwort, but he gave less and less time to the group ia more time to his bio ele and bibliographic work. He knew what n the large library of the New York Botanical
t: Garden as oa as «did the catalog itself and, what was often more important, what was not in it. In the latter case he knew just where the book could be consulted in some other library. Actual dates of publication ae often important in taxonomic research and scores of our books bear a te by Barnhart aa in some way the date on the title page. This eee could b ed i: writing, but in addition he often knew all the se nse aed with the publication through hina the date was incorrectly stated. How he learned them will never be kno His cata ae botanists is another remarkable achievement. io books d ete s of . sorts, ann membership lists in societies, from various other sources, he secured the name of every eee t possible, and from all sorts of bibliogr: he histories, obituaries, and t e lik and from exten- sive personal correspondence, he added the dates 2 birth and death. In later years this catalog oe almost an obsession. He was never satisfied
174
until he had dates, places, and full names for every eae and he went to any length to get them, even resorting to wiles and strategy with some
of the mane members of the profession. Up to pos sibly ae years ago his list was ase complet for the America: sand for much of Europe, ere not only 0 hi a. written on asi s but also those who he eee clei ae yee to say, such a catalog is invaluable to
yon ned with botanists or he history of bot
Th his nee years, Barnhart was never nee ted in identify! nga ae
unless it was one which had already baffled every member of the
he Ame ests, and it may os generally known that he, more than any other person, was chiely ‘sesponsibl ee it. Althe ough this Co de was bitterly opposed by many, e nchest enemies had ito admit its precision ‘s based
dated all homonyms and stabilized the fixity of application of botanical names to a degree far super ior to the current Internat ional Code. Several
d by every conscientious taxonomist, was also largely the product of Perens s fertile bra By the rere of Dr. Barnhart (first due to failing health and later to retirement), and recently by his death, botany has lost a man of unusual talents and great usefulness.
a rof. Dr. Vladimir Krajina is duri Report from Czechoslovakia the ‘occupation the head of the" fare i. . Czech patgtie mov vement; at first he lived eee trend of science in ae parts of in Prague and when Gestapo persecuted his ral Europe is shown a long- colleagues R “he cecpee into the region o esl aj, where he was arrested an delayed ‘yolume of tena, publication of then put in prison. After the revolution in tanical Society, which May 1945 he was elected a Member of has reached the desk of Dr. H. A. Parliament of the Czechoslovakian Republic. Gleason at the New York Botanic al Gar- In the list of Czechos ie penne
den. The volume, published | in Prague in . 1948, is numbered XXII-XXIIr, 1943- Dr. VE dimirKeajna is des 1947, ief of the eee After the book was prepared, events in for _Geobotany of the Botanical Institute hoslovakia, and with them official oe ree University, with an en in rd. i
opinions, took a left-about-face, Accord- momy, especially the flora o gly, e formerly respected members esovaa nd of Sai a ch Ielands ie ty were expelled, and a state- meant Haw
this p p- : pears osite. Meanwhile, however, the credit during each of the war years, is Serine Precords of ee men were in ae as especially interested i in the plants print. For example f Czechoslovakia, in the protection of
175
government office, was ies
Dy Viadimir Kra ajina, selena! professor of cnetioe re Charles University, according to the investigation during
Czechoslovak Botanical Society, Bendtsk& 2, Praha M, CSR.
eek! the printing of our peerict »PRESLI A« (vol. XXIU—XXIII_.), it took place — chang’ aus with the text of this boo
ging, which are in
of of the ,
and was giving to th ms about ae National revolt of Czecho- ans. thi ason man
the peat reais = the spy-head-quater of foreinger gov ke ve Ther
efo ae he was
Czechoslovak Botani
Charles cal ay ea ‘by the
ay Pu
Praha, Ni ovember 1948.
nature, and in systematic botany, especi-
ally Rubus.
Dr, o was once Direc- tor of the nic irc en at Pie was at the ti
me of mie expulsion Vege at Cha ay University, interested in system-
i condemn oe o the forced labour, degree of serenn of Charles University and expelled fan the
ity, becau: e leader Hales eniend students and propagated the fascistic ideas be- tion.
degraded
ical Society. Te es oe rel Domin, formely professor of botany of the ersity was Adiant from the Czech
oslovak Botani
of the
aie Mr chart was expelled from the Czecho- slovak Botanical we because he is in close contact with Mr K. Domin.
Pence Vanek m. Dp.
atic botany, botany. Dr De
geobotany, and pharmaco- a
Se, were botanical treatises,
"but were ohaeaes of his colleagues.
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
eviews in Journal of the York Botanical Garden
l’e shall continue to publish authoritative book r vs in the
Soil silasdiees ae PRINCIPLES OF SOIL SCIENCE.
J. de Sigmond. 362 p:
iltustrated, indexed. Translated from a
ad ag
the Hungarian by a cmillan, New
M The main value of ie =
be significant. Not onl @ author’s Gil system based on geological formation and physical composition, but the dynamic forces acting in the soil are likewise fully considered. The three main groups: or ganic soils, soils mixed origin an pusely a soils, as ee as the various
aching: experiments (soil anal therefore, artes 1 fn properties i f ethods ae 2a
been of great interest to know what methods the author has em-
emphasizes as of par He points out furthe e that ev the great soil groups complex in that
st e based s an
soil surveys and can not be simply com piled from climatic and phenological
charts. There can be no doubt that this third ies is extremely worth este . i ae
ahs ig. We for fevine meee these highly otra ideas available to English eader:
: Fa st two parts of the book dealing e formation of soil and the chem
e first of the book (agate: 146 pages) bea ere to be rather doubtful. Henry TewscHer, Montreal B Gia al Garden,
Evaluation of Goethe GOETHE ENCE, sin Charles "Sherrin oem: sa pages. soars idee | University Press, New Y¥ 2nd edition 1949, 75¢. _ This little i by Sir Cha Nobel L eer in
rles Sher- medicine,
8 € in arriving Goel Se as a scientist, for
the me in the steady s es ae with Tneekel = nd. per sisting to the presen Sherrington analyzes th
homologous ° damental ein coe directly an Goethe's Met sis of Plants)— hoe as a res aie es "boranieal progress been found untenable, and has therefore, n Sherrington’s words, fallen . into the doleful category of unlucky ucieee” All in all, Sherrington’s essay is a lesson
hantiment
a ; splendid, Top! notch varieties. 140 pages o Bras poe newest 4 and best est roses, shrubs,
oven, meritorious new things or eer ondowen -tO- earch”’ information for the gardener. 3 bxei cling er MID- CENTURY Lilies The foolproof, h waiting for. They will grow, multiply oar ee in Ber. Baden. eae plane bear huge, exquisitely colored flow radia: seems to glow from within. Sue (ataloe | fies rey supe, disint, ent, first Am ard.
asily ly gr own varieties. Outstanding is Enche anit
New DAFFODILS Bloom filled TULIPS
Duke of nares and Green Emerald As America’s largest mpoe of fine are but t tulips, Wayside is years ahead 4 of the field daffodils lis in presenting superior new varieties, See These cape varieties surpass in a our ‘Special Collections’ of giant size, y Jong blooming tulips at tempting prices, ae ROSES _ Meee SHRUBS - Planning I means gat our T 1950 Fal en ans mong handsome all purpose shrubs. There are the more nas 150 outstanding v: sty exauisite Y dbwering crabs, superior rho- offered are several ‘Special Collect dode! ndro a hybrids, 1 w 7’ high scarlec a chai tse at really attractive Cay worth- ‘0 des scribed and illustrated are while new shrubs. se Clarke's Giant, pie “1950 Minos Rose Selections.” Esther Staley, the ] true pink lilac. a CTION © [PS, DAFFODILS
ind THE WO! my OTHER ae poe Pr To TE ann PUBLIC e
SEND FOR THE WORLD’S FINEST ee HORTICULTURAL BOOK-CATALOG ee 140 pages of glorious true color illusttations ane complete | descrip-
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bave come to r ely 07 ce this able Sy book as thetr source of ideas and the finest von pv nie ee plant: za sige cultural direc- no 5 for item. To be sure you get your
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MENTOR, OHIO
178
in critical analysis; but, the non-Eur pean reader will have difficulty in eae ing the the original lecture
ate
(1942) from ihe: general demeanor of the treatment.
Cuarzes J. ENGarp,
University of Hawait.
Science With a Touch of aes
Ds. vo eee Sy Intersci-
rk,
BIOPHYSIC. SE.
Edited by Fred M. Uber. illustrations, subject index. ence Publishers, London and New Yo: 1950. $9.
17 es ae by 16
the physio-
othe topics covered are Avoid pressure a ways, the st interesting if usuall
1¢:
ioe eal elognt
indicat ed by. the chapter ene
as itless experiments, Sn tic urements.
first chapter is the mo only for the humor, not a
n improvement in
FREDERICK KAVANAGH.
Potatoes in World History THE HISTORY AND SOCIA IN- FLUENCE OF THE POTATO. Red- cliffe N. Salaman. 685 pages, illustra- tions, index, bibliography with a a ter on industrial uses by W. G. B Cambridge. University
9. $12.50.
SS,
his book, which is the result o
of each country where it ha as been i ree duced.
He tells how it was first the means of preventing starvation in Ireland and later 1 of 2 fa
wn h igh- lands and how it was brought to Europe, but from that time on, he has done a superb job
cultural practices ee
The various ae throu good ae for anyone d.
e lan courge facing the future
today, namely, the golden nematode, is nly briefly mentioned. Perhaps Dr. Salaman does not consider it as ot a
€ this minute but pecan: apters covering the part Jeera Pere | “help ing to win the las World Ts pont much food hedcht One fi nee his education has been
iched.
Georce C. Strona,
Water Mill, L. 1, N.Y.
nishes the book with the eae vastly
When to Plant BLE CALENDAR. Wil- er. eo pices, Hlustrahons: maps, amen ria Sy Pa, oo for planting and mn in mn
oi a Tables: It be- m a hown are only appro: mate for, after all, temperatures wii the same zone vary considerably — as for instance Rye and M or
hi there can be a difference of as mu six weeks as far as killing feos are concerned, James S. eee Broehaae, Rye, N.
For Old-Timers and sie DAHLIA Smith.
Ger 96 nace, Shinra indexed. ae & Cudahy, New York.
1949,
Her a book which can be just a interectin re px educational to the ae oe amateur as it would be to the be- ginner, The amateur needs a little guid-
179
ance atu nd enough encouragement to show
or exhi . Smith’s iilstrations are to the beg: ALEXANDER Baca Nasu, Verona, N. J.
ery helpful
To Whet the Beecgear CK GARDENING. A. J. 120 pages, 3 este index. tlantic Sy Forest Hills, NY. First iaienese edition
This elementary treatise on rock gar: ening is intended for the beginner whe is about to explore this cutensive phase ae een Although a small vol-
re
fey 3 a 8 a io 5 c
nd applying tierally “all the ifomenon | in this ous ich is so different from that in E nga: et D EpsteEIN American Rock ie Society
Prize Flowers penincbiuea OCK SPRING FLOWERS. ie book: ee ra viette Davids. 32 fuil- color lithograph plates in each. Mac- millan, New 1950. $3.50 each, The folio volumes Suara magnifi- cent full-color plates by
oe
tanical artist Arlette Davide now being distributed by the Macmill: ‘om- “Spring Flowers,” inciden-
pany.
tally, consist of tulips, hyacinths, and narcissi, according to the title, but also include various lilies, cyclamens, amaryl-
lis, tuberous begonias and gloxinia — in all a vanes of 32 exciting color plates. The title of “Rock Pla ants,” from the American point of view, is a misnomer,
for this book consists of 32 paintings of cacti and eae succulent species ~~ artist, who became a war casu alty
“a this work in late 1930's, leans anew ising Sites terial from the Bagate' ‘ Flower
hows of that period in Par
Cultivating and Using Herbs
[IE HERB GROWER'S COMPLETE GUIDE, A, M. Mathieu. 88 pages, bibliography. Published by author,
3744 aeuaes Road, Cincinnati 36, Ohio. $2.
e es of this new herb
chen, and ai ting Camere eran
Notes, News and Comment
ntment to Garden: J. of Glen Ridg
icals, a
in Miar Fila. Execeve pest sith She Rockefeller Inter-Americ a Hi els ization, ee the trade otion and dev ment fie a
pe
approximately five years, Kens was in the ae on the staffs of th Commerce Departments, respectively. He
180
also practiced law for several years in Washington, D. C., and has been a Man- aa Consultant - various organiza-
Gold Medal: appointed member of the Botanical Garden
Leonard J. Buck, newly New York
ture. a very eatiti- ful ro ape pa one oe ther plantings on his ene “a Thwood, Pat a Hills, N. J., is the sixth person to be warded
is i th t was
honor since the firs ipedal in 1926.
oe yy: The e New Yo tk Unit,
oe meeting of
Herb Soe!
a four new herb borders at the Gar- den
On May 5, Dr. William J.
Romine avended ie aa of the Ad- visory Council, Dept. of Biology, Prince- 2. ° e
Robbins attended Research Committe the Ame Sane Aasce) ation in Philadelphis avanagh a the 50th anni- versary meeting of the Society of Ameri- cay Bact oueloe te a Ba itimor e third week in May.
re during
Field Trips: Dr. H. N. Moldenke_led a field trip for the Torrey Botan ical Club and for the John Burroughs Memorial Association us “Slabsides”, rustic retreat
oF tebe ue coughs, at West Park, N. Y.,
and nm May 28 another field
ip of the Torrey: Botanica Club to
penal N. J., to the rare Trollins iped:
the New Yor! ciation at its annul ‘eld trip at Belmont State Park, N. Een e 3.
L. trock showed the and Hee nes of the New York Botanical Garden” to the Garden Club of Cresskill, N. Y¥., on June 8 J. Alexander lectured at New Haven, Inc., an wiligte of the New York Botanical Gar-
Lec G. film, “Activities
den, on os ae for our ene
On a ;
tured at an
Research Institute, Adelaide, called on Dr. Ri
Aus tralia, a shown throu the laboratories, Dr. Davi eck and Mrs. Keck, their
canetier | Caro éL and Dr. Keck’s assistant, Robert V: ickery, visited the ee se i Botanical Garden en route mee Other visitors to the Gen, iaduded Vee Randolph een ee ity of Michigan; Robert T. sen, Cornell University and Lyman Sane , Pomoni
ot
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Y 401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N. J.
a
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JoserH R. Swan, Chairman Cartes B. Harvine, President FREDERICK > Leta Jr., Vice-President ArrHur M, Anperson, Treasurer HEN LA MONTAGNE, Secretary
Elective Managers
Doucras H, ALLEN Rev. R. I. Gannon, S.J. Rosertr H. MontcomMery SHERMAN BALDWIN Mrs. eS n Huntincton Francis E, PowEtt, Jr. WituraM Fetron Barrett — Hoo: Rs, Harorp I. PRATT Howarp BAYNE pxEY oe AM J. Ropsins
WULI B. Epwin De T, BecuTeL Mrs. Aubert D. i EpMunp W. Sinwort K Ciarence McK. Lewis esha Plieniers Henry F. pu Pont THOMAS ome Oak
E. D, Merritt Ex-Officio Managers “Wittram O’Dwyer, Mayor of the City of N ork peace oe President of the Board af Medan t Moses, Park Commissioner
Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club: RuTHerrorp Pratt. By ae University : Marston T. Bocert, Caartes W. Batxarn, SAM. F. TRELEA THE STAFF WiuiaM J, Rogsins, Pa.D., Sc.D
Director
Henry pe LA MonTacNne Assistant Director J. Mark Kerans Adminstrator H. A. Gieason, Px.D. r
P. Pu H Plant Patholagts THomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist H. W. Rickert, Pu.D. ibliographer Harotp N. Movpenxe, Px.D.
Cur : , B.S. Associate Guan G. We A.M. Assistant Curator OF Education
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ne
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
In Tus IssukE:
THE ROSE IN ARTS AND CRAFTS
(DEN RED CURRANTS AND ITE PINE BLISTER-RUST
WATER RELATION OF PLANTS
HORTICULTURAL TECHNIQUES IMPROVE
E GROWERS’ DAY — 1950 REVIEWS AND NEWS em PaGEs 181—204
VoL. 51 No. 608
ENTS $1.50 A YEAR
HARDY WATER-LILIES
in the pool at the New York Botanical Garden
THE ROYAL WATER-LILY
Victoria regia is a member of the extensive aquatic family, Nymphaeaceae, to which the oa Aad water- ce Bea marliacea rosea, illustrated on the front cover, belongs. But the for the of the latter.
The flower i are water- a similar in shape to that of the hardy water-lily, is ore feet in diameter. The leaves ate gigantic, som ig six to seven feet
in diameter, but their texture is delicate. is the peculiar structure of the ler side which mal he leaves so strong and bouyant, sufficiently bouyant to support an one hundred pounds—provided that ne weight is evenly distributed. The lower surface
1588 cross-ribbed, parallel to the Fea These stout ribs are made up of hollow, ai d co nts
Victoria regia is now being grown again at the New York Botanical Garden and may be seen in house No, 9 of the Conservatory.
i, 5 om)
A REMINDER—that throughout the year the keen plantsman, amateur or professional, will always find something of interest at the New York Botanical Garden
ES
TABLE OF CONTENTS AUGUST 1950
THE Rose as A Movie iN THE Decorative ARTS John Kent Tilton 18 GARDEN RED CURRANTS AND THE WHITE PiNE BiisTEer-Rust Walter nell 1
« =e
WATER RELATION OF P. q ain 19 PROGRESS IN HorTICULTURAL TECHNIQUES . R. Fenska 193 Rosz-Growers’ Day—JUNE 1950 196 REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 199 Notes, News, AND CoMMENTS 203
The Journal is published | monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. Eniatcd xe vy: 5. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at ay Yor Y., un nae ler the Act of August 24, 1912 ual subscription $i. 50. Single cop 15 cents.
JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Dorotuy Ese. HANSELL, Editor
Vor. 51 Avueust 1950 No. 608
The Rose as a Motif in the Decorative -Arts
John Kent Tilton, Director Scalamandré Museum of Textiles
HOUGH little is known of the very early history of the rose and
ere the first people to cultivate it, it is generally accepted that
the rose is one of the oldest of all plants to have been held in high esteem and to have been given symbolic significa:
France and England fell under the es of the rose when cru-
saders brought i Asia during the middle ages. It was WwW: royal gardens for its beauty and f in ve iiceedcls gardens or its medicinal and culinary properties. It attaine e in sacred
sec of perfection and being worn as a cherished ornament by women on festive occasions. The rose also achieved fame as the heraldic bearings of opposing armies
a civil war that nearly rent a nation asunder. During he Roses in the 15th century, when the House of York with its insignia of a white rose fought with the House of Lancast ich ed the
both for it: t-of-arms, and it became kn he “Tudor Rose”. J was made the national flower o Engl
When rly Christians appropriated it as one of the symbols of their
the was assured an ee place in the decorative arts. T
followers of Christianity, in order to escape per d death, hid themselves in the labyrinth catacombs of Rome. There he stone wail they d in crude mural decoration, carving or painting, the symbolic emblems eir religion. The not dare actually to depict in realistic
ems of th forms their teachings. Instead, they adopted a secret code in whic rose was a Dai abe signifying charity and Christian love among fellow men as s being the symbol of the Garden of Heaven and God’s Heyeay Grace
181
182
Throughout the Gothic era, the rose flourished in both ecclesiastical and secular art as a hi ied ee | motif. es Italians preferred the ment, while the
Flowers are Berne portrayed in Wallpaper “Les Deux Pigeons” was this lampas, with brocaded satin inser made by Jean Baptiste Réveillon and which was woven by Philippe de la Salle printed from woodblocks in France, circa in France in the be quarter of the 18th 1785. (Courtesy of the Cooper Union
century. (From the nae of oe Museum of Arts and Decoration). mandré Museum Pr Textiles).
183
“Courtiers with Roses” — a tapestry presumably woven for Charles VII of Fra The rose was his ie and the red, white and green of the pay pues his colors. Franco-Flemish (Tournai), 15th century. (Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.)
tion of the term, because of its circular form i in see the intricate mullions
ylized agons. The “rosette” first appeared in the weaving of Chinese silk textiles during the Yiian or Mongol dynasty of the 14th century.
Roses were among the eee of dibae haa in the “mille fleurs” tapestries of the Middle Ages. They w n the far-famed Unicorn tapestries, made for oe EP Boee t ee her marriage to Louis XII of France in 1499. The Aubusson and Gobelins tapestries
assumed naturalistic forms. We find in their treatment of design in tex-
184
tiles a symmetrical and triple arrangement of roses in classic urns. The great artists of the period, Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci among others, often portrayed the rose in their paintings. When the Renaissance evolved into the Baroque of the 17th century, the floral motifs assumed forms considerably larger than found . nature.
In France, the 18th century sag eae eee and weavers who have never been surpassed. Such f s LeBrun, Berain, Marot, Boucher and Meissonier ates es fe fama textiles, wall decoration ane the accessories in art. Watteau and Fragonard depicted romantic garden scenes in their pains Revel and L 2 Salle excelled in textile designing and weaving. In the decorative arts creat ted by
rose had long been discarded and the poets and painters acclaimed it as the symbol of eae a and me The floral designs were woven in textiles i naturalistic manner that had not previously as aed "The anes brocades and lampases gave a cogene of having the flowers painted upon n their surfaces rather than into them. The era, while elaborate in its decoration, was cee pore Wallpaper came into fashion during the latter Part of the 18th century,
terns, printed f carve od-blocks, match in repeat- ing units when t hi 0
paper were joined. Jean Bap- tiste Réveillon, however, ex- celled him. It was he who first
Revolution. Paper
A h design p' ed in red on chintz from wood blocks, in England during the third quarter of the 18th century. (From the ere ee Scalamandré Mu- eum of Textiles.)
185
oses and other flowers decorate ‘ae tray. Hand painted in England, — ies (Couresy of the Cooper Un-
n Mus and Decoration.)
manufactured in continuous length ae ni ae oe Réveillon in printing apie eee: as soe ure! was in printing “toiles du Jouy”. On a) the most talented artists were e ployed. In fact, Huet designed te both. The wallpapers resembled ne of still life, and roses he prime favorites of the fae delineat ed. Roses lav ae adorned the gay English chintzes and the French
metalware, better known by its French name, “tole”, was another medium for floral decoratio : Thomas Allgood who lived in Pontypool, England, in the second half o ae ey century, conceived the idea of molding thin metal plates into pie and ornamental household utensils as trays, and coffee urns, vases rae cache-pots. The decorations were all hand pated with an enamel made from coal by-products which, when fired,
i tesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.)
186
Stencil- Mite while popular in Europe, was especially so in America, because of i inexpensiveness - oe ioe skill oO in cutting the stencils ah plying the colors. s and their daughters ae
tables, chairs, ane nd trays. ae aie are about the co side. "For thei r board and a nominal fee, bis) would stencil the an “ot the parlour and perhaps, the master bedroom. The decoration was usually in the form of borders in w! ae the rose was entwined with other garden flowers or stylized in rose pene Hitche ock, New. England’ an — manufacturer, ned his factory in 1826 a Connecticut. His family applied ae a oa We a plea an decoration on the splats. Swags, festoons and co: Lane of flowers abundant with roses were the preferred ae of ornamentation. When spring came, Hitchcock would set out with a wagon load of ‘ ee chairs” to sell to the farmers’ wives. At that time, they were considered i inexpensive, but today an original
itself. The nam the patterns anes no roses. However, among the lace a es of today, there is a tendency to include the 19th century Brussel laces, in which the rose is ne with the “rosepoint”. The French ot it “point de gaze”
Wrought iron is another medium in which infinite skill is required i in aoe the delicate tracery of its designs. The elaborate wrought iron grills and gates of the 18th century were frequently ornamented with floral motifs, and the rose was represented by a ae portrayal.
=>
Good eats in sommer will save their owne eae against the next yeere, as occasion ne — One seede for another, to make an exchan; with fellowlie neighbourhood seemeth ae strange.
In harvest harvest folke, servants and all
m be merie all harvest time
Now looke up to Godward, let tong never cease
Ml, f the better thou thrivest, the gladder
August Husbandrie, from “Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry” by Thomas Tusser
187
Garden Red Currants and White Pine Blister-Rust
Spare cultivated red alee de are sufficiently resistant to this fung By Walter H. Snell OMPARED with bes aie blight, ae soos S ie mae pa 2 dis
white pine is a sim + because g the of pine cannot be spreai ne ine to pine = oo of its “Tife history upon currants and gooseberries (Ribes) before reinfecting the p As dem ed in an earlier article by the w *, the sp forme the pine can be carri y the wind at least 300 miles to Ribes, but ie spores on the Ribes which reinfect the pine are the weak link in the c in that they can be carried only relatively short distances. T: oe
herefor removal of Ribes from the vicinity of white pines provides a Cee ely So means of control of the di
ing no attention to enw biological details, it may be said that the different kinds of Ribes ae ae seen or _ t has been called the “hitting power” wit! c the pine. From the very beginning, it
has been recognized that oe English black ey are dangerous t pine at ae ou to a mile and a quarter and consequently they have ie removed from gardens in all the eastern states where white pine is grown. All other oe of currants and gooseberries, wild or cultivated, have for the most part been considered able to jeopar rdize pines only at distances inside of 1,000 feet, except under unusual conditions on a in, etc. Ove: re past 35 years, the public has cooperated willingly in the protection of e pine by the lee ie the cultivated black ee a the wild Ribes
of all sorts, but it has er become reconciled . ties com alates removal of even a small row of aa uncared for, gar redc
This writer has never belie ved that cult sa es ae soobestes
€
., I saw a blot . of foliage decidedly bright orange in color. It wa a half-acre of English black currants with the ce aaa infected with the blister- a fungus from diseased pines across the road. Nex this patch was a faltaee of cultivated red currants, upon whi ch I co ald d only scattered blister-rust infection spots—a violent contrast with the
a half- Hee rust ete at all. refore, even considering the known varia-
*See May 1950 issue of the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden.
188
bility within certain ae, of | susceptibility of garden red currants to
the blister-rust fungus, I have always insisted that these currants consti- tute danger to wae site t any distance fr I owever, until a third eradication of red currants in the Lake George area
of New York ae 1935 a a violent storm of protest that I was able to ae to ry thes: ee ae was os o find pines a could be considered in- ee! . 8 from cultiv; ated = currants. I looked up every situation of which I could learn in the Adirondack "gon where there were red currants within a reasonable distance of the es. I located 29 cases, in most of which the rad Saas were within 200 ee In 28 of these eee ines were infected. Red currants were nearby but so were wild goose- berries—the red currants, eet clearly not ath certainty iene Tn one case, I found red currants within 100 ae of cankered pines and no wild Ribes upon which I could place the blam Of the cases, one was shown me acini for the purpose of con- ounding me. Upon aan oe it certainly aarti able to blow y ideas ans high ! ee s Case 47, the old “Ab Wri 'y Place” near po in Essex Cou yee York, an abandoned farm wi es 7% acres of planted nn eet an old row of 12 1 en red currant bushes. These pines were — ee ae nearly 45% out of the total of about 8,000 trees. It looked as if the red currants had me. Careful analysis of the ant ation proved nee resti ms how Studying the infection conditions by 15-foot ae I found a strange situation— om the epeeniige of infection was lowest near the red currants and became increasingly higher as one proceeded in any direction to the periphery of es ha ation. Conversely, the percentage of infection of the pines was highest in the northern corner of the plot and decreased regularly fon is t ae to es he other portions of the plot. I as noticed a few small wild gooseberries about 6 i niches high r ee at the edge of this northern
ere sp m roots many years old and then later learned, from blister-rust personnel in the county, that large b oved from ae ioe spot two or three years before. I was happy, n!
My n t approach was to ee ee white pine-red currant associa- tions in ‘the hardwood region of w n New York, where the pines were planted ones not native. In 38 cases studied, the red currants were within 6 inches to 100 feet and the pines were i one
case, a planting of 1,000 trees 350 feet to 800 feet from a block of over
2,700 red currants was entirely uninfected. In 12 more cases, blocks of
pine, mostly As 500 to 2,000 trees 50 to 900 feet from red currants, were
entirely uninfe pe The remaining cases of this group were similar but quite s
In many of the 72 ca cases of pines near red currants, 5 cases studied in the
189
ene New England states and 67 cases in New York State, the pines
e not infected at all. In all but one case where the pines were infected, wil wild ee were found to be as near as or nearer than the nein As men med previously, in cee one case where i ee were infected,
bee: vate ur seme ie mile and a a r, wild gooseberries up to less than 1,000 t circumstances, and garden Cae not at all. With the idea that it mete possibly be the volume of ate spore see ee on the Ribes that rape 2 eae and a question ey a minimum volume of ae to bring bout nm Pine, a series of the nee: studies was made along ee Te = on three ane of Ribes: (1) the ee iy patie me oo black currants; (2) wild gooseberries ; (3) cult tivated red c un ads bushes of each kind, the total number of leaves was ner the areas measured, and the total leaf-area per bush ee While it was afte d that large red and black currant bushes would have 20,000 leaves and wild ee 50,000 leaves, a good average for all of es a be 4,000 or es The figures obtained were calculated for the common unit of a row of 6 aes red currants and a comparable ae Bae of wild ene tudy was then made of the ee conditions of the three kinds of Rebes in order to get a esa situation. This involved the meas- urement of the areas of thousands and thousands of infection spots. For ee ages a figure of 77%, which is low, was taken for . black cu 0% as a good average for a wild gooseberry bush, and 2.3% for th red curran ae ae highest found in any case and much higher than the et: infection of any red currant. Next, in a long and laborious study of infected leaves under low-power
icroscopes, the numerical production of telia and spori thre kinds of Ribes was obi d. Then, using all th ta of total areas of groups of Ribes, the percentages of infection, and
hre number of sporidia typically produced per unit of infection, a possible er of sporidia for the various lots of Ribes was obtained. These figures came out approximately as follows: over two million vaillions for
190
the black currants, over 260 thousand millions for the wild gooseberries, and over 33 thousand millions for the red currants—a ratio of roughly 70:8 :1.
Whether or not these figures are a eae eee of aati it just so happens that if black currants are danger ke e up to a distance of 6,600 feet, and ule gooseberries ar sepia >; a distance of 750 feet, then figures and this ratio suggest a ne distance for cul- tivated red currants “of something under 100 feet. And all this, mind you with the ae series “aloul tions “loaded” in favor of a red currants, because of the low percentage of infection assigned for the black currants and a much higher percentage of infection used for the currants than I ever et: be the The final study ee at the relation of red currants to the blister-rust of pine was to attempt to ata a peat or ite I called the “quantum” relationship between the spore produc the red currants and the cee of the pine—in oe words, some ane of he number of sora roduced to result in a single canker on a pine tree. Fortunately, from ae studies of a large number of infested pine stands in the Adiror:
dacks, I had data for every area upon the Ribes population—kinds, number
and sizes within hee he plots—as well as data upon the
pathological conditions of the pine. By combining these ey at i e figures and ees ms of the study just discussed, I w:
on to make appro: oe [ a threshold or quantum Biotin re
ould be exp cae fror ormal variability of conditions a nature,
i was a wide ete in ‘he threshold figures obtai rom
ned. They ran
sori to pas a single canker on pine. It oe Abe the simplest sort of mathematics that even if one chooses - pees the hi ghest figures ne ained, there is not much bean to allow for infection of ane in any area from really meagre on of pine-infecting spores on the red currants. It would appear that on pea cannot be con ee dangerous to white ae for the simple reason that they are so resistant to the blister-rust fungus that they cannot produce a sufficient number of spores under any conditions.
I started out young with the idea that red currants are never Pac catty
a low of 580 million to a mi £ 79 bi =
vi their finality or their scientific validity, certainly cotati my conten: tions in the direction of sparing the cultivated red currai
191 Water Relation of Plants
And Factors Affecting Conservation of Moisture
y P. W. Zimmerman Boyce Thompson Institute ws Plant Research, Inc.
OIL moisture is probably the most eles oe factor which regu- lates the growth of plants. There any other factors which may cause failures—insect pests, anne 7 pea and fertilizers. ete nal standpoint, there i no substitute for experience; from the
ao of the plant, there s no substitute for water.
The amount of water heres for plants is seri ae soil type, depth of soil, ‘ai ante gement and rainfall or artificial w:
Sandy soils have low water “holding g capacity. Su uch eli are adapted for rose ate only where raaneall is plentiful or can be supplemented by watering.
Soils which contain clay are ees retentive to moisture. This may, under certain conditions, work t isadvantage of the plant s. Sandy soil can give up more than 80 per aoe 2 its moisture to growing plants, whereas clay may hold back as much as 40 per cent of its total moisture. That is, plants may wilt in clay soil while considerable moisture is present.
The ideal ae - soil for most plants i s loam, which is a mixture con-
aining suffici and to provide good drainage, sufficient clay to insure
Se ne capacity, organic matter and ample reserve supplies of nutrient elements. We should not ignore the importance of organic matter es the soil. This material plays an important role in plant nutrition, increases water-holding capacity of the soil and improves the physical ee of all types of soil. In ale practice, organic matter sas he cover crops helps to prevent e
Approx ug one inch of rainfall a on i necessary to satisfy shallow- ic rops. Shrubs and trees can get oe on slightly less. ie rainfall is most beneficial if it comes between May and September.
n 1949 w eae da near drought during those oe Tn fact, the pee ight was serious enough to restrict the use of water in the New Yo rk City area Groushout the winter.
That brings us to the question of how to conserve moisture in the garden. Mulching of the soil is one of the most effective means for hold- ing moisture, and it can be accomplished in a number of ways. Perhaps the simplest method is to maintain a well cultivated, a se layer of soil on
int a is la a. repea e
tivation after each r If the soil is well cou wn organic matter, a loose layer will - eiay effective for preventing evaporation of moisture.
There are many mulching materials available, for example, sawdust,
192
ground coconut ee vay hulls, straw, and coffee grounds. In recent years, I have had a number of favorable reports as ieee use of sawdust for Seas pur oe It must be remembered, however, that when cellu- lose material is an - to the soil, bac ae working ieee will rob the plants of eh rates. It is advisable to use additional oe — straw, sawdust © buckwhea a are worked into the soil. As as the malig material aan to decay, it adds to the ance pa in the soil and i improves the fertility and water-holding power. lants absorb and then transpire water. Tra: ance is icra
evaporation of water from leaves and ied 7. aid ims ost gen: erally nee of all ee in plants. Man mon practices are based on this recognition as, for example, ere a ioiee ae use of irrigation Boseasn ee of a ae. and waxing or placing nursery
stock in spha:
sna ne is ee no means limited to leaves but may occur one the surface of any or Saar ane of water from fruit, tubers and roots is due to ee The ves, however, have the largest evaporating aera a m them occurs oi greatest amount “ot transpiration in the growing plan
Water composes the bulk of growing bear Young tissues may c tain 95 per cent or more of water by w . Older ee usually ed 60 to 75 per cent water. Teno oe ae also v: with the species.
On reco: er pl
water a pte here The same plant lost 123 gallon the growing eed lost 140 gallons for on season. oan acre “Of corn
6 000 Riess ne 324,000 gallo ons for the season.
The rate of transpiration is influenced by both internal and external factors. The eorepsl internal ae are: ‘ad the opening and closing of stomates; (2) the concentration of water vapor in the internal air spaces in comparison with that of the ec anen (3) the temperature of the leaf; (4) the water content of p ue 5 G the occurrence of colloidal gels epee ee a. ee an aay. and (6) the cutinized epider-
mal w oe
Som BE co a re external factors influenci ing the rate of ec are: ( Se the energy of the sunlight as it affects the rae temperature of the leaf in relation to external temperature and also opening and closing of stomates; (2) the temperature of the sere and the soil; (3) the relative humidity of the atmosphere; (4) the water
ret i d (5) the wi ovement of air, Wind pre-
oc. ra) a oO o ° o S a o L o 3 an as a 3 a s “w aw] a rc]
eat vacuum ee ie together with root pressure, ade the pai in taking water from the
193
Excessive transpiration causes wilting, if the water lost exceeds that
t n r e develo a ment in ae growing regions of plants depends on an adequa’ a water supply in the cells. Enlargement of cells ceases when trans- Wi
piration exceeds the water supply. Ited plants either cannot manufac- ture food or the rate of photosynthesis is hone reduce: i hae bea tion of processes takes place during the early life of m of
ar ae they may not fully recover when aha ese vith
abundance of water. pad results may be expected also with roses, oe the wae may not be so pronounced. Therefore, a sufficient supply of water to prevent wilting is Secentia in the management of rose gardens.
Progress in Horticultural Techniques R. R. Fenska
UST how much the early horticulturists of Asia Minor knew about the technique of hybridization and cross-breeding a ae we do not h
now. Early man kept much of his knowledge s Botanists were linked with on medicine-man ! oe the Sw edish « seni was of the opinion that the different kinds of plants never changed. It was not ce
the latter half of the 19th onesie that Charles Darwin (1809-82) a
Gregor Mendel (1822-84) gave us the doctrine respecting the origin - species from more primitive forms and the Mendelian law of heredity in omen oth men supported their theories with a great mass of facts from
While these investigators gave us some fundamental principles of plant development, they did not complete the job. For instance, the well known ntos| ppea ing i
pring from i nt pla stu to) Tol
panties > papery he The true explanation of the origin and developme ieties of plants lies possibly in some combination of facts of. ce ‘diferent on Man has not hoched the peak of devel-
opment in this field. Luther Burbank (18 49-1926) ee on extensive experiments in plant breeding by selection, crossing and grafting and produced among other new
and desirable varieties the ees ee the Shasta daisy and the seed- less apple. Right now scientists are trying to develop, through cross- breeding, plants which are immune to certain insects and plant diseases.
194
'y want to rid the world of inferior species and develop a superior and
in the hope that they may produce strains peer to budworm attacks.
Service. a rapid eo ‘of our native paper birch throughout its range, due to a combination . factors known as “die-back”, has led to nee a of our white or paper birch with gray birch in the hope of producing an improved pee eee to ‘“‘die-back”’. me hybrids predee so far are pe eens in growth rate, that is, Paid, an paper birch but not as fast as gray birch. iti is interesting to e that nae ds often show more Encety growth aes sacies species. The ae oduction of fast grow- ing, as ai as insect immune and disease resistant varieties, is not only of great importance He the eee industries but also to the arborist and the Pola aie as W
The greatest Hee acing the gardener, arborist and horticulturist today is the control of Insects and diseases on crops and desirable shade
nd ore e it the past seven or eigh rs, many materials have been developed for the control of our insect pests and plant a ailed as miracle bug-killers. Unfortunately, most
ranted. Too much was expected of them. When the so-called DDT eee aa -trichloro-ethane) insecticide beac available for civil-
n use 1 World War II, it brought a new concept of insect control to ae oe ee pede They were told ee one spraying would last for weeks, mths, and would eliminate practically all es The insect ee - ee oie over ae sprayed with this material and in a matter of minutes it would = a zed!
It was soon discovered, how ce : while it would kill insects that were undesirable, it would a6 nee some predatory varieties that were desirable. In other words, it had the tendency to upset the “balance i with nap ene results. Today, we are leaning more to the opinion that we ae hav specific sprays for each insect pest or ca disease rather than an all- oe spray material. We must learn to con- trol our ever oo. insect problem or, as one prominent catomaoledit
i th”. is is a real challenge and involves the eer of the entomologist, the chemist and the botanist. The entomologist must determine the most vul-
8 how in the life cycle of each insect, the chemist must find a pene i ect, and the botani
that w ust exper ote foliage and plant tissues to find the insecticide that will not ee ae
195
plant. Thus, it is apparent that the “dream spray” of every amateur, one that will do the job for all insects and different plants, will always be just ser as ream. compounds have been developed for use in the garden or ecard i assure a eee fruit-set, to prevent premature drop of the in of eed to hasten the re-establishment of the seat by aes of root growth. When these material - have been per- se he! will be a boon to gardeners and horticultu other hand, there are instances where avi or regulation
Pe Tr. wth is desirable exampl sery stock has
en hel cold storage for a long period and then exposed to high tem-
aeeegie? a oe spring, it may readily develop undesirable soft oots. Recent experiments have indicated that this can be a d, if the
voide
es are ke i rmant by spraying them in the fall or early spring with maleic-hydrazi
Another Bier development is the Ore es a nutrient element in the form of a spray solution directly to the foliage of the plant. This is eee ary. If present experim ments Gate feasible, it will ‘be possible to invigorate an pen ae ith a “shot in the air” instead of the ground. How the cost of supplying utrients to plants by this method will, doubtless, limit to special treatment under certain conditions rather than
vi trees. serves to seal the cavity against air and moisture and protects the cambium cells from hed out, and thus promotes continuous callous ae at the edge of the wound.
he new technique, or tes herapy, for control of certain tree diseases is pa the most fascir inating recent development. By this method. special chemicals are oe into the sap stream of a tree to counteract the toxic ee produced by such diseases as “bleeding canker”, which attacks some of our most dade shade trees. Experiments in chemo- therapy for ihe control of the Dutch elm disease indicate that it is possible to condition trees to resist the disease by employing certain chemical com- binations. The future development of this method of treating plants holds great possibilities.
It is for the future scientists to give us the final answer to sed of our Seeds ee ae if there is a final a . You are on the first r of the ladder. As you climb higher up, ce will find man eee in — ae sciences still waiting to be explored. We still, for
196
instance, do not have the answer to the greatest eee! of all, namely,
what is the nature and character of the green chlor ora in aay nts. All
living matter depends on it. What makes : “tick”? If y an find the
answer to that question, you will have solved the age old “riddle of life
itself. There are those who say it is beyond the ken of man. Nevertheless, anist, i ct
for General Motors, who calls himself a “monkey wrench scientist”, is working on this problem. He does not ies with those who claim this mystery cannot be solved by mortal m
Mr. Fenska, s Secretary-T! rt of the Westchester County Tree Protective Association, eed. ihe ae address at the graduation exercises, on June 22, 1950, for students in the Two-Year Courses at the New York Botanical Garden.
Rose-Groners’ Day — June 1950
N spite of disagreeable weather, more than three hundred visitors at- tended Rose-Growers’ Day, June 15, 1950, at the New York Bo an Garden. This was the eighth annual event of such nature, arranged 1 co- operation with the American Rose Society. The theme of the day's program was the amateur’s rose garden While not — ie isked a drenching, a ass number inspected the rose garden under guidance of Lambertus C. Bobbink, of Ruther- ford, N. All were es impressed with the attractive layout and po condition of the plants. the notable alin Ai ed the rose ae ine year by Bobbink ee ns, Rutherford, N. J., were Mission Bells, v. de Jean Soupert, Golden Scepter, ae jubilee, and two we ete tree roses, Sanders’ Whit ne ite Minnehaha. The number of bushes now totals ap- ean 7,0 William Robbins, baie Heues ii as when a Pee in the lecture e hal for the morning s P. Piro Plant ress gist, then assumed the duties of fone officer, ie ing Floy Eldred*, of Old Greenwich, Conn., and Dr. Charles Glen King, of ee le, N. ¥ peasy in a Hillside Garden ing gave a delightful i ceed growing roses in his eae garden. “Tn 1942, w
ae oe in part: oved to Scarsdale, N. Y., found a ne m iking, but th he e half acre lot had not been oe a the rather alae, planted trees and shrubs, we bought a few
$ just as an experiment. Good luck ae a ama hybrid teas started
n us on our hobby which, ee has no
*See the July number of the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for Mr, Eldred’s talk on “An’ I] Learned about Roses from Them”.
197
“Our rose garden now contains about 345 roses, in 52 varieties, most of which are hybrid teas. There are a few rae and floribundas with
only one rugosa and seven climbers on colum
pa roses which have given the most gra' eerue results are not always in the same relative haan each Rleaes bat the following have been con- aay exhilarating for a rank a
“Peace is right at the S i the ist t, for it does everything to perfection. It blooms continuously and generously, sane ichness of color both in oe and flower, is vigorous in growth Crim n Glory stands second in line an all-round garden rose; a heavy Bloemer in a velvety, rich, deep r red. Eclipse is also a vigorous grower, a profuse bloomer, and has golden buds
“Other teas shtick we rate highly for their garden performance are Hector Deane, Lowell ss mas, Neige Parfum (an exquisite white with a pcan perfume), _ Chi iang Kai-shek (of almost classic beauty
ens), Charlotte een Mary Margaret McBride, Betty Up- richard, are and Sunset Glory. Donald Prior we find one of the most satisfactory of the polyanthas
A section of the extensive rose aaa at the New York Botanical Garden, showing the shelter house under construction
198
for background material, for it bears its deep red flowers against clean, healthy leaves over a long period. Pinocchio is charming—the blooms profuse and dainty in form and color. The climber, New Dawn, produces its arene pink es almost continuously, grows lustily and resists oe
se ord or two about mulching which is an important phase of growing bee roses. My experience cna: that ae heat hulls are pis most satisfactory m edium for this pury They are heavy enough to stay n place; fur ish a uniformly soft, aesthetic background; ee complet
baking of the soil. Also, buckwheat hulls may be hilled up around the base of the rose bushes in winter and in spring raked level again
Rose Varieties for the Small Home Garden
t the afternoon session, Roderick N. Crocket, of Hartford, Conn., ode of the National eon of Gardeners, presided. Harry L i the rose gar
dma: e “Rose Varieties for the Small Home Garden.” Mr. Erdman stated that his
ect was a pana different layouts and other conditions naturally a affec ted the ction of wiicice Using “The Guide for Buying Rose Plants” dis- ae the American peas Society, Mr. Erdman ties in ce various color groups for gardens small, medium and large. He ended his remarks with - an aeronie ee ee Naira a ew rose garden—or eve a present one—sho garden of a New York Belaier Garden oe Se an ae differ, er- ent varieties, noting the habit of a the foliage, te shape and color of the flower. If three visits are made, said Mr. Erdman, in June season and September, then by the process of a one will be able elect oe varieties of roses appealing most to him and most suitable to the conditions on his own plac Dr. P. we Zimmerman, of he Boyce Thompson eee crass the day’s ps ea) with a very interesting talk on ‘Water Relat of Plants and Factors Affecting a of Moisture”, an eee of which appears on page 191 of this
Cc aoe Co., West Gro TOV! , Pa., displayed the new miniature roses
ae m Thumb, Sweet Fairy, Red Elf, Bo-Peep and Midget. These iny, te roses hie be used in rock gardens, for edgings a for novelty doe They g¢ only six inches oo = bloom alls
fa ae . poe cexhibi ted Autumn et (new cverbloming oon
se), mess Rothschild and aie ety cee Druschki (hybr: a ne Cordel (hybrid alates remontant) and en von Hindenberg (pillar shrub, remontant).
199
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
An Aid to the Understanding
Of Pla nt Life YY. An _inrtoduction to Plant ae Robbins Weier. ” 480 pages, illustrated, indexed. John Wiley & Son: ns, Inc,, New 1950 Q, 00.
“Botany” ae . W. Robbins and T. E. cet than an cemetary
ext book for scalege students. It is a novel, stimulating and most interesting introduction to niet Pie Over 500 il-
eek a ag re pee the coe fun of tissues and org:
igher than the green, brown and ne aie is subject to serious criti- co The tendency today is to class the Fae noe as primitive forms of animal life. fa epted as plants the slime molds are ceaelly. cae after ae 1. Schi- zophyta (fission nts). Mycologists eoull hesitate to cone slime molds as primitive forms o: soe Chapter 4, headed al ee a Seed Pl ants”, there appear illus- trat of blue-green algae; these are cevtinly misplaced under a ‘chapte er on see The eat book, however,
is excellent
lear and comprehen: Me anderst anding lan
of the phenomena of plan o Wistiecs
hoa See eee Coes
meRicOL TURAL CHEMIST RY—Vol, 1:
ald Beer Van ‘Nostrand Co. Inc,, New Principles of aaa Chemistry 7 the first we two volumes planned to eet the needs of those interested in
ine” by cae Roche
agricultural chemistry. This book is de- signed as a
° g 3 ao _ <5 a 3 5 fh
e
and its closely
related fields. In thi
5 =a on
. <2 26 a oO
eld of agricultural
specialists in the various phases
selected a group of exceedi ell k
Doubtless the specialists will find fault with certain portions of this book; how- ever, as a ge Le erence and text it will find wide use. The style = oo in several chapters is invigor TACY - ant Stat vice N, J. Agricultural Egan e New Brunswick, N. J
ee pees Covered In This Volum
IN and Related reanicet of Diochetnins: Vol. X. Edited by F. F. Nord. 533 pages, indexed. Interscience Publishers, Inc.,
ies oa London, Hae $7.50. The intains the usual fine Baie es as ‘this ne “The nzyme
EE is ae ene eaction” by Frank C, ppold, cr aes aree a ‘Alal and Nguyen-Van
200
Thoai,
“Synthesis of Dis tees with Bacterial Enzymes” by W.
Hassid
and M. Doudor ao “Problem ee Citron- ensaurecyklus” GC; tius and F. Lynen, “die Phytochemie “des oshefels” by Theodor Bersin, Chem
lor mical ir ra in the Harvested ees Leaf.” t II. Chemical and Enzymic pier
men Agi
sion during Fermentation and ng” by Walter G, Frankenburg. One of the “related subjects’ is “Some Aspects of
treptomycin Other Streptomyces
apte: ud: assimilation of hydroca: rbons by organi.
Marjorie ANCHEL.
Anthropocentric Emphasis in a Biolo cee Textbook oe ITS AN PLICA- 7 ion Garrett tare 35 pages, ilstrations “index, W. H. Freeman Company, San Francisco, 1950.
Design ned for the college student who will “never again be exposed to formal .
ology, covers more space as the following section on The Variety of Living in wl all other forms, plant and animal, are crowded. The remainder of the book given over to processes and characteris- ie integrating all life. This makes for but a
ratl nal Baie ae ment, Darucalasly for
gene bee studen clear a style, humor rare in a ee and the almost cartoon- me il- Ss ork “rea e
if is no lack of hae is evident from
the author’s final statement: “The ma; nitude and Peed of the pecblen facing us admiring backward
P' may be ours if we attack oe problems with clarity and high spiri Marjorie E. Swirt, Heyden Chemical Cosa Princeton, N. J.
Histological Technique PRACTICAL SECTION CUTT! STAINING. E. C. Clayden, Seay Bee Chemical Paine
me g Co. , Brooklyn, N. Y. 1948,
ssen tially a manual of methods for
the hospital oe this concisely written volume divided into three parts: parafh: cone frozen sections, and ae sections. Under an head-
g the dei fxcon. embedding and atene. followed by sc chedules of eee procedures aoe
each technique. T'
is decessary an Virornia C. Lirrau.
For Neat Foresters aca PRODUCTS. a e S. Harrar, W. re ?. ees 549 pages, inastated, index ed. Sen Hill Book Co.,
nshin,
1 ne reface of “Forest Products” states : on textbo pair me, crutches ; he can walk alone Thus the au aithor their objective and in
field, they have he their goal. “Forest Products” shoul ‘ove a valuable addition to the book
a it - Sone in its field. rage economics of forest dlieation is Vaenee for a book of this type which introduces such a multiplicity of topics. Few, if any, important prod- ucts of the forest are neglected. Throughout the book basic concep are de ie ped without indulging in i tailed statistical studies, This fact makes
The World's Finest NEW Varieties
Glorious color and thrillin, w beauty
for of Ways garden may be found i ia nthe a ees Gardens: splendid catalog for
© EXCITING NEW LIL! T!
well as the world’s largest selection vif ae ae and other fal bulbs.
DAFFODIL COLLECTION The finest daffodils ever introduced.
Huge nae pataled | pene c ao (leeely ae and
complete ‘descriptions and Ree olor illus- ur
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ew
Plan: new —then by all means me ber our 1950 Fal il Scale . Among the more than 150 oiandiog: varieties offe: red are several ‘Special Collections”
of
described and illustrated are all the
Also crtbrated new roses as bay as the "1950 All-America Rose Selectio:
DUKE OF WINDSOR
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In our CG f biden me ¢ all purpose pees an ere are exquisite flowering crabs, superior rho-
di st flowered cydonia and many other worth- while new shrubs. See Clarke's Giant,
Esther Staley, the only true pink lilac.
WAYSIDE’S pe ath MIXTURE” Our famous Mixture” contains only the “lis snes fp aise: “bloom filled, imported This outstan ae ng _ offer that c e duplicated
at double the p ae Sahowa, is ‘ence ie ave fouat alk the best varieties at unbeliev- a
SUPER Order these prize tabs Wien confidence, they come to you with Wayside’s iron-
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SEND FOR THE WORLD’S FINEST ere BOOK-CATALOG 2s of true color illustrations and ct de ee of the world’s finest Flowers, Sy shrub, bard: ime plants. Gardeners l~ rely on this valuable “b00 {deat and the most t wortb- ejects, Explich cultural aie ‘@ you get you copy, st is a aesiens ie pees with your re. Heated 504, coin or stamps, for postage and an
MENTOR, OHIO
202
the book very desirable for classroom
t is the reviewer’s opinion that the te) pertinent informa-
at the end ‘of each chapter facilitates com- plete pursuit of any selected field,
Davip P. Tuomas, University of Washington. Of Basse “ Entomologist.
OL 7 Melville
Hatch. 3 pages, Pinta in: ed. University of Was! ‘ton Pre: Seattle, Wash. 1 rie This short_ treat the growth o mtiaciogy: in fhe Batic
in the region congue British oe bia, Washington, Oregon and Idah Pecee
Hloneuinire Brought Up To Date RICULTURE. Alex Laurie & Victor Ries 525 pages, ihustrated, index- a. McGraw- cpr ee k Co., New York, 2nd edition 1950. . i of Floriculture— (an
Information on control of lawn weeds and pests, propa- gation by leaf bud cones starting an- nuals, propagation and use of perennials,
nd ve 1 added.
chry: d leafed Se fevdiness DHL “a Eri ‘ican violets, and soil preparation.
This book is general in its coverage and is, therefore, less subject to the gen eral revisions necessary in a more technical book that goes deeper into a
cific field.
UR Bine, N_Y. State College a ay Peers
A First-Class Reference
On Ann ies
LS. Roy Hay. 240 pages, illus- indexed. Macmillan, New York.
Revised edition 1950, $2. 50,
“Annuals” oy ry is an interest- ing book, be ne a nysen of the nae first published ae of 1937. It -
vided into two sec! re t chapter is devoted to “defini-
mended to
a
have been los cultivatio:
e book is ali illustrated with nu- black and white and Gian t
irene plates. I pane aa “Annuals” an exce! reference
ane pilates Cae Stockbridge, Mass.
Conventional on LANT ECO. Ww. B, gall. _ pages, ue ee ctene Poet ca & Febiger, Philadelphia. Fourth a 1949, urth edition, ‘this volume, even
“thoroughly re ,’ cont no sig- nificant impro ver third edi- ion. In additi ere are no fundamen- tal differences in organization or content,
of avery plant his work will ply oe i
place in conventional c wher
relatively brief text is needed
203
_Notes, News and Comment
Dr. Merrill Honored. At a special cere- Paris, on May 7, the Société
Saint Hilaire
D. rill, member of the Board of "Managers of the New York Botanical Garden.
Graduation Excercises. Graduation ex- ercises for students in the Two-Year t N Y
Courses at the New Yor! otanical Garden were held on Thursday evening, June 22, 1950, with L. ittrock,
‘Assistant Curator of Education, in sce of the program. Henry De la Mon Assistant Director fe the Garden re sented poker in a Science Course to and A. Czw
e ‘1 Wrigl Ziccardi ; "in the Prac- ae Gardening — to John
of Westches County Tre Piss Assocation ‘delivered ‘the ad dress of the evening. It appears elsewhere on page 193 of this issue of the Journal
the New Yor k Botanical Garden,
T. H. Everett Continues as ee out: Hea To €
expand the horticultur : sclivities of th New York Botanical Garden and rende greater horticultural service to members, students and the general public, it was foun pedient to create in two dis- tinct positions, that of Horticulturist and that of lener. Acccordingly, on July 1, 0, T. H. Everett was re- lieved of responsibilities as Head
his oe these being assumed by Louis P. P pia Mr. Everett continues as Hor- Hite
Un der a new arrangement, Mr. Ever- ct a responsible for the planning of the ral landscap boys wie for
of the livin, g plan
will interpret torte icultur: e to ihe gen neral elie and a panes the teeter splays and ef th w Yor Bo tatical Everett will also supervise he ae tuden it gardeners’ program which has recently
been resumed at the New York Botanical Garden.
on of the lve pate e supervision of the the gardeners
Lectures. On June 13, Dr, P. P. Pirone lectured on “Tree . before the ae ber: an ha ha Club o Baciagt oe at Felton Barrett
Jr. at the Tran Harbor Yacht Club, Gr ae Con: ieee
mI. Ef bile aie
or t Iowa Sia College, Ames, Towa, a ie 19th of the month. Dr. P. P. he attended the Arboricultural Field eld at Rutgers University, New Barak N. J. on June 21.
es
# Bobbink & Atkins “'GARDEN GEMS’’
for es heel Garden sain
with the his out- alog. In it are ascribed and il-
and many other novelty and old favorite wers and Ground Cov- ers, and a_hose of other rare and unusual "Garden Gems"; designed to help you plan and ae bad gar
zt of Hg “Mississippi: 35 cents elsewhere. Customers ath, record receive atic
Flowerin;
from central! New
Bobbink & Atkins Rose Growers and Nurserymen 401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N. J.
SSSHSSSGSSSSSSSHSSSSHSSHSS|
#
204
VIL International
Representation at Dr. ae P. Rog-
Botanical Congress:
as alternate of the Mycological Society of America. Dr. ickett repre- sented the Torrey Botanical Club, Ameri- can ae an as t Taxonomists, served
the Dept. of Bo otany,
my nce, represented four- ee TeOtitons ha special groups from Mexico, Central and South American countries. ae anda Jardin Botan- ico de Rio de Janeiro, eh _ Institute le h Mexi
rale. cional ae Co: ae Argen Just as the August issue was going to
sae air mail ae Reece brought
ord that Dr. Bocce: ee of the Spee Commitee for ae and that ne Rickett - ae as aed
of the General Com * Nom clature, of the Editorial Committe of the International Rules, and of the pare tee for Nom eiclanike of _ Plan
in ae
Dr, W. Camp, until decently a member of ihe Garden’s staff, was made ae ie : the et see cominittee.
Moderniz of the rules
ae with Snybrid ae and “a plants in cultivation are among the plist sila of the Section in Seer ture of the cen International Botani- cal Congres:
Visit Dr. H. B. Woodruff and Dr. Dale Harris, of Merck 7 Company, Rahway, N. 1, and Dr. H. cGuire of the ae Re Heer eens visited ak ey . ac oe aii laboratories
n June f£ week D: Ternael Velez or otany Polytechnic Institute, San German, Puer- to Rico, paid his respects to Dr. Robbins.
On June 27, Dr. Holsinger, botanist, of ean 0, Cason, called on Dr. Robbins and visited
N. J.; B. Schw
Oo Marie Helené Goutreau, Canadian Horti- cultural Society; A. ith, Smith- sonia: titute; L. R. F . University baat
Mas:
Thirty-two members = ‘the Maplewood Garden Club, which Mrs. ioe a Morgan is ie ident, were conducted through the greenhouse and rock garden by Mr. G. L. Wittrock.
Population and Plants
The population of the United States has ana reached the figure of 150,- 000, eee had been expe
a 25
rg ed St
. By ignring the actual trend, the nation is not prepared to take care ‘of a continuing cher ace of this magnitude, he contends. Since all food is derived ultimately from plants, for the unpredicted extra millions is a problem of concern to botanists as well as producers.
can aaa
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN fficers JoserpH R. Swan, Chairman Cuartes B, Harvrne, Aislenies FREDERICK = ow Jr., Vice- eh aa ArTHur M. Anerson, Treasure HEN La Mont TAGNE, Secretar:
Elective Managers
Dousctas H. A fen EV, i s Gannon, S.J. Rosert H. Montcomery SHERMAN Bat) Mrs HunitNeton Francis E, Powe LL, Jr. WILLIAM Faw en Hoo rs. Harotp I. Pratt Howarp Bayne coMEe. a iis Witiam J. Ropsins Epwin De : ee Mrs. ALBERT D. Lasker Epmunp W. Sinnott Lronaro J. B CiarRENcE McK. Lewis CHAUuUNcEY STILLMAN Henry F, pu owt Tuomas Lewis OaxieicH L. THorNE E. D, Merritt
pain Managers Wiiiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York MAXIMILIAN Mose: Pasi of the Board of Education Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner
Appointive Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club: RutHeErrorp Pratt. By Columbia University: Marston T, Bocert, CHartes W. Baciarp, Sam F. Trevease.
THE STAFF Wiiam J. ee Pier, Sc.D. Dir Henry DE LA Mont. Assistant Divertor J. Mark KERANS, ILB. “Administrator 1. A. Greason, Px.D. Head Cura ONE, PH.D, Plant Patholog THOMA verETT, N, D. Horr. Horticulturis . W. Rickert, Pu.D. poate AROLD N, Motpenxe, Pu.D. Curator and Administrator of Herbari ASSETT Macuire, Pu.D, Curator ONALD Pxitip Rocers, Px.D. Curator . J, ALEXANDER, B.S. Associate Curator . L. Wittrock, A.M. Assistant Curator of Education KavanacH, Pu. ae Associate Curator of Laboratories or NicHoLAs ASHES Ba eriolo ist OBERT 5. DE Rope, PED, DIC. Assistant Curator AaRjorrE ANCHEL, PH.D. Research Associate OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Mary Srespins, M.A. Technical Assistant ICHARD 5. Cowan, M.S. Technical Assistant wn J. Wurpacx, B.S Technical Assistant LIZABETH C. Hatt, A.B. B.S ibrarian oTHY EpeL HANSELL the J al Fran AcKeever, B.S. Custodian of the Herbarium JosepH MoNnacHIN S. Associate ectidriars of the Herbarium tto DrcENer, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany SLMER N. MrircHeLi otographer ERNARD QO. Doncr, Px.D. Plant se a ‘Boneriius A. B. Stout, Px.D. Curator ae Fr ae Seaver, Ena Ds Sc.D. Cura ea ritus NnEz M As. a ay Honorary Curat aa of ‘Mo osses JOSEPH F BuaKe ‘y Curator of the Diatomaceae EtHe, Anson S. Pecknam Honorary Cane one and Narcissus Collections A. C. PFanver Supe: erintendent of Buildings and Grounds Louis P. Point Head Gardener
ach the ‘den, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boul sta ton pe the eeedtort Bark Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third aetane Elevated to the Botanical eae or ihe 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue bus No. 41 to Bedford Park Boulevard.
tanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
s, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the ae al eines Roe Of we Northern Uned States and Canada, by Nathaniel tae Bates and Addison wn. Three volumes, giving fee and illustra-
tions of 4,666 s species. fseee ay Bee reprinted. $1 5: ora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg. figure
nts of the Vicinity of New 56 by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages, illustrated. A handbook especially compiled for the ee 1935. Second edition 1947. ge Baharne Flora, by ani i
8 695 Descriptions of the spe rmatopbytes, pteridophytes, bryophytes, and thallopbere: of the Baham ue keys, on explorations and collections, bibliography, and index 1926.
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ontributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers reprinted from journals other than the above, 1899-1933. 25 cents each, $5 a volume. List of separate titles on request. emoirs of The New York ito ical Garden. A collection of scientific papers, 1900-1927. Contents and prices on request
sos pepo t pt ee a re BOTTLE PEGE TER EES TPE TT ESS EFT TS
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
SEPTEMBER 1950
In Tuts Issur: CORNUS KOUSA
HARDINESS RECORDS OF WOODY PLANTS
PLANT TUMORS AND CANCER
A MYCOLOGIST VISITS SWEDEN
REVIEWS AND NEWS Em
Paces 205—232
VoL. 51 No. 609
$1.50 A YEAR A NEW DIEFFENBACHIA
OUR COVER ILLUSTRATION
A NEW DIEFFENBACHIA
The dieffenbachias or dumb-canes are highly interesting plants because of the decorative qualities of their handsome foliage and because they are well adapted for use as house plants. They are all natives of the American tropics. They thrive in high temperatures and in rich, reasonably porous soils that are kept fairly moist at all times. Shade from strong direct sunshine is needed.
The variety pictured on the cover is new, and is here described and named for the first time. In applying to it the varietal name “‘Roehrs Superba’ recogni- tion is taken of the fact that it arose as a mutant of Dieffenbachia picta in the greenhouses of Julius Roehrs Company at Rutherford, N. J. The new variety differs conspicuously from Dieffenbachia picta in the higher degree of variega- tion that its leaves manifest. The white or paler portions of its leaf surfaces actually cover a greater area than do the green portions. It is more compact in growth than its parent and has thicker, and, therefore, more durable leaves. Dieffenbachia picta “Roehrs Superba” is being propagated in quantity and will undoubtedly soon become a familiar subject in florists’ stores.
T. H. EveRETT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SEPTEMBER 1950
Cornus Kousa—A Summer-Flowering Flowering Dogwood T. H. Everett 205 HARDINESS RECORDS OF Wooby PLANTS AT
ROCHESTER, NEw YORK Bernard Harkness 210
PLant TUMORS AND CANCER Robert §. de Ropp 215 IMPRESSIONS OF A MYCOLOGIST IN SWEDEN Donald P. Rogers 220 REvIEWs OF RECENT Books 226 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 231
The te is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, . ¥. Pri ee in U, S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at ‘the Past Office New Yor . Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies cents.
aZ
15
JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Dorotuy Eset Hanse ct, Editor
Vox, 51 SEPTEMBER 1950 No. 609
' Cornus Kousa— cA Summer-Flowering Flowering Dogwood T. H. Everett
N late June or in July — a month or even two after the native flowering
dieweed shed its “flowers” and clothed its branches with summer greenery — one may chance upon a tree of obvious relationship, a tree bearing four- fee Fnflorescences that are pe cage of the “flowers” of the flowering dogwood. True, the bracts (the Hews amy-white petal-like parts) difer = shape te rom those of our native tree, and true, the flowers penal when the tree is in full leaf ae than upon naked branches — ne pe: A is clearly a dogwood — and a dogwood of the type that we ca ail 1 flow
If you happen upon cn a specimen and its identity is unknown to you, be sure that you have tay acquainted with Cornus Kousa. This ac- rues is ate cultiv:
Here nall tree, wi a oe d for planting in garden landscape, that provides : a ee al display over a longer period t almost any ei and that in nae nea . observed specimens ths ie which w sia for more than five weeks. A full month’s ring is norm: val Nor is this all. In tal Cornus VK ousa adds to a ene Eade a wel-
Cornus Kousa is not exactly rar n garder ns nor is it plentiful. In a me ¥ New — tk City one sees a in public places occasionally the banks of the Bronx Rive near Mount Vernon dona eae feinging oute 22 where i pee Kensico i 2 elsewhere. At The New York iain Garden, a large specim ar the atl garden. ie ae ing of younger trees was ana eatabliched in in a glade that dips to the Bronx River west of the walled experimental nursery. This site was seine because it permits observers to look down upon the trees antage poi an does full justice to Cornus Kousa. A fairly moist, fee or cchiewhet acid soil suits this species best. It thrives in full sun, yet will tolerate light
205
206
shade. At Pleasantville, N. Y., I recently observed trees in an abandoned
d bl th gre: m in ppled shade of hig! re Cornus oe : a a of Japan and China. For its introduction to American garde are indebted to one of the original forty-eight
members of the ea of The New York Botanical Garden, Thomas Ho
Thom s Hogg, an agar horticulturist of the nineteenth century, was rise among plants. His father, of like name, cee tended the greenhouses of Wi lliam Kent, aH Lo: ndon , England, who at that time cul- tivated the i gical ae owned collection of plants in England. And ae on the sixth day of February in 1820, the younger Thomas Hogg > ~~ wa: Less than a year later the family moved to New York and in 1822 Thom mas Hogg senior acquired a piece of ground some mans ieee the city and established a nursery and florist business. The ery Ww: omen aie Broadway and T Seen Street now coe 7 1840 *t o Seventy-ninth Street and the East River. Thomas Hogg near a his brother James were brought up in the business and on the as
ishing establishment
Seven years after his father’s death, Thomas Hogg was appointed a United States Marshall by President Lincoln and in this capacity he served in Japan for eae bah until he resigned in 1870. Late in ie ae estat
to Japan, this time in the service of the Japanese Governmen ned this appointment ‘for two years and it was during oe period tn i. oe home Cor usa. The fact that he did so, a fact which seems to have been ove is woke : oi most writers who have dealt vi the eines of this plant, is recorded in “The American a den” vol. ix, p. 329 (1888). T nder the synonym He nthamia japonica, Cornus Kousa is illustrated and deente d and we read :— “This one. “which loomed for the first
time in this country during ‘the latter part of June of this year, was sent from Japan to the Parsons nursery at Flushing, by Mr. Thomas Hogg, in
In this country, as in Europe, a great interest in Japanese plants devel- oped in the years ae ‘followed ‘the opening of the islands to Occidentals. omoting
than could nm oe rs. He ane ay vantage o an Most of the seeds and plants | T s Hogg s ae ent to brother grow his garde: jected at the oe of Bignb fourth
Street in New York City. This was the garden where “most of these treas-
Cornus florida.
208
ures were eg hae for the first time in America”, and which “was, for many years, the most caste spot in the United States to lovers of Japanese ae Many of the very best trees, Nats and herbaceous ere which have come to us from [eee gardens, were thus brought anual before they were sent to Europe, and not a few of them are ong the most familiar beter of our gardens.” So wrote a condor to “Garden and Forest” in 1893.
Most of the oe sce tat Thoma Hogg sent home went to his brother — but all. Cor a he sent to tae ons and Co, of Flushing. And in ee way ie as personalities in New York horti- cultural circles, Thomas Hogg and Samuel B. Parsons, were associated in
k intend to purchase when they are in bloom. The ye rt ae fe ve broad bracts and aah heads that span five inches or mo. In poorer forms the flower heads from bract tip to ae tip ae measure ne more than two inches and the bracts eae are often narrow. Var of Cornus Kou. ave been described and named. The one c sate peel has ae ee able recommendation as being s r for garden purposes. I have long suspecte ed, and examination of ea rium specimens seems to a that this is not a distinct variety and most surely it possesses no constant advantages over the type as far as characters of garden importance are concerned. The best eae for the garden are to be obtained only by selecting seedlings when are in Slee or by
ung it ann growth. attains entua! heh of twenty : et 0 — the stiff horizontal branching habit of o ative flow ae ood, it is without the papas character hich: that 2 abit ee A arn tree in bloo ae Japanese dog- wood is of interest in fruit, for its masses of pee esemble straw- berries rae than the clusters of separate bright red an that we are accustomed to see on our ale flow vaiae dogwood. And they are edible or at least are reported to be so. I have never eate oe myself. Cornus ie is hardy in climates pee harsher ne that of New York
This summer I was delighted to see a dourishing young specimen
in "Fa bloom in the garden of Mrs. John L. Senior, at Lenox, Massachu-
setts
A hundred and thirty years ago, an English gardener left a substantial position and his home in Londo 2 to come to America. His ee a a nine-months’ old baby. The baby grew into the boy who ked for his father in his nursery gardens at Broadway and Tai. third cae and”
209
s Hogg, vice president of the Torrey Botanical Club, 1885-1892. This phot ‘ograph was presented by him to Elizabeth G. Britton, November and is now in the collection of portraits in the library of The New
1887, York Botanical Garden. River, and in time, together with
s aus mgt One
t Seventy-ninth Street on the East r, he es ae oe he rae that hi that English-bor: e Ga a States
his brothe oy greater thin £ Am ae pea habia aoe Phin to serve n Jay ae in a Japan which Perry had recently opened to westerners eh which ev nthe was sti tri ee to throw off the restrictions of feudal ry well in his official cere as he later served the nt. But and above his official
He served his unt aay aa Japanese eee duties he busied himself collecting seeds of the cane plants he saw in
210
Japan, which he au would add bea to American gardens. And sent those seeds hom 2. ele in brother’s garden at Righty. fourth Street and in thie ushing n n later life he traveled an His ce notes that after retire- ment “he devoted his leisure to his favorite studies. His investigations
ship in nica ib and four years vice president. He became chairman of the ee oF the
al Club that n a botanical garden in the City ae aes — the committee whose efforts resulted in the inp . The New York anical Garden—and later his name appeared as of the ee eight wioG coaineiet the original Corporation of this Ga: eden,
I e, I have a me a carefully dried ee of Cornus Kousa from the ia rium of The New York Botanical Garden that was col- lected ee Thom nas Hogg i ae apan. I have a ee ee of me his photo- graph, which he himself pie ed to Mrs Britton in November 1897 a He which is now in the Garden’s spor elt, It ce aman of distinguished features — suppor s biographer’s description, “In
Mr. Hogg was tall and spare, oa cal ce and muscular, with a
igni ity of manner. He was
eable of com: He devot ‘ his pel ae pee om them ee of their families. In nx Park in the present City o t New ork are two flourishing ee of the snes and work of Thomas i one is the plan nting Cornus Kousa, the other is The New York Botanical Garden
Hardiness Records of Woody Plants at Rochester, New York Bernard Harkness
Rochester cents of Parks
N an article on the geographical distribution and the cold-resisting character of certain herbaceous perennials and woody plant groups, Dr. Orland E. Mie once asked the question if it were not possible that many species of plants might harbor ae their population individuals of a genetic ai aates ena abling them to live in a con nsiderably colder climate than etal ted by their present pees limits of range. ae years later, Dr. White put "his theory to test at the Univer rsity of ee and bees made a report in which families and gen were tabulated as cold resistant, cold susceptible and mixed. Minos. species were classified as to cold resistant characteristics.
211
At Highland Park, anu ue aoe - ar porerum was begun in 1890 with, as a generous nucleu pl of all th shrubs in the nursery of Elhw lwanger ae This firm had aye given the land whic n st: ies the park. In 1892 and fees: years until plant ere prevented, musery lists from England, Germany, Russia and ce were ‘combed £ or additions He ms collections. Nurseries and le in the Uni S ee lara oa ae ecialtie Highland Park has a hilly terr a c depos: lime- eee sands and gravels. The lowest eee sae. officially see in 73 years at Rochester is a mee F., while the average of the mean monthly temper- ature over a per f 115 years is 47.5° F. Moles article is ee to record such woody plants as would seem o have eae a slightly more generous ee ation in surviving the one s than their geographic origin would indic In some cases, their limits of ealisaton assigned by the authorities are realy es ceeded. This survey would not be possible except for the records kept by Mr. ane rd E. Horsey oS throughout his forty-five years with the park tem, was interested in the problem of fadinee: of Ser in cultivation ne early (1919) p ublished dat: it. lassic ample of a pla a of the lower South in the United States, which is able to survive a climate far north of its natural Sane is Florida corkwood, iia floridana. Southern Missouri is the northern limit recorded for it, yet L. floridana se been well established for years in the rhododendron eds at Highland Park where the existing soil was replaced with acid peat. Its grow wth and increase by root: a ead is ay more notice- able in the neutral soil of Durand-Eastman Park. Casual park visitors, who are not inter eee in eel science, are ney by the extreme ey a hes Baie which can be demonstrated by pushing the trunks po liv Be ae ttle, Myrica cerifera, brought in at various times— ey ne 1890 and the latest from Cape May, New el in 1925— been a a 0 groun e i
Reported as a plat of swamps from Virginia and Missouri southwards, Cornus ei is minal in Cae Park by a plant se age high and with somewhat more spread from several trunks. II cies it not a far oa Rehder’s Manual states it is patie for ae
ae ant of some ornamental value, the snow-wreath, Nevi Peake em long been grown far north of its restricted native habitat in Alabama. ee Meehan & Sons’ nursery supplied ten plants to
Highland Park back in 1899. Petalless, its flower effect comes from an abundance of fluffy stamens.
212
Two southwestern walnuts have oo no setbacks from our northern winters. Juglans rupestris, the Texas black walnut, is a decora- tive small tree with marble-size fruits, freely cas that are mostly shell. A plant in Highland Park stands twelve feet high with a crown spread‘
B.H
of twenty feet r. S'avin, of the Rochester Parks, collected the ed in the ita Mountains north of Cache, lahoma, in
fifty-foot specimen of the Arizona black walnut, Juglans major, growing
here attests that its tolerance for cold is somewhat th dicated
in Rehder’s Manual which, for some reason, restricts this tree to Zone VII Whitebud, Cercis Hired) ee is said to have Pine We ee western ee Pe har ere ved at Rochester from Joh: & Son, of Car * Miscour a spring of 1907. oe a rie eae a the plants aan a rom ‘hen now rank whitebud as one of the choicest small ornamental t o be seen in our collectio eee most of ae ae are rng as being hardy in the North, Rehder’s Manual aes Aesculus splendens by recording it as eee for Zone VI. ae ae flame buckeye, which Prof. C. S. Sargent rat to fay ve t ares a t flowers of all the ache has ery in and Park eee foe since 1915 or 1916, w plants were recei mate m the Arnold Arboretum. In nature, it is pie ae from Alabama al Mississippi.
Several plants of Clerodendrum trichotomum, grouped against House 13 of the Main piesa re of The New York Botanical Garden. This shrub is hardy here—in evere winters only do the tips winter-kiil.
-up of Cleadeuaine trichotomum as the flowers were ies to open on porns 7, 1950, at The New York Botanical Garden
Chittamwood, Bumelia lanuginosa, came here in 1906 from the Arnold Arbo a its iets is from Virginia to Kansas and southward. It has
made a dens hrubby growth about twenty feet high, flowering aa but with i ‘rts ripening very late in the season. Its leaves hang on until late in the
Another eae family, ea soapberry, has a eae! ae in Sapindus Drummond whic ng ows from Mexico to Misso Our plants were sre wn from a | collection made sor ah of Okla heats City, Oklahoma, in 1914. They a about half their optimum height of fifty feet and gee ‘old pee some injury has been noted. Flowers and seeds are produced by our plants.
A aide tags - ‘Asati plants s have been tested in Rochester. High- land Par’ the locations chosen by Prof. Sargent principally for its a eee as differing sufficiently a the Arnold Arboretum to be value in determining the ornamental worth of the new things coming from China and Japan in the seed collections of Wilson, Hers, Purdom and other ve ex xplorers.
The Chinese Toon, Cedrela sinensis, is a quick-growing tree with ailan- thus-like foliage but without the disagreeable flowering and seeding charac- teristics of the Tree-of-Heaven. Our nee from the western Szechuan
o faa
214
seed asians by E. H. Wilson in 1908 were ae . ds ground level in
the spring of 1934, but Rens since grown up f ots to flowerin; and eae size. The y be rae Hee in a country, which merit the Zone V designation by Rel i
Though re received from Thom s Meehan in 1899, harlequin glory- bower, Mee um tr chat, was lat n 1911, reinforced with
al rom the Seoul, Korea, collections o Prof. Jack of the Arnold Arboretum. Ordinary Tel flowering and very ornamental in fruit in late summer and fall, it has a cut to the ground by cold winters. How- ver, it seems ane root hardy and even somewhat rampant in its root spread. Rehder’s cone nt to Zone VI, and questionable there,
oO
vi The records indicate it was rather a struggle to get Japanese coriaria, C oriaria Aan lay ea Thirteen plants were received, beginning in
1899 with plants fro ie nglish firm of naa s Smith to 1919 with plants fro ‘om te Arno ola oretum. One pla emains apparently well established. After the antl sane of the = years, year-old branches
have flowered - say the showy, coral-red, immature fruits which later turn dark purple. us II states o is hardy , south of Washington, which may be its vinat ts ae ‘ood garden ea eae our plant justi-
fies the Zone V rating es in Rehder’s Man The dove tree, Davidia involucrata V: inorion, here since 1907 f the Veitch nursery, has not flowered. It wep more cate e winter freezing than most ce given the Zon ao rating. In the case of the dove tree, it cate key there are hardier strains in cultivation than we have had in Roc Our plant of Fcomnia pa elacetd was a seedling of the 1907 seed a tion by E. H. Wilso n Hupeh, where it is a cultivated tree. The: were several ae ae Mie 1934, but after freezing to the ground o: nly one sprouted up again. Eucomiia yields rubber, although difficult to extract, so it came i ang some notice during World War II when the U. S. Depart ment of Agriculture fordcet ed rubber investigations. ere an interesting demonstration may be made — by pulling a leaf apart about a at : i tae the two ie will remain attached by numerous strands Sees ies at ee the Lindens, Grewia biloba parviflora, from northern China and Kor ae an d here since 1905 by retreating derground in extreme winters. After a few rea seasons, it regains ive habitat
The coldest recent winter did some damage to the raisin tree, Hovenia dulcis, but in most cases did not cut it down to ground level. First ob- tained from Thomas Meehan in 1899, the raisin tree produces not raisins but flower stalks which between flowering and fruiting swell into fleshy,
(Continued on page 219)
Plant Tumors and (ancer
Robert S. de Ropp
ain 1—A penile occurting tumor
onymus caused by crown gall bacterium.
° 5
both wild ay oe They may e caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, todes
insects, ne’ mical substances or genetic peculiarities. Some r aoe pee val eg, a bacterial nodul f£ legumes which fix nitrogen in the soil. resent serious threats
a i crops, for instance, clubroot of cabbage, potato wart a
etude ats of plant diseases have naturally interested themselves in the re- semblances existing hetween some of these plant tumors and the destructive
2—Carrots experimentally inoculated with crown gall bacteria, showing dic teticn of the tumors which result.
Figure 3 PRODUCTION OF BACTERIA-FREE
OWN GALL TUMOR TISSUE a. Healthy sunflower stem. b. Tumors on stem devel-
oped after inoculation with crown gall bace- teri
c. Tumor tissue free from bacteria after four ars’ culture in test
growths in fasion a animals which we call cancers. The plant tumors
which have been e ned most thoroughly rae this standpoint are those caused by ie crown- aay bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, discovered in 1907, by two American plan patholo Erwin F. Smith and C, O. Townsend. This aie erium occurs oil in many regions ates the world and is capable os causing an on a great variety of plants whenever it mee nee pra ae oe Rie Fig. 1 shows such a naturally oc i tum ich wi the writer in a
ur by hedge of Euonymus. Its dane ee 2 oo was | ten times that of the stem on which it grew.
The tumors can be produced very easily in the laboratory on the fleshy storage organs of such plants as beet, jerusalem artichoke and carrot (fig. 2). It is oe ay to spread the bacteria over eee ig = surface of such organ to obtain, within ten to fourteen days, a crop of tumors a many c ae rs. re carrot, the tumors from es to purple; on beet, they range from deep crimson through pay
white. Readers will notice that the oe mors on carrot r a ae tributed at ee over the w ae cut surface but are panes ae a line of the cambium. Cells in this region seem to react more readily
o the Ao ae by ‘te crown-gall organism,
217
Erw: . Smith aes that the tumors ies on plants by the crown-; a organism w uine plant cai He even made detailed i of
ria but no has been obtained which Seed: that bacteria are responsible for the to} ee in anim It has, h shown, by the ne - ig C. Braun and P. R. White at the Rocke-
plant cells into. tumor ‘ells, these tumor cells will go on growing as tumor aE after all the bacteria have been eliminated. Bacteria can be eliminated
by heat treatment or may disappear fro ane tumor aaa 2 this way bacteria-free crown-gall tumor tte n be obtained which can be grown indefinitely in test tubes on a ae simple medium contai sce
sugar, mineral salts and thiamine. fee by which such bacteria- free tumor tissue is obtained are shown in fig. This Sees made the resemblance ae ane crown-gall tumors and nimal cancers seem closer than had poe been t ei iae Bacteria- free crown- at issue, like many animal cancers, can be n for years in test tubes, removed and grafted into hee ‘individuals a still pro duce tumors. The plant cells are changed permanently during the first
e 4—Discs of carrot and beet tissue are being inoculated with crown gall ae These fragments will a be treated with chemical substances to determine their tumor inhibiting capacitie
218
gn 7 ee i Figure 5-THE DESTRUCTION OF CROWN GALL TUMORS ON SUNFLOWER BY A-METHOPTERIN a-b. Fully effective concentration. c. Ineffective concentration. d. Not treated
four days after the bacteria are applied. No one knows as yet what the acteria do to transform normal plant cells to tumor cells, see it is beatin le
0 which initiates oe change. It has also been suggested that the aioe may carry a ee which is the real gai agent of the disease. Several viruses which cause animal cancer are already known. Bacte 2Tia- ae crown: gall tumor aa grows on a very simple medium
containing agar, ral salts and thiamine. This medium will no support the es ‘ot the healthy hGie from which the tumor tissue has been derived. We also know that such potent growth hormones as indole- 3-acetic acid which will stimulate the growth of normal sunflower tissue i 1 1 i h i he
growth of sunflower tumor tissue. It seems likely that the tumor tissue see in itself an excess of some growth hormone and that this hor-
n part respo nee for its abnormal growth. a students of cancer oe guessed that cancerous tissue also produces a ess of some growth hormone but so far no one has succ eae in slang such a oe mone fr
ne from animal cancer aes Nutrition of plant tis can be easily studied than that of animals because of Abs sles reuienents and, in this respect, our understanding of the differences between the
nutrition of normal and tumor tissue is much more pee he ae than it is for animals.
Research on the growth of crown-gall tumor tissue has been in progress since 1946 at the New York Botanical Garden, supported in part by grants
219
from the American Cancer Society. Many aspects of the problem have oe considered, most cei - which is the testing of Bete ical sub-
stances for their inhibiting a on tumor growth. The quest for a chemical substance which will ‘nbibit the growth of tumors eae affecting normal tissues is one of the main lines of cancer researc
he of carrot or chrysanthemum tissue on which tumors
following inoculation with crown-gall i oto (fi - 4).
Many of the compounds which have been used in the treatment of nimal cancer have been pee Including penis mustards, folic acid analogues, gua ite o and c Most promising results have so far been obtained w uch folie a ‘analogues as A. methopterin. Young tumors on merc stems can be comple en pevlee! by a cone aa cation of this substance (fig. 5). It has proved, how Suit to be of he most potent known inhibitors of the eet of both mal ee Hae tissue, being active in 1 part i illion. It acts by Meta with the
ue, being active t in a billion. multiplication of the cells and unfortunately appears to affect healthy bas cells he as seriously as it does tumor cells. Guanazolo, various mustards, and cortisone will also stop ihe growth of the plant oe ae ail ees agents have an inhibitory effect on the growth of x :
“silver bullet” which will hit the tumor cell and miss the normal cell has not, as yet, been discovered either for plants or oe
Hardiness ‘Records of Woody Plants (Continued from page 214)
reddish and sweet lumpy masses. These, as Bean states, “are chewed b the Japanese and Chinese” but no one else gets very excited about ee
Each y a shrubby poms of the Asclepiadaceae, Marsdcnia erecta, which has proven root har! ae here since 1907, makes a three-foot mound of foliage. The leaves are a pale, glaucous green, which give a 3 effect as of sun-sca avn the . wers are freely produced though, to a great extent, hidden in the leaf mass, in axillary clusters of many hie. a ae segmented lobes
n 1916, the Arnold Arboretum sent us a plant of jujube, Zizyphus
Juju, which has grown to eighteen feet in height. Last year’s hot dry tummer, followed by an excepto onally warm a ia fall season, ae fae to ripen and Rochester-grown jujubes e tasted —- a dry, mealy,
late-sugar sweet pulp — at for the first ae This is a ‘highly devel oped horticultural plant in the Orient and many varieties are grown; in this country, it is better adapted to the Southwest. This hardy ane is recognized in both Rehder’s Manual and Hortus II.
— 2
220
Impressions of a -AMycologist in Sweden By Donald P. Rogers ia aa the pine church in Stockholm oe is an inscription : ‘Hospites ‘a hospiti.’” Be these words Dr. E. D. Merrill, of Harvard, ae fovmer direst of ae w York Oe Garden, opened a graceful on alf a all the ay members of the Seventh
e
innumerable meetings of the Congress and i and in the cheerful helpfulness of the Sw
themselves “guests in a friendly land”.
s sections and committees, ede-in-the-street, for eee Survival Traini:
7 of us who are not accustomed to European travel must have looked forward to the stay in Stockholm with some apprehension. French and
n—that is, botanical French and Germa art of the normal equipment of a botanist; but even the Swedish dictionary which sees us through the reading lant descriptions is no great so f fort in the everyday business of catching street cars and ordering meals e oon learned that d al s a Swede whose knowledge of our language was greater than our knowledge of his; nae a moderate amount of courage in ordering blindly from a Swedis enu and in trusting
unches a buses, directions, and nike not pees as well as surer informatio ek . ee ihe our acne to survive under novel conditions. In Sw all traffic, and wheel, here : the left. The es merican nie is so 0 arranged that it ees to the left n the owner is to eet, and t right after he ae ‘fe middle. It ee ae en all ee oe head | een that in Sweden such ee are suicidal ; the rotating ne are not under cea control. The best an American can do, after a few near misses, is to compel himself to stop
ick to learn; but it saved a whole population of es botanists from ees
ssity of such a pr recess is heightened by oo ne ee every ta of Sto anes above the age of ten rides
a bicycle (provided with a gear-shift and so capable of fine ated), that ue are forbidden by law t ae their horns except in case
of dire yy (such as never arose wits my hearing), and that there is no ee ‘Timit ae it would seem, an injunction to double speed when
221
turning corners). Some of our oe expressed the fervent desire - when ee were oe it eae eee ae cle; others simply yed to survive. There appear e bee raffic deaths among botanists in ‘Sioeing Im ; aay time wil ben oo pee value attaches to rd-won look-to- the- right habit when it is manifested on American coe
Food and Similar Trivialities The deadly traffic of Sto ae Im, sh makes Forty- antes Street seem as men as a football field in February, had its compensa ions ; when pe had crossed the street we niet find eee near a ondieee i. The tio: re pone tes that word as “confectioner’s”; but a konditori a neither ice-cream sodas nor jelly beans. It is apt to es a window and a as
may say “one” (holding up a finger) “of this” (pointing) “and this, a a 7 aaa ee as many pastries as he thinks he can eat, and a o ~ or co ike oo say, three cakes) for a quarter.
ing five in Sweden I never Seenie d the word smorgas ee aie iti is eae to the eae or merely eae daplaeed because of rationing I did not learn. Smérgaser were frequent ; we learned
that they are not ae same thing, but open- a ed sandwiches, eaten in | holm — a and fork, but outside that city, eee s; eit iu
they w ood. The elements of a smérgasbord a nm the - eee * Swedish preserved fish, cheese ee rich s ds are eee in any quantity and under any name. Stra ies, cherrie d red rasp-
(for — = Swedish word, ananas, is familiar to all botanists) were i the fruit s
clig ae in Sweden At least as far north as Stockholm, Swedish towns from the air appear uniformly burnt-orange in color, from the universality of bright tiled roofs. From the ground the prevalence of masonry buildings is, to one accustomed i iki or smal
idings, or tles, the normal structure s to be same wails of solid br ick overlaid by plaster or ut stucco sn painted. The colors—mostly o cae occasion: ally gray or sage green—are one variable as the structure. Only in the country did we see frame ee often with eee siding and et mee and nearly always aaa barn red with white tri e are stone buildings, but they are very rare. Upsala oe aes inside has the same glorious vista of stone ae as our St. Joh
222
the Divine, and the Stockholm City Hall, which has been called, not un- justly, the most ace ek of modern times, have brick walls. Another noticeable an American, distressing character of the larger towns is i e great fea - the single a Lee In Stockholm and Upsala, at sere all recent building see o have been of apartment ee : These n ere show the ae Characterising ate ment areas in our cities, ae if the few n be taken as en ver : comfortable. Nevettes, to us oy oe othe possession 0 alee nd a garden as both the norm ad the ideal, the fact ie ee not a hundr edth as ge such places as an American city of compara- ae size is a to belie Nevertheless, ee is a lovely city. Its site, on a group of islands, and the accompanying multitude a tear ays and bridges po much . its beauty. The harbor is not clogged and concealed by § as is that of New York , and there seem to ae boats tied up everyw ee along the waterfront—power boats, small sailing craft, schooners, square riggers, white passenger boats looking like smaller versions of the Hudson River steamers, cargo craft, small naval vessels. The bridges are so placed that there is no need of arrangements for the Hanes of ships, and so they are built at ae level a ge swings or draws. Again because of the lack of obstruction, the parks and walks along the ne are as pleasant, and the vistas as em at a as during the day. tockholm seems to have been built around parks as much as around the water. They are everywhere—from small squares of lawn and flowers and trees, which one encounters whichever street he takes, to the base Skansen with its zoo, its old Swedish village, its concert terrace and its wooded hills.
oes there are not parks, there are flower shops, with magni ifcent dis- pla understand the siperiorty of their stocks—the stock (Maithi ola) likes a cool climate; but why African violets should be so
m much more thrifty and floriferous in Sweden than here is an unsolved stery
Professional Palaver
The meetings of the Congress sections were held in the buildings of the Hégskola—which is not a high Me: the Stockholm University. There we found a temporary bank, a office, a newsstand with local and foreign papers, a botanical eine nd sca oo offices. There also we found admirable meeting and lecture
The meetings of the Section on Cd ae ae a week before the aie proper and continued until its end. There had been word that
they be on eee “dog-fight.” Certainly there were periods, during which - oppos ped groups were simultaneously esoena exclusive Be ena of their respective positions, when there was enough excite-
ment for everyone. Probably the tensest debate arose over the proposal for
223
conservation of specific names—the principle that a list anaripered limit- less) of plant names known to be incorrect should be place le th iene = the Rules and oe in the face o eae One af the
Pe alae spokesman for the proposal solemnly informed us that if
di dn wi eerie ae nd set up their own system of no : F upon the opposition demonstrated, by docur $a irect testimony, that
of its aoa warned us, in a radio-pundit voice, that we didn’t know what e doing, and tranquility was restored. There were plenty of such ee: but the Rules survived them all, and on a number of points were even impro One of the ae encouraging aspects of the nomenclatorial debates was the apparent absence of regional or sages blocs. Some of our American Cassandras ae eee ae the genus of flowering plants) had assured us that the ne would be on ee line s—American versus Euro- pean—and tha merican members of the nomenclatorial section must vote together, in pee na nce with the dictates of one of our aes eties, if we di n 0 lose lieben bal stood for. We did n so. ie it turned ane differ e between representatives a ee or of WV ik
among our own men an
allies eae ts oe elsewhere whose judgment, erudition and firm-
ness in re right we had been prevented by geography from appreciating arlier.
The — of his Section on Nomenclature lasted ae about seven
and so we had plenty of time during lunch hour and in the
ecaces i ga commit meetings. These rarely lasted hand ten-
thirty, and the writing of n and arrangement of further business never
required more than an a een four hours. The rest of the time was our
pare pipers or whatever other recreation we might fancy. Sleep was the usual c
i ad Levity
were, however, certain periods set aside for excursions, when were ene to fore: both botany and nomenc clature. One afte ernoon,
the lovely cpsaeahsiae waterways of eastern Sweden, were Mice the refreshments were most gratefully sou and since each of tl foreign botanists was confident that he had concealed from his ‘fellows 7 is that bs first ene caries iho hook his hi was the Crown Prince (we all learned better when we reached another room and veneie kh. we were e all es happy about the excursion
224
On another day, there was a steamboat trip among the islands of the Stockholn archipelago. Since the absence of meetings did not in itself reduce the accumulation of paper-work, some of us had to be content with
us to the Ber; Th handsome platings from an aquatic garden to an ae al alp, arranged for scenic effect, as well as ge enue: caeiere = ecological groupings.
Some of the most interesting plants were Am west-coast ue said to be too tender for New York gar as Aowrishing above 69° N. lat. The garden derives a part of its income from the ve ae hore stock, and it was ou. here, as everywhere we t floribunda roses seem to be more popular in Sweden nes in a United States, the Poulse ea in particular being as handsome there as here. One planting less oe com, ery successful by American stan _ rds was a small plot of
Zea Mays—a dozen plants, less than a foot high. We we pune mention the proper glory of the Iowa prairie, ni ie as scientists we all hav 1 aintai
The most memorable of the excursions was one which occupied all of a Sunday (and a bit of Monday) and took us to Upsala. We left early in
the morning by f the miniature but fast electric trains and reached Upsala about i f knew of the t as f an ancient university. For tudents of vascular plants, it : the home of Linnaeus; na ee = Teenie its principal glory is Elias Fries; for not sys Laas ue it has ple e eerste and for a aren there are the gardens. Of these we visited two—the Linnaean garden, laid ow ee hi ouse, r university garden, alias aks the botanical buildings. Like the Bergius garden, the latter had excellent specimens of American plants, easily the most notable
of which was a thriving bushy clump labeled “Rhus To-xricodendron,” with an accessory note in Swedish which we did not need to have translated.
Son rocks, had much the aspect of some of the wooded valleys of our n Nor ee except for the ee in species, one might dete one himself among the alders beside an Oregon trout stream. The e had the by now familiar me and- cee -painted walls; one of the ae a deep sod roof, eens by its own garden. om Ham returned to Upsala, where each was free to seek a his own particule Ae of worship until dinner-time, when botanists from all over town converged on the central hill and its great round-towered castle. We “dined | in the principal hall; and then, after the tables had been
225
moved, an orchestra played, alternating Swedish and American tunes, i dancing. No information is available on the return journey of all of noes sts ; oie : one bus, from api to es railway station, and
one from Upsala to Stockhol
ree by one nee ainologst ea the ae in song an
iastically joined by other voices in English, French and Ger We fin- ished Auld Lang Syne just as the train rolled into the a ‘at a little
ae two.
A luncheon to surpass all luncheons was given for some of the oe in the town hall, in surely the most be autiful room ever so occupied, by the City of Stockholm. (The New York Botanical Garden was See Editor) Afterward we inspected the eae then scurried back t
lature.
Work, Too e were also two plenary meetings of the Congress in the Stockholm
concert “pall, which t of us already knew for Milles it: s. Besides
latter meeting that Dr. Merrill ce the wreath on behalf of the for-
eign botanists. Later 7 2 he ae n Mr. Five-by-Five, the principal
Russian delegate, broug! cca TESS a eee: from the U.S.S.R.,
composed of political eee a ae quotation from that great scientist in
oH wn ot e. oe oO i a. 3 = o 3 @ a fe) i] =dy ct. = @ ° 4 2S 2 =] = o 3 io} S a oO ° =a i)
wreath for the tomb of Linnaeus fro m the Russian delega tion—wreath number t meri ists
he Congress members went to a farewell party in the town hall—refreshments, a beautiful program by an 4 capella chorus, Swedish folk- pee and then general dancing.
After the close of the Congress, we had the choice of a number of beiasiel excursions s into the n we th ie ae en, each arrange ed and led for workers in a particular phase of bot: or of enjoying the hospitality of Swedish herbaria. The mycological ieee ns of the Riksmuseet, on the edge of Stoc ae aeae the herbarium of Lars neues the chief ae of Swedish larger fungi during the interregnum between Fries’s death and
s period of great coe and that of Bresadola, the oe. of T
ar’ co) d or a mycologist their value is eon estimate. The fungi at Upsala in- clude, of course, the herbarium of Elias Fries and are aces ie founda- tion and p Page a ae be sgonns ren in t groups of fungi. Ther mibers of specimens, excell Ady prepared and teee ee Shuck eee by the group of distinguished
(Continued on page 232)
226
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
The Impact of Evolution on Civilization Th yan -. WIN. Paul Sea: Nat ist as a Cul tural Force. pe pages, "biliogganhy ay Ate Scribner’s Sons, New Yor $2, one a ma ly joi ee Ow-
ears has ing the impact of evolution co our civilization in a brief 124 Such a Hees ey * ‘ot é ee tition of the
research
€ hi out their first citons almost as soon as issued. The storm of bitter peu which arose ‘left Darwin almost un- touched, since the few who a
: le the inspiration of his works produced the world’s most — puns as of - tural pn That he ory. Let Cie Sears hae developed i
The ba ahaa of Darwin as the
scientific one e of his times pressed, not anintelligably so,
com- into four itroduciory chapters. uti
Dar merican voyage farniched the ‘evidence that all others had Spe
failed to g asp. les change.
t i ing, fen to say that plants, insects, birds, fish and the rest ar ot ent heir ancestors and o
other to say that man shows the
fess of life and joins in he prosecion of advance from primitive life. “Darwin”,
says Sears, Beige a is more
e a ‘and sequence a events.” a calm
Hew. of man’ 's animal origin was all gain and no _ loss.
It is in lining up evolution and moder ecology Sears made his best con- tribution, The chapters entitled “A Ne
irror” “A Social Being” are th heart of the bo t was not Darwin’
new but the work of the followers of larwin that threw so many int sion. The struggle for existence falsely
s alone in fits of greed and “hist “habitually ape en- slaves and de; os ind. where is a
more
The brief bibliography in a work of
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228
s character consists more of books in- in than Darwin. In
i Voyage of ae Beagle” is cite e dedication to or essors Frederick oO. ce and to Edward L. Ric ce is n i only a tribute to two of Sears’ mentor pore a. ideas of two of Ohio’s ee fo)
2 oe Ohio ce University.
A Digest of an Expert’s Wide Experience Fine DISEASE HANDBOOK. Cyn- hia Westcott. 746 pages, illustrations, bbliogranby index. D. Van Nostrand Co., ., New York, 1950. wa 50. abou nd and the and eee have thelr share— ares ie Bae and blights. Two views of pests prevail. ardeners enjoy fighting the ene Ss die
n
early fro igh blood pressu Dr pea ia Westcott ae in the fi Ben since I er in
er hands and knees in the garden, itl microscope and test tube in her private beri he and she has seen how uae vey i t
ss the face of the nation € Hchores of Giche Gumee to the: alien big sea water”. In short, Dr. Westcott is oa ne ae
raed
t has done all gardeners og ‘a plant pathology a real ue in g dow: ae of her wee
ce ed a bie of Sc cutifully oe on Her illustrations are a
iy mo g 4 a °
e book covers a of In the a ‘chapter she
When he opens himself to spears and arrows from his colleagues. I 0 especial criticism
tiates disease fro
the time of irritatior w injures grass by eating the leaves, This is tran- sient, she says. Disease involves “con-
tinued irritation” This is fine, but s
then excludes the action of red mites, Sa et al from the class of “causal agen
unfortun se leners make
lant diseases, the armacopoeia of ant doc It gives a very brief char- acterizatio the commonly useful ma-
gy pages on the classification of the fungi, Lavan and viruses that cause plant
am the
meat of the book. Tha hy four i is is called “Plant Diseases and Their eae
and
Chapter five is called “Host Pla: Their Die eases” Dr, Westcott encountered serious peda-
gogical difficulties in these two chapters. There are dozens of pl pathogenes. The p
ngs is dificult, wh attem: mpts to iimited areas 0
ha ve six on hosts and the index a sien
might use one of proaches io Chapter five. a oe it “wo cn b
organism (t classical ap- areaeh. oe by symptoms. Neither is ve practical r, Westcott uses a practical Et
in; se are Ae sympto also. _itas sections on downy plas BH todes
"Gar i ners a — ae patholo- gists must give room the quick refer- ae shelf ee his aol ume.
MES G. HorsFatt, Director, “Cone Agric, Exp. Station.
oe s ee Contributions THI
IE AS A SCIENTIST. Ri bh Moraae (Translated by Heinz Norden.) 259 pages, indexed. H. hy Inc., New York, 9, $3.50,
The translation of this famous intro- ductory treatment encompassing all of
229
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logy and comparative anatomy; studies in the theory of color; ares minor excur- siol into ineralogy, logy, meteorology are cna si section f th evoted ‘preta-
ideas in present-day science as a whole, is much to be desired. J. J. Wurpack
apie eee os and Products and Figures. 159 pages, iivetaed, indexed. ue 3 cobee Sugar Council, New This nee sugar Petter in Ciba in ih relation to rare States and world trade. ANANAS: Chem intr Physiology, Te chnology. Har: Von | Toesecke a paees “intustated” ‘index: cience Publishers, New Yor
Botany, ar ction, methods of pro- céssing, transportation, products, and uses of bana are among the subjects treated in ec is comprehensive study. CITRUS PRODUCTS. Chem seal ecom- position and chemical technolo; J. B. S. Braverman. 424 pages, ilstrated indexed. Interscience Publishers, Inc.,
1949,
"t ruits and the
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Me The tory of rayon manufacture, even ee the day when Chardonnet in ted a pa in France for an artificial textile besten is told,
to the present day of world rayon odie Con.
Of Taxonomic Interest
THE NATU TION OF WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS. . S. Beard. 192 pages,
, illustrated. Oxford University Press, London and New York. 1949. $6.50, Environmental factors are tho roughly described before the flora itself is given cues i made erial presen nted here will be familiar to readers of the foureal’ who followed his series of seven articles between May 1944 and August 1947, FLORE DE LA GUADELOUPE ET DE- FENDANCES ET DE 1A MARTINIQUE. ome = talogu Hs ear Suen 138 pares uses ted: S eltuent Brunel, Mon Another cae to ne oe in articles a nee in 1940 and ’41, ted te
is in chnical paper in Ereich- a ai f the flowering plants and ferus of certain French de-
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230
FOSSIL FLORA OF THE MICHIGAN
COAL BASIN. Chester A. Arnold. Pages 131-269, illustrated. ae VII, No. 9, Contributions from the Museum - ‘Paleontology. hs aabky of Mich- » Ann Arbor, 1949. $3. sa 150 efiet photo cane duc wie on 34 plates, provide eae - illustration for Dr. Arnold’s descriptive
Williamsburg in Photographs
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See Williamsburg,
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explain briefly how the restor- ation has been accomplished.
Sentiment Foremost
AMERICAN HEART Ae oon. Donald
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. 5 0, is book Peattie looks upon st of ‘Aterican natural history as ro- er good, and beautiful.
LAND. Edited and Teteted by "Rue ell & Kate Lord. 394 eae ilastrated, indexed. Harper & York, 1950. $5.
Many writings ie been gathered to
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Textbooks Revised
PRINCIPLES OF_ GENETICS. Edmund
1 Sinnott, L _ Dunn and Th, Dek zhansky. pages, illustrated,
dexed. MeGeawt a Book Co., New
York. 4th edition 1950. $5. Emphasis is placed upon the principles and ideas pens a applications of genetics and examples are given in actual pr Topless able Pe aide nt to reason genetically. Chief pa in the text
n the chapters dealing with the
Bins ve of heredity in chromo-
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on population: genetics, space ha
fungi and microorganisms suc) teria, rote oa an possibilities for ee an ac-
A TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY. George Edward Trease. Sth _ editions ULS.P. X.
rugs becoming
en een de-
baa to the important ones. "Names 2 are
now given in Spanish, as well as French
and German of all tie: more important igs.
oe 5 ga
Toxic de haa ion ONO! PLA Wwilbse rt Dinca re Thom as on Tones 46 pages, illustrated, inde xed. School or Veterinary Medicine, Bull. Vol. 49, 13. University of Georgia, Athens,
949. Plants ae are poisonous to livestock e the chief concern of this bulletin,
aie a of New and Old World D
The thi ne ie ve this booklet, com- prising a series EL J. <ander aia 2 the Garden, is now lable. tions heave been saaed one of ey ave sa: show: desert denizen of the southwest. Price O¢ Natural Area in oe
GLEN G@
Sprin; Students at "Antioch College sie this guide to a
Glen Helen, an extensive natural a ich is used by this Ohio school as an outdoor laboratory and re- search center, as well a t
ea!
231
Notes, News and Comment
an exhibit 2
isaac Exhibit. r
ding. st of the
hrough the “Stro- phanthus Expedition” to the West Coast of Africa, sponsored by Merck Research Laboratories.
Free Saturday Lectures. The first pro- gram in the Autumn 1950 series falls on September 30 at 3:30 p.m. This will be
will commence sae eee 6, 1
Educational Program. pice ce of all the courses bein ee ie New York Botanical Ga: oe n are covere the Educational Program 1950. “32 a wed pee 1950). A copy will be mailed
Chrysanthemum Display and Program. The Sixth Annual Chrysanthemum Dis- pla t The New York id at the Gar- . The ree | and
he * will classes and s
Bas a. ni ae tomology 2 Co a University, will talk ‘ontr On Saturday af
on insect ay ter- noon, October BB Mrs, Ernest L. Scot will ‘discuss “Culture and Varieties of ale reens These beige are
the public and will be held in
the spe hall. Children from public schools of the ity of New i a. compete in flower
ormning. The The Volunteer
Garden in cooperation with the School Se oe of the coe of Educ: of The City of New York.
Wild Flowers Come to the Table.
usi wild flowers, old porcelain and ee eee by Elinor Mert ill, It will bes ie at : - ee ot piace 18
19, fro Say ented ie atend jae one in which The New Yor! tanical Garden
is keenly interested.
T. H. Everett on Television. T. H. Peet horicaltunet of The New York a
ep tember 15, they may an Mr. “Everett give instructions on “Planting Bulbs”.
Meetings. Dr. William J. Robbins at- ended ve meeting of the Committee on ae micals, rd on Quarte master Research and Development, held at Philadeipia 9 on tind 14. On July 31 - August 4, bins attended are a ea ere “Detorati of Materials onferenice, laipton, ‘Ne ew Hampshire, presiding as moderator at the first si Lec! P. P. Pirone addressed the Tae Ca ate Garden Club o: n “'Main- ene o Shade and Ornamental Trees” n July
App pe an oe has i nan mber of the Horti- cultural avian ‘Committe at the Berk- shire Garden Center, Stockbridge, Mass.
Visitors. Among those visiting the Gar- den during the month wi
M: Haw: bo otany. Apartment of the Ue of Hawai
232
A Notable Event. The Connecticut Agri- cultural Ee ae ae oldest institu of
dent of Johns Hopkins internationally known biophysicist, deliver the principal address of as three- day program in the auditorium of the Law School, Yale University, on n Senter: ber 28.
Maud Richey Seabury Mrs. Samuel Seabury passed away at her summer home, Wyandanch "Farm, sl ly 21
ser as Advisory Council from May 19, 1936 until her resignation on September 19, 1942, abury, ie ge with hor
Flower Show. The presentation was made at the apr of the rei Club of America at the Waldorf-Asto
on March
In May 1935, Mrs. Seabury represented the Garde Club of America at the Flower Festival in Holland and subse- quently wrote a very interesting account. Another ean: piece of writing — ne a = e the Pees iss a Club
sed o sit to The Bartados yee Etched in Salih
Mrs. Seabury was also a member
Board of Directors of the Hortaltral Society of New York from 1933-45 a active in the City Gardens Club for ook
World War II, the British Mrs English Speaking Union of which she ery active member.
Joseph w. Sm t the time of his
sented, os If of the Garden Club of : aw term of faithful service. Amer! e Sarah Tod Bulkley award esented contributions from all the to The New York Botanical Garden for employees of The New York Botanical its begonia exhibit at the International Garden.
Em
Impressions of a Mycologist in Sweden
(Continued from page 225)
mycologists now working in the ane im
ea cite han from before Fries’s
as recently a equipped with so
filed a
ock, and h which the. specimens are safely
work with them is greatly fa at tated.
it was botanically profita
The saree Ss these e, is comfo wae nvenient and nee new cases in nd so arranged and annotated that
both institutions, we found the
ith aci In generous hospitality that made the entire visit to Sweden as pleasant as ble.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Officers JoszpH R. Swan, Chai Cartes B, Harpinc, President FREDERICK 3. MosELey, Jr., Vice-President ArtHuR M. ANpErson, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Monracne, Secretary
Elective Managers
Doucras H. Ain ve . R. I, Gannon, S.J. Rosert H. MontcomeEry SHERMAN Bacowin Mrs. For Hunrincton Francis on Je WILiiaM Fetton Barrett — Hooke — . Haroitp I. Pra’ Howarp BayYNE SIDNEY Lae WILLIAM cs Roun Ns Epwin De T. Becuter Mrs. Ager, D. Lasker EpmMunp SIN: Lronarp J. Buck CrareNncE McK, Lewis CHAUNCEY Sriuaatan Henry F. pu Pont Tuomas Lewis OaxeicH L. THorn
E. D. MERRILL
Ex-Officio Managers Wiuiiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York MAXIMILIAN ne President of the Board of Education Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By sia eee sasaigaid Club: RutHerrorp PLatt. ee ee University:
Marston T. Bocert, Cuartes W. Batiarp, Sam F. THE STAFF WititaM J. Roppins, a Sc.D. Director HENRY DE LA MontTacn Assistant Dir eclor J. Mark KeErans, LLB. Administrator H. A. Greason, Px.D. Head Curator P. P. Pirone, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist Tuomas H, Everett, N. D, Hort. ae ticulturist H.W. eee Px.D. bli We cad Harotp ee as Dz Curator and Administrator : Herbar: BASSETT ee ur tick Donato PHILIP ieee PuD. Curator E. J, ALExAnver, B.S. e Curator G. L, Wrrtrocx, A.M. Assistant hea ‘or ae "Seducation KavanaGH, PH. Associate Curator of Laboratories
Icor Nicuotas ASHESHOV, M.D Bacteriologist Rosert S. pe Rorr, Pw.D., D.I.C. Assistant ae oo Marjorie ANcHEL, PH.D. Research Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Asian
RY STEBBINS, ie “ Technical Assistant ao Technical a
n J. Wu DEDAEE. BE om Technical ae
Euizaier ie oe at BS. r n. Dor EL Haw Editor of yd Joupsal Feuer C cs BS, Cus Sins. se the Herbarium Joszpa Monacuino, B.S. Associate Custodian of the Herbarium Orro Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Etmer N. MrtcHeti Phalogeapher ao ae Donce, Px.D. Plant palicloos Emeritus A.B. Pu.D. Curator Emeritus Hee i ‘Seavey ae D., Sc.D. Cur $4 eae Ing eae Honorary reheus of Mos. Jos aoe -y Curator of t the D tat eden Eran Anson 's ‘Bees Honorary ae is and "Nar reissus Collections
. C. Pranp Superintendent of Balding and Grounds in ovis P. Pou ead Gardener
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evated. to the Botanical Garden or the 200th St:
THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
York Botanical Garden of N in 1891. The Act of Incorporation provides, body th incorporators, who meer annually to of
new members
Recording caer: Mrs. Hugh Rasa, Carconemdties Secretary : and M
pha H. Allen
o
a Bb A
Mrs. Richard. de Wolfe Brixey Leonard J. B
Mrs. Charles aces Charles Burlingham
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Miss E. Mabel Clark
. Fenimore Cooper Mrs. ene ae ng II Mrs. Willia’ m Re dmond Cross
Ly nol
Mrs. Reginald
Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. rtim
Childs Frick
was incorporated by a cea act hi the ay of the State ng oO
Rey. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Dr. H. A. Gleason
Mrs. ue A. Godley Mrs. Raymond M. a
iD) gal
Mrs. J, an a epee Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mr: - J Ww es d
Dies
Ear Miller, Wes S. P. Miller
Mrs. Harold R. Mixsell
Gall RM H Mo ‘ontgomery Mrs. Robert H. eager Barrin, i Moo:
William i. *adeoee 1h, Cleveland ee an
Rufus ibys ea
Lis Mrs. Harry T. Peters
Mrs. Hugh Peters
ae S
pesmi Mrs.
Stat things, for a self-perpetuating nagers. "The ey also elect
s. Junius A. Richards, Tessar,
Howard Phip| Mrs
‘y Stanley G. Ranger Johnston L. Redmond Mrs. Fergus Reid, Jr. Prof. Marcus M. Rhoa Mrs. Junius A. Richards Dr. William J. Robbins Mrs. Melvin in John M. Sch Mrs ry Mrs. Arthur Hoye Scott Mrs. Townse!
Sree Stillman
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Mrs. Paul eee
Mrs. Arthur H. Suber
Angin eS,
John C. Wis: Richardson Wright
A SEQUEL TO E STROPHANTHUS STORY
CORN BELT MAIZE
HE
FLOWERS AROUND ASPEN, COLORADO
REVIEWS AND NEWS
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
OCTOBER 1950
In Tuts Issue:
THE ORIGIN OF
“BLUE AMARYLLIS”
PAGES 233—260
VoL. 51 No. 610
ENTS
NEW WORLD SUCCULENT HOUSE NO. 8— CONSERVATORY OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
$1.50 A YEAR
School oa of New York City are fascinated by the plants in Cactus House ae
Eve h from now on through spring, sl oe of The New York Botanical Garden will uy visitors ee and di. ea points. On November 9, the Indoor Chrysanthemum Sho: i
oe House No. 4 w: transformed into a Chinese garden and the Aol. pie will consist chiefly of chrysanthemums and other appropriate seasonal material.
Ea
TABLE OF CONTENTS OCTOBER 1950
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STROPHANTHUS AS A
PRECURSOR OF CORTISONE
Joseph Monachino 233
E ORIGIN OF CORN BELT MalIzE William L. Brown 242
BRINGING THE “BLUE ARYLLIS’” TO FLOWER T. H. Everett 247 A Trip INTO THE MOUNTAINS OF CoLoRADO
S$ , News, AND COMMENT
The Journal i is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New Yo! N.Y. Printed in N.
at New York, ents.
15 ce
rk 58, U. §. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies
JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Dororny Ese, Hansetz, Editor
Vow. 51 Octoser 1950 No. 610
Recent Developments in Strophanthus
as a Precursor of (ortisone By Joseph Monachino
N the very day oe my was on Aisle appeared in the February 1950 i ee e Journal o e New York Botanical rden, I rece ce ore bene Seat - cet ee has been
Ga
written on this sihiere to i (July 29th). This was a paper* by Pro- fessor T. pines and his Swiss group of sient Since 1946 they have prepared twenty-three papers** in all, totaling some 300 pages, sane oa glucosides = aglucones found in Strophanthus and other plan
Protes r Reichstein, seer with J. von Euw, A. Katz and J. Schmutz, ee ter studyi eeds of S. sarmentosus from eight different sources—that the fet * yields nly traces of sarmentocymarin. Their findings were the first of a series ‘of blows at Strophanthus as a precursor of cortisone. All the elaborate steps taken to procure large ee enue and to commence cultivation have apparently been directed at the wrong species! The true species which had yielded sarmentocymarin, fa which cortisone can be synthesized, still remains in the dark. I stated, in my
s from
previous article, t there was considerable doubt whether the seeds f which sarmentogenin had bi isolated were seeds of S. sarmentosus One doubted, an ae ise. Now the chemical evide conclusive—an of the most common dataier S the genus Strophan- thus is facet as a source of sarmentogen ike the material used many previous workers, the material in-
vestigate rofessor Reichstein in this particular ne ce was bot ul authenticated. I have examined the flowering and fruiting coer
Die Glykoside der Samen von Strophanthus sarmentosus P.DC. Mitteilung.
“Chae tnd Aglykone, 50. Mitteilung. Festschrift Prot. Paul a p. 178-
**In Pharmacentica Acta Helvetiae, vol. 21-24, Helvetica chimica ae vol. 31-33, and Chimia, vol. 4. A list of these papers will be sent upon reque
233
234
at The New York Botanical Garden, and the ears colored photographs of S. sarmentosus, e in the aforementioned paper, alone are enough to identify the spec
Is it possible nae a * varity of the species, or material from some re- moved area, or seeds col ne under different conditions of growth or hybridization, may still reveal S, sarmentosus as the promising plant? It as s not seem likely. The species extends across the continent of Africa (it in the ae areas), whilst Reichstein’s material originated only roe the ie However, ses variable in local forms the species has no we cous erized varieties in the numerous collections which I have examined The material ete was ae oe ian growing conditions, eight of the samples bei £ 150 gra and nonetheless i amount of sar Saen pn was S aegiabie The Original Sarmentogenin Seeds
The sec hen suerte followed immediately after a happy sion. A sa of the orig inal seeds, which Dr. Jame s C. Munch “r.
Botanical Garden. At las ual specimen: erious seeds were in hand! They Ree “tently of 5 ana o could be a form of any one of numerous species. Their average size was slightly Galle than that of S. Einar and they did not match precisely any of the seeds available in the vast herbaria presently on loan at the Garden a Morphologically, ee were an exact match with seeds of “S. hispidus’ deposited by Dr. Henry Hurd Rusby* in the Economic Museum of ihe Garden. The two ee also found to be similar eas by Dr. ania W. Youngken, one of the foremost pharmacognosists. These seeds not ae orted “a botanical vouchers and, conse nie are as dif- bs’. Th i
rof. Fr. J. Pokorn $ e seed collection deposited in the museum of the College of Pharmacy, olumbia University. Over a dozen other specimens, called “S. hispidus’, eae by Dr. Rusby, compared closely ues — Jacobs seeds as far as could be ascertained by external nee vati
Did Rusby Collect the Seeds in South sacral In
a letter written to Dr. William J. R Dr. Munch disclosed the source of the seeds used by Jacobs & Heidelberger. They were ob-
*Dr, Rusby was iene of Pharmacognosy and Mat oo a id Dean of i aha York College of Pharmacy at Columbia nent eld tl S yoaicn
Honorary Cuntor of Economic Botany at The New York ect nee from
ve, fe ee and was intimately connected with the scientific work of this institution
235
-~AN
ZN “4 4 | z - => fee ale ~~ +
¢
saat “Stropbanthus minor’, a name of uncertain botanical identit ity. These seeds are practically identical with the classic Jacobs seeds. (2) Collected by Father Gerstne: dors before his death, a lot of these fresh Sapheatbas seeds yielded sarmentogenin. Since they are not supported bet botanical vouchers, mae s have been planted so that the species can eventually be identified. (3) S$ Seeds of S. Emini obtained from Dr. Wigg, Tanganyika eet nea ind (4) S. sarmentos:.s from Father Callens, Belgian Congo, are shown for comparison
tained from Dr. ea The impression was that Rusby had collected this material in South America!
It is apace however, to believe that the pe sas on were collected on that continent. Strophanthus is not New World lection of over five pounds of seeds is usually a major undertaking,
ica. who as a pharmacologist was familiar with African Stro-
certainly would have collected botanical material and would have pub- $
ake no mention of Strophanthus.
236
Nevertheless, the Rusby seeds have not re armentogenin.
Jacobs and Heidel d previously analyzed, with positive results, twen of Strophanthu. is ae ‘Purchased from a commercial 4 oe ha Another fir ‘AG. Siegfried, furnished “semen eaene hspide?, from which atz isolate erie avers The ¢ com po ound isolate by Kohn and Kulisch in Europe in 189 was oly sarmentogenin, according to Dr. Jacobs. Obviously, tt had connection with Sout
The oe of che
With a e of the Jacobs nto- genin pees avi DE able See were ake en to exhaust all possible means for their iden- ‘Reation
Several experiments have Satu that they cannot be germinated, more need be said on a
In order to enable Dr. ngken prop- erly to evaluate historical characters in
Va. S. sarmentosus seeds, York Pane Garden sent fin. pecans. of en different collections of the s: roe or jess authentic: I we cs pee of different species were o him, so phn ne could feel oe
: ng) the classic seeds with tho: ken nS
see It aa not be
c1pi * Callens in oO, an area* oved 1 as ol tained for chemical ive asa *Plants believed be botanically the same but coming from dfterent tesagrachical ares sometimes show dissimilarity in chemical com. position. I had an experience of this nature during World War II, while involved in the The chem- material of
a g.
content of the desirable principle that further study was deemed impracticable.
f. Pokorny found the Jacobs and Gale seeds differed in the dancer of the epidermal trichomes and the lengths
f the epidermal cells. tata minor of Thomas Christy ecently ¢ Sosy seeds labeled «Strophant ns n sel yy Thomas Christy to the Royal 1 Bounical Garden: a a iM
or any ir
oe fea appear morphologi
ie with the, a oriveqnoned: seeds used
y Ja ie oa a coal for the isola- a of s
Is St banaue the Source of the Sarmentogenin Seeds? t has been suggested that ‘possibly the sarmentogenin seeds are of an eous genus other than oe. alier has stat hat in West Africa there are malty
Its of from 1899 to 1912, he bers . Straphanties a 26 other 7 genera never seen any seeds which, on ‘careful eeaminauion: id coul confuse with ‘Swrophanthns, Se mem- f this genus Hable se ° hi
other genus, my opinion.
species may be is an altogether different matter.
seeds are of the type w
The ‘Ja cobs ith manifest indumentum, the epidermal ire chomes varying from in Jength. Therefore,
the S. gratus type. article, Tr peer the cobs’ se
‘s 7 eee eeds do not exactly m: of S. Preussit that have been pear
237
The opinion expressed in the February congo of the Journal regarding S. Preussti s based on ade weak si
Hs follow s: 1) The seeds re Pee al Greil 2) They were of a not too rare
evidence now supports suppositions 3 and 4, an argument for 2 is strong. Sup. ee ition 1 is weak ommercial seeds may have come from almost any of the areas in Africa where the genus is found. The fact that so much of the sarmento-
The Work of Dr. T. Reichstein
The chemical studies
and - aneenae patclarly on t
are continuing at a
heal tae po
iSh
adrenal cortex hormon
genin material has appeared under the name of S. hispidus may suggest the ies was one at least superficially re-
. At. learly, S. Bul-
e he Jacabs seeds as much as do the seeds of S. sarmentosus.
ee conducted by Dr. Reichstein
vee = aglucones found ee
lowing a
f 7 Te oleucus, ae oe oni, Em
ou her groups. s shown deep interest in the general chemical problem of the
His research is highly significant in laying the foundation for the
1) Seeds obtained from Dr. Walter
cious sarmentogenin in 1929, a mat ial th 1 hesized
the “miracle” drug. The true botanical
Not only in external appeara also rato, these are similar t the Jacobs si
238
use of plant sources, particularly of Strophanithus, in the synthesis of cortisone, Reichstein was omitted from the eae aphy of recent oe on cortisone and ACTH prepared by taff of the library
e New York Academy of Medicine — an omission due, apparently, . a ee aes silane of only those titles in which reference to cortisone or ACTH a red.
Seeds of seven species are reported to be in the hands of an American drug house for chemical investigation, oar it is fairly certain that the seeds of at least six other species are in same hands.
Species of Strophanthus Yielding Sarmentocymarin As a result of the above studies by cerheee several species of Strophanthus have been demonstrated to yield an appreciable amount
to be different eee from those of the original sarmentogenin sample. The most interesting seeds of recent collection that have come to my attention were from an unidentified species collected by the Catholic missionary, "pather Jacob Gerstner. Although these fresh seeds did not cel . sel tej
yle oo great a percentage sarmentocymarin, the yield was m he monogiucoside fraction, whereas the sarmentocymarin in bo ci and S. Gerrardii was ae with sarverosid.
e Gerstner iia resemble t of Jacob: s in external appearan profes se found them i. differ i in some details horslogeaile but e very aa anatomically.
Death of Father Gerstner a Great Los
Fate appears to block repeatedly the clarification of the sarmento- genin problem. Before Father Gerstner was able to send the botanical
Upper right: A flowering branch, a mericarp and seeds of S. Courmonti, a species
pie - ina paps found to yield sarmentocymarin. Seedlings of this species are
ing in America. The flowers, as in many other species of Strophanthus, are
highly (omanenal: over three inches long, exquisitely marked and shaded with pink, mauve, vi violet, brown and yellow.
Upper left: Siebbaniba: Bullenianus is one of the rare species of West Tr on Africa—its fruits and seeds hardly known to science. Is it possible that dies spec provided over twenty-five pounds OF seeds, already known to have yielded ie faites
in?
A new variety of s. sarmentosus from French Guiana. Can it ee id
Lower left: A new species of Stropbanthus pou the Tanganyika Territory, with Mieke apie follicles, Obtaining quantities of seeds from such a species would be ex y difficult. There are Lonel other Gakncwa species of Strophanthus, Can it Hee th of the original sarmentogenin species is still not known botanically?
239
(for description, see opposite page)
240.
specimen, to accompany the seeds he had collected, to Dr. Reichstein, he died font pneumonia in a hospital at Lusaka. However, as the seeds are : : - ;
a the plants flower, the sarmentogenin problem will be resolved one way or the other. If the subject still has interest, the living plants will be very valuable in breeding experiments.
The death of pay Gerstner toward the ale of September 1949, he was starting a new expedition, meant the of one of the most in- formed students of Sir othonts 2 the ene colléctor of South African seed material for Reichs Promise in Strophanthus as a Precursor of Cortisone
¢ principles have ae found in the vegetative parts of Stro-
ie Wells and Garcia, using a modified Hatcher’s cat method of assay, found the as bark of S. Cumingii to possess 1/20 the strength of ouabain. Preliminary heey as were undertaken in the attempt to obta
obtain promising glucosides from vegetative parts of Strophanthus, but results wi
minute quantity as to be uneconomical to isolate. Research has been con- ucted for a long time on the chemistry of strophanthin, yet only seeds have been employed for its preparation.
On the oe hand, glu ae in Str pata pe than sarmento- genin may be found amenable to the synthesis one. Reichstein ; ee : continuing to pte a peer a new compounds of unknown value in the genus. These will, of course, be thoroughly in- eee
When the desirable species are identified — and this should be relatively soon — they will a pee and the plants are very easily . However
e . Iti is of the same stock, but I have few do ubts abou
ee have shown that vegetative propa- gation is a simple ae
241
Ascendency of Dioscorea in the Search for Precursors
The investigation of other plant sources has naturally es at a hectic rate. For instance, work has proceeded on the soybe ig- masterol, the principal eae i the soybean, furnishes a eae material for ee nale sex hormone, for the progestational hormone, and also f oe Althou ugh in basic chemical structure wigusterol phe ae are iene the former lacks the essential oxygen t C- ee Hector and co-workers at the Worcester Fo ee on ne or Bio oe Ree rch nee demonstrated that perfusion . certain steroids pees pees ae gland leads to the int troduction of this important oxygen fun Dr. L. H. Sarett stated,
n Chem sas Digest, May 1950, that ae pees will show whether this pro for effecting the transformation from plant sterols to adr — horione precursors will prove practi ical,
ett also spe mention of jervine, a peie alkaloid a
in nite viride, ossible ae material for cortisone. should be noted that vr Powe glanunt may pe a better source ] jervine than V. viride.
Dioscorea is one of sa most interesting eras in the cortisone
e problem. A genus of ov cane world-wide (mostly tropical) in oe it has attr. ns the ntion of several groups of in-
Some of Hes have _legaed Sirophontas to the back-
ee oe nae “of Dioscorea. eady, the: mall market for D. macrostachya of Mei It is very probable that there will be a decided simplification in the
Perr ee of cortisone from ox-bile, nt requires some forty highly complicated chemical steps. This improveme ill not, how- ever, ify the rarity the present starting substance. The mical
ver, nu 1 h shortcuts will be adaptable to other precursors, perhaps to some common basic plant material, if such be discovered.
A Picture of Light and Shadow for Strophanthus With the best source of srmeniogenin still paererageae and . sarmen- tosus and other common species eliminated, and i of the rarity
of seeds in bulk, the tificulty of al elton. in oa ation, the ee expedition for material, the death of Father Gerstner, the of interest by some investigators —- the future of Strophanthus ae rs dark, indeed. As a source of pa it may well be so, although the case I enu
is not hopeless. It is certain, however, that with ie interest the g has Smee the brilliant chemical research that has been done ee t and th uable products which inevitably will be. pret: zed from this
ie bree will hold a high ee among the important drug plants of the world.
242
The Origin of Corn Belt Maize William L. Brown
UR most important cereal, the cylindrical eared, yellow maize of
the United States Corn Belt, has frequently been said to have been handed down to the white man by his Aiea a predecessors. Actually, this particular type of maize was unkno o the American Indian. As will be shown below, it is of muc! “ more wane origin, having a hae tae ae the nineteenth century by agriculturally alert American farmers. It has prov oo basis papas n hybrid corn, the eee success of which is in part a grea’ the ough seldom quoted, tribute to the maize pe ability of the corn farmers of the — between 1800 and 1900.
e common yellow dents, which preceded hybrid corn in the eastern
a. western Unite States, were highly variable, open pollinate
hough c¢ variet: a istics wer
compared with maize from atin merica or from other parts of the
world, t w. vidi ies
ae Rae . it cial as a definite type. The cae of these und i r, the shape, size aie conformation of which
ae hanes eras — ee d for ene a appearance and high
productivity.
n contrast to maize in many parts of the sis that of es a Belt tended to have but one well-developed ear plant, with a small ear or nubbin at the node b male it. _ The aly tee jlow kee well dented at the crown, we in from fourteen twenty-two straight rows. aes there was some tendency to taper on pe to the apex, most Corn Belt glen were eae es aia in ear ieee The a ae had few any, tillers. The niclosed in tight sheaths which were witht oa ni eee oe so ere of many Latin Am There is little eae that mae Pek maize came, in large eke from crosses between late, white wed Southern Dents, mostly of Mexican origin, and a he early: inne aoe eight to ten-rowed Norther Flints which dominated eastern ie ed States for centuries prior to the discovery of America. pone
s yet we are not sure where these flints came from or how they det eastern North Aas nerica. They are ae unlike most Mexican
, but are very similar in ear type to certain varieties of highland
v Uo Seogss oo 5. "Ob Eg eos a tous v n gs" aot . EF eSsanglin z at Lose 2 "Zese pe a” BS 5 be z See as he "53 tape guuuule ais ELUULE RSAC SU EN & g 3 ion on Ee . 2 2990 GUpoNCOLOIOOOe ROD aoa Poe sodagreaasvassaugueguunM eS Oem z= Sgeare o aes #00 cequuanon ere ounCooosrarco8N0c0DBOGUDNS a agtas pe SON IIAOIA INA ANODA PORES OE 2 as = z EA = el see ISNT em hs : =] — es apes “2egd < Rie HRT ARTO RIUTR g8s¢ 586 PAGAN a by segapte seesouoReevuasdeo a Yngiwn®? 3283.2 2 2 aH eneOaeTOSLEGRE Bong eee S | aeeeecOny a ans 628 w WARRIEARPONE SAA s ee) = Bl gs sam d Ag so fy my wmeovugg S a asox2 S85 Zz wasioto 5 vis Zzus Bae. Pee 0 ekico 8-1-5 oe . a TA Pogas : = Poorer CO eet PMA TELS Ae Wee nth a Sag.“ uy FS pase here eauade coee arr ott SOAS CY Pi mee ae sadiarecnveeatin scene RR Aa a Seg oes *$eeeaUagoarps ce ceaeporeg leant cn ANAT anit, £ eeoas T Se eaenengrereceeeresn COR USS . g 6328 8h Fanaa eee tOartAnn ANT ‘rien wo See ge PAL TI MAO AN ACH RAN OS IMEC ute B ma BS y aa ORs EEE meek ed Ss ; Z eetesge ie ee Go 8S .sKee 5 E gas 7oeR 5 3 eget a's Oo as & a Zeon og Sige BU Bs ts “29 gu we 9 oa a De eng ese Ben BEF Gye onus Beggs? x : Maes oO A
244
ae ae is abo eye that ha might have spread from the May. to a Uni ted Sta oat — any clear
e. gen might have had their origin, it is now definitely re that they were
in most of that area by any other type of co Futhermore, it is upon this type of maize that the North Aeciea Indian agriculture was d.
e rn Dents, on the contrary, are not known i oeaerriabreaed in eastern United States. Neither are they represented in the collections of the early Indian asin of that region. Yet that they came directly to southeastern United States from Mexico, there oe little doubt since certain of them, nee as “Gourdseed” and “Sh hoepeg”’, have their counter- parts in Mexico even today
Early agricultural eee indicates that by 1700 they were ais
hi
wn as far north as Louisiana and Virgi ¥ how and w spread north from Mexico, we have no evidence sa than the negate facts kown archaeologically astern rth
at they are u ¢ in eas North America. It would seem, therefore, that they might have bea : peer: from Mecca to southern United ae in relatively recent tim
the benefits to be gained from hybridizing the Northern Flints with the Southern Dents was appreciated by some agriculturalists ;
ype of c orn fee emerged from this controlled blending, although inter- ai i he adven
flint corns and intercros pee between the late and early varieties under those conditions would certainly cae been expected. However, much of i
w The benefits to be gained from hybridization of flints and dents and
: ble i yellow dent corns became so common a oe ee origin was largel forgotten. This aie ‘- ae ical fac’ unfortunate, not only for ees reasons, but m the ssceiee of te effects on modern orn improvement. Any erie program is enhanced by a knowledge
q ce
‘eee? etc f
s a
Fig. 2. Ears of three Southern Dent like inbreds of the Corn Belt.
of the ancestry and relationships of the breeding materials with which one is working. A breeding program designed to improve United States ize kn i fro: i Northe
maize known to ha n derived fror e intermingling of North Flints and Southern Dents would likely proceed along different lines from a p m involving the use of materials of obscure unk.
origin, It is not unlikely, therefore, that had the history of Corn Belt maize been better known and appreciated during the past two or three
f erior germ plasm have long since passed out of existence.
The foregoing remarks have emphasized historical and archaeological facts pointing to a hybrid origin of Corn Belt maize in which the two principal parental types were Northern Flint corns and Southern Dent corns. If further proof for such an origin is needed, it may be found in the results of recent genetic and cytological studies.
The genetical evidence for the origin of Corn Belt maize from mix- tures of Northern Flints and Southern Dents is various kinds. In the first place, it has been shown by repeating the cross, that it is possible
246
Ears of three Northern Flint i ene of the Corn Belt.
to ae ies Belt a
Dent oe "Norther Flint varie-
es. Experiments in in;
typical i “Gourdseed” f a the South with a typical eight-
a rowed as int fro
+ State have progressed to the third =. generation, and it is already evi- LA dent that many of the segregates
2 from this cross are well withi er nge of variation of Corn Belt A secon a f genetical evidence is derived from a study of inbred fa of dent corn produced enerations of sel Seeerae
from open pollinated varieties by many g During the past three decades, ever hundred such strains have bee: developed by corn ne rs of this untry a d in spite of the as
of strong and continued selection oe ee in plant and ear peculiarities, these lines “yi eflect the types of ger sm contai in the original open d varieties. Thu is not too difficult to find today among Corn Belt inbreds, strains a resemble re Flints and others that are very similar to Southern Dents (Figs. 2 & 3).
t seems ee therefore, dee all ae evidence, ae a archaeol = history, and genetics points in the same directi that the co ni
United States Con Belt or igiated main oe
dent corns a Fs s. Since,
purposeful mixing of the Northern Flints an : the Southern however, there are in the United States at least two cee a
recognized races of corn (the Caribbean- Tike flints of the Gulf Coast and the southwestern Indian varieties), one might nan ask what role, if any, these have played in the ies tion of Corn Belt maize. The fin . answer to this question must await the results of additional work w
i igh ‘a available information suggests
these particular corns, althou
their influenc Iwestern varieties has been ea com-
pared to the major role of the Northern Flints and ee Dents. so pe Rate their historical value, these facts canoe = of
nifical both to maize breeding and maize ae he Nowe = Flints a Southern Dents oe to races of maize so different that were they wild grasses, they would likely be assign a to different species. It follows, therefore, that Corn Belt. varieties that have been
(Continued on page 255)
247
Bringing the “Blue -Amaryllis” to Flower T. H. Everett
ud Bese plant is recognized as the most difficult to induce to flower of all the Amaryllids.” So wrote Major Albert Pam, distinguished British cultivator of rare bulbous plants, in The Journal of the Royal Sota Society in 1943. He referred to the famous ie ma 1 pr m, the so-called “Empress of Bra: Dar oe present year, two specimens of this rare species bloomed a _ "The a nian Botanical Garden, one in March and the other August. What is more noteworthy is that neither were aes imported bulbs that ir a ed flowers latent within a the time of their recei Each | a been in cultivation for t yee and each lo c
st
te cultural methods Sear particularly as cael differ somewhat from
hose recommended b Pam and f those recommended b
that other great English a and eee cultivator of this species, Worsle es
But first let me tell something of this remarkable species and of i home. The blue amaryllis is localized in nature in a small area of i Organ Mountains of Brazil. There, not far as the crow flies, from Rio de Janeiro, it persists in the crevices and on the ledges of dificult to-reach, es itous cliffs of soft, porous cane at elevations of abou 4,000 fee
mountains in which it grows Worsley wrote, “that the lower reaches are clothed with Hee eae Acide which great pillars of i 4 mo . Wh
bare rock rise to about 4; fee en one reaches the rock above the forest lands o: wr over a ma: tless valleys running in wil confusion in every directi - tricate nature of the terrain paralyses the eye.” Describing his ascent of these mountains he says, “ ative seeks to save tim
approachin e mountain on its steepest side and cutting the pathway up the steepest incline he can find. It Bre be base flattery to suggest that his ae assists — expl orer to each the summit of his ambitions for the way is ar coe and precip eae ane measure. Moreover, the Indian ge kes his passage high enough and wide enough for himself, but not any fully-grown person. As i" ene one has to crouch down, hands on a the whole time, and walk sideways as well.
h The foundation upon which one is supported, ae ri it is invisible, is formed of rough boulders of rock with huge crevices and holes between
248
them. On the top of this is a mattress, some feet in thickness, composed of various ariel roots, vines and trailing plants, the whole of which
The ascent must mas be made ly by crawling in monkey
n 1938 and 1939, Harry Blossfeld of Brazil visited the mountainous oe of the blue amaryllis and collected a eee oe ae man ze .
of wi n 1940, c to Th w York Botanical Garden. Of ee ae ne een in our Conservatories i than a year afte sas arrival from Brazil; ite our best care they never bloomed afterwards and, although they survived for many years, they padeally pee ed. n reviewing “our best care” and oe the successes a our- i h e har
ie visite a The New York Botanical Garden. ie
nd was distressed about their condition. He kindly
furnished us with definite and precise instructions regarding their Sai vation, stressing the need for very sharp drainage — wide pans
accommodate the spreading roots and so forth. He volunteered :
obtain for us, through the courtesy of Sir Henry eae mi a de Janeiro,
some new bulbs to give us a fresh start, and this Attempts to follow Major Pam? s suggestions failed to a Es Ic othe
results an me to the conclusion that, as with many x plants. methods of growing that prove successful in E e not necessarily
oductive of results here. Shortly after the consignment of b fro: ir Hen arrived in me term t ome under rather different conditions than those we had been i bulb was potte a la a well- See a rather ordinary garden soil and three were planted tively ina sss nd bed in a similar Eediums These were ae accomm pe ed i ‘ool conservatory where es he temperature is kept a 45° or ° 509 as outside conditions The house is wal ee ne — it is a house in which
fe rls as oranges, eucalyptuses and eae thrive. The position
The other bulbs we had, perhaps a dozen or so, were all aes ane much warmer and decidedly more humid conditions — um
Hippeastrum procerum, the famous “blue amaryllis” of ipa which flowered at The New York Botanical Garden this August, was planted in a ground bed in a cool conservatory in
temperature of 60° together with ie euaies was provided. They were planted in well-drained pots and pans containing a _ cially pre ared, extremely well-drained ae ne based on osm
rtly
as being that advocated by Major Pam.
In the fall of 1949, we were again aes _ a visit from Major Pam and once again (and not without reason) he was disappointed with the hae of the bulbs he saw in our warm aie ses. (I _ not ies whether he inspected the plants in the cool conservatory). ore he str Goa the importance of the cultural details which ae ved fruitful in ion ieee and which had brought him success with this dificult. to-bloom The gardener was instructed to follow Major Pam’s eee ae and to the best of his ability did so. The fact remains that the two bulbs that flowered with us this year and the one (one of the same two) that bloomed last year all ee cool conservatory treatment and those grown under warm conditions look as uncomfortable as ever.
250
Lord Aberconway, who saw at our special Members’ Day meeting in March the potted blue eae which was blooming with us for its second year, ein that it was the finest example he had ever seen of this rarity. a. blue oie that flowered here in August was one of those which were planted in a ground bed in the cool conservatory in 1948,
ceived bulbs of the Blossfeld collection, indicates that in most cases the bloomed
then not ag: The outstanding ane is furnished by bana ee of ae at oe oe ee Santa Barbara, California. In 942 B. Lytel r “In Augu 1939, Las Positas Nursery r ee from Brazil babe ot this bei Amaryllid. They were pose! in a bed raised about five a m the ground, made at decomposed i i n and part
this is the most encouraging record of repeated flowering of the same bulbs that I have found, and certainly the conditions at Santa Barbara more nearly pease sane co a oe Ses in the East than they do that oo one of t gre ae
May I be perm hae a eee Pa am says, in his 1943 ce 2 have ne ve ie Am ae i fourteen years, and tried every kind of treatment and of compost without success. ” The bulb Major Pam one in plein in 1043 he had had s 1937 — I wonder
0 tl “warm pit” in which Major Pam plants were kept and that this, at cee i ored th i is. Much has been written in the past decade or bi the flowering of the blue amarylli d j i Horticultural Society for 1943 (page 331), and Hamilton P. Tr 1 wn e€ ca’ o r of this species bloomi away from its native home other than those he gives, the ear: ce t of which is in 1929 in England. Mr. Traub lists no earlier instance Other Cod instances of this plant blooming in cultivation that I
me Fronce 49. 1863-( Rev oe: NS. 7:57. 1907) In England in 1870 (Bot. Mag. i
93 (Gdn. 4 $:350. = At Kew in 1911 (Gard. Chron. i :73,.1912).
251
In American Gardening (vol, 21:697) for oe is a good illustration of the blue amaryllis, and the statement that s first in ieee many years ago, but was not much known in Roe and ee received an added interest by being pening in fair quantity and - already gener ie avaiias in this country.”
Incidentally, s of these earlier eee indicate ae ae one favored the oe bed-in- seeks house manner of cultiv
eA Trip into the Mountains of Colorado Helen M. Fox
je is not often a an event anticipated many years comes to pass, However, this a uummer, at last, 1 was able to go west and into the mountains with m ee nd Kathlee: n Mare ane She lives in Colorado Spring s and Biwe all about the wild flowers of the state and where each is to . foun
Mrs, Marriage greeted me with the news that it had been an exception-
ould arison with others. I had made simile speeches so often in eee se oe garden that I paid ee attention to her remarks. Maybe the flowers were not growing as thickly uial—but after we climbed
me After three days spent in town—so I could get accustomed to the aie. the ae = Eee oe height of the flowering season there, off in her stat oaded with presses, cameras, suitcases eos bottles and ae — ten days to be spent in and aroun nd As
on first stop was at Divide to see Mrs. Marriage’s ranch. Along the way, the steep mountain sides were clothed at times with drifts of Tedian paint brush, again with blue ae hae penstemons and Linum perenne which had the aan and blue s I’ve ever seen on that plant. Masses of these plants hung seemin madd se heir ee on the rocky hillsides,
where i : vie appear they could obtain only the mum of nourishment
and m The most eae effect were banks s vivid with Gilia ag- pan ene I had treated a: ann eae not too effectively at home,
and now found was a biennial. ce grows two e + and more high and bears a long spike of flowers, which range in ae from ny to almost scarlet.
author, Mrs. Helen M. Fox, rests after a stiff climb in the Rockies among
The Penstemon Hallii.
The noteworthy at Mrs. Marriage’s ranch is her hillside where there is an aspen The trees have been thinned to grow sparsely and cast a rae ‘shade. Their gray-green slender trunks rise from a
ich
$$ a grow dainty white flowers and above these rise hundreds and hundreds o} Aquilegia caerulea. The flowers are bel and vee oe — sis selected over many years by Mrs. Marriage. I have nev poetic treatment of a wood, for the Sane blue ee ee a pee veer and stand out against the slender grasses, the tree trunks and e groundcover. Later in the season, I was told, the Aquilegias are replaced Ee Calochortus Gunnisonii. From Divide we went over high plains and higher passes to ae stopping on the way every time we saw anything an
y. there on the mountain slopes are three to four-foo t high Tosi discolor, which grows well in eastern it prettier shrub, to my taste, is Rubus deliciosus which I have grown, too,
Eventually we sities eens Pass 12,226 feet high, but decided come back a tr day, when we walked to the tim . ee aes snow where t ae Suen we a fies om. They grew i w patche There was the famous Britichiu um argenteum, similar ne a a fo: es me-not, also Sedum rhodanthum with very dark red flowers. I put my
253
Eritrichium argenteum re- sembles a tiny forget-me-not.
fingers under these plants nd
Other plants I saw were the creeping willows, so low as to be like ground- covers. I believe one was called Salix subcaerulea and another S. ee
Ten days later we went through the pass again—this time it was being pastured by sheep, the shepherd on horseback accompanied by his dog. His trailer was just below the top of the pass. es were glad we had seen the summits before the sheep had come to eat the ine treasures.
Lower down we found Caltha rotundifolia, ae clumps of Trollius albifloru us. The mountain slopes were speckled with Bak subalpina, quite effective with its creamy heads of bloom. I was delighted to have
Rubus deliciosus is a delightful Rocky Mountain flowering raspberry.
254
the experience of seeing Aconitum aia and Delphinium Menzie- 2 growing “wild”, igi a very dark Mrs. Marriage said these ants require certain mycorrhizas in oil as does Castilleja ie ie ica, This explains why ee are so Senne to ee Ther were wild roses in the gorges, some of them a deep rose, almost red, a now and then Polemonium Seca and P. pulcherrimum. In some of the valleys, where tiny streams descended through grassy penal plants grew tall and lush along the banks. There were Mimulus meee Mer- tensia ciliata, which is a bush with blue flowers, and Mertensia Bakeri, and furnishing lush clumps of frothy white was Ca latae condone At about eight thousand feet in the valleys around Aspen, meadows were pink with Geranium Parryi. Occasionally there would be an orange oe wee ee the fairly el daisy-like flowers of Helenium pie ich ought a lovely flee of the perennial border. On some of te ae hls oS s parviflor és with very large aie ves and ibaa to find Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi up oe = ee see pits forest of blue spruces, which are grown as ee mens at home. Other garden friends seen “wild” for the first time were gaillardias, Erysimu ce the low Oenothera mtssouriensis, and a shrubby potentilla ats pale yellow flowers over an inch across. Being
ge nning, blue and violet eolars Outstanding were Coulteri, speciosus with tiny ray florets and a fine hairy involucre, and var. macranthus and elatior. I’ve had them all in my garden but they never were as prettily colored.
Of course, the oe were stars of the t ae Some of these, too, I had grown but w my acid soil, wet winters or absence of en except peniere they were Lae purplish and not the wo — ove they sport at home. We saw strictus, Hallii, secundiflorus and alpin
It is srg how many ia in oo a clear “sky aie One of these is Iris missouriensis. However my authority, Mrs. Marriage, to id me it is variable and eae ane dark. The fairly large eee
n proj ees to the height of the stem make this a ea lovely, i rdless Iri
Mrs. cs injured knee did not Prevent t her from scampering
oO a 5 e th 8 on § igs] w 4 fa) a mM p 3 a oe oO oO 8 > 3 a 2 5 =a 3 ae f ae =z 3. pe oO aA
rabbits, deer and every imaginable kind of squirrel. It oa is me ii
255
hordes of woodchucks stood on the tops of rocks and squealed at passersby while their young, a lovely shade of yellow-tan, pate below them. Birds,
as also animals, were tame and without fear of m: After climbing for some time on this particular k, I toa fairly vel place strewn with bould In the ground were higher blue hills and clos d ry crevice, noo ranny where they could get Id- rose, blue ai hite columbine there, they are delicately fragrant and, being so high, are e and sometimes all white tinged with
s a pale blue mi w. pink, It was absolutely still, except for the sound of falling waters. e.
The Origin of Corn Belt Maize (Continued from page 246) used for diese nips genetic Chea agi are frequently grossly atypical of germ plasms SS eral. This fact, it would seem, ae) lace definite enone on : cane Ae conclstone thas can be safely drawn from genetic data inv a of the elt. ae it appears ane that at i some of the much sought after nile nes of the hybrid corn of commerce is in losely
Southern are If this proves to be generally true, any information that will aid in the recogn nition . flint and dent tendencies in modern
ally, for the many workers who are using maize as a
c ing and understanding the amazing variability of the material with wank they work,
The preceding material is a much condensed, popular summary of a series investigations that Dr, William L. Brown and his colleagues ee con hicted du ae th t
nd e past several years. ie of the material has been published in detail in various technical journals, and eader who may be interested in a more detailed account, will find the following Eis useful : Anderson, Edgar and William L. Brown. The History of the Common Maize Varieties of the U, S. Cornbelt. peainee Hist. ‘Ga. oe Brown, William L, 1949. Num of Distribution of Chromosome Knobs in United States Maize. Genetics B34: 524-536,
Brown, William ore nd Edgar Anderson. 1947, The Northern Flint Corns. Ann. Mo. Bot.
8. nee Dent Corn. Ann, Mo. Bot, Gard. 35: 255-268.
256
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
Chinese ei arab on
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Sirén does not say that h, who excelled i in "naturalistic pet my always been inclined t
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Wa ele Pope and ne Fidgeman, a are reited at length in aor 100.
oo ok is profusely illustrated with sia. ey prints and modern photo- taphs, grotesque ex-
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Heten M. Fox, Bedford, N.Y. Oe in the Makin, 0 0 1860, U. P. es 195 © $7. 7.50.
s book, “History of Horticulture a to 1860”, Dr. Hedrick has
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inany ‘splendid, on notch varieties. 140 pages of the newes c and best roses, shrubs, ardy plan alb:
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258
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and Hooker. ily is described, wherever the literature (2535 titles since 1908) or personal have made i feasible, unde summary (general and wood), follo by more details con- cerning the axis (stem, wood, root, and anomalous structure).
ea ical anatom
Following the ia fi certain diag- nostic features occur, e.g. those of hairs, crystals, and wood.
An introduction provides both a sum- ieee of mic characters or taxo- nom. serie and a discussion of
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ineoneniouy foun es, The authors have accentuated a ey of oc ate information on yy fa to make full use of the literature MacDaniels, Amer. Jour. Bot. aif 378, 1918 tern “medullary oe
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259
Notes, News and Comment
Bis Teh Institute of Biological Sci- The meetings of the American
Institute of Biological Science, held in
, Ohio, pag a 12, and ‘d
oe Botanical Garden. Dr. Robbins presented a paper on Euglena, gr hae with the oy of Dr. Annette Her and oe Mar Elizabeth Stebbins aie the \ fone logical oe of the Botanical pase Dr. H. Rickett —o
the Nomen: eae Ses the Inter- national Botanical Congres : Stockholm. Dr, Rickett also participated in a forum on the prot! s ientific publications. oe oe gers summarized t
on basidiomycetes as reported at he. poe and oe pepo. on the changes in the a of Nomenclature as they affect fun:
lodge, Plant Patholo- gist Emeritus, was an Foner guest and delivered oe first annual lecture before the Mycological Society and the Micro
lo; gical Section of the. Botanical So- ciety. H d twenty appreciated his subj ata es Fungi Come into Their Ow;
ae Ww. Kav anagh, Dr. Robert 5S. de Ropp, and Dr. aos Hervey also attended the meeting
The New York Botanical Garden - H. R. Kunhardt Expedition to Venezuelan Gui ana. Dr. Bassett Maguire ieft on Sep 23, Richard Cowan and John Wurdack
na Highlands, which Yor! Hofisicil Garden has con ducted “directly or with which it has been associated. Our staff members will travel on ta cee thr oug Zh nee courtesy of the Sinclair Oil Co., Kunhardt. ‘the Orinoco pees Co., at Cuidad aaa Ptah offer a facilities hy for the
forthcoming exp edition Their Gloster will be enced in ras Orin noc ‘0 headwat ters, and they hie i an ar he sandsto one plat ens ee explored botanically
Fs Neither’ es
and, as far as is known, the first has neuer Speen scaled. aguire and his companions will be in the field until the end of February. and Mr.
Mr. Cowan Wurdack will then return 0. this country with es ne — tions, and Maguire will g
British Gulia to join the British Ga Forest Department in an expedition to the easternmost end of the Pacaraima Range, terminating with Kaieteur Plateau.
Collaborator for are Pas Mrs. William Phelps, Jr., aracas, Venezuela, has been appo ew York Botanical ae eliborator ne Venezuelan bota he
ili .R
lands, but also beca' of t ju iscrimination of her collectir Mrs. Phelps’ collections are among the most
important that have come out Por the area. Mrs. Phelps is one of the world’s out-
xtraor dinary achievement, oon diffi the pical world.
pay ashes within the Grounds of w York Botanical Garden. A cross path i cighte een feet wide and running the length of the perennial borders vane of ae is sum- d the cou urt and all [walks around
ne Conservatory given a permanent sur- h was started in
aa as any found i
the Park Department of the Ci f York. Attractive park benches were also installed.
ered Lorillard
with asbestos roof and
eAPantre projects include the renovation of the snuff mill, where the first snuff was ground in 1850 by the family, and its transformation into garden center.
260
Award to Dr, Stout, The Evaluation Cometic otf Hemerocallis Society
8
r emerocals sae h number of oe varieties te has produced. This aan rd i to be granted annually ne a hybridizes ioe Se east ane emel n the improve-
of Hemero “Moder nee Bag This was the subject talk which T. H. Everett,
rT of the Hortiulturist of oe New York B Garden, gav
play. facie: 4 were Anthurium Andre Fatsia japonica (Aralia Sieboldity ond Fatshedera Lizei, a hye een F, japonica and Hedera Hel ia, TEneish Ivy; Dieffenbachia pea and D. “Roehr i i“
Supe thal’ ; ; Ficus Do descher ie on pan durata; lodentron hastata, un ee P pandurt
forme; Snnee ae pila. The New York Peli Garden, under of Lou
01 activities, and the advantages o ship.
On Sept ae er 5 D
4
er ardeners of The New York Botanica) Garden ls present, amene a anne . Tow send and Geo ding. Mr. Towns cad is Sune eis aa e Hunt- ington Botanical pCatden and Mr. Spauld- ing is on the staff of the newly eciabliched
Los Angeles State and County Arbore- tum, a a ch Dr. Russell J. “Seibert is S
ndent Meetings. Dr. A. Gleason, Head Hees aaa ore Aes ‘York Bo- tanical Gard a er 75th ersary
en of the founding of the Conn oo i Agri- cultural Station on September 28 and 29.
Field Trips. On August 27, Dr. H. N. ene led a nas trip of the “Torrey Botanical Club ethel, Conn., to see the fine stand t ae Americar
Earlier this a Me and Mrs. Joseph Monachino were among the group of botanists, member: af the Torrey Botani- cal Club, who explored North Jersey’s Great Piece Swamp. The aveled in canoes through the marshland, which is an extensive national gar a- nists and a sanctuary for wi I- lecting and identifying specimens. Painting for Amateurs. An in-
wer paint oe Tae instructor. is course, stric! for amateurs,
ober will continae cioueh December ie a no session will be held o: n November 23. Free Saturday Afternoon Lectures. Four interesting lectures have been arranged for the Sat n ‘Flower
Arrangement” witl od chicta n comments, by Mrs. Herta Benjamin and
. William Stickles; “Winter Protec tion of Your ee
Keever, Custodi the “A Horticulturist in, the Nevezuelan Tales? Louis P. Po! Head Gardener; and
ig rs. Ernest L. a2 o
eo Y<
ociety. A co! plete schedule of all the lectures in "he Autumn 1950 series will be sent on re- quest
Sixth Annual SE boa SHOW and PROGR.
of The New Y ah Botanical Garden OcTOBER 27, 28, 29, 1950
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
fficers
JosepH R, Swan, Chai CuarLes B. Harpine, par ” FREDERICK S. Mosete EY, Jz., Vice-President ArTuur M, ANDERSON, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Monracne, Secretary
Elective Managers
Doucras H. ALLEN Rey. R. I. Gannon, S.J. Roperr H. Montcomery Suerman Batpwin Mrs. ELon Huntrncton Francis = Po Jr. Wriuiam Fetton Barrett _ Hooker Mrs. Haroup I. Pratr Howarp BAYNE Sipney Lan WILuaM v Rousing Enwin De T. BecHTeL Mrs. hee D. Lasker Epmunp W. SINNOTT Leonarp J, Buck CLARENCE McK, Lewis oe STILLMAN Henry F. pu Pont Tuomas Lewis Oax.eicH L. THORNE E. D, Merritt
-Officio Managers Vincent R. IMPELLITTERI, Acting Mayor of the City of New York MaxIMILIan Moss, President of the Board of Education Ro OBERT "Moses, Park Commissioner ppointive Managers By saad Torrey Botanical Club: a ae Pratt. By Columbia University:
Marston T. Bocert, Caartes W. Bati , SAM F, TRELEASE. THE STAFF oe J. eee aes Sc.D Dir ENRY DE LA Mon Sa ie Director 3 K KERAns, LLB. Administrator H. A. Greason, Pxu.D. Head ‘Cistator P. P. Pirone, een Plant Pathologist Tuomas H. Eve N. D. Horr. ota hee I, W. RIcKeETT, Pub. ibliographer AROLD N. MoLpENKE, Pu.D. Curator and Administrator . Herbarium ASSETT Macuire, Pu.D. Cur ONALD PHILIP Rocers, Px.D, Curator . J. ALEXANDER, B.S. ate Curator . L. Wirtrocx, A.M. Assistant Gene . Education . W. KavanacH, Px.D. Associate Curator of Tabor tiones cor NicHoLtas AsHesuov, M.D. Bacteriologist opert S. pe Ropp, Pu.D., D.I.C. Assistant Curator VL ARJORIE ‘iol 3 Re. sociat OSALIE WEIKE: Te S. Mary SreanNe M A. Technical Assistant RicHARD S. Cowan, M.S. Technical Assistant J. Wurpack, B.S Technical Assistant SLIzABETH C. Hatz, A.B, B.S. ibrarian H BEL HANSELL Editor of the Journal K C. MacKeever, B.S. todian of the eda osrPpH Monacuino, B.S. Associate Gude of the 'tto DEGENER, M.S. Collaborator in Haxaaton Baas ‘any =LMER N.. MitcHELL rapher ERNARD O. aes Px.D. Plant Pathologist Paine \. B, Stout, Pa.D, Curator Emeritus ae B SEAVER, (PH. D., Sc.D. Cur ese Emeritus — Honorary Canes of Mosses Joser PH ae Bu morary Curator of the Diatomaceae ETHEL ANSON ‘S. t Bicknae Honorary cae Iris and Narcissus Collections Mrs. WitttaM PHELPS JR. Collaborator in Venezuelan Botany A. PFANDER Superintendent of aad et Grounds Louis P. Pourt ad Gardener
ach cal Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard watee: fe nthe "Re edford Park Boulevard exit and walk east, Or take the Third Avenue rate to he Batanicel brates ae ne. Paes Street station, the New York Central to the Bota 1 Gar the is No, 41 to Bedford Park Boulevard.
levated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th St
TMlembership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
and what it means
O THE INSTITUTION, membership mea support of a program that reaches several hundreds of (ihoneandh of per:
riefly, thi rogram comprises ( ho: Eagar aienlays (2) education, (3) scientific research, an ) botanical exploration. To further this work and o dissemi i tion about plant life to the public, the Garden issues books and periodicals, both scientific and popular, and presents lectures, prog radio broadcasts, and es of study in gardening and bota The laboratories and large herbarium and library serve staff in its research and educational work, while the exieneve plantings at the Garden give the public vistas of beauty to enjoy the yea und. The public is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s
Pp library, and, u der ho tion, to consult the herbar O Tee Ape ieee inembersip ae peal the personal gratification of aiding s a program, t vileg: Tree e ae in courses up to oe amount of the annual member- ship fee pai A subs eeniption to the Journal (published monthly) and to Addisonia (issued acces ularly). Adm n to Members’ Day programs and use of the Members’ Room also at aes tim A share of ene when made available for distribution. (These plants may include the Garden’s new introductions into horticulture.) ersonal conferences with staff members, upon request, on problems eared to botany and horticulture. Free ann Sancene nts of special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- grams, an other events. A membership card which serves as identification at special functions at noe Eons Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in other
Garden clubs may become ig ate in ae of the New York Botanical Garden, and thus receive certain privileges for ae club as a unit and others for individual members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon reais est.
s firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical Ray iejenn aes on the classes of Industrial Membership and the privileges of membership will be sent ven request. *
Classes of ae ereniP in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to
Industrial Memberships are
Annual Single
ee Contribution Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 Sustaining Member 25 Fellow for Life 1,000 ponden Club Affiliation 25 tron 5,000 Fellowship Member 100 Benefactor 25,000
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable income:
Contributions to the Garden are Useaneenie in computing Federal aa New York estate taxes.
A legally approved form of bequest is as follow
I eee bequeath to The. New oa poe. Guden inconpentet under the Laws a New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the Qj—
Gifts may be made subject to a Bee ‘ome from the gift property fo ne. Pea of the donor or any eee feeeneae during his or her
tim
Aibe requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y.
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NOVEMBER 1950 EQ In Tus IssuE: ENGLISH HOLLIES FRANGIPANI \EENBROOK SANCTUARY \YSANTHEMUMS ON TRIAL
CHRYSANTHEMUM ARISTOCRATS
[ENCE IN A DEMOCRACY E BIRTHDAY OF AN IDEA REVIEWS AND NEWS em PAGES 261—288
VoL. 51 ‘No. 611
ENTS $1.50 A YEAR
CHRYSANTHEMUM CANARY P.R.R.
Canary P.R.R., illustrated of e front cover (courtesy of Jackson & Perkins) and Masquerade, illustrated above ee of Bristol Nurseries, Inc.) are two of the many grown this yea:
interesting varieties of chrysanthemums year in the trial beds of The New York Garden.
Botanical
The chrysant! themum has eigned as “Queen of the Autumn’ at The New York Botanical Garden during October, ihe blooming ais reaching its climax during the three-day Chrysanthemum Sho d Pr e t how will eee in the December
Mrs. Ernest L, Scott’s talk on “Chrysanthemum Aristocrats” in this iss em
TABLE OF CONTENTS NOVEMBER 1950
LEA FOR THE CULTIVATION OF ENGLISH HOLLIES les B. Thacher 261 FRANGIPANI, A TREE OF TROPICAL AMERICA dwin A. Menninger 265 It’s Croser THAN es Stephen Collins 268 CHRYSANTHEMUMS ON TRIAL 274 CHRYSANTHEMUM paeniiay Ernest and Aleita H. Scott 276 SCIENCE IN A DEMOCR Detlev W. Bronk 278 AN EXPERIMENT ieee 75TH ANNIVERSARY 281 REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 283 Notes, News AND COMMENT 285
The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 5: N.Y. Erinted in U. S. A, Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Die at Ab eau . N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $i. 50. Single copies 15 c
JOURNAL of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
DorotHy Eset Hawsetz, Editor
Vou. 51 NovemsBer 1950 No. 611
‘cA Plea for the Cultivation of ion Hollies Mrs. Alfred B. Thacher HE English holly, Ife aquifolium, has the reputation of being very
tender here in t Being happily ignorant of this, I planted two in 1910. Those baby trees were f their tenderne - . They prospered. Today, they are fine large specimens with branches that
sweep the ground. Robins nest in them each spring. The cee eee though not too much, during those two bad winters in the thirties—but : p ied.
ts d Hardiness is often a question of itebie soil, proper transplanting, proper air and water drainage. In other words, hardiness sometimes con- sists a as much upon temperature as upon reasonable car e physical a ee ical composition of the aie seems to have ae to do with hardiness. Hollies like an acid soil that
a generous amount of humus. They like plenty of moisture, but they
hey do not like ray hanges in temperature, nor the afternoon sun, often the cause of rapid g astern. orthern, even easte 2 a ill keep them happy. Half shade, half sun is right
April is cane time to cy ee ee in this area. (February is better in ne oi th). The — uld be , but not deeply covered Even if advised to so ie strip your trees of leaves when trans- planting. a is well to lente a ee eens ‘round the stem to catch water during the summer. Before winter sets i s depression should
r. € n, t be replaced aa small ace of sand. nee z give ae drainage and revent a damaging ice collar. Like all evergreens, a thorough soaking of the oo just before the first frost on a es for ak water loss during the winter. If given too early, the soaking will promote late, oe wth. en ian nd tobacco dust, ne and half, can in early spring, make an excellent fertilizer. If used later than Fun z first ae growth ] t may winterkill. ce oe sawdus a fine mulch. Hollies grow rather slowly at first. Once el ee grow rapidly,
romotes a
261
262
but slow up again in old age. They grow more rapidly in a light soil than in a heavy one. The soft air, the mists, the sandy soil and the low altitude all make for ideal conditions near the sea
If well grown, hollies have few pests. and diseases. They are Paes
aut:
Not only do they make handsome specimen plants, but fine he i pad as well. Also, a quite well in the city and can ae success- fully espaliered—with p
A few kinds of ih one cane flowers will set Hae ee being een 2 pollen from a Stamina te flowered tree, but the seeds in such , t viable. Non-viable berries can be produced oe nee poe psi ee with pas Te mones when they are in bloom. To insure ber ould plant at least one male tree for every eight or ten ae fle ne *Graftin ng ee hes of eainat trees on pistillate trees has been successful. It is a helpful to hang on a female tree a bottle of water containing branches from a nee tree a is in bloom. Bees will then attend to the ae American and English hollies, having a different chromosome count, do not cross pate Also, the Saran bloom almost a month earlier ne the Therefore, if one is grow- pi a English oes glia rallies ee Id plant male a of both A well-g: male holly of a fine variety, even though it carries
3 betes, gre ieee in its own right. If Chri s greens and cuttings are taken wisely, very little other
of peat moss and oakleaf-mold thoroughly mixed (one part oakleaf-mold to two parts of peatmoss). Press down firmly. Add two inches of a well- blended mixture of peatmoss and sand (half and half). Firm and add one inch of sand and firm again.
e top of the box should be sloped so that the sash, a sheet . a will shed rain. Plate glass cut to size is best. Sink the box in the ground
di ti move the lower leaves and place cuttings in the damp rooting medium, almost horizontally, about two inches apart. This eas placing of the cuttings brings the undersides of the leaves, from which most water
263
rma near Ae moist medium. Do not firm. Pressing the soil about the injure the bark. The + very wet rooting medium insures solidity as ihe stem with no air spaces. Put the glass cover on and do
not ventilate. Water ne when moisture seems necessary. Sometimes it will not be required for many weeks. Cuttings made in the autumn are left in the propagating box for a year, at which time they are potted. The pots are sunk in a coldframe and the prs are coe rr the following April. T have not found the use
~ : have yet to find that one in either a nursery catalog or a plant buyer’s
To return to the English hollies, the two planted by me so many years 0
wi e previous year, many berries have been sacrificed through generosity. Flowers of American holly, paca, are ne on the season’s growth, so be generous with its c s. Like y varieties of aquifolium, Marnocki has several types of leaves on one tree. S f the leaves have spines along the margins; others do not. Many have a peculiar twist 7 the middle.
Altogether I have grown thirty-five varieties and hybrids of English
hollies—~and they all look ae I, aquifolium ciliata major, with its large, glossy, dark green cae is one of the pulang It 7 av vigo ren erower,
the leaves have fewer spines. It is is di fficult to choose beeween them. All a
Like all ie bande a Chee it bears large, handsome leaves of thick texture, so , and berries of good size. Apparently the sa ohane a 4 Pei: cross quite readily.
I. aquiperni, as its name implies, is a hybrid between /. ue it I, Pernyi, which comes from China. The small, glossy, pr crowded along the stems, make this an interesting holly to aaa
264
Among the many other ee are the gold and silver variegated varieties, J. aurea regina and I. argentea regina. Many branches of these are sent from Oregon aa Wa: an fa on each hes for te ae
. aquifolium var. pendula, the weeping holly, is handsome and interest-
ie long. All three of these hollies have variegated as well as the green
anion var. Renae Ge an bears small, narrow vas and ek bright t red ber: Some of the leaves have spines ; other é none. I. aquifolium var. ee anny ie yellow ‘- erries. A white bere Ate ides pa is often liste old books, but never in a icant ant index, and I oe never see of any o has seen
sally a white ne I. aquifolium var. Lic Le ue has bright a leaves, very narrow compared with their length, and bears a good crop of berries year after year.
Plant experimentation can be very exciting. It is well to begin in a small way with vegetative offspring from trees of known hardiness—and then to give them sensible care, There are fine specimens of English hollies as far north as arcana
Jf, after what has been written, you are ee he at stairs English hollies, try some of the others. From Chin ‘a with its thick,
row too easily to be very exciting.
If you are still cowardly about experimenting, plant the American holly, opaca var. “Old Heavy Berry” — imes listed as ““Hookstraw’”’). Its lar ge, broad, spiny leaves of thick 1 mopaes textures are among the most beautiful of all es pyle gis it bears a good crop of large, dark berries.
There has bee er incr casing ee st in ee growing of hollies haa ie last ae yea "Ther is even Holly Society of cae autumn een in : 1948 was held, happily, at The ele arden, Holly. ea are ae evaluating and selecting fine specimens from which they propagate by means of cuttings. In a lesser degree, they creati Ww
e trace of yellow. The leaves should glisten also, and spines are important, even though some of the most beautiful varieties do not have any prickles,
265
Frangipani, a Tree of Tropical ~America Edwin A. Menninger TS ae tree eG of the periwinkle family, Apocynaceae, gi . The
gouty, Beene en and gray, non-tapering branches that are ‘on. ous than the foliage, make the ugly duckling of the tropical garden, saved from oblivion only b e exquis
1 s h ite and often veavy fragrance of its waxy flowers which rival both the jasmines and he gardenias. Yet of all the ee eee abe nie fragrant lowers, the frangipani is the easiest t . A bra e ground (in February) usually needs no fu ae nin ntion. a. oat native i tropical America is oo cultivated in every warm country around
e globe.
"The odd name paivag pam is Seapets with abandon to any of the perhaps forty-five species of Plum ae ften incorrectly spelled Plumiera or ste an was Sees a seventeenth century botanist, Charles
mier. Some experts as ane are not more than ten species and
Plumeria acuminata, with yellow-centered, waxy white flowers, is commonly encoun- tered in Florida.
266
everybody agrees that all of them are confused and inadequately under- stood
The a kinds most commonly encountered in Florida are the Mexican frangipani (2. acuminata) with enue -centered white flowers, and the ee tone ipani (P. rubra) oe oy se A or blossoms.
iden Bu s cae name oe - oa aie a dae varieties of which there are many, differing in the size and ee of the leaves and the flower and i eae . its color. It has ee to be discovered oe ee Maries mee a species or a group of hybrids between gest sp ecies.” ee 1 points to ay crossing of P. rubra eae
in plants bearing flow a wile various combinations of white and yellow.” Britton pos te P. rubra may be purple, while Bailey es the color as “more or | osy” o
red by
iced ae a aces when i bate in egies as the Cotas pedition,” whethe o honor an Italian noblem med
ani me ee a "pera i the pee "of ‘om repeal
Fron ngipa ee resembled, nobody kno
Many other common names are ae oo nt in ee cai for aldisacn native of tropical aie. the trees are grown any other ands where similar conditions prevail. They hav Asia at leas
pours from a wound on the tree. In Malaya they are plan
flowers. ham: frangipani trees and in Ceylon it is valle d “The Life Tree.” It i
sa favorite in Buddhist worship, being regarded as an emblem _ Hanger because of its wo onderful power of leafing and even bloo' ee whe
of the soil, i in the I ii the trees
; pt hade. ai are called “Melia” (though not related to the botanical genus of that a In Po Rico, the common name is “Paucipan ;” in India ‘‘Pogoda Tree” or Temple Tree.”
Frangipani trees are prized exclusively for their flowers vioiey come in crowded clusters at the tips of the branches, last a long time on the tree, continue to resist wilt after picking much long i
blossoms, and hence lend themselves for use in making leis in Hi garlands for temple offerings in India, or bouquets in Florida. The exquisite fragrance persists even after the fie ms fall from the trees. The odor of the flowers is as strong in one color as another, is most
A close-up of the exquisite, sweetly- scented flower of the Mexican frangi- ACL.
irely absent in ees
flo ers were favor: n, the ancient Mexican oe who often an them in their gardens
ser often wear them in their Poa
Page ani trees are usually small, rarely exc pial twenty- five feet and often ‘bloom ing when
Should be allowed to dry out for
a week ae eee ae ted and are more anne) ce propagation from seed. Mos mee trees set seed in six-inch twin pods that are first green, then cae t much of it i: niente In Florida, the trees are leafless when rei begins in March. e flowering may continue for months ; the ie gradually return as the blossoms drop away. In Singapore some species are evergreen or oe partly deciduous. In Hawaii, the blooming ae nearly all the yea:
They thrive in dry and Lene Pee resist salty seabreezes well and do not shatter in hurricane winds. If toppled over, they go on growing and blooming when pushed back ie ae Large trees to twenty feet, with practically no roots, can be moved to ne w locations Bae wilting or decline. The spreading habit of the crown can be checked by — away the out-reaching branches, leaving only those which go upw
olthurst, in her paneeese aa Sagi a Trees India writes of the frangipani: “For s fragrance, the as gia is exactly what one ae Pte an ee tree, and t
when I vigo: waee vie it from my garden, but one day I came er
Waterfc’s eulog n his ‘Ballads,’ and now, for the very beauty
described by different Sen the follo owing saa may serve as a eg S
ed pies stn to the species usually encoun syn. P. acuti, ifolia) has one a with yellow centers.
P a a (s Cae ais oe blossoms are “slightly pink on the outer side.” Corn
268
says there is a pinkish streak on the inside of each petal. The leaves are ae tha ene ubra a has red o r pi nk ee as previously related. Both it and the ssc fae ne pointed lea’ P, obtusa and P. emarginata es m Cub; ve blunt ends on the leaves and white flowers. These two species are ease allied and may prove identical. P. obtusa is more robust than P acuminata and has darker
P. sericifolia has less showy white flower clusters, and the under sides “df the eee are densely hairy.
P alba wh a ila d “low tree,” not as showy as some other species, ae ee to be evergreen, at least in Hawaii. It has a pene leaf, narrow in relat ae . “ length (often 114x8 inches), the margin: curled downward and the leaf c i i tip sharp, and the characteristic Ei en vein around the edge of t ae absent or almost so. There are a fee plants in Florida.
a has flowers similar : os of P. acuminata but larger, nearly ee ae across and ‘ ise, sweet alae There are a few specimens in cultivation in Califor
st 5’ = Oo ian at) & ck ore inal ® ej (rics wo a = as eae ao Qu ao Net w uo) ees) 2 Bg ee Es x5 oOo
P. tricolor has fone ae e pink and yellow within, and red and white oe This aaer is cotvated : Mexico and ‘Singapore. It might easily be confused of the rubra hybrids.
There are a good ane eee aad ie of the periwinkle family in
orth American gardens. Among these are allamanda, . ‘ape inn (Ervatamia), natal plum a pee aaa (Nerium) and, of cours
ae in nkle (Vinca). The es, too, besides aes ast
yellow eu Th The tia), "Ohioss and the scholar tree
es vee ) but except for Thevetia, es are comparatively rare
It’s Closer Than You Think
Stephen Collins, Resident Naturalist Palisades Nature Association eons people who live in New York City feel that the last bit of ountry re been Pee away from their giant metropolis. This is not true. A s : wild land still remains on a e Palisades only twenty see aa e by aut ae from New k City y. In this strip of wilderness nes sight ee the ae oe aes deer pick their way through es understory of the oak for Oddly enough, botanists rae paid i in enon attention to this are In eae rh to find greener pastures, ee ee bypassed the Palieuics to carry on their ae in more remote es ae observer must not be content eas ne identification but seek
The flowers of Sweet Pepperbush, Clethra alnifolia, signal the death of summer.
o find out what the plants are actually doing. This may sound strange
: the av uate ae son who thir . of ne as fixed, impersonal pawns of
ance. A quick glance over rough field notes reveals noticeable differences
in one ered: of plants in t aiferene locales. At the top of the Pali-
sades, bloodroot blooms ea sles than at the base, gtanod oan all clue
the rules of ees — ution. — this nigm a lie the exposure to the The of the Patines ae be ine er ex, ae ee re eee of cece of many pla All things being
os Let at . = elevation are usually ee . bloom first. oa of the many interest: hid aspects of plant dynamics that ma aan itself to . close obse: As the season progresses anes one looks for the flowers that signal the
270
death of summer and the birth of fall, ny are upon the cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis, one of the show plants of the Palisades.
in some of the northern aa of New Jer Because of the shorter gr et season in the uplands, the ede “fo ower ee a head start over some the more ce thernly plants occurring wer ares In the e past plants have disappeared from the oe region, due wanton picking. In early times pe -gathering ae ts wiped ou t the ve pple, while other plants with supposed medicinal values oC suffered.
Association was formed and authorized by the Park Commission to de velop part of the Park as a wildlife refuge. Within the - ae eke this organization has reintroduced former eae plants whic’ exterminated by early pickers. Greenbrook Sanctuary, - tract 2 i under development, embraces approximately 150. acres on top of the Palisades east of the Alpine-Tenafly town boundaries. Here laurel receives protection. Once acres a May. apple oe teed the north bank of Green Brook. In late mer the cardinal flower adds a dash ee ee to the edge of the bro ok, where earlier in the season fe ould have — und yellow spikes of golden club ae poe
the Conn letiok of the new Palisades Parkway and development of Ges heen Sanctuary, the visitor will be greeted zh a Nea of plants oo the yellow lady-slipper, the pitcher plant, the sundew and zalea. Already over five and one-half miles of Hi fave visitors is area.
While the formation of the Interstate Park put an end to the destruction of the natural features of the Palisades, Greenbrook Sanctuary represents a pioneering move to restore a part of the Palisades to its original
- :
: plann introduce all plant:
area. The Palisades ui lene has the un ran challen;
f developing one improving a public area, while the sam peas educating hs ee othe ‘nreasing importance of oe ctical backy, ard conservati By ement, groups are welcome to see this area oer hike one it. Individuals, as wae as groups, may join the Palisades Nature Association and attend regular weekly outings conducted for members.
Just would a visitor to Greenbrook oe see? Like the rest of the as of the eee this area is predominantly a dry, oak forest, interrupted by wet areas where red maple, ee ise aa beech
found
are . The pene of the oak-forest is composed chiefly o
Oats have en sown to prevent erosion along the road cut to Greenbrook Sanctuary. maple-leaf viburnum, an important wildlife iene A liberal sprinkling
of mountain-laurel aad ogwood is also part of t Nic The damper areas have an ouaees s el. Bec ecause of their attractiveness to migrating fall birds, the berries ef Boe spicebush last but a short time. Similarly, dogwood fruit i is rapidly med by a siege of birds. Only the maple-leaf viburnum reaily carries its ni well into the winter, but by late winter the birds have garnered most of its ae too. While bi ae do not feed upon this plant a later in the season, chipmunks eat the fruit before it has turned
ue. hort walk through the northern end of penal ees takes
the visitor haga a somes pare and cooler This is the region of hemlocks and tremendous tulip-trees, Cie von Tulipifera a, ap- proaching - ree feet in diam At the base of the hemlock the Canada Mayflower or “false-lily-of- ihe valley” finds suitable habitat not found
272
so often in the oak forest. It is easier for this plant to push its way Hi the hemlock needles than it is to push through the denser oak litt
i glance aie the ane nee ales a bli Hes cae horned owl s black-throated green warbler. Later in the season, at ee ee a is peas pushes its eee he ugh the forest floor in the shaded areas. Squaw-root, Turks-cap lilies a may ees greet the visitor at different periods throughout the
After autumn rains, a rich yield of mushrooms may spring up so aneey cae pee and other litter do not have time to Nee "Of. A bird ee as the blue jay or a mammal such as the non y feed upon the crop of mushrooms. Even the box turtle may be ee feeding eon them. The poisonous Amanita sie ener eA not shunned by these
mals who thrive on what would kill humans.
"Plants are not scattered at random throughout the sanctuary, but show definite eee for varying types of habitat. Some require moisture
such as sphagnu oss, many species of which have been found in the Palisades rs, such a dian-pipe, demand shaded locations Gray birches, blackberry and huckleberries ae . e Mae is a
abund: . dom:
damp enough for the cattail. As one goes ere ee eee, 7 may see how vital plants are to the ‘sina populations of the ciate A stand of common milkweed may be the summer resort for a community of orange, longhorn, ewes sss ee or the food patch for the monarch
real composition and encourage wildlif e plan nts. Ss over. a definite stage in the pire towards a more stable forest community. T
walls in present-day forests tell us of early farming which would have caused soil eben on the slo oping terrain o the one ades. Fires have burned off the aan Re ee — and injured trees so that fungi and pied a + the fire wounds. Whe ae 2 trees topple over, the support which the ay gave their fellows pas and wind pushes the surrounding trees into the newly-formed openings. Hence a fallen tree is not always a dead tree. As ne grow es many kinds of trees are
273
unable to find sufficient anchorage in the thin soil. Their roots, instead of pushing deep into the soil, encounter bed rock with a resultant emai y bee
root system. High winds find it easy to up uch trees as
larger and heavier and more susceptible to the force of gravity: Whe such trees et oken down by 1 sect agents and fungi The pileated eae oa of all northeastern woodpeckers, further helps this process by tearing aa inch chunks of wood out of dead or diseased trees to reach its insect food.
All this breakdown ae materi = the thin soils of the Palisades. This thin soil is also a result of the decomposition of the Palisades diabase hi i is
re sent one of the best and most evident sill formations in the world. Erosion would fave a less resistant rocks and gentle hills would have replaced sheer ae
As soon as the new Palisades Parkway is completed, Greenbrook Sanc- tuary will. begin to develop new types of habitat in contrast to the predom- inant forest cover which clothes most of the Palisades. New species of plants and animals will invade naturally landscaped border of the parkway. Already this invasion has started, as indicated by grain-eating birds nes among the oats sow en 0 prevent erosion on the road borders.
The completion of the Palisades pbs ay ee au ae stages of
c
atural an eauty. hi upon a tremendous, ae run of fish Sasi up the rive ing ground as and seek among he ais s a sha ush that es the return of spring to the Palisades—only twenty minutes away from New York City. bs an)
F trees are broken down by various insect agents, such as the wood beetle.
274 Chrysanthemums On Trial
OUR or five years ago, trials of new Egan were initiated at The New York Botanical Garden with chrysanthemum specialists
iikley_m edal of the Garden Club of ums.
These trial beds, as well as the extensive display borders of chrysan-
mum _ enthu nd other interested spectators before and during the Sixth Annual Chrysanthemum Sho Progra: This a portunity to observe the particular characteristics of
f the foliage, the height and habit of growth of the plan
1949 and 1950 varieties, as also several varieties to be introduced in the spring of 1951, h e be een on trial. Among the latter is a group that has been named se irds. Canary P.R.R., golden-yellow; Sea Gull
.R.R. with bronzy flush; Killdeer P.R.R., golden bronze; Swallow P.R.R., soft coral- pink opening into buff; and Tanager P.R.R., a cherry-red with very dark
Courtesy: The Lehman Gardens Courtesy: Wayside Gardens Kathleen Lehman Bronze Cactu:
275
kt foliage. In breeding these new chrysanthemums, ees and Perkins have been especially interested in early blooming and frost resistance ae nota ee nee introductions are Nytoda, a single daisy type, and ual pink tone, by Vincent R. De Petris. Mr. De Petris is ae as ere of Elizabeth Hood, a pink informal garden type which was ree a honor of the chairman of the 1949 Chrysanthemum Show, nae ee . Hood.
Fortune eer s year; it has flat- aioe bright yellow buds which develop ee creamy white flowers with dee rae ae centers. Also worthy of note in the trial beds are Edith which bears a wealth of rose- ’ purple blooms on a well-br: ae a a ; the bright Carmine Queen
i i la
this spring, eres erade, Moodbes s and Sincerity are definitely ce tive. Masquerade and Mo pana bot h bloomed early in October; the first is ene rose, the second a soft primrose-yellow. Sincerity is a white nee t of Lavender La oe ange-bron athleen Lehman is one of Dr. E. J. Kraus’ Univer
sity of (ies Sn cee intro duced this year through The Lehman Gardens. This variety, ete ith ppm pa aes r-red, Myrtle Walgreen, amaranth-purple, Patricia n, ium-pink, and the pure white Sie all growing in . nee ate ‘Of The New York aba Garden, have performed well in eastern as well as midwestern
4 * _ Courtesy: The Conard-Pyle Co. Courtesy: The Conard-Pyle Co. i ns
276
Chrysanthemum ¢Aristocrats* Ernest and Aleita H. Scott
Ce have been our foremost hobby for eighteen complete records on about 500 varieties. Of these, ve, have been g
most have been ee after a few years
aster, Ont g he J
Cha anthenue ee ty (American ) puts this question well: “The hardi- ness of the chrysanthemum i is a debatable question. This is not a matter of consequence, since the chrysanthemum planting is not permanent as in the case of the peony. For all practical purposes, the chrysanthemum should be treated as an annual” Experienc ced growers will agree. “Treat- ing as an annual” means, of course, growing from top cuttings each spring, from stock wintered in coldframe or greenhouse.
With the meee of the saaeer of chet! any variety wanted for a special purpose may if wi its needs.
Nor must we forget ae a oe ee eee of the country is not inter- ested in hardiness. ee thrive only under ad in the North do best outdoors in the Sou ps west and in Califor
For continuous color nnial bo fer mums ane be grown in a reserve plot and eens bree a Siomine time. In such a reserve plot, any wanted variety may be forced into bloom by shading.
Few persons appreciate the great variety in size, form, and color of this most versatile of all flowers. The National Chrysenithem Society recognizes fifteen main classes of chrysanthemums with respect to form
pp 3 AL mH N oOo < = oO Qa 2, nn wm e we - 3 [an wn =] c S 3 a 8 3 wn ~ vai oO Q 6 w 2 ia
: T
A real enthusiast wants all types. Outdoor varieties are limited in our climate to singles, decoratives, pompons and spoons. The other types must be sought among the ca: a of the specialist chrysanthemum growers and
The beautiful odd-flower ed a cia the quills, the threads—
have been highly developed by the Jap: and by - West Coast breeders. These must be the ee ot on ‘a réener, Tet hey are - sur- ive y are bald ais Ts af unwan nee the trade. Some of the aiente all of whic utdoors, The Ra ayonnants, Peggy
the _Witts, ie eet Bess, Paul “Miller, and the pink spider,
owe want only a few chrysanthemums in the fall are apt to be satisfied with the low, wide-spreading, colorful sorts. They are bred for border planting.
A section of ae extensive trial beds of chrysanthemums at The New York Botanical Gardens. In the right-hand corner is the beautiful Snowfield, originated by A. E. Curtis.
Mrs. H. E. Kidder, a large iene incurve, vigorous in growth and easy r over, introduced in 1930 by that greatest of all chrysanthemum
sash shelter may be erected for protection against rain, wind and early frosts. Here, with very little extra heat, late bloomers may be had until Christmas. oo much emphasis is eee sae ae newness of varieties. Any co
plete catalog lists many varieties that will serve a desired purpose. Let's explore these many wonde al ero Give them their requirements and be generous in their use, since their initial cost is so little compared to that of most other flowers.
tume of the lecture given by Mrs. Scott at The New York Botanical Garden on foe 28, 1950 during the Sixth Annual Chrysanthemiiin Show and Program.
Indoor Chrysanthemum Show at The New York Botanical Garden starts November 9, 1950, and continues for three weeks.
278
Science in a “Democracy * Detlev W. Bronk, Presiden Johns Hopkins Uae
ii these times, when scientists are considered necessary for the preser- vation of our social order and the defense of our nation, it is essential ienti indersto
ture of ea minds is considered by many to be a bothersome trait which has a into much trouble from the days of i Garden of Eden to aes aithe research will not, I think, flourish except in an atmosphere
of ee freedom. No one alias Newton to discover the laws of gravitation nor rest tricted his freedom to think and speak about such
matters. No group of social planners organize es s angie of electro-magnetic induction to ease the labors of m No suggested to Roentgen that he discover X-rays for a ca of here ills. No one instructed Willard Gibbs to pave the way for modern chemical i ndustry. Great scientific di ecti
Because of these fundamental | careers of the human mind ai a science will develop without regard for social consequence. But 1 : be unrealistic not to recognize ne the course of science is pro- a influenced by its social consequences. Scientists are men and women who like other men and women are social creatures. They possess ra go u
viduals an r the improvement of the social syst a this is often not ae it is because scientists cannot predict the social value of adven- tures i the unknown realms of nature. But faith in the ultimate spirit-
a ee and physical values of scientific investigation is a funda- mental faith of scientists. Some of the most important contributions of science to human welfare
«
279
have no obvious practical ames By atl we te been — nae
the fear of natural forces that were mysterious and malevolent; we hav
ae fre a ae slavery to ae and superstition The eae which s fro understanding of the beauties and forces of natur
Sie ae e science which extends the horizons oe our int celle a
enriches our lives. This will be, only if un derstanding of science, its
meaning and its Roane ie are better integrated w ith is ene si
social sciences in the pai of our education and more widely d
11 : fa through literature and - press. - Pres Bae Conant emghasid
before a New Haven audie some years ago, education still deals with the ie of science ; ne is aa pene of the methods and sequence of science. Until this defect is corrected, scientists may face ae tie Ae they mortgage their future usefulness by concentrating their efforts the practi tical application of past noes For the most mae ress of science are the changed material condi- tions of life. From the study of nature and the effects of natural forces, there has vie derived the knowledge which now enables man to travel with undreamed-of speed in three dimensions ; his range of speech has been extended . lea ee he has gained new powers over life for preser- vation and destr
Such changed ee of man to nature have profoundly altered the relations of man to man. Whether such changes, meres ed or promised, will be translated into sari welfare de aan n the integration of
materials and ne ces of pow But sci has thus posed new oe regarding their cee and utilization hus, there are new moral issues regarding human rights and human needs. The
brillant advances of medical ee are clouded by economic doubts as ‘0 how te can be brought to benefit those who a be saved from pain
a death. They raise new fears of over-populatio:
These are but eae you will oe alse — fold Me em- oe ae new problems and conditions imposed o r social system by the Progress of aes ific knowledge. A primary at challenge of these times is hice better utilization of scientific knowledge for the iene of human welfare. We would be blind to the status ae modern science,
if we did. Be fee ‘e pee and opponents. Many are tor oe fear of new horrors science may create and hope that science will build a a better world.
Radio communication has become an instrument of propaganda and vicious power over the minds of men. But it is also an instrument for the free exchange of ideas which is the basis for mutual understanding; it is
280
a means for transmitting to many the best of music that could before be heard by few. The engines which drive planes and tanks for destruction oe people « on peaceful missions and cultivate fields for the maintenance
Se provides the building stones of a better world— but the world will be as we choose to make it. farccgia the closer union of the e
effects of science and tech make difficult their apse a our culture. They pose new problems which must be solve . ane eserve basic democratic values. A democra:
nological pare ee mes so ee t few can underst and “the ghts and
co thoughts actions of others, few will be abe to fulfill ae apneic function of intelligent self- oe ment. If must ay is
ich 1 ve scie ip
the pres os of hu i i : many delegate daca without understanding the nature of the
° Fh n c a a ° a 45 La =) a ° f=] a o Q a. a c + Es crit = ia] i] = c is p i it
ee i the effecting of all things possible, through a knowledge of the us ecret mn of things”. But sc jenc
o di ight the
peoples of the world must restore regard for truth and the democratic vidua. n al action. The spirit = science will
not long survive in a world half free to inivestieate. to speak and question ;
(Continued on page 288)
281
eAn Experiment Station’s 73th Anniversary
CIENTISTS from many parts of the United a and from several European countries gathered together on September 28 and 29, 1950, to pay homage to the Connecticut Agricultural Expert Station, which was oe its seventy-fifth anniversary. Celebra es the birthday of an idea—that science can be made use ie 1 to Gane that science can be made practical ne practice scientific—as Dr. James G. Ho rsfall, Director ‘of the Station, said in his opening ee at the creas session on the first day. steps which led to the founding of the Connecticut Agricultural ‘Expe cae aes began m any years ago—back in 1855 when Samuel W. Johnson, a bein chemist, was appointed to the Sheffield Scientific ee ing 2 ‘ra and studies in Germany, he had been impressed with ienc
ent he So he ork, immedia upon his appoint- ment, to sali the ee of = individ se Glee: through
their planes in an experiment s n Connecticut. Twenty years later, by ac the Connecticut Ge a yore the Connecticut Agri- c Ite 1S . the oldest America and ae forerunner of similar
a : mn, oldest in e stations in practically every state in the Union, came into being as a corporate entity. The ae Lea the sum of $700 per quarter to “carry on the appropriate work of an agricultural experiment station”, which sum was increased two ae ie to 83, 000 annually. Research is our business, ih our product.” In the ab aeaes years, the scientists on its staff have lived up to this slogan of the Con: ticut Agricultural Experiment anes Among their eek achievers, three have receiv iss national acclaim. In 1917, Dr. Donald F. Jon gees eee e first ee cross of corn plants. As a | of nee method, yields . merica’s No. 1 crop are now obtained ie ay ae rge nae ull, of the eae pe Cold Spring Harbor, L. L., ae already discovered the r of hybrid corn plants and ee findings had aes panera by D Ee N. East, of the © Connecticut owle a~
i ae to te na oo a e inbred ears they had used as parent ae were ae and impractical as seed sources. It ae for Dr. Jon
ids, Dr. Shull and st proc to obta aa cross hybri s high in quality and yield and economical as seed sources. 67,000,000 acres are grown annually in the United States - this method. roject which Dr. Jones has well under way at this time is the Fan aa of male sterile inbred or “pollenless” corn, which does not
282
have to be detasseled in the crossing fields. Seed ies aes millions of dollars every year to detassel the seed parent rows in the crossing fields, where the hybrid corn is produced. The new male dtenile inbred lines will reduce this expenditure maternally: and at the same time will increase the yield, for in ae a blade may also be removed or injured—and that means the loss of an ear of corn. A factor for male sterility that is carried in the cytoplasm has been introduced a the seed parent inbreds, resulting in this “pollenless” corn. This factor for male a, carrie .. in the ee was discovered by Dr. as M. Rhoades, mber . of the Board of Managers of The New York Beane ee Early next year, we shall bring the ne of Dr. Jones’ —— . Dr. Rhoades’ theory to readers of the Journal of The New York Botanical oar e Morgan method of vquick” soil — mae eloped ‘by D M. F, Morgan in 1924, and the discovery of Vitamin A in 1913 are the oe two
olve .O of the eee pane a Prof Lafayette B. Mendel, of Yale Uni versity, working together, ae the ae ence of an unknown sub- stance in butter fat without which animals refused to grow. This sub- stance was later designated Vitamin A. Almost simultaneously, their former student, Dr. Elmer V. McCollum, working inde ia ndently at the
University of Wisconsin, ‘iscos ered this same substance The publication known as the “Aibany Cultivator” in he middle 1800's, later called “Country Gentle n’, s Time mover in arousing interest and e ing support for the establishment of the experiment station in Connecticut. Therefore, it was quite appropriate that the present editor of “Country Gen n’, Id Nicholson, should answe esti “Why an Agricultural Experiment Station?” Space permits the presenta-
tion in these pages of only three paragraphs from Mr. Nicholson’s inter- esting address:
“Tt would be hard to find, in history’ s pages, a development as Leia matched to the ie as the flowering of the agricultural exper t sta- tion idea in the last quarter of the 19th century. That was ae we re built the foundation for the industrial might that makes this nation great today; and our complex of iron and steel, steam power and transportation grew on the release of manpower me = land. Science and mechanical inven- tion were the means for that r
“The year this station was oo ee 75 years ago, there were eight Americans employed directly in agriculture for every ten in other nee That figure had not changed gre eatly from Colonial ee wh was the ratio. By 1917 only one in four owed a livi and today the figure is one to fourteen and a half.”
(Continued on page 288)
283
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
Gr —— Farming—primarily for the South on eri Lancaster; ame: chmond. Y. ‘Bailey; Ra ssell ‘ine n.
Edited by Paul W. Chapman, 5CO_ pages, illustrated, indexed. Turner E. Smith, Atlanta, Ga. 1949. w 96.
nin soils oe climate,
iin practices,
es it imposs te) ae an agricul- teal text that would embrace the entire United States. Leaving out the technical
phases, a book of such scope would coe a cumbersome daniel ‘Of knowledge. How
ever, it is sible to contain i e volume general basic principles and to include speci infor - regarding any one section of the country. “Pas- tures” is such a book, primarily for
outhern agriculture, written in simple
having similar soil and climatic condi- tions. ief description of various forage mation to any stu- z The principles in- high quality hay or oe table in any agri- er, man, y pra actices described could aot he ‘applied in detail in areas other than the S
This practice would n
application to — ae of the country pith an abundance permanent pas- ale ae ‘conditions favorable for grow- TOpS. otati ion grazing is con: SG tried ae mean an movin; ie tite zing animals from one section ao ure another, thus allowing a on e or i
months’ san period for each area grazed. The
The will no iv that “Agronomists have delighted ak- ing alfalfa a hard plant to grow”. The authors’ attempt to correct some “false impressions” such as “ difficult t ae a good stand” does not make sense,
als as it applies to land well suited to cr A greater proportion of the soils es € than favorable for good
f ord of caution is in order. Homer B. ie Senior Instructor, Long Island Agricultural Institute.
stands, so a
Evolution in sid Light of Modern Gene
FACTORS OF EVOLUTION. I. I. Senathrises. 327 pages, ean bibliography, index. ited by
Isador Borde fated. ie Eee dosing Dobzhansky. iston Co., Phila- delphia. 194: ot ae. The last decade has seen a whole series of stimulating books which eae evolu- tionary problems in " light mi
genetics. i 4 Simp- n have bee mice d by botanists as well as zoologist; Tedvard Fea new book c he nical evidence “his ee Ae oe be added whose interesti
‘° malhausen, ay lhuminating | ee hav o could read his papers ori Si or
a professo any Kiev). “his lust Thateral and his analytic discussion are largely limited to ae bees ba a rtheless, the advanced i
- oes . botanists as to zoolo-
The following isolated quotations pre- sent the skeleton of his theory. ‘The rate of evolution is determined always by the position of the organism in its en-
vironment, in other words by the condi-
284
tions of its struggle for existence.” “The presence of a passive means of defense especially a ee oe. eo
sedenta ary | mode of Ii e, doe: aid
ne
more passive forms, ae oe elimi-
nation predominates, mutual competition
chiefly raises fecundity, accelerates devel- th pr
ee hoe and its es reaction acquire gre im-
‘All of which would serve to explain, among other things, the fea greater rates of evolution in animals than in plants. The book has an interest ing bibli- ography, author and subject indices, and a three-page explanatory foreword by Dr. Dobzhansky.
AR ANDERSON,
Missouri Pra Garden. APPLES AND APP PRODUCTS. Vol. it Economic Cran. Series. R. M. Smock & A. M. Neubert. 486 pages, illustrated, indexed: Interscience pa
ishers, York and London.
9.6
This econd of a series of mono- graphs ce es chemistry, physiology and technology of food and food products, the first having dealt oath bananas The series is Bus ne oe Z_ E. Kertesz, of the New eee fa eri- aes Gen ee Yor
he book is aoigue: in its field a a will fill a long felt need. te alee ates in bridg- ing the gap bet th nterested in
ment
apple fruits on t ree. e next 148 pages treat o hemical changes ar physiolo, the fruit after harvest, maturity and quality, pre-storage treat m 1 san he r as o. of 450 of the text dis manu ture of apple peeducts aclading drying. cuits: freezing, juices, syrups and pom:
The bs ok is documented with 906 ref- erences, which are inserted as convenient
footnotes to each page, Remark: ernment een a brief sata ppendix, and a equate index co ie te the volum The pales en should ne - Shas: appeal as a text and as a refer . B, rox Yy Michigan State College ND HANDBOOKS: The Flower Ae oageniene Calendar by Helen Van Pelt Wil- son ($1,00—M, eer? & Co.) and Flowers of America Calendar ($1.25—Hastings House) are attractively gotten up, with covers in color and good black and white illustrations within their pages. Both provide space for recording engage- ments. The Eamerican Herb Calendar (50c— The Herb Grower Press) is pleasingly awe and resents delightful quotations—on h of cow
“IT’S EASY TO CROW HERBS” (reprinted
1254, Spe, Herb Grower pace) is a seliabie andbook on growing, dryin; cookin, pane “UNCOMMON FLOWERS” by Dr. Jol P: Hutchineon (allen Lane, Inc., Baltimore,
yf black and white illustrations from living plants. The a oo Pape pound, also has 32 photo- graphs by Rob ‘Adam
%
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PPP ER RR
285
| Notes, News and Comment
Dr. William J. Robbins td
obbi: _ National ae of Sciences at W: verett, Horticultur-
ckbridge, t. 21, 7 Robbins and Dr. oO. Dodge tended the of sce pens o ae cad £ Id ai
ich he assistance of Dr. Annette Hitvey and Miss Mary E. Stebbins.
Mr. E. J. Alexander spoke ee mhe. Garden Club of Yorktown, an affiliate, on Sept. 20, on “Plant Collecting
An affi the Riv
in Mexico.” other affiliate, eee ian Garden Club, r
ushroom “Collecting as : "Hobby" "aad fe es ce ee on Ne es on Mol
rg nual Wachi ae Nature “Club o ee 18—his topic was “In Search
Advisory Council. Dr. William J. Rob- Bia addressed the uation of the Advi- oun r
grounds and as the Floral Flye
Luncheon. The ree of Directors of the Bronx Chamber o iar were guests at luncheon on October t The New York Botanical Garden, Toligae Lae they toured the buildings and. gro
in the tractor train,
Chrysanthemum and Harvest a The Pegasus Garden ce held a yS- _ exhibit “26
their familie uum and Standard-Vacuum. isha Jr., member of the Board o gers of
The New York Panel pene was show chairman and T. H. oe Horti- culturist, was one of the judge
_ Conducted Tours. The Volun r Asso-
se Volunteer Le of United auons he ay erating in ing pou of The O-
tanical Garden foe members and guests of the The first oF hese tours er
ae Shee afternoon, October 29. Dr. Stout Returns. Dr. A tout has returned en rea Cait e he
pe n his turn trip, visiting universities and hota
cal gardens. On October 5, Dr. Stout ec red to the staff and students of the biology department the University of Chicago on Me ypes of Intraspecific In
compatibilities in Reproduction
adio. T, H. Everett, Lee enna and Irene Hayes, prominent flor of New York City, discuss fewer d art in a fifteen minute broadcast f
The same wee lexande
radio interview with Gu uy Re
linger and Roop, interior decorators, on wild flowers ee is ir use for oe set- tings of old p d glass. This
broadcast wa os Ganecen with
the National AG Festival.
i Bride
viewed about their r The = pear Garde A by Harry Marvel “Hits and Misses” a
WCBS, 5:30-6 P.M., October
Television. T. H. Everett gave a talk on the Chr. oe Show and Pro- gram at The w Yo ds Botanical Gar- fen, on Dor ey Daum’s Vanity Fair hour, 4:30 sieloce October 23, on Chan- nel 2, CBS.
286
Field Trip. On October 9, N, Moldenke i a as ae for ot he Tey c: lub
on, of the late John ise Dr. P. P. Pirone he eetie control experimental work conde d by Cornell Unieesity research m Pip ve} cn eee Club, Long Tad. on Sep
“Blue Amaryllis”. Sir Henry Joseph Lynch of Rio de Janeiro called at The New York Botanical Gard turn from
nglan Kew Gardens t
nm his way to Santa ee Calif. © inspect those growing t La Positas Nur ery.
Sir Henry eeeetilly grows over 600
co arded en Botanical Caden = described. in the article by T. H. pe in the October issue of the ee l of The New York Botanical Gar
It was a the Bence of Sir Henry that bulbs were received at Kew oe rdens, La Positas Nurse sery and The
‘w York Botanical Garde
Visitors. During September, Dr. Erik Rennerfelt of the Forest Research Insti- tute of Sw , Dr. an r ian Mulligan of the avery of Washing- ton, Seattle, ar me iT - th University of see
Robbr
Min: s and Toure "the ‘ebortones: Other recent visitors to The a
pean! oa en have a Dr. oa utner, of Fores Labor: De 4 Brow Yale Un hiversity oe ideo
id Kubo, Chee of patton anya on d.
Sil iam Bridge Ca State College of Syestineton Dr. Snes sladys er, Vassar Col Mrs.
Curato of Mosses : Dr. D. V. Baxter, University
of Michigan, and Dr. G. W. Martin, Uni- versity of Towa, fain ng f ms ‘ock- Mary Elizabeth Tiéoper, i
osep) an, Tulane Univer- Royal Agricultural
Eddy, Cobbs Creek, Mathews 4 Vans R. Stevens, Holl: prings,
. R. Batt ersly, St. Andrews, Fife,
Ss d; and Lin y S. Olive, Colum:
t ia University.
i Explorer missing: F. Kingdon- Wark tbrieat xplorer, author and bota-
iteror ei Tibet and a three-year ex- pedition through West China and south- east Tibet.
=e
Merrut L. Fernald
r Merritt L. Fernald, former
of the Gray Herba-
rium at Harv aed eee eae lead-
ing authority on the flowering pans of
the northeast, died on Sept. 22 at the £
° Dr: Fernald retired as Fisher Profes- sor of Natural History in 1947. His major recent work was rewriting and Botan. Asa Gray’s classic Manual of Fernald was bom at Orono, Me, ea iter Bone Brcouated from Harvard, joined | the Gra: erbarium in 1891. He i : curator n 1935 an na its ta la fe He retired fro he arectorsi in 1947, He was associate editor of “Rhodor: the journal of the North East cael Club, from 1898 to oe and became its editor-in-chief in 1929. In 1940, the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences awarded him
Ca
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288
e Leidy Medal for outstanding work in f ooenicl studies of the eae States. He wrote more 50
Haines as tative tre ee * fe}
Dr. Fernald wi ee onorary reste of the Tateenatia fa: "aoene al Cor ae
president of the ene. a_vice- ican Associatio on
East Botanical Clu om
Science in a Democracy (Continued from page 280)
half slave to prejudice and dictation. These are basic ue which our nation he survival i i
democratic freedoms in this gi
f i
aham Davenport, a graduate of Yale the elas of 1732, was a staunch batriok durir Revolution. A me oe
USE e to be
ith the: ords, Dr. Bronk clo ee his fiepitirag eu suggesting that wi keep alight the ca andles of oe in- vestigations in whatever dark days may be ahead,
*From the address which Dr. Bronk delivered at the rth anniversary ae une Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Stati
An Experiment Station’s 75th Anniversary
(Continued from page 282)
This examination of the que! ‘Why An “Aetealiaca Experiment tion?’ in the light of present conditions could not conclude wit! looking be- ed nd our borders. W
not we are Pe
the ort free men everywhere. Authorities who s know have re- iterated that one of the golden keys to
great idea and our tec! free men in other ne e him ‘Science is m Hai liarly adapted to flourish among, and a nd aspiring
cends to out the crumbs of knowledge to the co mn herd, but
an or ation all available forces for the pursuit of knowledge.’ ”
lexander Wet- y of Smithsonian Tngtitote ieadowed Institutions” Dr, Sinn “Universities”.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
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ane ae Managers
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JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
DECEMBER 1950
In Tus Issue: PLANTS OF HRISTMAS TRADITIONS WINTER INTEREST IN THE GARDEN
CHRYSANTHEMUM SHO
REVIEWS AND NEWS
INDEX TO VOLUME 51
Paces 289—320 VoL. 51 No. 612 ENTS $1.50 A. YEAR
THE NATIVITY
This issue closes Volume 51 of the Journal and marks the end of its publication. We are proud of its traditions and accom- plishments.
In January 1951, The Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden will make its initial appearance. This new publication, different in style and format, will retain the policy and best features of the Journal; at the same time, it will attempt to interpret botany and horticulture in the modern trend —simply, authentically, interestingly.
CHRISTMAS SHOW IN THE CONSERVATORY Starts December 22, 1950
ouse No. 6—A nea . the courtyard of the inn at Bethlehem at the tim of the Nativity, with the inn and stable in evidence, The plant euler will include plants eee referred to in the Bible.
House No. 4—A colorful display of Christmas plants. EC
T COVER ILLUSTRATION e Nativity by Sa — Botticelli (1444-1510); the original is hanging in The ree Gallery, London.
. a) TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECEMBER 1950
PiLants tHat Ficure In CHRISTMAS TRADITION AND DeEcoRATION
Helen M. Fox 289
Winter INTEREST IN THE GARDEN DeEtte B. Jacobs 295 ae aN oe ee SH
EW in Boe iGiioey 298
INDOOR “Camvansrnen SH 302
Reviews or Rec OOKS 304
Notes, News an oe 309
INDEX TO ee 51 312-319
The Journal i is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 5. N. Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post. thes at New York, N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies 15 cents.
JOURNAL
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Dororny Eset HanseLt, Editor
Vou. 51 December 1950 No. 612
Plants that Figure in Christmas Tradition and Decoration
Helen M. Fox
FEW days before i when the housewife in present-day United States ties eath of holly on ee front door, drapes garlands of nen or sprays oS pine around her mantlepiece 7 decorates her tree, she continuing a practice ise a before the days of written hist or i For Christmas is the latest version of te festival of
st the lengthening day, at the winter eee a festival that existed long before the coming eo pat aaes The day or week or twe see were observed in the i East by sun eee ppers whose a was Mithra and by th tal
ao o Lol g 3 ES ct > c 5
Hannukah; in Italy and North Africa by the Romans at their Saturnalia and also at the ae ; ae ate the Kalends; in France
he Druids ; people of northern Europe, to mention only a few. Lights were i i the festival was originally in sie of os sun-god was b b w after the long winter were wreaths and bouquets for their bea and yee presents were exchanged, and there was feasting ond d
hen people lieved in primitive relig were gece to ore spiritual beliefs, since they continued to live in the same villages, situ: on t ame seacoast or valleys and surro d ame lants, moreover since they continued to follow the same fe, wheth 0) ture their sheep, cultivate the soil or sail the sea in shi or foreign trade, they naturally continued to celebrate t cha anging phases of the moon sun, inging 1 the harvest
or sowing of crops with the customary ceremonies, The very buildings in si ildi
temple. The cathedral at Cordoba was originally a mosque, built on a site that had been a Roman temple and a Visigothic church
289
290
Under ee nang it was difficult for the priests of a new the e pract ices of the old. The Old Te eee is full of
he very first of the ten commandme “Thou r gods before me”. Some of the priests oe this
following a Bia as natural and ee - - ugustine ear a: lo
the Christians of h not to the sun, but like Christians in honor o Him who had a the sun eae tried to stem the old observances ther icts of early
church councils on the subject. i s at Christmas for decorations, because they had ngland.
er e een 0 been used by ieee To this day ‘a ahs of Engl:
decorating the o T passages an d doorways omes and churches; and it is not co ee suitable to put ee inside a church. ‘aser, i den Bough, ulian calendar ee
n the J f December was the winter solstice no S birth of va sun
: Chr eee of Eg ame = re . rd the the da te f the nativity and eens e birth on that day. This custom oe n the East until the fourth sah ae but in the West, ecru cath fifth had been adopted as the true date at the end of the third and beginning of the fourth century and in due time this date was ee i the eastern church as w most important decoration in the chur ch at Chrismas’ is the cre
brate it. In time, however
irt é e is said to pee had a mattress of b w, Galium verum, a fragrant
herb with yellow flowers, which yields a dye,
butter and ie ese. In some parts of Italy it was customary to the
manger with moss, ee or sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus, the last a
coarse d ni sal coo) a reen and having decided medicinal virtues, among esac being a cure for the opium habit. Cypres
ad prickly ae o used and the boughs of Juniper, Juniperus
communis, This ine grows to twenty feet | d was ted to
have sheltered a Virgin and her Child when she was fleeing to Egypt pursued by Herod’s soldiers. The juniper had an important plate in magic of earlier people but was
i survival of sacrificial gifts. Mrs. Rosetta Clarkson in Magic Gardens,
291
Adoration of the Shepherds by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506). Courtesy of The
di Metropolitan Museum of Art.
says of the creche, Sicilian children placed penny royal among the ever- greens Hae and believed that exactly at midnight of Christmas Eve its flowers open
me most ‘striking plants at ube are the Christmas trees. Now: days they stand in the main squares of most of our cities lit with Bae aoe lights ; while in every ea ler tee are children, there is a tree
either indoors or out, ee or small, and decorated with lights, orna- ments ne ifts.
The ie most superb plant in nature, ies worshipped by primiti ve people. in Indian mythology, according to to the Angelo de Gubernatis in * ‘ythologie des Plantes the sun god is the generator of the ie ar ke
ree. The feminine element is represented by and e ma gu i the moon and the lunar tree preside over wai sn and g the su ee solar trees preside at fires and give birth = oe "The solar tree of Christmas ne birth - om the Savior. This Christian legend developed from the pagan my
Ther e beliefs in northern ae that every Christmas ee aude ak eee trees blossomed and bore fruit and again that on Chr:
s Eve all the trees in the forest bloomed. Because of these ae
292
perhaps, cherry and hawthorne trees were cut and forced indoors in pots
to bloom at Christmas. Since they worshipped trees, primitive people
eg them. Arabians hung objects on date Sane in northern co os eh
un- ries the hae representing a tree was garlanded, and at ana reen were ornamented with ree flowers and ribbo: In oan England, farmers ore apple tree on Christmas Eve, ‘while German peasants tie fruit t
cs together ey straw ropes to make them
ot ie Christmas in modern United States was hee pine es oddly enough, was pine, too, was one of several woods reputed to have been part of the cross on which “Christ was crucified. In olden days, ie Yule-log soe in Christmas celebrations, es~ecially in continental Europe and Great Britain, where Christmas was know as Yule- ae ae ie and Gy ae -log.
winter, a red to Odin and peu welve hele Yule-log w heavy block, aie of oak but sometimes ash, eo was fitted a the foe of the hearth where, thou it Stet under hardly oa - eee aes a year. When the n the remains © old one
the fire, it was new log was to be laid, we ays ore a powder and strewn over the ae oe time. So eee the log was meee ina ek time ; again the log was drawn from the fire as soon as it ha ee slightly cha rred and put back again ae ver a thunder-storm broke, because it was fa lightening would not strike ie house while the Yule-log was smolder
af of grain
In Italy, the log was ca fis ‘ceppo” in France “trefoir’”’, wher it was kept under the bed for a year. Besides protecting the house on fire and thunder, it was thought in a ae it prevented the inmates from having chilbla ains on their heels in winter One record of greens used at oS in oe and Stewart England is a verse froma Poe by Robert Herrick: “Dow
n with Perey ee Bays e
The ae Box for show.
y goblins you shall see.”
r greens sociated with Christmas were laurel, ivy, broom, the rene tree and e
Prep reg
293
Rosemary is a low shrub, its twiggy branches thickly covered with short linear leaves, grey underneath, and giving forth a distinctive pleasant fragrance. Tei is Pace to the cnr but hardy in countries where winters are not too severe. — e blue flowers appear in anuary
it is believed the rosemary is one of the bushes which gave shelter to he Virgi
ary has been valuable as an herb since early days when it was bapa Be Pliny and Dioscorides Its flavor improves certain dishes while its fragrance adds to the pleasure of perfumes, toilet
s dsration at weddings and funerals and, undoubtedly because of its ea s been chosen to decorate chur’ ches and banqueting halls.
A gilde t f ae ie a new year’s gift according to Mrs. Grieve in the Modern t Christmas, writes Eleanour Rhode, houses and churches were lavishly ae with fale and in churches not only were columns garlanded with it but the floor was commonly strewn with small twigs of the herb, Miss Rhode oe says it was customary for the boys of Ripon cathedral to fae gifts at Christmas of red apples stuck with sprigs of rosemary. The poet aid Brown w “Whe e Ba ays still ae by thunder not mes down)
an Two plants might be meant ye en the word “bay” is mentioned. These could be either Myrtus communis or en ae neither of which is hardy in cold climates. Myris is is a hea green shrub to ten feet high; its leaves, one to two inches long, have a nee mg scent. It comes in several forms and i ie to ei oe eastern rae Myrtus was considered sacred to We Goddess of lov: lled communis by W. 1B ean in Trees and Shrubs Hardy in rs British Isles and nobilis by Alfred Rehder in Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs. The plant is sometimes called laurel. It is a tree from twenty to forty and even to sixty feet high, sometimes pyramidal in shape and lends itself to shaping in et Leaves, thr r more inches rant when crushe us oi
Jupiter had a special regard ior bay and hence its potency against thunder. It adorned the statues of Aesculapius because of its medicinal
294
virtues. The leaves made crowns for ae heroes. Bean says this is the true laurel of the ancient s and mentions the term “bachelier”,
Reams of paper have been covered about the mistletoe, Viscum tbo the yellowish green, evergreen and parasitic ae wi | greenish w. eid bas The plant was ee to the s and, acc i . Pliny, when it grew on an oak it was a sign that ra ae chosen the tree. The ae thought the mistletoe a ee against witches and sorcerers and endowed with the power of revealing treasures in the earth. They decorated their dwellings with it as with holly, so that the eee
regard, modern chemists say the gluti inous aaa nce prepared sn the berries produces vomitin g and purging when taken in large dos
It was also believed ta mistletoe must oe touch the ee or a national aero would occur. Perhaps that is why it i s suspended from some hig a ect in oe The Druid ae a it with a soe knife a ight it in a white cloth. Balder, the Norse God, was killed by mist nee ‘ing shot at him. James Frazer identified Berra with the “Golden Bough.”
The holly, ‘ler aquifolium, is also called Holy tree, Christ’s Thorn, Hulver Bush and Hulm. The boughs have figured i y Christmas eae
in homes and churches since the earliest days. certain plac customary to set up a long pole at Christmas a ——. it a hay and ivy, similarly to the May pole in summ
i: vy is cae with Bacchus and in England the “tavern bush” is decorated wit There is a story that Ino hid Bacchus from Juno when he was in his aE by covering him with ivy leaves. is of i lee were
e of the len a ‘a- tions, because of its pagan associations. Prynne, probably William, in the seventeenth century is quoted as having written not too elegantly - ae istmas men do always - ge
n each corner of the hou ts But a do they use that Bachan eds cee they men, then, Bacchus-like to feed.” The ivy used is Hedcra helix native in Europe, Asia and North Africa ming in many attractive variations from the type. Both leaves and berries are poisonous to e (Continued on page 297)
295
Winter Interest in the Garden DeEtte B. Jacobs
ae the ae ie of summer bloom and fall nen have ebbed, there is still much of beauty in - oe —beauty that is sometimes eee: at ee seasons of the If there is i. eee snow, the rie aes Ls gee prove nee re in winte myrtle which shine the if each leaf had been ee polished sturdy bay cna: vy aa casi meee of form, mounds of pere: candytuft, tough mats of the long, w green leaves of liriope, a drifts of. the tiny- pe ne bun eee serves as blanket for the ‘snowdrops an He crocus asleep beneath it. Foliage of Christmas rose has s in
and text nee $ on ny
as a ding Hosaae: Usually the plant has its most abundant bloom in
mber or December, but it is very temperamental and a bud hidden
ae among the leaves may expand into a lovely, waxy white flower on any winter day.
In the wild garden there is arbutus, untroubled by any degree of cold,
s difficult to walk past without stooping to lift gently a few of its
leathery green leaves in order to catch a glimpse of blossom buds sheltered
axy white flowers of the Christmas Rose, Helleborus niger, glisten in the
The sunshine on a cold winter day.
296
beneath. Wintergreen lives up to name, and the aed of partridge- berry and of shortia is as beautiful in winter as in mer, the latter sometimes a uniform dark green and sometimes tinged with red. Galax
$s of small little winter ae in themselves, in addition to being a much a iated source mall bouquets for the house. I ce ost alw ee choose a few sprays ie ay lavender to arrange with the ree pale yellow jasmine that comes into
ng shrubs one is inclined to take the evergreens as a matter
individuals. There are, n
dignity of laurel, the somberness of yew, the sparkle of sunlight on box, and the promise of spring bloom in the showy s Japanese andromeda wears ecoration all winter. One of ee evergreen bar: berries (Berberis ver ruculosa) = ogi cla ing for its spiny leaves, and grace in every curving ur na ay is usually given
due appreciation for its ev ergreen ieee $a ei ne but a discerning eye will find added interest in noting the variety . size, form and texture of leaves on different Jae of this one spec
‘or a wide range of v: , however, jes ane is the shrub which holds te place in ae at winter garden . Where evergreen trees afford it shade and protection from winds, it stays a deep green all winter. Where erin trees have ne ae it, it gradually takes on vary- ing reds and bronzes, Wher s full s ntinuously, it assumes these ae a : ve ian It is one the ae ‘versatile : paige a delight
ewed fre i
ae n, 4 reel however, wales: its chief demand is met—a well-dra
c
and form of leaf, they are almost identical in their deep bronzy red color. eciduous shrubs and trees also tell a ig tale. Native dogwoods are knotted with round gray flower buds, the long pointed buds on the ech are encased in shi fee ain-proof cover: ae and magnolia buds wear
He coats to keep them warm. Lilac buds swell into premature leaflets,
Trailing Arbutus, Epigaea repens, is untroubled by any degree of cold.
tempted by a few warm days and then get frozen for their precociousness. Forsythia espaliered against a ee puts forth a few blossoms on the slightest encouragement from the weather. Jasmine blooms on even less provocation, its bright oo = holding buds touched with red and dainty yellow flowers. This ly bloom is sufficient compensation to the gedener for any aly sane he suffers in those occasional severe winters when jasmine is frozen to the ground. Kerria stems are bright green a all winter, too, an Hf young ere on hadi has tight pinkish buds on delicate pale green branches.
Plants That Figure in Christmas Traditions and Decorations ontinued from page 294) Broom, Cytisus aelie went into the making of bridal wreaths along with rosemary. It is an emblem of humi nility and witches are said to like
TO earlier, it was used in aus the c ae here the climate is ail and tall ‘lat - i oS as in Jutland
; mo ash Row: in Latin Sorbus Aucuparia, with its anes Givided ie ae pe . scarlet ata figured in folklore. At Modrufell on the coast of Iceland, there is ss Rowan tree and at Christmas Eve it is decorated with torches which wind has ever tinguished This is one of the plants placed over nee to keep out witches
298 r tree associated with the exorcism of witches is the elder,
Anothe Sambucus nigra, which in some places grows to thirty feet high. It has delicately scented umbels of white flowers follo wed by black ae which are used - makin;
0 a dipped in oil and then floated in a glass of water. When lighted on Gre Eve, it will reveal to the owners all the witches and sorcerers in the neighborhood. In the short time and limited space, it has been possible to more than approach ae agree ie this vast subje I have touched y only a ew of as oon that — in a. decorations ae raditi For ne. ma ne n American Indian customs adapted to oe Christian ae 1 of ae ae . available in the Southwest, Mexico and South America. But all this will es to wait for another year. Meanwhile, Merry Christmas to all my reader.
Sixth cAnnual Chrysanthemum Show and Program at The New York Botanical Garden
T yor Sixth Annual Chrysanthemum Show and Program at The New k Botanical Garden on Octobe r 27, 28, 29, ae in a h
v d
improved. Fair we — was enjoyed throughout the three days, bring- ing out a fine attendan
7 first does of the Museum and Administration Building was given over to the Saiaaribala classes in the east and west wings and to the oe exhibits in the rotunda. hoes enter garden, aie - Silver edt represented the piety efforts of hrs, W. N. J., who de- signed and planted it, of William ee oe ae . N. J., who
furnished the water- ities, — ae and gold fish, and of R. J. Hea St. Albans, L. I, raised the pcre First prize and silver medal were eerie Ge Westchester Chapter of the National
Cig eahenn Society for its border of ere Haat while second
Upper Left: This arrangement by Mrs. David Kirschenbaum, entitled “In ae inning’, won the blue ribbon in its class, gold medal certificate and the Emi Cup.
ec Right: Mrs. Ronald Yocum received a blue ribbon and silver medal cer- tificate for her entry in the class, “On the Wings of Autumn” Lower Left: Mrs. Frank S. Rathbone’s interprcation of “Autumn Eventide” re- ceived the blue ribbon in this class. Lower Right: Bronze medal certificate and first in the class, “When The Frost is on the Pum pkin” , was awarded to Mrs. Raymond P. Reese for her arrangement of fruits and Neca against a broom
299
Flower Arrangements at The Sixth oa ee Show. For details, see page 2
300
prize and vials iu went to an ae Jersey Chapter for its terrace planted with mums. and rnest L.
Shes Glory. Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, N 1 for an exhibit of chrysanthemu
Sion, Princess Pocohontas, Dubonnet, Ashes of Roses and Autumn
Flas
judges had quite a difficult decision to make in awarding the Scott in the horticultural classes. This trophy ort, L. 1, for the
ety, grown naturally, Miss Marie J. Aes Princess Marie, received the Secretary’s Cup. won the Selma Fe Bischoff cup for the best specimen f a carysanthe mum that pe een meee yy the National iis eran Society one of its former shows; the variety was Edith Rober
The b: od ee was banked — evergreens and a rysanthemums, making an sed active approach to the invitation flower arrangement classes
e mezzanine and to the exhibit or paintings by the Chinese artist, Wang Chic¥
The aa flower arrangements filled the circular hall on the . Cyphers a for distinctive originality and emotional content in arrangement was awarded to Mrs. David ay ene for her asa “Legend of Circe’’. Id me nald Yocum , Chapp paqua, N. Y., silver eee for her anne! in the class pe oe yeas and Mrs. Raymond P. Reese, Larchmont, N bronze medal in the class “When Frost is on the unr Special prizes were awarded to the four educational ener as fol- lowe? To the Palisades: sae pesca tion for relief n of Gr een-
— — won the arded a
in cooperation with Palisades po ayto :
To Mr. and Mrs. Ernest L. Scott for exhibit on aking a book
The N in the Libra In on the main floor, directing eae to the
n the Lecture Hall, on Friday afternoon, Dr. W. E. Blauvelt spoke
301
to an enthusiastic group of mum growers on ee tet Mums From Insects and Mites”. The following as SS Ernest L. Scott dis- ee OG seni and Varieties of Chrys
Saturday morning, 120 pupils from ne ane ener of New York City etved neat ptly for their flower show. They were given a talk and demon-
es
1 prove what they could do with mums and fall foliage. Some showed quite a little artistic talent. Carole Bressler won the award for the girls, with an
arrangement oe the spirit of the U.N., and Robert Catania won the award for the boys. This was a small rott tted a saat with moss and adorned with fallen leaves and chrysanthemums—not a flower arrangement,
fn. he pleasant task of pres enting Prizes—pot plants—to Bobby Cre and the other winning contest
The judges for oo special event, aa is caenegiee by the Volunteer Associates “of The w York Botanical Garden in cooperation with the i Mrs. Bee
see William S. di Mrs. Ray Palmer Foote, Mrs. Stanwood Flitner Mrs, William C ae, all a Engle wood, N. J., and Mrs, William D.
Embree Tenafly. M old E. es Sn eete N. J., was Chair- of the eens on Serene
Mrs. Angel Diaz, Chairman of the Show Committee of the National Chrysanthemum Society, is being congratulated upon the success of the show by Mrs. Francis M. hibald, Editor of the News Leaf of the Garden Club of New ae,
INDOOR CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW
argest indoor exhibit of chrysanthemums at The New York Botanical Garden
550 plants were used in this Chinese garden display, in a number of different types and sizes, ranging from the tiny button varieties to the large, single-stemmed “show” mums, eight inches in diameter. The colors yellow, bronze and white predominated. Altogether, it was a very beautiful exhibit which delighted the many visitors who
saw it during the two weeks it continued.
304
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
es! As. ae
yndon trated, index: Blas i Bo 8th (Centennial) edition,
9,5
editi (sth : “Of oe Ss Meat ie sens Tt is not as formi a volume as some of might have
oe breadth bls oe
ni f eae ae been a lown to a mere 1,632, Due largely to Professor Fernald’s comands explorations in eastern Quebec Province and in New- foun d, se tw ores have e add. e geographical region repr sented in the previous edition (westward ‘o the at ins, th to Kentucky nd Virginia t the actual number of additional specie $n tern tension has not been relatively greater than the ate nui 1
aby eee North Carolina cout,
ere are one 8,000 species oo varie- ed in this Mam
5
Sau 2 AA ode Boa on
+
°
vetc om- of
ng the term subspecies to denote such variations. Much can be said on both sides, but it is iiitereating
to note that the term ee was used
tinents, 703 mi
Third are he
nous plants, Bi: and a Agworts 152, The genus ae x alone has 267 species represented in his oo
rture, ae the previous editions
nam the genus being sufficiently in- ieeke 7 a ae manufactu comm The activities of the lat Brother eee and and students have
aad ae aa ing. Canadian local ames ich a: ed.
an of material,
that delimitation of
yy
ime b te fo) auth Beg bea dealing with o astern plants, to be con nsulted intensively by the pretacioval
saunter ; and used
sgae and the iabl by ehee ticul- bli” interested
oy o a o cad o ae a ao
n :
is given to those who have collaborated, it : remarkable that such a sive and painstaking work could be com
305
pleted by one man in a single lifetime. It will be of interest to know that about a month after this Manual was published, Pro: on ae died in Cambridge at the age of 79.
SON
of
Henry K. American Museum Natural History. Trees Come Alive A NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES OF
EASTERN ean CENTRAL eae on:
d series on the this volume s and 12
The first in a planne — of No rth Amen: i 3 8
gia and west t ie Missis- t will stimulate aes ees that has
as fruits
cea Th uate
merican hist ales
oe nam
rewith, The various moron uses
to which trees are put are described
ver f enlighte ening manner. It is a fe
informative and es book on a
grand be TRE
“Henne E. Downer, Vassar College.
“Tree Grr Farming”
B care: A Pi icul-
J._ Russell Smith. 408 oages,
Hlstrated, in nde Pas evin-Adair Co.,
anent Agriculture
by J. Russell Smith is written Cartien- larly for spreading the gospel of soil
emphasis on the United States, One s
tion to the soil erosion problem seems to
riching it, es fruits of some economic value as food for or ani- mals, The autho don ellent
the book,
cattle ns i is the grouping of the
i ith none Additional value could be obtained ates for leaves, its, hi uded in e di feeussone so that the non- echnical sen er bee identify the material under tre: H. Catpwext, NLY. eae College of Fores
American Forest Dendrolo.
OOK OF DENDR' q liam M. Harlow and Ellwood S. Harrar. 555 pages, ilustrated, indexed. Me- w-Hill, New York. 3rd edition 1950.
rad ne excellent textbook and will ubte
ad o the main “tle alch should aoe oe read: “Textbook of American ub-
ope
Forest Dendrology”. To be sure, the s' title states the limits of the range of the very clearly, but it is t ain title
are very
eee bat ihe printing zm: many of them could surely be improved.
As to fu her possible improvements of this otherwise highly recommendable
Nhe Sates Fashions
IN Pe Ee eR
eee ce beautiful
luctions featured in
Spring ae No other catalog
shrubs, roses, eal and hardy, ‘pedigreed’ strength ae
and re eabee: when you order from Wayside Gardens: ba are erie oe fOr -notch, guaranteed,
superior “pedigreed” st Lh w rl | The Worlds Am the ine rose: fiehly” itluserated” | ie color in Wayside Gardens’ Se Catalon log are the
* Gadged the best at 1-Amer- ica” cose wr ‘s from 1940 to 1949).
Vous Eslons on
Pegi TIFUL NEW “MUMS”
L ing, compact plants produce
hundreds of big, daisy-like flowers a fe
pias Baines planting ae hard a Come up
y easy after increasing ety n beauty. Ideal’ for vivid color Snes in pee nm pial
or in fro!
Crown Jewel
I with the many aeiehe
vee Gardens’ erica offers
the vast selection of test proven, ‘worthwhile new
i. Cap pita
Sparkline ey - bh
oe root- wads Gisease ~ ovesistant plants produce huge, heavy textured flowers of rich, ae rose-pink. ains its brilliance Bithout fading.”
ysl Aoses Over 150 prize-winning vari s selected from che finest strains seveloped by the world’s leading hybr Oe izers. Wayside Gardens’ roses a r, field grown, root-strength lacs, tee are Buaranteed to bananas hey. will be the envy of y
Old Favorites |
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supply masses of olor ful fiowers Pits
June uncil Sept SEND FOR THE WORLD'S FINEST pacieaile BOCK CAIAIOG Almosi 0 pages,
&R 5 N & BS BS g 3 §
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51 MENTOR AVE., MENTOR, OHIO
307
hee ok, y be suggested that cross sec-
ns oF Mie needles should is pictured a only of the pines, which are included, but, also of the fir rs. Distincti
a ali will then be ae muck er
eT he tains under oe rae in fascicles o o 8). Since ae es with mor feces seer ony occasional, abnor-
ta:
omparative ule on page 55 con-
e
e statement should a g confusing. The oe on. page 86 should state un-
on
points which do not detract general excellence of the book. y TEUSCHER,
Montreal Toignic Garden.
Causes, sires is bales Prevention PRE-
eee is ae py ‘to the and diagnosis of decay in wood. eke ters out of fourteen deal with canes during
a con-
infer e
Eubea acon, A
lower relativ alu cad higher a which a:
c in dry rot less likely to occur than in western eee e.
A large t of the text, Oe has
s andy are ciagnocte rable of ae in living trees, fungi in felled and worked
ae
woods, fungi on timbers in buildings, and Spwood. discoloration: due to fungal and other
ARTHUR KOEHLER, Consulting Wood Technologist.
The Broad peeing of Conservation
and Manage: CONSERVATIO. SOURCES. Gay: Harold A emathe pages, aint rated, negecn, John Wiley & ae $6.
This book or revision of similar publication available under the it ral Resou and Thei
management of and non- renewable natural resources.
e book contains useful information nd will unquestionably be used as widely a reference book as i rede —
a
“28 a
Wwev ooks w: n by s - variety Yo intrest, ra a lack of unity oE oe and ae oe ee ae ee of - In chapter, for
ae writes ce a slight re- tardation of precipitation by forest cov- while Oliver ae rin Siespouh
por
neers da for dikes ai ; he c ely subordinates the value o good watershed gement to engineer-
chapter on “Reclamati tion of Wet Lands” ae little nad: value oa ich lands mo: t 7 Sesion to ie drainage as an n Operation “The aut states that c:
aumea™ lind hile
mer avs, , some oO eee coh ain little new material oe ave been ok little except b izing statistics. Others have been entirely dis- rded and replaced with new material, and some new chapters have been added. The chapter on “Wildlife Conservation” by Charle ach is a decided im- provement over the material presented in
308
the earlier volume, and the chapter on soil tahoe on has also en bree up to date by William A. Roc On
conspicuous omission is the te enioda t of censor of recreational fishing, al- though it is probably followed te a greater number of citizens than any other
mn. obvi nee cosy wi
wise so Cie . Ir _ GABRIELSON,
resident, Wildlife Management Association.
A Guide to Weeds in Puerto Rico
PLANTAS INDESEABLES EN OS CULTIVOS TROPICALES. Ismael Veer
Tropical. pages. renee by qyniversity of Pueris Hie:
und $4.00, bound $5.5 s is a most ecslient wee a nual wri a man who is thofotighiy
is well illustrated with 246 photograph: representing 80 families, 225 genera and about 500 species, which j is a a ve of the t undesirable plant about 20% of the entire fore oF e Peed The descriptions and photographs are ex- cellent and the work will prove a very
e so tent in other of the We a es.
ILLE Tk. Cook. A abe a the pee of Bikini
NO R
When Randolph Taylor. 227 pages,
illustrations, bliosraphy, eee Uni-
versity of Mic elieen Press, Ann Arbor,
Mich, 1950. $5.5
oe is sie to summarize the
survey of the flora of these
iad before the” Bikini bomb tests. It is oe d into five principal parts: the first fou concerned with an
finally orien
aut botanical features of certain of
lands. The author ieee in se cha; e p
sidered
qT a number of groups in the
visions 0. algae with quite a number of new entities describe
The oheiaaiaone of the reefs at the end of the book are wel eae and
are very useful in attaining er-
standing of these characteristic, fehitee:
photographs of the new entities are also h ok is mo
included here. Alt! ough t e is most valuable for the treatment of the algae, it is on the whole recommended for in-
with an interest in
HARD 5. Cowan
anyone
Bobbink & Atkins “‘GARDEN GEMS”’
Ai your Satder Here
os te it are describe sy ind il- inate iia color the” best of the ‘New and
of other rare and Petry i design ned to help you plan f the Mississippi; 35 cents
ast oO; elsewhere, Customers i, record receive thei cir copies automatic
Tun ond George wenn ito: ridge. Less 9 in thirty minutes from rol New York.
bink & Atkins
Rose Growers and Nurserymen 401 Paterson Ave., East Rutherford, N. J.
A
309
| Notes, News and Comment |
Watercolors of Herbs. On exhibit in the rotunda of the Museum Building of
nope cena
y Historia Stirpium Basle, 1542, and ee Sonitats, Ven- ice, 1541; and a oup of modern hor- ticultural’ books. ener the latter are
Their Culture i ae Cigticon, 1946, : xhibit. Bronx Artists’ Guild ‘1
14th, until peera ee 11th, in- ive, i rotur f The New York
Botanical Garden meee eh nieces The first gee na. voted to the study, pie pp Peau of the Bromeliaceae, or pineapple family, was organized September 17, 1950, at a meet- i £ ant enthusiasts and horti-
ing of fi pla
culturists in Glendale, Calif, Mulford B. Foster, of Orlando, | Fla., well know author, collector and plant explorer, w: elected president. Foster is th owner the world’s largest collection of bromeliads, of which he has collected
the greater part on his explorations into the jungles of Brazil, Colombia and
other eats os erican oan hae he - ested p write the Miss Victoria "Padilla, 647 ‘Sexth “Saltays Ave, geles 49, Cal., for further aiotan tio:
1950 Nobel Prize for Medicine Award-
ed for Research in Hormones. Two
American and one Swiss scientist share
equally in the 1950 Nobel Prize for
sae They are ye Phillip S. eae and Edward C. Kendal of
rof. Reichstein, who has done inten- sive research in the field ee adrenal cor- x horm rating his
Monachino in the October issue of the Journal of The New York Botanical Garden.
Strophanthus. The New York Botani- cal Garden has recently been visited by everal distinguished scientists, who
. Dr, iate Director of Re! h, Ci ited, asle, Switzerland, accompani Tr,
E. Oppenheimer, Vice-president in charge £ the Research ti £ Ciba
en He is now returning to Basle to rejoin Prof, T. Reichstein.
Library Event, Dr. William J. Robbins, Director, and the Library une phate te ey to eel oe . ae Hro: a Club (na n hon es “hh of the 9 St scent), wand
t H. Fif a ay a 1, ie ae o they me to
e raries of Sarah Gilder eeve Fife and of Eleanour a ontai
h
Botanical Garden. Dr. Rob- bins and Miss Hall briefly addressed the
310
gathering, and a tea, the group was escorted to the Conservatory to view the indoor chrysanthemum show.
Garden Club of America. The Horti- cultural Committee of the Garden Club d
rett conducted the group on
a t of the Conservatory exhibits, par-
fede a indoor Git anthem show.
Member: The first meeting of
ae season, pel on Thursday afternoon,
November 2, at The Dian r « Botani- arden, was aoe
e York tout, Curator Emeritus, gave an illustrated lecture on “Observa-
tions Dur a Trip to California”
Lectures. bP. Piro: the Passaic Valley (N
on ctober 16 and the Millbrook (N.Y.) Garden Club, a garden club affiliate, on the h, on the subject
ture Study Course. On Nov. 2, he gave a talk on “Water” b group of enthusiastic aaa in East Hartford, On Noy. 3 he attended the annual uae get- ope ier of Rot tiller, Inc. at Troy, N. Y., and
guest ee - the banquet held at “the Hotel Hendrick Hudson. His topic:
Everett lectured on
eee apse the Garden Club of
New Hav a garden club affiliate. Earlier de is year, Joseph Monachino
lectured ae. “demonstrated botanical
aaa o subject of “New and
es Plants” to font ees in pharmacogtosy from Fordham Universit Dr. William J. Robbin: Bayard Gitte dale I
ral
Philosophical Society in Washington, ae as He October 31 and November of the National
Alioicum: alee held in Washington ‘wen ty-four ember: reen aber Garde: Club ich, Conn., a garden club affiliate, held their oath, meeting on October 24, in the Members’ Room of e New rk
, following a
ee A en H. N.
he ca. pen orders ae trial plantiies and through the Conservatory. The Homewood Hobb Club of Yonkers,
, visi se The rk Botanical
ittr
unds e tract the Floral Fier, and te lu ich Frank C. M: ceoup through
k Garden
the "Caneevaior
Dr. R. eae R. R. Stewart, President as ck College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, is i spending his sabbatical leave
. ee Dia York Botanical Garden
his pea. India and Pakistan elections Over 5,000 of the specimens wart personally col- lected, with - assistance 0 Ts.
Stewart, are deposited in ie herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden
Visitors. During October, Dr. Boroff of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, voted Robbi ‘did Dr.
stration, Peoria, Tll., and Dr. E, Oppenheimer, vice-presi-
311
dent of the Research Department of Ciba Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Summit, : visited Dr. Ro bbins and
Botanical Carden included: Dr, Ernest Imus, Copenhagen; Mrs. Fred J. Sea yer, Winter Park, Fla.; Dr. Elva Law- ton, Hunter College; Dr. S. Olive Columbia nae seph, T
neby, Wappinger Falls,
The New York Botanical-H. R.
Word has been received of the res of Jo urdack and Richard Cow at Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela, on
of Dr. Bassett re from San ando de Atabapo. Dr. Magui had gone there to put the boat, “Neuva ork”, in condition; it will ty the panty into the interior of Venezuela. . Maguire left the New York Be
for The N
stay uerto Tuez, he hil guest of the Sinclair Oil Co., which wa most cooperative n getting the Sieplies together and trucking them to Ciudad Bolivar.
While in Caracas, he paid official visits - the Embassy, the Rockefeller Founda- m and was guest at dinner of both the
Williams Phelps, Sr, and the William Phelps, Jr. Mr. Fics Jr. : the noted is bs
“Mire Ts. was attended of
ale Unneridad
r. Maguire made hundred miles
Yavita, one of the c
ie the Orinoco, in use for more
aonnecting ‘ail betw pper Ri Negro and ahr ndred years. The trip was
Satur day Afternoon Lectures. The win- ter series in the bee e Satu ey afternoon Lectures at Soy ork Botanical Garden will oman e on He 6,
en Samuel H. Gottscho will give a talk on “Wild Flowers and Othe ts of Nature” The other lectures in the month of January are: Jan. 13, gute i. he Swiss” by Alic Chauncey: lia “Lichens of the ve York Region Jan, 27, “What is Rock a "
Harold Epstein, as a — Ameri- can Rock Gardening Soci
Kunharat ee
ete too — t. Maguire collected
To of w only by the ena yon Humbo
types co) ites arly 150 years ago. Mr. Cow oad Mr. Wurdack, who arrived at PPue rto La Cruez on October
here they stayed at the guest camp o the Oe Mining Co., dant ar sup- plies e loaded aboard a river boat for the aie upstream to Puerto ete inet pe. point with Dr, Ma hi
boa mbled a coal scow Tae ith cau e bow and stern, and was powered eavy motor. The accom- modations could hardly be graced by A “
The
“dinin
of t
colle
ne 97,
arted ¢ last lap of the river trip to
Calebra ae the foot of eae ond Dui for two months’ study of
tar dians, who worl ked wie Dr. Maguire in Mara’ huaca, were also added to the party.
Plants of Bergen Swamp,
Asterisks eae prntra
Books revie' index.
312 INDEX TO VOLUME 51 1950
N. Y., are separately indexed on pages 109-111.
e listed aihabencaily by authors’ names at the end of the general
The table of contents for the year will be found on the three pages immediately preceding
page 289. A rconway Lord Mr cover, 99
Aber Acokanthera 32 itum ee 254 vebor
ca
Advis car y 76, 97, 121, 285
eae! splenudens 2
and Afloa: mane Blister Rust
sees H. ell) 111
Agave 34
Ahlgren, Gilbert H. and Dot-
zenko, Alexander enaf—Potential New Crop*
77- Ajuga genevensis 82; ee ica crispa 82; es Allamanda cathart Alstonia 268
Amanita 124 mento 63 Am nm Assn. Advancement of science 5 American ane of Biological ience Amherstia oe 60 ng My Wild Flower Books* Samuel H. Gottscho) 83-90 Anable, Henry Shelden jant Sequoias A Century o* 1.5 Anchel, Marjorie (rvw) 200 “An? I Learned oe Roses From Them’* (Floyd F. El- dred) 165-168 nderson, Edgar (rvw) 146, 284 Andromets 12, 14
12, 14 “anemone narciceitove subsp. in- ior 10 ae sp. IL Anten A
‘Appotaiine ent to Garden 179, 231 Aquilegia caerulea 252 Aralia Sieboldit 260
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 70, 254
a 34 ria arctica 11
chicos ium 1 Arnica louiseana 10 Art i Artemisia paras Schomburg 45 Asparagus plum Aster tartaricus 33, Bs ree Grows i ers?* ¢ Everett) 153-158 Atkin, Lawrence (rvw) 128 Atropa Readies ward to Dr.
) Azalea Se ae 117
Balanites
Barneby, Ae ert C. (rvw) 49 Barnhart, ee aie ley (H. A. eerie
Barrett, Woodland
oe dis i ee ‘yb 43, (rvw)
Pi le, . Some Woody-Stem- med an ind Cover Ts 68-71
Beckett, win, oe 202
Bentham ea nic
Bequ
es is Dailies 296
Bergen Swamp, Western York’s Haven for Rare Plants* (CW. C. Muenscher) 103-111 rger, Gertrude Lawrence Apr cover, 97 etula Intea 10
Bing, Arthur re 202
Birch, Edw:
dO. Crowne "Hardy Primulas* 115-11
tiie ie 286 Board of Managers 121, ink, Lambertus Je cover Bocconia cordata 82 lets—'‘A Garden f ~ mets” “Our Rose Varie
tes and Their Malmaison
120; ending Re
“Plann:
nae
‘vice Department 119
“William J. 24
Botan: Congress, Representa- tion - VIL Internal “208
Botanical Name of the Big Tree H. ue oe
Bouga nvillea 62
Bowers, ae Gray (rvw) 145
Bridge, Samuel F. Jr. (rvw) 91
ing
ook Ser Bonin,
Bring: the “Blue Amaryllis” to Flo’ Ev 7- 251
Bromeliad Society Organized 309
Bronk, Detlev W. Sci ae ie a Democracy 278- 280, Town, : ete I Brown, n
Bumeli sa 213 upleurum americanum 10 Burke, Joseph cover Burrage, Albert C. Ja cover r ee Naa
ye and Eliot Stauffer) 133-1
Cc Cain, Stan’ (ryw) 1 Caldwell, oe ‘y. (rvw) eu Calendars ie gs 284 Cailuna vulga
alochortus Gunnisonit 252 Calopogon puichellus 140 Bae rot: i a
Ww. > 74
H. (rvw) 2 ey Satpal sea 81 eee 254 bell, John C. (rvw) 94 Cannabis Sativa 8 Cardamine oo 254 Carex riparia 1
.o
fas 268 Caris: tlonfe fer ble clforie 254 bus
‘ysanthemum and Harvest Ex- hibit 2: eter tieh Aristocrats* (Ern- and Aleita H. Scott) 276- po Chrysanthemum, Display and Pro- gram 231
Chrysanthemums on Trial* 274. 275
Clematis montana rubens 154 Clerodendrum trichotomum 212*, 213*, 214
Clethra areola
Club Service on a Flyer 152
Coleus 82.
eee for Venezuelan Bot- any 2
ae chick
ea Than You Think*
8-273 ee and Coal 98 Conducted Tours 285 Coninm 8 Bniervatory Displays Ja, F, Mr T Cte Lincoln (rvw) Construct pias the ae ae The York Botanical canta L — pas in the fore 6-12, (rvw) a Sarah V. 23, 43-45 i Museum of Arts 185*
Coriaria japonica 214
313
Corn: cadens 8 , 109; foemina 211; Kousa 208, 206, eee 208, 210; chinensis 208; .s Apr cover; Ohne alis rie cover; suecic K ing Flowering gas (T. H. Everett) 205-210 otoneaster horizontalis 69; ad- bressa 69; Dammeri 70 Courses of Study F, Mr, Apr covers Cover Pictur:
97 Cowan, Richard S. F cover, (rvw) 308,
Crepis 133
Cryptom Cr one Javon 44 Cutler, W. (rvw) 20 C: ea 18
acaul ee
0 candidum 109*; pubescens aoe. reginae 109" Cytisus aa 294
Dacrydium 63 Davidia 184, 155, age Davidia involucrata 157*
a: lucrata nee
= 2 =
214 de ee Robert S. sie umors and Cancer* Delph ce | Mens 254 Dichroa febrifuga 236 Dieffenbachia ee Roekrs Su- ba (T. Everett) Sept
O. (rvw) 1 Dorrance, Anne (rvw) 3 (rvw) 50
Dorsey, Henry (rvw)} 94 Downer, Henry E. (rvw) 305 Drosera 133
Dryas octopetala 10, 253 Dustan, Alice L. (rvw) 91
E Eaton, Mary E. 97 Echites 34 Echites caudata 32 Educational os 231
Egler, Frank E. (rvw) 1 Eldred, Floyd ve Be ee “An’ I Lear: See t Roses From
m” Ch o jes J. om 178
Epstein, Harold a 179 Equisetum arvense 124 rdman, Harry L. Je cover Erica carnea 70 melanthera F cover Erickson, C. Leslie Apr co: Erigeron Coulteri 254; elatior 254; speciosus 254; speciosus cepuece anit 254
3 viride-carinatum es ee 11 aretioides 10; 253*
argenteum 252,
Ervatamia 268 oe oe 254
Er: fe Ess ames G., Je ¢ a Neglected Tree* ats ee ae
oid
Ue “et ae 259, 285
gracilis Bonga "isi sepia 111; Fortunei 69; Fortunei colorata 69 a kendiads atari Everett, T. H. F cover, ae 231, 20 A Tree Grows in Yonkers’* 153-158 Bringing Blue Amaryllis” to Flower* 247-251 Cornus Kousa — er Fl wering Flowering Dog: woo
Dieffenbachia bicta Roehrs su- perba S cover* on Television, 231, Exhibit on Tulip Design Brings arden 100 Experiment Station's 75th Anni- versary 281-282, 288
285 and Rose in Gold Medal to
F Pee ae 260 oe tsia japonica 260 ‘enska, R. "Prog ss in | Horticultural Tech-
niques 193-196 Ferguson, Donald (rvw) 21
Fernald, Merritt L. Ficus altissi as ne Boning ab loescheri
t asa "Mulch for Roses 129-130 se Flyer 121 wer
Painting for Amateurs
H. Apr cover rvw) 16
» (rvw) 256 Plants ae ‘Figur e in Christ- ecora-
a Seen of Col * 251-255 Frangipani, "A Tree be een America* — win, ger) 265-2 re Reeaene Afternoon Lec- res a Frese, P: Be Ty, Giays Gordon a cover ulling, H.
F
G Gabrielson, Ira N.
(rvw) 308 Galinm verum 290 Garcinia mangostena 62 Ga Club of America 31 Garden Design Exhibi
Garden R Pine Blister-Ri (Walter H. Snell) 187-
Gardener’s Tour of the West Indies* (John V. Watkins) 53- 63
Gardenia thunbergi Gaultheria patty 70, 111
Geranium Parryi 254 Richardsonii 252 Giant Sequoias A ° (Henry Sheldon Anable) 1-5 Giant Sequoias in th ‘alaveras Grove* Ja cov “Gift of Green” 97 Gllia aggregate 251 Glassman, Sidney F. leason, H. A. (rvw) 9: ee ji “Barnkor 173 ork Botanical ry ani ‘he Plants of Tropical peaee 162-164, 9
Glyptostrobus 63
314
Gold Medal 9 Gold Medal . Leonard J. Buck 180 Gossypium 123 Gott oe cae Among My a Flower Books* - 90 Gottscho-Schleisner F cover illus- tration Graduation Exercises 203 Graham, Edward H. (rvw) 94 “Green Thumb” 100 Grewia biloba parviftor oe Hardy Primula on dQ. Birch) 115- Guest Editor peeeer ae
Gunnell, Frank E. May cover H ansell, Dorothy Ebel 152 Hosa ppus 119 Hardiness Records of Woody ee at ey N. Y.* We aa rd Harkne: 210-214,
Hanes ard (rvw) iness "Records 7 a6 ts Rochester, N. Y.* 210- 34, _ Harrington, Gove B. (rvw) Havemeyer Lilac en ne sented to Garde
deoma uileotodes eo He aera helix 70, 260, 294 baltica 70
Helenium Hoopests 254 Helianthemum nummularium 70 Helleborus niger 295* Frank G. (rvw) 258 0
y 180 Hersey, Jean Ja cover, 149 (rvw) Hibiscus cannabinus 77; vividis 78; vulgaris 78* Hippeastrum procerum 247, 249%, 286
Holodiscus ess 252 Honorary Curator 119 Horsfall, Tanes, CG. (rvw) 228
Hovenia aus 214 u, Hsen- Tawa, 4 ee of Chi-
e Co: afer * 63-67
Hporicums diiatnialabunk 45
Tlex 263 Ilex altaclarensis var. camellia folia 263; altaclarensis ‘Witsonii
angustifolia 264; aqui
ft 261, 263, 294; and aqui lium vars., ee major 263, jeos peel fructu-albo 264 fru ae ae 264; Licntentho 264; Mar
264 and var. aes oe Id eavy Spay 264; ee connie 263; pedunculosa 264; Perado a Pernyi 263, oe pee 263 Impre: Sweden 220-225, aaa Show*
Myco. cuca in geen Rogers) 23.
fcaut er = Show— Garden’s Psa bak cover Invitation Lectures San ee
ephen Ga 268-27
J Jack, James S. (rvw) 178 Jacobs, Der tte B. ee ae in the Garden*
communis "390 ad vars, Sa ; saxatilis 69; con- ferta 69; ks 67; hori- utalis 69, 11 and vars.
50M Douglastr 69 ae glauca 69; procumbens 69
K Kavanagh, Virgene (rvw) 17, 123, 17:
Bae ue D. Appointed Head
Davidian King, apis = Apr covers
King, Charles Glen ae cover
Kingdon-Ward, F,
Koehler, Arthur aes 307
Kramer, aoe As w) 124 off, B.
Dee indica 62
spect Sane ae aad (rvw) 17 Laurus nobilis
Lectures 21, a 97, 180, 203,
Leggett, W. F. (rvw) 20
Leiophyllum buxifolium 71
Leiophy Ae buxifolium prostra- tum 7
ae floridana 211
Lent, Joseph M. (rvw)
128 sen 67;
a 3 = ea >
Library
Lieb, ay ae 96 ilium 34
inn ae ane
onicere ica
Fn he 110
ost Arctic® (Melville T. ok) 6-12
Lupinus arcticus 10
Mc eorge L. 21
McNew, Dr.
MacKeever, Frank C. Mr cover Madia
Maguire, Dr. Bassett 45, 259, 3
Malus spectabilis 44
Mantell, C. L. Gi) 149
Marsdenia erecta
19 Matricaria Seren 68 Matthiola 2. ae 8 a 97, 180, 203, 231, 260, 310 ioe. Louise Aldrich Plant: ae ae in Small Gar-
ae
Program Ja, F, Apr covers,
76, 120, 310
315
ceo Edwin A. angipani, A Tree - Tropi-
Bes America® 265-2 E. eS Honore 203
M. eta ‘asequoia 63, iprorooies oa Metro Museum of Art 183", , ae » 291* Mimaulus Lewisii “Modern Indoor Plants” 260 Moldenke, Dr. cover Monachino, Jos Recent Devetmens in Stro- phanthus a: Precursor of Cortisone* 324 Strophanthus, rmentogenin ‘ortisone* 25-39
Monstera deliciosa 55*, 260 aches esculenta May cover Morse, Harriet K. (rvw) 148
» W.C.
paren A gen Swamp, is estern ne “Vere Hav for
* 103- ttl ia oe 221 — eum Exhibits Ja, F, Mr cov-
ai rica cerifera pensylvanica a 10 Myrtus communis 290
N Nash, Alexander 179 National Academy of Science 21 National Arboretum, Advisory Council 21 erium ee ae 268
Edgar (rvw)
B. (rvw) 283 Alabemensi 211
New York Botanical ai unhardt Expedition i 3
Nol el Prize (1950) for Medicine
arded for Research in Hor-
Northrop, Alice Rich jal 21
Nymphaea marliacea rosea Aug cover
Ochrosia 268 Ocenothera missouriensis 254 O°
Keefe, Edw: ioe J. Apr cover Opportunities 2 Orchids at the ea Garden Apr cover* Origin of — Belt Maize* (Wil- liam L. wn) 242-246, 255 ortacrfu
Ost: aaa Oijacnavan ein 12, 14
P Pacific Plants 97 Pascal Celer Its Origin (Roger L Vilmorin, trans. y C ar
Pesta, Ethel son S. (rvw)
ie Janata 10
Hallit 252*, 254; c 254; — strictus ee nilateralis 254
villa & Petre apie 62 a ‘d Apr cover 45
A over William ae 25
cae hastata Man 60; pan se a 260
ire}
daianum 2 Physalis Alkekengi Physostegia virginiana 82 Pigfetta elata $8 eee fa 133 a 134, 186% vulgaris 133, ae Be Pirone, P. (rvw) 202 ea oo nisi 286 Plants That Fig in Christmas Eitiee tad ecoration* at x) 289-294, 297 Plants to maton in Small Gardens as Aldrich Meissner) 81- aie Tumors and el Rana ert S. de Ropp) 2 Platt, Rutherford rane Plea the Cultivation of En. rs, Alfred B.
minata 265*, 266, 267, 268; acutifolia 267; alba 268;
emarginata 268; lutea 268; obtusa 268; rubra 266, 268; sparen 268; tricolor 268 Poa 1 ape mium confertum 254 P tee 254
Politi, Louis 2 Polya bse ies 62 Poly, bistorte ae blumosum 10; cuspidatum 81; orientale 81; Sieboldii 81;
viviparum 134 Polypodium vulgare 88* aia a Plants 204
Postcards
Primula acaulis 116; farinosa
Hee el Tech- niques ( ad Fenska) 193-196 ‘seudolarix
eee ried Wivonon 64, 67
Pseudot
Pyensen, nl, ae cover Pyrola nes 10
Quisquatis indica 62
Radio Rain- Making Dolt of Hopi In-
dians* Mr cover Randle, mae B. (rvw) 199 Rare Books 9 Recent ee in Stro.
a Precursor of
thanthus as eyed (Joseph Monachino) 241 Paes
, Prof. T. 3 Report from oe 174- 175 Sarai eee at VII Interna- 4
ode mu cronulatum F cover; ete 109
Rhus Toxicodendron 224 i 1 . » Ja, ee is Big = Will iam J. Je The New York Botanicat "Cais
den* 158-162 Robinia hispida 83
316
Rogers, Donald P. Impressions of a Mycologist in weden 220-225, 232 Traini ing of Truffle Dogs 131- 132
Truffles 101-102 Rose as a Motif in the Decora- tive Arts* (John Kent Tilton) 181-186 Rose-Growers’ Day* 196-198, Je ver peers boringuena 62 regia
Rubus - cali 252, 253*; ee
Salix fase 10, 253; sp. 10;
Sapindus drummondii 213
Sarracenia 133
Saturday Programs Ja, F, Mr,
Apr, My covers; 2, 260, 311
Saussurea ee ia
Sawdust a Mulch ee Roses ren D. Flood) 129-130
Saxifraga austromontana 253
mandré Museum of Textiles
Se hefllera actinophylla 260
Science in a Democracy (Detlev Bronk) 278-280, 288
Scott, ce and Aleita H. Chrysanthemum Aristocrats* 276. m7
Scribner, Helen A.
Seabury, Maud mee ve
aul B. (rvw)} 92
Sedum album 81, 295; rhedan- thum 252; sarmentosum 81
mene frigidus 10; resedifolius
Seo Hote ee 5; sempervirens 15 Seaueadendo 4,15
ee n 4, 15 ban Walter f cover Sh 7 ; eee roy (rvw Sixth Annual eae Shi and Program The ork Botanical cae
Smilacina 34 trifolia 110
Afoot and ‘Afloat for Blister- Rust 111-115
Garden Red ate ee oe Pi
mi ‘Woody stemmed poe cov (J. H. Beale) 68-71 Son: chs olerace eus 290
Neglected Tree* G. Esson) 12-15 Apr cover ig Festival, My 1950* 169- ing Tou! Sick John a. i w) 20 taft ee 21, 46, 97,
Stanff er, "R Elio Butterworts and Bladderworts* 133-144 Steinhauera 15 Sten ieee secundatum 62 Stewart, Dr. R. R. 310
Stout, A. B, 121, (rvw) 123, 260, 2i
trong, George C. (rvw) 178 Strong, Martha Prentice 98
28; minor 235*, meine 35: "Niche lsoni 237; Petersianus 31; Preussii 29, 30, 31, 36, 236, 237; sarmen-
fosus 25, 26, 35, 36, 37%,
» 29, 30%, ae ae 235"
32, 2 Wightia Serophanthas opal bit 23 Oe phanthus, pee ee in and ‘ortisone* (Joseph Monachino) He
Strychn peau Svenson, y K. (rvw) 305 Swift, Re (rvw) 50, 200
T Taiwania 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
Coe the ¢ Conifers* (Hsen-Hsu Hu) 6. ‘6? Tapestry ene 119 Taxodium 6: Wa ee 15 Television 285 'euscher, Henry (rvw) 176, 307 Thacher, Mrs. Alfred B. Plea the Cultivation of English ee 261-264 Thevetia 32, 2 Thomas, peniy P. (rvw) 202 Thomas, Walter (rvw) ae fon, n K
M ver
a Motif. in the orate * Arts 181-186
lub 7
Tor Tadetcanti is
‘Trai of Truffle a (Donald Pr ‘Repers) 131-13.
Trigonella
Trip into the Mountains of Colo- rado* (Helen M. Fox) coe rochodendron aralioides
siete kite! ee pee 180 Truffles (Donald P. Rogers) 101- 102
He eee 102 . B. (rvw) 284 Aaataa “farfare 98
Ubnus ene 110; parvifolia
76; pumila 76 Utricularia ie 137, 138, 139, 142, 144
cornuta 140, 143* a asa 140; ae "130"; oe
317
8; intermedia 138*, 142;
ee 137, 140
Vv
Vaccinium 1 Ver pie Escuchotsonim 241;
renee G. (rvw) 122 num alnifolius 110; Tinus
Victoria regia Aug cover* Vilmorin, Roger L. de “Pascal
Cel and its Origin 39-41 Vince 2
Viole Seti ae Viscum Visitors eke
: 152, 180, 204, 231,
y » 286, 310
w Waller, A. E. (rvw) 228 ia
shingtonia 1 Washingtonia californica bila colors of Herbs 309 r Relation of nas (P. W. ake merman) 1 Watkin: " A “Gases r’s Tour of the est Tndies* 53-63 ees Charge for Autos 152 Wellingtonia ‘is Wetzel, Ruth N. (rvw) 48, (rvw) 148 “Wild Flowers Ccme to the Table” 231 illiams, sR, 98 Winter at W od F cov Winter Interest in the Garden (DeEtte Jacobs) 295-297 Wittrock, G. Ja, F, Apr cov-
rs; (rvw) 199
F. ett) 4 Woodward Goa - (ryws) 50, 95; 181 Translation Pasa Celery and its Ori
39. Cen J. J. Grvw) 126, 229, 311
Y
Yucca Yusef, as M. 22
Zanthorrhiza 34 Zea Mays 224
Zimmerman, P. W. Ja, F, 7 covers; Water Relation Plants 19 1 193
Zizyphus Jujuba 219
Zoysia matrella 6:
Zygadenus chloranthus 105; sub- alpina 253
BOOKS REVIEWED
Gilbert H. Forage
ALEXANDER, J. Succulent
Plants of i and Old World rd ed.) 230
LL The Farmer
NTIO Cotrecr, The Glen Guide 230 eects Chester A. Fossi 1 Flora
tify and Improve Your Home Ground 1
Bax, pee rd St. Barbe. Green Glory, The Forests of the World 92
Batcu, Walter B.; ae fie Ss. and TaLeert, T. J.
by W. Gregory). Hortutre aterprises (rev.) 1 EARD, J. S. hi on Vege- tation of Windward and Leeward Island:
Braverman, J. B itrus Prod- ucts, Che 1 Composition and Chemical Technology 229 Brown, d Hurcuison, oo Ss. Veg etable Science
K, ae In “Woods and “Fields 1
Burrows, William. ree 127
Camppett, John C. (editor), American Potato Year Book 128
Carncross, John W. (editor). American Tomato Yearbook 128
Cartwricut, K, > G ae Finpiay, W. P. Dec:
Timber an ge its Breve "37
CHILDERS, Fra Fruit Scien: =20"
Ciaypen, E. 7 actical Sec- tion Cutting end. Stainitig 200 Crements, Frederi .; MartTIn, mi VW; and 1 NG, Francis
0: Adaptation and Origin in a Plant World 146
Crements, Frederic E, Dynamics
of Vegetation 122
Core, Channing. Front Porch Farmer 16
Core, ae L. The Flora of the Erie lands. Annee d= List of Vass Paice
Cox, Jose: a wae ON, Lyman “ oe Management and Soil Conservation 51
Crarts, A. S.; Currirr, H. ans ‘OCKING, Water in
Daruincton, C. D., and MATHER, . The Elements of Genetics 45
Daven ‘ORT, Howard E, The Story
Rock Plants, Spring Flowers 179 (edited by). Ad-
m Genetics 1 123 ae p, Alex . J. * principles of Soil "Science Be Dies, Edward Jerome, Titans
the Soil 17
uNncan, Wilbur H. and Jones, Thomas J. pgs Plants of Georgia 230
Common Ferns (rev. ed.) 150 Exuiott, Charles N. and Mousey, M. D. Southern Forestry 126 Emory Universi robl. in
velopment 151; Land Rehabilitation and Soil
Conservation 131 Eyster, tet ee The Vege- table Calen: 78 FARRINGTON, Garden-
er’s Travel a ce ed.) 127 ao
. N, and Hammon ane Crops Manage-
NALD, er Lyndon. Gray’s
Menu l of Botany 304
FRrear, E. ee A Cata- logue of Insecticides and Fun- gicides, Vol. II 50; Agricul-
Martin. Fundamen- of eG 127 ER, and TrpPpo, ‘Colleee Bates 124 :, Olaf. Natural History of the Danish Lichens
318
Gannon, Ruth. Winter Bouquets
With Color $2 Garris, E. W. and Wotre, H. S. Southern Horticultural Man-
agement 126 Gavorp, Isabella. an Accent 52
Hannan, H. Far
Harvencurc, E, V. Potato Pro- duction 94
Haron, G: Biology. Its
Cooking With
Law on the
Ellwood S. Tex thook of Den
drology 305
Hatcu, Melville H. A Century of Entomology in the Pacific Northwest 202
HavusMAN, eginner's Guide to Seashore Life 52
Hay, Roy. Annuals 20: EDRICK, A History of Horticulture in eri 0
60 256
Hersey, Jean. Garden in Your Window 49
HeErtricu, il je
uF den: Hess, Katherine cee Tex- tile Fiber: = Their Use 20 ficnwar EARCH Boarvd (publ). ae on Frost phe in Soils 128 Hosss, H. J. How to Build Gar- ie "Furnitur re 51
Howe tt, J. T. peas Flora 121 Howes, F. N. getable Gums
and Resins Uncommon
ay pe
and V : Lysenko and Wor! Science
ae Clare J. and Stan. FY, Oran B. College Botany os
Jenkins, Dorothy H. Weekend
Garden 150 Kennepy, Ruth Wedgwood. The Renaissance Painter’s Garden 148 Kincpon- Stee F. Rhododen- ITCHEN, 7 B. Diagnostic Tech- ary of
tics 21 Kocuerr, Lawrence A. and D: STYNE, apes Cacr scene liamsburg 2.
Kramer, Paul J. Plant and Soil
LANCASTER, obert R.; J. dwin; LEY, Richmon 7 Harris, Roland Russell; edited by Paul W. Cha: n. P; 83
Lreem The First Man- ae ane 229 Aldo. Ss
Leoro.p, and County ne eee hes Here
and ere Levison The Home Book
. oa of Trees and Shrubs 75 Lamson Carl C. The Yeast Celi, its Genetics and Cytology 128 Linpguist, Bertil. Genetics in a tee Pe antes ice 74 Lirtteyouns, J. Flowers - Fruit 52 Lorp, Russell and Kate (edited and ois by) Forever the La ie
Lysen’ ee The Situation in Sa Sc’ ence 71 ee W. B. Plant Ecol-
Lilies for Garden
Mar Bae John & Lronarp, War- Principles of Field Cro ‘Op cmreen 92 MaseFIELp, | Handbook of Tro ae “Agriculture 50 Marui, The Herb Grower Comoe Guide 179 Merritt, E. Index Refines- quianus 150 MeTcaLrE, C. dd Caratx, L. Anatomy of oe Dicotyledons 58 ELL, Sydney B. Every Garden 124 a eaatetey Introduction to rs 145 IU RRILL, “Wiliam Alphonso. Fa- miliar Ti NATIONAL ere RTILIZER ASSN. obL), a Signs in cies (rev. 127 Naumnurs, Soi, The Trick of Growing ae e Plants in Every Window
Iris for
Neison, Alexander. Botany 126
Intreductory
I, Plant and 16
Norris, Frank R. Growing Roses Ocpen, Edith Bolan, The Ferns a ane 96
y, Jn., Samuel H. A Con- servation | Handhooke 52 ; Harrar, E. S.; ; Proctor, P. B.
Six-
BB: 3 =
The Plant in
Parr aac ae ss. Ameri- n Heartwood 230; A Nat ate
‘S Suga r Ot
Pincuot, Gifford. Breaking New Ground 94
Powers, Alfred. Redwood Coun- try 95
Renper, Alfred. Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs 75
‘oazins, Ann Roe. How to Grow Annuals 91
Rosnins, hee W. and Werer, T. E. Botan An Todt to Plant Selenite
Ronert, Joseph C, ne Story of Tobacco in America 18
i Easterbrook,
oe Mulching
rden vse Cameron. Tie: Glory 149
319
Roruery, Agnes. The Joyful Gar- dener 91
Sataman, Redcliffe N. The His- tory and ae Influence of the Potato 17
SCHMALHAUSEN, oe I. Factors of Evolu' dee 283
Sears, Paul B. Charles pastes The een as a Cultur
‘ore ee Sir Charles, ee Na’ 176
on ture and on Science Sinnott, und; Dunn, L. C. and Doszuansxy, Th. Prin-
ciples of Genetics 23)
TREN, Osvald. a and Gar- lens of Europe of The Eigh- teenth Century “286
Smitx, Guy-Harold. hn tion of Natural Resources 307
SM J. Russel Tree Crops 305
Smitu, N. Gerard. Dahlia Cul- tivation 178
Smock, R. M., and Neusert, A. M. Apples ee oe Products 284
Soxotorr, Boris. The Miracle Drugs 50
Soper? Alfred. How to Know
e Wild Flowers 150
oe H. & M. and Qu L. Flore de la Coisice. 7 eerie et de la Martini- qu
Pee A. G. Britain’s Green
ers, Shrubs and Trees of the U. S. 90 Taytor, William Randolph, Plants ot ote and ee Northern rshall Islands Homas, J. O, and eee j.
Common ee Grasses and Legumes 127
nea Howe C. Vegetable Crops
Totnitt, J. D. Agriculture in the Sudan 96 TreasE, George ard, t book of Pharmacognosy 230 TresippER, Mary Curry. Tree of Yosemite 95 Tunnarp, Christopher. Garde nm th odern Landscape 17 User, Fred M. hhysical Re- search Methods 178 S. Cupan S Counc ugar, Facts and Figures 229 ELEZ, Ismael, OVERBEEK, Johannes van. Plantas Inde- seables en los Cultivos Tropi- ales sae Arthu:
G. Areas for Different eee 2 vow Bercen, Werner and Krauss, wee Textile Fiber Atlas 127 ESECKE, Pails try, Bipcolbey:
-Nassau, N. Y. The Garden Workbook and Diary 52 0" aes P:
West lant Disease Handbook
WESTVELD, : a Applied Silvi-
culture in the United States
37 Wuite, John R., and Pusarert, Samuel J. oia and Kings yon Nat a Parks 95 ret, The First
an WILLIAMSON, Mar, Book of Bu
ineeene een Orchids
N ve M. Better Homes a ns Gardening Guide 52
Wricut, Richardson. Gardener’s Tribute 91
Wyckorr, eee W. G. Electron Microscopy 123
ZIRKLE, _ im ited by) Deat a Science in Russia. The Fate of Genetics as De- scribed in Pravda and Else- where
320
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
Yellow and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence—stricken multitudes; O thou Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed
The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o’er the dreaming earth, and fill (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
With living hues and odors plain and hill;
Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere ;
Destroyer and preserver ; hear, oh, hear!
The trumpet of a prophecy! O wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
Percy Bysshe Shelley
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Officers
Jos peeaens B. Harprne, Peedent HR M. Anoverson, Treasurer
HR. Swan, mai FREDERICK Ss. MOSELEY, Jn., Vice-President HENRY
Chair
DE LA Monracne, Secretary
Elective Managers
As H, peeene Rev. R. I. Gannon, S.J. Ropert H. Montcomery SHERMAN Ba.pw: Mrs. Eton HuntINcTon Francis E Be Jr. Toe Eyes Bae Hoots Harotp [. PRATT How Swney Lanier wie oa Rona Ener De T. oe Mrs. Avsert D, Lasx MuND W. SS Ano Leonarp J. Buck Ciarence McK, Lewis CHAuNCcEY STILLMAN Henry F, pu Pont Tuomas Lewis Oax.etcH L. THoRNE
E. D. Merritt Officio Managers
Vincent R. IMPELL: MaxIMILIAN os Preside Rosert Mose
LITTERI, Mayor of the City of New York A of the Board of Educa er
tion ‘ark Commissione
Appointive Managers By the Torrey Zotomee Club: Hanes Piatt, Py. - oe University: S
Marston T. Bocert, CHARLES W.
Sam F.,
THE STAFF
ee ee eal De Sc.D.
JosErH LLIAM PHELPS JR. PFANDER Lours P. Pouiti
F. Bue Ernet ANSON S. ” Peck HAM Honorary aan Mrs. Wr
labora Ce ne oF cai one Grou d Ga
Director Assistant ‘Dire a ‘or
Bibliographer
rae ee Associate Cage Assistant Curator of Educa
tion
Associate Curator of Laboratories Site ologis
‘soctate
Ferrer aa
Technical Assistant
Technical Assistant
Technical Assistant
Librarian
Editor of the Journal
Custodian of the Herbarium Alssociate Custodian of the Herbarium
Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Photographer
Plant Pati ages Emeritus
Curator Emeritu. ee Emeritus Assistant Honorary eis of M
onorary anraer of th nat and Nare¢: ree eats ett
‘or in Venezuelan Botany nds wdener
he
ation: “use the Bedford Park boulevard exit Elevated to the Botanical os oe 200th Botanical Garden station, or eo Web: er Avenue
BAC Vag ta eevee
Botanical Garden station,
ach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard
and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue ou station, the New York Central to the is No. 41 to Bedford Park Boulevard.
or the Webster Avi
THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
s, among other things, for a
egislature of the Sta
be ei Managers. They also
ew York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the L of rk 1891. The Act of Incorporation provide body of incorporators, wh eet if ally to elect pee of the a new me f their own body, present roster of which is given bi
Advisory Council consists : 12 or more eae. who are a a the ation. ee ei
First Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Jam re. kenz Mrs ent Recording Secretary ; Mrs ere Peters, BD Aas ct: Secretary; and Mrs. Junius A. tae Treasurer.
are aa elected to the goon Shaw
rae H. Allen
e P) Mrs. oes a Wolfe Brixey Leonard J. Buck Mrs. Charles Burlingham Charles Burlingham Miss Mabel Choate Miss E. Mabel Clark
Mr: Childs Fric
. Thomas ie, Second
Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Dr. H. A son
a Roy A. Hunt
Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Ethelbert Ide Low Dr. D. T. MacDougal
Roswell veil Ife
S. P. Miller
ie UAL Mixsell George M. Moffet
Mrs. Hugh Peters
D. Thacher, Chairman Vice- Chalice
Howard Phi
Jos vel Jose Sw Mrs. Thomas D. Thacher
Arthur S. Vernay Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky
Manfred Wahl Allen Wardwell Mrs. Thomas J. Watson Mrs. Philip B 1 elson M. 11 Alain C. Whit ue blaeine eS. Whittaker
k Andrew Mu Urey Williams me Nelson B. Willia John C. Wiser Richardson Wright
Sr cringe nr ne TR RR aE IT SS TT RTT a
self- pepeonting
Board. By custom, they ee . Guthrie Lefferts,
Prenat aoe cere : Chas . ef ace ey : wre : bate