~ THE PHILIPPINE een JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Pu. D. SUCCEEDED BY ALVIN J. Cox, M. A., Pu. D. GENERAL EDITOR - SECTION C. BOTANY E. D. MERRILL, M. S. EDITOR WITH THE COOPERATION OF P. W. GRAFF, B. S.; W. H. BROWN, Pu. D. H. N. WHITFORD, Pu. D. _ | Vou. VII A, 1912 WITH 22 PLATES AND 2 TEXT FIGURES MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1912 #7, CONTENTS. No, 1, April (May), 1912. Am--, O. Notes on Philippine Orchids with Descriptions of New pecies, IV Bra. 1, A. Additional Philippine Symplocaceae, IT ............22....:0:000000 _ Brown, W. H. The Mechanism of Curvature in the Pulvini of Mimosa pudica Copeland, E. B. The Genus Thayeria No, 2, June (July), 1912. Copeland, E. B. The Origin and Relationships of Taenitis Copeland, E. B. New or Interesting Philippine Ferns, VI Copeland, E. B. New Sarawak Ferns Copeland, E. B. New Papuan Ferns Groves, H. & J. Characeae from the Philippine Islands .......... Ee Merrill, E. D. Sertulum Bontocense: New or. Interesting Plants Collected in Bontoc Subprovince, Luzon, by Father Morice Vanoverbergh | Wester, P. J. A Contribution to the Nomenclature of the Culti- vated Anonas { No, 3, August (September), 1912, Ames, 0. Notes on Philippine Orchids with Descriptions of New Species, V: The Genus Bulbophyllum in the Philippine Islands.. Merrill, E. D. Notes on the Flora of Mantle with Special Reference to the Introduced Element No, 4, September, 1912, Brown, W. H. The Relation of Rafflesia manillana to its Host ........ Merrill, E. D. Nomenclatural and Systematic Notes on the Flora of Manila Warnstorf, C. Die Sphagna der Philippinen No, 5, November, 1912. Merrill, E. D. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, IX .................... Review No. 6, December, 1912, Merrill, KF. D. The Pineda Monument and the Probable Site of the First Botanic Garden in the Philippines Merrill, E. D. On the Identity of Evodia triphylla ........................... Merrill, E. D. Notes on Philippine Euphorbiaceae Robinson, C. B. Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis Errata Index .... Page. 209 227 253 259 358 363 873 379 411 421 423 PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS A LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, EXCLUSIVE OF THE CETACEA. By Nep HorwisteEr. Order No. 418. Paper, $0.50 United States ourrenoy, postpaid. This is the only recent attempt to enumerate the mammals of the Philippine Islands, The distribution of each species is given and the original descriptions are cited. PRICE-LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. For sale by the Bureau of Science. Order No. 417. For free distribution. This Is a list of selected photographs from the splendidly let Iieotion of the Bureau of Science. A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. By RicHarp C. McGrReEcor. 2 parts, 769 pages. Order No. 103. Paper, $4 United States ourrenoy, postpaid. Mr. MoGregor spent some eight years in active field work, visiting many parts of the Arohipel- ago, before beginning work on this book. Therefore, he was well prepared to undertake the Preparation of the manual. A Manual of Philippine Birds contains in compact form desoriptions of all the known species of Philippine birds. The usual keys and diagnoses of orders, families, and genera help the novice in identification. Under each species are found native, English, and scientific names, distribution by islands, descriptions of the birds and in many instances notes on nesting, migrations, and other habits. A CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. By Davin Stark JoRDAN and RoBERT EARLE RICHARDSON. 78 pages. Order No. 102. Paper, $0.75 United States currency, postpaid. This list will be found a convenient guide to the synonymy of Philippine Ichth The nomenolature is thoroughly revised and the distribution of each species within the Philippine Islands is given. This oheck-list Is uniform in size and style with MoGregor and Worcester’s Hand-list of Philippine Birds. INDO-MALAYAN WOODS. By Freep W. FoxworTry. 182 pages, 9 photographic plates. Order No, 411, Paper, $0.50 United States currenoy, postpaid. In Indo-Malayan Woods, Doctor Foxworthy has brought together a large amount of accurate information concerning trees yielding woods of economic value. The work is based largely upon the author’s own experience in the Philippine and neighboring regions, but previous publications and information generously given by other dendrologists have been used to correlate commerolal and native'names of useful Indo-Malayan trees. PHILIPPINE HATS, By C. B. RoBInson, Order No. 415. Paper, $0.50 United States currency, postpaid. This paper is a concise record of the history and present condition of hat making in the Philippine Islands. The various materials used and the different kinds of hats made In each center of production are fully described. Not of the least importance are the botanical identifioa- tions of the plants from which the hat materials are obtained. The plates illustrate the hat materials and various kinds and grades of hats. A map of central Luzon shows the towns chiefly concerned in this industry. THE COCONUT PALM IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 149 pages, 30 plates. Order No. 37. Paper, $1 United States ourrency, postpaid. The reprint contains the following articles: On the Water Relations of the Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera), by Edwin Bingham Copeland; The Coconut and its Relation to Coconut Oil, and The Keeping Qualities of Coconut Oil and the Causes of its Rancidity, by Herbert S. Walker; The Principal Insects Attacking the Coconut Palm (Parts | and 11), by Charles S. Banks; with an introduction by Paul C. Freer. A VOCABULARY OF THE IGOROT LANGUAGE AS SPOKEN BY THE BONTOK IGOROTS. By WALTER CLAYTON CLapp. &9 pages. Order No. 408. Paper, $0.75 United States currenoy, postpaid. The introduction to this vocabulary contains notes on pronunciation, vowels, diphthongs, con- sonants, verbs, conjugations, syllabication and reduplication, The vocabulary is given in Igorot- English and English-Igorot. THE NABALOI DIALECT, By Otto ScHEERER. 65 pages, 29 plates. AND THE BATAKS OF PALAWAN. By Epwarp Y. MILter. 7 pages, 6 plates. Order No. 403. Paper, $0.25; half morocco, $0.75 United States ourrenoy, postpaid. The Nabaloi Dialect and the Bataks of Palawan are bound under one cover. THE BATAN DIALECT AS A MEMBER OF THE PHILIPPINE GROUP OF LANGUAGES. By Otro SCHEERER. = AND “FE”? AND “VV”? IN PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES. By CaRBLos EverETT Conant. These two papers are issued under one cover, 141 pages. Order No. 407. : Paper, $0.80 United States ourrenoy, postpaid. Orders for these publications may be sent to the Business Manager, Philip- pine Journal of Science, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I., or to any of the agents listed below. Please give order number. The Macmillan Company, 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York City, U. S. A. Wm. Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W. C., England. Martinus Nijhoff, Nobelstraat 18, The Hague, Holland. Mayer & Miiller, Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse 2, Berlin, N.W., Germany. Kelley & Walsh, Limited, 32 Raffles Place, Singapore, Straits Settlements. A. M. & J. Ferguson, 19 Baillie Street, Colombo, Ceylon. Thacker, Spink & Co., P. O. Box 54, Calcutta, India. OBITUARY Paul Caspar Freer DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT OFTHE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY AND PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND FOUNDER AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THIS JOURNAL We are deeply grieved to announce the death of Doctor Freer at Baguio, Philippine Islands, on April the seventeenth, in his fifty-first year, from arterio-sclerosis and acute nephritis. In an effort formally to express our sorrow and to honor his memory a memorial meeting of the members of the Staff of the Bureau of Science, the Council of the University of the Philippines, and the members of the Philippine Islands Medical Association was held on July 1, 1912. The addresses delivered at this memorial meeting are published in this number. At a meeting of the members of the Staff of the Bureau of Science, held on the eighteenth day of April, the following resolutions were adopted: TAbereas it has pleased Almighty God in His Wise and Inscrutable Providence to remove from our midst Paul Caspar Freer, M. D., Ph. D., Director of the Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands, since the time of its organiza- tion as the Bureau of Government Laboratories in the year 1901, Dean of the College of Médicine and Surgery, and Professor of Chemistry, University of the Phil- ippines, and Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the “Philippine Journal of Science,” who, for many years, has been our Leader, Counselor, and Friend; and Whereas at best we can do little to indicate at this time our real appreciation of him as a man and as a worker for the general good: Therefore be it Resolved, That we, the Members of the Staff of the Bureau of Science in Manila, Philippine Islands, do hereby express our deepest sorrow and keen feeling of personal loss in the death of Doctor Freer; and be it further Resolved, That he holds a place of highest respect, admiration and appreciation both officially and personally in the hearts of all of us, and especially of those who were most intimately associated with him in scientific work; and be it further Resolved, That it is the sense of the Members of this Institution that the Bureau of Science has suffered a very great loss and that the cause of Science in these Islands has been deprived of one of its most zealous and conscientious advocates; and be it further Resolved, That we extend our sincere sympathy and condolence to his Widow in her overwhelming grief, to his Sister, Brother and other Relatives; and be it further Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be engrossed and sent to the bereaved Widow and Brother of Doctor Freer, and that they be filed in the Archives of the Bureau of Science, transmitted to the Bureau of Civil Service, published in the forth- coming Number of each Section of the “Philippine Journal of Science,’’ in the newspapers of Manila, in a paper in the City of Chicago, Doctor Freer’s birth-place, and in “‘Science,”’ the Official Organ of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of which Doctor Freer was a Fellow. For the Staff of the Bureau of Science: RICHARD P. STRONG, CHARLES S. BANKS, E. D. MERRILL, [L. S.] ALVIN J. COX, OSCAR TEAGUE, A. E. SOUTHARD, Committee. At Manila, Philippine Islands, this eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twelve. Vou. VII MEMORIAL NUMBER JULY, 1912 THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE In Memoriam PAUL CASPAR FREER MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1912 112297 ee CONTENTS. Page. The Life and Career of Doctor Freer 22220 ee ee ee v By MARTIN EGAN. Paul Caspar Freer, his Influence upon Other Men 2000000....020ccccc0c00c000--= ix By CHARLES H. BRENT. Doctor Freer and his General Influence upon Scientific Work in the Philippine Islands xi By RicHArD P. STRONG. Doctor Freer and the Bureau of Science .... ae XV By DEAN C. WORCESTER. Professor Freer and the University of the Philippines ...................... XXV By WILLIAM EVERETT MUSGRAVE. Doctor Freer as an Organizer and an Administrator........00-0000...... xxix By Murray BARTLETT. Doctor Freer as a Friend of the Filipinos —................. EY 6 8 6 By FERNANDO CALDERON. Paul C. Freer, Chemist ..... CREEK Y By H. D. Gress. ili 7 = THE LIFE AND CAREER OF DOCTOR FREER. By MARTIN EGAN, Editor of the Manila Times. When Doctor Musgrave asked me to come to this memorial gathering and sketch in brief the life and career of Paul Freer, my first thought was to ask him to excuse me from a task so painful. I knew that if I did so I must bare my heart in sorrow for my friend who has gone and then I realized that we would all be here to-day with our hearts bared in sorrow, that no man need hide his heart in such a communion of friendship in grief, and so I come to take my place among those chosen to pay tribute to the memory of the good man whom we have lost from our councils, the friend passed from the narrowing circle. Paul Freer descended of a line worthy of him, its product, he worthy of his lineage. His father was a man of scientific attainments, who gave his life in that noblest aim of science, the saving of human life; his mother, a scholar, a linguist, of high culture, of rare mind, and compelling maternal love for the well-being of her children. The elder Freer, born in New York of an old family of Dutch extraction, settled in Chicago, then a scattering town of 7,000, and entered upon the practice of medicine. He quickly advanced to leadership in the growing city, and became president of Rush Medical College which he had helped to found. Overwork in a severe epidemic of typhoid fever that swept the city led to his breakdown and death, and the care and education of his children, including him whom we honor and mourn to-day, passed to the widow and mother. Mrs. Freer, his mother, was born in Wiirttemberg and as a girl went to New Orleans to make her home with her uncle. Herself an advanced student, she devoted herself assiduously to the education of her children. It is related of the family that it was a rule to conduct table ¥: vi EGAN. conversation in Latin, French, or German and that good books were the first of its household gods. It was in this wholesome and stimulating atmosphere that Paul Freer received the first inspiration for study and investigation that was the compelling influence of his whole career. He was taken to Germany as a child for his rudimentary training, and he was destined to go there again to complete his education and receive from the Germanic school his chief methods and ideals in science, in education, and in general thought. Returning to Chicago, he entered the high school and when his class was graduated he stood at its head, the first student of the school. He had already determined to follow in the footsteps of his father, and from high school he entered Rush Medical College and began the study of medicine and surgery. It was at Rush that chemistry with its wonders and unsolved mysteries made its great appeal to his opening mind. He learned its rudiments at the feet of Professor Haines, well remembered as a sound scholar and instructor, and there resolved to specialize in it. He continued his medical work and graduated with the class of 1882, still a year under the age of 21. Germany was then leading the world in science and it ap- pealed to the young student with all the forces of enthusiasm and instinct for he had the blood of the Fatherland in his veins. He determined to go to Munich and join the classes under the great von Baeyer, then the leading chemist of Europe. The choice proved a happy one for there grew a great and lasting friendship between the master and student that was deep in its influence upon the career and work of the younger man, I have recently seen a letter from Doctor Schieffelin, himself an eminent American physician, who went to Munich the year Paul Freer graduated and took his high honors, and in it he wrote: When I went to Munich in 1887 to study chemistry, I found that Profes- sor von Baeyer, probably the most eminent chemist living, and the labor- atory chiefs were all full of the praises of Paul Freer who had just taken the degree of doctor of Philosophy, swmma cum laude, which I believe was the first time a foreigner had achieved this distinction. And for twenty- five years I have watched with interest and pride his service to science and the government. He was an American gentleman of the highest type and of a charming personality. a Als ah as (al ol ih he beta Siew yn LIFE AND CAREER. vii Our departed friend has talked to me many times of those golden days at Munich, and I have always believed that they gave him the perfection of his ideals and logic and the sound- ness of his methods and thought and work. He left Munich fully equipped for work, and for a brief period labored and studied in England, first in the private laboratory of Sir William Perkin, where he devoted himself to analin dyes, and later at Owens College, Manchester, where he was an assistant instructor. But his desire was to return home, and when Tuft’s College offered him a place he gladly accepted. But he was not to remain there. The faculty of the University of Michigan had heard of his ability and rising fame and offered him a larger field and scope of work. He went to Ann Arbor as lecturer in 1889 and a year later was honored with the professorship of inorganic chemistry, with a chair in the Medical School as well as in the School of Arts. It has been testified by many that Paul Freer brought to Michigan a wonderful stimulus for original work. He had the high ideals of the German university, less known and understood then in our American universities, he had the enthusiasm of youth, and he had ability as his commanding talent. He was impatient of mediocrity, and gave the best of himself to the earnest worker, the advancing student who came to him for instruction and guidance. His seriousness amounted at times to austerity, but it produced results and was in keeping with the high standard of -scholarship of the members of the faculties at Michigan. In 1895 the University of Chicago sought his services, offering him a professorship of chemistry, but he declined the flattering offer, electing to stay where he was accomplishing so much good work. There he remained until 1901, when the United States Government gave him a chance for service in this field, so rich in opportunity for prac- tical scientific work. He accepted the task, and here are written the last and greatest chapters of his life. You know them perhaps better than I. I was his personal friend and could - share but little in the multiplicity of his official and professional activities, many of you were of them with him. I do know that we meet to-day in one institution and are surrounded by Vill EGAN. others that are to a large extent monuments to his ability and service. In whole or in part they were born in his mind, shaped by his thought and plans, projected upon his knowledge, con- structed with his advice, and administered by his direction and counsel. You who have shared with him in this work may well be proud for here humanity suffering is hourly served. IT have known no man better equipped for his place and part in life than Paul Freer. He was born for his profession and crowned natural equipment with the best education and training that the world can give. He was an advanced investigator. He sought the truth and he entered the house of truth with open mind, without prejudice or fear. His industry bore con- stant fruit. He had the rare quality of detachment. He could drop the cares and burdens of administration for the laboratory or the literature of science, in both of which he gained distinction. His talents were of wide range, his industry boundless, his service faithful. He was a true friend. To his widow, his kinsmen, his friends there is left a rare consolation. He did a man’s work, and that is the best record that any of us may hope to carry to the Master of sciences. Lae Renee One copy of the Memorial Number is sent to each address on the mail- ing list of this Journal. This is not a regular number of Volume VII, each section of which will consist of six regular numbers as usual, but it is paged with Roman numerals so that it may be bound with any section. 112327 PAUL CASPAR FREER, HIS INFLUENCE UPON OTHER MEN. By CHARLES H. BRENT, Bishop of the Philippine Islands. There are two distinct, though not mutually exclusive, types of influence exerted by men upon their fellows: that which is let loose by conscious volition, and that which is automatically given off by inherent virility, just as perfume is exhaled by the flower. The former focuses certain powers to achieve a given end and then relaxes, like the fitful spouting of a geyser; the latter is a milder though more consistent flow, like the bubbling of a perennial spring: the former aims at, and succeeds in making, an impression; the latter naturally and simply creates an atmosphere. Both types of influence are necessary and valuable, but of the two the most potent and constant is that unconscious pressure of the whole personality which was characteristic of Paul Caspar Freer. If, on occasions, he could effectively impress a companion in accord with definite determination, it was because he possessed the consistent background of cultured manhood. It is chiefly men with an imperfect education who find it necessary to be vociferous and theatrical in their efforts to in- fluence others. They fret and scheme, and are never wholly themselves. But the man who is highly educated, that is to say, who, like Doctor Freer, has established many points of contact with nature, animate and inanimate, enjoys a repose which in itself is power. His composure was, doubtless, some- times disturbed, else he would have been less than a man, but ordinarily he left you with the feeling that life was too good to allow of haste, too safe to justify panic, too sacred to tolerate scheming. ; 1x x BRENT. His versatility was such as to make a pleasant companion, full of surprises. Now it was some detail of scientific knowl- edge which slipped out of his well-stored mind, not as instruction pedantically imparted, but as the unpremeditated expression of his thought; now a reminiscence of the Tyrol, or an anecdote of Chopin, called up by some strain of classical music to which he was devoted. Almost the last glimpse I had of him was on the golf course. His lank form was striding over the links with that abandon and freedom which denote complete absorption in a pursuit. It was. indicative of his entire life. He traveled hopefully, joyously, whether in the quiet retreat of the laboratory, or through the mountainous home of Igorot and Calinga, or in the valley of the shadow of death. Strong personalities never seem more alive than in that gloam- ing which succeeds life’s sunset. They refuse to die. Their littlenesses drop out of sight, and the full force of their true character influences us. That Paul Caspar Freer lives yonder with God in the conscious enjoyment of manhood not quenched but vivified through the discipline of death, who dare doubt? But he also lives as an influence rather than a memory among us men whose hands are still busied for a short while with the affairs of here and now. Personality can not die even if it would. DOCTOR FREER AND HIS GENERAL INFLUENCE UPON SCIEN- TIFIC WORK IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By RicHaArp P. STRONG, Chief of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science. We are here to honor the memory of a faithful and able worker, an earnest teacher, a loyal son of this Government, and a good and kindly friend. Paul C. Freer has left behind him a record of work well performed and, to those of us who knew him, the memory of a well-spent life. Although the real achievement of every great man of science lies particularly in his original contributions to science, and Doctor Freer’s publica- tions will be told of by others who are here to-day, for those who have formed their image of him largely through his writings I shall try to relate a few of the details of his scientific career and of how he moved among his fellow workers in his daily life; for, since he came to these Islands, I have, perhaps, been more closely associated with him in his work than any one else. To him belongs the great merit of having been the pioneer in the general scientific work of the Government of these Islands. For more than ten years he has encouraged in every way at his command the cultivation of these scientific branches, and, since the establishment of the Bureau of Science and of the College of Medicine and Surgery, has unselfishly devoted his time to the best interests of these institutions. Indeed, there has been practically no scientific movement of value in these Islands since his arrival in which he has not been interested -or has not taken an active part. Though, when he first began his work among us, chemistry was the branch of knowledge to which his mind most distinctly inclined and the one in which he took xi xii STRONG. the greatest interest, nevertheless, on assuming the directorship of the Bureau of Science, he threw himself into the work of its organization and development with an energy, industry, and ability that could not fail to bring success to his efforts. In this Bureau, with its various divisions, biology (including medicine, general biology, botany, and entomology), chemistry, mining, ethnology, ornithology, and fisheries, there was not one division in the work and development of which he did not take a deep interest, and, more than this, he knew what work was being carried on in each division and much of its value. Moreover, he planned .and followed with great interest and attention, born of a clear insight and knowledge of chemical problems, practically all of the investigations carried on in the chemical laboratory. In this remarkable breadth of interest and in the comprehensiveness of his knowledge he will always hold a unique position in the history of scientific work. It is not too much to say that no bureau chief in these Islands ever had the welfare of his bureau more at heart than Paul C. Freer and none have fought harder and with a greater persistence than he did to secure the annual appropriation from the Gov- ernment, necessary to carry on the scientific work here. With all this, and apart from his natural ability, he brought to the Bureau and maintained there an exalted professional standard. Nevertheless, his directorship in this institution has been arduous and complex and has required the exercise of the very highest qualities of the mind. One of his early aims was the establishment of a scientific journal to be published by the Bureau of Science, and this was accomplished as soon as the necessary legislation was enacted by the Government. In this journal (The Philippine Journal of Science), of which he was the editor, he took a remarkable pride and interest. He was an editor in every sense of the word, and but few realize the number of hours he spent at this work, preparing manuscript for the printer. Often have I found him at home on his holidays with a large pile of articles by his side, and sometimes he would spend many hours of the day correcting and rewriting poorly prepared manuscript with a ee ae ee ee ee a ae ee Se i eet INFLUENCE UPON SCIENTIFIC WORK. xiii patience and good nature that was truly remarkable. However, the ripeness of his critical judgment and the facility of his literary taste made most of this work easy for him, and not infrequently he earned the gratitude of some young author by having caught the spirit of his clumsily and illy-expressed ideas and transcribed them for him into terse and lucid language. His work of this nature was ever done with the conscientious desire to benefit the writer to the greatest degree. By the majority of the scientific staff of his Bureau he was particularly admired not only for the things which he had done in science, and not only for his intellect and for the wide grasp of his mind, but also for his fairness of judgment in all scientific matters and for his love and appreciation of scientific truth. In all the little disputes in his laboratory, he evidently endeavored never to let himself be led away by his personal feelings, but to give his decision in an impartial manner. His attitude finally inspired, among many of his colleagues, a confidence that he would judge their differences calmly and impartially, and there existed an intellectual bond between him and many of his labor- atory workers. In the latter years of his life, his personal judg- ment of men and things was extensively sought after and his advice cheerfully and unselfishly given. I never knew him so busy with his own work that he would not willingly be inter- rupted by a colleague who wished to discuss with him some scientific problem or who sought his aid or advice. At such times it ever seemed to be his earnest desire to give the most efficient assistance to those who so came to him. If we attempt to analyze his success, if we ask ourselves what were the qualities of his mind and character (for the two can not be separated in an investigator) by which he stood above many of his colleagues, we shall find as conspicuous traits, his comprehensive knowledge of scientific problems in general, his diligence and accuracy in the details of daily life, and his wholly upright and open character in all scientific matters. These traits were certainly powerful factors in contributing to his successful career. However, my effort to-day is not only to pay a deserved XIV STRONG. tribute to the memory of one in whom energy and industry were prominent traits of character and who was always so loyal a friend to his colleagues in their scientific work, but also to point out the importance of his labors in an educational way and to emphasize the importance of his establishment of a scien- tific institution in which the criteria of the true spirit of inquiry were always insisted upon. Finally, his life must ever serve as a beacon to those of us who strive to emulate faithful devotion to duty. DOCTOR FREER AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE. By DEAN C. WORCESTER, Secretary of the Interior of the Government of the Philippine Islands. At the time civil government was established in the Phil- ippine Islands, there fell to my lot the drafting of legislation which had for its object the establishment of scientific work upon a firm and lasting foundation. As a member of the zodlogical staff of the University of Michigan, I had had abundant opportunity to learn by practical observation how such work should not be carried on. This institution supported a zodlogical department and a medical college. In the zodlogical department we taught among other things the zodlogical half of a beginner’s course in general biology, the anatomy of the cat, comparative anatomy, the embryology of the chick, and comparative embryology. In con- nection with these courses we operated the necessary labora- tories, and for purposes of reference we had a very incomplete library. In the medical college there were a histological laboratory, a pathological laboratory, a so-called hygienic laboratory which was in reality a bacteriological laboratory, and an anatomical laboratory. The pathologist maintained that it was necessary for him to teach his students normal histology because the histologist did not know his business and students could not appreciate pathological conditions of tissues until thoroughly familiar with such tissues in their normal state. Similarly the histologist felt called upon to teach his students pathology because of the supposed incompetence of the pathologist. Each had trouble with bacteriologists over questions as to where histology and pathology left off and bacteriology began. At the outset only xv xvi WORCESTER. human anatomy was taught in the anatomical laboratory, but later the anatomist in charge felt called upon to inaugurate other work in mammalian anatomy and in comparative anatomy as well. The histologist ultimately branched off into the em- bryology of the chick and began to talk about giving courses in comparative embryology. Here then, within the limits of a single institution, I had observed no less than five different laboratories, each with its staff of instructors, its library, its expensive instruments, ap- paratus, and reagents; each more or less undermanned and inadequately equipped; each duplicating or striving to dupli- cate work carried on in one or more of the others. The result was needless expense, lack of readily obtainable efficiency, and constant bickering. ~ : Furthermore, there had come to my attention rather startling instances of the duplication of scientific work in the depart- ments at Washington. While the complete lack of adequate facilities for carrying on imperatively necessary biological and chemical work which confronted us when civil government was organized in the ’ Philippine Islands was appalling, I was nevertheless inclined to derive comfort from the old saying “Blessed be nothing,” for we had at least the opportunity to start right, unhampered by costly but antiquated equipment, by worthy but incompetent investigators, or by quarrels as to who should do what needed to be done. The materials with which to concoct a muddle worse than any of those with which I was already familiar lay ready to hand. At one time or another the Bureau of Customs has wished to establish a chemical laboratory and a so-called “microscopic laboratory.” The Bureau of Forestry has thought that it needed laboratories for chemical, botanical, and entomological work. The Bureau of Agriculture has urged precisely similar needs and has desired to take up bacteriological and pathological work as well. The original Board of Health and its successor, the Bureau of Health, have been disposed to demand laboratories in which to conduct both routine work and original investiga- on a ee ae a ens = eae ese DOCTOR FREER AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE. XVii tions in chemistry and biology. And so on to the end of the chapter. I early decided to make a determined effort to centralize the laboratory work of the Insular Government under the control of one man, to the end that unnecessary and wasteful dupli- cation of staff and equipment might be avoided and that maxi- mum efficiency might be attained at minimum cost. With these ends in view, I drafted, and on July 1, 1901, secured the pas- sage of “An Act providing for the establishment of Government Laboratories for the Philippine Islands.” The passage of this Act laid a reasonably broad foundation, but did nothing more. It was necessary to plan and construct a modern laboratory building which should afford adequate facilities to meet the then existing, and probably future, needs of the Government; to list, buy, house, and properly catalogue a fairly complete scien- tific library; to purchase and install costly and complicated scientific apparatus; to provide seasonably a formidable array of expendable reagents and supplies; and most important of all, to secure the services of a large staff of well-trained scien- tists, capable not only of performing necessary routine examina- tions with unfailing accuracy, but also of grappling with some of the many scientific problems whose early solution was then imperatively needed. To the end that the best possible results should be obtained, it was necessary that the work of the members of the staff should be coérdinated and directed by a master mind. It was obvious that the man who could undertake such a task with hope of success must combine an unusually broad knowl- edge of the different branches of laboratory work with a wide acquaintance among scientific investigators, familiarity with cost and sources of supply of books, apparatus, and reagents, sound business judgment, good administrative ability, and hard common sense. I chose for this important and difficult position Dr. Paul Caspar Freer, then professor of inorganic chemistry in the University of Michigan, and never was man more fortunate in his choice. 112297—ii XViil : WORCESTER. Doctor Freer’s preliminary scientific training, begun in the United States and completed in Europe, had been exceptionally thorough and broad. He had displayed very distinguished abil- ity as an original investigator and had always been most suc- cessful in directing the investigations of others. He had placed his own laboratory at the University of Michigan on a sound basis and had made numerous helpful suggestions calculated to promote efficiency and economy in the work of others of the uni- versity laboratories. Incidentally he was the youngest man ever appointed to a full professorship in the University of Michi- gan. I, myself, had been a student there at the time of his appointment. Later, when both of us were members of the University fac- ulty, we had repeatedly discussed the possible reorganization and centralization of the laboratory work of the university and had agreed that greatly increased economy and efficiency might readily be secured were some one competent person put in charge with power to act. When the opportunity came to make a clean start in the Philippines, I felt that Doctor Freer was just the man whom I needed, and having first secured due authority, I offered to him the newly created position of Superintendent of Govern- ment Laboratories, at the same time outlining my plans for the future. The opportunity for creative work appealed to Doctor Freer, and to my very great satisfaction he accepted the posi- tion. We have profited by his mature knowledge, amazing in its breadth and accuracy. At the outset he had no thought of permanently abandoning — his university career, but requested and obtained a year’s leave of absence in order to help us get started. At the end of that year his work was only begun. Mr. Taft, then Civil Governor, secured an extension of his leave for another year, and at the end of this second period successfully urged upon the university regents the almost unprecedented act of granting to a member of the faculty a third consecutive year’s leave. Meanwhile things had been happening here. At the outset. Doctor Freer had found himself in the embarrassing situation of cuisine | ) | PO en ae DOCTOR FREER AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE. xix being compelled to plan the future buildings, equipment, and personnel of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, and at the same time immediately to provide for the carrying on of ur- gently necessary routine examinations and original researches. The new bureau had had small beginnings in a little building, which might without serious inaccuracy be called a shack, sit- uated to the rear of the private residence in which the Civil Hospital had been established. In the cramped, inadequate, and unbearably hot quarters which it afforded, there were inaugu- rated and carried out scientific investigations of far-reach- ing practical importance in connection with ameebic dysentery, Asiatic cholera, and bubonic plague. More than one compara- tively unknown worker here laid the foundation of an inter- national reputation. The preparation of plans and estimates for the permanent laboratory building, the completion of lists of necessary scien- tific books, apparatus, and supplies, and the figuring out of an adequate laboratory staff occupied much of Doctor Freer’s time during a period of two years. I speak whereof I know when I ° say that plans and estimates so complete and accurate as those which he ultimately furnished were never before nor since presented to the legislative body of these Islands. The aggregate sum of money involved was so large as to make its appropriation at one time-inexpedient if not impracticable. Furthermore, it would have been worse than useless to have books and apparatus arriving without a proper place in which to house them, or to employ scientific workers prior to the pro- vision of adequate laboratory accommodations for them. Doctor Freer was, therefore, compelled to give most careful considera- tion to a scheme for spreading the necessary expenditures over a period of years. His elaborate plans and estimates proved adequate and final. They were never departed from in any essential particular, so far at least as concerns the work then under contemplation. The only changes which have proved necessary were incident to providing for a large amount of additional scientific work when the scope of the original Bureau of Government Laboratories xx WORCESTER. was added to and its designation was changed to “The Bureau of Science.” After all plans and estimates had been perfected, it was nec- essary to persuade a legislative body, including in its member- ship only one lone scientist, to provide the necessary funds. Doctor Freer was naturally required to state why he wanted what he wanted, with the result that he got it. The work speedily outgrew the little one-story building in which it started. The biological laboratory was transferred to a much larger building on a distant street, and administration was thus complicated. There was endless delay in the completion of the new build- ing. Grossly exaggerated rumors as to its cost led to the charge that its erection had involved needless and wasteful expenditure. Salaries were necessarily small. The underpaid members of the Bureau staff were publicly attacked, collectively and in some cases individually, as imprac- ticable and visionary beings, who were devoting their energies to wasting the funds of a poverty-striken government in use- less abstract investigations. One member of the Philippine Commission who had con- ceived the idea that scientific books were intended only for filing in imposing ranks on the wall, as is done with formidable looking tomes by lawyers of a certain class, for years bitterly assailed every appropriation requested for the Bureau. Through good report and ill Doctor Freer held on his course with clear foresight and unwavering tenacity of purpose, convinced that he should win in the end because he was right. He lived to see this belief abundantly justified! As the end of his third year of leave approached, he received an ultimatum from the Michigan University authorities to the effect that he must again take up his university work or sever his connection with that institution. An immediate reply by cable was necessary. I asked him to state to me the conditions under which he would be willing to remain in the Insular service, and he did so. No quorum of the Commission was present on that day and, as immediate action was imperative, I stated the © See ee ee a ee eee oe eee ree oe DOCTOR FREER AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE. Xxi facts to four of my colleagues, with a view to obtaining their prior approval. Doctor Freer’s proposition was perfectly clear to me and I thought that I made it clear to them. They agreed to accept his offer as they understood it. With a majority of the Commission thus pledged to its acceptance, I informed him that it would be accepted, and he then immediately severed his connection with the University of Michigan by cable. A few days later when I requested definite official action by the Commission, I found to my consternation that two of the mem- bers with whom I had consulted had failed clearly to understand the terms on which Doctor Freer was willing to remain. When the matter came to a vote my action was not confirmed. I was, therefore, compelled to inform him that he would not be given the salary for which he had stipulated and that the fault of this unfortunate blunder lay entirely with me for the reason that I had failed to submit his proposition to my colleagues in writing and to secure on the face of the document their written approval. He immediately cabled to ascertain whether he could with- draw his resignation from the faculty of the University of Michigan, but before his message was received his place had been filled. It is a significant commentary on his character that, although he felt, rightly, that a grave injustice had been done him, he remained loyal both to the man who was primarily responsible for it and to the Government which he served. With the lapse of time the work conducted under his wise guidance rapidly and steadily developed. The Bureau of Goy- ernment Laboratories absorbed the Bureau of Mines, took up botany, ornithology, entomology, fisheries, cement testing, and other new lines of investigation, and thus became the Bureau of Science. It furnished its own light, power, steam, and gas so economically that it was required to perform these functions for the College of Medicine and Surgery and for the Philippine Gen- eral Hospital. These changes meant larger working quarters and a material addition to the power plant, which were provided under Doctor Freer’s always competent and efficient direction. Xxli WORCESTER. As the volume of research work grew and the necessity for the prompt publication of its results became urgent, the Bureau entered upon the risky venture of beginning the publication of a scientific journal, which must depend for its subject matter upon the results of the work of a limited number of investigators, much of whose time was necessarily occupied by routine ex- aminations. To-day the Philippine Journal of Science is one of the world’s standard scientific publications. In it have been published the results of scientific investigations of far-reaching importance. In my opinion, it has done more than any other one thing to spread throughout the world knowledge of work being done in the Philippines for the uplifting of a people and to spread that knowledge among men whose opinion really - counts. The business affairs of the Bureau of Science have been ex- ceptionally involved. It has often been necessary to order ap- paratus a year or more in advance in order to be sure of having it ready when required. Important book orders have sometimes remained unfilled for years and have had to be repeatedly can- celed and re-placed. The Bureau has been dependent in part upon its receipts for money with which to operate and the an- nual total of such receipts could not be accurately foreseen. It was known to Doctor Freer that deficits would not be approved by the Secretary of the Interior. There have been none. Scientists of established reputation have strenuously objected to taking civil service examinations and have had to be rea- soned with. After arrival at Manila some of them have even more strenuously objected to accounting for their time and have in many ways displayed a desire to be considered in a class by themselves. It has been necessary for Doctor Freer to teach them that they were very much like other Peis; and would be so considered. New men have not infrequently desired to reserve for them- selves certain fields of investigation which they were not ready immediately to enter and have needed to be inspired with a broader and more truly scientific spirit. Doctor Freer has been peculiarly fortunate in dealing with this too common foible of ee ne DOCTOR FREER AND THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE. xxiii research men, and the unseemly brawls which so often occur over questions as to who shall do what, and as to priority of results, have been conspicuously absent. For a long time the Bureau served as a training school for other and wealthier institutions which could afford to buy our employees away from us and did not hesitate to do so. The fight for more adequate salaries was a long and tedious one, but it has achieved important results. In another particular he has deserved well of the Govern- ment. My original plan contemplated a close and helpful rela- tionship between the Bureau of Government Laboratories, a medical college, and a great general hospital. I was told that my scheme was chimerical because three such institutions would never work together harmoniously. This prophecy has proved false. Doctor Freer thoroughly understood the meaning of the word codperation, and on more than one occasion taught it to others, both by precept and example. Under his direction the Bureau of Government Laboratories and its successor, the Bureau of Science, have maintained a helpful relationship with the Bureau of Health and the University of the Philippines. Doctor Freer may most truly be said to have lived for his work. While he sometimes shortened his afternoon hours suf- ficiently to make possible the taking of sorely needed exercise, he habitually labored far into the night and on holidays as well. During his last year he had repeated and prolonged attacks of acute suffering. In each such instance he resumed his work before he could rise from his bed. In the course of the last day of his life his thoughts turned again and again to the work and the needs of the Bureau of Science. His relationship to that Bureau may be very briefly summarized. J dreamed a dream. He made that dream come true. It is not too much to say that he created the Bureau. It will be a lasting monu- ment to his unquestioned scientific and business ability, his clear foresight, his sane judgment, and his unwavering per- severance. There have not been lacking prophets of evil who have felt that the success of the work of the Bureau of Science was so XXiV WORCESTER. intimately associated with the peculiar abilities of its director that the Bureau would go to pieces now that his guiding hand has been palsied by death. It is not to be expected that anyone else could, at the outset, run so complicated a machine with the capable and peculiarly sympathetic touch of the man who built it, but ability to pro- duce a machine which can be operated successfully by others determines the value of the builder’s work. As the years go by, it will be realized that the constructive work of Doctor Freer for the Bureau of Science has successfully met this, the final test. PROFESSOR FREER AND THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES. By WILLIAM EVERETT MUSGRAVE, Chief of Clinics, Philippine General Hospital. History records no more complete and unselfish devotion to science than is exemplified in the life of Paul Freer. He was essentially an investigator and teacher, combining these virtues in such a manner as to make every man who became closely associated with him his pupil. In personality, in the character of his researches, in versatility of mind, in the util- itarian aim of all his work, in his generous attitude of help to all who applied for assistance and advice, and in many other points Professor Freer very closely resembled the illustrious Pasteur. Pasteur was the father of bacteriology and lived to guide this great science from uncertainty to the road to success. Paul Freer was the father of modern science in the Philippine Islands and he lived to see and guide the developments of his creation to success. Starting with nothing but a fertile soil and a legislature whose friendly interest was secured and maintained by the untiring activities of the Honorable Dean C. Worcester, he built up a great research institution that to-day is classed with the best in other countries. During the early years of our residence in this country, he watched the development of elementary education with much in- terest, and his counsel during these years was a potent influence upon the policy of the Government in educational development. Educational progress was so satisfactory that in 1905, at its annual meeting, the Philippine Islands Medical Association rec- xXV XXvi MUSGRAVE. ommended the establishment of a Medical School. Doctor Freer was chairman of the committee which, with the active co- operation of Mr. Worcester, succeeded in securing satisfactory legislation. ‘The Philippine Medical School” opened its courses of instruction in 1907, and was merged with the University of the Philippines as the College of Medicine and Surgery in 1909. Doctor Freer was dean and, also, professor of chemistry from the organization of the school until his death, which occurred just five years after the opening of the school and shortly after graduation of the first class of physicians who had taken their entire course of instruction in this institution. He always stood for high standards in educational work, and it was due largely to his efforts that the College of Medicine and Surgery was able to establish and maintain rigid entrance requirements, a five years’ course of instruction, and to secure a faculty of research workers who are paid for teaching. This was no easy task. The public demand for more physicians, the small number of thoroughly prepared students, the limited resources of the Government, and the political exigencies were such that the pressure brought to bear for lower requirements for admission with larger classes, shorter courses of instruc- tion, and less expensive teachers and methods was very strong. Doctor Freer very correctly considered that the stand taken by the Philippine Medical School would determine, for a long time to come, the policy of higher educational methods, and in winning this fight for high standards he not only gained world-wide recognition for our school from the first, but a precedent was © established that made a similar policy practicable for other col- leges and prepared the way for a University before one was created. During the first years of our work, while searching the world for suitable teachers for the Medical School, Doctor Freer crip- pled the efficiency of his own Bureau by furnishing a large proportion of the faculty from the members of the staff of the Bureau of Science. Not only this, but he gave freely of his own time and even diverted funds, as far as practicable within the law, in order to insure the success of the school. eee pitied PROFESSOR FREER AND THE UNIVERSITY. XXVil The methods of successful men are always interesting and instructive. Professor Freer’s methods were very simple. In dealing with his superiors he usually made a direct request and reénforced this request by a presentation of all the facts bear- ing upon the subject. If the first effort failed, he would repeat the request until he secured what was wanted or was ordered to desist. In dealing with his colleagues and assistants, his watchword was efficiency and all men were judged upon this basis, a very satisfactory method for a man of his broad learn- ing and experience, but a hazardous one for a less experienced leader. Something of Doctor Freer’s conception of the function of a medical school is shown in his Commencement Address to the graduating class in 1910 in which he said: The exact training which the graduate of a modern medical school ob- tains from his work in the various laboratories; the development of his powers of observation by a study of physics, chemistry, bacteriology, pathol- ogy; by his contact with the methods of diagnosis and clinical reasoning in the hospital and by the broad phases of hospital discipline which surround him during the final years of his course of study, will have been without meaning if they have not shown him one fundamental fact, that all of this hard work will have been valueless, if he has not had introduced within his being the divine spark of independent thought * * *. If he has not this ambition, his future will be first one of stagnation, then of retrogression. It has been one of the chief missions of the Faculty to cultivate this spirit among the students, and the members of the latter body themselves must be constantly extending their view-points and developing the various special branches to which they are devoting their attention. What is true of the individual members holds good of any institution of _ learning, a condition of dependence on what is already known and a tend- ency to look backward into the past is in reality retrogression; and intellectually such an institution must die, no matter how magnificent its buildings, how extensive its equipment, or how generous its means. The teaching force must itself not only be capable of advancing new thought and of developing new methods, but it must utilize these capabilities to the best advantage, continually and restlessly pressing forward to higher ground. Otherwise, the teacher is not capable of inspiring his pupils, he becomes a mere repeater or reciter of text-books, a monitor or supervisor of method which of itself is cast into fixed molds and is already passing toward its end. XXVUi MUSGRAVE. Continuing in this same address, our dearly beloved friend and teacher has left us the following advice for the future policy and guidance of the school: We must therefore, in the future as in the past, strive to obtain and retain men in the school of the best capability for advancing their own technical specialties. Mere teaching will not do, it lacks that peculiar force which renders the pupils in after life capable of independent development. Mere study on the part of the expectant graduate will also not do, He must continue his scientific growth by observation, thought, study and reasoning from the facts as he finds them to those lying in the higher realms of advance beyond. Faculty and students form the institution as a whole, and it is for them to see that, through the many years of its existence, it continues to play its part in the great advance of human thought as a vigorous entity in the community of schools of learning. In this last quotation we are given a duty that is made sacred by the martyrdom of him who gave it. The duty is a hard one; no one realized more fully than did Doctor Freer that our great- est difficulty would be to inculcate the spirit of independent thought in our students. Five years of experience has shown that there are local causes, intrinsic and acquired, that make this the greatest problem of our institutions of advanced learn- ing, and the ultimate success of our work depends upon our being able to surmount these difficulties which only may be done by constant effort and the revolutionizing of the customs and practices of centuries. This is the one phase of our educational development that had not been satisfactory to Doctor Freer, and I bespeak the codperation of the members of the Faculty to make the appeal contained in his last public utterance to us our watchword for success; and may our efforts not cease until the Paul Caspar Freer Professorship of Chemistry in the University of the Phil- ippines is freely recognized as one of the positions of honor in the scientific world. aN gS DOCTOR FREER AS AN ORGANIZER AND AN ADMINISTRATOR. By Murray BARTLETT, President of the University of the Philippines. It is a rare thing when the creative and executive faculties are united in one mind. Rarer even is the combination of scientific genius and business ability. To see deeply into the laws underlying the mystery of nature, to follow the trace of unknown promise to a successful con- clusion, then to apply the practical methods of efficient life to the results of scientific research is seldom achieved by one mind and will. It is this combination of human powers that has made possible the fame of an Edison, a Bell, a Westinghouse. In most cases, men, such as these, use their ability to capitalize for material value the fruits of their scientific investigation. Doctor Freer was one of these rare men. Undoubtedly he could have devoted his extraordinary ability to amassing a large fortune. Indeed, he had more than one opportunity so to do. He might have erected upon the foundation of his genius for seeing nature’s hidden powers a great business organization in his own land for his own enrichment. Instead, he built up about his research and the research of others a great institution for the practical benefit of humanity in a strange and far-away land. The Bureau of Science is, perhaps, not so much a mon- ument to Freer, the Scientist, as to Freer, the Organizer. Truly could one of his friends say, “The Bureau of Science is Freer.” ‘ This is why there has been universal testimony to-day that his place can not be filled. If such a statement can be true of any man, it is certainly true of Doctor Freer, for where can be found one, not only preéminent in his own line of study, : xxix Xxx BARTLETT. but familiar with the details of every other phase of scientific investigation; possessing the practical ability of a captain of industry and inspired by a spirit of service for country and for humanity? To say, however, that Doctor Freer’s place can not be filled is not to declare that the work of the Bureau of Science can not go on. His task was so well done,.so completely organized that, with careful guidance, its many activities may continue unimpaired through the years. Doctor Freer had all the qualities of a great organizer; un- tiring industry which keeps no office hours, knowledge of affairs in the broad’ sense which kept him in touch with the practical needs of the world of trade and commerce, and ability in choos- ing his assistants. Of these qualities, it is needless to speak. The organization he left behind speaks for him. In treating the subject of Doctor Freer as an organizer and an adminis- trator, I wish to mention the characteristics which were pecul- iarly his own. First, he was capable of rare unselfishness where an: ideal was to be gained. All the way through, he sacrificed his own time and desire for investigation in order to guide the investi- gation of others for the good of his Bureau. It was to him _ a real deprivation to give up his own. personal research in a field in which he had few peers and no superiors, yet there was no hesitation on his part in giving freely the results and the credit of his experience to men who were just beginning their scientific investigation. Nowhere does this unselfishness appear more clearly than in Doctor Freer’s relations with the College of which he was the executive head. The Philippine Medical School was very largely the creation of Paul Freer. Its thoroughness of instruction and its high as well as practical standards were made possible by his thorough acquaintance with medical instruction and his extraordinary knowledge of university affairs. He was thor- oughly imbued with the idea of founding here, in these Islands, a great Medical College; to provide for the Filipino people a Succession of competent physicians and surgeons who should protect and safeguard the health of their race. He had the Sea ae ee eee AN ORGANIZER AND AN ADMINISTRATOR. Xxxi right to take pride in the success of this institution and to look upon it as his own. When, however, by operation of law the Philippine Medical School ceased to be an independent insti- tution and became a constituent part of the University of the Philippines, he gave the same care, enthusiasm, and loyalty to the College of Medicine and Surgery, although he occupied, what might appear to be, a subordinate position. I sometimes think that I saw the biggest side of Paul Freer—the older man and the younger man, the man of long and rich experience and the man with little. If in future years any credit is given to the work of laying the foundation of this University in its early days, the larger part should be his. This spirit of unselfishness enabled him to administer his trust, not for the benefit of his own Bureau, but for the larger cause of the Government. as a whole, and for its work in these Islands. His outlook was broad and his vision clear. With him the Bureau of Science was simply one means of rendering a service to the Philippine people. His real aim was to make : that service as perfect as possible. A: favorite phrase with him was “‘we must play the game.” To him, the game was not an opportunity for individual play, but for team work. In our own relations, the unusual facilities of his Bureau were freely offered to the University, and I believe that in his dealings with other departments of the Government, his attitude was marked by the spirit of true codperation. Thus he has left behind him a great lesson in administration to those of us who are administrators in this Government. His example entreats us to work not for the conspicuous success of our own Bureaus but for rendering a complete and perfect service by the whole Government. ; The University of the Philippines will always revere thie memory of Paul Caspar Freer; great as a scientist—greater, perhaps, as an administrator—but greatest of all as a man. DOCTOR FREER AS A FRIEND OF THE FILIPINOS. By FERNANDO CALDERON, Professor of Obstetrics, University of the Philippines. There are three classes of Americans according to their feel- ings toward the Filipinos with whom they are in daily contact. First, there are those who maintain an attitude of absolute indifference with respect to the future of the Filipino people, when both races should thoroughly know and gladly help each other. These Americans, after spending some time in the Islands, return to the United States without having in any “manner codperated in the improvement of their brothers, the inhabitants of this beautiful Archipelago. Then, here are those who are absorbed by a feeling of utter selfishness, and whose sole desire is that this country be converted into a fit place for the satisfaction of their personal ambitions, thus forgetting - entirely the economic welfare of the Filipino people. Lastly, there are those noble Americans who have come to the Philip- pines imbued with a kindly spirit toward the Filipino, whom they treat as brother and friend. The object of these Americans, who are, after all, the real and proper representatives of the great American nation in the Far East, in coming to these shores, is neither to further their private interest nor to satisfy their greed for wealth, but to fulfil their sacred mission of service and usefulness and to set an example of righteousness to their fellow-countrymen here, so that we may justly call them the standard-bearers of a civili- zation which is based on the ethical and immutable principles of _ democracy and on that great ideal of history: the universal brotherhood of man. These are the Americans whose beneficent influence will infuse new ideas and new energies into our insti- Xxxii : ee eee Te a A FRIEND OF THE FILIPINO. XxXXxili tutions and inculcate into the minds of the rising generation that wholesome spirit of democracy which will make the Philip- pines the most prosperous and progressive country which the world ever beheld in these far-away regions of the extreme Orient. To this group of worthy and self-denying citizens of America the late Dr. Paul C. Freer belongs, whose memory will ever be cherished by those Filipinos who have had oppor- tunity to realize his untiring efforts for the advancement of science in the Philippine Islands. I need not remind you, of course, to prove my assertion, that Doctor Freer was the one who created and established the Bureau of Science on a scientific basis, helped a great deal in the foundation of the Philippine Medical School and planned this beautiful building, and that he was, perhaps, the principal factor in the construction of that magnificent General Hospital where the College of Medicine and Surgery has its clinics. All of these institutions are admired by visitors and constitute a perennial fountain of blessings upon the Filipino people. But there is still another feature of his work which deserves notice. Paul Caspar Freer was a solicitous protector of the Filipino youth. It was his desire that young Filipinos should participate directly in the scientific movement which, since the establishment of American government, has been initiated here. For this reason, both government and private students, upon their return from abroad, found the Bureau of Science an ade- quate field for their studies and the Director, Doctor Freer, a generous adviser who knew how to encourage the spirit of per- sonal initiative and original research. Paul Caspar Freer also entertained the salutary idea of put- ting as many Filipinos as possible in his Bureau. On account of this policy, the division of mechanics of the Bureau of Science is at present completely entrusted to Filipinos; and; in the major- ity of the other divisions, the work of young Filipino graduates is by no means small. Two of them, Messrs. Timoteo Dar Juan and José del Rosario, in the division of chemistry, after grad- uating in pharmacy from private schools in this city, were asked by Doctor Freer to practise in his office. Later on, Doctor 112297-——4ii XXXIV CALDERON. Freer recommended their being sent to the United States as government students, and now they are instructors in the Col- lege of Medicine and Surgery. This true friendship on Doctor Freer’s part toward the Fili- pinos also manifested itself in the College of Medicine and Surgery, of which he was the Dean. It was a real source of pleasure for him to work with so many Filipino members of the faculty. In rendering my humble tribute to the memory of that great friend of the Filipinos, allow me to suggest that we, his fellow- workers and admirers, especially his Filipino friends, place a votive tablet on one of the walls of this building, as a sincere token of our enduring appreciation of his disinterested service and as an outward expression of our unswerving admiration of his ideals as a man and a scholar. apa RATS nee eNaEe PTE Wet ey, Ay Re la da wee PAUL C. FREER, CHEMIST. By H. D. Gipss, Chief of the Division of Organic Chemistry, Bureau of Science, and Associate Professor of Chemistry, University of the Philippines. In 1887 Paul C. Freer received the degree of doctor of philos- ophy in Munich. It is astonishing to note the number of great chemists who have received their first inspiration in chemical research in Professor Adolf von Baeyer’s laboratory in Munich, and who have absorbed and later radiated the teachings of this great master. This period in v. Baeyer’s work was largely devoted to the study of the structure of ring compounds and very soon afterward he published his classic series of articles on the structure of the benzene ring and the reduction of terephthalic acid.* For some years before Doctor Freer received his degree, W. H. Perkin, jr., son of the Perkin who founded the industry of the manufacture of coal tar dyes, had been working in v. Baeyer’s laboratory on the synthesis of ring compounds. In 1885 the first part of the article “On the Synthetical Formation of Closed Carbon-Chains” * was published. The continuation of this ar- ticle * was published by the joint authorship of Freer and Perkin and was a further study of the construction of the ring com- pounds from open chains. Parts II and III were published by Perkin alone and in Parts IV and V Freer‘ again appears as ‘Ann. d. Chem. (Liebig) (1888), 245, 103; (1889), 251, 257; (1890), 256, 1. 2 Journ. Chem. Soc. London (1885) 47, 801, Part I. On some derivatives of trimethylene. * The synthetical formation of closed carbon-chains, part I (continued). The action of ethylene bromide on the sodium-derivatives of ethylic aceto- acetate, benzoyl-acetate and acetone-dicarboxylate, by P. C. Freer, Ph. D. and W. H. Perkin, jr., Ph. D., ibid. (1887), 51, 820. ‘The synthetical formation of closed carbon-chains, part IV. Some derivatives of hexamethylene, by Paul C. Freer, Ph. D. and W. H. Perkin, jr., Ph. D., ibid. (1888), 53, 202; Part V. Experiments on the synthesis of heptamethylene derivatives, by Paul C. Freer, Ph. D. and W. H. Perkin, jr., Ph. D., ibid., 215. XXXV XXXVi GIBBS. the senior author. The work commenced in v. Baeyer’s labora- tory was later carried on in the laboratory of Professor Dixon, Owens College, Manchester, England. This research with Perkin is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the tetra, penta, and hexamethylene rings and the derivatives of tetrone, pentone, and hexone. Efforts to syn- thesize the heptamethylene ring determined that the methods attempted were not feasible. About this time Doctor Freer was offered a commercial posi- tion in the dye manufacturing industry and it became necessary for him to choose between this and an academic career. He chose the latter and, although knowing that the former meant greater financial reward, I know he never regretted his decision. To my intimate knowledge there are two things which Doctor Freer carried through life as a result of his association in Munich. The first was his intense interest in the discussions of the structure and behavior of the benzene ring. Less than ten days before his death, we were at the Country Club in Baguio discussing some phases of the work described in an article which I had just presented to him for publication in the Phil- ippine Journal of Science, when he enthusiastically said: “This throws more light on the benzene ring. We must further elu- cidate the structure of the benzene ring.” The second was his generosity with his ideas and assistance to the younger chemists. Only we chemists of the Bureau of Science know how much of Doctor Freer’s keen mind, inspiration, and editorial ability there is in the chemical articles originating in the Bureau, for his name seldom appears. We know that a person of less lofty ideals, less ability, and more self aggrandizement would have felt himself privileged, at least, to take the credit of a joint author- ship in a large proportion of the published chemical research. The next period of his research, extending from 1887 to 1902 during his residence in America, principally at Ann Arbor, Michigan, was largely concerned with the sodium derivatives of various ketones and aldehydes, their formation and behavior. In 1890 Doctor Freer contributed an important piece of research which did much to settle the mooted question of the constitution Bien Vif ag ie ee eS ie Ter a an ee PAUL C. FREER, CHEMIST. XXXVii of aceto-acetic ether, when he found that acetone, a substance containing no methylene group, was capable of forming a sodium derivative, the reactions of which were similar in nearly every respect to those of sodium aceto-acetic ether. This reaction proved to be a general one shown by other ketones as well as acetic aldehyde. In 1898 he completed a most interesting piece of work on the constitution of phenylhydrazones. Some of the compounds pre- pared were very difficult to handle and were made in Michigan during the winter when the thermometer was about 20° below zero.. The oxidation of acetone p-bromphenylhydrazone to p-brombenzene azo-isopropylene was especially troublesome, re- quiring careful handling even at this low temperature, and on several different occasions when our laboratories in the Bureau of Science were unusually warm, Doctor Freer brought up this subject with me and took delight in discussing the difficulties we would experience in trying to produce this reaction in Manila. During this period, before his arrival in Manila, in addition to the 14 articles on ketones and aldehydes referred to, Doctor Freer also published papers on “The Saponification of Substi- tuted Acetic Ester, Tetrinic Acid, The Constitution of Some Derivatives of Formic Acid, Distillation in Vacuum, Formamide, Jamaica Dogwood, Organic Peroxides, the Action of Acids on: Metals, and Halogen Substitution Products of Aliphatic Acids,” and two textbooks, one The Elements of Chemistry and the other Descriptive Inorganic General Chemistry. These books are very highly regarded both from a chemical and literary standpoint. From 1901 to 1912, a period of a little over ten years spent in the Philippines, Doctor Freer found that, on account of his administrative duties in connection with the Bureau of Science and the Medical School, and his editorial work on the Philippine Journal of Science, his personal application to research was impossible, a fact which he regretted deeply. Nevertheless he found time to write a number of articles descriptive of the work of these institutions, and his address given at the com- mencement exercises of the Philippine Medical School, Feb- XXXVili GIBBS. ruary 27, 1909, and later published in the Philippine Journal of Science, is an inspiration to all workers in science. His edito- rial work was most conscientiously performed and I have known him to read many articles three times before the final appearance in print. During the last four years of his life, he developed the keenest interest in the studies of sunlight and sunlight reactions carried on in the Bureau of Science, and through his wide acquain- tance and scientific reputation, he obtained the codperation of various colleagues in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and some of the most important islands outside of the Phil- ippine Archipelago. This work was beginning to bear fruit at the time of his death, and he had already published two articles summarizing the results. It promises to throw much light upon several mooted questions concerning sunlight and its effects upon man, and in a few years would have resulted, I believe, in such an indisputable mass of valuable evidence that Doctor Freer and his friends would have regarded it as his crowning achievement. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Ueber den Acetyltrimethylencarbonsdureather, by W. H. Perkin, jr., and P. C. Freer. Ber. d. deutschen chem. Ges. (1886), 19, 2561-2569. The synthetical formation of closed carbon-chains. Part I (continued). The action of ethylene bromide on the sodium-derivatives of ethylic acetoacetate, benzoyl-acetate, and acetone-dicarboxylate, by Paul C. Freer and W. H. Perkin, jr. Trans. Journ. Chem. Soc. (1887), 51, 820-853. On the action of ethylene bromide on the sodium derivatives of the ethers of acetoacetic, benzoyl-acetic and acetone-dicarboxylic acids, by Paul C. Freer and W. H. Perkin, jr. Am. Chem. Journ. (1888), 40, 446-457. Synthese von Hexamethylenderivaten, by Paul C. Freer and W. H. Perkin, jr. Ber. d. deutschen chem. Ges. (1888), 12, 735-737. The synthetical formation of closed carbon-chains. Part IV. Some deri- vatives of hexamethylene, by Paul C. Freer and W. H. Perkin, jr. Trans. Journ. Chem. Soc. (1888), 53, 202-215. The synthetical formation of closed carbon-chains. Part V. Experiments on the synthesis of heptamethylene derivatives, by Paul C. Freer and W. H. Perkin, jr. Trans. Journ. Chem. Soc. (1888), 53, 215-222. Zur Kenntniss des Heptamethylenringes, by Paul C. Freer and W. H. Perkin, jr. Ber. d. deutschen chem. Ges. (1888), 21, 788-739. Uber die Einwirkung yon Jodwasserstoffsiure auf die Krotonsaiuren, by peterst eens and Paul C. Freer. Journ. fj. prak. Chem. (1889), B ; The action of sodium on acetone. Am. Chem. Journ. (1890), 12, 355-357. fs eee a nS PaaS Satie PAUL C. FREER, CHEMIST. XXX1X Ueber die Einwirkung von Natrium auf Aceton. Journ. f. prak. Chem. (1890), 42, 470-472. The action of chlor-carbonic ether on acetone-sodium, by Paul C. Freer and George O. Higley. Am. Chem. Journ. #1891), 13, 322-826. The constitution of aliphatic ketones, and the action of sodi on aceton Am. Chem. Journ. (1891), 13, 308-322. On the saponification of the substituted acetic esters, by Paul C. Freer and F. L. Dunlap. Am. Chem. Journ. (1892), 14, 8366-376. Some reactions with acetoacetic ether and with salicylic ether. Am. Chem. Journ. (1892), 14, 407-422. Ein Vorlesungsversuch, die Effusion der Gase betreffend. Ztschr. f. phys. Chem. (1892), 9, 669-670. Zur Kenntniss des Acetessigesters. Journ. f. prak. Chem. (1892), 45, 414-416. The action of metals on nitric acid, I. The reduction of nitric acid by copper, by Paul C. Freer and George O. Higley. Am. Chem. Journ. (1898), 15, 71-81. 2. The reduction of nitric acid by copper and by lead, by George 0. Higley. Am. Chem. Journ. (1895), 17, 18-26. 3. The reduction of nitric acid by silver, by George O. Higley and W. E. Davis. Am. Chem. Journ. (1896), 18, 587-590. 4. The reduction of nitric acid by silver, by Paul C. Freer and George O. Higley. Am. Chem. Journ. (1899), 21, 377-392. On the action of sodi on acetone. Am. Chem. Journ. (1898), 15, 582. Descriptive tiles. sae chemistry. Boston (1894), 550 pp. Ueber die Einwirkung von Natrium auf Aceton. Ann. d. Chem. (Liebig) (1894), 278, 116-140. Zur Kenntniss des Acetone. Ueber die Einwirkung von Chlorkohlensdure- athylester auf Natriumaceton. Ann. d. Chem. (Liebig) (1894), 283, 380-391. Derivatives of tetrinic acid. Experimental work by E. R. Miller. Am. Chem. Journ. (1905), 17, 792-796. The elements of chemistry. Boston (1895), 289 pp. On the action of chlorcarbonic ester on sodium acetone. Am. Chem. Journ. (1895), 17, 1-18. On the action of sodium on the esters of aconitic and nitric acids. Prelim- inary notice. Am. Chem. Journ. (1895), 17, 31-83. Tetrinic acid. Am. Chem. Journ. (1895), 17, 779-792. The action of sodium on aldehyde. Am. Chem. Jowrn. (1896), 18, 552-562. Notes on new apparatus. 2. Distillation in a vacuum. Am. Chem. Journ. (1896), 18, 585-586. 8. The demonstration that two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen form two volumes water vapor. Am. Chem. Journ. (1896), 18, 562-584. On the constitution of some derivatives of formic acid. First paper, by Paul C. Freer and P. L. Sherman, jr. Am. Chem. Journ. (1896), 18, 562-584. The action of sodium upon methylpropylketone and acetophenone, by Paul C. Freer and Arthur Lackman. Am. Chem. Journ. (1897), 19, 878-890. xl GIBBS. Die Einwirkung von Natrium auf Aldehyd. Ber. d: deutschen chem. Ges. (1897), 29, 1147. Ueber die Constitution einiger Derivate der Ameisensiure, by Paul C. Freer and P. L. Sherman, jr. Ber. d. deutschen chem. Ges. (1897), 29, 1148. Ueber die Constitution einiger Hydrazone. Ber. d. deutschen chem. Ges. (1897), 30, 736-738. Formamide and its sodium and silver salts, by Paul C. Freer and P. L. Sherman, jr. Am. Chem. Journ. (1898), 20, 223-228. The action of benzoyl chloride on the phenylhydrazones of benzoin. Am. Chem. Journ. (1899), 22, 396-402. On the constitution of the phenylhydrazones. Am. Chem. Journ. (1899), 21, 14-64. On the constituents of Jamaica dogwood, by Paul C. Freer and A. M. Clover. Am. Chem. Journ. (1901), 25, 390-413. Ueber halogensubstituirte aliphatische Sauren. Ann. d. Chem. (Liebig) (1901), 319, 345-357. On the formation, decomposition and germicidal action of benzoyl acetyl and diacetyl peroxides, by Paul C. Freer and Frederick G. Novy. Am. Chem. Journ. (1902), 27, 161-192. The preparation of benzoyl-acetyl peroxide, and its use as an intestinal antiseptic in cholera and dysentery. Preliminary notes. Pub. Bur. Gov. Labs. (1902), No. 2, (Second printing, 1904). On the organic peroxides, by Paul C. Freer and Frederick G. Novy. Con- trib. Med. Research (Vaughan), Ann Arbor, Mich. (1903), 63-127. The spirit of organic chemistry by Arthur Lachman}#with an introduction on the growth of the science of organic chemistry by Paul C. Freer, 6 pp. New York (1904). The work of the Bureau of Government Laboratories of the Philippine Islands. Science (1904), n. s. 20, 105-109. 1. Description of the new buildings of the Bureau of Government Labor- atories by Paul C. Freer. IJ. A Catalogue of the Library of the Bureau of Government Laboratories by Mary Polk. Pub. Bur. Gov. Labs. (1905), No. 22, 320 pp., 28 pls. Plague and late cholera epidemic in the Philippine Islands. Jil. Med. Journ. (1905), 7, 346. Accidental inoculation with the virus of plague. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc. (1907), 48, 1264-1265. The action of sodium on acetone, by Raymond Foss Bacon and Paul C. Freer. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1907), 2, 67-76. A consideration of some of the modern theories in relation to immunity. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. B (1907), 2, 71-81. The new Philippine Medical School established by the Government of the Philippine Islands. Science (1907), 26, 600-602. The free dispensary of the Philippine Medical School. Editorial. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. B (1908) 3, 352-853. The Philippine Islands Medical Association. Editorial. Phil. Journ. Sci., See. B (1908), 3, 188. Address at the commencement exercises of the Philippine Medical School. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. B (1909), 4, 71-75. The oe Medical School. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc. (1909), 52, 271- ee ee eee ee Re ee PAUL C, FREER, CHEMIST. xli Commencement address, Philippine Medical School. Bull. Manila Medical Society (1910), 2, 72-73. Interesting things to see and do in the Philippines. The Manila Times. First annual edition (1910), 22, 23. Threading the Archipelago. Philippine Resources (1910), 1, 17-21. The study of Manila copal. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1910), 5, 171-172. The tropical sunlight. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. B (1910), 5, 1-20. The Bureau of Science. Merchants’ Asso. Rev. (1911), 1, No. 5, 1-5. Medical education in the Philippines. Manila Times. Second annual edi- tion (1911), 30-81. The result of the past two years’ work in the study of tropical sunlight. Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. B (1912), 7, 1-28. [Abstract in Med. Rec. (1912), 81, 682.] Tropical sunlight. Pop. Sci. Month. (1912), 80, 521-529. 112297—iv “ONIGTING NIVW “SON3IOS 40 NvayNa [2161 ‘Y4aWaN IviMOWs “IOS “NYNOLf “IH [, 1911, Sealer ‘ie auspices of the: Chiees Goverment. aes F THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE C. BOTANY VoL. VII APRIL, 1912 No. 1 NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, IV. By OAKES AMES. (From the Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Mass., U. S. A.) The following paper contains descriptions of twenty-seven new species from the Philippine Islands, one genus, heretofore unrecorded as a native of the Philippines, and one species, namely Dendrobium angustifolium Blume, a native of Java, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula, which is an-addition to the list of Philippine plants. Cestichis Cumingii (Ridley) Ames is here included as a distinct species. In Orchidaceae 1:13, doubts were expressed as to its distinctness from C. compressa. From careful studies of C. com- pressa, as represented by Javan material, and of C. Cumingii, as represented by the specimens collected by Weber on Mount Mariveles, I am convinced that two species are before us. What is true of C. Cumingii is true of numerous other Philippine or- chids which have close allies in Java and the Malay Peninsula. A general similarity undoubtedly exists, but comparative studies of each individual case show differences, the sum of which in- dicate clearly that there are constant differentiating traits of specific value. This fact becomes more and more apparent with each case studied and makes it seem highly probable that many Philippine plants which have been referred to extra-limital species will be found, after critical examination, to be distinct 108801 9 AMES. and endemic. An interesting example of this is offered by the genus Dendrochilum in the Philippines, which is composed en- tirely of endemic species, if we exclude one or two which have been ascribed to the Philippines conjecturally on evidence too slight for recognition. HABENARIA Willd. Habenaria Curranii sp. nov. Planta 6 dm alta, foliis paulum infra medium partem caulis congestis, lanceolatis, acuminatis. Sepala lateralia lanceolata, vel lineari-lanceolata, aristata, sepalum superius simile, lanceo- latum, acuminatum, cucullatum. Petala bipartita, lacinia pos- terior linearia, lacinia anterior posteriori similis sed longior, 4.5 em longa. Labellum usque ad basim tripartitum; laciniae laterales media longiores, filiformes; lacinia media 1.7 cm longa. Calcar. prope apicem subdilatatum, processus stigmatis promi- nentes. Plant tall, slender throughout, leaves five or more, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 7.5 to 11 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, clustered near the middle of the stem or lower, about 2 dm above the roots. Bracts of the stem sheathing, those above the leaves acuminate, aristate, about 2 cm long. Raceme slender, elongated, smooth, many-flowered (about 20), flowers greenish. Bracts of the inflorescence aristate, about equaling the flowers, ovary and pedicel about 2 cm Jong, smooth. Lateral sepals spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 3-nerved, acuminate, aristate, about 1 cm long, 2mm wide. Upper sepal similar to but shorter than the laterals, 7.5 mm long. Petals bipartite, posterior divi- sion (free from the dorsal sepal?) linear, 1 em long, anterior division filiform, 4.5 cm long. Labellum tripartite, lateral divi- sions much longer than the middle one, filiform, about 4 cm long (!), middle division broader than the laterals, about 0.5 mm wide, 1.7 cm long. Stigmatie processes elongated, tapering, longer than the anther-canals. Spur stout, somewhat inflated near the tip, about 2.4 em long. Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Lalloc, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 17138, February 22, 1909: Benguet Subprovince, Sablan,- E. Fénix, Bur. Sci. 12578, December 6, 1910. _ Similar in habit to H. ponerostachys Reichb. f., but unlike that species in the size and structure of the flowers. It is also like H. aristulifera Reichb. f., but the floral divisions are conspicuously longer in H. Curranit. Habenaria Delessertiana Kranzl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 1: 283. Kranzlin cites Cuming’s 2086 as the type of this species, but under Habenaria muricata Vidal (H. hystrix Ames) he also cites this number of | | | | | | 4 “ag | | A NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 3 the same collection without any allusion to a mixture having been made in the distribution of Cuming’s specimens. In my studies of the material collected for the Bureau of Science I have examined two series of specimens which are clearly referable to H. Delessertiana, being chiefly characterized by the linear petals, protuberant in part at the base, by the aristate sepals, and by the middle lobe of the labellum being about one-fourth longer than the lateral lobes. Another characteristic is the crowding of the oblong-lanceo- late leaves near the middle of the stem. All of the material distributed as 2086 of Cuming’s collections which I have examined is referable to Habenaria hystrix, and as H. muricata Vidal this number is listed in “Phanerogamae Cumingianae Philippinarum.” (H. muricata is a synonym of H. hystrix). Krianzlin cites “Calananz?” as the habitat of H. Delessertiana. The material from Luzon which I have examined was collected at Calauan (written on the field label as Calauang). May not the localities in question be identical, Kriinzlin’s “Calananz?” being the same as Calauang?' Luzon, Province of Laguna, Calauan, R. C. McGregor, Bur. Sci. 12407, November 30,1910. MINDANAO, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens 865, November, 1906. Habenaria Mearnsii sp. nov. Habitu H. clavellatae (Michx.) Spreng. haud dissimilis. Folia oblongi-elliptica et lineari-lanceolata. Bracteae inflorescentiae ovariis longiores, excedentes flores infimos. Sepala lateralia lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, subfalcata. Sepalum superius ellipticum, obtusum. Petala simplicia, oblonga, obtusa. Label- lum simplex, linearis; prope basim labelli tuberculum. Calcar ovario brevius. Tuberoids fleshy (3 ?). Plants 1.4 to 3.6 dm tall, strict, few- leaved, in leafage somewhat resembling H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Lowermost leaf elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 cm long, 1.3 to 2 cm wide, much longer than those above it, which are bract-like and about 4 in number. Upper leaves linear, acute, the uppermost one about 1 cm long, linear, acute. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, lower ones exceeding the flowers. Raceme 4.7 cm long, many-flowered, flowers pale-green. Lateral sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subfalcate, obtuse, 3.5 mm long, about 2 mm wide near the base. Upper sepal elliptic, obtuse, 3 mm long. Petals simple, oblong, obtuse, 3 mm long, 1.25 mm wide. Labellum 4mm long, 1 mm wide, simple, fleshy, linear, tapering toward the tip, with a fleshy retrorse callus or Ae *“Calananz” is unquestionably a misprint for Calauan, or Calauang as it is frequently spelled. Cuming collected in Calauan from the end of Sep-- tember to the 15th of December, 1836, according to a letter written by him from Manila Dec. 24, 1836, to Sir W. J. Hooker, now preserved in Hooker’s correspondence at Kew. There is no town by the name of Calananz in the Philippines. E. D. M. 4 AMES. protuberance near the base. Spur 5 to 6 mm long, slender, not at all inflated. Stigmatic processes wanting or very much reduced. Luzon, Subprovince of Benguet, Pauai, Major E. A. Mearns, Bur. Sci. 4818, July, 1907; Mount Pulog, R. C. MeGregor, Bur. Sci. 8815, 8835, in grass lands near the summit, July 3 and 4, 1909. H. Mearnsii is similar in its leafage and general appearance to H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng., although totally dissimilar in the details of the inflorescence. The gyno- stemium of the flowers examined was so pressed out of shape that it was impossible to describe it with fullness. Habenaria ponerostachys Reichb. f. in Bonplandia 3: 213; Kranzlin in Engler’s Jahrb. 16: 179; Gen. et Sp. Orch. 1: 385. This species was described by Reichenbach in 1855 from material collected in the Philippines by Hugh Cuming (no. 2095). The next reference to the species was made by Kranzlin in Engler’s “Jahrbiicher” and subsequently in “Genera et Species Orchidacearum.” In the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History there is one of Cuming’s specimens from the Philippines (no. 2095) which it is reasonable to suppose represents H. ponerostachys, but in several details it is not in agreement with Reichen- bach’s description. Krinzlin’s description, on the other hand, is quite satisfactory. In Engler’s “Jahrbiicher,” Kranzlin states that Reichenbach drew up his description from a depauperate specimen preserved in the Boissier Herbarium. In April, 1910, Mr. Merrill secured specimens from the Island of Negros which are almost a perfect match for the specimen of Cuming 2095, preserved in the British Museum of Natural History. These, I believe, are clearly referable to H. ponerostachys. DESCRIPTION: Plant 2 to 5 dm tall, very slender, with several sheathing, obtuse or acute bracts below the leaves. Leaves clus- tered 7 to 14 cm above the stout fleshy roots, lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, acute, shortly aristate, 3 to 9 cm long, 1.6 to 2.7 cm wide. Spicate raceme 6 to 25 cm long, very slender, many- flowered. Bracts lanceolate, erect, acute, 5 to 10 mm long, about equaling the matured capsules. Lateral sepals elliptic, 2.5 to 3 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide. Upper sepal ovate, about equal to the laterals. Petals asymmetrically ovate, blunt, 1—nerved, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, simple. Labellum 3-lobed, similar to that of Peristylus tentaculatus J. J. Smith, 3 mm long to tip of middle lobe. Lateral lobes linear, longer than the middle one, abruptly curved at the tip, 2 mm long. Middle lobe gradually tapering to the obtuse tip, 1.5 mm long, about 1 mm wide. Spur longer than the lip, slender at base, dilated toward the tip, about 5 mm long. Necros, Canlaon Voleano, Elmer D. Merrill 7022, April, 1910. Terres- ana on forested ridges, about 1500 m above sea level, flowers greenish- NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 5 Habenaria Robinsonii sp. nov. Folia \inearia, acuta. Gua aristatae. Pedunculus glab- ratus. Flores albi, 1 ad 4. Bracteae inflorescentiae aristatae. Sepala lateralia oblongi-ovata, subacuta, 3-nervia. Sepalum su- perius cucullatum, obtusum. Petala spathulata, obtusa, 1-nervia. Labellum 4-lobatum; lobi laterales cuneati, truncati, lobi termi- nales rotundati. Calcar 4.7 cm longum. Whole plant from 10 to 27 cm high (including the inflo- rescence). Bulbs elongated, roots fleshy. Leaves linear, acu- minate, 5 to 13 cm long, 4 to 9 mm wide (average about 6 mm), slightly contracted at the base, sheathing, passing rather abruptly into the sheathing, aristate bracts. Bracts 3 or more, 2 to 3.5 cm long, long-aristate. Raceme glabrous, slender, flowers 1 to 4 (rarely 4). Floral bracts 2 to 3 em long, aristate, sheathing. Pedicel, together with the ovary, about 2 cm long, glabrous. Flowers large, white (in general aspect recalling H. militaris). Lateral sepals defiexed, oblong-ovate, subacute, 8-nerved, about 7 mm long, 4 mm wide. Upper sepal cucullate, obtuse, about 8 mm long. Petals simple, spathulate, rounded at the apex, 1-nerved, 8 mm long, 2 mm wide near tip. Labellum ‘very large in comparison with the other perianth-organs, about 2 cm long, 2.5 em wide, four-lobed, basal lobes cuneate, the free end obliquely truncated, 12 mm long, 9 mm wide at the tip, many-nerved. Front lobes separated from the basal ones by a narrow isthmus 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, semi-rotund, margin slightly crenulate. (The front lobes might be more properly designated as the bifid or cleft middle lobe of the lip.) Stigmatic processes prominent, tapering, somewhat decurved, 2.5 mm long. Spur slender, longer than the ovary, 4.7 cm long. Luzon, Province of Laguna, Molauin River, C. B. Robinson, Bur. Sci. 9666, Feb. 2, 1910, on rocks in the river, 50 to 150 m above sea level; Elmer D. Merrill 6206, Feb. 9, on mossy boulders in stream bed. This very beautiful species bears a striking similarity to H. militaris from which it is readily distinguished by its very different leaves, long- aristate bracts, and white flowers. Habenaria rosulata sp. nov. Folia rosulata, linearia, acuta. Bracteae aristatae. Flores 3 vel 4, albi. Bracteae inflorescentiae acutae, ovariis breviores. Sepala lateralia ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, subacuta. Sepalum superius ovatum. Petala linearia, 1-nervia, obtusa, simplicia. Labellum tripartitum, laciniae laterales media longiores. Calcar inflatum, processus stigmatis hippocrepiformes. Plant 1 to 2 dm tall, slender. Roots fleshy. Leaves rosulate, about 5, linear, acute, suberect or spreading, 2 to 4.5 cm long, 6 AMES. 2 to 5 mm wide, acuminate, acute. Bracts sheathing, 3 or 4, aristate, 5 to 10 mm long. Flowers few, 2 to 4, white. Floral bracts about 5 mm long, about one-third as.long as the pedicel and ovary, aristate. Lateral sepals narrowly ovate, subacute, larger than the dorsal one, about 7 mm long, by 3 mm wide. Upper sepal ovate, cucullate, about 5 mm long. Petals simple, linear, 1-nerved, obtuse, 6 mm long, 1 mm wide. Labellum tripartite nearly to the base, divisions filiform, about equally wide, the laterals longer than the middle one, laterals about 1.3 cm long, middle division 7 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Spur about 13 mm long, slender near the opening, dilated from about the middle, resembling the abdomen of an ichneumon fly. Anther canals about equaling the stigmatic processes. Stigmatic | processes cylindric, hippocrepiform. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Quinatacutan, Foxworthy & Ramos, Bur. Sci. 18203, on rocks at the edge of the stream, 75 m above sea level. Described in collector’s note as “tuber-bearing or with fleshy roots.” This species, which I have been unable to refer to any described Habe- naria, belongs, in my opinion, to the § Diphyllae. The flowers resemble those of H. falcigera, H. diphylla, etc., but the foliage is quite characteristic. GASTRODIA R. Br. Gastrodia javanica (BIl.) Lindl. PALAWAN, Napsahan, on the west coast, Elmer D. Merrill 7233, Sptember 19, 1910. “About rotten stumps along trail in dense forest. Petals yellowish, whole plant brownish, with purplish tinge; a very brittle, suc- culent, leafless saprophyte.” The genus Gastrodia has not, herepekor’> ‘been recorded as a native of the Philippines. KUHLHASSELTIA J. 3 Smith. Kuhthasseltia Merrillii. Schlechter in Fedde Repert. 9 (1911) 487. Haemaria Merrillii Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 315; Orchidaceae 3 (1908) 21, pl. 30. Doctor Schlechter, loc. cit., refers to J. J. Smith’s recently established genus Kuhlhasseltia (1910) the species which, with hesitation, I described ‘under the genus Haemaria, in my paper on the orchids collected on Mount Halcon. As stated in “Orchidaceae”? the genera which constitute the group to which Haemaria belongs are differentiated by means of characters which are not only of questionable value, in my opinion, but which are extremely perplexing when it is attempted to place in its proper position a new species of the Neottiinae-Physureae. As defined by_ Jd, J. Smith the genus Kuhlhasseltia includes Haemaria Merrillii and’ Doctor Schlechter is undoubtedly correct in his views expressed in Fedde’s “Repertorium.” But what do we gain at the present time by multiplying the genera of this puzzling section of the Orchidaceae ?~° It would seem. that an exhaus- tive monograph of the Neottiinae-Physureae should be produced before the number of genera is inordinately increased. Se 2 NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. q TROPIDIA Lindl. Tropidia calcarata sp. nov. Folia 1 (-2), ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta. Bracteae inflorescentiae lineares. Flores albi in racemo laxo. Sepala lateralia connata, scrotum conspicuum efficientia, basim labelli includens, partes terminales liberae, 3 mm longae, acutae. Sep- alum superius anguste lineari-lanceolatum. Petala lanceolata, subacuta vel obtusa. Labellum integerrimum, lanceolatum, carin- atum, calear breve ad apicem obtusum. Related to T. angulosa Bl. Terrestrial,2to3dmhigh. Stems slender, about 2 mm thick, sheathed with obtuse, tubular bracts, 1.5 to 3.4 cm long. Leaves 1 or 2 (only one bifoliate specimen among the three examined) sheathing at the base, ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, acute, many-nerved, when mature about 1 dm long, about 5 cm wide. Peduncles terminal, shorter than the leaves, erect, 5 to 9 cm long, slender; floral bracts linear about 1 cm long. Racemes 3 to5 cmlong. Flowers white, 1.3 to 1.8 cm long. Lateral sepals connate beyond the middle, at the base forming a conical spur 8 mm long which encloses the spur of the labellum, free portion about 3 mm long, acute. Upper sepal linear, acute, about 1 cm long. Petals lanceolate, subacute or obtuse, 1 cm long, 2.5 mm wide near the base, mid-nerve prom- inent. Labellum slightly sigmoid, calcarate, lamina lanceolate, the apex very slightly cucullate. Just below the middle, near the margin, two inconspicuous longitudinally extended keels are situated. Main nerves three in number, slightly prominent. Spur obtuse, about 2 mm long, curving slightly toward the ovary, blunt. Gynostemium 7 mm long, rostellum bifid, exceeding the acuminate anther. Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling, Elmer D. Merrill 7144, September 2, 1910. “Rare, only three plants seen.” Tropidia calcarata is very near T. angulosa Blume, but distinguishable from it by the leafage and by the carinae of the lip. Unfortunately I have seen very little material of T. angulosa and my . knowledge of it is chiefly based on descriptions and plates. The material from which the above description was taken consists of three specimens. The unifoliate character appears to be normal. In the single case where two leaves terminate the stem, one of them is very small and bract-like. CESTICHIS Pfitzer. Cestichis Cumingii (Ridley) Ames Orchidaceae 1: 13. Liparis Cumingii Ridley Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 22: 292. What I blieve to be this species is well represented by specimens from Mount Mariveles, recently collected by C. M. Weber. The suborbicular lip with a minute tooth at the obscurely retuse tip, the very characteristic inflorescence, and the broad, somewhat oblanceolate leaves, agree very well 8 AMES. with the specimen collected by Cuming (no. 2141) preserved in the Her- barium of the British Museum of Natural History. This species should not be confused with Cestichis compressa which is a much larger plant with a larger lip. That C. compressa is very closely allied to C. Cumingit ean not be denied, but for the present it seems wise to regard them specifically distinct. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, C. M. Weber 26, Feb- ruary 9, 1911. On trees in mossy forest, about 800 m above sea level. OBERONIA Lindl. Oberonia benguetensis sp. nov. Folia ensiformia, acuta, ad basim imbricata. Pedunculus elongatus, multo folia excedens, multibracteatus. Bracteae cir- citer 2 mm longae, setaceae. Racemus gracilis. Flores flavidi, minuti, circiter 1 mm longi. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata. Sepalum superius triangulum. Petala linearia, attenuata. Lab- ellum ad basim rotundatum, oblongum, ad apicem bilobum; lobi minuti, valde separati. Roots fibrous. Plants diminutive, about 4 cm high to the tip of the tallest leaf, stem very short. Leaves ensiform or some- what falcate, acute, the largest about 3 cm long and 4 mm across from edge to edge, fleshy. Peduncle up to 1 dm long, much longer than the leaves, beset with numerous, spreading, setaceous bracts 2 mm long. FRaceme somewhat drooping, about 5 cm long, 5 mm in diameter at the base when in flower. Flowers yellowish, irregularly verticellate, minute, exceeding the bracts. Floral bracts linear-acute, about 2 mm long, margin minutely denticulate. Pedicel and ovary 2 mm long, smooth. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, concave, about 1 mm long. Upper sepal triangular, subacute (half lanceolate). Petals linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually from the base to the subacute tip. Labellum rounded at the base, 1 mm long, from about the middle to the tip oblong, each distal angle produced into a diminutive blunt lobe, recalling, although vaguely, Oberonia similis Lindl. (which is, however, lobed at the base), lobes about 0.5 mm apart. Column minute. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Suyoc to Pauai, Elmer D. Merrill 4855, November 7, 1905. Epiphytic in mossy forest about 2,200 m above sea level. Oberonia hispidula sp. nov. ' Aff. O. mindorensi speciei quam habitu et structura haec species | conspicus simulat. Folia imbricata, ensiformia. Pedunculus elongatus, gracilis. Racemus densiflorus. Bracteae aristatae. Sepala lateralia ovata. Sepalum superius simile. Petala ovata, Ne | SSA SNS Nee ATT MORSE RM oy nase Ne pen MTS RD eee bra NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 9 integerrima. Labellum pandurata, ad apicem bilobum, lobi ro- tundi. Ovarium hispidulum. Plants caulescent, similar to Oberonia mindorensis Ames, but different in the lobing of the lip, different petals and shorter pedicels. From base to tip of uppermost leaf, between 1 and 2 dm tall. Leaves imbricating, ensiform, about 4 cm long, free portion spreading, somewhat recurved, 1 to 4 cm long, about 1 cm deep where it forms an angle with the stem. Pedunele long, slender, about 1 dm long, about 4 mm through when the flowers are expanding. Bracts linear-lanceolate, aristate, equaling or slightly exceeding the flowers. Flowers greenish, approximate. Lateral sepals ovate, 0.75 mm long. Upper sepal similar to the laterals and about equal to them in size. Petals entire, ovate, obtuse, about 0.5 mm long. Labellum pandurate, 1 mm long, nearly 1 mm wide across the tip, margin entire, deeply retuse at the apex, or cleft into two, rounded, terminal, slightly divaricate lobes. Pedicel and ovary 1.5 mm long. Ovary hispidulous. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 5124, August 20, 1906. j Oberonia Merrillii sp. nov. Planta parvula. Folia ensiformia, acuta. Pedunculus gra- cilis. Racemus elongatus. Flores verticellati. Bracteae an- gustatae, acutae. BPracteae inflorescentiae lanceolatae prope apicem, 2-dentatae. Sepala lateralia rotundata. Sepalum sup- erius ovato-oblongum. Petala orbiculata, denticulata. Label-— lum 3-lobatum. Lobi laterales minuti, rotundati, lobus medius subquadratus. Columna minuta. Plant up to 9 em tall from copious fibrous roots, acaulescent or with the stem very short, less than one quarter as long as the leaves. Leaves fleshy, equitant, ensiform, acute, 2.5 to 7 cm long, about 5 mm wide seen from the side, shorter than the inflorescence. Peduncle slender, 7 to 12 cm long, spike 4 to 9 cm long, about 4 mm in diameter when the flowers are fully expanded, below the spike beset with numerous, linear, spreading bracts 2 mm long; floral bracts lanceolate, acute, near the tip angled or 1-toothed on each side. Flowers minute, reddish, verticellate, or subverticellate, verticels 2to3 mm apart. Pedicel and ovary about 1.5 mm long, slender. Lateral sepals rotundate or round-ovate, obtuse, 0.75 mm long. Upper sepal ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 1 mm long. Petals rotund, 0.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, margin minutely denticulate. Labellum 8-lobed, 0.75 mm long. Lateral lobes minute, smaller than the middle lobe, ~ 10 AMES. roundish, margin irregular; middle lobe subquadrate, 0.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Column minute, clinandrium entire (?). ’ Luzon, Manila and vicinity (Masambong), Elmer D. Merrill 7348, No- vember 6, 1910, on trees, 6 to 8 m above sea level: Province of Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan, R. C. McGregor, Bur. Sct. 5298, September, 1908. Oberonia setigera sp. nov. : Planta parvula. Folia ensiformia vel subfalcata, obtusa vel acuta. Pedunculus elongatus. Bracteae setiformes. Sepala lat- eralia ovato-lanceolata. Sepalum superius lanceolatum, acumi- natum. FPetala serrulata. Labelluwm 3-lobatum; lobi laterales majores valde dentati; lobus medius subquadratus, integer. Roots fibrous. Plants caulescent, 6 cm tall to tip of uppermost leaf. Leaves equitant, ensiform or somewhat falcate, obtuse or acute, 2 to 4.5 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide. Peduncle 12 cm long, thickly beset below the raceme with setiform bracts nearly 1 cm long. Raceme densely many-flowered, about 7 mm in diameter when in fruit. Floral bracts very long, setiform, longer than the flowers, clustered at intervals. Flowers laven- der, minute, clustered at intervals, but the clusters approximate. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, about 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Upper sepal lanceolate, acuminate, slightly exceeding 1 mm in width. Petals fimbriate, oblanceolate, obtuse, 1mm long. Lab- ellum about 1 mm long, 3-lobed, lateral lobes much larger than the middle one, each with the margin broken up into about 7 finger-like divisions. Middle lobe minute, subquadrate. Column minute, clinandrium entire. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, H. N. Whitford 1122, March 8, 1905. The flowers of Oberonia setigera are similar to those of O. Griffithiana Lindl., but the middle lobe of the labellum is quite distinct and the setiform bracts constitute an unmistakable differentiating character. PHAIUS Lour. Phaius linearifolius sp. nov. : Folia 5, linearia, elongata, acuta. Scapus erectus, bracteis tubularibus vestitus. Bracteae inflorescentiae persistentes. Flores flavi. Sepala lateralia oblonga, falcata. Sepalum su- perius oblongi-lanceolatum, obtusum. Petala ovato-lanceolata. Labellum 3-lobatum ; lobi laterales rotundati, obtusi, lobus medius crenulatus, retusus. Discus tricarinatus. Gynostemium arcua- to-ascendens, clavatum, antice canaliculatum, dorso gibbum, facie anteriore concaviusculum et dense villosum. Stem thickened at the base, somewhat rounded, tapering upward. Leaves about 5 in number, the lowermost one about 2 NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. . ll dm above the ground, sheathing at the base, about 55 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, linear, acuminate, acute, prominently 5-nerved. Scape erect, smooth, about 6 dm long, with four, closely ap- pressed, sheathing, acute bracts about 4 cm long. Floral bracts persistent, smooth, lanceolate, acute, 1.5 to 2.6 cm long. Flowers 5.5 cm in diameter when spread out, 6 to 15 in a loose raceme, the lowermost 4cm apart. Pedicel and ovary 3 cm long, slender. Lateral sepals oblong, subacute, broadly falcate, 3 cm long, 1 to 2cm wide. Upper sepal lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 3.5 cm long, 11 mm wide. Petals ovate-lanceolate, subfalcate, obtuse, 3.2 cm long, 1.4 cm wide. Labellum obscurely three-lobed, exclud- ing the short spur, about 2.5 em long. Lateral lobes slightly shorter than the middle lobe, rounded, obtuse, obscurely cren- ulate, smooth. Middle lobe irregularly dentate, the margin crumpled or ruffled, deeply retuse at the rounded tip. Disk smooth, the three central nerves carinate above the middle, somewhat wavy, diminishing as they approach the tip. Spur cylindric, round-pointed, 7 mm long. Column comparatively stout, 1.5 cm long, hairy on the anterior surface. Pollinia 8. Flowers yellow, the ruffled margin of the middle lobe brownish. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1288, June 28, 1911, growing in brooks, 1,650 m above sea level. Phaius linearifolius belongs to the groups of which Phaius flavus is the best known species. I have refrained from identifying it with P. flavus as I find many points of dissimilarity between my material and the specimens of P. flavus examined, and also as none of the numerous diag- noses in literature describe my ‘plants adequately, and as the illustrations of P. flavus fall far short of depicting them. CALANTHE R. Br. Calanthe lacerata sp. nov. Radices lanatae. Caules abbreviati. Folia anguste lanceo- lata, acuminata, acuta, plicata. Petiolus ad basim vaginans. Scapus foliis longior, gracilis, erectus, elongatus, tomentosus, bracteis bene appressis, vaginantibus. Bracteae inflorescentiae lanceolatae, pedicellis breviores. Sepala lateralia elliptico-lance- olata vel elliptica, acuta. Sepalum superius simile. Petala oblonga ad medium satis dilatata, ad apicem truncatum, apicu- latum. Labellum 4-lobatum, lobi inferiores oblongi, subfalcati, obtusi. Lobi anteriores divaricati, cuneati, flabellati, lacerati, papillosi. In disco ultra columnam utroque calli complanati. Caicar gracilis. Roots stout, lanate. Stem very short. Leaves about 4, about 2 dm long, up to 2 cm wide, narrowly lanceolate, acute, plicate, 12 AMES. shorter than the scape, sheathing at base. Petiole narrow, sul- cate. Scape slender, tomentose, up to4dm long. Bracts closely appressed, sheathing, 1 to 2 cm long, acute, the lower ones subacute or rounded at the tip, sparsely pubescent. Raceme 4 to 9 cm long, densely many-flowered, bracts of the raceme lance- olate, 6 to 10 mm long. Pedicel and ovary about 1.5 cm long, slender, exceeding the bracts. Flowers 1 to 1.5 cm across, odorless, white, labellum purplish. Lateral sepals elliptic-lan- ceolate, acute, 6 to 8 mm long, 3 to 5 mm wide. Petals oblong, slightly dilated near the middle, truncate, apiculate, 3-nerved, 5 to 8 mm long, 2.5 to 3.5 mm wide. Labellum 1 cm long, 4-lobed. Basal lobes oblong, subfalcate, rounded at the tip, 4 mm long, about 2 mm wide, toothed in front, or almost entire, apical lobes 38 mm long, 3 mm wide across the tip, divaricate, cuneate, fla- bellate, margin lacerate-dentate, papillate. In front of the col- umn on the disk two rows of flattened, elongated calli are sit- uated. Column about 3 mm long, fleshy; ovary pubescent. Spur cylindric, or subscrotiform, 4 to 5 mm long. Pollinia 8 (4 large, 4 small). Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Elmer D. Merrill 4756, November 8, 1905, terrestrial in mossy forest along the trail, about 2,050 m above sea level: Province of Tayabas, Mount Banahao, H. N. Whitford 960, at 1,700 m above sea level: Lepanto Subprovince, Mount Data, Elmer D. Merrill 4582, November 4, 1905, in damp shared ravine, mossy forest, about 2,100 m above sea level. The specimen collected on Mount Banahao, by Whitford, has broader mtr than the type (5 cm), but appears to be similar in the details of the flower. Calanthe Ramosii sp. nov. Planta foliosa. Folia oblongi-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, nervosa, in petiolum vaginantem angustata. Scapus tomentosus, elongatus, bracteis bene appressis, obtusis, vaginantibus, tubula- ribus. Bracteae inflorescentiae deciduae. Racemus laxus, pedi- cellus cum ovario pubescens. Sepala lateralia extus pubescen- tia, anguste lanceolata, acuminata. Sepalum dorsale simile. Petala lineari-lanceolata, acuta. Labellum 3-lobatum. Lobi laterales acuti. Lobus medius valde emarginatus, apiculatus, crenulatus. In disco ultra columna utroque callus carinatus. Calear o. Plant leafy, from stout elongated roots. Stem thickened at base, attenuated, about 15 cm long, terminated by 3 to 5 leaves. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, about 2 dm long, up to 3 cm wide, plicate, sheathing, conspicuously 5-nerved, with numerous less conspicuous nerves. Scape longer than the leaves, NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 13 finely pubescent above, with several, tubular, obtuse, sheathing, closely appressed bracts about 2 cm long. Raceme loosely flow- ered, bracts deciduous. Pedicels slender, finely pubescent, 1 cm long. Ovary pubescent, about 8 mm long. Color of the flowers not noted. Lateral sepals 11 mm long, 3 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent. Upper sepal similar to the laterals and about equal to them. Petals 8 mm long, 2 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth. Labellum 7 mm long, 3-lobed. Lateral lobes directed forward, 3 mm long, acuminate, acute, margin slightly crenulate. Middle lobe flabellate, deeply emar- ginate, apiculate, margin crenulate or blunt-toothed. Disk smooth with two semi-elliptic carinae one on each lateral nerve in front of the column, fleshy, pubescent. Spur none. Luzon, Province of Zambales, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 4987, December 14, 1907. EULOPHIA R. Br. Eulophia Vanoverberghii sp. nov. Planta gracilis. Folia? Racemus laxus, bracteae lineares. Pedicelli graciles. Sepala lateralia ligulato-oblonga, obtusa. Sepalum superius simile. Petala anguste elliptica. Labellum 3-lobatum; lobi laterales haud conspicui, minuti, obtusi, lobus medius oblongus, obtusus. Discus papillosus, ultra columnam utroque callus carinatus. Plants slender, 2 to 4 dm tall from a large corm. Scape sheathed at the base by several, nervose, tubular, imbricating bracts, near the middle 1- or 2-bracteate. (Leaves absent at flowering time, not seen.) Raceme loosely flowered, 10 to 15 cm long. Bracts of the raceme linear, about 1 cm long, about equaling the pedicellate ovary, erect or slightly spreading. Pedicels slender, smooth, about 7 mm long; ovary smooth, about 5 mm long at the period of anthesis. Flowers about 1 cm long, erect. Lateral sepals 1.4 cm long, 3.5 mm wide, ligulate- oblong, obtuse, green. Upper sepal similar to the laterals, slightly shorter. Petals 1 cm long, about 5 mm wide, narrowly elliptic, rounded at the tip, green. Labellum 1.3 cm long, 7 mm wide at the tip, oblong, very obscurely 3-lobed, the lateral lobes minute and inconspicuous, margin wavy or fluted, nerves papillose, disk bilamellate at base. Sac obtuse, 1 mm long. Column about 11 mm long. Pollinia 2. The labellum is de- scribed by the collector as being yellow and all the perianth organs as being marked with red lines. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 336, April 2, 1910. “Root edible;” found 1,350 meters above sea level on hillocks. 14 AMES. DENDROBIUM Sw. Dendrobium albayense sp. nov. (§ Aporum, Hemiphylla). Cum D. cuneato Schltr. comparandum videtur, a quo tamen foliis differt. Caulis ad basim teres, foliosus, compressus, anceps. Folia disticha, lanceolata a latere visa. Sepala late- ralia triangulari-ovata, obtusa. Sepalum superius oblongum obtusum, subquadratum. Petala ligulata, obtusa. Labellum cuneatum ad apicem 3-lobatum. Lobi laterales divaricati, obtusi. Lobus medius obtusus. Prope apicem labelli callus bilobus. Mentum brevem, obtusum, rotundatum. Plants up to 3 dm in length, simple or with a few branches, leafy to about the middle, floriferous portion of the stem leafless. Leaves distichous, lanceolate, acute, when viewed from the side, 1.5 to 3 cm long from tip to point of insertion; at the middle of the leafy part of the stem 1.5 cm long from tip to inner angle formed with the stem; free portion up to 1 cm wide.. Lateral sepals fleshy, broad, triangular-ovate, subacute or obtuse, about 3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Upper sepal fleshy, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, rounded at the tip. Petals ligulate, obtuse, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Labellum equaling the lateral sepals, 3.5 mm wide at the tip, obscurely 3-lobed in front, lateral lobes divaricate, obtuse, about 1 mm long to the angle formed with middle lobe, middle lobe shorter than the laterals, obtuse, forming with the cuneate-bilobed callus above it a shallow pocket. Mentum rounded, about 1.5 mm long. Column 1 mm long. ; Luzon, Province of Albay, A. Loher 6018, June 26, 1905, plant flowering in Manila. “Flowers odorless, petals with purple lines.” _Dendrobium angustifolium (Blume) Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 76. Desmotrichum angustifolium Blume Bijdr. 330; Kranzlin in Engl. Pflanzenreich 45 (1910) 350. The material which I refer to this species exhibits several slight variations from authentic specimens of D. angustifoliwm. These slight variations seem to me unimportant. I have exam- ined living material collected by Elmer D. Merrill on Mount Mariveles in 1905. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 708, 709, July 28, 1910: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, R. S. Williams 674: Province of Rizal, San Isidro, M. Ramos, Bur. Sci. 12128, June 24, 1910. Dendrobium basilanense sp. nov. Caulis compressus, anceps. Folia disticha, lanceolata, acuta. Flores albi, terminales. Sepala lateralia, oblonga, acuta. Sep- NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 15 alum superius lanceolatum. Petala lineari-lanceolata. Label- lum lineari-oblongum, ad apicem bilobum. In leafage and in the bilobed tip of the labellum similar to Dendrobium aloifolium Reichb. f. Stems simple or branching, 1 to 4 dm tall or even taller. Leaves distichous, extending along the stem from the base to the summit, gradually diminishing in size, from the point of insertion of the sheathing base to the tip 1 to 2 cm long (average somewhat exceeding 1.5 cm), free portion of the leaf lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm long from inner angle to tip. Inflorescence terminal, floriferous part of the stem up to 2 cm long. Pedicels arising from small heads of minute bracts. Pedicel and ovary 3mm long. Lateral sepals 8 mm long, oblong, acute. Upper sepal 2.75 mm long, lanceo- late. Petals linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, obtuse or subacute, 2.25 mm long, slightly less than 1 mm wide. Labellum 3 mm long, 1 mm wide at base, linear-oblong, slightly dilated below the middle, above the middle contracted, the tip deeply retuse, or cleft, the lobes 1 mm long, obtuse. At the point where the lip is contracted, a transversely situated fleshy callus occurs. Mentum obtuse, about 2 mm long. Column 1 mm long. BASILAN, W. I. Hutchinson, For. Bur. 3968, January 23, 1906. Dendrobium basilanense is nearly allied to D. aloifolium, from which it is to be distinguished by the linear-oblong labellum, scarcely, if at all, broader near the middle than at the tip. In his monograph of the Dendrobiinae* Doctor Krianzlin cites D. Merrillii Ames Orch. 2: 181, as a synonym of D. aloifolium. I believe this is clearly the result of an error in judgment. D. Merrillii is unlike D. aloifolium in leafage and has an entire or obscurely retuse middle lobe of the labellum. With the original description of D. Merrillii mention was made of two collections, one Merrill 3857, and one Loher 6017. On the sheet of Loher’s specimen in my herbarium I find in A. A. Eaton’s handwriting “Not aloifolium.” This note was made when’ Eaton and I were comparing the Philippine species of § Aporum with the specimens preserved at the British Museum of Natural History and at Kew. Doctor Kranzlin refers to Merrill 8357 in the geographical notes under D. aloifolium and from the exclamation mark after the number it would seem that he had examined the type. Yet, he makes no revision in the description of D. aloifoliwm which accounts for the inclusion of material which has a three-lobed labellum with the apical lobe oblong, and inconspicuously, if at all, retuse at the tip. D. merrillii Ames is also given by Kranzlin‘ under his “Species Dendrobii imperfecte notae.” Dendrobium Brongniartii Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 45 (1910) 210. This is a robust species of § Aporum. The flowers are de- scribed by collectors some as white, some as yellow, others as * Engl. Pflanzenreich 45 (1910) 206. *L e¢. 299. 16 AMES. reddish, but these differences are very likely the result of difference in age of the flower; the color turning from white to brown as it matures. In all cases I have been unable to identify the material at hand by an analysis of a flower, but where an examination has been possible the perianth organs agree with Krinzlin’s description. In a specimen collected by W. S. Lyon I was able to find perfect pollen masses. These are four in number. Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo, F. W. Foxworthy, Bur. Sci. 3029, June 18, 1907, on stunted trees in small rocky desert, flowers white and fragrant, bracts yellow; Bur. Sci. 2617, April 26, 1907, on plain of coarse sand on trees: Province of Rizal, Ahern’s collector, For. Bur. $804, September, 1905; Bosoboso, M. Ramos, Bur. Sci. 5639, November 30, 1909, fis. pure white, bracts yellow; Montalban, W. Schultze, Bur. Sci. 5620, May 25, 1908, flower white, fragrant, basal bracts yellow: Province of Cagayan, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 16844, March 9, 1909: Province of Tayabas, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 9651, March 22, 1908: Province of Camarines, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 11345, May 10, 1908. MINDANAO, Province of Surigao, F. H. Bolster 378, August 15, 1906, epiphyte on trees, flowers yellow: District of Davao, Malalag, E. B. Copeland 692, March 28, 1904, ephiphyte, and on rocks over the sea: District of Zamboanga, H. N. Whitford and W. I. Hutchinson, For. Bur. 9207, January, 1908, altitude above the sea 150 meters, flowers white. BASILAN, W. I. Hutchinson, For. rtrd 4018, February 10, 1906, growing on tree near beach, flower brownish- yellow. Dendrobium Clemensiae sp. nov. Caules uniarticulati, monophylli. Folium oblongum. Sepala petalaque ad basim triangularia in caudas longas producta. La- bellum 3-lobatum costis 2 usque ad basim lobi medii percurren- tibus. Lobi laterales obtusi, parvi. Lobus medius linearis ad apicem dilatatus, acutus, medio papillosus. : Stem uniarticulate, somewhat stouter at the base than at the tip, rugose when dry, 7 to 14 cm long, monophyllous. Leaf narrowly oblong, fleshy, rigid, unequally bilobed at the tip, 11 to 15 cm long, 11 to 14 mm wide. Peduncle slender, weak, about 5 cm long, 1-flowered, from the summit of the stem, ter- minal, sheathed by an elongated spathe 3.5 to 4 cm long. Late- ral sepals about 5 cm long, triangular at the base, prolonged into a long, slender, filiform tail. Upper sepal similar to the laterals, about 5 cm long. Petals similar to the sepals, but shorter and more slender, about 4.5 cm long. Labellum up to 1.8 cm long, 3-lobed, suborbicular at base, abruptly continued from between the small, obtuse, lateral lobes into a linear, papil- lose limb which terminates in a lanceolate, membranaceous a tae NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 17 lamina; orbicular base about 5 mm long, 6 to 7 mm wide, with a membranaceous, sulcate lamina on each side of the middle nerve which extends beyond. the lateral lobes, the linear papil- lose portion about 1 cm long, lamina about 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Foot of the column 4 mm long. MINDANAO, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens 508, April, 1906: Necros, W. S. Lyon 40, December, 1907, “epiphyte, pedicel green, base of perianth pure white, prolongations of sepals and petals lemon-yellow.” This species, which is closely allied to Dendrobium filiforme J. J. Smith, belongs to the section which, in his recent monograph, Doctor Kranzlin has established as the genus Diplocaulobium, characterized by a uniarticulate stem, 3-lobed crested labellum, and ephemeral flowers. Dendrobium longi- colle Lindl., another species of this section, has been reported from the Philippines, but without sufficient authority. Dendrobium lunatum Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 4. In my preceding paper,’ I referred Dendrobium lunatum Lindl. to the synonymy of D. indivisum Miquel. Further studies have convinced me that this proceeding was a matter of. mistaken judgment. From the material referred by me to D. indivisum, D. lunatum differs slightly in foliage and also slightly in the labellum. The leaves are not so spreading as in D. indivisum, their tips pointing more exactly in the same direction as the stem. The labellum of D. lunatum is not 3-lobed, although in my specimens it is hardly so reniform or lunate as shown in the sketch preserved with the Cuming specimen from the Philippines in Lindley’s Herbarium. The flowers of both species are whitish or yellowish with purple streaks. According to Krinzlin’s recent monograph Dendrobium indivisum Miquel (not Bl.) and D. distichum (Presl) Reichb. f., are conspecific. The specimens previously referred by me to D. indiviswm Miquel belong to D. distichum (Presl) Reichb. f. The specimens of D. lunatum which I have examined come from Palawan, F. W. Foxworthy, Bur. Sci. 907, May 6, 1906. Dendrobium MacGregorii sp. nov. (§ Aporum, Hemiphylla). Caulis ad basim teres, foliosus, compressus, anceps. Folia disticha, lanceolata, a latere visa lanceolata. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, subacuta. Sepalum superius oblongi- ovatum, obtusum. Petala lineari-oblonga, obtusa. Labellum cuneato-spathulatum, ad apicem trilobatum, lobi rotundati, ob- tusi, laterales obscuri, medius obtusus. Mentum obtusum. Plants (somewhat resembling D. teloense J. J. Smith, but with very different leaves) leafy to about the middle, slender and nearly terete at the base, about 5 dm tall. Leaves about 8.5 cm long from the tip to point of insertion, 1.5 to 2 cm long from tip to angle formed by the inner edge of the leaf and * This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 52. 108801 —2 18 AMES. the stem, free portion lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm wide meas- ured perpendicularly. At about the middle of the stem the leaves suddenly decrease in size and give place to bract-like leaves 5 to 10 mm long, where they are free, which are closely appressed, their tips erect and nearly touching the stem. From the bases of these bracts, at intervals, the flowers break through. Flowers pale-yellowish-white with two lines of dark-carmine on the lip. Lateral sepals 3 mm long, triangular-lanceolate, subacute. Upper sepal oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, about 3 mm long, slightly less than 1 mm wide. Labellum cuneate-spathulate, 3-lobed in front, the side lobes rounded, the middle lobe half-elliptic, obtuse, rounded (in dried specimens the margin of each lateral lobe appears to have been stained with carmine). In general outline the lip resem- bles that of D. Merrillii, and appears to be minutely papillose on the disk near the base of the middle lobe. Mentum obtuse, 2mm long. Column 2 mm long. POLILLo, R. C. McGregor, Bur. Sci. 10457, epiphytic in mangrove swamp, October 12, 1909. Dendrobium parcifiorum Reichb. f. ex Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 (1859) 4. D. Jenkensii Griff. in Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. (1854) 367, t 25. D. kentrophyllum Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 725; Icon. Plant. t. 2021. D. marivelense Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 180. The above is the bibliographical history of the species which in my second volume of “Orchidaceae” I described as a novelty under the name D. marivelense. In his monograph of the “Dendrobiinae” Doctor Kranzlin concluded that D. parciflorum and D. marivelense should be regarded as conspecific, In addition to the locality given in Orchidaceae 2: 180, the following is of interest: MINDANAO, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mary Strong Clemens 611, June, 1906. Dendrobium Ramosii sp. nov. Caules gracilis, gerentes folia circiter 18. Folia linearia, acuta in anthesi decidua. Flores pallide rosei vel purpurei, in pedun- culis brevibus. Sepala lateralia oblonga, obtusa, ad apicem cucul- lata. Sepalum superius oblongum, obtusum. Petala ovato- oblonga, denticulata. Labellum cuneato-obovatum, unguicu- latum, prope basin callus hippocrepiformis. Caules foliosi et florigeri simul exstant. Plant very slender, about 3 dm tall, leafy, about 2 mm thick near the base. Leaves distichous, linear, acute, about 7 cm aaa ta NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 19 long, about 6 mm wide, base sheathing. Sheathing bases of the leaves tubular, in dried specimens tinged with purple, about 1 cm long. Flowers pale-purplish, in short lateral racemes. Peduncle 1 cm long. Bracts lanceolate, purplish, 2 mm long. Pedicellate ovary about 1 cm long, pedicel very slender. Flowers about 5, about 1 cm long, with a sharply curved mentum. Late- ral sepals oblong, obtuse, somewhat cucullate at the tip, 3 mm wide. Upper sepal cucullate, lanceolate, 6 mm long. Petals ovate-oblong, rounded at the tip, 6 mm long, 3 mm wide, margin minutely denticulate. Labellum 12 mm long, 6 mm wide near the tip, simple, cuneate-obovate, sharply bent at the base to conform to the curved (genuflected) mentum, finely denticulate along the margin of the rounded, broad tip. In front of the column-foot the lip is dilated (nearly orbicular), then contracted at the point where a hippocrepiform membranaceous callus is situated, beyond the callus the limb is cuneate obovate, with three prominent longitudinal central nerves. In some flowers the mentum is so much curved that the blunt apex points in the same direction as the sepals and petals. Luzon, Lepanto Subprovince, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 7049, January, 1909. Dendrobium Ramosii belongs in the same section with D. O’Brienianum Kranzl., and D. Epidendropsis Krinzl., two Philippine species which are characterized by the sharply bent mentum. From both it is very distinct in foliage and in the color and size of the flowers. I have seen two other collections from the Philippines which appear to be referable to this species. The leaves and stems are longer than in the specimens gathered by Ramos, but the flowers are very similar, the lip varying slightly in outline. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Father M. Vanoverbergh 9, 1,300 meters above sea level, January 8, 1910: Benguet Subprovince, Bugias, Elmer D. Merrill 4682, October 28, 1905. 3 Dendrobium ventricosum Krinzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 45 (1910) 209. Luzon, Province of Zambales, A. Loher 6004, June 11, 1905, flowers greenish-yellow, with purple lines. MINDANAO, Butuan Subprovince, Agusan River, Talacogon, C. M. Weber 176, epiphyte, flower light-green, July 20, 1911: District of Davao, Rev. R. F. Black, August, 1906, “flowers white, blue-veined inside;” from same locality, Black, 1909 Apparently a very variable species. The material which I have examined would seem to indicate that the labellum vagies considerably in the condition of the anterior margin which may be minutely and inconspicuously denticu- late or almost fringed. In the specimen collected by Rev. R. F. Black the margin of the lateral and middle lobes is lacerate-denticulate. My understanding of Doctor Krinzlin’s D. ventricoswm is based on his original description; I have not seen the type. 20 AMES. ERIA Lindl. Eria (Mycaranthes) Vanoverberghii sp. nov. Planta robusta, erecta, foliosa. Folia ligulata, coriacea, acuta, disticha. Pedunculi terminale, circiter 6 bracteae imbricatae. Bracteae inflorescentiae lineari-lanceolatae, acutae, circiter 1.5 em longae. Pedunculus rhachisque sericeo-pubescens. Pedicel- lus et ovarium pubescentia. Sepala externe pubescentia. Sep- ala lateralia oblonga, 5-nervia. Sepalum dorsale oblongi-lan- ceolatum. Petala oblonga, obtusa. Labellum 3-lobatum. Lobi laterales obtusi; lobus medius quadratus, apiculatus, callus parvus ad basim labelli; prope apicem labelli tuberculum permag- num; utroque in disco callus carinatus lobis lateralibus parallelus. Plant robust, erect, probably 10 dm high (only upper part seen), leafy. Leaves ligulate, coriaceous, acute, sheathing, dis- tichous, about 20 cm long, up to 22 mm wide. Inflorescences several (as many as 6) sheathed by large, imbricating bracts. Peduncles rather stout, about 2 dm long, whitish-pubescent. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, crowded, reflexed, the lower- most exceeding 2 cm in length, about 5 mm wide, longer than the densely pubescent flowers. Lateral sepals oblong, acute, 5- nerved, densely pubescent on the exterior surface, 7 mm long, 3.5 mm wide. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, 7 mm long, 3 mm wide, 5-nerved. Petals oblong, or nearly elliptical, obtuse, 5 mm long, about 2 mm wide. Labellum 3-lobed, 6 mm long. Lateral lobes triangular, obtuse, from the tip to base of sinus formed with middle lobe 1.5 mm long, middle lobe subquadrate, apiculate, 3 mm long, 4.5 mm wide. Calli 4, one in the middle of the base, one on each side near the sinus formed by the middle and lateral lobes, each continued from the free forward protruding apex to near the base of the lip, passing into a gradually diminishing keel, one at the apex, a large triangular, obtuse, erect tooth-like callus, 2 mm high, laterally flattened with the apex slightly re- flexed. Column very short, free portion almost none. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 789, August 27, 1910, 1,550 meters above sea level. Eria Vanoverberghii is near Fria longibracteata Leavitt, but is unlike it in the dense inflorescence, large flowers, and very different calli. PHREATIA Lindl. Phreatia (§ Euphreatia) infundibuliformis sp. nov. Folia linearia. Pedunculus valde elongatus, prope basim fractiflexus, bracteae infundibuliformes, magnae. Racemus elongatus, gracilis. Bracteae inflorescentiae lineari-lanceolatae, acutae, ovartum pedicellum aequantes. Sepala lateralia ovato- NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 21 lanceolata. Sepalum superius oblongi-lanceolatum. Petala oblonga, angustata, obtusa. Labellum breviter unguiculatum; lamina cordatum, breviter apiculata. Colwmna minuta. Leaves linear, much shorter than the peduncle, about 9 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, asymmetrical at the tip. Peduncles elongated, somewhat zig-zag below the raceme, the angles marked by the large infundibuliform bracts, 4 or 5 in number. Bracts about 1 cm long. Peduncle 14 to 27 cm long. Raceme 8 to 14 cm long, 5 to 7 mm through in fruiting specimens. Bracts of the raceme linear-lanceolate, 3 to 7 mm long, the lowermost ones equaling or exceeding the flowers on fruiting specimens. Flowers diminutive, white. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1 mm long. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, about 1mm long Pet- als narrowly oblong, obtuse, 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Labellum 0.75 mm long, cordate, shortly apiculate, 3-nerved, very shortly and inconspicuously unguiculate. Mentum minute. Column diminutive. MINDANAO, Province of Misamis Mount Malindang, Major E. A. Mearns & W. I. Hutchinson, For. Bur. 4611, May, 1906. Plants abundant at an altitude of 1,700 meters above sea level. From nearly related Philippine species readily distinguished by the large infundibuliform bracts below the raceme. In habit closely resembling P. myosurus (Forst.) Ames. Phreatia (§ Euphreatia) Mearnsii sp. nov. Habitu P. densiflorae haud dissimilis. Folia ligulata. Race- mus densiflorus. Bracteae inflorescentiae lanceolatae, acumina- tae. Sepala lateralia triangulari-ovata. Sepalum superius simile. Petala oblongi-ovata, obtusa. Labellum trapezoideum. In habit similar to P. Vanoverberghii and P. densiflora. Leaves ligulate, asymmetrical at the tip, up to 25 cm long, 1.6 to 2.5 em wide, coriaceous. Peduncle up to 4 dm long, exceeding the leaves, with several lanceolate sheathing bracts below the raceme. Bracts about 2 cm long, the upper ones about 1 cm long. Raceme about 1 dm long (1 cm through when the cap- sules are nearly ripe). Floral bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3.5 cm long, spreading, subrigid. Flowers yellow, numerous, crowded. Lateral sepals triangular-ovate, 1.6 mm long, sub- acute. Mentum 0.5 mm long. Upper sepal1 mm long. Petals oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1.5 to 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at about the middle. Capsule ellipsoid, 8 mm long. Pedicel and ovary in fruiting specimens about 5 mm long. MINDANAO, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, E. A. Mearns & W. I. Hutchinson, For. Bur. 4592, May, 1906. Luzon, Province of Pam- panga, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 19313, March, 1910. 22 AMES. Phreatia Mearnsii is nearly related to P. aristulifera Ames and P. Vanoverberghii Ames, but differs from them in details of the flowers. The petals of P. Mearnsii are not unguiculate nor in any sense rhombic in outline. Phreatia (§ Euphreatia) Ramosii sp. nov. Planta parvula. Folia linearia. Pedunculus folio longitudine fere aequalis vel longior. Flores albi. Sepala lateralia trian- gulari-lanceolata, obtusa. Sepalum superius ovatum, obtusum. Petala ovata, ad apicem rotundata. Labellum oblanceolatum vel obovatum. Mentum obtusum. In habit similar to Phreatia myosurus (Forst.) Ames. Plants about 1 dm tall. Leaves linear, asymmetrical at the tip, 4 to 9 cm long, up to 5 mm wide, spreading, equaling the peduncle or slightly shorter. Peduncle slender, 5 to 10 cm long, bracts sheathing, about 5 mm long, acuminate, aristate. Raceme 2 to 4 em long, about 7 mm through when the flowers are open. Flowers white, diminutive, about 1 mm apart. Floral bracts rounded, prolonged at the tip, aristate, 3 mm long, aristate tip 1.5 mm long. Pedicel and ovary 3 mm long. Lateral sepals about 2 mm long (forming a blunt mentum 0.5 mm long), triangular-lanceolate, obtuse. Upper sepal 1.75 mm _ long, broadly ovate, obtuse. Petals ovate, rounded at the tip, 1.5 mm long, about 1 mm wide. Labellum 2.5 mm long, oblanceolate or obovate, about 1 mm wide at the middle. Column simple. Luzon, Province of Abra, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sei. 7140, February 8, 1909. Epiphyte, found on small trees in forests. Phreatia sulcata J. J. Smith. In a preceding paper ° I described a new species from the Philippines as P. bracteata. An examination of additional material from Luzon convinces me that the specimens cited under P. bracteata are conspecific with P. sulcata J.J. Smith. A series of specimens from Bontoc Subprovince, Luzon, collected in June, 1911, by Father M. Vanoverbergh, No. 1289, are most certainly referable to Phreatia sulcata and compare well with specimens from Stmatra. Phreatia (§ Euphreatia) Vanoverberghii sp. nov. Habitu P. densiflorae (Bl.) Lindl. haud dissimilis sed in foliis angustior et in racemo gracilior. Folia linearia. Racemus densifiorus. Bracteae inflorescentiae aristatae. Sepala late- ralia ovata. Sepalum superius ovatum, obtusum, concavum. Petala unguiculata, rhombico-spathulata. Labellum unguicu- latum, ad basim cuneatum, super medium dilatatum, ad apicem in laminam subrhombicum dilatatum. * This Journal 4 (1909) Bot. 674. Sacee NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 23 Leaves linear, asymmetrical at the tip, 20 to 26 cm long, 1.5 to 1.7 mm wide. Peduncle up to 24 cm long, with several closely appressed bracts below the inflorescence. Raceme slen- der, about 1 cm long, very densely flowered, about 6 mm through prior to development of the capsules. Floral bracts equaling the flowers, 2.5 mm long, cuneate at the base, rounded, prolonged into a conspicuous aristate tip (cf. P. aristulifera Ames). Pedicel and ovary of expanding flowers 2 mm long. Lateral sepals about 1 mm long, ovate, forming a mentum 0.5 mm long. Upper sepal ovate from a broad base, 1 mm long, obtuse, about 1 mm wide. Petals cuneate at the base, roundish, obtuse, or rhombic above the base, 1.5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide near the tip. Labellum slightly less than 2 mm long, unguicu- late, cuneate, dilated, above the middle elliptical or subrhombic, rounded, margin entire, about 1 mm wide near the tip. Column 1 mm long. Pollinia 8. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1115, on trees, altitude 1,650 meters, February 21, 1911. Here also belongs a series of specimens with leaves 3 dm long by 13: mm wide collected in Luzon, Province of Abra, by Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 7145, altitude about 600 m, February 8, 1909. In habit similar, in a very general way, to P. densiflora (Bl.) Lindl., from which it differs in the aristate floral bracts and very slender raceme. BULBOPHYLLUM Thou. Bulbophyllum lancipetalum sp. nov. Pseudobulbi minuti. Folia elliptico-lanceolata, coriacea, acuta, prominente l-nervia. Scapus foliis brevior. Racemus strictus. - Bracteae inflorescentiae ovariis longiores lanceolatae, acumi- natae, acutae. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, ad apicem aristata. Sepalum dorsale simile, cymbiforme, acuminatum, acutum. Petala lineari-lanceolata, obtusa, pubescentia in mar- gine. Labellum lingulatum ciliolatum. Colwmna stelidiis 2. Rhizome stout, about 5 mm in diameter. Pseudobulbs small, about 1 cm long, pyriform. Leaf elliptic-lanceolate, 12 cm long, about 2.5 cm wide, coriaceous, acute, prominently nerved along the middle, tapering at base into an elongated petiole. Petiole 5 to 10 cm long, sulcate, rigid. Scape shorter than the leaves, up to 17 em tall, sheathed by about five, loose, acute bracts 9 to 13 mm long. Raceme strict, spicate, 6 to 7 cm long, about 20-flowered. Bracts of the raceme surpassing the ovaries, lan- ceolate, acuminate, acute, the largest one about 5 mm long. 24 AMES. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate from a broad base, 7 mm long, tapering into a slender bristle-like tip, at base, in front protuberant, forming a rounded mentum. Upper sepal shorter than the laterals, about 6 mm long, cymbiform, acuminate, acute. Petals linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 4 mm long, 1-nerved, somewhat thickened at the tip, very finely pubescent. Labellwm lingulate, about 4 mm long, margin ciliolate, strongly deflexed near the middle, base rotund when spread flat. Column minute with two erect stelidia. MINDANAO, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, Major E. A. Mearns & W. I. Hutchinson, For. Bur. 4608, flower yellow-white, 2,400 m above sea level, June 4, 1906. : In general habit similar to B. dasypetalum, but very distinct from that species in the details of the inflorescence. The specimen from Mindanao, Mearns & Hutchinson, For. Bur. 4601, referred tentatively to B. adenopetalum Lindl.’ appears to belong here. From B. adenopetalum it differs in its larger leaves and in the absence of eaudate tips to the lateral sepals. According to the brief description of B. braccatum given by Reichenbach f. in “Linnaea,” B. lancipetalum appears to be distinct from that species. In the Philippines there is a puzzling group of Bulbophyllums, all so closely allied that for proper interpretation a careful study of many specimens will be necessary. To this group belong B. adenopetalum and B. Ramosii characterized by caudate-tipped lateral sepals, B. dasypetalum and B. lancipetalum characterized by triangular- lanceolate lateral sepals, shortly if at all caudate, and B. braccatum which is said to have apiculate petals. At the present time, from material at hand, a thorough study of this group is being made which will be published in the near future. Bulbophyllum nutans (Lindl.) Reichb. f. in Walper’s Ann. 6: 260; Lindley in Bot. Reg. (1839) Misc. 118; Bot. Mag. t. 4418. This interesting species of the § Cirrhopetalum has come to ° hand from the Island of Polillo. The leaves are very thick, elliptic or nearly orbicular, 3 em long by 17 mm wide or there- abouts, very shortly petioled, arising from diminutive, rugose, pyriform pseudobulbs, 1 cm long. Scape 1.5 to 2 dm tall, slender, with several minute, closely appressed, acute bracts. Umbel many-fiowered, nodding. Bracts of the umbel linear, about 3 mm long, crowded. Pedicel slender, together with the ovary 5 mm long. Lateral sepals ligulate, 2 cm long. Upper sepal 5 mm long, lanceolate, prolonged into a slender, bristle- like tip, 3-nerved. Petals lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 3-nerved, about 3.5 mm long, margin of the upper half entire, margin of * Orchidaceae 2: 206. NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 25 the lower half ciliated or serrulated. Labellum diminutive, lingu- ' late, about 2 mm long, obtuse, fleshy, bicristate. POLILLO, C. B. Robinson, Bur. Sci. 9077, August 9, 1909, growing on Heritiera littoralis, buds deep-yellow, flowers somewhat paler. The plants figured in the “Botanical Magazine” have longer leaves, and larger pseudobulbs than the specimens from Polillo. Bulbophyllum Ramosii sp. nov. Folia oblonga, ad apicem rotundata. Scapus gracilis, brac- teis tubularibus. Flores albi. Bracteae inflorescentiae lineares. Sepala lateralia triangularia, caudata. Sepalwm superius conca- vum, lanceolatum, caudatum. Petala lineari-lanceolata, acuta, l-nervia. Labellum lingulatum, ciliatum. Coluwmna bifurcata. Plant small, to the tip of the leaf not exceeding 1dm. Rhizome comparatively slender, rooting freely. Pseudobulbs wanting, the leaves arising directly from the creeping rhizome. Leaves rigid, leathery, oblong, rounded at the tip, tapering gradually at the base, lamina up to 7 cm long, 11 mm wide, with a promi- nent mid-nerve. Scape weak, slender, longer than the leaves, up to 8 cm long, with several tubular bracts about 5 mm long below the raceme. Raceme lax, about 7-flowered. Flowers white. Bracts of the raceme linear, exceeding the pedicellate ovary, about 4 mm long. Lateral sepals triangular, prolonged into a slender caudate tip, triangular base about 3 mm long, caudate tip 5 mm long. Upper sepal shorter than the laterals, concave, lanceolate, caudate-tipped, 7 mm long. Petals linear- lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, about 3 mm long. Labellum lingu- late, strongly bent at the middle, apical half nearly 2 mm long, oblong, rounded at the tip, margin coarsely hairy, basal half sulcate, when spread out orbicular. Column at the tip bifurcate. Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 12091, August 26, 1910. This is a smaller species than Bulbophyllum adenopetalum Lindl., to which it is closely allied. The flowers resemble the sketch of B. adenopet- alum, by Lindley, preserved at Kew. The leaves are much shorter than in Lindley’s material and much broader in relation to their length. Both species are different from B. dasypetalum Rolfe, in their caudate-tipped lateral sepals, and ciliolate lips. B. braccatum, a Philippine species described by Reichenbach f., belongs in the same group. Of this species, unfortunately, I have seen no material; no type is designated by its author. The descrip- tion is vague, no details regarding the foliage being given, and, in view of the fact that there is a group of species in the Philippines closely allied with B. adenopetalum and B. dasypetalum, wholly inadequate for purpose of identification and useless for comparative studies. 26 AMES. DENDROCHILUM Blume. Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) longibulbum sp. nov. Pseudobulbi graciles, fusiformes, elongati. Folia linearia, obtusa. Pedunculus gracilis, filiformis, folio longior. Racemus 4 ad 5 em longus. Bracteae inflorescentiae distichae. Sepala lateralia lanceolata, acuta.’ Sepalum superius lateralibus simile. Petala cuneato-ovata. Labellum crassum, 3-lobatum ; lobi latera- les semicrescentiformes; lobus medius subquadratus, apiculatus, prope basim bicallosus, et callo medio vel mammilla instructus. Pseudobulbs densely clustered, elongated, cylindric, rugose, 2.5 to 4 em long, 2 to 4 mm in diameter when dry. Leaf shortly petioled, linear, obtuse, 7 to 14 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, midnerve prominent. Peduncle filiform, slightly exceeding the leaf, up to 1 dm long. Raceme 4 to 5 cm long, loosely many-flowered (fis. about 15), subtended by 2 or 3, glumaceous, scarious, im- bricating, empty bracts; flowers white, 2 to 3 mm apart, dis- tichous, floral bracts exceeding and concealing the ovary. Lat- eral sepals lanceolate, acute, about 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-nerved. Upper sepal similar, 3.5 mm long. Petals cuneate- ovate, acute, 3 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, 3-nerved. Labellum fleshy, 3-lobed, 1.5 mm long; lateral lobes half crescent form, obtuse, shorter than the middle lobe; middle lobe 0.75 mm long, subquadrate with a triangular tooth in front. On the disk of the lip there are three calli, one in the middle at the bottom of the depressed or subsaccate base and one on each side near the base of each lateral lobe. Column typical of the section. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 782, altitude 1,550 m, August 28, 1910. Dendrochilum longibulbum might readily be mistaken for a narrow-leaved form of D. pumilum, but its smaller flowers and very different petals are differentiating characters. Of the sixty or more species of this genus which have been described from Philippine material all are endemic; I have been unable to discover a single exception. Of the described Philippine species I have examined every one except D. convallariaeforme Schauer (which is supposed to include D. Copelandii Ames) and D. maleolens Kranzl., the latter a recently described species which is said to be close to D. oliganthum (Ames) Pfitzer. Dendrochilum microchilum (Schlechter) Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 87. Platyclinis microchila Schlechter in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 6 (March, 1906) 302. Acoridium venustulum Ames in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19 (Sept. 1906) 147. Dendrochilum venustulum (Ames) Pfitzer in Engl. Pflanzenreich 32 (1907) 116. a a al LTP GER Coe tn ott RTE Ay Miva Th Spit UR Da a ph ase Mey ac eA uae ores Tare Seth ay . NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS, IV. 27 In my second volume of “Orchidaceae,” having no material and judging wholly from the original description, I referred to Platyclinis microchila as a near affinity of Dendrochilum tenue Pfitzer. In a letter dated Novem- ber 7, 1910, Doctor Schlechter states that Dendrochilum microchilum and D. venustulum Pfitzer are identical. Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) Vanoverberghii sp. nov. Pseudobulbi pyriformes in sicco rugosi. Folia linearia, acuta. Pedunculus folio longior. JInflorescentia laxiflora. Bracteae glumaceae, ovario longiores. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, acuta. Sepalum superius oblongi-lanceolatum, acutum. Petala lanceolata, acuta. Labellum crassum, 3-lobatum, lobi laterales obtusi, lobus medius apiculatus. Whole plant, including the peduncle, up to 24.5 em high, as shown by the type. Pseudobulbs elongated pyriform, 1.5 cm ‘long, about 5 mm in diameter at the base, rugose in dried speci- mens, clothed with the fibrous remains of sheathing bracts. Leaves linear, acute, 4.5 to’7.5 ecm long, about 2.5 mm wide, grass-like when dry. Peduncle free, from the summit of the pseudobulb, slender, graceful, about twice longer than the leaf, about 1 dm high, not exceeding 13.5 cminthetype. Inflorescence loosely flowered, subtended by two imbricating, scarious bracts; flowers about 3 mm apart, distichously arranged. Pedicel and ovary 2 mm long, concealed by a glumaceous bract. When fresh the flowers are white with a “red” lip, in dried specimens they are brownish. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3- nerved, 2.5 mm long, 2 mm wide near the base. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, middle nerve conspicuous (in dried specimens). Petals lanceolate, acute, 3- nerved, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide. Labellum fleshy, 1.5 mm long, somewhat saccate near the base, 3-lobed; lobes subequal, laterals rounded, obtuse in front; middle lobe longer than the laterals, subquadrate, apiculate, broader than long. Column minute, characteristic of the Section Acoridium. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh, November—De- cember, 1910. Dendrochilum Vanoverberghii appears to be a near relative of D. ezile,* but differs from it in the details of the flower, and in genera] habit, the leaves and peduncle of D. exile being about subequal, while in D. Vanover- berghii the peduncle exceeds the leaf to a conspicuous extent. D, Mac- Gregorii is also a near relative but the lip-characters of that species and the dense inflorescence are conspicuous differentiating peculiarities. * Orchidaceae 2: 85 fig. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY. Vol. VII, No. 1, April, 1912. ADDITIONAL PHILIPPINE SYMPLOCACEAE, II. By A. BRAND. (Sorau, Germany.) Since the publication of my first paper under the above title * a considerable number of specimens of Symplocos have been collected in the Philippines, and in addition to the material secured through the medium of recent exploration, there is now preserved in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, a set of specimens collected by Mr. A. Loher in Luzon in the year 1906, distributed from the Kew Herbarium. This accumulated mate- rial has been submitted to me by Mr. Merrill for study, and I have fortunately been able to examine the Philippine specimens distributed by Mr. A. D. E. Elmer, preserved in the Delessert Herbarium. Three new species of Symplocos described by Mr. Elmer” which were previously known to me only by description, are represented in the Delessert Herbarium by cotypes. I consider that two of his proposed species are valid, but the third, S. angularis Elm., I must consider to be a synonym of S. Cu- mingiana. It is not surprising that Mr. Elmer considered Sym- plocos angularis to be a distinct species, for Symplocos Cumingiana has exceedingly variable leaves, and specimens with small, somewhat coriaceous leaves look quite different from those with large chartaceous ones. Having now a large series of specimens of S. Cumingiana, a species previously rather imper- fectly known to me, I must confess that I erred in referring to it For. Bur. 8254 Curran & Merritt *; I now consider that this number represents a distinct species, readily distinguished from S. Cumingiana by its bright leaves and purplish midribs. In the material examined two additional new species were discovered, so that the total number now known from the Archipelago has been increased to twenty-six. The new species 1 This Journal 4 (1909) Botany 107-110. * Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 508-610. mes VRE 30 BRAND. all belong to the section Bobwa, and accordingly the key to the species given in my previous paper must be changed as follows: 1. Inflorescentiae compositae. 2. Folia ramos adpressa, imbricata ................-.--...----2--00---1-+ 3. S. imbricata 2. Folia patentia haud imbricata. 3. Corolla extus sericea. 4. Stamina ca. 100; folia basi valde angustata -.............. 4. S. patens 4. Stamina ca. 60; folia basi plerumque rotundata.... 5. S. floridissima 8. Corolla extus glabra. eG COV irt se: sei agy a1] eenhstonstUrSiS yarn ue een 6. S. polyandra 4, Stamina 25 ad 50. 5. Inflorescentiae glabrae 7. S. Hutchi 5. Inflorescentiae pilosae. 6. Fructus globosus. 7. Inflorescentiae axillares 8. S. ferruginea 7. Inflorescentiae terminales : 9. S. Aherntt 6. Fructus ellipsoideus 10. S. adenophylla 1. Inflorescentiae simplices. 2. Flores sub foliis prominentes 11. S. oblongifolia 2. Flores in axillis foliorum. 3. Inflorescentiae terminales 12. S. imperialis 3. Inflorescentiae axillares. 4. Ramuli glabri. 5. Flores in axillis foliorum sessiles, fasciculati_......... 13. S. Loheri 5. Flores spicati vel racemosi. 6. Flores racemosi. 7. Folia 1.5 ad 2.5 em, lata. 14. S. fragrans 7. Folia 3 ad 3.5 cm lata 15. S. peninsularis 6. Flores spicati. 7. Folia minus quam 3 em (vel raro 3 cm) lata. 8. Inflorescentiae multo longiores quam petioli. 9. Folia chartacea 16. S. betula 9. Folia coriacea. 10. Nervus intermedius in facie inferiore foliorum flavidus 17. S. Whitfordit 10. Nervus intermedius in facie inferiore foliorum pur- purascens 18. S. purpurascens 8. Inflorescentiae vix longiores quam petioli. 19. S. curtiflora 7. Folia plus quam 8 em lata _..... 20. S. Cumingiana 4. Ramuli ferruginei vel pilosi. 5. Fructus inconspicuus, vix 2.5 mm in diametro. ’ 21. S. inconspicua 5. Fructus 4 ad 5 mm longus. 6. Folia pleraque plus quam 4 cm longa. 7. Fructus cylindricus, pilosus .................... 29. S. cagayanensis 7. Fructus ovoideus vel ovoideo-globosus, glaber. 8. Folia subtus ad costam dense rufo-setosa. 23. S. luzoniensis 8. Folia setitus ad costam glabra vel parce ciliata. 24, S. Merrilliana ADDITIONAL PHILIPPINE SYMPLOCACEAE, II. 31 6. Folia pleraque minus quam 4 cm longa. 7. Folia utrinque glaberrima .................... 25. S. palawanensis 7. Folia plus minus pilosa ...........0...0..20.0...- 26. S. depauperata 1. Symplocos confusa Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 88. Additional material: NreGros, Province of Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9532, May, 1908; Canlaon Volcano, mossy forest on ridges, Merrill 6990, April, 1910. In these specimen the corolla is somewhat more hairy, than is usually the case. The species is now known from the Islands of Luzon, Negros, and Mindanao. 3. S. imbricata Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 108. Descriptio aucta: Frutex vel arbor 3 ad 9 m alta, ramulis purpureis vel atro- purpureis, glabris. Folia crasse coriacea, ramulis adpressa et imbricata, 5 ad 6 cm longa, 2.5 ad 4 cm lata, ovata vel late ovata, serrato-dentata, utrinque glaberrima, in apicem brevem subito producta, basi leviter cuneata vel truncata, costa supra impressa; petiolus 5 ad 10 mm longus. Spicae terminales et subterminales, compositae, glabriusculae, juniores densae, vetus- tiores laxiflores, petiolo multo longiores, fructiferae incrassatae et elongatae; bractae 3, ovato-rotundatae, sericae, calycem oc- cultantes; calycis tubus brevissimus, glaber, lobi rotundati, obtusi, sericei, tubo multo longiores, post deflorationem supra ovarium glabrum convergentes; corolla alba vel lutea, glabra; stamina 50 ad 60; stylus glaber, calyce duplo longior. Fructus niger, ovato-ampulliformis, 10 ad 12 mm longus, valde rugosus, glaber, trilocularis, sed loculis binis plus minus abortientibus; lobi calycini discum comose superantes. Additional material: Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, altitude 2500 m above sea level, Merrill 6584, May, 1909, with mature fruit, For. Bur. 18091 Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke, January, 1909; Mount Ugo, Bur. Sci. 5715 Maximo Ramos, December, 1908, in flower: Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, in forests, 1650 m above sea level Father M. Vanoverbergh 1004, Feb.-Mar., 1911. 4. S. patens C. Pres] Rel. Haenk. 2 (1831) 61, forma 1 eupatens Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 5. Additional material: Luzon, Province of Abra, For. Bur. 14574 Darling, February, 1909; Baco, 10 m above sea level, For. Bur. 14668a Darling, February, 1909. The specimen first cited has flowers less silky than is usual, and is a connecting form between S. patens and S. polyandra. Forma 2 ciliata (C. Presl) Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 5 (S. ciliata C. Presl 1. c.) 32 BRAND. Ramuli glabri. Petiolus ca. 3 cm longus. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, in forests, altitude 1650 m above sea level, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1300, June-July, 1911. A tree, 6 m high, now discovered by the American botanists for the first time. 5. 8. floridissima Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 35, var. serrata Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 108. Descriptio aucta: Arbor 10 m altus, ramulis atropurpureis glabris. Folia ten- uiter coriacea, 10 ad 13 cm longa, 4 ad 7 cm lata, ovalia vel elliptica, grosse serrata, utrinque glabra, in apicem brevem subito producta, basi nunc rotundata, nunc cuneata; petiolis ca. 2cm longus. Paniculae puberulae, petiolo 4- ad 6-plo longiores, Pedicellis calycem acquantibus vel superantibus; bracteae mini- mae; calyx dense ferrugineus, lobis rotundato-triangularibus tubum aequantibus; corolla calyce duplo longior, 5-partita, extus sericea; stamina ca. 60; stylus glaber, calyce triplo longior; ova- rium dense sericeum. Fructus nigro-brunneus ca. 10 mm longus, ampulliformis. Additional material: Luzon, Province of Laguna, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 12015 Ramos, August, 1910. The leaves are less serrate than in the type; a form connecting typical S. floridissima with the variety. 5. S. polyandra Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 36. Additional material: Luzon, Province of Pangasinan, For. Bur. 13480 Medina, February, 1909, the timber used in house construction. 8. 8. ferruginea Roxb. var. philippinensis Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 6. Additional material: Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Elmer 8761, March, 1907: Province of Laguna, Cavinti, Loher 6281; San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 10995 Ramos, August, 1910 (a tree 12 m high, with white flowers) : Province of Nueva Ecija, For. Bur. 22194 Alvarez, December, 1910. MAR- INDUQUE, Mount Tayubao, altitude 600 m above sea level, For. Bur. 12168 oe April, 1908, tree 8 m high, diameter 15 cm, common name ocboc. This is the first Symplocos to be found on Marinduque Island. Known otherwise from Luzon and from Dinagat. 9. S. Ahernii Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 6. Additional material: Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12717 Fénix, November-December, 1910, in flower, common name chaniusiu: Prov- ince of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 7908, May, 1907. 18. 8. Loheri Brand sp. nov. Arbor (?) glaberrima. Folia ad apices ramulorum congesta, subcoriacea, oblonga vel oblongo-lanceolata, 6 ad 7 em longa, 1.5 ADDITIONAL PHILIPPINE SYMPLOCACEAE, II. 33 ad 2 cm lata, integerrima, breviter et sensim apiculata, basi in petiolum vix 1 cm longum, flavidum, subalatum, sensim et valde attenuata, costa supra impressa et caniculata, subtus prominula, flavida. Flores ignoti, in axillis foliorum sessiles, ad 5 fasci- culati (ex fructibus junioribus). Fructus oblongo-cylindricus, laete brunneus, ca. 10 mm longus, lobis calycinis flavescentibus discum occulantibus. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Angilog, Loher 6192, March, 1906. This is the first Symplocos with fasciculate flowers to be found in the Philippines. Its closest ally seems to be Symplocos congesta Benth., of southern China. The number of Symplocos species with fasciculate flowers is not great. 14. S. fragrans Elmer, Leafi. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 508. Ramuli glabri purpurascentes. Folia juniora chartacea, vet- ustiora subcoriacea, elliptica vel oblonga, 4.5 ad 6.5 cm longa, 1.5 ad 2.5 cm lata, integerrima, utrinque glaberrima, in apicem longiusculum subito producta, basi cuneata, costa supra impressa, subtus prominula, flavida, petiolus 5 ad 8 mm longus, purpuras- cens, haud alatus. Inflorescentiae minutissime et adpresse hir- tellae, petiolo multo longiores, laxiflorae; pedicelli calyce multo longiores; bracteae lanceolatae, hirtellae; calyx minimus hirtel- lus, lobis ovatis tubo subbrevioribus; corolla glabra calyce duplo longior; stamina ca. 50; stylus claviformis, crassiusculis, cum ovario hirtellus. Fructus mihi non visus. NeEcrRos, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9873, April, 1908. The description is taken from the specimen preserved in the Delessert Herbarium. 17. S. Whitfordii Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 8. Additional material: Luzon, without locality, Loher 6199: Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Loher 6201, 6207: Province of Tayabas, Lucban, Elmer 7487, May, 1906, distributed as S. lancifolia; same locality, Elmer 7850, 9108: Benguet Subprovince, Mount Tonglon, altitude 1800 m above sea level, Merrill 8005, May, 1911, a tree 6 to 8 m high. Necros, Canlaon Voleano, Merrill 7031, Phil. Pl. 289 Merrill, April, 1910, growing at an altitude of 2100 m above sea level. ‘ rand sp. nov. e ee eee Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 110, non Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 58. Glaberrima. Ramuli teretes purpurascentes. Folia coriacea, elliptica vel oblonga, 4.5 ad 6 cm longa, 2 ad 2.5 cm lata, breviter et obtuse apiculata, basi sensim in petiolum subalatam, purpuras- centem, 5 ad 10 mm longum attenuata, integerrima, utrinque 108801——3 34 BRAND. nitida, costa utrinque purpurascens, supra impressa, subtus pro- minula, nervi secundarii in foliis junioribus purpurascentes, in vetustioribus flavidi. Inflorescentia spicatae, petiolo 2- ad 4-plo longiores, pauci- et laxiflorae; bracteae minimae, ovato-triangu- lares; calyx glaber, lobis rotundatis tubo subbrevioribus; corolia glabra, calyce triplo longior; stamina (ex unico flore) 45; stylus crassiusculus, claviformis; ovarium glabrum. Fructus mihi non visus. Luzon, Province of Zambales, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8254 Curran & Merritt, December, 1907, altitude 1500 m. 19. S. curtifiora Elmer Leafi. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 509. Frutex glaber, ramulis purpurascentibus, apice viridescenti- bus. Folia chartacea, 5 ad 7 cm longa, 2 ad 3 cm lata, oblonga vel elliptica, integerrima, in apicem longiusculum subito pro- ducta, basi cuneata, costa subtus prominula, flavida, petiolus ca. 1 cm longus. Inflorescentiae spicatae, breves, petiolo haud vel vix longiores, densiflorae, sericeae; calyx glaber, lobis rotundatis tubum aequantibus; corolla (alabastra tantum vidi) videtur cal- yce triplo longior, glabra; stamina ca. 35 (?); stylus glaber. Fructus viridis globosus, glaber, ca. 4 mm in diametro; lobis calycinis brevissimis coronatus. NEGROS, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9802, April, 1908; Mount Marapara, altitude 1200 m above sea level, For. Bur. 13624 Curran & Fox- worthy, September, 1909. 20. S. Cumingiana Brand in Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 58. S. angularis Elmer Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 (1908) 510. Frutex 2 m altus, ramulis glabris. Folia 6 ad 17 cm longa, 2.5 ad 6.5 cm lata, valde variabilia, elliptica vel oblonga, leviter undu- lata vel serrata, utrinque glaberrima, breviter apiculata in petio- lum nunc brevissimum nunc longiorem flavidum sensim attenuata. Spicae puberulae, 5- ad 10-florae; bracteae sericeae, lanceolato- acutae; calycis tubus subglaber, lobi rotundati sericei; corolla alba, calyce duplo longior; stamina ca. 25; ovarium glabrum: Fructus 9 ad 11 mm longus, dilute brunneus vel atroviridis, glaber, rugosus, cylindricus, trilocularis, exocarpio tenui. Additional material: Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Williams 1308, August, 1904, Elmer 8736, 8554, 8695, March, 1907, For. Bur. 18497 Ramos, May, 1911; Bur. Sci. 2521 Mearns, April, 1907. NEcROS, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 10324, June, 1908, distributed as S. ferruginea; Canlaon Volcano, Phil. PL 244 Merrill, April, 1910, distributed as S. curtiflora. ADDITIONAL PHILIPPINE SYMPLOCACEAE, IL. 85 22. S. cagayanensis Brand sp. nov. Frutex vel arbor parva ca. 4 m alta, ramulis sordide villosis. Folia chartacea vel subcoriacea, elliptica vel oblonga, 4 ad 6.5 cm longa, 1.5 ad 3 cm lata, repanda vel subtiliter denticulata, juniora dense pilosa, vetustiora praeter costam glabrata, breviter apiculata, basi cuneata costa subtus valde prominula, petiolus 4 ad 8 mm longus, sordide hirtus. Spicae villosae, laxi- et pauci- florae, petiolo ca. triplo longiores; fructus juniores et flores vetustiores brevissime pedicellati, flores juniores sessiles; brac- teae ovato-triangulares, bracteolae lanceolatae, pilosae; calyx pilosus, lobis lanceolatis tubum aequantibus; corolla lutea, glabra, lobis calycinis duplo longior; stamina ca. 25, corolla sublongiora; ovarium glabrum, stylus glaber, elongatus, in fructu juniore persistens. Fructus viridis, pilosus, oblongis, 9 ad 10 mm longus, lobis calycinis brevissimis coronatus. Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Mission River, For. Bur. 16725 Curran, March, 1909 (type); Mount Ababaca, altitude 300 m, For. Bur. 18469 Alvarez, Feb.-March, 1909: Province of Rizal, Angilog, Loher 6190, March, 1906; without locality, ex Herb. Ateneo de Manila, collector unknown (fruiting specimen). With some hesitation I refer also to this species a specimen collected by Maximo Ramos in 1909 on Mount Bagagan, Province of Abra (Bur. Sci. 7207). It differs from the species as described in its larger leaves (up to 8 cm long) and denser pubescence. The specimen Vidal 2141, Province of Nueva Ecija, referred previously to S. luzoniensis* may be S. cagayan-~ ensis, judging from the pilose fruits. 23. S. luzoniensis Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 24 (1886) 348. Frutex ramulis rufo-setosis. Folia chartacea vel fere sub- coriacea, 4 ad 7 cm longa, 1.5 ad 2.5 cm lata, lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, crenato-serrata vel serrata, praeter nervum medium setosum glabra; spicae villosae, 4- ad 12-florae, petiolo 2- vel 3-plo longiores; bracteae lanceolatae, villosae; calycis lobi lanceolati; corolla calyce duplo longior; stamina ca. 25 corolla sublongiora; stylus glaber; ovarium breviter pilosum. Fructus junior ovoideus, calyce coronatus, glaber, rugosus. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Angilog, Loher 6194, March, 1906. This specimen agrees fully with the original description, the type specimen from Mount Banajao, being unknown to me, except that the ovary is called glabrous, while in my specimen it is slightly hairy. I think, however, pubescanes of the ovary may be easily overlooked, if only superficially examined. ‘This Journal 3 (1908) Bot. 9. 36 BRAND. 24. S. Merrilliana Brand in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 9. Additional material: Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, Bur. Sci. 6081, 6547, 9808 Robinson, Loher, 5696, 6179, February, 1906: Benguet Subprovince, For. Bur. 10889 Curran, December, 1908; Baguio and vicinity, Bur. Sci. 11978 Robinson, May, 1911; Mount Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 5887 Ramos, December, 1908. One of the specimens collected by Dr. Robinson (Bur. Sci. 6547) grows at an altitude of only 1250 m above sea level and has broader leaves than the others. The specimen collected by Mr. Curran is from a larger tree than is usual; it is 7 m high. 26. S$. depauperata Merrill in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip) 29 (1905) 465. Additional material: Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio, Elmer 8546, 8594, 8805, March, 1907, For. Bur. 14149 Merritt, December, 1908, For. Bur. 18801 Alvarez, December, 1908; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 18059, 18075, 18107, Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke, January, 1909; Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 14166 Merritt, December, 1908; Mount Ugo, Bur. Sci. 5883 Ramos, December, 1908: Province of Rizal, Mountains back of San Mateo, L. Guerrero, 1910. The specimens collected on Mount Pulog are of peculiar interest. No. 18107 has inflorescences longer than the leaves, No.*18075 is a shrub 4 m high, and No. 18059 grows at the extreme altitude of 2900 m above sea level. Var. angustissima Brand var. nov. Folia lanceolata, 9 ad 11 mm lata (in speciminibus ceteris 13 ad 24 mm lata). Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1095, Jan- vary, 1911. : Dn i al is THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY. Vol. VII, No. 1, April, 1912. THE MECHANISM OF CURVATURE IN THE PULVINI OF MIMOSA PUDICA. By WILuiaAM H. Brown. (From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.) According to Pfeffer * the curvature resulting from the stimu- lation of the pulvini of the petioles of Mimosa pudica L., is due to a fall in the turgor of the cells of the lower or reacting half of the pulvini, which cells are compressed by the expansion of those of the upper turgid half. The decrease in turgor is shown by the stimulated pulvini becoming more flaccid and less rigid than the unstimulated ones, and by the passage of water from the cells, of the lower half, to the intercellular spaces. Pfeffer states that from the load required to prevent curvature it can be calculated that the energy necessary for movement is from two to five atmospheres and that hence the curvature can not be due to an active contraction of the protoplasm as was claimed by Vines? and by Gardener. A reduction in turgor might be produced by a change in the permeability of the plasma membranes, as claimed by Lepesch- kin,‘ although as pointed out by Pfeffer this would neces- sitate a passage of dissolved substances from the cells. It seems more likely, as is thought by Pfeffer, that the reduction in the turgor of the cells of the pulvini is due to a decrease in the osmotic pressure of the cell-sap, which would allow an exosmosis of water without the dissolved substances. In either case, however, there should be a decrease in the number of osmotically active molecules in the cells, and if this were the cause of the curvature in the living pulvini, it seemed likely 1 Pfeffer, W., Physiology of Plants, translated by A. J. Ewart, Oxford, 1906. ? Vines, Arb. Bot. Inst. Wurzburg 2 (1878) 146. * Gardener, Annals of Botany 1 (1887-8) 366. *Lepeschkin, W. W. Ber. Deutsch. Bot, Gesell. 26 (1908) 724. 87 38 BROWN. that a similar curvature might be produced in dead pulvini if the proteids of the cells could be coagulated around the osmot- ically active substances thus forming osmotic cells. A reduc- tion in the pressure within the cells could then be obtained by replacing the water in them with some liquid in which the osmotically active substances would not dissolve. In order to test this hypothesis a large number of leaves were killed in boiling water. The pulvini used were those of the leaflets as these could be killed more quickly than the larger ones of the petiole. When leaves were killed after the production of curvature in the pulvini the pulvini remained curved; but at- tempts to kill the pulvini, before bending had taken place, were only partially successful as they were always stimulated, to some extent, by the treatment before losing the power of responding. However, thirty-eight leaves were obtained in which the curv- ature of the pulvini was only about half as much as it would have been if completed. In order to remove the water from the cells of the pulvini the leaves were run up through several grades of alcohol to absolute alcohol after which they were transferred to xylene. Since sugars are practically insoluble in this it would seem probable that there could be little or no osmotic pressure in the cells of the pulvini after they had been placed init. Those pulvini which had been killed after complete curvature showed no change in shape, while in those in which the curvature was only partial, it had been completed. Since in these later cases the effect of replacing the water with xylene was to reduce the pressure in all the cells of the pulvini, it would seem that the completion of curvature could have been caused only by a reduc- tion in the osmotic pressure in the cells of the concave or reacting half of the pulvini, without the aid of pressure due to the expan- sion of the cells of the convex half. Concave is used here to designate the half of the pulvinus toward which bending takes place, and convex the opposite half. These terms are substituted for upper and lower as applied to the pulvini of the petioles, since physiologically the upper half of the pulvini of the leaflets, with which we are dealing, corresponds to the lower half of the pulvini of the petioles. The production of curvature in the pulvini placed in xylene would indicate that the cell walls of the convex half were less elastic or more rigidly placed than those of the concave half, for an equal contraction of both halves would not produce curva- ture; and the osmotic pressure must have been largely removed from both. In this connection it is interesting to note that a longitudinal section of a pulvinus shows that on the concave half CUS RIEL ict Siig nals ate. te CURVATURE IN THE PULVINI OF MIMOSA PUDICA. 39 there are several deep wrinkles running perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pulvinus. Any decrease in the pressure in the cells should cause a deepening of the wrinkles and conse- quently a curvature of the pulvinus. In living leaves the turgor of the cells of the concave half is probably not entirely removed when curvature is produced so that the pressure exerted on these by the turgid ones of the opposite side may at least increase the rapidity of movement. After taking observations on the leaves in xylene they were transferred back to alcohol and run down through several grades of water. Those pulvini which had been killed after curvature was complete remained as before while those with only a partial curvature, which had been completed in xylene, straightened out to the same extent as when first killed. It would seem that this could have been due only to the restoration of the osmotic pressure in the cells of the concave or reacting half of the pulvini by the redissolving in the water of the osmotically active sub- stances in the cells. In no case did the pulvini straighten out to a greater extent than when killed. The phenomena exhibited by these dead pulvini would seem to show that stimulation pro- duces a relatively permanent reduction in the number of osmot- ically active molecules in the cells and that the extent of the movement which can be produced in the dead pulvini stands in some inverse ratio to the extent of this reduction. The reduction in the number of osmotically active molecules in the cells might be brought about by a chemical change in the contents of the cells or by a change in the permeability of the plasma membranes which would allow an exosmosis of some of the osmotically active substances dissolved in the water of the cells. While, in the case of Mimosa, the last possibility is not excluded the first would seem more probable, for if the loss in turgor is due to a change in the permeability of the membranes which allows the passage into the intercellular spaces of dissolved substances, a reverse change in permeability would not restore these lost substances to the cells, and turgidity could be restored only after the manu- facture of additional osmotically active substances. If, how- ever, the fall in turgor is due to a chemical change in the con- tents of the cells, a reverse change would restore turgidity. The closure of the leaf of Dionaea, which will be discussed more fully in a later paper, also appears to due to a change in osmotic pressure. When the leaves close there is a passage of water from the cells of the inner or concave surface to those of the outer or convex, which causes the latter to become greatly 40 BROWN. stretched. If the leaves are killed soon after closure and trans- ferred from water to xylene, so that the osmotic pressure in the cells of the convex side is removed, the leaves open. A change in the permeability of the membranes might cause the passage of water from the cells of the inner surface but could hardly explain its entrance into those of the opposite side. In both Mimosa and Dionaea there appears to be a reduction in the os- motic pressure in the cells of the side toward which bending takes place. In Mimosa the water which passes from the cells goes largely into the intercellular spaces, while in Dionaea it is taken up by the cells of the opposite surface. In Mimosa move- ment is due to a fall in the turgor of the cells of the concave half of the pulvinus while in Dionaea it is due to the stretching of the cells of the convex surface. The experiments with the dead pulvini of Mimosa show that changes in the osmotic pressure in the cells of the reacting half can cause movement without the aid of any. vital phenomena and may therefore be taken as a confirmation of Pfeffer’s conclusion that the movement of the living pulvini is due to changes in the osmotic pressure of the cells of the reacting half. Since the experiments with the pulvini of the leaflets and Pfeffer’s with those of the petioles lead to similar conclusions it would seem that the reactions in the two cases are similar. eS LL THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY. Vol. VII, No. 1, April, 1912. THE GENUS THAYERIA. By EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND. (From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Bajos, P. I.) The genus Thayeria was described by myself about six years ago,’ from sterile specimens collected in the mountains north of Zamboanga. ‘The type species was given the name T. Cornu- copia. It was found on a ridge above the-source of the Sax River, a hurried visit to the place requiring three days of hard travel. I made the trip twice in 1905, the second time for the special purpose of finding fruiting fronds of this fern, but without success. In the same year I collected sterile specimens in Lepanto-Bontoc, but could find none fertile. Baker had de- scribed a New Guinea plant collected by Beccari, with essentially identical vegetative structures, as Polypodium nectariferum;? and these structures are so peculiar that it seemed probable that the fertile fronds were also alike. As far as my specimens showed, the identity was so perfect that I ascribed my Luzon plant to Baker’s species, as Thayeria nectarifera. Thayeria is a fern of the Drynaria group, as shown unmis- takably by the very stout, fleshy rhizome, with a dense coat of brown scales, the structure and venation of the leaf, and very characteristic splitting off of the segments from the midrib, the humus-gathering habit, and various minor details. Its es- sential peculiarity is the specialization of branches of the rhi- zome, as phyllopodia. Each of these branches bears a single large leaf, the lower part of which is very broad, with the sides relled together so as to form a broad cup like a cornucopia. The end of the branch is in the bottom of this cup, where it bears a dense cluster of roots. In the cup falling leaves and twigs collect and decay. Each branch makes therefore a sort of com- ‘This Journal 1 (1906) Supplement 165, Plate 28. * Malesia 2: 247, Plate 65. 41 42 COPELAND. plete physiological unit, the leaf and roots working together— so close together that the stem is hardly in evidence. The main rhizome produces these successive units and serves as their point of attachment, and also as a place of storage, at least of water. Except presumably in every young plants, which have not been seen, the rhizome bears no roots except numerous short ones confined to the side against the tree on which the fern grows. Their main function is certainly clinging; but they doubtless absorb some water, and very little food. In each sinus between the segments of the leaf is an evident gland, but I have seen no ants around these. For its mineral food the plant probably depends practically altogether on the detritus collected by the leaves. In the perfection of the humus-gathering apparatus, and in the extension of the specialization to all parts of the plant, Thayeria has gone so far beyond any other ferns, or any other plants whatever, that I believed, and believe, that its recogni- tion as a distinct genus is justified and advisable, though on vegetative characters alone. Diels * reduced Baker’s Polypodium nectariferum to Drynaria, and van Alderwerelt * did the same with Thayeria Cornucopia. Both authors seem to have failed to grasp the characteristics of the plants of which they were treating; and their placing these plants in Drynaria is unjustified even with such light as they had, while both of them place Aglaomorpha meyeniana, which they knew to agree in fructification with Polypodium nectari- ferum, in Polypodium, and maintain Dryostachyum as a distinct genus. Aglaomorpha is decidedly nearer Dynaria than is Thayeria. Van Alderwerelt has even included in his Section Thayeria a real Drynaria. Thayeria was first collected fertile in the Philippines by Ramos, Bureau of Science 7192, in Abra, in northern Luzon. In 1910, I collected copious fruiting specimens on Mount Santo Tomas, in Benguet. These showed that the Luzon plant was distinct from that of New Guinea, with which it had been identified.s As the Zamboanga plant had been made the type of the genus, I immediately made another attempt to find its fruit but was again unsuccessful. Accompanied by Mr. Merrill, I went for it a fourth time in November, 1910. After we had hunted along the entire ridge where it is common sterile, and had * Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1*: 330, “Bull. Dept. Agr. Indes Néerland. 214 (1908) 8. *This Journal 6 (1911) Botany 140. °° * THE GENUS THAYERIA. 43 given it up, fertile fronds were detected in a single tree at a greater altitude. Fifteen fertile fronds were obtained by felling the tree. With the ample material now in hand from Mindanao and Luzon, I conclude that the differences formerly found between them are not constant, but that all are one species. This differs from Thayeria nectarifera in not being dimorphous. As the ac- companying plate shows, the sori are born, as in Aglaomorpha, on the constricted upper part of otherwise normal fronds; while the sterile lower part of the fertile frond of Thayeria nectarifera is pinnate, this frond being stipitate and not humus-collecting. The fertile pinnae of Thayeria nectarifera are also more con- stricted. The figure in “Malesia” shows no lamina between the ‘sori, as is typical of Aglaomorpha § Psygmium; while Thayeria Cornucopia has more or less lamina everywhere, as the plate shows, but the amount of development of this wing is variable. The known species of Thayeria, then, are two: T. Cornucopia Copel., of Mindanao and Luzon. T. nectarifera (Baker) Copel., of New Guinea. ; ; ote pd CoPELAND: GENUS THAYERIA.] PLATE I. [Puin. Journ. Sctr., wn °o Q 3 THAYERIA CORNUCOPIA Copel. Vii; C..No. 1: PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS A LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, EXCLUSIVE OF THE CETACEA, By Nep Hottister. Order No. 418. Paper, $0.50 United States currency, postpatd. This is the only recent attempt to enumerate the mammals of the Philippine Islands. The distribution of each species is given and the original descriptions are cited. PRICE-LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. For sale by the Bureau of Science. Order No. 417. For free distribution. This is a list of selected phot hs from the splendidly let Hection of the Bureau of Science. A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. By Ricuarp C, McGrecor. 2 parts, 769 pages. Order No. 103. Paper, $4 United States currency, postpaid. Mr. MoGregor spent some eight years in active field work, visiting many parts of the Archipel- ago, before beginning work on this book. 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Mayer & Miiller, Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse 2, Berlin, N.W., Germany. Kelley & Walsh, Limited, 32 Raffles Place, Singapore, Straits Settlements. A. M. & J. Ferguson, 19 Baillie Street, Colombo, Ceylon. Thacker, Spink & Co., P. O. Box 54, Calcutta, India. relations: he- Moros; materia of ‘tifes sbciat Mord-Jists; ph) asuremehts.. ite Ces alttone Tl : Vol. Ye GATIONS TOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF | MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS STANLEY, an Riewe SUTTEY AN kp % \ = is OBITUARY Paul Caspar Freer DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY AND PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND FOUNDER AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THIS JOURNAL We are deeply grieved to announce the death of Doctor Freer at Baguio, Philippine Islands, on April the seventeenth, in his fifty-first year, from arterio-sclerosis and acute nephritis. In an effort formally to express our sorrow and to honor his memory a memorial meeting of the members of the Staff of the Bureau of Science, the Council of the University of the Philippines, and the members of the Philippine Islands Medical Association will be held on July 1, 1912. The proceedings of this memorial meeting will be published in a future number of this Journal. At a meeting of the members of the Staff of the Bureau of Science, held on the eighteenth day of April, the following resolutions were adopted: Whereas it has pleased Almighty God in His Wise and Inscrutable Providence to remove from our midst Paul Caspar Freer, M. D., Ph. D., Director of the Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands, since the time of its organiza- tion as the Bureau of Government Laboratories in the year 1901, Dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery, and Professor of Chemistry, University of the Phil- ippines, and Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the “Philippine Journal of Science,” who, for many years, has been our Leader, Counselor, and Friend; and WAhereas at best we can do little to indicate at this time our real appreciation of him as a man and as a worker for the general good: Therefore be it Resolved, That we, the Members of the Staff of the Bureau of Science in Manila, Philippine Islands, do hereby express our deepest sorrow and keen feeling of personal loss in the death of Doctor Freer; and be it further Resolved, That he holds a place of highest respect, admiration and appreciation both officially and personally in the hearts of all of us, and especially of those who were most intimately associated with him in scientific work; and be it further Resolved, That it is the sense of the Members of this Institution that the Bureau of Science has suffered a very great loss and that the cause of Science in these Islands has been deprived of one of its most zealous and ientious ad tes; and be it further Resolved, That we extend our sincere sympathy and condolence to his Widow in her overwhelming grief, to his Sister, Brother and other Relatives; and be it further Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be engrossed and sent to the bereaved Widow and Brother of Doctor Freer, and that they be filed in the Archives of the Bureau of Science, transmitted to the Bureau of Civil Service, published in the forth- coming Number of each Section of the “Philippine Journal of Science,” in the newspapers of Manila, in a paper in the City of Chicago, Doctor Freer’s birth-place, and in “Science,” the Official Organ of the American A jation for the Ad t of Science, of which Doctor Freer was a Fellow. For the Staff of the Bureau of Science: RICHARD P, STRONG, CHARLES S. BANKS, E. D, MERRILL, [L. S.J ALVIN J. COX, OSCAR TEAGUE, A. E. SOUTHARD, Committee. At Manila, Philippine Islands, this eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twelve. THE PHILIPPINE . JOURNAL OF SCIENCE C. BOTANY Vou. VII JUNE, 1912 No. 2 THE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS OF TAENITIS. By EpDwIn BINGHAM COPELAND. (From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Bajos.) Taenitis is one of the ferns which, up to this time, has eluded very successfully all attempts at natural classification. It has been in such a tribe as the Grammitideae of Hooker and Baker’s “Synopsis,” in company with Notholaena, Brainea, Meniscium, Vittaria, Hemionitis and Drymoglossum, that it has seemed least out of place, as this tribe has no semblance of naturalness to be disturbed by it. A tribe named for this genus was proposed by Presl,? and is maintained with changed composition, as a subfamily of Polypodieae, by Diels? and Christensen.* Some of the other genera included in the group, Drymoglossum for instance, are obviously related to the real Polypodieae, and the group must have been given its position on their account, for- Taenitis itself offers hardly a suggestion of such an affinity, except in the naked sorus, which it shares with the various , genera named above, and with many others. ' Taenitis has a hairy rather than scaly rhizome, of very characteristic reddish color, non-articulate stipe, and altogether _non-polypodioid venation. What slight superficial resemblance it has to any plants called Polypodium is to certain species of Selliguea (Phymatodes) , but its remoteness from these is attested by the absence of their very characteristic foliar endodermis. In ‘Tent. Pterid. (1886) 222. ? Engler und Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1*: 302. * Index Filicum (1906) 46. 110592 47 48 COPELAND. my work on the Polypodiaceae of San Ramon,* in which I carried the’ natural arrangement of the family farther than had before been attempted, I was confronted by the unnaturalness of the supposed near relationship of this fern to Polypodiuwm, and, ‘not knowing what its real affinities might be, did not include it at all in the “family tree” of the Polypodiaceae. It has since become clear that Taenitis belongs in the only large and nearly natural tribe not represented among its com- panions in the standard works, the Davallieae. In the family tree just cited, Microlepia represents the central group in this tribe. By removing Davallodes, I have since made it possible to constitute a really natural genus, including Microlepia in Dennstaedtia. Dennstaedtia and its nearer relatives are un- failingly characterized by hard, creeping, reddish rhizomes clothed with small, harsh, reddish hairs which are pluricellular at the base but narrowed above to a single row of cells. The color and form of a negro’s hair do not testify to blood relation- ship more certainly than do the color and form of the pubescence of Dennstaedtia, Saccaloma, Leptolepia, Odontosoria, Tape- inidium, Saccoloma, and Taenitis. Trichomes enough like these to betray relationships are found not only in various Davallieae, but also, as we shall presently see, in various ferns which have apparently not been suspected of such affinity. Of ferns known to me, the most like Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. in superficial aspect is Schizoloma ensifolium (Sw.) J.Sm. This fern is extremely variable in its venation, the veins being sometimes almost free, sometimes anastomosing. very similarly to those of Taenitis, whose venation is likewise far from uniform. Taenitis sometimes, though not usually, has the peculiar form of leaflet, broadest near the base, characteristic of Schizoloma ensifolium. The rhizomes and the bases of the stipes are so alike in the two ferns that these parts are often practically indistinguishable. A young plant of either is likely to be mistaken for the other. The difference in the position and protection of the sorus is hardly greater than that found in Vittaria, between V. scolopendrina and. V. elongata, where it is _ not usually regarded as constituting a generic distinction. Taenitis itself is variable in the position of the sorus, as the accompanying photograph shows (Plate II). And there are species of Schizoloma whose sori‘are by no means marginal. However, internal structure affords in general a better clue to affinity than does external; and the steles in the rhizome of “This Journal 2 (1907) Bot. 74. ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS OF TAENITIS. 49 Taenitis and Schizoloma are unlike. Schizoloma ensifolium, and other species of the genus, have the peculiar solid steles of the Lindsayae.’ But Dennstaedtia seems to have in all species a solenostele with very short foliar gaps. As Gwynne-Vaughan states, Taenitis has a dictyostele very near in nature to a solen- ostele; it is so near in fact that in a rhizome with internodes 16 mm long the foliar gaps may overlap by less than 1 mm. The only plant usually recognized as a very near relative of Dennstaedtia, in which I have found a dictyostele, is Sac- coloma moluccanum, in which this structure is derived from a solenostele by the shortening of the internodes. Davallodes, which contemporary pteridologists have treated as a Microlepia, : has a complicated dictyostele; but my appreciation of its dis- tinctness from Microlepia has strengthened since I raised it to generic rank, and I now group it with the other epiphytic Davalliae,—Leucostegia, Davallia, Hwmata, Oleandra, ete.,—in which open dictyosteles are the rule. Drymoglossum has a real dictyostele, as have its polypodioid relatives, Goniophlebium, and the numerous related groups, and Hymenolepis, Eschatogramme, and Paltoniuwm lanceolatum. While technically bearing the same name, the stele’ of Taenitis is very much less like that of Drymoglossum than like any solen- ostele of the Dennstaedtia group. There are other characters of more or less interest which might be considered; but I believe that enough has been said so that nobody, having the plants in hand, will question the conclusion that Taenitis is a reasonably near derivative of Dennstaedtia, and not at all a near relative of Polypodium. We will now see that Taenitis is one of a very natural group of ferns, but a group as different as possible in composition from those which have borne its name. ’ Gwynne-Vaughan, Annals of Botany, 17 (1903) 689, Plate XXXIV, fig. 23, representing the stele of “Davallia” repens, might have been drawn from Schizoloma ensifolium. The data in this paper are of great taxo- nomic value, in spite of the statement that the “Anatomical characteristics do not, for the most part run parallel to . . . . systematic position.” The trouble is with the systematic position; thus, the author finds true solen- osteles in Dicksonia, Davallia, Lindsaya, Pteris and Polypodiwm; but the situation clears up when it develops that the Davalliae are all Microlepia or Leptolepia; the Dicksoniae, all Dennstaedtia; the Lindsaya, Odontosoria; the three species of Pteris, severally, Paesia, Histiopteris and Doryopteris ; and the Polypodium, probably Hypolepis. When one recognizes genera which in a proper sense are genera, all of the apparently very diverse plants just named present themselves as near relatives. Contradicting the statement quoted above, Gwynne-Vaughan later suggests such a con- clusion. i, Cut, Gai 1913 50 COPELAND. Piatytaenia requiniara (Gaudich.) Kuhn is treated by Diels as the nearest relative of Taenitis. This fern is accredited to the Philippines, but is known to me only by leaf fragments ea herb. Kunth, collected in Waighiou in 1825, and kindly sent me from the Berlin Botanic Garden. So far as can be judged from these fragments, it is altogether like Taenitis except for the acrostichoid fructification and a correlated narrowing of the fertile pinnae; the close affinity of the two is not doubtful. Lomagramma. is like Platytaenia in fructification, and fairly similar in venation, but does not seem to be a member of this group. Genera with the Gymnogramme type of fructification are usually found in the groups with acrostichoid genera, and may be regarded as intermediate between the latter and the more primitive forms with definite sori. In the Taenitis group, this position is occupied very exactly by Syngramma pinnata J. Sm. The stele and trichome characters are perfectly typical of the group; and I have fronds from New Guinea which would be determined without hesitation as Taenitis, if they were sterile. Syngramma is a natural genus, whether or not its separation into several genera can be justified. The simple-leaved sections have modified types of venation, but are alike in the important structural characters, including the natural type of stele. Ex- amining a small number of individuals, I have found soleno- steles in Syngramma alismifolia J. Sm., S. cartilagidens (Baker) Diels, and S. borneensis (Hooker) J. Sm.; overlapping foliar gaps in S. Wallichii Hooker and S. angusta Copel.; and in S. Hookeri C. Chr., gaps usually but not always overlapping, this character varying along a single rhizome. Because of its affinity to Taenitis and Platytaenia, and espe- cially to the more primitive genera, Schizoloma and Dennstaed- tia, Syngramma may with reason be regarded as the most primi- tive member of one or perhaps two other groups, embracing a considerable part of the genera included in the Pterideae of Diels. .These include first the genera with fructification of the same type, as Craspedodictyum,® Coniogramme and Hemionitis; and second such genera as Doryopteris, with the sori of Pteris. These all preserve the ancestral stelar characters, and the fronds of most of the species have the same structural peculiarities. The paleae of all except the first-named are less abruptly nar- rowed, and in some cases less pigmented and with thinner walls. ‘This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 84. i en 5 5 cacneragnegpaeoitats ace ire Sitink tecrlaae Seat ae Santen teugie fo ILLUSTRATION. PuaTE II. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. Two pinnae showing the difference in arrangement of the sori. 51 CoreLannb: Oxtoin AND ReLaATiIONnsnHirs or TAENITIS. } {Puat. Journ. Sct., Vi, C, No. 2 PLATE II. TAENITIS BLECHNOIDES (Willd.) Sw. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANY. Vol. VII, No.2. June, 1912. NEW OR INTERESTING PHILIPPINE FERNS, VI. By EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND. (From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Bajos.) Pleurogramme minor (Fée) Copel. comb. nov. Vittaria minor Fée 38rd. Mém. (1851-52) 23, pl. IV, f. 2. Pleurogramme loheriana Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 6 (1906) 1006. Christ* distinguishes his Pleurogramme loheriana from P. pusilla (Blume) Christ by its “having the soriferous line sunk in an exactly marginal grove.” Fée states of his species “sporotheciis .... exacte marginalibus.” Comparison of absolutely authentic specimens leaves no doubt as to the identity of the two species. Trichomanes craspedoneurum Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate filiforme repente; stipitibus brevibus vel subnullis, minute pilosis; fronde 1 ad 1.5 cm longa, oblanceolata, integra vel saepius paucilobata, deorsum angustata et pilifera, sursum glabra; venatione pinnata, venis spuriis obliquis sat conspicuis, cum vena submarginale anastomosantibus; soro solitario apicale, tubo cylindrico omnino immerso, limbo dilatato, cum margine anastomosante et deinde bilabiato. Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Infanta, alt. 100 m, J. B. Leiberg, sheet No. 598188, U. S. Nat. Herb. Distinguished from T. sublimbatum K. Miill, and T. henzaianum Hooker by the evident submarginal vein. Near T. Petersii A. Gray of Alabama. Pteris Taenitis Copel. sp. nov. (Plate III.) Stipitibus densissime confertis, 3 ad 10 cm altis, fulvo-casta- neis, deorsum paleis fulvis crinitis vestitis, sursum rhachique praecipue in sulco puberulis glabrescentibus; fronde 25 ad 35 cm alta, pinnata; pinnis 20 ad 30 cm longis, 4 ad 6 mm latis, 1 ad 3 paribus, fere erectis, utrinque sensim angustatis, decurrentibus et plerumque ala angustissima connexis, integris, coriaceis, *This Journal 2 (1907) Bot. 175. 53 54 COPELAND. opacis, mox glabrescentibus, fertilibus haud diversis; margine reflexo sat lato. MINDANAO, Agusan: Subprovince, Mount Hilonghilong, alt. 115 m, C. M. Weber 1148, March, 1911. A relative of Pteris opaca J. Sm. but much smaller; easily distinguished from all forms of Pteris cretica by the simple and entire, decurrent, coria- ceous pinnae. Dryopteris dichrotricha Copel. sp: nov. Thelypteris, D. (Nephrodio) adenophorae affinis; rhizomate erecto, paleis angustis castaneis vestito; stipite 30 cm alto, brevis- sime hirsuto, sursum pinnis in auriculas minutas reductis donato; fronde 35 cm alta, 12 ad 15 cm lata, acuminata, ubique densis- sime minute albido-setosa; pinnis utroque latere ca. 20, sessilibus, acuminatis, 10 ad 15 mm latis, ? ad costam pinnatifidis; utroque facie ad costa venasque setis majoribus vestitis; venis simplicibus, utroque latere 6 ad 9; soris medialibus, indusio persistente, setoso. MINDANAO, Agusan Subprovince, Mount Hilonghilong, alt. 120 m, C. M. Weber 1173, March 1911. Nearer to D. adenophora than to any species with free veins. Dryopteris mesodon Copel. sp. nov. Species gregis D. dissectae, stipite ad basin paleis linearibus castaneis 15 mm longis vestito, supra sparse spinuloso; fronde 35 ad 40 cm alta et lata, rhachibus castaneis, supra costisque velu- tinis ; pinnis infimis oppositis multo maximis, stipitatis, deltoideis, valde acuminatis; earum pinnulis! infimis stipitatis, acuminatis; harum pinnulis™ brevistipitatis, cordatis, acutis, ad basin pin- natis; pinnulis™! adnatis, obtusis, grosse serratis, utroque latere una; pinnulis ordinum omnium superioribus decurrenti-connexis, et ala decursa saepe dente uno ornata; segmentis penultimis acute grosse serratis, acutis, oblanceolatis ; soris a costa remotis, parvis; indusio persistente, minute praecipue ad insertionem puberulo. MINDANAO, Agusan Subprovince, Mount Hilonghilong, alt. 120 m, C. M. Weber 1176, March, 1911. This bears the same relation to Dryopteris dissecta that D. purpurascens does to D. sparsa. Its nearest relative is D. balabacensis Christ. Tectaria Weberi Copel. sp. nov. Sagenia, rhizomate ca. 1 cm crasso, suberecto, apice paleis angustis atrocastaneis 4 mm longis dense vestito; stipite 20 ad 25 cm alta, 15 ad 20 cm lata, breviter decurrente, ad alam 2 ad 5 mm latam pinnatifida; segmentis plerumque 5, sat remotis, late lanceolatis, sinuatis, obtusis, versus costam angustatis, her- baceis, lamina glabra; venis minute glanduloso-piliferis, venis primariis remotis, fere ad marginem protensis, areolis primariis PHILIPPINE FERNS, VI. 55 unisoriferis; soris utroque latere venarum uniseriatis; indusio orbiculare cum sinu minuto, 2 mm lato, insertione lineare glan- duloso-pilifero, aliter glabram, tenue sed persistente. MINDANAO, Agusan Subprovince, Mount Hilonghilong, alt. 425 m, C. M. Weber 1148, March, 1911. Nearest to Tectaria decurrens, but in appearance approaching T. Men- yanthidis; distinguished from the former by the few segments, slightly decurrent base, and conspicuously remote main veins. Humata microsota Copel. sp. nov. (Plate IV.) Rhizomate 2 mm crasso, paleis castaneis apice acicularibus vestito, ad truncos arborum late repente; stipitibus remotis, 4 ad 7 em altis, sparse paleaceis; fronde usque ad 18 cm alta, a basi truncata 15 ad 18 mm lata, sensim sursum angustata, deor- sum fere ad costam latam pinnatifida, sezmentis 1 cm latis, trun- catis vel rotundatis, integris, rigide coriacea, glabra; venis conspicuis, furcatis; soris in lobo quoque usque ad 12 submar- ginalibus 0.6 ad 0.8 mm latis. MINDANAO, Agusan Subprovince, Mount Hilonghilong, alt. 180 m, C. M. Weber 1146, March, 1911. A very distinct species in the group of Humata angustata J. Sm. Adiantum scabripes Copel. sp. nov. (Plate V.) Adiantellum rhizomate setis parvis saturate atropurpureis dense vestito; stipite nitido, atrocastaneo, 20 ad 40 cm alto, deorsum paleis angustis 3 mm vestito vel ob baseos illarum scabro, sursum rhachibusque ubique glabris; fronde deltoidea, 15 ad 20 em alta et lata, bi- vel tripinnata, pinnis paucis, acutis; pinnulis stipitatis, dimidiatis, oblongis, apice rotundatis, 10 ad 13 mm longis, marginibus superioribus et exterioribus ubi steril- ibus cartilagineo-denticulatis, coriaceis, non opacis, supra nitidis- simis, infra luce directa pallidis luce oblique incidente subcupreis sed oblique versus obscuritatem visi fere albis; soro plerumque uno, usque ad 5 mm longo, interdum interrupto; indusio brunneo, coriaceo, 0.7 ad 1 mm lato. Mrnpanao, Agusan Subprovince, Mount Hilonghilong, alt. 175 m, C. M: Weber 1174, March, 1911. A relative of Adiantum opacum and A. ‘cupreum, and like these a very promising fern for cultivation. Adiantum flabellulatum L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1095. Luzon, Province of Ilocos Sur, Mount Dagat, Bur. Sci. 7760 Ramos. New to the Philippines. Tropical Asia, China, and Japan. Athyrium lanceum (Thunb.) Milde Bot. Zeit. (1870) 354. Asplenium lanceum Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 333. Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Bur. Sci. 7761 Ramos. New to the Philippines. Ceylon and India through China to Japan. COPELAND: PHILIPPINE FERNS, VI.] [Pu. Journ. Sct, VII, C, No. 2 PLATE ill. PTERIS TAENITIS Copel. COPELAND: PHILIPPINE FERNS, VI.] [Putn. Journ. Sct, VII, C, No. 2. LE ay ay - |— me 2 att ae -— bees = ase > Sead a = = M Er Qu, PLATE IV. HUMATA MICROSORA Copel. COPELAND: PHILIPPINE FERNS, VI.] [Puit. Journ. Sct, VII, C, No. 2. “Wd 02 PLATE V. ADIANTUM SCABRIPES Copel. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANY. Vol. VII, No.2. June, 1912. NEW SARAWAK FERNS. By EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND. (From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Baios.) Marattia Brooksi Copel. sp. nov. Stipulis 25 mm longis latisque; stipite sicco 7 mm crasso, deorsum paleis parvis castaneis vestito, sursum rhachique ob emergencias carnosas insigniter transversaliter pseudorugosis; fronde tripinnata; pinnis longistipitatis; pinnis™ brevistipitatis, ea. 3-paribus; pinnulis utroque latere ca. 5, infimis solumodo sti- pitatis, late cuneatis, argute serratis, acutis vel saepius acumin- atis, subcoriaceis, pallidis, superioribus majoribus 5 cm longis, 12 mm latis; venis simplicibus, sub lente hyalinis; soris a mar- gine remotis, 3- ad 7-locularibus; indusio conspicuo. Sarawak, Mt. Poe, alt. 900 m, in damp valley district, Brooks 138. Remarkable for the contorted transverse thickenings on the main axis. Dryopteris aquatiloides Copel. sp. nov. Nephrodium D. salicifoliae subsimile et cum ea confuso; rhi- zomate 2 mm crasso, breviter repente; stipite frondis sterilis 10 ad 15 fertilis 20 ad 25 cm alto, stramineo, sursum minutis- sime pubescente, valido, rhachi costique densius pubescentibus; fronde 15 ad 25 cm alta, 12 ad 17 cm lata, pinna apicale aliis simile; pinnis utroque latere ca 6, infimis haud diminutis, stipi- tatis, praecipue superioribus unilateraliter subauriculatis, usque ad 9 em longis et 1 cm latis, obtusis, inferioribus vel omnibus utrinque angustatis, integris vel crenulatis, papyraceo-coriaceis, lamina glabrescente; venulis utroque latere 2 vel 3; soris parvis, medialibus, interdum coalescentibus, indusio rudimentario. Sarawak, Bungo Range, Brooks 9. - This is the plant referred to as Dryopteris salicifolia in my description of the Papuan D. aquatilis.. Mr. Brooks has corrected my mistake, which was not a very reasonable one. 1 This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 75. 59 60 COPELAND. Dryopteris porphyricola Copel. sp. nov. Nephrodium, rhizomate erecto; stipite ca. 10 cm alto sparse ferrugineo-paleato; fronde 80 cm alta, 27 cm lata; pinnis in- fimis abrupte in auriculas auriculatas integras reductis, parte deinde angusta 25 cm alta; pinnis sequentibus deflexis non re- ductis, basi truncatis, 14 cm longis, 22 mm latis, 4 ad 4 ad costam pinnatifidis, supra appresso-sericeis, infra minute pilosis et dense glandulosis, membranaceo-papyraceis; lobis ca. 3.5 mm latis, falcatis; venis utroque latere ca. 7 quarum 2 vel 3 anas- tomosantibus; soris parvis, medialibus; indusio glanduloso et breviter piloso, persistente. Sarawak, Bau, Jebong Valley, on porphyry dyke, Brooks 112. In the same general group as the following. More like Dryopteris jacu- losa (Christ) C. Chr. than any other species known to me. Dryopteris angustipes Copel. sp. nov. Nephrodium, rhizomate breve et crasso, paleis brunneis 5 mm longis vestito; stipite 1 ad 2 cm alto, valido, paleaceo; fronde 80 cm alta, 20 cm lata, rhachi straminea, nisi in sulco glabrescente; pinnis inferioribus subabrupte in auriculas multas pinnatifidas utroque latere ca. 15 reductis, parte indeque an- gusta 15 ad 20 em alta; pinnis medialibus horizontalibus, proxi- mis, sessilibus, acuminatis, supra basin acroscopice auriculatum 13 ad 15 mm latis, } ad costam pinnatifidis, costa costulis et venis infra minute appresso-pilosis, costa glabrescente, lamina infra minute glandulosa supra sparse albo-pilosa, membranacea; lobis 2 ad 2.5 mm latis, subfalcatis; venis utroque latere ca. 7 quarum 1 vel 2 anastomosantibus; soris medialibus, parvis; indusio in centro glanduloso, alibi sparse piloso vel glabro, persistente. Sarawak, Singie, in swamp near foot of mountain, Brooks 110. This keys out with van Alderwerelt’s “Malayan Ferns” as his Dyropteris sumatrana (Nephrodium molle var. major Bedd.) which he seems not to have seen and which has never had an adequate specific diagnosis, and may be suspected of being D. stipellata (Bl.) O. Ktze. J. Smith, in a marginal note in his copy of Blume’s “Enumeratio,” construed Aspidium stipellatum as A. molle. Dryopteris angustipes is not merely exceedingly distinct in appearance from D. parasitica but differs in the character of the pubescence from that species to such an extent that Beddome could not have placed them together. Lomagramma Brooksii Copel. Mr. Brooks has sent me a very complete specimen, collected at Bau. It has the fertile and sterile fronds distinct, as in other species of the genus. The frond | of a juvenile plant “which germinates on the limestone and may grow in large masses before reaching a trunk, and becoming scandent”, has membranaceous, serrate, and very oblique pinnae. Fronds of adult ee NEW SARAWAK FERNS. 61 plants are as described, except in size. The sterile fronds are a meter or more long and 30 em wide. The fertile frond is still wider, its pinnae 2 to 4 mm wide, and straight or curved. The species is nearest to Lomagramma perakensis Bedd., differing con- spicuously in the very short stipes and persistent scaliness. Athyrium sorsogonense (Presl) Milde, var. poense Copel. var. nov. Forma laxa et grandis, pinnis remotis infimis usque ad 25 em longis, 2.5 ad 3.5 em latis, rhachi mox glabrescente. Sarawak, Mount Poe, alt. 900 m, Brooks 148. Athyrium carnosum Copel. sp. nov. Species gregis A. maximi vel A. pinnati, fronde pinnata, 45 cm alta, fere 30 cm lata, rhachi furco excepto glabra vel mox glabrescente; pinnis liberis utroque latere ca. 10, subsessilibus vel sursum adnatis, horizontalibus,.faleato-acuminatis, basi late cuneatis, 3.5 cm latis, 4 ad 4 ad costam pinnatifidis, glabris, carnoso-subcoriaceis, viridibus; lobis 9. mm latis, rotundatis; venis ca. 9, angulo acuto distantibus, simplicibus; soris lineari- bus, usque ad 10 mm longis, paginam totam complentibus, in- dusio angusto mox sporangiis occulto. Sarawak, Matang, collected by native collector of the Sarawak Museum. The pinnae look like pinnules of Athyriwm maximum, but are remark- ably large and coarsely cut and peculiar also in the clear but deep-green color and almost fleshy texture. Athyrium (Diplazium) polycarpum Copel. sp. noy. Stipite teste Brooks 60 cm alto et paleis paucis brunneis ovatis vestito; fronde 75 cm alta, 45 ecm lata, sulcis axium exceptis glabra, deorsum haud angustata, sub apice pinnatifido bulbifera, rhachi brunnea, deorsum sparsissime argute spinosa; pinnis stipitatis, subacuminatis, basi inaequaliter truncatis, infimis 25 cm longis, 45 mm latis, praecipue deorsum fere ad costa pinna- tifidis cum segmentis ibidem solumodo remotis; segmentis ca. 2 cm longis, 1 em vel ultra latis, rotundatis vel truncatis, ob- secure serrulatis, supra punctis albis marginalibus donatis, coria- ceis; venis utroque latere ca. 11, simplicibus vel furcatis, omni- bus’ soriferis; indusio lineare, atro. Sarawak, Mount Penrissen, alt. 1,050 m, Brooks 151. Also Bidi, Brooks, Aug., 1908. Intermediate between the groups of Athyrium sorsogonense and A. maximum. Athyrium muricatum Copel. sp. nov. ” Species gregis polymorphae A. maximi (Don) Copel, rhizo- mate 12 mm crasso; stipite 30 cm alto, 4 mm crasso, spinoso, basin versus paleis lanceolato-ovatis incurvatis sordide brunneis 5 mm longis vestito; pinnis infimis 20 ad 25 cm longis, 5 cm 62 COPELAND. latis, stipitatis, acuminatis, ad basin vix ad costam pinnatis, sursum sensim leviter pinnatifidis, segmentis oblongis, 10 mm latis, obtusis vel subacutis, plerisque apices versus serratis, glabris, coriaceis, infra pallidioribus; venulis utroque latere ca. 12, fureatis, segmentis infimis reductis; parte apicale frondis sensim per pinnas sessiles lobatas et adnatas serratas ad apicem grosse pinnatifidum angustata; soris a costula remotis, 1 ad 2 mm longis, indusio mox evanescente. Sarawak, No. 35 of the Sarawak Museum collection. Distinguished from most others of its group by the scattered spines on the stipe, and from all by the short sori near the apices of the veinlets, and the transient indusia. Athyrium Hewitti Copel. sp. nov. Species gregis A. cyatheifolii Milde, fronde 75 cm alta, 30 cm vel paullo ultra lata, rhachi nisi in sulco glabra, castanea; pinnis pinnatis utroque latere ca 8, pinnatifidis, ca. 13, brevistipitatis, infimis 23 cm longis, 5 cm latis, oppositis, acuminatis, pinnulis horizontalibus et rectis, subsessilibus, basi truncatis plerisque sursum vel utroque latere subhastatis, subacutis, supra basin 1 em latis, } ad costam incisis, sursum integrioribus, glabris, papy- raceis; lobis 2 mm latis; venis furcatis, obliquis; soris 2 ad 4 mm longis, linearibus, indusio laete brunneo. Sarawak, Matang, collected by J. Hewitt, the former curator of the Sarawak Museum, to whom the species is dedicated. Athyrium sarawakense Copel. sp. nov. Species gregis A. cyatheifolii Milde, stipite 3 mm crasso, sparse spinuloso, glabro; fronde 45 cm lata, ut videtur 75 cm alta, bipin- nata, rhachi, sulco et alis exceptis, glabra, laete castanea; pinnis brevistipitatis, 25 cm longis in caudam argute serratum protrac- tis, pinnis liberis paucis, sessilibus, acutis, usque ad 5 em longis, 1 em latis, serratis, basi truncatis, subhastatis, glabris, subcoria- ceis; venis furcatis, obliquis; soris 2 ad 3 cm longis, costalibus, indusio laete brunneo. Sarawak, Mount Matang, J. Hewitt, April, 1908. Athyrium confertum (Baker) Copel. Asplenium confertum Baker. Ann. Bot. 8 (1898) 125. Sarawak, Mount Bongo Brooks & Hewitt, 1908. Previously known only from Sumatra. . Athyrium Christii (C. Chr.) Copel. Diplaziwm Christii C. Chr. Index Fil. (1905) 299. Beside the synonym given by Christensen (D. acuminatum BI.), I believe there should also be included here Asplenium ambiguum Schkuhr. Kr. Gew. (1809) pl. 75 (non Swtz.), and Diplaziwm Schkuhrii J. Sm. The latter Bens aee jesse heets NEW SARAWAK FERNS. 63 name was used without description for Cuming 389, from Malacca. Presl, Epimeliae p. 86, described Diplazium malaccense from the same number, stating explicitly that it included his plant and also D. Schkuhrii = Asple- nium ambiguum Schkuhr, pl. 75. Then came Mettenius, Aspleniwm No. 208, giving the first diagnosis in connection with the name, Asplenium Schkuhrii, ignoring Presl’s statement that the Cuming number 389 was mixed, citing D. malaccense as a synonym, and making a diagnosis which fits the latter. Diplazium Schkuhrii J. Sm. is therefore a nomen nudum, and Asplenium Schkuhrii Mett. a synonym of Diplazium malaccense, which I construe as a form of Athyrium pinnatum (Blanco) Copel. I have in hand also a specimen from Mount Penrissen, Sarawak, alt. 1050 m., Brooks 141, sent as D. acuminatum Bl. The determination is probably correct although the fern’s appearance just suggests D. petiolare Presl, which I have also reduced to Athyrium pinnatum. Mr. Brooks has also sent a fern collected at Bidi in 1908 which is Diplazium petiolare, differing from the type only in having a more naked rachis. Athyrium elatum (Fée) Copel. Diplazium elatum Fée Genera (1850-52) 44. Many as are the forms which I construe as Athyrium pinnatum (A. silvaticum Milde 1870), this seems decidedly distinct. I have a fragment from Kuhn’s herbarium which agrees with Mettnius’ description (Asple- nium No. 203) so perfectly that it seems probable that it is a part of the specimen he had in hand; and he and Feée cite the same single collection. Athyrium Cumingii (Presl) Milde. (?) Mount Poe, alt. 900 m, Brooks 145. & From Luzon to Celebes; new to Borneo. The specimen is not typical and may be a distinct species; but this is its nearest affinity. Athyrium subserratum (Bl.) Milde. Sarawak, Mount Poe, alt. 900 m, Brooks 144. Previously known from Java and Penang. Dennstaedtia cuneata (J. Sm.) Moore, var. obtusa Copel. var. nov. Pinnulis obtusis, haud alter forma typicale diversa. Sarawak, Paku Bater, collection of the Sarawak Museum. New to Borneo; the type from Luzon. Hooker describes the pinnules of typical D. cuneata as very obtuse, but is very evidently referring to the secondary pinnules, as the primary ones are acute, or often acuminate. Histiopteris integrifolia Copel. sp. nov. Segmentis stipularibus carentibus vel minutis orbicularibus; pinnulis linearibus, longis, acuminatis, subcordatis, sessilibus vel infimis subpedicellatis; areolis parvis; soris ad apicem non approximatis. Sarawak, Matang Road Native collector 768, Bureau of Science. This may well be the Litobrochia incisa var. integrifolia Bedd. Supple- ment (1892) 25, from Perak, which, however, is described as without “stipules,” and as having the sorus almost reach the apex. H. stiplacea (Hooker) Copel. has large “stipules” and broad pinnules. 110592—2 64 COPELAND. Oleandra oblanceolata Copel. sp. nov. Species gregis O. colubrinae (Blanco) Copel; frondibus oblan- ceolatis, ca. 18 cm longis 3.4 cm latis, apice abrupte in caudam tenuissimam contractis, deorsum usque ad basin truncatum sen- sim angustatis, coriaceis, glabris; soris stricte costalibus. Sarawak, Bungo Range, alt. 600 m, Brooks 115. : Quite distinct in frond form from its relatives. The younger paleae are ciliate but not cobwebby, and in my specimens have the apices ap- pressed. The pedicels are very short, and the fronds sessile on them. As in related species, there are sometimes stunted branches with clusters of small fronds which do not present diagnostic characters. Humata puberula Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate vix 2 mm crasso, late repente infra paleas castaneas caleareo; stipite frondis sterilis 7 em frondis fertilis 10 cm alta paleis deciduis sparse vestito; fronde sterile 7 cm alta, 5 cm lata, bipinnatifida, lobis oblongis, integris; fertile 10 cm alta, 5 cm lata, bipinnatifido, lobis crenato-serratis, dentibus haud acutis; lamina coriacea, pilis brevissimis obsetis et praecipue ciliatis; soris in sinubus submarginalibus, permultis, indusio lato, coriaceo. Sarawak, Mount Penrissen, alt. 750 m and upward, common, Brooks 135. Narrower and less dimorphous than most of its relatives and dis- tinguishable from all by its pubescence. Humata Brooksii Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate 15 mm crasso, calcareo, dense paleaceo; stipitibus 7 ad 10 em altis, gracilibus, paleis caducis sparse vestitis; fron- dibus uniformibus, 10 ad 12 cm altis, 4.5 cm latis, bipinnatifidis, rhachi crassa, sparse paleacea; pinnis lanceolatis, acutis, coria- ceis, glabris, infimis plerumque brevioribus, brevistipitatis, in- terdum quam sequentibus sessilibus paullo latioribus; lobis oblon- gis, integris, sursum in dentes breves obtusos reductis; soris in sinubus dentium marginalibus; indusio lato, coriaceo. Sarawak, Mount Poe, alt. 900 m and upward, common, Brooks 134. Most easily recognizable by the form of the frond but otherwise quite distinct from any related species. Scyphularia simplicifolia Copel. sp. nov. Frondibus simplicibus, 15 ad 25 em altis, 35 ad 45 mm latis, fertilibus obscure crenulatis, sterilibus integerrimis, venulis haud crassis, soris 2 ad 3 mm longis, linearibus, aliter ut S. triphyllae Fée. ; : i ae Santubong Mountain, alt. 600 m, scandent, Brooks 138, Oct., : Fée’s_ genus Scyphularia is so homogeneous a group and so sharply distinguished in various ways from Davallia, that I see no reason whatever NEW SARAWAK FERNS. 65 for forcing its species into that genus. The two older species, S. pentaphylla (Bl.) Fée and S. triphylla (Hooker) Fée, are very distinct, quite aside from the division of the frond. Polypodium Merrittii Copel. var. poense Copel. var. nov. Fronde gracillima, 6 ad 12 cm alta, 4 ad 6 mm lata, pinnis majoribus potius digitato quam pinnatim lobatis, soris pinnulae quaeque 1 vel 2. Sarawak, Mount Poe, alt. 900 m, Brooks 118. As noted in the description of Polypodium Merrittii, the stipes are not articulate. Polypodium taeniophyllum Copel. sp. nov. Lepisorus (?) rhizomate repente, 1 mm crasso, paleis anguste setaceis 5 mm longis rufo-ferrugineis basi 0.3 mm longis squar- rosis dense vestito; stipitibus inter se 3 ad 6 mm distantibus, vix 1 cm altis, glabris; fronde 7 ad 15 (plerumque ca. 10) cm longa, 3 ad 4 mm lata, obtusa vel subacuta, basi sensim angus- tata, coriacea, glaberrima, hyalina; costa infra prominente, supra leviter suleata; venis paucis, omnino inconspicuis, seriem unam areolarum angustarum includentibus, venulis liberis non visis; soris paucis medialibus, leviter immersis, vix oblongis. Sarawak, Native Collector 769, Bureau of Science. In some respects like a very narrow Polypodium lineare, but sharply distinguished by the rhizome, translucent texture, and almost invisible veins. Polypodium Wrayi Baker. Sarawak, Mount Poe, alt. 1,050 m, on base of trunk, Brooks 117. Malaca and Sumatra; new to Borneo. Polypodium (Selliguea) loxogrammoides Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate 1.5 ad 2.5 mm crasso, paleis cinereo-brunneis ver- sus apicem densissime vestito; frondibus 5 ad 8 cm distantibus, sessilibus, oblanceolatis, acuminatis, integris, coriaceis, glabris; costa carinata, venis fere occultis; fronde fertile minore. Sarawak, Limbang, April, 1910, No. 17 of Sarawak Museum collection. Near Polypodium macrophylla (Bl.) Reinw., from which it differs chiefly in texture and in the inconspicuous veins. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANy. Vol. VII, No.2. June, 1912. NEW PAPUAN FERNS. By EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND. (From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Baftos.) Stenochlaena intermedia Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate ca. 1 cm crasso, basique stipitis paleis atrocas- taneis 15 mm longis, 1.5 mm latis sat dense vestito et deinde ob baseos duras spiniformes earum horrida; stipite 40 cm vel alto, valido, sursum rhachique paleis latioribus vestitis et haud spinescentibus; fronde 60 ad 70 cm alta, pinnata, pinnis ad rhachin articulatis; pinnis utroque latere ca. 8, frondis sterilis subsessilibus, basi plus minus obliquis, rotundato-truncatis, apice abrupte breviter caudatis, 20 ad 22 em longis, 45 ad 55 mm latis, integris, papyraceo-coriaceis, glabris, venis liberis; frondis fer- tilis pinnulis stipitatis (stipitibus 4 ad 8 mm longis), 15 ad 20 cm longis, 2 mm latis, sursum sensim angustatis. Papua, Ambasi, King 370. This fern has the deciduous pinnae of S. aculeata (Bl.) Kunze, but otherwise is rather suggestive of Lomariopsis. In general appearance it suggests Lomagramma rather than any Stenochlaena. Humata tenuis Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate 2 ad 3 mm crasso, paleis brunneis dense vestito; stipitibus frondium sterilium ca. 8 fertilium ca. 7 cm altis, paleaceis; fronde sterile 5 ad 8 cm alta, deltoidea, tripinnatifida, pinnulis oblongo-linearibus, coriaceis, glabris, rhachibus palea- ceis; fronde fertile 10 ad 13 em alta, deltoidea, acuminata, quadripinnatifida; pinnulis ™ infimis oblongo-linearibus, in seg- mentis angustissimis pinnatifidis; soris apud baseos segmenta- rum, indusio grande. Papua, Gira Track, King 367. Near H. vestita, but much more finely cut than is this species or H. introrsa Christ. This is a Davallia Chaerophylla Ces. but that name was used earlier. 67 68 COPELAND. Humata dimorpha Copel. sp. nov. Rhizomate 2 mm crasso, paleis castaneis lanceolatis 6 mm longis vestito; stipitibus glabris, gracilibus, frondis sterilis 5 em fer- tilis 7 cm altis; fronde sterile 5 cm alta, 4 cm lata rhachi sor- dide squamulosa, pinnis utroque latere sub apice late crenulata ca. 4, fere 2 cm longis, infimis 1 cm latis, subintegris, basi an- guste adnatis, truncatis, obtusis, sequentibus paullo minoribus glabris rigide coriaceis; fronde fertile 13 cm alta, 8 cm lata, valde acuminata; pinnis inferioribus 3-paribus aequalibus, 4 ad 4.5 em longis, usque ad 12 mm latis, stipitatis, rigide coriaceis; pinnulis remotis, infimis solummodo liberis, vix quam sequen- tibus majoribus, 2 ad 3 mm latis, utroque latere in dentes 2 ad 4 triangulares pinnatifidis, soro quoque dentem complente, indusio lato, interdum quam alto duplo latiore, centro nigro. Papua, Lakekamu, King $26. A very distinct species. Davallodes viscidulum (Mett.) v. A. v. R. Davallia viscidula Mett. (1869) This species has the indusial characters of D. gymnocarpum, but the frond is more lax and finer cut, with the pinnules next to the rhachis dilated. Lindsaya papuana Copel. sp. nov. Synaphlebium gregis L. decompositae Willd. pinnis vel pin- nulis integris soro continuo; fronde pinnata pinnis usque ad 3 cm longis vel tripartito et pinnulis ca. 2 em longis; pinnulis brevistipitatis, apice obtusis, integris, maximis rarius incon- spicue incisis; soro fere marginale, lamina ultra venam sori- feram bullata. Papua, Lakekamu, King 358. Lindsaya azurea Christ is a plant with much smaller and truncate pinnules. L. nitida Copel., of Borneo, has pinnules of quite different shape, the base hardly truncate and apex broadly rounded, with the sorus at the end. The pinnules of L. papuana are broadest at the base and abruptly truncate, and the apex is obtuse rather than rounded. The sorus extends from the point next to the rhachis to the apex, almost always without 4 break. Polypodium linguaeforme Mett. King 368, 190, and 21 in part, are P. linguaeforme, judging by diagnosis only: I have not seen what I could feel sure was this species. These specimens fall well within the range of variation of Polypodium musi- folium Bl. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY. Vol. VII, No.2. June, 1912. CHARACEAE FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By H. and J. Groves. (London, England.) 1. NITELLA Agardh. 1. Nitella acuminata Braun in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 (1849) 292. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Trinidad, in a roadside ditch, altitude about 1,200 m, Bur. Sci. 14108 Robinson, May, 1911. MINDANAO, District of Zamboanga, “im Graben bei Sambanga” (Zamboanga), Wichura 2005, 1862, fide Braun Fragmente 37. This species is widely distributed especially in the Tropics. It occurs in southern Asia from India eastwards, in Borneo and in several of the other Islands of the Malay Archipelago, also in Africa and in North and South America. Like the other widely distributed species it is variable. Braun has described two varieties from this region, Belangeri from India, char- acterized by its large size, stout stem, and short end-segments to the branchlets, and indica from Java and the Philippine Islands, being more slender and having longer end-segments. The Trinidad plant is a stout form of the latter. 2. Nitella Roxburghii Braun in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 (1849) 292. N. polyglochin Braun Monatsb. Berl. Akad. (1867) 816. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, in a streamlet, Daklen to Kabayan, Merrill 4867 (young), October, 1905; Baguio, Merrill 4868, November, 1905, altitude about 1,500 m, Merrill 7928, May, 1911, in small still streams: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, Elmer 6760, November, 1904, Merrill 7625, March, 1911, Limay, For. Bur. 19160 Curran, December, 1909. Mrnporo, Binabay River, in stagnant pools, border of forests, altitude about 10 m, Merrill 5686, November, 1906. Fairly normal forms of this species, which occurs also in Ceylon, southern India, lower Burma, Nicobar Islands, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Sumbawa, new Guinea, and Australia (Endeavour River). The closely allied Nitella Mauritiana is found in Mauritius. Braun in his later writings applied to this species the name of Nitella polyglochin, which he had previously used in a wider sense, but there is no valid reason for discarding the earlier name. 2. CHARA Linn. 3. Chara corallina Willd. in Mém. Acad. Berol. 1803 (1805) 89, t. IJ, f. 2. PHiLipPINnes, Llanos, 1858, in Herb. DeCandolle, fide Braun Fragmente 108. Braun described this plant as var.? basilaris on account of the fruits being produced at the base only, and not also at the nodes of the branchlets, 69 70 H. AND J. GROVES. as in the type, and quotes for it Chara congesta Spreng. var. P. Fr. Ant. Llanos, Fragm. de algunas Plantas de Filipinas (1851) 112. 4. Chara Braunii Gmelin Flora Badens. Alsat. 4 (1826) Suppl. 646. (Chara coronata Auct.) Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Lessep, Father M. Vanoverbergh 590, June, 1910, in still water, altitude 1,100 m. A specimen from Benguet Subprovince, collected by Major E. A. Mearns, Bur. Sci. 2825, probably also belongs to this species, but may possibly be a very small form of Chara corallina. Being old and without fruit, it cannot be determined with certainty. Chara Braunii is almost world-wide in its distribution, occurring in all the continents. The specimen from Bontoc may be characterized as f/. meiocarpa microptila unilateralis. 5. Chara Benthami Braun in Monatsb. Berl. Akad. (1867) 799. A specimen from stagnant fresh water from near sea-level, Bucas Island, a small island northeast of Mindanao, Merrill 5265, October, 1906, is, we think, best referred to this species. Braun separated Chara Benthami from C. gymnopitys, to which it is closely allied, by its having one stipulode to each branchlet instead of two as in the latter species, but in the original specimen from Hongkong in the Kew Herbarium, this character is not constant. 6. Chara gymnopitys Braun in Linnaea 25 (1852) 708. S1puYAN, Magallanes, Elmer 12382, April, 1910. This species has been found in Socotra, India, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, Tonkin, China, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania, also in the United States of America. The plant from the Philippines may be characterized as f. tylacantha macracantha meiocarpa. 7. C. flaccida Braun in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 (1849) 296. Luzon, Manila, in shallow pools (about 20 cm), W. R. Shaw 1178, February, 1912. In describing Chara flaccida, Braun separated it from C. Hydropitys by the yellow oospores and the always uncoated branchlets. C. gymnopitys was subsequently described with black or nearly black oospores, but it is so very similar in other respects to C. flaccida that we think a more extended knowledge of its various forms may prove that it should be regarded as a subspecies. 8. Chara brachypus Braun in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 (1849) 298. Luzon, Province of Rizal, in rather swift water of the Maraquina River, near the Manila waterworks dam at the Montalban Gorge, Merrill 5098, March, 1906. A fairly typical form of this rare species which occurs in India and New Guinea, also in Africa and in Australia. 9. Chara zeylanica Willd. in Mém. Acad. Berol. 1803 (1805) 86, t. II, f. 1. C. gymnopus Braun, sens. lat. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Maricaban, near Manila, Merrill 7462, Feb- ruary, 1911, in shallow muddy pools of fresh water at sea level; Pasay, Merrill 7586, April, 1911, in stagnant pools of fresh water at sea level. The commonest of the tropical species of Characeae, occurring in India, Ceylon, Burma, and Java, as well as in Africa, North and South America, and Australia. The plants from Luzon come under Braun’s variety ceylonica. SES a Aas i ¥, THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANY. Vol. VII, No.2. June, 1912. SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. NEW OR INTERESTING PLANTS COLLECTED IN BONTOC SUBPROVINCE, LUZON, BY FATHER MORICE VANOVERBERGH. By E. D. MERRILL. (From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.) In the year 1909 Father Morice Vanoverbergh, who had re- cently come to the Philippines from Belgium, was assigned to the mission station at Bauco, Bontoc Subprovince, Luzon, and shortly after his arrival there entered into correspondence with the writer in regard to botanical matters. Father Vanover- bergh having expressed his deep interest in the study of botany, and a desire to become acquainted with the flora of the region in which he was located, an offer was made to determine, so far as possible, whatever he might submit for identification; and a small collecting outfit was sent to him. He commenced his botanical exploration of Bauco and vicinity in January, 1910, and continued it during his leisure hours until August, 1911. In this time he collected and transmitted to the Bureau of Science for determination about 1,400 numbers of plants, representing approximately 1,300 different species. The material was identi- fied from time to time as it was received, and lists of names were sent to the collector, with special reference to those forms of which additional or more complete material was desired. In general collections received here, there is always a certain per- centage of species represented which for lack of complete material can not be accurately determined, especially in those families having dioicious flowers, and in those groups where our classification is based on a combination of flower and fruit characters. Father Vanoverbergh has assiduously searched for the additional material required and accordingly I have been able to determine with a reasonable degree of accuracy a high percentage of the material collected by him. 71 72 MERRILL. The present paper is based primarily on specimens collected by Father Vanoverbergh; but in a number of cases I have been able, with aid of his material, to complete the determinations of specimens previously secured by other collectors and which for the most part had been determined only to the genus or family, or in some cases erroneously identified. From a study of his material I have been able to record, in the present paper, three genera, Microcarpaea, Trachelospermum, and Teucrium, previously unknown from the Archipelago, and two, Microchloa and Blyxa, which were included by Fathers Villar and Naves in the “Novissima Appendix” to the third edition of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas,” and whose records have not previously been veri- fied. An apparently undescribed genus, Vanoverberghia, has been discovered in the collection, and I have been able to reduce one genus, Cleistoloranthus, previously proposed by me, so that the number of genera definitely known from the Archipelago has been increased by five. As to species originally described from extra-Philippine material but previously not definitely known from the Archipelago, I have been able to record the following eleven: Blyzxa octandra Planch., Microchloa setacea (L.) Merr., Scleria pergracilis Kunth, Cocculus laurifolius DC., Rhynchosia volubilis Lour., Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., L. decurrens Forst., Microcarpaea minima (Koenig) Merr., Acro- cephalus indicus O. Ktze, Utricularia exoleta R. Br., and Cam- panumoea truncata Endl. Thirty-one species are described as new. I have previously described one new species of Begonia from Father Vanoverbergh’s material, B. vanoverberghii Merr. Dr. C. B. Robinson has indicated two new species of Elatostema, E. scapigerum C. B. Rob., and E. variabile C. B. Rob., in the same collection. Several new species of orchids have been described by Mr. Ames,: while additional ones have been indicated for future publication. A study of Father Vanoverbergh’s material has therefore increased our knowledge of the Philippine flora by six genera and over sixty species. I have dedicated the new genus Vanoverberghia, described below, to its discoverer and collector, and as its specific name I have associated with it the appellation sepulchrei in honor of the late Father Jules Sépul- chre, Father Vanoverbergh’s colleague and companion at Bauco, and the founder of the mission station at that place. Father Vanoverbergh informs me that Father Sépulchre took a lively —_ interest in the botanical work and was of much assistance to * Supra 1-27. SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 73 him in his botanical labors. Father Sépulchre died very sud- denly in Bontoe on February 13th, 1912, and was buried in the church erected by himself. It is but a very slight acknow]l- edgement of Father Vanoverbergh’s services to Philippine botany to fulfill his request and to associate with the genus dedicated to him the name of his regretted friend, colleague, and companion. In the year 1909 I described a new genus of the Loranthaceae, Cleistoloranthus,? which on reéxamination and comparison with excellent material representing the same species, secured by Father Vanoverbergh, I am now able to reduce to Loranthus. The type of the genus and species proves to have been a spec- imen with immature flowers. Cleistoloranthus may still be worthy of sectional rank on account of the peculiar appendages to the petals, but it can hardly be retained as a distinct genus if we follow the limits of genera generally accepted in this tamily. The types of the new species indicated in the present paper are preserved in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science, which also contains a complete or nearly complete set of all the botan- ical material collected in Bontoec by Father Vanoverbergh. He has also sent some material to the University of Louvain, Bel- gium, and many duplicate orchids have been supplied to Mr. Ames. Some duplicate material still remains to be distributed by the Bureau of Science. Father Vanoverbergh’s botanical work in Bontoe was inter- rupted in August, 1911 by his transfer to a new station in Union Province, but on the death of Father Sépulchre he was reas- signed to the Bauco station, where he plans to continue his botanical explorations. HYDROCHARITACEAE. BLYXA Thouars. Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch. ex Thwiates Enum. PI. Zeyl. (1859-64) 332. Vallisneria octandra Roxb. Pl. Corom. 2 (1798) t. 165. Blyxa roxburghii Rich. in Mém. Inst. Fr. (1811) 77, t. 5; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 660; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 214. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 664, July, 1910, in rice paddies, altitude about 1,250 m. Naves’ record for this species as a Philippine one has not previously been verified. Tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia, and the Caro- line Islands. * This Journal 4 (1909) Bot. 150. 74 MERRILL. GRAMINEAE. MICROCHLOA R. Br. Microchloa indica (Linn. f.) comb. nov. Nardus indica Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 105. Rottboellia setacea Roxb. Pl. Coromandel 2 (1798) 18, t. 132. Microchloa setacea R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 208; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 288; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1883) 319. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 764, August, 1910, altitude about 1,300 m: Rizal Province, Novaliches, Loher 7179, June, 1904. A species widely distributed in the Tropics, previously reported from the Philippines by Fernandez-Villar, but his record not before verified. The earliest valid specific name is here adopted. CYPERACEAE. CLADIUM P. Br. Cladium cyperoides sp. nov. Planta tenuis, perennis, plus minusve pilosa, foliis omnibus radicalibus, tenuibus, subrigidis, 4 ad 8 cm longis, circiter 1 mm latis; inflorescentiis longe et tenuiter pedunculatis, umbellatis, simplicibus vel compositis more Fimbristylis diphyllae; spiculis compressis, 5 ad 8 em longis, oblongis, glumis puberulis, om- nibus vel inferioribus exceptis distichis. A slender, tufted, erect, perennial plant, the leaves and culms slightly ciliate-pubescent with white hairs, the leaves slender, all basal, flat or involute, rather rigid, 4 to 8 cm long, usually less than 1 mm wide, acute, the sheaths inflated, purple, enclosing the base of the stems. Infiorescence long-exserted, the slender leafless peduncle 10 to 30 cm long, deeply sulcate, about 0.5 mm thick. Inflorescence a simple or compound umbel, similar to that of Fimbristylis diphylla and allied species, rather dense, or lax, the spikelets fascicled or solitary, some sessile, others pedi- celled, 5 to 20 in each inflorescence, the inflorescence subtended by 1 to several narrow, rigid, 0.5 to 2 cm long, leaf-like bracts which are inflated below and pubescent; rays few, up to 5 cm in length, usually much shorter. Spikelets brown, oblong, com- pressed, 5 to 8 mm long. Glumes all distichous, or the lower one or two spiral, puberulent, acute or acuminate; first glume empty, broadly ovate, 2.5 to 3 mm long, apiculate-acuminate, the apiculus 0.6 mm long; second glume 4 mm long, about 2 mm wide, acuminate, somewhat keeled, apiculate, 1-nerved, contain- ing a perfect flower. Anthers 3, 1.8 mm long; style thickened at the base, jointed with the nut, about 3 mm long, with three 2 mm long arms; hypogynous bristles none. Nut white, obovoid, 3-angled, minutely verrucose, about 1 mm long; style deciduous. ee SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 75 Succeeding glumes similar to the second one, all subtending per- fect flowers, usually 6 or 7 flowering glumes in each spikelet. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince Bauco, Vanoverbergh 278, hillsides, altitude about 1,320 m, first collected in March, 1910, again in May or June, 1910, and more abundant and representative material in May, 1911. A curious species which may possibly be referable to some other genus than Cladium. It has very much the habit of various species of Fimbri- stylis of the F’. diphylla group, but is at once distinguished from that and allied genera by its glumes being distichous, not spiral, or only the lower one or two spiral, very strongly resembling the spikelets of Cyperus in this character. It is anomalous in Cladiwm in its habit, its very slender, slightly pilose leaves, which are all basal, in its Fimbristylis-like inflores- cence, its spikelets with mostly perfect flowers, and its glumes mostly dis- tichously arranged. When first received I could not refer it to its proper genus, and speci- mens were accordingly sent to Rev. G. Kiikenthal, who reported it as probably referable to Cladium; in the meantime the second collection , having been received, I had also tentatively placed the material in Cladium. The description has been drawn up with reference to all three collections. SCLERIA Berg. Scleria pergracilis (Nees) Kunth Enum. 2 (1837) 354; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1884) 685. Hypophorum pergracile Nees in Edinb. Phil. Journ. 17 (1834) 267. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 889, October 5, 1910, on hillocks, altitude about 1,400 m. MINDANAO, District of Cotabato, near Makar, Copeland, December, 1911. ? Not previously reported from the Philippines; Tropical Africa, through India and Ceylon to Yunnan. Remarkable for its lemon-scented leaves. ZINGIBERACEAE. ALPINIA L. Alpinia vanoverberghii sp. nov. § Probolocalyz. Herba erecta circiter 2 m alta, subtus foliis minute puberulis, inflorescentiis terminalibus pubescentibus; foliis oblongis, brev- iter petiolatis, usque ad 30 cm longis, 11 cm latis; racemis simplicibus quam folia longioribus, multifloris, bracteis brac- teolisque nullis, pedicellis inter se remotis, solitariis vel binis, vix 2 cm longis; floribus pro genere magnis, albis, 5 ad 6 cm longis, connectivo vix appendiculato. An erect herb about 2 m high. Leaves alternate, distichous, the sheaths of the uppermost ones frequently 30 cm long, rather loose, glabrous, the ligule chartaceous or subcoriaceous, 1.5 cm long or less, usually inequilaterally 2-lobed, the petioles 1.5 cm long or less; leaf-blades oblong, subcoriaceous, up to 30 cm long, 11 cm wide, glabrous and somewhat shining above, beneath slightly paler, shining, more or less puberulent, the base broadly 76 MERRILL. rounded or somewhat acute, the apex with a slender acumen. Racemes simple, terminal, as long as or longer than the leaves, the rachis and pedicels rather densely cinereous-pubescent, the pedicels 1.8 cm long or less, solitary, rarely in pairs, mostly 1.5 to 2 cm apart. Flowers white, 5 to 6 cm long. Calyx in bud cylindric, in anthesis spathaceous, split to the base down one side, 3 to 3.5 em long, when spread 2.2 em wide at the base, about 1 cm wide near the apex, the apex with three subequal, oblong-ovate teeth 3.5 to 5 mm long, densely pubescent on the back, the remainder of the calyx slightly pubescent on the back, obscurely about 17-nerved. Corolla exserted from the base of the calyx and at right-angles to it, the tube about 1.5 cm long, somewhat enlarged upwards, and nearly 1.5 cm wide at the apex. Corolla-lobes subequal, narrowly oblong, about 4 cm long, 1 cm wide, blunt, wrinkled when dry. Lip as long as the petals, about 2 em wide above, apparently more or less cucullate, very much wrinkled when dry. Stamen-filament stout, broad at the base, when spread nearly 1 em wide, narrowed upwards, 3 cm long; anther oblong, 2.2 cm long, nearly 5 mm in diameter, the con- nective not crested; staminodes linear, 1.5 em long. Ovary pubescent, ovoid or obovoid, 3-celled, 5 to 8 mm long. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, on hillsides, altitude about 1,250 m, Vanoverbergh 578, June 11, 1910, locally known to the Igorot as calawin. A species manifestly belonging in the subgenus Probolocalyx, the first one of this group to be found in the Philippines. It is well characterized by its large flowers, crestless anthers, rather lax, racemose inflorescence, and in the entire absence of bracts and bracteoles. VANOVERBERGHIA gen. nov. Calyx in alabastro cylindraceus, demum spathaceo-fissus, apice latus, planus, 3-dentatus. Corollae tubus calyce brevior, lobi anguste oblongi, subaequales, 2 antici alte (4 ad 4) connati. Staminodia lateralia, linearia vel filiformia, elongata. Labellum petalis anterioribus alte adnatum, bifidum, lobi anguste lineares. Filamentum elongatum, concavum; antherae loculi discreti, connectivo sublatiusculo, concavo, non producto. Ovarium 3- loculare, loculis oo-ovulatis; stylus filiformis, stigmate sub- ovoideo, ciliolato; nectaria bina, crassa, compressa, erecta. Herba altissima, aromatica, e rhizomate crasso. Inflorescentia terminalis, racemosa, suberecta vel nutans. Flores in quaque bractea solitarii, bracteolis nullis. Vanoverberghia sepulchrei sp. nov. Planta erecta, robusta, usque ad 4 m alta, glabra, aromatica; foliis oblongis, usque ad 40 cm longis, longe caudato-acuminatis, SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. T7 breviter petiolatis, vaginis superioribus inflatis; racemis termin- alibus, suberectis vel nutantibus, bracteis calycibus subaequi- longis, persistentibus, bracteolis nullis; floribus roseis, 4 ad 4.5 em longis, petalis anterioribus alte connatis; labellum bifidum, membranaceum, lobis albidis, linearibus. A tall, erect, glabrous, coarse plant, with a strong anise-like odor, reaching a height of 4 m, the rhizome 5 cm in diameter, red outside, the stem green, 5 cm in diameter below, higher up 2 cm in diameter, and at the apex 1 to 1.5 cm thick. Leaves alternate, distichous, oblong, subcoriaceous, the lower ones rather short, gradually increasing in length upwards, the longest ones at the top of the stem, up to 40 cm long and 10 cm wide, the apex slenderly caudate-acuminate, the acumen about 5 cm long, the base acute or somewhat rounded and shortly decurrent-acu- minate, the petiole short, 1 cm long or less; nerves very numerous, slender, ascending, densely arranged; upper sheaths inflated, coriaceous, up to 20 cm long, when spread up to 6 cm wide, longitudinally striate, the upper ones tipped with much reduced leaves, or the uppermost one subtending the inflores- cence acuminate and with no vestige of a leaf. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, peduncled, at length nodding, the flower- bearing part up to 20 cm long. Flowers very numerous, about 4.5 cm long, pink outside, white within, densely disposed, one to each bract, the bracts brown, oblong, persistent, somewhat boat- shaped, 2.5 to 3 cm long, 8 to 10 mm wide, much wrinkled when old; bracteoles wanting. Pedicels stout, 5 to 10 mm long, often twisted. Calyx in bud cylindric, in flower spathaceous, split down one side nearly to the base, above flattened and about 8 mm wide, about 10-nerved, the apex with 3 oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long teeth. Corolla-tube about 1.7 cm long, the posterior lobe narrowly oblong, 3 cm long, 6 to 7 mm wide, about 7-nerved, obtuse, slightly cucullate at the apex, flat below, the base boat- shaped, inclosing the stamen, the upper one-half ultimately reflexed or spreading; anterior lobes about as long as the pos- terior one and similar to it, united for one-third to one-half their length, keeled below the union, the free parts flat, 5- to 7-nerved, apex obtuse and slightly cucullate. Lip sessile, membranaceous, adnate to the anterior petals as high as the cleft along the middle, the margins free, narrow, cleft above the part united to the petals into two linear, thin, flexuous lobes about 1.8 cm long, 2 mm wide below, narrowed upwards, the lobes about as long as the free parts of the anterior petals. Stamen somewhat curved, the filamert stout, cylindric, about 2 cm long and 2.5 mm thick, 78 MERRILL. channeled on the inside and inclosing the style; anther about 12 mm long, 3 mm thick, somewhat curved, the connective rather broad, but semi-cylindric, so that the lateral anther-cells are contiguous, not produced, truncate or retuse at the apex. Stam- inodes linear, 1 to 1.5 cm long, thin, flexuous, 1 mm wide or less from a somewhat broader base, attached at the angle between the lip and the posterior petal. Ovary 3 to 4 mm long, 3-celled; ovules many, spreading, attached along the inner angles of the cells; style slender, surrounded by the hollowed filament below, emerging above, nearly as long as the stamen; stigma obovate, about 2 mm long, somewhat oblique, truncate or hollowed, minutely ciliate. Nectaries 2, suborbicular, compressed, about 2 mm in diameter, one on each side of the style at the base but free from it. Fruit edible, subellipsoid, 2 to 2.5 cm long, the pericarp coriaceous, very tardily dehiscent. Seeds numerous, about 3 mm long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey (Pinggat), Vanoverbergh 956, October 19, 1910, and mature fruits August 17, 1911, along streams at an altitude of about 1,500 meters, locally known to the Igorots as agbab. This genus is closely allied to Riedelia Oliver, and appears to be some- what intermediate between that genus and Alpinia. It differs from Riedelia in its rather large floral bracts, and especially in its two anterior petals being united for one-third to one-half their length, its narrow and mem- | branaceous lip being adherent to the two anterior petals as high as the cleft between them, the lip there split into two linear lobes as long as the free parts of the anterior petals. The genus is dedicated to Father Morice Vanoverbergh, by whom it was discovered, in appreciation of his intensive and enthusiastic botanical exploration of the region in and about Bauco where his mission station is located. The species is dedicated to his colleague, Father Jules Sépulchre who came to the Philippines in November, 1907, and whose untimely death occurred in Bontoc February 18, 1912. Father Sépulchre established the Bauco mission, and rendered much assistance to Father Vanoverbergh, who was associated with him in the missonary work, in the latter’s botan- . ical explorations. LORANTHACEAE. LORANTHUS L. Loranthus appendiculatus nom. nov. 3 Cleistoloranthus verticillatus Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) ots 150, 5 (1910) Bot. 345, non Loranthus verticillatus Ruiz & av. This was originally described by me as a new genus and species, on the basis of a single collection from Mount Pulog, Benguet Province, Luzon. The original material was taken to represent mature or nearly mature specimens, but a recent collection of the same species shows that the type was quite immature, the flowers being in young bud only. In the original specimens the corolla was’ considered to be composed of four almost entirely SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 719 united petals, forming a cylindric. tube quite closed at the apex by an appendage from each corolla-lobe uniting to form a conical body at the mouth, the four free spreading lobes being broad and very short. This description is true of the original specimens, but quite mature flowers on recently collected material shows them not to be cleistogamous, and the corolla to be composed of four entirely free petals, and hence the species being referable to Loranthus, § Heteranthus. Specimens from Malamey, Bontoe Subprovince, Luzon, collected by Father Vanoverbergh, in June, 1911, (no. 1293) match the type of Cleis- ' toloranthus verticillatus in all respects except that some of the flowers are quite mature and open. The original description of the species must be emended as follows: Inflorescence solitary or fascicled at the nodes, the flowers in umbellately disposed triads, or by reduction, in diads. Calyx 2.5 to 2.8 mm long. Petals 4, free, valvate, 1.6 cm long, about 1.7 mm wide, the reflexed part above the insertion of the stamen narrowly oblong, 5 mm long, about 2 mm wide, each petal with a somewhat triangular, thick appendage on the inner surface near the apex, the four appendages forming a conical body that closes the corolla in bud, the petals in bud with a spreading, 2 to 2.3 mm broad, short, truncate tip. Stamens 4 mm long, erect; filaments 2.5 mm long; anthers 1.5 mm long, continuous with the filaments and of the same diameter. In spite of the reduction of Cleistoloranthus to Loranthus the species is a very distinct one in the latter genus, characterized by the peculiarly appendaged petals. In the generally accepted interpretations of the genera of Loranthaceae, Cleistoloranthus cannot be considered to be generically distinct from Loranthus, but with any treatment of genera approaching that proposed by Van Tieghem, it would probably rank as distinct as most of the genera indicated by that author. : Unfortunately the specific name originally used by me is not valid in . Loranthus, hence the necessity of coining a new specific name under the latter genus. Loranthus tetranthus sp. nov. § Lepiostegeres. Glaber ; foliis oppositis, coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis ad lanceo- latis, usque ad 6 cm longis, obtusis vel acutis, rariter leviter acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis obsoletis; capitulis axillaribus, solitariis, 4-floris, in alabastro oblongo-lanceolatis, acuminatis, bracteis numerosis, ovatis ad lanceolatis, interioribus gradatim longioribus; floribus 4-meris, sessilibus, corolla circiter 2 cm longa. Glabrous throughout, 0.5 m high, the branches terete, dark- colored when dry, the internodes rather short. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, 4 to 6 cm long, 1 to 2.5 cm wide, coriaceous, dull, of about the same color on both surfaces, the base acute, the apex blunt, acute, or rarely somewhat acuminate; 1105923 4s, 80 MERRILL. petioles 4 to 8 mm long; midrib prominent, the lateral nerves obsolete. Flowers in axillary, solitary, 4-flowered, sessile heads, surrounded by numerous, grayish-brown, chartaceous, imbricate bracts, the outer bracts broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 4 mm long, the inner ones gradually longer, ovate-lanceolate, prominently acuminate, the innermost up to 1 cm long, the ul- timate two or three strongly imbricate forming a beaked 1 cm long calyptra that falls as a whole. Flowers pink and greenish, sessile. Calyx 3.5 to 4 mm long, somewhat angled by contact with those of the other flowers in the same receptacle, slightly and irregularly 3- or 4-toothed, the limb slightly produced. Corolla about 2 cm long, 4-lobed, the lobes united for the lower 3 to 4 mm forming a short tube about 2.5 mm in diameter, the part above the insertion of the stamens linear-oblong, 6 mm long, about 0.6mm wide. Filaments 1.5 mm long; anthers continuous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 8 mm long. Style slender, 2 cm long. LuzoN, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 1294, June 28, 1911, parasitic on trees, altitude about 1,890 m. A. very distinct species of the section Lepiostegeres, entirely different from the few other species of the section known from the Philippines. Loranthus pentagonus sp. nov. § Dendrophthoé. Frutex glaber, ramulis crassis, acute pentagonis; foliis alter- nis, coriaceis, oblongis vel oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm longis, petiolatis, obtusis vel acutis, basi acutis vel leviter acu- minatis, nervis utrinque vix distinctis, 5 vel 6; inflorescentiis in axillis superioribus; floribus 6-meris, circiter 5 cm longis, ses- silibus, solitariis, in diadibus, vel in triadibus dispositis. A glabrous parasitic shrub, the branchlets stout, 5 to 8 mm in diameter, brown when dry, distinctly and sharply 5-angled. Leaves alternate, thickly coriaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 7 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5.5 em wide, brownish-olivaceous when dry, the lower surface slightly paler than the upper one, slightly shining, apex acute or obtuse, base more or less narrowed, acute or somewhat decurrent-acuminate, rarely subrounded; nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, not prominent, the reticulations obsolete or nearly so; petioles 1 to 1.5 em long. Inflorescence in the uppermost axils, the rachis stout, 4 to 6 cm long, bearing alternate stout branchlets 1 cm long or less, each branchlet bearing at its apex from 1 to 8 sessile flowers, the bracteole subtending the flowers broadly triangular-ovate, concave, obtuse, about 4 mm long. Flowers 6-merous, yellowish, stout. Calyx cylindric, about 8 mm long, 4.5 mm in diameter, truncate, or very slightly and obscurely toothed. Corolla 4.5 em long, the a . SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. ~- 81 tube slightly gibbous at the base and 5 mm in diameter, the lobes 3 mm wide below, narrowed above, the reflexed part above the insertion of the stamens about 1.5 cm long, thickened, 2 mm wide, the margins incurved. Filaments 3 to 4mm long; anthers continuous, erect, linear-lanceolate, about 1 em long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m, Vanoverbergh 1254, June 13, and August 17, 1911. A characteristic species, its distinctive features being its stout, 5-angled branchlets, and its comparatively large flowers, the corolla being somewhat gibbous at the base. MENISPERMACEAE. coccuLus Dc. Cocculus laurifolius DC. Syst. 1 (1818) 580, Prodr. 1 (1824) 100; Diels in Engl. Pflanzenreich 46 (1910) 239. Luzon, Bontoec Subprovince, Daoait, Vanoverbergh 1287, June, 1911, along trails, altitude about 1,200 m. Not previously reported from the Philippines, the third species of the genus to be found in the Archipelago. India to Japan, southern China, Formosa, and Java. -The specimen is a fairly close match for Wallich 4965, a specimen of which is in our herbarium, as well as several specimens from plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden at Buitenzorg, Java. MAGNOLIACEAE. ILLICIUM Linn. Ilicium montanum sp. nov. Arbor parva, glabra, aromatica; foliis oblongo-ellipticis, utrin- que acutis vel leviter acuminatis, coriaceis, usque ad 8 cm longis, nervis utrinque circiter 7, obscuris vel subobsoletis; floribus axillaribus, fasciculatis, circiter 3 cm diametro; folliculis circiter 12, radiatis, 1.5 ad 2 cm longis, acuminatis. A small, glabrous, aromatic tree about 4 m high. Branches olivaceous when dry. Leaves coriaceous, dark-brown when dry, slightly shining, oblong-elliptic, narrowed about equally at both ends and acute or slightly acuminate, 5 to 8 em long, 2 to 3.3 em wide, the midrib very stout and prominent; lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, very faint, often nearly obsolete, the reticulations obsolete; petioles about 1 cm long. Flowers white, axillary, somewhat fascicled, the buds ovoid, ses- sile, soon becoming short-pedicelled. Sepals and petals about 20, the outer ones in bud ovate, apiculate, their margins ciliate, deciduous or persisting until anthesis and elongated, the outer sepals in flower oblong, about 15 mm long, 6 mm wide, obtuse, the inner ones gradually shorter and narrower, the innermost petals lanceolate, long-acuminate, about 10 mm long. Stamens 82 MERRILL. about 20, in two rows, 3 to 4 mm long. Carpels about 12, acu- minate, 5 mm long, in fruit radiately arranged, laterally compres- sed, lanceolate, 1.5 to 2 em long, about 5 mm deep. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1048, January, 1911, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m. The second species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, differing from Illicium philippinense Merr., to which it is closely allied, in its larger flowers, more numerous perianth-segments, and larger and more numerous mature carpels. LEGUMINOSAE. RHYNCHOSIA Lour. Rhynchosia volubilis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 460; DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 885; Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1887) 196. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 654, July, 1910, altitude about 1,400 m. Not previously reported from the Philippines; China to Formosa and Japan. The specimen seems to be referable to Loureiro’s species, as that is at present interpreted; it differs from it, as described, in having the leaflets shortly acuminate, not obtuse. The Luzon plant is matched in all respects by one from Formosa, Nakahara 195, July, 1905. DERRIS Lour. Derris oblongifolia sp. nov. § Paraderris. Frutex erectus vel scandens, partibus junioribus plus minusve ferrugineo-pubescentibus vetustioribus glaber vel subglaber; foliis pinnatis, circiter 20 cm longis, foliolis 18, oblongis vel anguste oblongo-obovatis, acuminatis, 3 ad 7 cm longis; racemis axillaribus, ferrugineis, quam folia multo brevioribus; floribus fasciculatis, albidis vel roseis, circiter 1.7 cm longis, vexillo piloso, basi subcalloso; leguminibus oblongis, 5 ad 8 cm longis, 1.5 ad 2 em latis, subglabris. A scandent woody vine, or suberect and about 1 m high, the younger parts more or less ferruginous-pubescent, in age becom- ing glabrous or nearly so. Branches dark-brown, lenticellate, slightly pubescent, the younger parts very densely ferruginous- pubescent. Leaves alternate, about 20 cm long, pubescent with scattered, short hairs, becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 13, oblong to narrowly oblong-obovate, when young membranaceous, becoming firmly chartaceous, 3 to 7 em long, 1.5 to 2 em wide, base rounded or subacute, the apex shortly and rather abruptly acuminate, the lower surface slightly paler than the upper, in age becoming quite glabrous except for scattered hairs along the midrib; lateral nerves about 10 pairs, slender but distinct; petiolules 2 to 3 mm long. Racemes in the upper axils, solitary, ae. | ‘gal i ee ees SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 83 appearing with the leaves, forming a terminal leafy inflorescence, rather densely ferruginous-pubescent. Flowers fascicled at the nodes, white or pink, their pedicels pubescent, 6 to 7 mm long. Calyx ferruginous-pubescent, cup-shaped, subtruncate, 5 to 6 mm deep and wide, faintly and broadly toothed. Standard about 17 mm long, the claw 3 to 4 mm long, the lamina suborbicular, retuse, pubescent on the back, reflexed in anthesis, the base with thickened but not projecting callosities. Wings adherent to the keel, their claws slender, about 6 mm long, their blades narrowly oblong, about 4 mm wide, similar to those forming the keel. Vexillary filament free at the base, united with the others above. Ovary somewhat pubescent. Fruit very thin, oblong, 5 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 2 em wide, acuminate, when young with very few scattered short hairs, apparently when mature glabrous or nearly so, one wing about 2.5 mm wide, the other less than one-half as wide. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, on hillsides, altitude about 1,325 m, Vanoverbergh 280, in flower April, 1910, in fruit May, 1911. A species apparently undescribed, and quite different from any of the Philippine forms previously known. Although the callosities of the stand- ard do not project as in Derris elliptica Benth., still they are sufficiently evident as thickenings of the tissue, and apparently refer the present species to the section Paraderris. TERAMNUS Sw. Teramnus angustifolius sp. nov. Herba scandens omnibus partibus plus minusve ferrugineo- pubescens; foliolis lanceolatis usque ad 7 cm longis, vix 1 cm latis; calycis dentibus lanceolatis, acuminatis, aequalibus, 2 mm longis. A scandent, slender, herbaceous vine reaching 1 m in length. Stems 4-angled, 1.5 mm in diameter or less, rather densely pubescent with somewhat spreading ferruginous hairs. Leaves trifoliolate, the petioles, petiolules and lower surfaces of the leaflets more or less appressed-pubescent with ferruginous hairs, the stipels pubescent, acicular, about 1 mm long; petioles 1.5 to 3 cm long; petiolules of the lateral leaflets usually about 2 mm long, that of the terminal one longer. Leaflets lanceolate, 4 to 7 cm long, 5 to 9 mm wide, chartaceous, base rounded or acute, narrowed upwards to the apiculate apex. Racemes pubescent, axillary, solitary, few-flowered, 2 to 9 cm long, slender. Calyx 4.5 mm long, appressed-pubescent, the 5 lobes subequal, lanceo- late, acuminate, 2 mm long. Corolla almost included in the calyx, blue and white; standard 5.5 mm long, the limb orbicular- elliptic, retuse, not auricled at the base, 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, 84 MERRILL. the claw about 1.5 mm long; wings and keel nearly as long as the limb, clawed, narrow. Stamens monadelphous, the vexillary one united with the others at the base, then free for about 0.5 mm, then united with the others again, forming a closed tuhe, five of the filaments bearing fertile anthers about 0.4 mm long, the other five without anthers. Ovary cylindric, somewhat pu- bescent, bearded at the apex, the style short, curved; ovules about 10. Young pods somewhat flattened, slightly pubescent, 4 cm long, 3 mm wide. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 716, July 28, 1910, in cultivated lands, altitude 1,300 m. A very distinct species, at once recognizable by its lanceolate, compara- tively very narrow leaflets. RUTACEAE. EVODIA Forst. Evodia villosa sp. nov. Frutex circiter 1.5 m altus, ramulis, subtus foliis inflorescenti- isque dense fulvo-villosus; foliis unifoliolatis, foliolis ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis, breviter acuminatis vel acutis, 10 ad 15 cm longis, nervis prominentibus, utrinque 7 ad 10; inflores- centiis axillaribus, brevibus, in alabastro densissimis; fioribus 4-meris, calycis villosis. A shrub about 1.5 m high, the branchlets, petioles, lower surfaces of the leaves and inflorescence densely fulvous-villous, the indumentum rather pale. Leaves opposite, 1-foliolate, the petiole stout, about 2 cm long. Leaflets elliptic to oblong- elliptic, coriaceous, 10 to 15 em long, 3 to 6.5 em wide, rather pale when dry, shining, the apex shortly acuminate or merely acute, the base acute, rarely somewhat rounded, the upper surface fulvous-villous, densely so on the midrib and nerves; lateral nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent, arched-anastomosing, the reticulations distinct. Inflorescence in the upper axils, in bud dense, not exceeding the petioles, many- flowered. Flowers 4-merous, yellowish-green. Sepals obtuse, oblong, densely villous outside, 2 mm long. Petals (in nearly mature bud) oblong-elliptic, obtuse, punctate, 2mm long. Ovary ovoid, densely villous, about 1.3 mm long; style subquadrangular, subsessile, about 0.6 mm in diameter. Stamens 4, short. Fruit unknown. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1002, November 15, 1910, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m. ' A species not closely allied to any other known Philippine form, well characterized by its villous, pale-fulvous indumentum. SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 85 VITACEAE. TETRASTIGMA Planch. Tetrastigma brunneum sp. nov. Frutex scandens, glaber, ramulis teretibus; foliis palmato 3- ad 5-foliolatis, foliolis coriaceis, in siccitate brunneis, ovatis, oblongo-ovatis, vel subellipticis, basi acutis vel rotundatis, apice abrupte subtenuiter acute acuminatis apiculatisque, margine distanter crenato-serratis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, axis, corymboso-paniculatis; floribus 4-meris, subumbellato dispositis, circiter 1.5 mm longis, numerosis; fructibus obovoideis vel oblongo-obovoideis, 8 mm longis; seminibus 2, plano-convexis, rugosis, haud sulcatis. A woody vine 5 to 6 m in length, glabrous throughout. Stems and branches terete, light-brown, striate, the branchlets usually smooth, black or dark-colored when dry. Tendrils leaf-opposed, forked, up to 18 cm in length. Leaves palmately 3- to 5-folio- late, their petioles 1.5 to 5 cm in length. Leaflets ovate, oblong- ovate, or subelliptic, firmly coriaceous, always brown when dry, the lower surface a little paler than the upper one, slightly shining, 5 to 10 em long, 2 to 5 em wide, the middle leaflet larger than the lateral ones, abruptly and rather slenderly acutely acuminate, the acumen apiculate, the base rounded or acute, the margin distantly crenate-serrate, the teeth usually rather prominent, often apiculate; nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, not prominent, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, obscure; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 4 to 8 mm long, that of the middle one about 1.5 cm in length. Inflorescence axillary, rather lax, corymbose-paniculate, many-flowered, peduncled, about 8 cm long, enlarged in fruit and often forming terminal or subterminal more or less leafy panicles. Male flowers: Calyx shallowly cup-shaped, truncate, about 1 mm in diameter. Petals 4, free, oblong, 1.8 to 2 mm long, obtuse, cucullate at the apex inside. Filaments about 1 mm long, inserted under the broad disk; anthers 0.5 mm long, broader than long. Disk prominent, obscurely 4-angled or lobed. Female flowers: Calyx somewhat funnel-shaped, truncate, 1.2 mm in diameter. Petals as in the males. Staminodes slender, 1 mm long, slightly dilated at the apex. Ovary cylindric-ovoid, truncate, glabrous, 1.2 mm long; stigma sessile, disk-like, not at all or very obscurely lobed, 0.7 mm in diameter. Fruit obovoid to oblong-obovoid, about 8 mm long, apparently some- what fleshy, each containing two plano-convex seeds, or the 86 MERRILL. inner face slightly concave, not suleate, somewhat rugose, brown, the albumen ruminate. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 795 (type), August, 1910, in forests, altitude about 1,550 m, with ¢ flowers, a second collection in December, 1910, with immature fruits: Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, Bur. Sci. 8410 McGregor, June, 1909, with very immature flowers, altitude about 2250 m; Mount Tonglong, Bur. Sci. 5125 Ramos, December, 1908, with immature fruits, altitude about 2,100 m, Williams 1336, October, 1904: Province of Tayabas, Mount. Binuang, Bur. Sci. 9434 Robinson, August, 1909, with 2 flowers; Lucban, Mount Banajao, Elmer 7796, May, 1907, with mature fruits, distributed as Tetrastigma lanceolarium Planch.: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, Bur. Sci. 1560 Foxworthy. Probably also should be referred here Elmer 10867 from Mount Apo, Mindanao, distributed as Tetrastigma pergamaceum Blume. Apparently allied to Tetrastigma pergamaceum Blume, but differing from that species, as described, in its terete stems, its 3— to 5-foliolate leaves, never 1-foliolate as is usually the case in Blume’s species, and in its axillary, not leaf-opposed cymes. The species is not typical of Tetras- tigma, as the stigmas are perfectly circular in outline, not at all lobed, but has been placed in the genus as it agrees in other details, especially in its 4-merous flowers, and in its fruit and seed characters. Tetrastigma philippinense sp. nov. Species T. loheri similimis et ut videtur valde affinis differt petalis extus distincte pubescentibus. A tendril-bearing dioecious vine reaching a height of 10 m, and the trunk a diameter of 2 cm, glabrous except the inflores- cence. Branches terete, brownish, smooth, slender. Leaves 3-foliolate, their petioles 1 to 2.5 cm long; leaflets lanceolate, submembranaceous to coriaceous, dull or slightly shining, of about the same color on both surfaces, the middle one longer than the lateral ones, equilateral, obtuse, rounded, or subacute at the base, the lateral ones somewhat falcate, inequilateral at the usually rounded base, all acuminate at the apex, margins often slightly undulate, distantly serrulate-crenate, the teeth usually mucronulate, 6 to 16 cm long, 1.5 to 4.5 em wide; lateral nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the midrib, not prominent, the reticula- ” tions lax, obsolete or indistinct; petiolules of the middle leaflets 1 to 2 cm long, of the lateral ones 5 mm or less. Tendrils simple, 10 to 15 cm long or more. Inflorescence axillary, pubescent, about as long as the petioles, compound, umbellately corymbose, the flowers subumbellately arranged on the ultimate branchlets. Female flowers: Calyx obscurely 4-toothed, about 1.5 mm in diameter. Petals 4, oblong, pubescent externally, obtuse, some- what cucullate at the apex, 2 to 2.2 mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, 1.5 mm long, slightly contracted upwards; stigma = eee: SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 87 sessile, distinctly but shallowly 4-lobed. Staminodes slender, spatulate, 1 to 1.2 mm long. Male flowers similar to the female ones in size. Filaments 1.5 mm long; anthers broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, 0.6 mm long. Disk prominent. Fruit oblong-obovoid, red, turning dark-purple or black, the pericarp more or less fleshy when fresh, apparently thin. Seeds solitary, with a shallow longitudinal groove along each side, obscurely sulcate, the albumen ruminate. Type specimen R. S. Williams 1025, Antamok, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, October 22, 1904, with ? flowers, altitude about 1,000 m. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and most of the material below referred to it has been determined here as Tetrastigma lanceolarium Planch., a few specimens as 7. angustifoliwm Planch., and very recently a number have been referred to Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep., the latter’ determinations being based on a specimen of Whitford 19, referred by Gagnepain to his species.’ However, Whitford’s specimen is with fruit only, and its determination as Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep., must have been based on strong vegetative resemblances between it and the type of the species, Loher 371. According to Gagnepain’s de- scription, and according to the characters used by him in his key to the~ Asiatic species,‘ all the material cited” below must belong to a different species than 7. loheri, for that species has glabrous petals, while all our material of T. philippinense has pubescent petals. As to Whitford 19 it is impossible to say whether or not the petals were glabrous or pubescent, but abundant material from the same locality in flower, which matches it in all respects, so far as the material in different stages is comparable, has pubescent petals. I have no hesitation in referring to Tetrastigma philippinense the following material: _ Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, For. Bur. 12489 Merritt & Darling, November, 1908: Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 646, June, October, 1910, 2 flowers: Benguet Subprovince, lower slopes of Mount Pulog, Merrill 6394, May, 1909, 2 flowers; Sablang, Bur. Sci. 12730 Fénix. November, 1910, with young fruits: Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles, Williams 349, 792, December, 1903, January, 1904, the former with 3 Flowers, the latter with immature fruits, For. Bur. 2310 Meyer, December, 1904, 2 flowers, Bur. Sci. 1872 Foxworthy, December, 1906, ¢ flowers, Whitford 19, April, 1904, with mature fruits; Dinalupijan, Merrill 1590, December, 1902, with ¢ flowers: Province of Pampanga, Arayat, Merrill 1419, March, 1903, with mature fruits: Province of Laguna, Cavinti, Loher 5837, February, 1906, with immature fruits: Province of Rizal, Montalban, Loher 5824, January, 1905, with 2 flowers; Caytimon, Bur. Sci. 10897 Ramos, October, 1909: Province of Tayabas, Bur. Sci. 13277 Ramos, March, 1911, in fruit, Bur. Sci. 12325 Foxworthy, with very young fruits. MiNDoRO, Baco River, McGregor 261, April, 1905, in fruit, Merrill 1240, January, 1903, in fruit. PALAWAN, Merrill 846, February, 1903, with ¢ flowers and with fruits. MINDANAO, Butuan Subprovince, * Not. Syst. 1 (1910) 265. 4h“ 812, 88 MERRILL. Weber s. n., March 15, 1911, with fruits: District of Davao, Copeland 533, March, 1904, with Jd fiowers and with fruits. Native names: Chanon (Igorot, Benguet); Ayo, Ayu (Tagalog, Bataan, Rizal, Pampanga, etc.). Tetrastigma sepulchrei sp. nov. Frutex scandens, inflorescentiis exceptis glaber, ramulis teretibus, striatis, vix tuberculatis; foliis 3-foliolatis vel pedato- 5-foliolatis, foliolis coriaceis, nitidis, oblongis, usque ad 12 cm longis, acuminatis, distanter crenato-denticulatis; inflorescentiis axillaribus vel oppositifoliis, 2- vel 3-pinnatim umbellato-corym- bosis, petiolo aequantibus vel longioribus; floribus umbellato- dispositis, extus leviter pubescentibus, petalis oblongis, 3 mm longis, supra glanduloso-corniculatis; ovario piloso. A scandent vine about 3 m high, glabrous except the inflores- cence, the branches terete, striate, smooth, olivaceous when dry. Tendrils leaf-opposed, stout. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or more commonly pedately 5-foliolate, their petioles 3 to 5 cm long. Leaflets oblong, coriaceous, shining, of about the same color on both surfaces when dry, the lower surface duller than the upper one, 9 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4.5 em wide, acuminate, base acute or somewhat rounded, of the lateral ones usually inequilateral, the margins more or less recurved, distantly crenate-denticulate ; primary lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each side of the midrib, distant, anastomosing, the reticulations obsolete or nearly so; petiolule of the middle leaflet about 2 cm long, the common one of the two lateral leaflets about one-half as long, their petiolules proper 3 to 5 mm in length. Inflorescence leaf-opposed and axillary, 5 to 10 cm long, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous, rather lax, 2- or 3-pinnately umbellate-corymbose, the primary branches opposite or umbellately arranged, each bearing 4 or 5 or more umbellately arranged secondary branches, these in turn bearing few to many umbellately arranged flowers. Flowers 4-merous (very rarely 5-merous), dioecious, their pedicels 3 to 5 mm in length. Pistillate flowers: Calyx disk-like, truncate, 1.5 mm in. diameter, glabrous. Petals 4 (rarely 5), uniformly but sparingly pubescent externally oblong or oblong-ovate, somewhat narrowed upwards, obtuse or acute, distinctly hooded at the apex and some or all with an apical dorsal gland with a short, stout, reflexed process at its base. Staminodes very slender, 1 mm long. Ovary 2 mm long, narrowed upwards, glabrous. Stigma sessile, truncate, obscurely 4-lobed. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m, Vanoverbergh 1215, May 18, 1911. SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 89 According to Gagnepain’s recent treatment of this genus the species above described is allied to Tetrastigma crassipes Planch., and to T. pedunculare Planch., although apparently not very close to either. It is dedicated to Father Jules Sépulchre, Father Vanoverbergh’s colleague and companion at Bauco and founder of the mission at that place whose recent sudden death is greatly deplored. TILIACEAE. GREWIA L. Grewia setacea sp. nov. § EHugrewia. Arbor parva, omnibus partibus plus minusve simpliciter vel admodum stellato-pilosis, partibus junioribus ferrugineis; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-ovatis, acutis vel breviter acuminatis, basi obtusis vel rotundatis, aequilateralibus, trinerviis, margine cre- nato-denticulatis; stipulis setaceis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, umbellatis; floribus bracteatis, circiter 9 mm longis, petalis 2 mm longis, ciliatis. A small tree, all parts more or less pilose or pubescent with simple or somewhat stellately-arranged hairs, the young shoots and leaves rather densely ferruginous-pilose, the older parts with scattered hairs. Branches terete, dark-colored, somewhat pubescent. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, 5 to 8 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, equilateral, some- what shining when dry, slightly paler beneath, the apex acute or shortly acuminate, the base obtuse or rounded, margins rather finely and uniformly crenate-serrate, the upper surface pubes- cent on the midrib and nerves, the lower surface with simple or stellate, more or less scattered, pilose hairs on the nerves and reticulations; basal nerves extending above the middle of the leaf, the lateral ones above the basal pair about 4 on each side of the midrib, ascending, prominent beneath; petioles densely pubescent, 5 to 8 mm long; stipules setaceous, somewhat pubes- cent, about 1 em long. Inflorescence of axillary umbels, solitary or in pairs, stellate-pubescent, the flowers few, usually about three, their pedicels subtended by a whorl of linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 7 mm long, slightly pubescent bracteoles, the pedicels 4 to 7 mm long, the peduncles usually about 1.5 cm in length. Sepals oblong, obtuse, pubescent, about 9 mm long, 2 to 2.2 mm wide. Petals elliptic-oblong or ovate-elliptic, dis- tinctly ciliate-pilose, about 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Stamens 1 mm long or less; anthers subglobose (perfect?), 0.2 mm long. Ovary villous; style glabrous, 3 mm long, cleft above. Drupe black when dry, somewhat pubescent, ultimately nearly glabrous, 90 MERRILL. 2-lobed, the lobes ovoid, about 7 mm long, each lobe 1- or 2-celled, each cell containing a single seed. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Tonglon, For. Bur. 5022 Curran (type), August, 1906, a small tree with white flowers near the summit of the mountain, altitude probably about 2,000 m: Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1372, August, 1911, altitude 1,250 m. A species with somewhat the aspect of Grewia multiflora Juss., and G. laevigata Vahl, but quite different from both in its pubescence. MALVACEAE. SIDA L. Sida puberula sp. nov. Species S. corylifoliz Wall. affinis, differt omnibus partibus plus minusve cinereo-stellato-puberulis, aristis carpellorum bre- vioribus, pubescentibus, non reflexo-villosis. An erect branched shrub about 3 m high (fide Vanoverbergh). Branches terete, cinereous-puberulent. Leaves oblong-ovate, firmly chartaceous, base somewhat cordate, apex acute or slightly acuminate, the margins crenate-denticulate, 3 to 8 cm long, 2 to 4.5 em wide, the upper surface stellate-puberulent with scattered hairs, the lower surface much paler and densely cinerous-stellate- puberulent; basal nerves 2 pairs, the outer pair much shorter than the inner, the inner pair reaching to about the middle of the leaf, the lateral nerves above the basal.ones about 4 on each side of the midrib, the reticulations few, lax; petioles densely cinereous-stellate-puberulent, 1.5 to 2.5 em long; stipules seta- ceous, about 4 mm long. Flowers orange-yellow, rather large, axillary, solitary, mostly somewhat crowded near the ends of the branches, the peduncles stellate-puberulent, reaching a length of 5 cm, somewhat geniculate near the apex. Calyx about 1.5 em long, 2 cm in diameter, the lobes ovate, acuminate, 8 to 9 mm long, outside stellate-puberulent, inside puberulent with simple hairs. Petals obliquely and very broadly obovate, about 2 cm long, 2.5 em wide, each with from 15 to 20 slender nerves. Staminal-tube cylindric, densely pubescent, about 8 mm long, 3 mm in diameter; stamens very numerous, the anthers about 1 mm long, 2 mm wide. Styles 9, united for the lower 7 mm, the free portions exserted, about 1.5 cm long. Carpels 9, in- cluding the awns about 7 cm long, slightly reticulate on all three faces, glabrous except for the two, pubescent, terminal, 1.5 to 2 mm long awns. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, wet hillsides, altitude about 1,350 m, Vanoverbergh 858, September 14, 1910. SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 91 A species allied to and with much the general appearance of Sida corylifolia Wall., differing not only in its much larger size (3 m high), but also in being more or less densely stellate-puberulent throughout, and especially in its carpels having much shorter awns which are not supplied with refiexed bristles. DILLENIACEAE. SAURAUIA Willd. Saurauia vanoverberghii sp. nov. Arbor parva circiter 6 m alta, ramulis subtus foliis inflores- centiisque dense brunneo-setosis; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-obova- tis, usque ad 12 em longis, denticulatis, supra nervis plus minusve setosis exceptis glabra; pedunculis axillaribus, solitariis, quam petiolo longioribus, paucifloris; floribus bracteatis, albidis, cir- citer 2 cm diametro; styli 5. , A small tree about 6 m high, the branches and branchlets very densely covered with brown or ferruginous, linear, acuminate setae, the setae themselves more or less furfuraceous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-obovate, 9 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5.5 ecm wide, the upper surface ultimately quite glabrous, or the nerves more or less setose, much darker than the lower surface which is rather densely covered with brown setae which like those of the branches and inflorescence are more or less furfuraceous, base rounded, apex acute or slightly acuminate, margins denticulate, the teeth rather irregular, not very close; petioles densely brown- setaceous, 1 to 2.5 cm long; lateral nerves 9 to 11 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the lower surface, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct. Inflorescence in the axils, solitary, 5 em long or less, long-peduncled, few-flowered, all parts brown-setose, the peduncle 3 to 4 cm long, the leaf- like bracts subtending the flowers 1.5 cm long or less, similar to * the leaves in shape and texture. Flowers white, few, 2 or 3 to several on each inflorescence, about 2 cm in diameter. Sepals ovate, about 5 mm long, setose on the back. Petals obovate, about 8 mm long, glabrous. Stamens many; anthers about 2mm long. Styles 5, short, free nearly or quite to the base. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 1014, December 3, 1910, in forests, altitude about 1,500 m. A species, while similar in vegetative characters to other forms, well characterized by the furfuraceous setae, all of the other Philippine forms having glabrous setae. 92 MERRILL. GUTTIFERAE. CALOPHYLLUM L, Calophyllum glabrum sp. nov. § Inophyllum. Arbor parva, 5 ad 6 m alta, glabra; foliis coriaceis, nitidis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 8 cm longis, basi angustatis, acutis, apice breviter obtuse acuminatis; racemis terminalibus et in axillis superioribus, folia aequantibus vel longioribus; floribus 2.5 ad 3 em diametro, sepalis decussatis, exterioribus parvis, orbicularis, interioribus multo majoribus; petalis 5 vel 6, an- guste oblongis, circiter 13 mm longis. A small tree, 5 to 6 m high, glabrous in all parts even including the buds. Branches reddish-brown, smooth, slightly wrinkled when dry. Leaves oblong-elliptic, rarely narrowly obovate- oblong, 6 to 8 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 em wide, coriaceous, shining, base narrowed, slightly decurrent, acute, apex shortly and ob- tusely acuminate; midrib prominent on the lower surface, im- pressed on the upper surface; lateral nerves very fine and dense; petioles 7 to 10 mm long. Racemes terminal and in the upper- most axils, glabrous, simple, equaling or a little longer than the leaves. Flowers 2.5 to 3 cm in diameter, their pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm long, the petals white, the stamens yellow. Sepals 4, concave, in two pairs, the outer two orbicular, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, the inner two oblong-elliptic, about 11 mm long. Petals 5 or 6, white, narrowly oblong, obtuse, about 13 mm long, 4 mm wide. Stamens indefinite; filaments 4 mm long; anthers oblong, 1 to 1.8 mm long. Fruit ovoid, about 1 cm long when young, crowned by the style. : Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1251, June 18, 1911, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m, with immature fruits, August, 1911. A species allied to Calophyllum blancoanum Pl. & Tr., differing in its smaller leaves and especially in its quite glabrous racemes. THYMELAEACEAE. WIKSTROEMIA Endl. Wikstroemia angustissima sp. nov. Frutex erectus circiter 1 m altus ramulis inflorescentiisque exceptis glaber; foliis anguste lanceolatis, usque ad 7.5 cm longis, 8 mm latis rectis vel leviter falcatis, acuminatis, breviter petiolatis; floribus subcapitato-dispositis, pallide viridibus, cir- citer 8 mm longis. An erect, much branched shrub about 1 m high. Branches slender, terete, smooth, reddish-brown, the ultimate branchlets somewhat appressed-pubescent. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 93 chartaceous, glabrous, 4 to 7.5 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, straight or slightly faleate, the base acute, the apex acuminate; lateral nerves obscure, ascending, irregular; petioles 1 to 1.5 mm long. Flowers pale-green, subcapitately racemose at the tips of the branches, the peduncles and rachis appressed-pubescent, 5 to 6 mm long, the pedicels pubescent, about 0.5 mm long. Perianth cylindric, in anthesis about 8 mm long, 1.5 mm in diameter, slightly appressed-pubescent externally, 4-lobed, the lobes orbi- cular-ovate, rounded, about 1mm long. Stamens eight, 2-seriate, arranged in the upper part of the perianth-tube, the anthers 0.8 to 1 mm long. Ovary oblong; style very short; stigma capitate, 0.56 mm in diameter. Fruit fleshy, red, ovoid, about 7 mm long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 480 (type), April 26, 1910, altitude about 1,260 m, locally known to the Ilocanos as suca; also represented by Bur. Sci. 5831 Ramos, Sablan River, Benguet, December, 1908. A species well characterized by its very narrow, elongated leaves. It is allied to Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr., but is distinguished by its relatively longer and narrower leaves. PRIMULACEAE. LYSIMACHIA L. Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1889) 48; Pax & Knuth in Engl. Pflanzenreich 22 (1905) 270. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, in thickets, limestone ravines, altitude about 1,500 m, Williams 1153, June, 1904, Phil. Pl. 845 Merrill, May, 1911: Bontoe Subprovince, Gaddac, in forests, altitude 1,300 m, Vanover- bergh 728, August, 1910. ; 5 Ie This species has previously been known only from China, and is with some doubt recorded from the Philippines under Hemsley’s name. The specimen collected by Williams was so identified by Dr. C. B. Robinson, but not recorded as it did not agree in all characters with the description of Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. The petioles of the Philippine specimens are 5 to 10 mm long, the leaves are distinctly acuminate, and the pedicels in fruit attain a length of 3 cm. Comparison of Philippine material with authentic specimens of Hemsley’s species is desirable, but for the present it is considered advisable to refer our material to L. capillipes, pending such comparison. China. Lysimachia decurrens Sta Prodr. (1786) 12; Pax & Knuth in Engl. Pflanzenreich 22 (1905) 296. : Line Banas’ Satecvoicn Mount Tonglon, Williams 1289, 1904, Phil. Pl. 788 Merrill, May, 1911, altitude about 1,900 m: Bontoc Subprovince, Cuayo, Vanoverbergh 596, June, 1910, altitude 1,200 m; Bauco Vanoverbergh 1189, April, 1911, altitude about 1,250 m. : ee Not common and of local occurrence, apparently in the Philippines con- fined to the Mountain Province, Luzon. India to China and Formosa southward to Java, Timor, and New Caledonia. 94 MERRILL. MELASTOMATACEAE. MEDINILLA Gaudich. Medinilla subsessilis sp. nov. Frutex 3 ad 4 m altus, glaber; ramis teretibus, nodis setosis; foliis oppositis, oblongo-ellipticis vel oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis, usque ad 16 cm longis, sessilibus vel subsessilibus, 5-plinerviis; paniculis terminalibus, quam folia longioribus, ramis ramulisque verticillatis, bracteis parvis; floribus 4-meris. An erect glabrous shrub 3 to4m high. Branches terete; nodes densely setose. Leaves firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, opposite, sessile or subsessile, oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate, 11 to 16 cm long, 5 to 6 cm wide, somewhat shining, of about the same color on both surfaces, brownish-olivaceous when dry, the apex rather slenderly acuminate, the base acute; nerves 2 pairs, the lower pair leaving the midrib near the base, the upper pair at above 2 cm above the base. Panicles terminal, about 20 cm long, the primary branches in distant whorls of fours, more or less spreading, 4 to 7 cm long, the subtending bracts ovate- lanceolate, 8 mm long or less, the secondary branches 1 cm long or less, verticillate at the ends of the primary ones, the subtend- ing bracts small. Flowers apparently pink, 4-merous. - Calyx urceolate, 4 mm long, the limb somewhat produced and with 4 Shallow, rounded teeth. Petals oblong-obovate, about 8 mm long, 6 to 7 mm wide. Stamens subequal; filaments 4 mm long; anthers lanceolate, acuminate, 5 mm long, the anterior append- ages auriculate, less than 1 mm long, the posterior spur about 0.8 mm long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 792, August 23, 1910, in forests, altitude about 1,550 m. Igorot gubangbangtitao. A species closely allied to Medinilla intermedia Blume, but with differently shaped, acuminate leaves, and larger flowers. Among the Philippine species it is closely allied to Medinilla myriantha Merr., and to M. confusa Merr., but is quite distinct from both. Medinilla vanoverberghii Sp. nov. Frutex scandens, nodis setaceo-barbatis exceptis glaber; ramulis crassis, griseis, teretibus vel angulatis; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ellipticis vel obovato-ellipticis, apice rotundatis, basi acutis vel leviter acuminatis, 5-plinerviis; paniculis axillaribus, multifloris, pendulis, usque ad 40 em longis; floribus parvis, 4-meris, staminibus aequalibus. A scandent shrubby plant, glabrous except the prominently Setose-barbate nodes. Branchlets light-gray, smooth, terete or somewhat angled. Leaves opposite, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 95 16 to 20 cm long, 10 to 13 em wide, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, the apex broadly rounded, the base slightly acuminate or acute; nerves 5, prominent, the two lateral pairs leaving the midrib shortly above the base; reticulations very lax, or usually entirely obsolete; petioles stout, about 2 cm long. Panicles solitary, axillary, pendulous, about 40 cm long, the branches more or less spreading, in whorls of four branches each, the whorls scattered, the primary branches 5 cm long or less, bearing at their apices usually four, secondary, umbellately disposed branches, these again bearing from two to four shorter tertiary ones. Flowers pink, 4-merous, two to four on the ultimate branchlets, the pedicels. 2 to 3 mm long. Calyx 3 mm long, the limb slightly produced. Petals 4, 6 to 7 mm long, 5 to 6 mm wide, very pro- minently obliquely obovate, base narrowed. Stamens 8, equal, the filaments 3.5 mm long; anthers about 4 mm long, the dorsal spur about 0.5 mm long, the anterior appendages short, curved. Bracts and bracteoles none or very small. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 448, May, 1910. A species well characterized by its opposite, broadly obovate-elliptic or elliptic, rounded, 5-plinerved leaves, and especially by its long, pendulous, axillary inflorescence. Among the Philippine species it is probably most closely allied to Medinilla multiflora Merr., but differs from that species especially in its larger, quite differently-shaped leaves, more numerous nerves, longer petioles, and other characters. ARALIACEAE. SCHEFFLERA Forst. Schefflera albida sp. nov. § Cephaloschefflera. Arbor 4 ad 5 m alta; foliis circiter 13-foliolatis, foliolis oblongis, coriaceis, supra glabris, subtus densissime et minute stellato-pubescentibus, indumento albido vel subflavido, basi rotundatis, apice breviter acuminatis; capitulis racemoso-dis- positis, numerosis, circiter 1.5 cm diametro, globosis; fructibus 6- locellatis. ‘ A tree 4to 5m high. Leaflets about 13, their petiolules 4 to 8 cm long, the blades oblong, coriaceous, 16 to 25 cm long, 6 to 9 cm wide, the upper surface glabrous, somewhat shining, dark- brown when dry, the lower surface very densely covered with white or pale-yellowish, very short, stellate hairs. Inflorescence terminal, the racemes racemosely arranged up to 20 cm in length, the heads numerous, in fruit globose, about 1.5 cm in diameter, their peduncles 1 to 1.5 cm long, the inflorescence somewhat furfuraceous, becoming nearly glabrous. Flowers unknown. 110592——4 96 MERRILL. Fruits numerous in each head, densely disposed, somewhat obovoid, angled, the apex conical, 6-celled, 6-seeded. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 958, October 19, 1910, in forests, altitude, 1,550 m. Father Vanoverbergh notes that the whole tree is white, and that the heads of fruits are brown, with the odor of carrots. A very characteristic species, distinguished from the other three known Philippine species of the section by the dense, pale, stellate indumentum on the lower surfaces of its leaflets. ERICACEAE. VACCINIUM L. Vaccinium indutum Vid. Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 169. This apparently rare species is known’ only from Bontoc, and has previously been known only by the type collection, Vidal 1831. It is also represented by Vanoverbergh 1013, from Malamey, Bontoc, growing in forests at an altitude of about 1,500 m. Vidal gives banuay as the local name of the species. GENTIANACEAE. EXACUM Linn.- Exacum parviflorum sp. nov. Herba erecta, glabra, haud ramosa, circiter 30 cm alta, caule quadrangulare; foliis anguste lanceolatis, sessilibus, obscure trinerviis, 1 ad 3 cm longis; floribus 4-meris, circiter 1.5 cm longis. An erect, rather slender, unbranched herb, the stems 4-angled, about 2 mm in diameter. Leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 3 cm long, less than 5 mm wide, obscurely 3-nerved, obtuse or subacute. Inflorescence terminal, few-flowered, racemose, the pedicels 2 cm long or less. Flowers 4-merous, blue, about 1.5 em long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, long-acuminate, keeled but not winged on the back, 6 to 7 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Corolla- tube 4 to 5 mm long, somewhat contracted at the throat, the lobes 10 to 11 mm long, 5 mm wide, elliptic-lanceolate, long- acuminate. Filaments 2 mm long; anthers straight, 5 mm long, obtuse. Ovary ovoid; style 2 mm long. _Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Vila, Vanoverbergh 758, August 15, 1910, hillsides, altitude about 1,220 m. The second species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, differing from E. tetrag Roxb., to which it does not appear to be very closely allied, by its more slender, unbranched stems, smaller leaves, and especially in its much smaller flowers. | SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. — 97 APOCYNACEAE. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. Trachelospermum vanoverberghii Sp. nov. Frutex scandens, glaber; foliis oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongo- lanceolatis, nitidis, utrinque angustatis, basi acutis, apice acum- inatis, usque ad 7 cm longis; cymis axillaribus terminalibusque, longe pedunculatis, paucifloris; floribus circiter 18 mm diametro. A slender, glabrous, woody vine 2 to 3 m high, or (?) longer, the branches slender, brown or reddish-brown. Leaves oblong- elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 7 cm long, 1 to 2.5 em wide, narrowed at both ends, base acute, apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, shining, the lower surface a little paler than the upper, when young membranaceous, soon becoming chartaceous or somewhat coriaceous; nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the midrib, rather distant, slender, straight, anastomosing, the reticulations lax; petioles about 3 mm long. Cymes mostly terminal, sometimes axillary, solitary, few-flowered; peduncles slender, 1.5 to 3.5 cm long, trichotomous and 3-flowered, or the branches themselves again trichotomous, each branchlet bearing 3 flowers, the pedicels slender, 5 to 10 mm long. Sepals oblong- ovate, acute, about 2.5 mm long. Corolla-tube about 5 mm long, about 3 mm in diameter in the more or less inflated middle, glabrous inside and outside, the lobes spreading, strongly obliquely obovate, about 9 mm long, 6 to 7 mm wide, throat naked, not villous. Anthers inserted near the middle of the tube, . included, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm long, cells produced at the base, adherent to the stigma; style slender, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Follicles unknown. Flowers white and pink. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 482, 1280 (type), April, 1910, and June, 1911, altitude 1,450 to 1,650 m, in forests and on hillsides: Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Williams 1160, June 22, 1904, Bur. Sci. 14084 Robinson, May, 1911. I suspect also that Loher 3880, from Mount Arayat, Province of Pampanga, Luzon, is also referable here, of which a small fragment is in our herbarium. It was determined at Kew as Trachelospermum fragrans Hook. f. The species above described is allied to Trachelospermum fragrans Hook. f., differing from that species especially in its corolla-tube and throat being quite glabrous; it is also manifestly allied to T. jasminoides Lemaire of China, but seems to be sufficiently distinct from that species. The only representative of the genus for the Philippines, one species previously described, T. philippinense Elm., being a synonym of Micrechites schrieckii Rolfe. 98 MERRILL. VERBENACEAE. CLERODENDRON L. Clerodendron vanoverberghii sp. nov. Euclerodendron, § Paniculata. Frutex circiter 4 m altus, pubescens; foliis ovatis, integris, eirciter 13 cm longis, basi late rotundatis, subtruncatis, vel leviter cordatis, apice acuminatis, subtus glandulosis; paniculis terminalibus subdiffusis, bracteis paucis, parvis; calycis lobis ovatis, acutis; corolla circiter 2 cm longa. An erect shrub about 4 m high, all parts more or less densely pubescent with rather soft, spreading, brownish hairs. Younger stems somewhat 4-angled, densely pubescent. Leaves ovate, 10 to 14 em long, 10 em wide or less, chartaceous, entire, the base broad, rounded, subtruncate, or slightly cordate, the apex sharply acuminate, the upper surface pubescent with scattered hairs, more densely pubescent on the nerves and midrib, the lower surface more densely pubescent than the upper, and with numerous, minute, shining, yellowish glands; nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib; petioles densely pubescent, 4 to 5 cm long. Panicles terminal, about 15 cm long and nearly as wide, the primary branches spreading, the lower ones subtended by reduced leaves, all parts pubescent. Bracts scattered, narrowly oblong-obovate, 5 to 6 mm long, pubescent, the bracteoles similar but smaller and somewhat spatulate. Flowers white, red in the center. Calyx pubescent, funnel-shaped, about 9 mm long, per- sistent and loosely enclosing the fruit, the lobes ovate, acute, 3 to 4 mm long. Corolla-tube straight, cylindric, 1.8 to 2 cm long, 2 mm in diameter, somewhat pubescent, the lobes oblong, 7 to 8. mm long, 3 mm wide, obtuse or acute, spreading or recurved. Filaments as long as the corolla-tube, exserted, slightly faleate, straight. Fruit (immature), globose, 5 mm in diameter, loosely enclosed in the persistent calyx. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m, Vanoverbergh 838, September 9, 1910. A species manifestly allied to Clerodendron infortunatum L., C. villosum Bl., C. cumingianum Schauer, and C. brachyanthum Schauer, differing from all in its rather broad, acute, not slenderly acuminate calyx-lobes. It is, perhaps, most closely allied to C. brachyanthum Schauer, but has a very much longer corolla than has that species. Clerodendron multibracteatum sp. nov. Euclerodendron, § Densiflora. Arbor 4 ad 9 m alta, ramulis, foliis ad nervos, paniculisque plus minusve pubescentibus; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-ovatis, SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 99 integris vel subintegris, acuminatis, basi acutis vel subrotun- datis, usque ad 13 cm longis, subtus dense minuteque glanduloso- punctatis; paniculis terminalibus, bracteis bracteolisque con- fertis, albidis vel purpureis, ovatis, 1 ad 2.5 cm longis, diu per- sistentibus; corollae tubo circiter 7 mm longo. A tree 4to 9m high. Branches terete, brownish, lenticellate, the branchlets rather densely pubescent with short appressed hairs. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, entire, or rarely with few, scattered, irregular teeth, 8 to 13 cm long, 4 to 5.5 em wide, base acute or somewhat rounded, the apex acuminate, the acumen often rather slender, blunt, the upper surface glabrous except for the somewhat pubescent midrib and nerves, the lower surface with numerous, minute, shining glands, also pubescent on the midrib and nerves; lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent, the reticulations rather lax; petioles pubescent, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Panicles terminal, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches somewhat spreading, pubescent, naked below, each subtended by large bracts, the flowers crowded at the apices of the branches, surrounded by numerous bracts and bracteoles. Lower bracts 2.5 cm long, the upper ones and the bracteoles narrowly ovate or ovate, acuminate, thin, sparingly pubescent and glandular, base narrowed, 1 to 1.5 em long, in anthesis white, persistent and pink or purplish in fruit. Flowers white. Calyx somewhat longitudinally plicate, the lobes broadly ovate, acuminate, 5 to6 mm long. Corolla-tube cylindric, 7 mm long, 2 mm in diameter, nearly glabrous, the lobes narrowly elliptic-ovate, obtuse or acute, recurved, 5 to 6 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, slightly pubescent. Filaments long-exserted, recurved; anthers 1.5 mm long. Style 1.5 cm long. Fruit globose, about 6 mm in diameter, loosely enclosed by the persistent calyx, the bracts and bracteoles also persistent in fruit. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 777, August 23, 1910, in forests, altitude 1,550 m, in flower (type): Lepanto Subprovince, trail to Balbalasan, For. Bur. 5718 Klemme, November 19, 1906, in fruit, altitude 1,600 m, locally known as palutan. MINDoRO, Mount Halcon, in forests, altitude about 1,800 m, Merrill 5516, November, 1906, fruits fallen. A species probably as near Clerodendron macrostegium Schauer as to any other species, but entirely different from that form, and not closely allied to it. It is well characterized by its rather large, numerous, crowded, white or colored bracts and bracteoles which persist until after the fruit is matured, its oblong leaves, and its short flowers. 100 MERRILL. SCROPHULARIACEAE. MICROCARPAEA R. Br. Microcarpaea minima (Koenig) comb. nov. Paederota minima Koenig in Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 10. Microcarpaea muscosa R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 436; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 (1846) 483; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1884) 287. Microcarpaea alterniflora Blume Bijdr. (1826) 744. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 939, October, 1910, in rice paddies, altitude about 1,250 m. This genus has previously not been reported from the Philippines, although the species is of wide distribution, extending from India and Ceylon to southern China, Malaya, and tropical Australia. The earliest specific name is here adopted. LABIATAE. TEUCRIUM L. Teucrium philippinense sp. nov. § Sccrodoniwm Benth. Herba annua, 30 ad 60 em alta, ramosa, leviter ciliato-pilosa; foliis longe petiolatis, membranaceis, oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel subacutis, usque ad 7 cm longis, margine prominente crenato-serratis; racemis terminalibus axillaribus- que, usque ad 10 cm longis, verticillatris 2-floris; floribus circiter 9 mm longis, calycibus ciliatis, 4 mm longis. An annual, erect or ascending, branched herb 30 to 60 cm high, all parts somewhat ciliate-pilose. Stems slender, 4-angled, sulcate. Leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, membranaceous, 3.5 to 7 em long, 2 to 8 cm wide, the apex acuminate or merely acute, the base subacute or rounded, the margins, except near the base, prominently crenate-serrate, both surfaces with scattered, weak, white hairs, especially on the nerves, the lower surface a little paler than the upper one; lateral nerves slender, 4 or 5 on each side of the midrib; petioles slender, 1.5 to 3 cm long. Racemes terminal and axillary, simple, ciliate, when young 2 to 3 cm long, in maturity up to 10 cm long, the flowers opposite, their pedicels 2 to 3 mm long; bracteoles ciliate, lanceolate, 3 to 5 mm long. Calyx ciliate, somewhat cup-shaped in anthesis, 4 mm long, obscurely 2-lipped, the lower two teeth lanceolate, acuminate, narrower than the upper three which are ovate, obtuse or acute, and the middle one twice as large as the lateral ones ; tube somewhat inflated in fruit. Corolla exserted, slender, pink, 9 mm long, the tube 3 to 4 mm in length; lower lateral lobes of the lip spreading, oblong-ovate, about 1.5 mm long, the SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 101 upper lateral lobes, oblong, obtuse, ascending, shorter than the lower ones, the terminal lobe orbicular-ovate, rounded, concave, 8 mm in diameter. Nutlets globose, brown, smooth, slightly glandular, about 1.2 mm in diameter. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1874 (type), August 17, 1911, in forests, altitude about 1,650 m. Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, For. Bur. 4985 Curran, August, 1906, at base of limestone rocks. The first species of the genus to be reported from the Philippines, apparently allied to the Indian Teucrium tomentosum Heyne, judging from the description of that species. The specimens collected by Curran were distributed as Pogostemon, probably as Pogostemon nepetoides Stapf. Later, doubting the correctness of my determination, a duplicate was sent to Kew for comparison with Stapf’s type. The comparison was made by Mr. N. E. Brown, who reported that Curran’s specimen was totally different from any Pogostemon in the Kew Herbarium. As there were no flowers on my retained specimen, no further attempt was made to determine it until it was rediscovered by Father Vanoverbergh. The two specimens cited manifestly represent the same species even though there are no flowers on Curran’s specimen for comparison. ACROCEPHALUS Benth. Acrocephalus indicus (Burm.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 511. Prunella indica Burm. F1. Ind. (1768) 130. Ocimum capitellatum L. f. Suppl. (1781) 276. Acrocephalus capitatus Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 2 (1831) 18; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1885) 611; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 163. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Abuling, Vanoverbergh 928, October, 1910: Benguet Subprovince, Ambuklao to Daklan, Merrill 4384, October, 1905: Province of Tarlac, Concepcion, Merrill 3622, November, 1903: Province of Rizal, Bur. Sci. 10899 Ramos, Phil. Pl. 448 Ramos: Province of Bulacan, Norzagaray, Yoder 128, December, 1906: Province of Laguna, Los Bajos, ‘ Hallier s. n., December, 1903. Father Villar’s record for this species as a Philippine plant has not previously been verified. India to Burma, Indo-China, China (fide Will- denow), Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. MESONA Blume. Mesona philippinensis sp. nov. Herba erecta, vix ramosa, usque ad 50 cm alta, omnibus par- tibus plus minusve pallide fulvo-pubescens; foliis subsessilibus, oblongo-ellipticis vel anguste obovato-ellipticis, usque ad 5 cm longis, acutis, margine crenato-denticulatis; inflorescentiis den- sis, verticillastris circiter 20-floris; calycibus 2-labiatis, labio inferiori integro, superiori 3-lobato; corolla 5 mm longa. An erect, unbranched, aromatic herb 50 cm high or less, the stems, leaves, and inflorescence more or less clothed with weak, 102 MERRILL. jointed, pale-fulvous hairs that are more or less crisped when dry. Stems rather slender, obscurely angled, usually somewhat suleate when dry, pale-brown or reddish-brown. Leaves oblong- elliptic or narrowly obovate-elliptic, membranaceous or charta- ceous, brownish when dry, 3 to 5 em long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide, the apex acute, the base narrowed, acute, the margins distinctly crenate-denticulate; petioles 2.5 mm long or less, often obsolete and the leaves sessile or subsessile; lateral nerves ascending, about 7 on each side of the midrib. Inflorescence rather dense, 8 to 12 em long, about 1.5 ecm in diameter, the whorls close or somewhat distant, 20 or more flowers in each, the bracts sub- tending each whorl ovate, 7 to 10 mm long, 5 to 6 mm wide, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, more or less hairy, ultimately deciduous; pedicels densely hairy, 6 mm long or less. Calyx somewhat hairy, in anthesis about 3 mm long, 2-lipped, the lower lip. oblong, rounded, entire, the other with a large central lobe and two smaller lateral ones, in fruit somewhat accrescent, cylindric, slightly inflated below, about 5 mm long. Corolla nearly white, glabrous, 5 mm long, the lower lip oblong, 2.5 to 3 mm long, the upper rhomboid, inflated, nearly 2 mm square, entire or obscurely toothed. Stamens four, exserted, the lower two 6 mm long, the upper two 5 mm in length and with an oblong, obtuse, thin, 1 mm long appendage near the base. Style slender, 6 mm long. Nutlet oblong, dark-brown or black, about 1.5 mm long, surrounded by a transparent, gelatinous coating. Luzon, Lepanto Subprovince, Merrill 4500, October 29, 1905, on open grassy slopes, altitude about 2,000 m (type): Bontoe Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 601, 903, June, October, 1910, altitude about 1,150 m. Loher 4201, in the Kew Herbarium, is probably the same. ; No species of the genus previously has been reported from the Phil- ippines, there being at present known Mesona wallichiana Benth., of the Himalayan region, M. chinensis Benth., M. procumbens Hemsl., and M. prunelloides Hemsl., from China, and H. palustris Bl., of Java, Celebes and Borneo. LENTIBULARIACEAE. UTRICULARIA L. Utricularia exoleta R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 430; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1884) 329; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 747 (1905) Extra Number 368. : LuzON, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 668, July and Septem- ber, 1910, in rice paddies, altitude about 1,250 m. Not previously reported from the Philippines. India to Hongkong through Malaya to northern Australia. SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 103 ACANTHACEAE. LEPIDAGATHIS Willd. Lepidagathis subglabra sp. nov. Suffruticosa, erecta, ramosa, circiter 1 m alta, subglabra, brac- teis parce ciliatis; foliis majoribus lanceolatis, late lanceolatis, vel oblongis, usque ad 4 cm longis, subtus ad costa nervisque parce puberulis, foliis minoribus oppositis; spicis axillaribus ter- minalibusque, solitariis, 1 ad 2.5 cm longis; bracteis oblongo- lanceolatis, acuminatis, margine obscure ciliatis; floribus 4- meris; corolla 8 mm longa. A suffrutescent, much-branched plant about 1 m high, the branches slender, terete, olivaceous, glabrous, the ultimate branchlets slightly 4-angled. Leaves opposite, of each pair one always much larger than the other, the larger leaves lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or oblong, chartaceous, 2 to 4 cm long, 0.8 to 1.7 em wide, entire, the base acute, the apex acuminate, glabrous, shining and rather dark-colored above when dry, beneath slightly paler and puberulent on the midrib and nerves; nerves 3 or 4 on each side of the midrib; petioles about 5 mm long; the smaller leaves of each pair similar to the larger ones but subsessile and mostly less than 5 mm long. Spikes terminal and in the upper axils, solitary, 1 to 2.5 cm long, 5 to 8 mm in diameter, rather dense, sessile or subsessile, the bracts oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 mm long, 1.7 to 2 mm wide, keeled, greenish when dry, the margins obscurely ciliate, otherwise glabrous. Calyx-lobes subequal in length, 6 to 7 mm long, all acuminate, slightly ciliate on the margins with short hairs, one oblong, about 2 mm wide, 3-nerved, two linear, less than 1 mm wide, 1-nerved, and the fourth deeply cleft, the lobes about 1 mm wide. Corolla white, glabrous, 8 mm long, the tube constricted below the anthers, the upper lobe subentire or minutely retuse, about 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, the lower lobe 3-cleft, the resulting lobes as long as the upper lobe but narrower. Anthers about 1 mm long, one cell slightly higher than the other, the cells parallel, contiguous. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, 1.5 mm long; style 2.5 mm long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey, Vanoverbergh 507, May 10, 1910, in forests, altitude about 1,600 m. A species apparently well characterized among the Philippine forms by its subglabrous inflorescence, the bracts and calyx-segments being only slightly ciliate on the margins with rather short hairs. It resembles somewhat Lepidagathis psilantha Nees., but differs from that species in its larger, solitary, not clustered spikes. It differs from L. dispar C. B. Clarke in the same characters, although resembling that species in its unequal leaves. 104 MERRILL. CUCURBITACEAE. MELOTHRIA L. Melothria lobata sp. nov. § Solena. Species M. mucronatae valde affinis, differt foliis profunde palmato-lobatis. A slender, herbaceous, dioecious vine reaching a length of 2 m or more, the stems slender, sulcate, glabrous or with very few scattered hairs. Leaves ovate in outline, deeply palmately 5- lobed, 3.5 to 6 cm long, 3 to 5 em wide, membranaceous, dark- colored when dry, both surfaces punctate-scabrid with small protuberances, slightly hispid on the nerves, the lobes extending two-thirds to three-fourths to the base, oblong, obovate, or oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, usually mucronate, sparingly and irregularly toothed, the sinuses narrower or about as broad as the lobes, rounded or subacute; nerves 5, palmate; petioles 1.5 to 3 em long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs; tendrils slender, simple, 5 to 15 cmlong. Male flowers not seen. Female flowers in axillary, short-peduncled, few-flowered umbels, whitish, the peduncles 5 mm long or less, the pedicels usually about 5, 2 to 2.5mm long. Ovary oblong-elliptic, about 3 mm long, con- stricted below the limb, the calyx above the ovary 2.5 to 38 mm long. Calyx teeth 5, narrow, short, less than 1 mm long. Corolla villous inside, the lobes oblong, acute or obtuse, 2.5 to 3mm long. Disk fleshy. Style 3 mm long, 3-lobed at the apex; stigmas flattened, cleft. Fruit not seen. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, Bauco, along trails, Vanoverbergh 1241, June 11, 1911, altitude about 1,300 m. CAMPANULACEAE. CAMPANUMOEA Blume. Campanumoea truncata (Wall.) Endl. Gen. Pl. 1 (1836) 515. Codonopsis truncata Wall. Cat. (1829) no. 1301, nomen; A. DC. Monogr. Camp. (1830) 122, Prodr. 7 (1839) 423. Campanumoea axillaris Oliv. in Hook. Ic. III 8 (1888) pl. 1775; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1889) 7. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 965, October 21, 1910, altitude about 1,450 m, growing in wet places, flowers red. Burma and southern China; not previously reported from the Philippines. The second species of the genus for the Archipelago, and of special interest as it adds another species to the long list of continental types found in northern Luzon. I can see no valid reason why Wallich’s specific name should not be accepted for this plant, as Hemsley states, |. ¢., that Wallich’s plant is SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 105 certainly the same as the Chinese one. Whether or not Cyclodon distans Griff., is the same or not has no bearing on the case, as it was not published until 1851. LOBELIA L. Lobelia bialata sp. nov. § IJsolobus. Planta parva, glabra, erecta vel suberecta, circiter 10 cm alta, ramosa; caulibus tenuiter bialatis; foliis elliptico-ovatis, acum- inatis, basi angustatis, sessilibus vel subsessilibus, usque ad 2 cm longis et 1 cm latis, superioribus minoribus, margine distincte serratis; pedunculis axillaribus, solitariis, folia subaequantibus; floribus roseis, circiter 5 mm longis. A small, erect or suberect, branched, glabrous, annual herb about 10 cm high, the lower parts of the stem sometimes decum- bent but scarcely rooting at the nodes. Stems slender, narrowly 2-winged. Leaves thin, elliptic-ovate, up to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide, the upper ones smaller, margins rather distantly and dis- tinctly sharply serrate, base narrowed, acute, sessile or subsessile, apex shortly acuminate or acute. Pedicels axillary, slender, solitary, about as long as the leaves, 1-flowered. Calyx-tube broadly ovoid, nearly 2 mm long and thick, green, the teeth 5, linear, erect, 2 to 2.5 mm long. Corolla about 4 mm long, pink, the lower lip violet, subequally 3-lobed, the lobes oblong-ovate, pointed, about 1.5 mm long, the upper lip with two linear- lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 mm long teeth. Filaments united; 3 fertile anthers glabrous, two sterile ones ciliate at the apex. Stigma slightly cleft. Fruit somewhat ovoid, narrowed at both base and apex, half-superior, about 3 mm long, the part above the calyx 2-valved. Seeds numerous, brown, ellipsoid, smooth, about 0.3 mm long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 902, October 5, 1910, in wet places, altitude about 1,350 m. This species is closely allied to Lobelia radicans Thunb., but differs in a number of characters, im its broader, differently-shaped leaves, its stems not prostrate and rooting, its smaller flowers, and its two lower filaments glabrous, not hairy. It is even more distinct from Lobelia filiformis Lam., both as originally described by Lamarck from the Isle of France material, and as later figured and described by Cavanilles from Luzon material. COMPOSITAE. BLUMEA DC. Blumea vanoverberghii sp. nov. Herba erecta, circiter 1 m alta, ramulis, subtus foliis inflores- centiisque pilosis; foliis oblongo-obovatis ad oblanceolatis, 7 ad 12 em longis, plus minusve lyrato-lobatis, sessilibus, supra 106 MERRILL. seabridis; inflorescentiis angustatis, ramulis distantibus, 1 ad 3 cm longis; capitulis circiter 10 mm longis, sessilibus vel breviter pedunculatis, subfasciculatis; floribus flavidis; disco piloso. An erect herb about 1 m high, the stems striate, pubescent, about 4 mm in diameter. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong- oblanceolate, 7 to 12 em long, 2 to 4.5 em wide, the upper ones gradually smaller, sessile, rather prominently lyrately lobed, acute or acuminate, base narrowed, not decurrent, the lower surface rather softly pilose, the upper surface scabrid, slightly hairy. Inflorescence a terminal, slender, interrupted, pubescent, leafy panicle, 15 to 30 em long, the branches 1 to 3 cm long in the axils of reduced leaves. Heads about 1 cm long, somewhat crowded on the branchlets, sessile or shortly peduncled. Bracts several-seriate, pubescent, the outer ones 1.5 to 2 mm long, oblong-ovate, the innermost about 7 mm long and 0.8 mm wide. Achenes 1 mm long, hispid; pappus white, scabrid, about 5 mm long. Disk-flowers perfect, about 12 in each head, yellow, the corolla-tube enlarged above, about 7 mm long, 1.5 mm in diameter, 5-toothed. Female flowers marginal, many, slender, 5 to 5.5 mm long, about 0.3 mm in diameter, 3-toothed. Disk somewhat pilose. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Ls gat held 1063, February 9, 1911, altitude about 1,300 m. A species characterized: by its narrow, elongated, leafy panicles, and its lyrately lobed, coriaceous leaves which are pilose beneath and scabrid on the upper surface. It is somewhat anomalous in Blumea on account of its distinctly pilose, not glabrous disk, in this character approaching the very closely allied genus Merrittia. VERNONIA Schreb. Vernonia phanerophlebia sp. nov. § Strobocalyx. Frutex erectus circiter 2 m altus; foliis oblongo-obovatis, breviter obtuse acuminatis, usque ad 7 em longis, crassissime coriaceis, nitidis, pagina inferiore prominente glanduloso-punc- tatis, nervis utrinque 7 ad 10, prominentibus; corymbis terminalibus, parvis, congestis, capitulis 7- vel 8-floris, squamis imbricatis, distincte pubescentibus; achaenio 2.5 mm _ longo, glanduloso. An erect shrub about 2m high. Branches terete, striate when dry, somewhat lenticellate, glabrous, the branchlets distinctly appressed-pubescent. Leaves very thickly coriaceous, oblong- obovate, entire, 3.5 to 7 cm long, 1 to 2.5 cm wide, shining when dry, of about the same color on both surfaces or slightly paler beneath, the upper surface glabrous, the lower appressed- SERTULUM BONTOCENSE. 107 pubescent on the midrib, prominently glandular-punctate, the apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, the base narrowed, cuneate; lateral nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent, distant, anastomosing, the reticulations prominent, rather dense, distinct on both surfaces; petioles 5 to 8 mm long, pubescent. Corymbs terminal, appressed-pubescent, rather dense, about 3 cm long, 3 to 5 em wide. Heads, including the pappus, 8 to 10 mm long, the flowers white and pink. Involucral-bracts several- seriate, imbricate, all distinctly pubescent, the outer ones less than 1 mm long, the inner gradually longer, the innermost oblong, 4.5 to 5 mm Jong, 1 to 1.2 mm wide, margins prominently ciliate-pubescent. Achenes 7 or 8 in each head, somewhat curved, 2.5 mm long, 4-angled, prominently glandular; pappus pale-straw-colored, rather copious, 5 to 6 mm long. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Malamey (Pifggat), Vanoverbergh 688, July 23, 1910 (type), .in forests, altitude about 1,450 m: Benguet Sub- province, Losod, Bur. Sci. 5574 Ramos, December, 1908. A species manifestly allied to Vernonia acrophila Merr., differing in its somewhat larger, more coriaceous leaves, the nerves more numerous, and also in its more numerous achenes. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANy. Vol. VII, No.2. June, 1912. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY AND VERNACULAR NOMENCLATURE OF THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. By P. J. WESTER. (From the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I.) Ordinarily the vernacular name of a plant refers only to a single species; in fact homonymy in horticultural literature is rare, far more so than synonymy. An example of homonymy is the name grape which includes most species of the genus Vitis, but this causes few, if any, misconceptions. The word “nut,” employed to designate the seeds of many very dissimilar species, is usually prefixed with a word that clearly identifies the species in question. Synonymy is well illustrated in Persea gratissima Gaertn., which has been referred to as Avocado, Alligator pear, Midshipman’s butter, Vegetable marrow, etc. Perhaps the most remarkable recorded instance of homonymy and synonymy in the vernacular nomenclature of plants, with its attendant confusion, is found among the cultivated Anonas, the Cherimoya, Anona cherimolia Miller; the Sugarapple, Anona squamosa L.; the Custardapple, Anona reticulata L.; the Soursop, Anona muricata L.; and the Mamon, Anona glabra L. The same vernacular names, in a given language, have been used continually for two or more of these species ever since they were first described by botanists. As these species have come to be better known and more frequently mentioned in literature the practice of applying the same, name to different species has in- creased rather than decreased. This has rendered their identifi- cation, by the layman, most difficult, as two authors frequently refer to the same fruit by totally different names. It is very evident that much of the hononymy and synonymy of these species has originated by the misspelling of the vernacu- lar names given by the natives to travellers and botanists. The latter, frequently, did not remain in the various countries long enough to become thoroughly familiar with the native names of 109 110 WESTER. the plants to write them correctly. Some names are evidently only typographical errors and never existed except on paper. This, however, does not render the confusion of names less serious. The deplorable practice of some authors such as Don(20) in re- ferring to all species of anonas as “custard apples,” or of Lamarck (42) who speaks of them as “Corossol” or “Corossolier,” has done much toward bringing about the confusion in nomen- clature under discussion. Now that the anonaceous fruits are beginning to attract at- tention among the fruit growers, in many parts of the tropics, the time is perhaps more than ever opportune to call attention to the errors of the past in order that they may be avoided in the future. The following pages, prepared after a study of much of the botanical literature containing references to ano- naceous plants, will indicate the extent of the confusion in the vernacular nomenclature of the cultivated Anonas, and will, it is hoped, serve to clear away the prevalent misconceptions in regard to the popular names of these species. In Mexico Texaltzapotl is one popular name for Anona cheri- molia(63) and also for A. squamosa(25). In the same country both of these species are also called Anono and Cherimoyo(28). Chirimoya is used for Anona cherimolia in Cuba(72), and else- where(15), and for A. sguamosa in Porto Rico(12). Cherimolia is the name of A. cherimolia in Peru(40), and of A. squamosa in Porto Rico(12). Anona is, in Mexico, the vernacular for A. reticu- lata and A. glabra(29) ; Pinha in Brazil for A. reticulata(83) and A. squamosa(19, 75, 45) ; Cachiman morveaux for A. reticulata(17) and A. muricata(2). Cachiman has been applied to A. muri- cata(39) and .A. reticulata(78,27), while both A. muricata(39) and A. squamosa(45) have been called Pomme de Canelle. The latter species is also referred to as Pomme Canelle(2, 6,71), Caneel-appel (45) and Pommier de Canelle(21,68). In one work (6) it is named Undulated custard apple and in the same publication A. cherimolia is referred to as Broad-leaved custard apple(7). A. squamosa is called Custard apple(16,25) by two authors. This is, otherwise, the accepted vernacular for A. reticulata(46, 65, 11, 67, 36,78), although De Candolle(16) says that, in America, it is the name of A. muricata. The names Fruto de Conde(19), Fruta de Conde(24,76) and Fructa de Conde(83) appear under A. reticulata, but have also been applied to A. squamosa(9) and A. reticulata(8). A. squamosa is called Fructa do Conde(31) and Frutta de Condessa(45). A. reticulata is in one publication named Condessa(76) and in another Condissa(19). In some THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. 111 publications the name Coeur de Beuf is applied to A. reticu- lata (40, 67,3), and then again to A. squamosa(21,6). In Mexico the name Quauhtzapotl is applied to the three species, A. reti- culata (62), A. cherimolia, and A. squamosa(63). In Cuba Mamon is the vernacular name for both A. reticulata and A. glabra(73). The synonymys that are used to designate a single species are many. In Brazil, from whence Anona muricata was first de- scribed as Araticu ponhe(54), the species is still called Ara- ticu(31). In Spanish-speaking countries it is known as Guana- bana(69), Guanabo(22), Guanabano(11), Guanabena(24), Catu- che(33), Catucho, Cabeza de negro, and Anona amarilla(26). Vulgar Mexican names are Polvox and Zapote de viega(63). In the French colonies Corossolier and Cachiman épineux, or deriv- atives from these, are the common names for this species(26). The name Sapadille, given by Descourtilz for A. muricata(18), is very probably an error which crept in when he collected his notes, as this is the vernacular name of Achras sapota L. Carib names of A. muricata are Alacalyona and Guanavana(83). The English name Soursop is undoubtedly a corruption of the Dutch name Soort-sack, which appears to have been applied to this species in the latter part of the seventeenth century (30), or Suursak, used eighteen years later(47). The early English spell- ings of the name were Sower Sop(64), Sowre-sop tree(65), Sowr- sop(32), and Sowrsoptree(77). One early English writer refers to it as Prickled apple(70)._ The vernacular name for the species in Dutch Guiana is now Zuurzak (60), and derivatives from it are Suirsaak and Susakka (24). The first appearance of the name Custardapple was apparently in 1691(56) and referred to Anona reticulata. This name has descended to us without alteration. Aside from this name and those previously discussed, which the species has had in common with others of the same genus it is called Bullock’s heart (24) in English. In Mexico it is known by several names, Anona, Anona colorada, Ananhtzapotl, and Ilama(27). In Porto Rico it is known as Corazon(11). In addition to the names already men- tioned as current in Brazil, it is referred to as Coracao do boi (31). The name Mamillier(73) is very probably due to a confusion of the common names of Anona reticulata and Mammea ameri- cana L., the Mammee apple. Corossol and Cachiman, and their derivatives, are frequently found in publications discussing Anona reticulata(35). The names enumerated have all origin- ated in the Western Hemisphere where the species is indigenous. Anona reticulata was, however, early introduced in the tropics 1105925 112 WESTER. of the Old World, as references to the fruit, by travelers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, bear witness. Anona-ma- ram, Parangi-jaca, Tsina-panosou (67), Noona and Ramphu!(52) are Indian vernacular names. In Malaysia the plant, among others, is known as Anona Mamoa(68), Vlaade-Appel(46), and Anoneira (58). Anona squamosa, in common with its congener, carries a mul- tiplicity of names, some of which have already been mentioned. Sugarapple, the now commonly accepted English name, and the less frequent Sweetsop(57) were both applied to this species as early as 1691. This species has, to some extent, been known in the West Indies as Marie Baise(21), and in Brazil is called Ara- ticu pitaya(84), Pinha, Ata(75), and Atta(81). In addition to the Mexican names, which it has in common with related species, Anona squamosa is called Saramuyo and Anona blanca(25). By the Dutch it is known as Kaneelappel in Guiana(61), and Steenappelboom in Java(21), while in the latter Island its native name is Siri Kaya(21). In other parts of Malaysia the fruit is known as Boa, Atis(21), Ateira, Ata, Zimmet apfel(59), and Manoa papuwa(68). Vernacular names in India are Atoa, Manil- panosou, Manil-jaca, Jona-jaca, Atas, Atocira(21), Auza, Loona, Meba, and Sita-pullum (52). In Arabia the sugarapple is called S’ferdjel; in Egypt, Keschta(52); and in Zanzibar, Msta- phele(23). Vulgar names in the Philippines are Ates and Yates (4). Anona cherimolia is less widely cultivated than the preceding species and its vernacular names are fewer in number. In English-speaking countries its popular names are Cherimoya, Cherimoyer, Chirimoya, and Jamaica apple(24,82). In Mexico it is known as Chirimollo and Matzapotl in addition to the names, previously discussed, which it has in common with the sugarapple and custardapple. In one of the earliest descrip- tions of the fruit, from Peru, its vulgar name is said to be Cherimolia (40). Chilimoya is given as a vernacular name in Columbia (34). : For the sake of convenience the numerous names and syno- nyms of the five species of cultivated Anonas have been alpha- betically arranged in the following list: Anona cherimolia Miller CHERIMOYA- Anona, Broad-leaved custard apple, Cherimolia, Cherimoyer, Chilimoya, Chirimollo, Chirimoya, Chirimoyo, Corossol, Corossolier, Custard apple, Jamaica apple, Matzapotl, Quauhtzapotl, Texaltzapotl. — tiene Boog —_; S ; 4 t I a THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. 113 Anona squamosa L. SUGARAPPLE. Ahate de Panucho, Anona blanca, Anono, Araticu pitaya, Ata, Atas, Ateira, Ate Pannicensis, Ates, Atis, Atoa, Atocira, Atta, Auza, Boa, Caneel- appel, Cherimolia, Chirimoya, Chirimoyo, Corossol, Corossolier, Coeur de Beuf, Custard apple, Fructa do Conde, Fructa de Conde, Frutta de Condessa, Hanon, Jona-jaca, Kaneel appel, Keschta, Loona, Manil-jaca, Manil-Panosou, Manoa Papuwa, Marie Baise, Meba, Mstaphele, Pinha, Pomme Canelle, Pomme de Canelle, Pommier de Canelle, Quauhtzapotl, Saramuyo, S’ferdjel, Siri Kaya, Sita-pullum, Steenappelboom, Sweetsop, Texaltzapotl, Tzypipatlis, Undulated custard apple, Yates, Zimmet apfel. Anona reticulata L. CUSTARDAPPLE. Ananhtzapotl, Anona, Anona colorada, Anona manoa, Anona-maram, Anoneira, Bullocks heart, Cachiman, Cachiman morveaux, Coeur de Boeuf, Condessa, Condissa, Coracao de boi, Corazon, Corossol, Corossolier, Fructa de Conde, Fruta de Conde, Fruto de Conde, Ilama, Mamillier, Mamon, Noona, Parangi-jaca, Pinha, Quauhtzapotl, Ramphul, Tsina-Panosou, Vlaade-appel. Anona muricata L. Soursop. Alacalyona, Anona amarilla, Araticu, Araticu ponhe, Cabeza de negro, Cachiman, Cachiman épineux, Cachiman morveaux, Catuche, Catucho, Corossol, Corossolier, Custard-apple, Fructa de Conde, Guanabana, Guana- banis, Guanabano, Guanabena, Guanabo, Guanavana, Polvox, Pomme de Canelle, Prickled apple, Sappadille, Soortsack, Sower Sop, Sowresoptree, Sowr-soptree, Sowrsoptree, Sowr-sop, Suirsak, Susakka, Suursak, Zapote de viegas, Zuurzak. ! Anona glabra L. MAMON. Alligator apple, Anona, Araticu pana, Bunya, Corkwood, Corossol, Coros- solier, Custard-apple, Monkey apple, Pond apple. Four of the species considered, the cherimoya, Anona cheri- molia Mill., the sugarapple, Anona squamosa L., the custardapple, Anona raticulata L., and the soursop, Anona muricata L., have been cultivated for their fruits for many centuries, and were all domesticated: before the discovery of America. They are all natives of the American tropics as is conclusively shown by De- Candolle(13) in his able discussion of the subject. A description of the five species discussed, in the present paper, with some account of their origin and their dissemination is given below. Anona cherimolia Mill. (§ Attae) Pl. VIII. A tall shrub or tree of spreading habit, 4.5 to 10 meters high; young growth ferruginous-tomentose; leaves usually ovate- oblong, 7.5 to 18 em long, variable, base rounded, apex obtuse, scarcely acute, sparsely hairy above, velvety beneath, pale- greenish or glaucescent ; midrib and veins ferruginous-tomentose ; petioles 10 to 14 mm long. Flowers usually solitary, opposite 114 WESTER. the leaves, nodding, fragrant; pedicel 17 to 20 mm long; calyx tripartite with small sepals; petals six, arranged in two series, the three exterior being linear-oblong, 27 mm long or more, blunt, sometimes acuminate, ferruginous-tomentose, velvety out- side, whitish inside, keeled, with a maroon-colored blotch at the coneave base; interior petals rudimentary; stamens indefinite; carpids one-seeded, united in a fleshy synearp. The fruit is vari- able in size, from that of a large apple to 5,000 grams in weight, irregularly heart-shaped, surface greenish or yellowish, ferrugi- nous-tomentose, areoles frequently indistinct, carpids depressed, equal or raised, sometimes so much so as to make a distinctly “knobby” fruit; flesh whitish and in good varieties, sweet, with a slight trace of acidity, aromatic, rich and melting, with scarcely noticeable fiber ; seeds brown and variable in size, shape and color, about 18 mm long and 9 mm broad. The cherimoya is more famed although perhaps less generally cultivated than any of its congeners. It is indigenous to Ecua- dor, Colombia, Central America, and perhaps Mexico, whence it was introduced into other parts of the world. In 1629 Cobo sent seed from Guatemala to Peru(i0). This is the earliest record, of its introduction into a country outside of its native habitat, which has come to the attention of the writer. From Peru its cultivation has extended to Chili, and it is now one of the most esteemed fruits in both countries. The cherimoya was introduced into southern Spain as early as 1757, whence it prob- ably found its way into Italy and Madeira. It thrives on the northern coast of Africa and fruits well in southern France, although no superior varieties have, as yet, been introduced into that country. It was cultivated in greenhouses in England in 1739(1). The cherimoya has long been cultivated in Jamaica and Hawaii, and has become naturalized in certain sections of these Islands; but it is a remarkable fact that a species So easily disseminated, has not, until recently, been introduced into some of the old English colonies in the Lesser Antilles. Woodrow’ fails to mention the cherimoya, in connection with the other cultivated species as occurring in India. This would indicate that even at this late date it was not introduced into India, or if so, that it was very uncommon in that country. According to MacMillan? it was introduced into Ceylon about the year 1880, and is now cultivated in many up-country gar- dens in that Island. It is to be noted that the cherimoya was *Gardening in India (1899). * Handbook of Tropical Gardening and Planting (1910) 172. a EE ee - pik THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. 115 apparently not introduced, by the Spaniards, into the Philip- pines, where its inferior congeners were established centuries ago and where they are perfectly at home. It is true that Kamel’s reference in his “Herbarium aliarumque in insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium,”® to “Cherimoia,” may refer to this species, but his use of the name does not of necessity apply to Anona cherimolia, as he may have referred to some other member of the genus. Granting that the species was introduced into the Philippines by the early Spanish colonists, it, like the avocado, certainly was never widely distributed in the Archipel- _ ago, and failed to persist. The probable explanation of the absence of the cherimoya, in many tropical countries, is not that it has never been introduced, but that it is unadapted to certain climatic conditions, such as are prevalent at low altitudes in the Philippines, in. Ceylon, and in similar situations elsewhere in the tropics. It would seem that it is adapted to subtropical rather than to tropical conditions. The species is well established in Australia, where its cultivation is very successful in Queensland. The cherimoya was introduced into California about forty years ago, and into Florida in 1895. An excellent representation of twig, leaves and flowers in natural size and colors, and of a fruit much reduced, is given by Ehret and Trevy, in their “Plantae Selectae,” plate 49, published in 1750. Anona squamosa L. (§ Attae) Pl. VI, IX, fig. a. A tall shrub, three or more meters high, less diffuse in habit than the cherimoya; young growth finely pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, 6 to 12 em long, base rounded, apex acute or obtuse, sparsely hairy on both sides, beneath paler green than above, thin, malodorous when bruised, petiole 18 mm or more in length. Flowers 1 to 3, opposite the leaves, fragrant, although less so than those of the cherimoya, pedicel slender, 17 to 52 mm long; Sepals small; the three exterior petals linear-oblong, 25 to 30 mm long, blunt, greenish and sparsely pubescent on the outside, whitish inside, keeled, concave, with a purplish blotch at the base; inner petals inconspicuous; the androecium and gynae- cium in this and the following species are similar to those organs in the cherimoya. The fruit is irregularly heart-shaped, 7.5 to 10 cm in diameter, tuberculate, each carpid forming a green protuberance, yellowish at base, sometimes shaded with pink or purple and covered with a whitish bloom; flesh whitish, sweet and delicately flavored, with a slight trace of fiber; seeds dark- brown, 15 mm long, 6 to 8 mm broad, smooth. * Ray Hist. Pl. 3 (1704) App. 51. 116 WESTER. The sugarapple is more widely dispersed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics and more generally cultivated than any spe- cies of the genus. Some authors have argued that it is indi- genous to the tropics of the Old World, but it is now generally conceded that the species is native of the Western Hemisphere, more especially of the West Indies (14). There seems to but little doubt that the Quauhtzapotl or Anona described by Hernandez is the sugarapple. The woodcuts, of Ahate de Panucho and Ate Pannicensis in his ““Nova Plantarum Mexicanorum Historia,” pages 348 and 454, one a reproduction of the other, evidently represent this species although Martius | thinks that they represent the cherimoya. It is mentioned by Oviedo(51) under the name of Hanon. The sugarapple is described from Jamaica by Sloane(80), who gives a very good illustration of the fruit. Aublet(2) describes it from Guiana, and Tussac figures the plant in his “Flore des Antilles,’ 1808. In the colored plate in the latter work the gynaecium is represented as red. If this is not an error of the artist the model was cer- tainly anomalous as, according to the observation of the writer,* this part of the flower is usually white. St. Hilaire, who records the species from Brazil(74), argued that it was indigenous in Asia and brought to Brazil by the Portuguese. Unquestionably, however, DeCandolle is correct in concluding that it is a native of tropical America. That the sugarapple was transported to tropical Asia soon after the dis- covery of the New World is evident from the reference to the fruit in Malabar by Rheede(66), and the East Indian Archipelago by Rumphius(68). It is recorded from the Philippines in the last third of the 17th century, by Mercado® and by Kamel,’ and is later considered by Blanco(4). It is probable that it was brought to the Philippines direct from Mexico by the Spaniards, who maintained communication between the latter country and the Archipelago for nearly 300 years. Two of its vernacular names in India, Manil-panosou and Manil-jaca seem to indicate its introduction into India from Manila. It was introduced into greenhouse culture in England in 1731(48). In southern France it has not proved to be hardy. The sugarapple was introduced into Florida in 1833 by Dr. Bias the Philippines one tree of Anona reticulata was noted in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, with the androecium and gynaecium colored a reddish-purple and the exterior petals purplish and quite hairy. : Declaracién de las virtudes de los Arboles y plantas que estan en esta tierra. Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 (1880) 59. * Ray Hist. Pl. 3 (1704) App. 51. THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. 117 Henry Perrine(81), and is now practically naturalized on several of the Florida Keys. It is said to have fruited well above the twentieth parallel in Norwalk, Putnam County, before the freeze of 1886(82). So far it has failed to thrive in California. Anona reticulata L. (§ Attae) Pl. IX, fig. b. A small tree, 4.5 to 7.5 meters tall; young growth finely pubes- cent, the full grown leaves becoming glabrous; leaves 12 to 30 cm in length or more, lanceolate, papery, malodorous when bruised, base rounded or acute, apex acuminate, veins prominent, petioles 11 to 25 mm long. Flowers 2 to several; pedicel 18 to 25 mm long; the three exterior petals, 16 to 33 mm in length, linear-oblong, blunt, greenish, whitish inside, keeled, concave, with a maroon-colored blotch in the cavity at the base; interior petals inconspicuous. The fruit attains a size of 7.5 to 15 cm in diameter, heart-shaped, the surface fairly smooth, greenish or yellowish with reddish reticulations, and covered with a whit- ish bloom; flesh yellowish-white, rich, melting, sweet, with a trace of acidity; seeds imbedded in the pulp, slightly smaller than those of the sugarapple, dark-brown and smooth. In the West Indies the custardapple is commonly less esteemed than the other cultivated Anonas, although it is a close second to the sugarapple in wide distribution. It is a native of the American tropics. Its early introduction into the tropics of the Old World is shown by the reference to this fruit by Rum- phius(69) and Rheede(67), and also a mention of it, in the last third of the 17th century, by Mercado and by Kamel as occurring in the Philippines. The former states definitely that it was brought to the Archipelago from Nueva Espana. It is now naturalized in British India and in tropical Africa(14) and has long been cultivated in the Philippines, Blanco(5). ‘As far as the author knows the name custardapple appeared first in 1657; but, as the writer of the work referred to failed to describe the plant, the species he had in mind can only be conjectured (48, 42). Thirty-four years later it is referred to as the vulgar name for Anona indica, a prelinnean synonym of Anona reticulata(56). In Plukenet’s drawing the specific char- acteristics of the custardapple are readily recognizable although the author confounded the species with the sugarapple, the Ahate, the Panucho and Ate Pannicensis of Hernandes, and the Hanon of Oviedo. The custardapple was mentioned by Ray in 1704(65). Sloane described it from Jamaica as Anona maxima and accom- panied the description by a drawing of the leaves and fruit(78). It was later figured by Jacquin(38), for his drawing in “Obser- 118 WESTER. vationum Botanicarum,” illustrating a twig with leaves and flowers, said to be Anona squamosa, is evidently the custardapple. (Voll, :ts. 65: f..1.) Anona muricata L. (§ Guanabani) Pl. VII, X. A small tree, 4 to 6 meters in height, the young growth ferru- ginous-tomentose; leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, 8 to 18 cm long, acute at the base, scarcely obtuse, the apex shortly acumin- ate, dark-green above, shining, pale-green beneath, exhaling, when bruised, an odor similar to that of the black currant,’ lateral veins not prominent, petioles 6 to 8 mm long. Flowers one to three, nodding ; calyx small, tripartite; petals six, arranged in two series, the exterior ones 35 to 40 mm long, greenish- yellow and granular outside, smooth inside, ovate, concave, acute or acuminate, exceeding the interior ones; fruit ovate-oblong or conical, irregular, attaining a weight of 450 to 3,500 grams, frequently exceeding this size, greenish, and covered with soft spines corresponding to the carpids; flesh white, rather fibrous, subacid with a suggestion of turpentine, juicy and of good flavor; seeds brownish, smooth, about the same size as those of the cherimoya, embedded in the pulp. The soursop is indigenous to the West Indies from whence it has spread to all parts of the tropics. It would appear that this fruit was first known to Oviedo who describes it under the name Guanabano(50), referring to its refreshing quality. Nier- — emberg 100 years later speaks-of the soursop under the name Guanabanis(49). It is pictured by Piso and Marcgrav, in “His- toria Naturalis Brasilia,” published in 1648, this being the ear- liest illustration of the species that has come to the attention of the author. It is described in this work under the name Araticu ponhe. After this date references to the soursop become more frequent. It is evident that some authors confounded this species with other Anonas. Sloane has a very good plate of the soursop, the fruit being particularly true to nature. It is also well illus- trated by Jacquin(37), and Merian(47). The species was intro- duced into greenhouse culture in England in 1656, earlier than any other species of the genus(1). The soursop was introduced into Florida by Dr. Henry Perrine in 1833(81) ; but it is doubtful if this introduction was successful. It had, however, fruited . Swartz, 0. Observationes botanicae (1791) 221, speaks of a variety in J amaica having inodorous leaves; it does not appear that latter travellers in the island have verified this fact. THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. 119 previous to the freeze of 1886, in Manatee. Only a few isolated specimens have been grown and these in the extreme south of the peninsula and on the Keys. Martius® describes a new species from Brazil under the name Anona marcgravii, to which he refers Araticu ponhe; but admits that the difference between this species and Anona muricata is exceedingly slight. There is probably little doubt that this species is merely a variety of Anona muricata as later botanists do not appear to have collected any specimens of Anona marec- gravu. Anona glabra L. (§ Guanabani) Pl. XI. (Anona palustris L., A. laurifolia Dunal.) . A shrub or tree, sometimes exceeding 7.5 meters in height, of spreading habit; leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, 10 to 18 cm long, glabrous, coriaceous, obtuse or abruptly narrowed at the base, apex acute or shortly acuminate, dark-green above, paler beneath, petioles 1 to 2 cm long, flowers solitary, nodding, petals six, in two series, yellowish-white outside, glabrous, concave, fleshy, the exterior 2.5 to 4 cm long, exceeding the interior ones, acute, scarcely obtuse, marked with red near the base inside, the interior petals, except a narrow, transverse, yellowish band near the base, red within. The fruit is heart-shaped, 6 to 12 cm long, regular, moderately smooth, undulate, yellowish or brownish; flesh yellowish, scarcely edible containing numerous pale-brown seeds. The mamon, recently used as a stock for the cherimoya, custardapple, and soursop, was first described by Piso and Marcgrav from Brazil under the name Araticu pana(55), and has since been mentioned by many travelers and botanists. It has a wider natural distribution than any other species in the genus, as it extends throughout the American tropics to southern Flor- ida, and is also found in a large part of tropical Africa. The mamon, like its cultivated congeners excepting the cheri- moya, was known to prelinnean botanists, and the specific charac- ters distinguishing the species have long been well known, but although St. Hilaire has pointed out the similarity between Anona palustris L. and Anona glabra L., the synonymy of these species is not yet recognized by all writers on anonaceous plants. From personal observations and by comparisons between the species known as Anona glabra in Florida and introduced plants of Anona palustris from the West Indies, the writer is of the ‘Fl. Brasil. 13:6. 120 WESTER. opinion that the two species are identical although there are varietal differences. This view has been further strengthened by an examination of the herbarium specimens of the two alleged species in the United States National Herbarium, Washington, B20: The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Doctor Audrey Goss for the translation of many passages of works in foreign languages which were consulted in the preparation of this paper. Plates VI, VII and VIII are from photographs by Mr. Crandall of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, the others from photographs made by the writer. All are published through the Sis Doig of Mr. David Fairchild of the same institution. BIBLIOGRAPHY. (1) Arron, W. Hortus Kewensis 2 (1789) 252. (2) AuBLET, F. Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane francaise 1 (1775) 617. (3) Ibid. 618. (4) Bianco, M. Flora de Filipinas (1837) #70, (5) Ibid. 471. (6) BOTANICAL MAGAZINE (1831) pl. 3095. (7) Ibid. pl. 2011. (8) Bu. Soc. BOTANIQUE DE FRANCE 52 (1905) mém. 3: 13. (9) Ibid. 14. (10) Cogso, P. Historia del Nuevo Mundo 2 (1891) 18. (11) CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE U. S. Nat. Herp. 8 (1903) 81. (12) Ibid. 82. (13) DE CANpDoLtE, A. Origin of Cultivated Plants (1886). (14) Ibid. 168. (15) Ibid. 173. (16) Ibid. 174. (17) DE CANDOLLE, P. Systema Naturae 1 (1818) 474. (18) Descourtinz, E. Flore des Antilles 2 (1833) 57, t. 81. (19) Don, G. A. General History of Dichlamydeous Plants 1 (1831) 89. — (20) Ibid. (21) Duna, F. Monographie de la famille des Anonacées (1817) 70. (22) ENcier, A. and Diets, L. Monogr. Afr. Pfi. 6 (1901) 77. (23) Ibid. 81. (24) CycLtop. AM. HortTIcULTURE 1 (1904) 69. (25) Forx, F. Estacion Agricola Central Bul. 9 (1908) 17. (26) Ibid. 19. (27) ———. Ibid. 21. (28) Ibid. 17, 12. (29) Ibid. 21, 23. 645. (31) Huser, J. Arvores Fructiferas do Para (1904) 380. (32) Hucues, W. The American Physitian (1672) 60. (30) HERMANN, P. Horti Academici Lugduno Batavi Cornlone (1687) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (48) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (58) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) (70) (71) (72) (78) (74) (75) (76). THE CULTIVATED ANONAS. 121 HuMBOLpT, A., BONPLAND, A., and KuntH, C. S. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 5 (1821) 55. Ibid. 57. JACQUIN, N. J. Observationum Botanicarum 1 (1764) 14. Ibid. 16. Ibid. t. 5. Ibid. t. 6, fig. 2. LAMARCK, A. M. DE. Encyclopédie méthodique Botanique 2 (1786) 123. Ibid. 124. Ibid. 2 (1786). LIGON, R. History of the Island of Barbadoes (1657) 14. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. Martius, K. F. P. Flora Brasiliensis 13* (1872) 14. Ibid. 15. MERIAN, M. S. DE. Histoire Générale de Surinam 1 (1771) 14, t. 14. _ (First ed. 1705.) MILLER, P. Gardener’s Dictionary (1807). NIEREMBERG, J. E. Historia Naturae (16385) 381. OviEDO Y VALDES, G. F. bE. Historia de las Indies (1851) 303. (First ed. 1535.) Ibid. 304. PICKERING, C. Chronological History of Plants (1879) 867. Ibid. 754. Piso, G., and MArcerAvV, G. Historia Naturalis Brasilia (1648) 93. Ibid. 94, 48. PLUKENET, L. Phytographia 1 (1691) t. 134, fig. 4. Ibid. t. 184, fig. 3. PREVOST ExILes, A. F. Reisebeschreibungen 22 (1754) 658, t. 18, fig. 4, 5. Ibid. 659, t. 19, fig. 2, 3. Putte, A. A. Enumeration of the Vascular Plants of Surinam (1906) 177. Ibid. 178. RAMIREZ, J. Plantas Mexicanas (1902) 81. Ibid. 145. Ray, J. Historia Plantarum (1686) 165. . Ibid. 3 (1704) Dendrologiae 77. RHEEDE, H. VAN. Hortus Malabaricus 3 (1682) 21, t. 29. Ibid. 28, £. 80, $1: Rumpuivs, G. E. Herbarium Amboinense 1 (1741) 138, t. 46. Ibid. 136, t. 45. ; SacrA, RAMON DELA. Historia de la Isla de Cuba 10 (1845) 12. Ibid. 13. Tbid. 14. Ibid. 15. Sr. Hmame, A. Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Brésil et du Paraguay (1824). Sr. Hiarre, A. Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis 1 (1825) 31. - Ibid. 32. (77) Stoang, H. Natural History of Jamaica 2 (1707) t. 225. (78) . Ibid. t. 226. (79) . Ibid. t. 225, 226. (80) ———. Ibid. 168, ¢. 227. (81) TWENTY-FIFTH CoNGREss, 2nd Session, Rep. (1888) 564. (82) U. S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Division of Pomology, Bul. 1 (1887) 16. (83) VELLozo, J. M. Florae Fluminensis (1880) 226. (84) . Ibid. 225, ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE vi. The sugarapple, Anona squamosa L., as illustrated by Hernandez in ‘“‘Nova Plantarum Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia,” published in 1651. PuLaTE VII. The soursop, Anona muricata L., as illustrated by Piso and Maregrav in “Historia Naturalis Brasilia,” published in 1648. PLATE VIII. The cherimoya, Anona Cherimolia Miller. PLATE IX. Fic. a. The sugarapple, Anona squamosa L. b. The custardapple, Anona reticulata L. PLATE X. The soursop, Anona muricata L. PuaTE XI. The mamon, Anona glabra L. Vol. VII, No. 1, including pages 1 to 46, was issued May 14, 1912. 123 WESTER : CULTIVATED ANONAS.] [PHIL. Journ. Sct., VII, C, No. 2 HN RI mele EP, ; aS em ae Lx) Ns TED fy we aee | ae 2 “ear 1 as J CTL RI aires. Ups, ‘ Mei PLATE Vi. THE SUGARAPPLE, Anona squamosa L., AS ILLUSTRATED BY HERNANDEZ IN 1651, WESTER : CULTIVATED ANONAS. ] [PHIL. Journ. Sct., VII, C, No. 2 PLATE Vil. THE SOURSOP, Anona muricata L., AS ILLUSTRATED . BY PISO AND MARCGRAV IN 1648. WESTER : CULTIVATED ANONAS.] (Putt. Journ. Sct, VII, C, No. 2. ” N. “9 »U, 0. 2. PLATE VIII. THE CHERIMOYA, Anona Cherimolia Miller. Py ar Airs WESTER : CULTIVATED ANONAS. ] [PHIL. Journ. Sct., VII, C, No. 2. PLATE IX, Fig. a. THE SUGARAPPLE, Anona squamosa L. PLATE IX, Fig. b. THE CUSTARDAPPLE, Anona reticulata L. WESTER : CULTIVATED ANONAS. | [PuHIu. Journ. Sct., VII, C, No. 2. PLATE X. THE SOURSOP, Anona muricata L. WESTER: CULTIVATED ANONAS. ] [Puiu. Journ. Sct., VII, C, No. 2. PLATE XI. THE MAMON, Anona glabra L. “ teebindtbiie: ail | 1 : PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS A LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, EXCLUSIVE OF THE CETACEA. By Nep HOLtister. Order No. 418. Paper, $0.50 United States ourrenoy, postpaid. This is the only recent attempt to enumerate the Is of the Philippine Islands. The distribution of each species js given and the original descriptions are cited. ‘ PRICE-LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS. For sale by the Bureau of Science. Order No. 417. For free distribution. This is a list of selected photographs from the splendidly complete collection of the Bureau of Science. A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. By Ricuarp C. McGrecor. 2 parts, 769 pages. Order No. 103. Paper, $4 United States currency, postpaid. Mr. McGregor spent some eight years in active field work, visiting many parts of the Archipel- ago, before beginning work on this book. Therefore, he was well prepared to undertake the Preparation of the manual. 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Martinus Nijhoff, Nobelstraat 18, The Hague, Holland, Mayer & Miiller, Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse 2, Berlin, N.W., Germany- Kelley & Walsh, Limited, 32 Raffles Place, Singapore, Straits Settlements. A. M. & J. Ferguson, 19 Baillie Street, Colombo, Ceylon. Thacker, Spink & Co., P. O. Box 54, Calcutta, India. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE C. BOTANY VoL. VII AUGUST, 1912 2 No. 3 NOTES ON PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, V: THE GENUS BULBOPHYLLUM IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.* By OAKES AMES. (From the Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Mass., U.S. A.) The following paper contains descriptions of nineteen new species of the genus Bulbophyllum together with a list of the species heretofore ascribed to the Philippine Islands. Those which belong to the § Racemosae are closely related to one an- other, although distinguishable by characters which I have set forth in a provisional key. I am convinced that we have in the Philippines a puzzling group of species, closely allied to Bulbophyllum adenopetalum Lindl., and to B. dasypetalum Rolfe, which cannot be rightly understood until a great deal more material than I have seen has been assembled and thoroughly studied. In this group we find plants which bear flowers so similar in detail that they seem to belong to the same species, although they are easily distinguishable and specifically unlike in their foliage. Around Bulbophyllum dasypetalum there is grouped a number of species which have triangular-lanceolate lateral sepals, and around B. adenopetalum there is grouped 1 Proof read by E. D. Merrill. 111022 : 125 126 AMES. a number of species which have caudate-tipped lateral sepals. Aside from this conspicuous floral distinction, one easily recog- nized, the species of each group are perplexingly similar. Often the points of dissimilarity are difficult to make clear in a description and stand out distinctly only when actual com- parisons are made. The general habit and the characteristic flowers of this group may be seen in Bulbophyllum dasypetalum Rolfe, which is figured in Orchidaceae 1:99. The flowers of the species with caudate- tipped sepals are for the most part similar to those of Bulbo- phyllum flavescens Lindl. A figure of this species is given by J. J. Smith in his “Orchideen von Java,’ Atlas, fig. CCCIV. A LIST OF THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF BULBOPHYLLUM. The following species of Bulbophyllum have been reported as natives of the Philippine Islands. Those species marked with an asterisk have been verified by an examination of material - from the Archipelago; those marked with a double asterisk are doubtfully natives of the Philippines. *1. Bulbophyllum adenopetalum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28 (1842) Misc. 85. *2. B. alagense Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 238, Orchidaceae 3 (1908) 54, *3. B. antenniferum Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 248. Cirrhopetalum antenniferum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29 (1848) sub t. 49. In Lindley’s herbarium at Kew this species is represented by a single flower collected in the Philippines by Cuming. *4. B. auratum Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 261. Cirrhopetalum auratum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26 (1840) Misc. 50. **5, B. balaeniceps Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenz. 19 (1863) 280. In “Index Kewensis” this species is given as an equivalent of B. Napelli Lindl., a native of Brazil. The original description of B. balaeniceps appears to have been drawn entirely from a flower. It was not stated positively by Reichenbach that B. balaeniceps came from the Philippines; its origin was obscure. Pfitzer”? gives Balaenoidea as a section of the genus and refers to it a single species, “B. balaeniceps Rchb. f. von den Philippinen.” *6. B. bataanense Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 96. Probably conspecific with B. Cheiri Lindl. *7, B. Bolsteri Ames. See below. *8. B. bontocense Ames. See below. 9. B. braccatum Reichb. f. in Linnaea 41 (1877) 117. *10. B. canlaonense Ames. See below. **11. B. careyanum Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3 (1826) 782. *12. B. carinatum Ames. See below. *Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2* (1889) 179. “ PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 127 ‘13. B. Cheiri Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30 (1844) Misc. 44. 14. B. chryseum (Kranzl.) Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 54. Cirrhopetalum chryseum Krinzl. in Fedde Repert. 8 (1910) 97. *15. B. Clemensiae Ames. See below. *16. B. Copelandii Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 97. *17. B. Cumingii Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 261. Cirrhopetalum Cumingii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29 (1843) sub. t. 49. For a colored plate see Bot. Mag. t. 4996. *18. B. cuneatum Rolfe in Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 98. *19. B. Curranii Ames. See below. **20, B. Blumei J. J. Smith Orch. Jav. (1905) 459. B. cuspidilingue Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 264. Philippines given as a habitat in Index Kewensis. Java, Singapore, New Guinea, *21. B. dasypetalum Rolfe in Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 98, fig. *22. B. Dearei Reichb. f. in Flora 71 (1888) 156. Sarcopodium Dearei Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. (1888) 108, fig. 17. *23. B. Elmeri Ames. See below. *24. B. exile Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 208, fig. *25. B. gimagaanense Ames. See below. *26. B. gnomoniferum Ames Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 209, fig. *27. B. halconense Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 334. *28. B. lancipetalum Ames supra 23. **29, B. lasianthum Lindl. in Gard. Chron. (1855) 538. “The first knowledge we had of this remarkable plant was from a coloured drawing, from Sumatra, shown us by our learned friend Prof. de Vriese. It has now been examined in a living state, a specimen said to have come from Manila having flowered with Messrs. Loddiges.” etc., Lindley 1. c. *30. B. lasioglossum Rolfe in Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 100, 2 (1908) 8, pl. 18. *31. B. lepantense Ames. See below. 82. B. longiflorum Thouars Orch. Afr. (1822) ft. 97. Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. (1830) 58. This species has been referred to the Philippines by Lindley and by other authors (cf. Bot. Mag. sub. t. 7214; Gard. Chron. 2 (1891) 69). I have not seen B. longiflorum from the Philippines and probably the species referred by various authors to the Archipelago under this name is B. Weberi Ames, described below. *33. B. luzonense Ames. See below. *34, B, Makoyanum Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1 (1879) 234, in note; Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 55. *35. B. marivelense Ames. See below. *36. B. maxillare Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 248. Cirrhopetalum mawillare Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29 (1843) sub. t. 49. In Lindley’s herbarium at Kew this species is represented by a flower and leaf collected in the Philippines by Cuming. *37. B. MacGregorii Ames. See below. *88. B. Merrittii Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 334. *89. B. mindorense Ames l. c. 384, Orchidaceae 3 (1908) 56, pl. 45. *40. B. nutans Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 260; Ames Supra 24. Cirrhopetalum nutans Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25 (1839) Misc. 71; Bot. Mag. t. 4418. **41, B, orthoglossum Wendl. & Kranzl. in Gard. Chron. (1896) 326. This species was collected by W. Micholitz in “Sarangui insula,” accord- ing to its authors. If by “Sarangui insula” Sarangani Island is intended, then B. orthoglossum is a native of the Philippines.’ *42. B. pauciflorum Ames. See below. 43. B. penicillium Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 30 (1874) 151; King & Pantl. Orch. Sikkim Himalaya t. 108. Rolfe in both Vidal’s Phanerogamae Cumingianae Philippinarum (1885) 80, 149, and in the Journal of Botany 23: 215 cites Cuming 2076, from the Philippines, as Bulbophyllum penicillium Par. & Reichb. f. *44, B. pleurothallioides Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 335, Orchidaceae 3 (1908) 55, pl. 44. *45. B. profusum Ames. See below. *46. B. Ramosii Ames supra 25. 47. B, saurocephalum Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 2 (1886) 262. *48. B. stellatum Ames. See below. *49, B. trisetum Ames. See below. *50. B. vagans Ames & Rolfe in Orchidaceae 2 (1908) 210, fig. *Var. angustum Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 335. *51. B. Vanoverberghii Ames. See below. *52. B. Weberi Ames. See below. *53. B. Whitfordii Rolfe in Ames Orchidaceae 1 (1905) 100. *54. B. zambalense Ames. See below. BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars. The following key represents a provisional effort to differen- tiate the group of the racemose Bulbophyllums which are closely allied to B. adenopetalum and B. dasypetalum. In order to make it more serviceable several other racemose species, clearly sep- arable from all other Philippine species of the genus, are included. The key is based on characters which may exhibit a wide range of variation when more material is available for comparison. Unfortunately very few duplicates of the new species described in this paper have been received so that it has been impossible to arrive at a clear conception of those characters which will, in a key, make positive identification possible. Bulbophyllum lasianthum Lindl. has been ascribed to the Phil- ippines from whence it was supposed to have been imported into England by Loddiges, but I have seen no material referable *Sarangani Island is known to several professional orchid collectors, Micholitz and others, as the home of certain species of commercial value, and has been visited at various times by different collectors. It is a small island off the south coast of Mindanao. E. D, M. PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 129 to B. lasianthum among the Philippine specimens I have ex- 6 amined. | A. Raceme sharply decurved B. cuneat B. Raceme erect or simply flexuose. Le. a. Labellum or sepals hairy. e b. Labellum hairy B. lasioglossum | (6. Sepals hairy B. lasianthum) a. Labellum ciliolate; sepals smooth. b. Lateral sepals caudate-tipped. c. Leaves 7.5 to 15 cm long. B. adenopetalum c. Leaves 5 to 6 em long. B.R ia b. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, not caudate-tipped. c. Leaves about 15 em long. B. lancipetalum c. Leaves 3.5 to 5.5 em long. B. gimagaanense c. Leaves 8 to 10 cm long. B. Cl i a. Labellum smooth on the margin. ~ b. Plants caespitose. c. Pseudobulbs 1 cm long; flowers several........................ B. Merrittii c. Pseudobulbs wanting or minute. d. Flowers several B. lepantense d, Flowers two B. pauciflorum b. Rhizome creeping; leaves distant. c. Flowers 7 mm long B. vagans c. Flowers less than 7 mm long. ps d. Raceme erect, many-flowered, longer than the leaves. : e. Petioles 3 to 10 cm long. / f. Leaves elliptic-oblong —2...2..2.2...2--..2-e-0-0+ B. Vanoverberghii f. Leaves narrowly lanceolate ......... B. dasypetalum e. Petioles about 1 cm long. B. bal: d. Raceme weak, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves; petals spathulate B. mar d. Raceme 2-flowered : B. Curranii (Insufficiently known) B. braccatum § RACEMOSAE. Bulbophyllum Clemensiae sp. nov. Aff. B. adenopetalo et B. dasypetalo. Rhizoma crassum. Pseudobulbi 0. Folia oblanceolata, coriacea, petiolata. Scapus gracilis flexuosus, bracteis tubularibus prope basim. Racemus elongatus, bracteis inflorescentiae glabris, lanceolatis, ovarium aequantibus. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, acuminata. ' Sepalum superius lineari-lanceolatum, acutum, concavum. Pet- | ala linearia, acuta, 1-nervia, margine cellulari-ciliato. Labellum ad basim rotundatum, lingulatum ab medio, vel lingulatum, pars inferior explanata suborbicularis; ad basim bicallosum. Coluwm- na brevis, ad apicem bifurcata. Rhizome comparatively stout, copiously rooted. Pseudobulbs 0. c Leaves long petiolate, oblanceolate, coriaceous, tapering abruptly as 130 AMES. at the tip, lamina 8 to 10 cm long, 1.6 to 2.3 cm wide. Petiole. 2 to 4 cm long. Scape weak, flexuouse, sheathed at the base with several tubular bracts, shorter than the leaves or equal- ing them. Raceme loose, 10- to 20-flowered. Bracts subtending the flowers about equaling the pedicellate ovary, scarious, lan- ceolate, concave, acute. Flowers in dried specimens appear to have been yellowish or whitish when fresh. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, broadly caudate-tipped, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide. Upper sepal linear-lanceolate, concave, acute, 4.5 mm long. Labellum 3.75 mm long, lingulate, margin of the apical half minutely ciliate, somewhat deflexed, margin of the basal half erect; basal half rotundate when spread out; bicallose. Column bifurcate at the tip. MINDANAO, Lake Lanao, Camp, Keithley, March, 1906, Mary Strong Clemens 440. ‘ Bulbophyllum Curranii sp. nov. Rhizoma gracile, ad nodos radicans. Pseudobulbi nulli. Folia oblongi-lanceolata vel oblonga, coriacea, acuta, in sicco rugosa, erecta, distantes, vix petiolata. Scapus brevis, biflorus, bracteis tubularibus obtectus, prope apicem bractea tubulari adornatus. Bracteae inflorescentiae flores subtendentes, pedicellis longiores, lanceolatae, acutae, in sicco scariosae. Flores flavidi. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, 3-nervia. Sep- alum superius simile, lanceolatum, acutum, 3-nervium. Petala lineari-oblonga, 1-nervia, acuta. Labellum subhastatum vel sub- quadratum, ad apicem rotundatum, obtusum, 3-nervium. Col- umna breviter bicuspidata. Rhizome elongated, very slender, in dried specimens less than 1 mm thick. Pseudobulbs, scarcely if at all developed, mere thickenings of the rhizome at the base of each leaf. Leaves 2 to 3 cm distant, elliptic-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, cori- aceous, 1 to 2 cm long, up to 5 mm wide. Scape very short, scarcely exceeding 6 mm in length, concealed by sheathing bracts. Flowers in pairs, yellow, small, subtended by lanceolate bracts 2 to 3 mm long. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide. Upper sepal 4.5 mm long. Petals much shorter than the sepals, about 2 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, 1-nerved. Labellum 2 mm long, about 1 mm wide, smooth. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, summit of Mount Tonglon, August 8, 1906, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 4958. “Epiphytic vine.” Bulbophyllum gimagaanense sp. nov. Aff. B. adenopetalo sed foliis minor et sepalis lateralibus non caudatis. Rhizoma elongatum, repens, gracile.’ Pseudobulbi 0. t= = 2 PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 181 Folia lineari-oblonga, obtusa, coriacea, in petalos graciles con- tracta. Scapus flexuosus, folio longitudine fere aequalis, vel brevior, bracteis 2, laxe vaginantibus, acutis. Racemus laxi- florus, pauciflorus (flores + 3). Bracteae lanceolatae. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, acuta. Sepalum superius ob- longi-lanceolatum, acutum, concavum. Petala spathulata, 1-ner- via, margine papilloso vel cellulari-ciliato. Labellum lingulatum, ad basim bituberculatum, 3-nervium, margine ciliato. Columna bifurcata. Rhizome slender, elongated, creeping, copiously rooted. Pseud- obulbs 0. Leaves coriaceous, linear-oblong, 3.5 to 5 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, contracted into slender petioles. Scape very slender, sheathed at the base by several, tubular, acute bracts. Raceme loose, few-flowered, flowers 5 to 10 mm apart. Bracts about 2 mm long, lanceolate, acute, exceeding the ovaries. From dried specimens the flowers appear to have been yellowish or whitish when fresh. Lateral sepals triangular or triangular- lanceolate, acute, hardly caudate-tipped, 5 mm long, about 2.5 mm wide. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 4.5 mm long, concave. Petals spathulate, 3 mm long, ciliolate on the margin, 1-nerved. Labellum 3.5 mm long, lingulate, obtuse, margin ciliate, base bituberculate. Column minute. NeEGROS, Province of Occidental Negros, May 26, 1906, H. N. Whitford 1610. On tall trees, 65 m above sea-level. B. gimagaanense differs from B. adenopetalum Lindl. and B. Ramosti Ames in the form of the lateral sepals. In habit it resembles B. Ramosii rather closely but is readily distinguishable from that species by means of its elongated rhizome and widely separated leaves. It is also similar to B. vermiculare Hook. f. but in the details of the flowers is quite distinct. Bulbophyllum lepantense sp. nov. Pseudobulbi minuti, caespitosi, globosi, rugosi, 3.5 mm alti. Folia crassa, in sicco rugosa, oblongi-elliptica, subacuta, breviter petiolata. Scapus foliis longior, bracteis carinatis tubularibus infra medium. Racemus sublaxiflorus. Bracteae ovato-lanceo- latae, acutae. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, 3-nervia, acuta. Sepalum superius ligulatum, acutum, concavum, 3-ner- vium. Petala rhombica vel rhombico-spathulata, obtusa, 1-ner- via. Labellum lingulatum, obtusum, ad basim bituberculatum. Pseudobulbs minute, approximate, rugose, globose, about 3.5 mm in diameter. Leaves fleshy, 3.5 to 5.5 cm long, 1 to 1.6 em wide, deeply wrinkled in the dried state. Petals compara- tively short, stout, 3.5 mm long. Scape at least twice longer than the leaves, +10 em tall, sheathed below the raceme with 132 AMES. about three, carinate, tubular bracts 1 to 1.5 cm long. Raceme loosely flowered. Bracts subtending the flowers ovate-lanceo- late, about 3mm long. Perianth about 5 mm long, the divisions scarcely spreading, yellowish-white. Lateral sepals triangular- lanceolate, acute, not caudate-tipped, 3-nerved, about 5 mm long. Upper sepal 5 mm long, ligulate, acute, 3-nerved, concave. Pet- als rhombic or rhombic-spathulate, obtuse, 1-nerved, about 3 mm long, the margin minutely cellular-ciliate. Labellum lin- gulate, about 3 mm long, fleshy, bituberculate at the base. Column minute, bifurcate at the tip. Luzon, Lepanto Subprovince, October 29, 1905, Elmer D. Merrill 4586. Epiphyte in mossy forests, 2,200 m above sea-level. Bulbophyllum marivelense sp. nov. Aff. B dasypetalo, a quo tamen foliis differt. Rhizoma repens. Pseudobulbi nulli. Folia oblongi-lanceolata, obtusa, coriacea, petiolata. Scapus folio brevior, flexuosus, pauciflorus. Flores flavidi. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, 3-nervia, acuta. Sepalum superius oblongum, acutum. Petala spathulata, 1-ner- via. Labellum lingulatum, ad basim bicarinatum. Columna breviter bicuspidata. Rhizome creeping, 2 mm thick. Pseudobulbs wanting. Leaves 1 cm apart, petiolate, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, lam- ina 10 to 12 cm long, 12 to 13 mm wide, in general outline similar to that of B. adenopetalum. Petioles 3 to 4 cm long, slender, shorter in relation to the length of the lamina than those of B. dasypetalum to which species this one bears a close resemblance in the details of the flowers. Scape erect, bracteate, shorter than the leaves, 8.5 to 10 em tall. Bracts subtending the flowers ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 1 mm long, equaling the ovaries, hyaline in dried specimens. Raceme loosely flow- ered, flowers about 10, yellow. Lateral sepals triangular-lan- ceolate, acute, 3-nerved, 4.5 mm long. Upper sepal oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave, 4mm long. Petals spathulate, 1-nerved, obtuse, 2.5 mm long. Labellum lingulate, margin smooth, about 2.5 mm long, bicarinate at the base. Column minute, bicuspidate. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles, January 1, 1904, Elmer D. Merrill 3738, On exposed ridges, epiphytic, at 1,100 meters above the sea. Bulbophyllum pauciflorum sp. nov. Planta parvula, caespitosa, pseudobulbi minuti vel nulli. Folia conferta, coriacea, elliptica vel oblanceolata, breviter petiolata. Scapus foliis breviores, flores duos gerentes. Flores fiavidi. ro) PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 133 Sepala lateralia, triangulari-lanceolata, 3-nervia. Sepalum su- perius concavum, oblongi-lanceolatum, 3-nervium. Petala spath- ulata, 1l-nervia. Labellum ovato-lanceolatum, aerehieeran| acutum. Columna breviter bicuspidata. Plants small, copiously rooted, caespitose, leaves crowded. Pseudobulbs practically wanting. Leaves fleshy, coriaceous, rugose when dry, elliptic or oblanceolate, rounded at the retuse tip, 1 to 2 cm long, 6 to 8 mm wide. Petiole very short, causing the leaves to appear sessile. Scape shorter than the leaves or barely equaling them, up to 2 cm long, bearing, in the specimens studied, only two yellowish flowers. Bracts of the inflorescence about half as long as the shortly pedicellate ovary. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, 4.5 mm long. Upper sepal about 4 mm long, concave, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals much smaller than the sepals, about 2 mm long, spathulate, 1-nerved. Labellum comparatively large, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide. Column minute, bicuspidate. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, August 17, 1911, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1381. Epiphytic, altitude 1,650 meters above sea level. Bulbophyllum Vanoverberghii sp. nov. Pseudobulbi 0. Folia petiolata, coriacea, oblongi-elliptica. Scapus gracilis, erectus, folio longior, bracteis tubularibus prope basim. Racemus gracilis, multiflorus. Bracteae ovariis longio- res, anguste lanceolatae. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, subcaudata. Sepalum superius lanceolatum, acutum ad basim concavum. Petala lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 1- nervia. Labellum crassum, 3-nervium, lingulatum, obtusum, ad basim bituberculatum, bicarinatum prope medium. Columna bifurcata. Rhizome creeping, about 5 mm in diameter, copiously rooted. Pseudobulbs 0. Leaves petiolate, very thick, coriaceous, yel- lowish when dry, rugose. Petiole 2.5 to 5 cm long, sulcate, about 3 mm thick, rigid. Lamina elliptic-oblong, obtuse, bilobed at the tip, abruptly or gradually contracted at the base, margin revolute, average length about 15 cm, average width 4 cm. Scape erect, sheathed up to the lowermost flower by about four, loose, acute, vaginate bracts. Raceme slender, many-flowered, 12 to 22 em long. Bracts exceeding the ovaries, linear-lanceo- late, acuminate, acute, diaphanous in dried specimens, about 7 mm long. Flowers yellowish or whitish, up to 8 mm long, segments of the perianth hardly spreading. Lateral sepals tri- angular-lanceolate, acuminate, subgaudate-tipped, acute, smooth, 134 AMES. 6to8mm long. Upper sepal lanceolate, acute, about 5 mm long. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, 3 mm long, about 1 mm wide. Labellum 4.5 mm long, lingulate, obtuse, fleshy, 3-nerved, bituberculate at the base, bicarinate or furnished with two fleshy marginal ridges on the apical half below the middle, strongly defiexed at about the middle, obscurely if at all 3-lobed, margin of the basal half erect, margin of the apical half deflexed, slightly revolute. Column bifurcate. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, July-August, 1911, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1367. To this species I refer the following collections: Luzon, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, December 22, 1908, M. L. Merritt, For. Bur. 15861, altitude above sea-level 1,600 meters: Benguet Sub- province, August 8, 1906, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 5062; Subaan trail, January, 1909, W. Schultze, Bur. Sci. 5629: Bontoc Subprovince, July 28, 1910, Father M. Vanoverbergh 712: Province of Tayabas, November 3, 1907, Curran and Merritt, For. Bur. 7835: Province of Zambales, Decem- ber 10, 1907, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 4995: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (San Isidro), January, 1909, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 2025: Province of Laguna, Mount Banajao, November, 1907, Curran and Merritt, For. Bur. 8025. Bulbophyllum Vanoverberghii belongs to a small group of Philippine species of which B. dasypetalum Rolfe and B. adenopetalum Lindley are representatives. It appears to be closely allied to B. braccatum Reichb. f. a species which is known to me only through the brief and incomplete description published by Reichenbach f.* Up to the present time I have been unable to. assign with certainty any Philippine specimens to B. braccatum. B. Vamoverberghii is distinguishable from B. dasypetalum Rolfe chiefly by the very dissimilar foliage. The flowers of these species are very similar in detail. Bulbophyllum zambalense sp. nov. Rhizoma elongatum. Pseudobulbi nulli vel minuti. Folia oblanceolata, coriacea, petiolata. Scapus folio longitudine fere aequalis vel longior, ad basim bracteis imbricatis. Racemus laxus. Flores flavidi. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, subcaudata, acuta. Sepalum superius lanceolatum, acutum, con- cavum. Petala spathulata, obtusa, l-nervia. Labellum lingu- latum, 3-nervium. Columna breviter bicuspidata. Rhizome creeping, elongated, bearing at intervals of 3 to 5 em, coriaceous, oblanceolate leaves. Pseudobulbs reduced to small thickenings on the rhizome. Leaves petiolate, lamina about 5 cm long, 6 mm wide. Petiole about 1 cm long. Scape equaling or somewhat longer than the leaves, clothed at the base by several, scarious, imbricating bracts. Raceme loosely few-flowered, bracts 2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acute. Flowers *Linnaea 41: 117. a) PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 135 yellow. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, subcaudate, 7 mm long. Upper sepal lanceolate; about 5 mm long, concave. Petals spathulate, obtuse, 1-nerved, 2.5 mm long. Labellum lingulate, 3-nerved, 2.5 mm long. Column minute, shortly bicuspidate. Luzon, Province of Zambales, December 18, 1907, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 4996." The type of this species is composed of a single specimen in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science and of a fragment preserved in my own herbarium. The elongated rhizome is very characteristic. The label- lum of the flowers examined lacked the conspicuous tubercles or callosities at the base, which are usual in flowers of this group. § MONANTHAPARVA, Bulbophyllum bontocense Sp. nov. Rhizoma elongatum, repens, gracile, ad nodos radicans. Rad- ices crassae. Pseudobulbi pyriformi, rugosi, parvi. Folia brevissime petiolata, coriacea, elliptica vel ovata, ad apicem aristata. Scapus foliis longior ortus a basi pseudobulbi vel a rhizomate; ad basim vaginis tubularibus bracteiformibus; sub florem solitarium bractea tubularis. Sepala lateralia triangulari- lanceolata, longe caudata, 3-nervia. Sepalum superius simile. Petala variabilis, 1-nervia, oblonga, ad apicem irregulariter retusa, mucronata vel marginibus inaequaliter dentatis. Label- lum 3-lobatum, unguiculatum, 3-nervium, lobis lateralibus erectis, lanceolatum ab medio, obtusum vel subacutum, pars inferior explanata orbicularis, pars anterior crassa. Rhizome creeping, elongated, slender. Pseudobulbs 2 to 3 em apart, pyriform, rugose, monophyllous, 4 to 6 mm long. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, setigerous at the tip, 7 to 12 mm long, 5 to 7 mm wide. Scape slender, longer than the leaves, 1 to 3 cm long, arising from the base of the pseudobulbs and from the rhizome about midway between the pseudobulbs, bracteate at base, unibracteate at the base of the solitary white flower, persistent. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, acumi- nate, caudate-tipped, 3-nerved, up to 8 mm long. Upper sepal similar to the laterals. Petals variable, 1-nerved, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, oblong, somewhat cuneate at the base, apex mucro- nate or irregularly dentate, the apex exhibiting both conditions in the same flower. Labellum 3-lobed, 2 mm long. Lateral lobes semiorbicular, erect, when spread out giving to the basal portion of the labellum an orbicular aspect, middle lobe lanceo- late, fleshy, acute, 1.5 mm long. Column 1.5 mm long. Luzon, Bontoe Subprovince, August 17, 1911, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1382. Growing on trees, altitude 1,650 meters above sea-level. Bulbophyllum canlaonense sp. nov. Cum B. halconensi comparandum videtur, a quo tamen sepalis differt. Rhizoma longe repens, gracile, elongatum, ad nodos radicans. Pseudobulbi pyriformi, 3 mm alti, in sicco rugosi, distantes. Folia 1 ad 3 cm longa, 4 ad 9 mm lata, elliptico- oblonga, acuta, coriacea, petiolata. Scapus usque ad 4.5 cm longus, foliis longior, 1-florus, a basi pseudobulbi vel a rhizomate in medio inter pseudobulbos ortus. Flores atropurpurei, usque — ad 12 mm longi. Sepala lateralis ovato-lanceolata, acuta. Sep- alum superius simile. Petala 6 mm longa, 3 mm lata, elliptica, ad apicem rotundata, acuta. Labellum 4.5 mm longum, cordato- lanceolatum, acutum. Columna brevis, in medio columnae dens vel papilla. Necros, Canlaon Volcano, April 10, 1910, Elmer D. Merrill 7015. Epiphyte, rather abundant, altitude above sea-level 1,200 to 1,700 m, flower dull-purple. A near ally of Bulbophyllum halconense from which it differs mainly in the entire absence of caudate tips to the sepals (cf. Orchidaceae 3: 54, pl. 44, fig. 3 C. ¢.) = Bulbophyllum Elmeri sp. nov. Rhizoma repens, gracile, elongatum. Pseudobulbi pyriformes, rugosi, distantes, monophylli. Folia vix petiolata, lanceolata, acuta, breviter apiculata. Scapi filiformes, ad basim bractea tubulari vaginati, a basi pseudobulbi vel a rhizomate in medio inter pseudobulbos ortus, interdum scapi orti a pseudobulbo uno. Sepala lateralia triangulari-linearia, acuminata, valde acuta, 8-nervia. Sepalum superius simile. Petala elongata sepalis vix breviora, linearia, acuminata, longe aristata, 1-nervia. Labellum 3-lobum, lobi laterales parvi, rotundati, lobus medius subcordatus, crassus, apex erectus vel recurvatus, incrassatus, ad basim lab- ellum carina brevis, gnomoni solari similis. Colwmna brevis, antice utroque ad apicem processus setiformis. Rhizome about 1 mm thick. Pseudobulbs about 1 mm apart, 5 mm tall. Leaves 1 to 2.5 cm long, up to 5 mm wide. Scape equaling the leaves in length or-shorter. Lateral sepals about 4 mm long, about 1 mm wide; upper sepal similar to the laterals. Petals very slender, prolonged into a thread-like or aristate tip, 4mm long. Labellum 1.5 em long, 3-lobed, cuneate at the base, middle lobe 0.5 mm long. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, March 8, 1904, A. D. EH. Elmer 6618. : SSE. A PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 187 Bulbophyllum MacGregorii sp. nov. Aff. B. mindorensi, specei quam habitu et structora haec species conspicue simulat. In cortice arborum depressum, decumbens. Rhizoma elongatum omnino pseudobulbis obtectum. Pseudo- bulbi cylindracei, depressi, rugosi, 1-foliati. Folia elliptica. vel oblanceolata, coriacea, breviter petiolata, erecta. Scapus 1-florus, a basi pseudobulbi ortus. Ovarium hystricosum vel papillosum. Flos flavidus in sicco® a bractea tubulari subtensus. Sepala lateralia oblonga, acuta, 3-nervia, margine prope apicem cellulari- dentato. Sepalum superius oblongi-lanceolatum, 3-nervium. Petala abbreviata, 1-nervia, spathulata, ad apicem incrassata. Labellum crassum, oblongum, obtusum, integerrimum, ad apice valde incrassatum, ad basim concaviusculum; apex saepe deflexus. Columna gracilis, bicuspidata. Petalis brevior. Pseudobulbs 6 mm long. Leaves shortly petiolate, 8 to 138 mm long, 2 to 3.5 mm wide. Scape slender, filiform, about 1 cm tall. Bract subtending the flower up to 2 mm long. Lateral sepals 4 to 7 mm long, up to 2 mm wide, conspicuously 3-nerved when dry. Upper sepal similar to the laterals. Petals 2 to 2.5 mm long, about 0.75 mm wide, thickened at the tip. Labellum 3 mm long, 1 mm wide. Column 2 mm long. Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, June, 1909, R. C. McGregor, Bur. Sci. 8322, altitude above sea-level about 2,100 meters; same locality, Elmer D. Merrill 6624, May, 1909, epiphyte in mossy forest, “flowers dull-red,” _altitude 2,250 m above sea-level. B. MacGregorii is nearly allied to B. mindorense and to the Bornean species, B. corticicola, recently described by Doctor Schlechter. From the former it differs in the sepals, petals and lip, and from the latter it is readily distinguishable by its 3-nerved sepals, B. corticicola having 5-nerved sepals in the specimens I have examined. Bulbophyllum profusum sp. nov. Rhizoma ramosum, elongatum, diffusum, bracteis imbricatis, arcte vaginantibus, dense vestitum; scapis e vaginis rhizomatis a pseudobulbis longe remotis erumpentibus. Pseudobulbi par- vuli, cylindracei, in sicco rugosi. Folium coriaceum, elliptico- oblongum, breviter petiolatum. Scapus abbreviatus, uniflorus. Flores flavidi, sub florum solitarium bractea infundibuliformis. Sepala Jateralia elongata, caudata, lineari-triangularia, 8-nervia, glabra. Sepalum dorsale simile. Petala elliptica vel ovata, *In dried specimens the flowers are yellowish or orange-yellow. McGregor made no remarks regarding the flowers of his specimens. Mer- rill describes the flowers of his spetimen as dull-red. obtusa, l-nervia. Labellum lanceolatum, obtusum, 3-nervium. Columna minuta. Rhizome much branched, clothed with imbricating, scarious bracts from among which the numerous 1-flowered scapes arise, crowding the space between the widely separated pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs about 2 cm apart, 5 mm long, 2 mm thick, closely appressed to the rhizome, rugose and angled when dry, cylin- draceous, truncate, bearing at the summit a solitary, fleshy, elliptic-oblong leaf. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2.2 to 5 cm long, about 1 cm wide, yellowish-green in dried specimens, retuse at the rounded tip. Flowers about 6 mm long, yellowish, borne singly on very short, slender scapes, the scapes almost entirely concealed by the bracts of the rhizome. Subtending each flower there is an infundibuliform, acuminate-tipped, hyaline bract which partly conceals the ovary. Lateral sepals linear-trian- gular, caudate-tipped, 6 mm long. Upper sepal similar to the laterals. Petals elliptic or ovate, obtuse, much shorter than_the sepals, 1.75 to 2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. Labellum lanceolate, more fleshy than the other perianth divisions, about 1.5 mm long, 3-nerved, smooth. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mount Canumay, October 15, 1911, Maximo Ramos, Bur. Sci. 18785, epiphytic: Province of Cagayan, April 20, 1909, Ramos, Bur. Sci. 7971. B. profusum resembles the Celebesian B. myrianthum Schltr. so closely that the slight differences between them, observable when specimens are laid side by side, may be considered too trivial for recognition as valid specific characters. In B. myrianthum the leaves are ovate or suborbicular and, in the specimens I have examined, do not exceed 2.5 cm in length. In B. profusum, however, the leaves average more than 2.5 em in length and are rather oblong-elliptic than ovate or suborbicular. In B. profusum the labellum is broader than in B. myrianthum, very obtuse, and broader in proportion to its length. The sepals of B. profusuwm are narrower in proportion to their length than those of B. myrianthum. Both species are near relatives of the Javan B. sessile J. J. Smith (B. clandestinum Lindl.) which is rather widely distributed, having been reported from Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and Tenasserim. An examination of additional material may show that B. myrianthum and B. profusum are referable to B. sessile and that the differences now relied on for differentia- tion are of slight importance. § CIRRHOPETALUM. Bulbophyllum antenniferum (Lindl.) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 245. Cirrhopetalum antenniferum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29 (1843) sub. t. 49. The type specimen of Cirrhopetalum antenniferum in Lindley’s Her- barium at Kew consists of a solitary flower. There are no leaves and no pseudobulbs. Lindley’s description of the flower is incomplete, no PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 139 reference being made to the labellum. The nearest approach to Lindley’s type, among the Philippine specimens I have examined, is a Bulbophyllum from Mindanao collected at Camp Keithley on Lake Lanao by Mary Strong Clemens, no. 445. The leaves of this specimen are about 10 em long by 2.5 cm wide, from pseudobulbs 2 cm long. The lateral sepals are 5 cm long, about equaling the upper sepal. The petals are minute, prolonged into setiform tips. The lip is missing. Bulbophyllum auratum (Lindl.) Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6 (1860) 261. Cirrhopetalum auratum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26 (1840) Misc. 107; 29 (1848) t. 61. To this species I refer two series of specimens from Mindanao. The flowers suggest those of B. Cumingii, but are considerably smaller with a much broader upper sepal, abruptly terminating in a filiform appendage, and with the yellow-fringed petals broader in relation to their length. The foliage of the two species is very similar but in B. auratum the pseudobulbs are much smaller than in B. Cumingii. Plate 61 in the “Botanical Register’? represents, with reasonable closeness to details, the specimens here referred to B. auratum. In B. Cumingii the lateral sepals are about 2.6 cm long. In B. auratum they are 1.6 cm long. B. Cumingii the upper sepal is 7 mm long including the filiform appendage, and in B. auratum it is about 4 mm long. MINDANAO, Butuan Subprovince, San Vicente, Agusan River, C. M. Weber 137, June 2, 1911, epiphyte, flowers pink; near Butuan, A. Celestino, Bur. Sci. 12128, October, 1910. Bulbophyllum Bolsteri sp. nov. Aff. B. chryseo sed in floribus major. Rhizoma repens. In- ternodia 2.8 em longa. Pseudobulbi 1.5 ad 2 cm longi, cylin- dracei, ad apicem fastigiati, in sicco rugosi, monophylli. Folia breviter petiolata, elliptico-lanceolata, acuta, coriacea, 3.3 ad 5.2 cm longa, usque ad 1.7 cm lata. Petiolus 2 mm longus, sulcatus. Scapus filiformis, 8 ad 12 em longus, uniflorus, bracteis tubu- laribus 2. Bractea 1 in basi pedicelli unici. Pedicellus cum ovariis 1.5 em longus, filiformis. Sepala lateralia leviter con- glutinata, lineari-lanceolata, acuta, 1.6 cm longa, 3.5 mm lata prope basim. Sepalum superius simile valde concavum. Petala lanceolata, 1-nervia, 6.5 mm longa, 2.5 lata, diaphana, glabra. Labellum petalis longior, lineari-lanceolatum, obtusum, 9 mm longum, 1.5 mm latum, ad basim biauriculatum, auriculi rotun- dati, erecti. Columna minuta, stelidia subulata, gracilia, 1 mm longa, glabra. Mrnpanao, Province of Surigao, F. H. Bolster 349, May, June, 1906. Epiphyte, flowers yellowish with purple markings. Here should be re- ferred Bur. Sci. 3076 Ramos, collected in Rizal Province, Luzon, a plant previously confused with B. chryseum.” *This Journal 6 (1911) Bot. 54. 140 AMES. B. Bolsteri and B. chrysewm (Krarizl.) Ames are very near allies, differing mainly in the more rambling habit of B. Bolsteri and in the proportions of the flowers, B. Bolsteri being a larger flowered species with smooth petals, the median nerve unbranched. Unfortunately, I have not seen the type of B. chryseum, but among the Philippine plants in my herbarium there is one collected by W. S, Lyon 152, which answers so closely to Kranzlin’s description in Fedde’s “Repertorium” that I feel sure it must be that species. B. Bolsteri is suffused with purple in dried specimens, conspicuously so at the base, while B. chryseum is light-yellow. Bulbophyllum carinatum sp. nov. Pseudobulbi cylindracei, rugosi, 3 em longi, juniores vaginis mox in fibras solutis inclusi, monophylli. Folia permagna, petio- lata, oblongi-elliptica, coriacea, in petiolum attenuata, in sicco rugosa. Scapus elongatus, bracteis tubularibus vestitus, uni- vel pauciflorus. Flores aurantiaci. Pedicellus gracilis. Sepala lateralia elongata, subfalcata, sulcata, valdi carinata, ad basim connata et pedi columnae adnata, mentum breve formantia, superne libera. Sepalum superius sepalis lateralibus multo brevior, ovato-lanceolatum, acuminatum, valde acutum. Petala ovato-lanceolata, acuta. Labellum crassum, inferne sulcatum, margo partis dimidiae basilaris erectus; pars dimidia superior, conduplicata, margine copiosi pilis instructis. Columna bipar- tita, laciniae bipartitae. : Leaves, including the suleate petiole, 21 to 30 em long, 3.5 to 5.5 em wide. Petiole about 5 cm long. Scape 17 to 26 cm long. Bracts about 1 cm long, infundibuliform. Pedicel and ovary 2cm long. Flowers 1 or 2, mottled, yellow-red. Lateral sepals 4 cm long, 5 mm wide, conspicuously carinate, sulcate above, triquetrous. Upper sepal 3 em long, about 1 cm wide. Petals strongly reflexed, 1.5 cm long, 6 to 7 mm wide. Labellum 1.4 cm long, conduplicate for the most part, the basal portion cordate when spread out, with setiform, marginal teeth near the point of insertion, the margin otherwise, to about the middle of the lip, irregularly and shortly dentate. The lip, just beyond the middle is conduplicate, the upper: margin long-papillose, papillae fleshy; on the under side it is longitudinally sulcate. Column about 1 cm long, divided at about the middle into two spreading lateral arms or wings, each wing deeply unequally cleft, the anterior division terminating in a setiform tip. MINDANAO, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang, Mearns and Hut- chinson, For. Bur. 4598, May, 1906, found at an altitude of about 900 m above sea-level. B. carinatum suggests B. Leysianum Burbidge Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 141 134 (1894) fig. 19, from which, in detail, it is clearly distinct. The carinate lateral sepals, the fleshy labellum, sulcate beneath, with its papillose apex, are marked peculiarities which distinguish B. carinatum from all other Philippine species of the genus heretofore described. Bulbophyllum luzonense sp. nov. Rhizoma repens. Pseudobulbi approximati, cylindracei. Folia oblonga, coriacea, ad apicem attenuata, breviter petiolata. Petiolus sulcata. Scapus folia brevior, bracteatus, suberectus. Bracteae inflorescentiae numerosae, confertae. Pedicelli gra- ciles, divaricata. Flores albidi, racemo in umbellam constricto. Sepala lateralia longe triangulari-lanceolata, acuta, 3-nervia, libera, patentia. Sepaluwm superius simile. Petala triangulari- lanceolata, angustata, acuminata, acuta, glabra, 1-nervia. Label- lum minutum, lingulatum, glabrum, obtusum. Colwmna parvula. Pseudobulbs 2 to 2.7 cm long. Leaves about 8 cm long, 1.2 to 1.8 em wide. Petiole 3 mm long. Scape about 8 cm long, in fruiting specimens 10 cm long. Bracts subtending the umbel linear, about 5 mm long. Pedicel and ovary about 1.5 cm long. Flowers about 8 in each umbel. Lateral sepals 7 to 9 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide near the base. Petals about 4 mm long, less than 1 mm wide near the base. Labellum about 2 mm long, obtuse. Luzon, Province of Cagayan, H. M. Curran, For. Bur. 16787, March, 1909. This is an interesting species of § Cirrhopetalum easily distinguished from all other Philippine species of the same section by its loose umbels and long, narrowly triangular petals which are smooth and similar in form to the sepals. The upper sepal is remarkable because of its similarity to the lateral sepals. Bulbophyllum stellatum sp. nov. Rhizoma repens, crassum. Pseudobulbi cylindracei, ad basim tumidi, prope apicem paulatim fastigati, rugosi, 2.5 ad 3 cm longi in sicco, ad basim 8 mm in diametro, monophylli. Folia coriacea, oblongi-elliptica, breviter petolata, 8.5 ad 9 cm longa, usque ad 3 em lata. Petiolus 5 mm longus, sulcatus, rigidus. Scapus folio brevior, usque ad 11 cm longus, bracteis 3 vaginan- tibus. Bracteae inflorescentiae confertae, circiter 2 mm longae, lineari-lanceolatae. Pedicellus cum ovario 1 cm longus, gracilis. Flores albidi et rubidi, racemo in umbellam constricto. Sepala lateralia subpatentia, 5 mm longa, prope basim 2 mm lata, 3- nervia, lanceolata, acuta. Sepalum superius valde concavum, 6mm longum. Petala lanceolata, acuminata, acuta, prope basim 111022——2 : 142 AMES. 3-nervia, 5 mm longa, 1.5 mm lata prope basim. Labellum parvulum circiter 2 mm longum, anguste lingulatum, obtusum. Columna brevis, stelidia longe aristata, filiformia. Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Father M. Vanoverbergh 1360, August 38, 1911. Found on trees, altitude 1,650 m above sea-level. The flowers are described by the collector as yellowish-white and red. Among the Philippine species of § Cirrhopetalum, B. stellatum is most closely allied to B. luzonense Ames, from which it differs in its larger leaves, shorter pedicels and smaller flowers. Bulbophyllum trisetum sp. nov. ' Aff. B. longifloro Thou. Rhizoma crassum, repens. Pseudo- bulbi pyriformes, plus minus tetragoni, remoti. Folia coriacea, petiolata. Lamina elliptico-oblonga. Petiolus sulcatus. Scapus elongatus, erectus, bracteatus, gracilis. Flores albi et purpurei, racemo in umbellam contracto. Bracteae inflorescentiae lan- ceolatae, acutae. Pedicelli graciles. - Sepala lateralia supra ba- sim fere ad apicem cohaerentia, glabra, oblonga vel ligulata. Sepalum superius cucullatum, in caudam filiformem, constrictum, ad apicem dilatatum, margo dentatus. Petala triangularia, pur- purea, in caudam elongatam, integerrimam, abrupte attenuata, ciliata. Labellum crassum, lingulatum, glabrum, obtusum, con- vexum. Columna erecta, basi in pedem producta, superne 2- alata, alis utrinque in brachium erectum productis. Pseudobulbs 3 to 4 cm long, about 1.5 em thick. Leaves about 12 em long, up to 3.5 cm wide. Petiole 1.6 cm long. Scape about 15 cm long. Umbels few-flowered. Lateral sepals 2.7 em long, each one about 3 mm wide. Upper sepal from base to end of setiform or filiform tip 2.3 em long, filiform tip 1.5 em long, slightly dilatated at the end. Petals 1.2 cm long to end of the setiform tip, setiform tip 5 to 6 mm long. Labellum 7mm long. Column wings 4-toothed at the tip; anterior tooth prolonged into a setiform appendage 2 mm long. Luzon, Benguet Suprovince, Itogan to Baguio, E. S. Bacani, For. Bur. 15899, December 24, 1908, found on trees. Bulbophyllum trisetum is closely allied to B. longiflorum Thou., from which it differs in the color of the flowers, the longer appendages of the sepals, and in the different toothing of the wings of the column. It is also near Cirrhopetalum Koordersii Rolfe, a Celebes species. The collector described the flowers as being white, but in dried specimens the petals and upper sepal are of a rich deep-madder color. Bulbophyllum Weberi sp. nov. Pseudobulbi plus minus tetragoni, 2 ad 3 em longi, paulatim fastigiati ad apicem, juniores vaginis mox in fibras solutis inclusi. Folium late oblongi-ellipticum, coriaceum, petiolatum, 9.5 ad 13.5 + ys) PHILIPPINE ORCHIDS. 143 cm longum, 2.5 ad 4.4 cm latum. Petiolus circiter 2 cm longus, sulcatus, rigidus. Scapus folio longior, gracilis, bracteis circa 3 vaginantibus. Bracteae inflorescentiae lineari-lanceolatae, 3 mm longae, valde acutae. Flores circiter 8, flavidi et rubidi, 2.5 cm longi, speciosi, racemo in umbellam contracto. Pedicelli graciles, bracteas excedentes. Pedicellus cum ovario 1.5 cm longus. Sepala lateralia 2.7 cm longa, supra basim fere ad apicem connata in lamina cohaerentia; lamina oblongi-elliptica, 11 mm lata, flavida. Sepalum superius, 6 mm longum, valde concavum, suborbiculare, non ciliatum, ad apicem in caudam fili- formem constrictum; cauda 4 mm longa. Petala 5 mm longa, ciliata, 3-nervia, in caudam filiformem, 1.5 mm longam, con- stricta. Labellum valde arcuatum, circiter 5 mm longum, lin- gulatum, obtusum, glabrum. . Coluwmna superne 2-alata, alis in brachium erectum producta. Anthera denticulata. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mount Canumay, C. M. Weber 8, found on mossy trees, 700 m above sea-level. The affinity of this species seems to be with B. Cumingii Reichb. f. and with B. longiflorum Thouars. From the former it is readily separated by the color of the flowers, the smooth margin of the dorsal sepal, and by the arms of the column. The column-arms are similar to those of B. longiflorum as shown in the figure of Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii in the “Botanical Magazine” plate 7214. The denticulate margin of the anthers is another distinguishing character in the comparison of B. Weberi and B. Cumingii. From B. longiflorum it is not so easy to distinguish B. Weberi. Here we have a striking similarity in the structure of the column, the erect wings and the denticulate anther-cap in both species. The plate formed by the union of the lateral sepals is rather more elliptic in B. Weberi than in B. longiflorum, and the leaves are broader in relation to their length. From the Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii of the Botanical Register (1838) t. 11 and of the Botanical Magazine, t. 4289, a plant which appears to be different from the C. Thouarsii of Lindley, B. Weberi is hardly distinct. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY. Vol. VII, No. 8, August, 1912. NOTES ON THE FLORA OF MANILA WITH SPECIAL REF- ERENCE ‘TO THE INTRODUCED ELEMENT. By E. D. MERRILL. (From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, and the Department of Botany, University of the Philippines, Manila, P. I.) In compiling data and in making explorations of Manila and its vicinity with the ultimate object of the preparation of a flora of the region, which is now in press,! much information other than that of a purely systematic nature has been secured. It has not been considered advisable to include this, however, in the forthcoming publication. - An opportunity has been taken in the present paper for some discussion of the climatic con- ditions, the different types of vegetation, and the geologic and geographic features of the region under consideration. In con- nection with the above there are also included some facts and conclusions regarding the vegetation of Manila and its vicinity, the introduced element and its origin, the pantropic species and their dissemination, and other matters that cannot prop- erly be considered in a short preface or introduction. Most of the present paper is devoted to a consideration of the intro- duced element, which is a very large one in the vicinity of Manila, and, on the whole, the most interesting botanical feature of the area covered. . The area under consideration comprises approximately 100 square kilometers, roughly a triangle with its base on Manila Bay, and its apex at the town of Pasig. Its limits are as follows: From the town of Malabon on Manila Bay, north of the City of Manila, in a southeasterly direction through Masambong, San Francisco del Monte, San Juan del Monte, etc., to Pasig, thence ? Merrill, E. D. A Flora of Manila. Bureau of Science Publication (1912). 145 146 MERRILL. in a southwesterly direction to the town of Parafiaque on Manila Bay south of Manila. Practically the entire area occupied by the city of Manila consists of an alluvial plain, for the most part located but little above the limits of high tide. This plain is divided by the Pasig River and some of its tributaries, the smaller tidal streams being locally known as esteros. Undoubtedly the greater part of the area now occupied by the city was originally a mangrove swamp; but with the extension of the town the low places have been graded, and the original mangrove vegetation destroyed. Vestiges of this original vegetation still remain along some of the esteros; and at Malabon, just north of the city, the mangrove vegetation is rather conspicuous in places. The word Manila itself is generally assumed to have been derived from nilad or nilar, one of the Tagalog names for a mangrove tree, Scyphyphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. (Rubia- ceae). The prefix ma means “where is,” so that the word Manila signifies the place where nilar grows. Whether or not this theory is correct the species is no longer to be found in or near Manila, although it is sufficiently abundant in other parts of the Archipelago. Within the area covered by the “Flora of Manila,” and the region on which the present paper is based, there are a number of low hills, none of which exceed an altitude of 50 meters. They consist of water-laid tuff, with usually a thin covering of poor clayey or gravelly soil. These hills occur in limited areas within the city limits, but are much more numerous inland. There are, then, only two geological formations, the alluvial plain and the low hills of water-laid tuff with their thin cover- ing of poor soil. By far the greater part of the area under consideration consists of waste places, cultivated and fallow fields, and thickets. In restricted areas we have the strand formation occurring along the sandy shores of Manila Bay; the vestiges of mangrove swamps along tidal streams and muddy shores; and swampy areas with fresh water, brackish water, and salt water. The entire area under consideration, so far as its vegetation is concerned, has been profoundly altered by the presence of man, and at no place near the city do conditions at all approach- ing primeval ones exist. The original vegetation has been almost entirely destroyed, for presumably the present location of the City of Manila was for the most part covered with mangrove forests, as noted above, while the dry hills undoubtedly sup- sae ee THE FLORA OF MANILA. 147 ported a low and more or less scrubby forest. Comparatively few of the original forest types exist in the area at the present time. From a consideration of the above notes it will readily be seen that the soil and topographical conditions in the vicinity of Manila are not favorable to a diversified flora. In connec- tion with these matters the question of rainfall must be con- sidered, and here again the local conditions militate against a multiplicity of species. From June to November, the period of the southwest monsoon, there are heavy rains and typhoons. This season is followed by several months of comparatively dry weather, with only scattered showers. February to May, the period of the north-east monsoon, is very dry, with almost no rain, making the conditions on the dry hills almost desert ones during these months. In those parts of the Philippines, where the rains are fairly continuous throughout the year, one finds at low altitudes a great number of species that are not found near Manila. These species, moreover, are not encountered at low altitudes in those parts of the provinces contiguous. to the city and having a rainfall similar to it. Epiphytes, always abundant in continuously humid regions in the tropics, are represented by very few species in the vicinity of Manila. From the standpoint of the collector or the systematist, the vegetation in the vicinity of Manila is a disappointing one, especially in consideration of the tropical habitat. Most of the species found are common and well known ones of very wide distribution. Including all the more commonly cultivated forms, there are 1,007 species, of which about 225 are never found outside of cultivation, leaving 782 that are indigenous or _ naturalized. Undoubtedly the original flora of the country in and about Manila was a comparatively poor one, so far as the number of species was concerned, and at the present time it is certain that in species the flora is much richer that it was in primeval times. With the destruction of the original forests, and subsequent cultivation of the soil, the proper habitats were provided for species adapted to conditions of growth in the open. Since the advent of man in the Philippines, some thousands of years ago, the process of introduction of exotic, light-loving species, pur- posely and accidentally, has been going on, and is still being continued at the present day. Then, too, the proper habitats were provided for the rice-paddy, and other small-seeded weeds of cultivation, which were thus enabled to persist and to extend 148 "MERRILL. their range after once being introduced. Some of these were undoubtedly introduced in dirty grain, but for the most part probably by natural causes; by winds, and especially by the transmission of their small seeds in mud on the feet or feathers of migratory birds. Thus directly and indirectly, through the agency of man, many species have been added to the flora of the Archipelago. Likewise through the agency of man, espe- cially in the destruction of the original vegetation over vast areas, it is very probable that many local indigenous species have been exterminated. When, then, we consider the nature of the geological forma- tion in and about Manila, the alluvial plain, the dry hills of water-laid tuff covered with a thin poor soil, the lack of alti- tude, the uneven distribution of rainfall through the year, causing a protracted very dry season, the entire lack of forests, and the fact that primeval conditions as to vegetation are not to be found in the entire area, a flora of approximately 1,000 different species, or, excluding the cultivated ones, 780 indige- nous or naturalized ones in an area not exceeding 100 square kilometers, cannot be considered a poor one so far as individual species are concerned. In fact, as to the number of species, the flora of Manila com- . pares very favorably with that of like areas in the Archipelago supporting a primeval vegetation. Mount Mariveles, just across the bay from Manila, is densely covered with unbroken forests, and its vegetation, except for a narrow coastal strip, has not been disturbed by man. In contrast to the 1,007 species known from Manila and vicinity, or excluding the cultivated forms, 782 native or naturalized ones, only about 1,114 are known from Mount Mariveles, although the latter has the climatic advan- tage of 1,400 meters of altitude, is densely forested, and supports several types of vegetation that are quite absent in and about Manila. Properly to understand the local conditions as to vegetation, _ the fundamental differences between the flora of the settled and cultivated areas in contrast to that of the undisturbed regions supporting a primeval vegetation, and the enormous influence man has had on the present condition of the vegetation of the Archipelago, it is necessary to take into consideration the prob- able nature of the vegetation before the advent of man. Considering the Philippine Archipelago as a whole, at the present time approximately thirty-three and one-third per cent of the entire land area is covered with virgin forest, sixteen and 2 THE FLORA OF MANILA. 149 two-thirds per cent by second-growth forest, forty per cent is grass land, and ten per cent cultivated land.? It is practically certain that before the advent of man in the Philippines, the entire country was covered with unbroken forest, of one kind or another, from sea-level to the tops of the highest mountains, except, perhaps, where the vegetation had been temporarily destroyed by natural causes, such as volcanic eruptions. Such types of vegetation as the extensive grass-covered hills, moun- tain sides, and plains, and the open cultivated areas, now such prominent features in the landscape, did not originally exist, so that the whole aspect of many localities must have been quite different from what it is to-day and from what has been its condition within historic times. When we consider that about two-thirds of the entire land surface of the Archipelago consists of cultivated areas, open grass lands, thickets, and second-growth forests, and that all these types of vegetation are due directly or indirectly to the presence of man, some idea can be obtained of the profound changes’ that have been wrought in the vegeta- tion of the country in past centuries. The first agricultural method employed in the Archipelago, whether by the supposedly aboriginal Negritos, or by later Malay invaders, was certainly the “caingin” system, still very exten- sively practiced. This primitive system of agriculture consists simply in clearing a selected area by felling the trees, burning the débris, and raising some simple crop on the area thus cleared. Such a clearing is, in general practice, utilized but one or two years, rarely longer; and is abandoned as coarse grasses, weeds, shrubs, ete., commence to gain an ascendency over the cultivated plants. With only most primitive agricultural instruments, the average native to-day, as in centuries past, finds it much easier to fell and burn the trees, thus clearing a new area, than to combat the encroachment of weeds, and especially grasses such as the cogon (Imperata cylindrica Beauv.) with deep-seated perennial rhizomes. Moreover in each new clearing that he makes he has the advantage of virgin soil, although this last factor is in most cases doubtless a secondary consideration. A clearing once abandoned, may, depending on local conditions, revert to a forested condition through a succession of coarse annual weeds, shrubs, and various quick-growing trees, or it may become covered with coarse grasses, especially the cogon (Imperata cylindrica Beauv.), or sometimes other species, such * Whitford, H. N., Bull. Bureau Forest. (Philip.) 107 (1911) 12. 150 MERRILL. as Saccharum, Rottboellia, Themeda, etc. The primitive agricul- turist selects another forested area, usually contiguous to the one just abandoned or about to be abandoned, fells the trees, burns the débris, and plants his crop. If the abandoned clearing becomes reforested, then it is only a question of time when the land will again be cleared for cultivation by the “caifgin” system. If, however, as is most often the case, it becomes covered with coarse grasses, the chances are that the area will not become reforested. Annually recurring grass fires are purposely started either for improving grazing conditions, or to make the country more easily traversed. These prevent the reproduction of forest conditions by killing the young trees, seedlings, ete., which may have become established among the grasses, and, in fact, all the plants except those which, like the coarse grasses, are pro- vided with deep-seated perennial rhizomes. As the grass-covered areas become more extended, the fires often gradually push back the edges of the forest by the destruction of the young and the mature trees along the edges of the clearing, even when not aided by man. As a result in many hilly areas in the Phil- ippines one finds the continuous slopes covered with grasses, the forest persisting only in the ravines, where, perhaps, the original clearings made by man were of comparatively limited extent. Forest fires, as such, are practically unknown in the Philip- pines, except perhaps in some very limited areas. The average high humidity, the very rapid decay of fallen leaves, branches, trees, etc., and the nature of the undergrowth militate against them. To permit the ravages of forest fires in the Philippines, climatic conditions in ages past must have been very different from what they are to-day, and any great difference in this respect, especially in decreased humidity, is exceedingly unlikely. Forest fires as a factor in the establishment of the open grass- covered areas can hence be ignored. In grass-covered areas, protected against fire, it is however, only a question of time when forest conditions will again prevail, the original vegetation of the country claiming its own. It is, therefore, due to the presence of man that the open grass country exists here, and to his continued presence that this type of vege- tation persists and stil! continues to extend itself at the expense of the forested area. Man is directly responsible for nearly all of the annually recurring grass fires in all parts of the Archipelago, very few being started from natural causes. THE FLORA OF MANILA. 151 Assuming, then, that the original vegetation of the Philippines was practically unbroken forest, it becomes manifest that a very high percentage of the species now dominant in the settled areas, that is, in waste places in and about towns, fallow fields, cultivated areas and thickets, and in the open grass country, must have been introduced into the Archipelago after the advent of man and after sufficient time had elapsed for man to have provided the habitats to which these species are adapted. The great bulk of these plants are those requiring abundant light, * adapted to growth in the open, and which cannot persist under forest conditions. They are for a large part species of very wide distribution that certainly have not originated in the Archi- pelago, but which must have developed their characteristics as to habitat in non-forested, or at least very thinly forested countries. On the assumption that the great majority of the species now found at low altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines have reached the Archipelago by one means or another since the advent of man, it is manifest that should any large area become depopulated for a long term of years, and the vegetation thus become protected against fires and other disturbing factors due to the presence of man, the original vegetation of the Archi- pelago would again occupy the entire area. The absolute or nearly absolute extermination of the introduced forms which depend for their existence on an open habitat, and which cannot thrive in forests, would follow. This would mean that the great majority of the species now found in the settled areas would become either extinct, or of rare and very local occurrence in the limited areas where conditions for their growth and re- production might persist. In addition to the herbs, undershrubs, and other plants of the country, now so common and widely distributed, which would in all probability be exterminated with the reversion of the country to primeval conditions, it is exceed- ingly probable that very many of the introduced trees, including the naturalized ones, would eventually become extinct, from their inability to withstand forest conditions, that is, their inability to compete with the native trees and vines in the struggle for light. In Table I, following, is given a summary of the species con- sidered in the “Flora of Manila,” a total of 1,007 distributed into 595 genera and 136 families. Of these 1,007 species it is estimated that about 550 are indigenous, that is, true natives of the Archipelago or those that have reached the Islands through 152 MERRILL. natural agencies, and that 457 have purposely or inadvertently been introduced by man. Of the introduced species somewhat over one-half, or 232, are spontaneous, while about 225 are never or but very rarely met with outside of cultivation. One hundred and seventy-eight of these introduced forms are con- sidered to have originated in tropical America, the remainder for the most part in the tropical parts of the Old World. Four hundred and twenty-five species are found in the tropics of both hemispheres, but less than 90 of these are considered as being possible or probable natives of both; 334 are considered as ~ having been manifestly distributed by man, and chiefly within historical times. Of the total of 1,007 species found in and about Manila 812 extend to the Malay Archipelago, 789 to tropical Asia, 425 to tropical Australia, 355 to Polynesia, and 402 to tropical Africa. TABLE I1—Summary of the families, genera, and species, found in and about Manila, with indications of the origin and range of the various forms. meg | [Spe a origin. |tributed-' Ta) | bee le tod a€l, Families and genera. = = 3 . 3 ‘ a bed 4 4 3 : i=] . So a) ele el ala eeseci 2) Zi els] ¢ alfleisleieigt ea] el THE FLORA OF MANILA. 153 TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc—Continued. Ameri-} Pantro- Intro- duced. eigte pic: Dis- Families and genera. 8 a a 5 a idl ilaleliigigdilelai¢i 0) g Sel SIEL ELSIE Es] 2) 8) 8) 2) 3 a 2\ ei ai ai gis g El aia! 4 ele|a/sl/al|aléia je lelelelé| e LYCOPODIACEAE: € 6 eee Ese Rees» WARS ea a ait Peal a ry a ead Re seal Ree 1 of Bef a 1 eh Bren Peer ee yee 6 ee Lig oe | area aS is Ga Eo ha 1 1 By feet BIE, Bes 1 i Brae "Sree % Reon tpt a I age @ ES VAiascne tj Jet tac | rks te Rm a Ese 2 | os aes 9 See 2 eas wee Pig eee 1 ee he 1 6 fae é 7 pee he | Slee | Pearl See ee » ae ig ae id ae Fee 5 Ee is af a cd CS ee “GE year 141 mA eer, VS eRe 1 1 af Paper ieee we 2 Rese Ry ot ae il aT ie Meee es eee | TA 2s 1 tO sis BE i, cap ee Be 1}o1 Lotte s Fe ee | pias Ne Se yet a aad SS ee gh ee gt 5 5 aes Ae i eee 1 Ebct 1 42/3 i at Yipee eye 2G ne - > Bteee Ye 2 ee ee Fe | Yas ; hae O ite a eee 1 gE Pas ee | igs a Rae: & Sick a Wns Bae ti. 4 1 i ee | bee Ey Oe Aa ow oie Bee Was TEST a eo Neat ey ea 0 ee | ei Fea Rona baer taser racial it aed ee BR Wi WL G1 812 3| 9] 10] 6| 8] 38 L128 + EES eS ae a | eR ee | Wao. S'S ae eS Oe re eee 1 ay oat2 Ltr 41 et Sl 8) 8 6} 4| 2 Ski hee tee oe ee eee 1G ae yee ol eae 47] 11) 5] 1] 1 47} 1}) 15] 16] 6] 6] 6 °° 5 st Peete 21° 21-21. 213 Picasa iA “§ Moye Bae oe ee See waeeiad Rete 1 154 TABLE 1—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc.—Continued. Families and genera. Keyllings 2225-54 Pyereus 2225. 22 Juncellus -__________ Eleocharis __________ Fimbristylis ________ Relrgnbscs eS Aveige cc 7 7 7 “BOLT OL a : HAN bane q Nerginnawen “ mooie H H : 7 H ‘ ; i 7 “ByeISNY oO, Att NN int OM AMANO HHNNAHE HRA n : : H 7 “ais [e91dox oF, welt ie Be Red PR NOt aaa AD AM AUVt HM owen nn ee —] ee) : “BART OF, Se Ot Soe ol oe I oe oe Eo) oO an eg tT 4 ae + arn ~ Lal =a in) \ on “uBul Jo ol ee ae ee ee ee : idea tice Se Raa ee ‘ cal cal al £23 | comin uahorys le eg ars CEES eR ee es 3 “so ct ar ' PR Pes oa ) ~ ~ 1 ' ' Sse | meet dis a Pope | Wee ad I aan ba a BHR 4 ! H ! usBe [Bainy ' ' ' ' 4 ff ' ‘ ' ' ' 1 sé A[uo poqwayng H i ' ' H i ds H ? “snosuwjuodg as 4 A i u ‘ ' sy ’ ‘opWepua a ie Fees H ve Rh H sas H ay a 4 H Tce “pie | H H t Te ae} : : *A[UO poqeary[n, ' ied ' d i te coal ' ia 3 fix ay Bee $y HIN ! 65 + : ~ tee H : H oe ae ‘ As “snoouvjuodg H H H ee to i H Beha id. 1 J ' ' ' ' us a ae Beat ' 7 ‘ 4 ¥4 DES GAR | H ‘ H ‘ OA HAHNAN HMMM ON OD NOAA Yt Aon oH = rn) “sepoeds [ez0], * ' aa.) 7 ‘ oe | 7 i ce H ' Biyed ' ' Ft | 1 : re i H Pes H H teal H ' Ca : i | tr AEE by) j a THE FLORA OF MANILA. 155 TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc.—Continued. Intro- Ameri- | Pantro- duced. | | ota, Pies x) Ble |3 # Families and genera. | § | | ¢| & g| 58 Ba faeces pein Pirie Inia cdr ban Scindapsus --.-.---- y Be (ida ae es 1 Me ES 3 5 a age gatas 1) Pema Pag ynt ie. aaa 1 t 2 ta gE ere 1 be Perret Roe 1 Acorus 1 1 eee bas 1 1 1 Amorphaphallus---_- 1 1 os (oS, 1 sO Ree 2 eae Caladium --_--.----- pies Baar 3 i Bt p es Reka: Bee | 1 1 CAs 1 Typhonium --------- i b Se bare poe Bear! fe See 1 1 YE Rgee Alocasia .........-.- 5} 5 Fees, Raat teen phat ve xe a Colocasia --...-.---- 1 1 mone eae | eat ares bes 2 ag LEMNACEAE: DOMNA csi os seas 1 Boprirtahaiuswpedtts Papier) Pacsapel Wea bt ont > LAjegeawn 1 Spirodela -....---.-- Zz 1 p Ae A 1 1 1 XYRIDACEAE: ) DIIG Sondre vase cee! 1 tS Bes Peale scale acetone 1 1 1 ERIOCAULACEAE: Eriocaulon -----..-.- 3 3 ny Regie 9) ly Woo Pages seireet Cee, 2 t 1 1 1 BROMELIACEAE: Anahas. suc sone ge eres nee 1 BT, Be * a 1 1 1 1 COMMELINACEAE: Commelina --------- 2 2 scce pe eles 2 Yo a 2 2 Aneilema-.----.----- 2 2 ha Fa than Hes tad iba ty Sika + are 2 1 1 Rhoeo 1 1 fy Gnas eae Cyanotis___---...---. Eis 5 ABCGHiad us hes heed Gated Herod wie: SA 3 2 | See 1 Lebrinag.civan cases) bie ree 1 1 Lt PONTEDERIACEAE: Monochoria----.----- 2 B Cacdebasalumerceeccen a beatpe ser 2 2 Sere LILIACEAE: Senilax. nce egal) 1 Bale Pies pee A 8 3 3} 38] 8 poe 2 2 2} 2| 2) 2p a; 2 bi Ear 1 Be 8 TS Fea | 1 Lise : ee | 1 Cae 1 1 pt ees ps a 1 sf hip, Pept Bb. 1 a el Sea 6S peepee 1 1 di he tales baer ns gee | 1 1 Tlecwte, © 1 1 bo! ec Ei ee t 1 Rheants ® 1 i aes - bee be Reem oe ete 2 ener Galle BA ye ae 1 1 1 1 1 1 rE Bee eee 1 1 1 1 1 b Bee 1 1 oe Usted “ie | 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 ake nee 1 A Blegt n, Oe ee ea oes |S eee “BOLIZV OF, “B[sauslog OJ, “ByTEQSNY OF, “BISY [Bo1do3} oy, “BABB OL, Pantro- pic: Dis- "uBul Jo 4ou038 ysnoryy, *s010 ~uade [eanjeu Ag g Ameri- origin. | tributed- “s[UO pozBAy[ND “snoouejuodg | | ‘oywepug MERRILL. Intro- duced. “A[UO pezBaning “snoousjuodg “snoue3|puy *soyoods [830], TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc-—Continued. 156 Families and genera. 1 Ras. tS Prer el nese He 1 x u 1 5 a Sa ORS 5S aut) ie Reset t Se BR LSISE) Racine Pi. LS Pee pS, Pea Techs here ‘ACEAE: Maranta_______ ORCHIDACEAE: Malaisia_____-_ Fleurya.-___2._..._. IOUS Ses oo aera Dendrobium________ beronia re) Habenaria__________ Cleisostoma Trema Geodorum __________ MORACEAE: Cathe isos) Didymoplexis ______ IRIDACEAE: Belamcanda ________ Eleutherine ________ MUSACEAE: ONG soo oe Ravenala___________ ZINGIBERACEAE: Globbee. ooo 5: Hedychium_________ Kaempferia _.______ CANNACEAE: ULMACEAE: ae \- THE FLORA OF MANILA. 157 TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, ete-—Continued. Ameri-| Pantro- duced. tata haa 2| |aldielgl {4 Families and genera. | § F i 4 8 3 r Ul el el elas ze al elg i g) a) #| 8) 4ls i 4 : j a 8 Bis 8 z FY is Sa Be @ ree Oe ae bg ee 1 > O ies Wy Beeek Moree 1 en 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 Lessin 1 1 -fosees 2 2 1 fe-nse 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 fasase 1 1 : eee & See Bb poe See ; i eae oe ee 1 ee OS es aS ae ee o heats Se ee eee dee | ft fasens 1 ay ae SS eS ee | ower 2 hee Bee Smee fy hoe Portulaca: - «..-<.-<.- &}:-1A+- 3 | af Ai Sep a 8 Se 1 Lar Deo tee dT 8 peers 1 1 1 Castalia .......----- Ewes Bcdulcawe pei rwrk nid Sie 1 BAsuvdbuxid 1 1110228 158 MERRILL. TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, ete—Continued. . Ameri-| Pantro- Intro- és . ean _ | pic: Dis- pst. origin. [tributed Families and genera. 8 PRS § g 5 |b Be | 1S el eg) ee] El e/a] Pegee] 2) 2/2) 2) 2 Oo} 8/5 S/F ie" sei a) s)1a} (eet s : g\ei8 |B | S| 8) <)e| < e|Sla|/oj/alaloja je |8&islse/s} a CERATOPHYLLACEAE: Ceratophyllum --_-_- 1 1 pe ee ee 1 1 1 1 i RANUNCULACEAE: Naravelia __.__-____ 1 gi SE Rs Sg 1 eccatenus ate ceed MENISPERMACEAE: Pyenarrhena -__-_____ a gS, See mens § sean Fenwen oes eARNONORS oo Sg FS 1 1 eet enon Cissampelos -____._- 1 1 Vi-e.. i ¥ F 1 1 1 MAGNOLIACEAE: Michelia 2 a 3 mith + 2 1 --->- ANONACEAE: 1 1 a Fe coae E ee pore 8 3 gg Peat ee 3 Silccwen 1 3 1 1 oe ee tee | ye ate 1 i Sskelaease i pS ere 1 1 1 1 7 od Fe 1 1 Ee See pereeres YS SA Poe a 1 by re eter ee 2 rg BSE oe RRR 1 ret pri ee 1 1 Ey eres anaes 1 5 eee 5 1 1 1 ‘3 ee 1 1 1 Fe 1 si Sa .f oe Sil bie ease 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ps Peet 1 PSS, BSE 1 1 Pd > are 1 Bice pecley s SAlson 9 caw 2 aa a Hal cine | 1 1 Steledieod| Sie Teak fay ees 1 “Sear gies rig pee pS earns 1 Wjsecne 1 1 1 1 1 5 ee 1 Wissczc 1 tS flees to Peps 1 babe 1 1 Pe bee Wee pee ade er YS ee 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ps ee | 1 1 1 1 eared 1 1 1 berets ESS pl Pheer § aeete lata) POGrtN beard Nesareny meme Sater | THE FLORA OF MANILA. 159 TABLE 1.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc-——Continued. : | des; |_| Meat ee | origin. |tributed 2 Ble |B s } Families and genera. 8 - g 5 a § 3 g 4 aig B/E] E/E) sll alegael g/l 2) $| ¢ #/3)8!#) 81 8| #/85) Se Bi Bal 2/3/28) 5/12/ slSle 2° BEl/<|&| 3 elela|é/a\a/sla lé lelelelele LEGUMINOSAE: Pithecolobium Cette MMM (occ: Mamet ol eis prs es bid Lg oem elaabens eae I Malis We Kaa Oe baa: forked (Ce Enterolobium--_____ 1 MADERA 322250 kee i: y Ys Wateaipey speek 1 Leucaena.-.-......_ 1 Minodss 2.42 eke 1 Prosvpia 22s, “ Bae capt ic are olen Baer BG Bigs bel ces coarat Ee Wee tea Ran bei Pee Met een Pi a a 1 » g 2 3 1 1 deaeed ones 1 1 1 1 1 rae Bear ts AR Beal 1 1 1 1 1 Petals ook Picrk 1 1 1 Bfesecy 17 B 8 8 3 4 5 oc ec Fides | 3 3 1 We iticdes A By | 1 1 hd Sai as Pane 1 1 gg Dees Read Pea | 3 3 2 : | 3 yas Pea pfctl eae) BR 27! falar ayant Pa par 1? exe | 1 1 1 1 = 5 Sy Coe Beran beta 2 pt aa he cay aetna PA Ee iy moan rE 0 lina ae # Pea | 1 1 ip crea 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 eset 1 Leet 2t sy tf 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 5 5 5 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 = payee 1 : 2 2 1 1 if pois tetas s 2 3 1 pi ar TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc——Continued, , Ameri-| Pantro- Intro- tice duced. sei: pic: Dis- ‘ 3 Ble |B 4 ; ; i ee rane : Families and genera. 3 reel Fed hg 3 ele |g. ane = ; BIEL E/E) a/ 8) 3s a8) 212) 8) 2) ¢ a (74 £152) Bay BB ee) sal P AERP 2} i<] &/8ia)/6/a/aldia ei/s{sa|se| Aa 1 1 1 1 3 1 je ier 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 ¥ 1 1 1 1 7 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 ti a ry te BB 1 1 bs _ _ _ _ i § 2 2 Rave eee GS 1 eee Bea dO Be a | 1 dies 1]. roeeld ame | 1 1 1 1 1 ‘ 1 5 OS fe ey tava Sens - 1 1 a ee Pa aco bs REM Be BSE Lic 1 Et. 1 gS ee Boos oe hh Aes G Ca aes es , : . Gy Hees Bera 3 1? peas Kae | 2 Ricca 2 2 E A ea be eel SPIES 1 SIMARUBACEAE: s : ; Harrisonia _________ 1 a : 1 1 ee Qunaslé cnc tH RES BARC ee pee AS: | MEE NO 4 2 - BURSERACEAE: oy Canarium _ oe Oe ote 4 MELIACEAE: Torta 1 fo lis 1 2 Sandoricum ________ cig Peas joes 5 eae oe Mega 1 i eee! Se Sa EA Nae 1 pe eee - Lansium_._.________ b s © heaton r Zz Dysoxylum ________ 1 pA eee 1 Maltese yas aR 1 eae set BESS toa 1 MALPIGHIACEAE: Galphimia _________ pi] ee ET » MRNA macaiebe: DEL a bead feed re Mees ls ch amearncle Tristellateia _______ bY iikas 2 MESS eae are at bE see ae es POLYGALACEAE: < Polygala___.________| Ree be hee, s AS Sas ie Bee Salomonia __________ Bess Rises pees 1 1 1 }___--1_----- THE FLORA OF MANILA. 161 he : TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc—Continued. ’ * Ameri-}| Pantro- : duced. | | can |pic: Dis. 8 ale {8 4 . Families and genera. $ gj] 6 3 5 |e : é. 4 aja EEA PGP gE ald IESE EAR IEL LS B\<|2| 4 e|/4Sila@¢1d/al/eldle e&lé|/eé&}/al] & EUPHORBIACEAE: Euphorbia.____.--__ 10 2 6 ype mere 2; 1) 27 8) 40 9 3 8 2 Briielie:.36sec02.._| 1 1 gana dais oaeta 1 tg Fata line y : Phyllanthus _____- Bees Weer pee yes ecm esha T Btlee, Gee aces Gon ee Glochidion-____.___- 1 Rlcodeijouesstodun Pri Ee) Eee Bp 5 A eta Raa split (gt ga | 8) 08 Peers (eae |e Te ae a cs hd ee DG 0d # Pits wees 1 8}. 2 i raeee hoger fe eer Aree 1 Vissi city ae Meh eae BS crags i eas Cd soe | dieteew trang Poe a tore be cee Gs Ge I, owes ; ye eras Beh @ehaose ver wee ata DCS Alar steaks aay 2 Pope 2}-2 iy eSeloa ORB: Seve Wage Ue rca i ee og on we ea Ol RD | 1 Biseess F oF feta 1 1 “ 1 1 1 = es fait Bing IGS Ween bh Pd Serica Pana weeps Pamneaee 5 1 2 Asie ee se Be RAG FS 5 5 * 5 1 | 1 tees Py A iy Pete A ig Fa os fas 1 : 3] 8 ry pies eee ee A oly ete | SA 2 by eas fe ase phy Canes Ea psec, (ea 1 1 » Be each, = AOREREE 2 1 1}. ee ec wel cael on cS Gia: ip sept (dlyesins pire A deiecs 1 Bra bi risa oy Cran fo oer a ci oc bape | Manihot -- 2 cB ee cetera oer 8 2 2 1 1 2 Alchornea -_____.-_- 1 Z Ties Excoecaria -__._.... 1 i Peay Bis pews! Seana 1 1 1 741-1 ANACARDIACEAE A d 1 Passe PE nis ehtets Del Ea Maa 6 1 1 1 1 Semecarpus -_-_-_--- 1 1 1 Mangife 1 1 4 1 1 1 = 1 1 Buchanania ____.._. 1 1 1 1 di 1 1 1 Beep ata 3 CELASTRACEAE: Celastrus'- 2.22.2... 1 1 rk 1 Gymnosporia -_____- 1 1 1 Siphonodon____-_--.- t 3 Z pret Pica 4 1 HIPPOCRATEACEAE: Balacis- ou. 2-252 1 1 1 1 SAPINDACEAE: Cardiospermum ---- be res 1 , 1 1 Z 1 1 Allophylus ...___-..- 1 1 Bfssa oescfasae] ceo cfesceafesecc].o+-e[----.]------ Otophora _......---- oh: ¥ ea Euphoria ..... ..... 3 1 1 1) Gulokscscssaciecazes 1 z 1 1 --- t ASP SS Bo cacece pe Me a7<3 = BALSAMINACEAE: I ti 1 BD ioenvwlccastokactence 1 1 1 1 1 1 162 MERRILL. TABLE I—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc.—Continued. sf: Fiiees Ameri-| Pantro- | ean | pic: Dis- — origin. |tributed > blé |B Cy " : .| 3 Jei8 le L gee co Families and genera. 8 28 EB g/ 012 & 3 bee S B/ 2/2/28] 5/8) Bey fs] gia] e] 2! g el ele s/s lalegselgi/ ei 2/8] So Pye] ei Slagle le 2/2) s/ 4) 3 e/4/a@lo/a/Slsielé |elesigie a RHAMNACEAE: Zizyphus -_._-._..._ 3 ; peruse Z 2 r 1 5 eee 1 eae is ees Bias Ie bere 1 ae 1 SS is ie Ra wa fee ¢ 1d Ree fs, RESERAN PS AEIS BESS eh MOR ea SONS ener EB esr tS et Sais og aa ise 8) 8 Si 1 ie BS cS PES Ses Fae ERNE Sees Meaty ari 5 Hes pa eee oe aaa Ee 1 cas 8 tig Rees Bees ESS Sea eit (2 Feel se eee Neng ee eet lear eee 8 gee OF sm ae | i SSS Bee ae eer Ray OS tie 3 pene ES, Poo i ales ley Bt nee 8 Be Rabie! eae Ss SS i Mes BRS BR 1 Peeres becee Te ae Meat aes & Pe 1 pis Reina PS 2s faces i erin Bs Poses. Reese fee ve flame © eae eames fave ee 5 A ee SS Och Wey See BAe OR eS ee pe aie, Sl tscee Se ieee er Ws) Foret jee 2 r 1 1 Sa fees ee 4 ee Mame Cae 1 anes G COGS bs aa Ee 7 bE Bis | 4s ba aes Be RES pS Ra ss 1 Bes Gee 1 PSEA fica Scans Fy Oo Rea td PE DP eae: 4 4 3 Ve 1 pe Pee a hi, Ba | sas ba eget We fae He aa be phiSeN eT yee Par) ee oles aces 9 hl Ge SS cs pT Rlarae § pa ea 1 eee ba eS be ies By ae 5 Sa | 2 Be pe Bier 1 A pes ea peg ES ee 2 Ga i Bene ey Maes Sst 1 pS Rees 1 Haha a, oe Be Sy Sees © bate i ads 3 ay | ssi 1a reas ay ae STicst sae * 1 pe See 3 Oe Eb bei tod : iy ee Soa Pe Bees ee i Mare eke & Soe Garth & eae gS tee | THE FLORA OF MANILA, 163 TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc-—Continued. Ameri- abrag can | pic: Dis- duced, origin rt a : 3 Ble |2 3 Families and genera. a fa § § §|& 3 : < aia B12) 2/2) 2/8) 3lbged €) 2/2) 2) 2 g 3 ae 2 B)elsi el else iese) die} 3) 31s 2/2/8/8/8/8isié i El2i/c] 3 &|/éla16/ala|oia siea}/ea/a|é VIOLACEAE Viola 2 .c2Ace ke. yard Ree ee 1 a Roe eb Pe Be 8 FLACOURTIACEAE: Flacourtia __-______- 1 1 1 1 Cageariggs-. i555 68 1 1 1 epee PASSIFLORACEAE: Pansifioras (2.22225 Ris ws 1 +E Be maga Oe hee ee 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 « a Pe Liss 1 | hn ee Ba 1 1 a 1 ge | 1 Be Fayre Sci LA nese ‘4 2 |. 2 B4cce eo 1 Et hcanectal 1 i 1 1 gM rete hake 4 Pimepeney LE Hi 1 1 1 1 4 2 7 Rae Sar 1 1 2 2 eee 1 3 2 1 jee a ae 9 ae 2 2 2 1 1 1 Pe 1 2 2 2 2 desta 1 1 * Bae 1 1 1 1 3 3 se 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 s § Terminalia __...____ 149 Fol Re a dae SG as Quisqualis -___.._.._ 5 Ss Revaes A ge Lumnitzera_____.._. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Combretum... __-..-- 1 1 rm eae | 1 et. MYRTACEAE: Eucalyptus ____.__.. 1 Tae cee lecuplacuel: Am PY eee Vs Pa ene 5 1 1 3 1 4 4 1 2 2 = hy Retail Taide foskenel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Memecylon .....-... 1 1 Ae Fith GRRS eae Sis 1 1 sree RENE + IE ea 2 2 2 Bciws 2 Jussiaea -__-__--_...) 8 2 1 12j---.| 22]. 12) -8 2 2 1 3 ARALIACEAE: Noth 5 -| 6 eed 1 OB 6 tO Schefflera....______- rises PR Lec Re a ate OP apie eae ae ee aioe 164 MERRILL. TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc.—Continued. a * fate. | [ean [pier Di origin. |tributed > pla |B g Families and genera. | a1 8 g| 5/8 |. <|a| 4 EU El EE) ed] Elise’ 2/2] 2/2] : a iS) = tS Be ; a[ flee] eee iee2| 2) 2/2] 4 BElzl|a@lél|alaléie lé lelele a/é UMBELLIFERAE: F 1 1 1 2 pl Soe oa 1 Hydrocotyle _______- p Ed ahs 1 1 1 4 CON CaN Nop oss Sata ty Poe 1 1 1 1 i: 1 MYRSINACEAE Aegiceras _______.__ 1 ee tcl Seats -+--]---- x 1 ki -PLUMBAGINACEAE: Plumbago -.___.--.. 3] peas Bie tB ieee ----|--- 8} 3 peer aaa ; SAPOTACEAE: Mi 1 1 ee 1[4 | RRR area % Achras tres. Aske 1 rl feet ay Pree ---- Pate ag 1 | Boe 1 EBENACEAE Diospyros -.____-.-- 2 2 ES ORO 1 fle Rosen! Ba (a bee a | a OLEACEAE: ; Jasminum -_______.__ 4 y 3 Pe 3 PG PS echo anasary ae | 3 Es pore 1 1 SALVADORACEAE: Asia: cack ee | 1 b 4 ‘ toa 1 1 LOGANIACEAE: ; Buddleia -._.______- Peet aabacallacase Paka | : GENTIANACEAE ’ Canscora .-......... 1 1 3 1 rg ees 1 APOCYNACEAE Plumeria 1 pS er See be i (vets fae j 1 Piaaa 1 a Corberai. sii Skee BS pes Bd 2 Re epee Ga bata fa Ve Si estore Thevetia...-........ Braap pis 1 Ss RRRee Se 1 Fy eee! y ghee ped Loch A S| RNAS 1 Ae SAS: SN aie | 1 1 bt 1 1 Tabernaemontana __ 4 caer 1 3 RO aires | 1 A: » Alstonia -.--_..____. b US Sey Bee eG FB 1 kasd All d 2 Se eas 2 Ste eeseee SHE Be] Bees 5s Rees APs ‘ Wrightia ___._______ by Be big re ‘ Nerium 1 ASS ee: Ft a oes Saas § 1 1 1 a Strophanthus _____. 1 1 1 Parsonsia -_____.__. be Be | - 7 Aganosma._________ 5 1 | 1 Ichnocarpus._______ oS Gey shee pec me ta Li. Bale et Bd 1 1 3 Seen Pear fF PAB ONS oS 1 4. P| 1 1 ie p ae eee 1 j Yh 1 a 1 ee “4 1 > 3 pe ee! 1 j-s-.-- 1 Seer ss et & Rael THE FLORA OF MANILA. 165 1 TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc-—Continued. . SEs | origin. [tributed rs Blgie | /4 » ie Families and genera. | § | , | ¢| 8 a| 8 |e B < | 4 E1213] 5/2] Bevet| 6) 2/8 4 el ele el Elsielge esi 2/ 2/3/28] & gie|si2)e/8\3 Ee s\si<¢/a| elSlalds/ala|6ia ela/ae/ea] é 7 5 : be aes ¢ Zalesoa FPL recipe pay 1 4 (evanen| ome rae a aap gt 1 j ie Ve Bal SA Vee Bla Pi beets 2 958) Oh eee: 2 4 Pherae 21. 2 Me eee ds Ps ae } 21 ak 1 p Gt Atos Fras ba Soe A ey ERG Seca i a aes rata sd 1 1 oe 1 ec? DV hae Se ree | Hee 9 aes 1 saleaslhe 2 eee -7¥ laoaceincintal sf ] CAieh Bees y oe i ee pea Re 1 . 6} 67 1I... | Eaveaet Ce eee Pees 2 . rT eat leer ae eee 2| 2| 27} 4{ 10; 9| 6] 5] 4 aaa be Wa ee oc a ere ri 1 . ae i ‘Ailes Neem Lee i PE Fo Paes ob a) Se DER eA i BERS 1 oy ene 1 rig (eee Oe eae a eg ae Mie Thine 2 Ha eae Bee 1 i eed 1 11d ol Pepa ae , bg amet py ee eee ie ait 1 1 Liab pees. 3 ry Bees: 1 Rateos Sg 1 ea ies Si eres hae ee 5 Maton 1 1 yy ae eee eT co Oa | 1 1 Oo i is pee i pees bg oe =, soared 1 1 re aan Ty ie We eae | hy Be 1 j 2} 1 a bas | Yea noe 8} 2 Bie eee 8 eee ae | ee Oey baw Ste a pia | 4/4 8 re ee | Pek 1 |-----]-----]------ 1 1 ese 7 les 2 S).-Syr 8] 2 baad 1 lee ea ia ene 1 y\ eee 4 4 4{ 1} 1 8 | Ajecicg £14 come Bee ee cee Sa | Pe ba PB Ss 1 cee sat pee oo 1 1 1125 2 Plizend 1 a ide B4ecce: 2 Sf 8 fics rH » eee Se PS Bde d Ibe Rie Sante rg ae ee go ne cs a | “BOLITY OF, “BIsoudlog Oy, “elfeaySNY OJ, i. 1 1 “BISV [eo1doxy OF, 3 fas Deepens ieee 1 “edule Oo, “uBUl Jo Aquede ySnosyy, 1 “8319 “uese [eInqeu Ag “A[UO pazwaying Bisse “snoouvjyuodg MERRILL. TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, etc.—Continued. 166 “opmepuny | -4{uo payeaning | | | | | | “snoouy}uodg 1 1S eye ; ig etree ‘snouasipuy ta ees Ree pa pare Reais Oe pie Sennen Bea Ld aerah AER 1 1 “so1oads [B}0], s * 1 1 1 1 4 | | | | Families and genera. | BigGlin ooo 3 Graptophyllum ____ Th Utricularia _________ Rhynchoglossum ___ ACANTHACEAE LENTIBULARIACEAE: Spathodea __________ Sesamum___________ GESNERIACEAE: Oroxylum _________ Peconic iseas Dolichandrone_____ Bonnaya Jacaranda __________ Dopatrium BIGNONIACEAE: Vandellia ___________ Towenia ies scscc.} Manag ica ss Russelia 2.2.2... Limnophila _________ Capelowm 25.02... enOtA ocak suas Centranthera_______ SCROPHULARIACEAE: Physal: Lycopersicum ______ PEDALIACEAE THE FLORA OF MANILA. » 167 TABLE I.—Summary of the families, genera, species, ete——Continued. | j 1 =} |. gaa | See pie} | | h origin. |tributed. | Families and genera. | $ | | 3 | 6 a] Siz be isl ok: hae 8/2) 8/2] s/8\ siege] $/ 2) 8/8) e) el ale) el sl eiee Syl] 8/2) 4] & S912/ 8/3) 3)8/Sl8 2 a|/s| Sie x Coix lachryma-jobi L. Nee Parra x Dh Seca) Imperata cylindrica Beauv. Bis Retr we mins pee x x Saccharum Officinarum L. A [Sia x pau Soke Manisuris granularis L. f. MPalstetes x x Polytrias di ifl Nash rage PRcoened bo aes Bee bates SS Andropogon contortus L. rake HE x x And izanioides Urb. Sai ARES Deal es ges Rae And h L. Me betes x be ree. Eriochloa ramosa OK. x? x x e 1 bicul L. x? x x P: 1 distich L. Pe iaiat dbanhewccee x x Pi 1 con, pi Loe Ree eer OO ete ay Babel Ses RECs x Mh Ase oeeed Digitaria lis Scop. x? x x Digitaria viol Link x? 8; Bey x Panicum col L bot jad Ries ot Paes See ae x x Panicum crus-galli L. Xx? x x Panicum amplexicaule Rudge * x x Panicum maximum Jacq. A: Padesae x > es errs Panicum repens L. P tes Reet x x Opli itus Beauv. x? x x Cenchrus echi ER ae i hae Son eR ps Ss Re x x Setaria viridis Beauv. SR se ay oie cokes $a aati Setaria flava Kunth __ See ele ee x x Oryza sativa L. pad Bases ar Sa Leersia h dra Sw. x x x Sporobolus indicus R. Br. -.__ x? x x Sporobolus virgini Kth., _- x x Phragmites vulgaris Trin. x x x Eragrostis interrupta Doell. x x x E is unioloides Nees --_ x Lae Oe ME ie Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. x? x x Cynodon dactylon Pers. x? x aire a” Chloris barbata Sw. ‘ ae Pee x * Eleusine indica Gaertn. ! pte SiMe pda See ae x Dactyloctenium aegyptium Willd. Rea > See per x Bambusa vul Schrad x? x CYPERACEAE: Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. _______. xX? x Kyllinga hala Rottb. x? x Pycreus od Urb. Ss x wn an as a THE FLORA OF MANILA. 181 TABLE II.—S y of sp , etc.—Continued. 1 i : iia 4, |e/elg Sul lsd| .1 2] 3 | Sele : Families, genera, and species. 3 28 #3 3 3 § 8 ~E #2 36 33 g g = 3 g a5 g Ee | s 8 3 | 53) % 4 Ej by 3 & Ht E 4 2 < 3° n < § ° CypERACEAE—Continued. Juncellus pygmaeus Clarke x? x x Cyperus difformis L. - x? x x Cyperie Timspeiihiy ait So. onscreen x? x x Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb. ba oie Seas = Patan cere) pena = a Mean Cyperus diffusus Vahl x? x x* Cyperus compressus L. x? x x Cyperus distans L. x? x x Cyperus dus L. x x x Cyperus radi Vahl bt im x x Mari: flabelliformis HBK i x x Torulinium ferax Ham. x? x x Eleoch itata R. Br. x x x Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl x bt x Fimbristylis ferruginea Vabl x? oe pore x Fimbristylis barbata Benth. x? x x Fimbristylis mili Vahl x? x x Fimbristylis ttachya Hassk. x? x x Scirpus supinus L. x? x x Scirpus erectus Poir. Xx? x x Scleria lith Sw. x x x PALMAE: Cocos nucifera L. x bees eae x Elaeis gui is Jacq. x x > ee oe Oreodoxa regia HBK. x b Sirs Peete x Areca catechu L. x x nine, Pa eae ARACEAE: Pistia i L. x x x Acorus cal L. x x ne leer Caladium bicolor Vent. x be eres x Col i 1 Schott bes mame x a Pose LEMNACEAE;: Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. --.---.------- x eK. x Spirodela polyrrhiza Schl. .....- : x x x BROMELIACEAE: Ananas sativus Schul enee Pea (erat Mg Biased x COMMELINACEAE: CG ae ry “e x? ee x Rhoeo discolor Hance. p, dae Pier X fossses x Zebrina pendula Schnizl. 2 Sy laa MK stetacas! x LILIACEAE: A prengeri Regel. pce, eae pe Anne ane Asparagus officinalis L. XK |------ x XK |------ A 1 Baker ME acess x Mec. Allium cepa L. K [enna x X [----- Allium porrum L. X |------ x ; x |------ ieria zeylani eed x MG Acces Yucca aloifolia L. Xx |------+ X |o----- x Cordyline terminalis Kth. -...--------------!------ x Le. K deena clewn nes XK I-----I 182 MERRILL. TABLE II.—Summary of species, etc—Continued. i | | e/2./4. Z wots ; | ¢ |G) a6 bu af Gea 2B 7 > 5 me] 4 8 ° ; S| >3| Bs 3] 8] | shi sg Families, genera, and species. ge| 33 5s = e § Gc q ; Be) 8°) os| £18) & | esi4 ee B16 |3°| 3] 81| € | S8| Sy a4 CG FE] Q Fe} a > E baal 42 {|e |< O- | 2-7): 0 ae AMARYLLIDACEAE: Muar euntite Ronh oo x x Hy lis tenuiflora Herb. x x Polianthes tub L. Poked Sere x Euchari: diflora Planch. Ae adsesee= x Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. ees tte IRIDACEAE: Rel ae a ten aoe Scenery x I Me ah ee Eleutherine palmaefolia Merr. ._..___- aa PE foe RSS x MUSACEAE: Musa disi i aicbitantcuaaiasincges same x? Se ee x Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn, __” aie Peng ie isseetaahwciatog x ZINGIBERACEAE: Hedychium coronarium Koenig _____ ee ee x ee SE Zingiber officinale Rosc. ____ baa BEE ae x Fe et Curcuma longa L. -_...___- (See x be ee 3 CANNACEAE: y | Canna indica L. ____ a x x x Canna edulis Sims eae A eeces x ae Canna coccinea Mill. ._____ a Be eee x x } Canna warscewiczii Dietr. -......______.._|______ (et x x 4 Canna glauca L. _ os be Ses Rae ee eters x ec | Caria Racdliias Ss pe a eer x | MARANTACEAE: } Maranta arundinacea L,........- = Se Dates ae x PIPERACEAE: x i lucida HBK, __ Fae Beare x x Peperomia argyreia Morr._____...________ > tea Pe ees x Piper betle i. 3.5 6s es Sees % Pe Cee s Piper retrofractum Vahl_.____ ee Eee Mena a be Ce MORACEAE: Micus elation Ty 22555 ose re he } aS es x Kfewhies! Artocarpus 8 ey eae Pees ee Se eee x x a----- Castilloa ellastica Cery._....._._.______- bee Ee ee harass x Morda alba Tio. 50h so a pe ae eee See x Mich dees URTICACEAE: Boehmeria nivea Gaudich. -__..-.._________|______ Goes Fate en 3. Mo lewsdes Pilea microphylla .-____.._.____ q ae See x x ‘ 4 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE: | Aristolochia elegans Mast... ____| a Ses Sei ic accast x %, POLYGONACEAE: : ne Antigonon leptopus H. & A......-- = cee ieee x : me | Muehelenbeckia platyclada Meissn. ee ee 4 | ee real CHENOPODIACEAE: ae Ch di brosioides L, : ee Ge, ps - 4 AMARANTHACEAE: % Celosia argentea L._...._ bd x x 2 Gomphrena globosa L. as See ps pee %~ Alternanthera sessilis R. Br.....____ nS ee ore came a | » = THE FLORA OF MANILA. TABLE II.—Summary of species, ete—Continued. u 1 ¢ E § ee oe cee Ee ee | Sa/"ul28| | 2 5 | Ra) es Families, genera and species. B 23 2 EI 3 3 : oe i] q $2) 82/82/2814 | #8 le g : 8 = 4 2a) 8 a < 6 na 4 é § AMARANTHACEAE—Continued. Alter h icolor Regel. bi bors i ieee oe Alter I fr R. Br. eg, Bearer x x Amaranthus spi L. Me Heteeaid x x A h datus L. x a, eee “ay Meaeanene A I i L. x > ae ate eS adase Amaranthus viridis L. be ee x x Cyathula prostrata Blume. it eben Ma tada ht Meare Achyranthes aspera L. = Side ena bee Pace SE OETA NYCTAGINACEAE: : Pisonia lente Li iacs ccowmineeccnncs x x x B invill tabilis Willd. baad Cre Mi Acetnat x Miribilis japala L. Keine Knrievee a x Boerh ia diffusa L. donned bee Sear x x? AIZOACEAE: - S i portul L. x x x Trianth portul trum L. x x x Mollugo lotoides O. Ktze. x x x Mollugo oppositifolia L. -...-.--- x x x PORTULACACEAE: Portulaca pilosa L. -...-- x * x Portulaca ol tecse x x* x BASELLACEAE: RBasella rubra. bi: 2. 25055<2-24- cee enee x je ESTs MET cn! Anredera d Mog. ee aie Rad OK CERATOPHYLLACEAE: Cc hyll d L. x x «x MENISPERMACEAE: Cissampelos pareira L. --..----------------- x? x x MAGNOLIACEAE: Michelia ch Tee csussuepecsiide ky poxenennner Mn hich x 1 tes eae ANONACEAE: . Anona muricata L266 02-¢00cd-5 des. sewowefeee== x MAS tae) x Anona reticulata L. x Mf oweded x Anona L. x pe, Raa x LAURACEAE: Ci eyl L. i ESly* AG ino x a Sep Persea ri Mill. amas Ke hwwwoesl * Cassytha filiformis L. x * PAPAVERACEAE: Argemone mexicana L. --.......-----------|---+-- 6 ae Ene RR x x CRUCIFERAE: Brassica juncea L. x HK [awneee HK jenee-s | Raphanus sativus L. X j------ * HK |-ne--- | CAPPARIDACEAE: Cleome viscosa L. x? x * Gy = is p hylla DC. - x? x x MORINGACEAE: / Moringa oleifera Lam. -..------------------!------ B as 3 SE} 3 Families, genera, and species. Bi 33 £5 3) 8 F a: 4 . eae 2) | a | eal a 3 = 7 4 a 4 5 n < § ° Lecumrnosar—Continued. Ph 1 i 1s Phaseolus vulgaris DC. Phaseolus adenanthus Mey. Phaseolus radiatus L. Vigna sesquipedalis L. Vigna lutea A; Grayinc seis ee cscs Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb. Dolichos lablab L. Psoph ‘pus tetr lobus DC. OXALIDACEAE: Oxalis repens Thunb. -.-.-...-------------- Oxalis martiana Zucc. Biophytum sensitivum DC, .-.--- Averrhoa carambola L. Averrhoa bilimbi L. ERYTHROXYLACEAE: Erythroxylum coca L. Kenucdowe + ee Fer ZYGOPHYLLACEAE: Tribulus cistoides L. -..-- ded RRS RS 2 Me take eS eee RUTACEAE: Murraya exotica L. ive (eae Coxe bores Triphasia trifoliata DC. x Citrus lima Loti: 25. osc 5 occ ecceeep sean » See Boers x Citrus decumana Murr. ------.---- SIMARUBACEAE: Quassia amara L. bie ean See Ge MELIACEAE: Aglaia odorata Lour. -----------------------|------ ip Poe eae ge eet et gle \2|a|e|alsé VIOLACEAE: Viole odorata. Lic cuicndvncnncie—r codeine makes x An Cee PASSIFLORACEAE: Passifl d aris L. + Sig Fees pam beens x Passiflora edulis Sims. fates PE 2 igsiates he Passiflora.foetida L. ..-.- 2-52-52 sens enelenerrs x x x " CARICACEAE: Carica pepaye Ua i626 -5. 1c pe er Me Asses x CACTACEAE: Cereus triangularis Mill. .......------------|------ Sp et be eens x Cereus lepidota Salm-Dyck De Aga dsad KE canto x Nopalea cochinelifera Salm-Dyck.------ paper te pa, eee ee LYTHRACEAE: y Lawsonia inermis L. 7 seg) ae x » ake Meee Lagerstroemia indica L. - Ean eee be Smee wopraet Thi Beams) Rotala mexicana C. & S. x? x x Rotala ramosior Koehne_.---...-----------|------|------ Sgt Pere x 4 PUNICACEAE: Punica granatum L. ..--....-----+---------|------ pe LES Mle be, eee MYRTACEAE: : Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. --...-..-------|------ pls Penne és MKchcececs Psidium guajava L, -------- x PIECE te, 4 v4 OENOTHERACEAE: Jussiaea repens L. -.-.---- ial PEE prea Pa Ee x Jussiaea suffruticosa L. ) EES ne x Jussiaea linifolia Vahl. bes Er x x? ARALIACEAE: Nothopanax cochleatum Mia. ---- rs Gia SER x oe 4 Noth fruti Melsaen x > 4 UMBELLIFERAE: Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn. > i Se ig Rn AE ER Hydrocotyle difolia Roxb. ie ae a Reon pas ae Centella asiatica Urb, ---.--.-- x? KX | OK jeeeeee XX |e----- SAPOTACEAE: Achras sapota L. -.--.--------------- 2. Sa pee Mei sk eo x EBENACEAE: Diospyros ebenaster Retz. .----------------|------ MK Actoges 5 te; eam x OLEACEAE Jasminum sambac Ait. ------------ Me Lage Me incteglawoel }. oe ee APOCYNACEAE: : Plumeria acutifolia Poir. x * Thevetia neriifolia Juss. x x | | Lochnera rosea Reichb. x x “+ Tabernaemontana divaricata R. Br. pe ee x Me Assia “n 3 EE bag Poneto x x |- , Allamanda hend ii Bull. Fe lcainone! * Nerium indicum Mill. -- er Sosincoe x Mass 188 MERRILL. TABLE II.—S y of species, etc.—Continued. ae 3 en od. i : Lf i i ee oe Sacer Ee . ee/".123| ,| 2 | 8 |e] Be Families, genera, and species. 3 28 83 3 3 & | 88| 3g : = C51 8 q #2 | 30 53 #| — 128/38 s% gif | || $1] 2 | 8) Ss mie |436)8) 2466 ASCLEPIADACEAE: Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. _-.__.._..__]______ SG PE x Se Peet Asclepi ‘ee Eee Se Preece Rae eT x x x CONVOLVULACEAE: Evolvulus alsinoides L. Pm oe x x Qu lit phoeni Choisy. 3 et x x Quamoclit pinnata Boj. 25-252 2225 |... =e Bn ee Brunfelsia i Benth sess x pn Sas om x Brunfelsia americana L. -..__...-----..-.__|______ x > Re eee 4 Cestrum L : el ec ae eee = Nicoti: tab , SO SS Sis EES Mere x pa eR Co x Lycopersicum 1 2 Se See Sree x eine ee fone ne ae Capsi frut L. eh SE has Ee Pe SO x Capsicum anuum L. es SE ek Lee ees x Physalis lata L. > ad Bese x b Sic, eects eco Physalis minima L. Mapes x x SCROPHULARIACEAE: Scoparia dulcis L. ___. 2 ce eee Be Russelia juncea Zuce. ----..........-.----__]__.___ p Atse Pas: poe, Sen ene x Bacopa lore Wetist.ss225. cs x x x Vandellia crustacea Benth. ___.-__.-._____ March ssoy Kescaes 5 Ses eer BIGNONIACEAE: Jacaranda ovalifolia R. Br._.__....-_-.-__|______ pags Des bad eae x Tecoma stans Juss. os a dest Se eee x Crescentia cajute L. ____ b Aes ca x x Crescentia alata HBK. = bees x x PEDALIACEAE: Sesamum orientale L.___.________ bed eS al saat Bee MS soc ACANTHACEAE: Elytraria trident: Vahl es eee x x Barleria lupulina Lindl. _ x x i ese Odontonema nitidum O. Ktze. x aes! x Thunbergia alata Boj. x x > og So Thunbergia grandifi Roxb, ba Sdamdans x XK fen---- Graptophyllum pictum Griff. bal Seo x pee pee Blechnum brownei Juss. a cee x x PLANTAGINACEAE: Plantago major L. - pie ees beer eee Sc RUBIACEAE: Coffea arabica L.___.._____ 4 x Mes Oldenlandia corymbosa L. bday Sees 5 Gone SoereeN XP |a-ene- Ixora finlaysoniana Wall SS 3S eseexd x Gawdeniefosidh boo ae Sas Dees tae een een 5 ae Pee 4 BY ¥ soe Sa A THE FLORA OF MANILA. TABLE II.—Summary of species, etc.—Continued. 189 Families, genera, and species. tion, Accidentally in- troduced. Natural distribu- Spontaneous. Cultivated. American origin. Origin doubtful or unknown. CUCURBITACEAE: Cucurbita maxima Duch. -- Rusby 1 h Lagenaria Luffa cylindrica Roem. Operculina tub Gainni lant Calonictyon album House Rivea corymbosa Hallier f. Argyreia nervosa Boj. House eae x x x choisy x x x x x Hewittia sublobata O. Ktze. td x? Merremia umbellata Hallier f. -.-..-------- Ipomoea nil Roth x XXX Ipomoea purpurea Lam. -- x Ipomoea digitata L. Ipomoea pes-caprae Roth Ipomoea triloba L. Ipomoea batatas Poir. -.-..----------------|------ x BORAGINACEAE: Heliotropium ind pee Ber Be 2 VERBENACEAE: Lantana camara L, -- Lippia nodifi Ais Stachytarpheta j is Vahl Duranta repens L. Petraea volubilis Jaca. Balf. LABIATAE: Hyptis capitata Jaca. ---- Hyptis brevipes Poir. Hyptis suaveolens Poir. -- Hyptis spici Lam. Coleus blumei Benth ibiricus L. ------ Leonurus Mentha arvensis L. - SOLANACEAE: Solanum nigrum L. -----.------------------|------|-----" x So). 1, Solanum torvum Sw. -- Solanum wendlandii Hook. f. -- x Benincasa hispida Cogn. -. x Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Cucumis melo L. ------------ x Cucumis sativus L. M. Ai } 190 MERRILL. TABLE II.—Summary of species, etc.—Continued. + ; =] 3 gig |e | 8) bel gel a eget} : 3 5 | Ae) as ; ; 3a| »3| 38 ¢|4/88i3a Families, genera, and species. = $\33 £3 3 g §\4 3 a erie? (e616) 81 6 | 88 ge os ts 18-15) £18 te ee Az co < 1S) n < jo ° { COMPOSITAE: | Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. ...--- PS ERR SS pe Nabe eer x Ageratum conyzoides L. --.-.__------------ - te ee x * Emilia sonchifolia DC. Mo husk eee ie Ree Mlephantepes scaber Y=. 65s. oe ee x x Elephantopus mollis HBK. pee PhS ooo x x Elephantopus spicatus Aubl. __-...--------}------]------ ay RAE x x Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn. aa x x Farben VINGETIN Pace 9 DEES PCIE PES oe mre See Mi Aon Erigetontinifonus: Wild. —- 2252255 => =f a eS: Nase Xs Tagetes erecta L. Sah oe mous tree x Eclipta alba Hassk. Sas eae x ys annuus L. + ee BEES Poehler metre x = Cosmos caudatus HBK. ---.---. x x peel (eee ees See = Bidens pilosa L. be See x x Lactuca sativa L. > is TRESS x PA tet tod hare Sonchus ol L. 5 as DE? Sede ES ee Chrysanthemum indicum L. + ey oe x pad one Totals 90} 242 92] 197] 227| 177] 188 | 109 | Very many of our species are to be found in’ practically all tropical countries in both hemispheres; in fact, of the 1007 included in the Manila flora, about 425 are now found in tropical America and in the tropics of the Orient, although not all of these are of general distribution. Some of these are manifestly of natural distribution, but the greater number have unquestion- ably been distributed by man, either purposely or accidentally, and within the past 390 years. I consider it very probable that not more than 92 of the 425 pantropic species under considera- tion are of natural distribution, that is, those species that have extended to the tropics of both hemispheres, and sometimes also to more temperate regions, without the direct or indirect aid of man. In at least one-half of these 92 cases which I have considered as presumably of natural distribution, there is a reasonable doubt as to whether they may ‘not have been distri- buted from one hemisphere to the other by man. Among the species that are unquestionably of natural distri- bution in the tropics of both hemispheres may be mentioned the following: Dryopteris parasitica O. Ktze., Nephrolepis cordi- folia Pres, N. hirsutula Presl, Adiantum philippense L., A. cauda- tum L., Pteris longifolia L., P. quadriaurita Retz., P. biaurita L., THE FLORA OF MANILA. 191 Acrostichum aureum L., Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn., Val- lisneria spiralis L., Ruppia maritima L., Typha angustifolia L., Imperata cylindrica Beauv., and doubtless other grasses and sedges, Pistia stratiotes L., Lemna paucicostata Hegelm., Spiro- dela polyrrhiza Schl., Sesuvium portulacastrum L., Portulaca oleracea L., Ceratophyllum demersum L., Cassytha filiformis L., Caesalpinia nuga L., C. crista L., Canavalia lineata L., Vigna lu- tea A. Gray, Jussiaea suffruticosa L., J. repens L., Hisbiscus tiliaceus L., Bacopa monniera Wettst., and Ipomoea pes-caprae Roth. It will be noted that a considerable number of the forms enu- merated above are aquatic species or those that grow in swampy places, having minute seeds that might readily be transported by adhering in mud to the feet or feathers of migratory wading or swimming birds. Such plants are Ceratopteris, Acrostichum, Lemma, Spirodela, Pistia, Ceratophyllum, Vallisneria, Bacopa, Jussiaea, etc., although the wind may have been the agency of dispersal in some cases. Others are characteristic species of the strand, such as Hisbiscus tiliaceus L., Canavalia lineata DC., Cassytha filiformis L., Caesalpinia nuga Ait., C. crista L., Vigna lutea A. Gray, and Ipomoea pes-caprae Roth, and are undoubtedly ocean-distributed plants. While it is comparatively easy to explain the probable methods by which species like the above have been distributed, it is, excluding the theory of their distribution by man, impossible to explain the wide distribution of many grasses and sedges and other weedy plants which in most tropical countries are found in waste places in and about towns, in fallow lands, and as weeds in cultivated fields. While many of these might be distributed by winds, by water, or by their comparatively small seeds adhering in mud to the feet or feathers of migratory birds, still it is more probable that most of them have been disseminated by man, for most part inadvertently, in packing material, in earth trans- ported for one purpose or another, in ballast, and by other means. From the habitats and distribution of such species as the follow- ing, it is only reasonable to suppose that most or all of them have been distributed by man, although their original homes are unknown or uncertain; wherever else they may have originated they are certainly not natives of the Philippines: Various grasses and sedges, Commelina nudiflora L., Alternanthera sessilis R. Br., Amaranthus spinosus L., A. viridis L., Trianthema portulacas- trum L., Mollugo lotoides O. Ktze., M. oppositifolia L., Cissam- pelos pareira L., Cleome viscosa L., Gynandropsis pentaphylla 192 MERRILL. DC., Desmodium triflorum DC., Crotalaria verrucosa L., Teram- nus labialis Spr., Oxalis repens Thunb., Biophytum sensitivum DC., Euphorbia hirta L., HZ. thymifolia Burm., E. hypericifolia L., Phyllanthus niruri L., P. urinaria L., Sida cordifolia L., S. acuta Burm., S. rhombifolia L., S. retusa L., Melochia corchorifolia L., Centella asiatica Urb., Evolvulus alsinoides L., Solanum nigrum L., Emilia sonchifolia DC., Eclipta alba Hassk., and Bidens pilosa L. In most treatments of tropical floras, whether of the eastern or of the western hemisphere, such species as the above are usually listed and discussed as native ones. It is far more prob- able that some have originated in one hemisphere and some in another, and that, for the most part at least, they have been accidentally distributed by man within the past 400 years. Cer- tainly many of them were widely disseminated at an early date in colonial history, and in most cases it is probable that their original homes will never definitely be known. Purposely introduced species comprise those of various other tropical countries that, for reason of their economic impor- tance, have been introduced either in prehistoric or within his- toric times. Naturally the first plants introduced were those of the Malayan region that were familiar to the original in- vaders or their successors in western Malaya, and these include such species as Job’s tears (Coix lachryma-jobi L.), the more common form of use for ornamental purposes, another form cultivated for food; sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.), as a source of sugar; lemon grass (Andropogon citratus DC.), used as a condiment; vetiver (Andropogon zizanioides Urb.), for its aromatic root; sorghum (Andropogon sorghum L.), for food; Italian millet (Setaria italica Beauv.), for food; rice (Oryza sativa L.), for food; bamboos (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., and B. blumeana Schultes), for purposes of construction; coco- nut (Cocos nucifera L.*), for food; betel-nut palm (Areca catechu L.), for its stimulating properties; sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.), medicinal; taro (Colocasia esculentum Schott), food; yam, “ubi” (Dioscorea alata L.), for food; garlic (Allium sativum L.), for food; various varieties of the banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), for food; various zingiberaceous plants (Kaemp- feria galanga L., Curcuma zedoaria L., C. longa L., Zingiber zerumbet Sm., and Z. officinale Rosc.), for condiments, etc.; betel-pepper (Piper betel L.) for use with the betel-nut for * This species is unquestionably of American origin, but reached the Orient long before the advent of Europeans. a THE FLORA OF MANILA. 193 chewing; bread fruit (Artocarpus communis Forst.), and the jak fruit (A. integrifolia L. f.), for food; amaranths (Ama- ranthus gangeticus L., A. caudatus L.), for ornamental purposes and food; “libato” (Basella rubra L.), for food; champaca (Mi- chelia champaca L.'*), for its fragrant flowers; siempre viva (Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz), for medical purposes; horse radish tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.), for food and medicine; sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.), for dyeing; the tamarind (Ta- marindus indica L.), for food; indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.), for dye; “caturay” (Sesbania grandiflora Pers.), for its edible flowers and its resinous exudation; the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Merr.), for food; the cow pea (Vigna sesquipedalis L.), for food; the asparagus pea (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.), for food; “batao” (Dolichos lablab L.), for food; the mungo (Phaseolus radiatus L.), for food; various citrus fruits, such as the pomelo (Citrus decumana Murr.), the lime (C. lima Lunan.), and varieties of the orange (C. awrantium L.), for food; the santol (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.), for food; the lansone (Lansium domesticum Jack), for food; some euphorbias (E. tirucalli L.), for medicine; ‘“‘iba’’ (Cicca disticha L.), for food; crotons (Codiaewm variegatum Blume), for ornamental pur- poses; castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), for medicine; croton oil plant (Croton tiglium L.), for medicine and for poison- ing fish; balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.), for medicine and for ornamental purposes; cotton (Gossypium sp.), for textile purposes; silk cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.) for its fibrous floss; various Eugenias (HZ. jambolana Lam., E. malac- censis L., E. jambos L., and E. javanica L.), for food; “papua” (Nothopanaz fruticosum Miq.), for medicine and for ornamental purposes; jasmine (Sasminum sambac Ait.), for its fragrant flowers; “solasi” (Ocimum basilicum L., and O. sanetum L.), for condiments; sesame (Sesamum orientale L.) for its oily seed; the bottle gourd (Lagenaria leucantha Rusby), for food; the sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem. and L. acutangula Roxb.), for food; the “condol” (Benincasa hispida Cogn.), for food; and the “ampalaya” (Momordica charantia L.) for food. From an examination of the above list it will readily be seen that a great number of species were purposely introduced in prehistoric times from various parts of the East, chiefly through Malaya, for one reason or another, usually for their food value or for other reasons of economic importance. It is quite certain that none of the species enumerated above are natives of the * This may have been introduced later by the Spaniards. 194 MERRILL. Philippines, and it is equally certain that none of them reached the Archipelago without the aid of man. Again it is equally certain that, with possibly very few exceptions, all these species were introduced by the early Malay invaders, by their succes- sors, or by peoples of various other nationalities with whom they came in contact, long before the advent of the Europeans in the Orient. In addition to the species above mentioned, for the most part undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction, there is still another source to be considered, and that is those species introduced by the Spaniards from Europe, or from various neighboring coun- tries in the East. A brief summary of such plants follows: Elaeis guineensis Jacq., the oil palm; Asparagus spp.; Sanser- vieria zeylanica Willd., for its fiber and for ornamental pur- poses; Cordyline terminalis Kunth, for ornamental purposes, although this may have been of prehistoric introduction; the onion (Alliwm cepa L.), for food; Crinum zeylanicum L. and C. latifolium L., for ornamental purposes; Pancration zeylani- cum L., for ornamental purposes; Belamcanda chinensis Lem., for ornamental purposes; Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn., for ornamental purposes; Ficus elastica L., a shade tree; Morus alba L., for feeding silk-worms; Muehelenbeckia platyclada Meissn., for ornamental purposes; Boehmeria nivea Gaudich, for its fiber; Artabotrys uncinatus Merr., for its fragrant flow- ers; Unona chinensis DC., for its fragant flowers; Cinnamomum zeylanicum L., one of the sources of cinnamon; Brassica juncea Coss., for food; Raphanus sativus L., for food; Capparis cordi- folia Lam., from the Marianne Islands, used as a condiment; Albizzia lebbeck Benth., a shade tree; Bauhinia tomentosa L., an ornamental’shrub; Cassia siamea Lam., a shade tree; Lourea vespertiljonis Desv., for ornamental purposes; Pisum sativum L., for food; Phaseolus vulgaris L., for food; Mangifera indica L., for its edible fruit; Aglaia odorata Lour., a shade tree with fragant flowers; Melia azedarach L., for ornamental purposes; Euphorbia splendens Boj., for ornamental purposes; various forms of Codiaeum variegatum Blume, for ornamental purposes; Acapypha hispida Burm., and A. wilkesiana Muell-Arg., orna- mentals; Euphoria longana Lam., for its edible fruit; Zyzyphus jujuba Mill., for its edible fruit; Hibiscus sabdariffa L. H. mu- tabilis L., H. rosa-sinensis L., H. schizopetalus Hook. f., all orna- mentals; Viola odorata L., for its fragrant flowers; Lagerstroe- mia indica L., an ornamental; Lawsonia inermis L., for its fragrant flowers; Punica granatum L., for its edible fruit; THE FLORA OF MANILA. 195 Eucalyptus tereticormis Sm., a shade tree; Feniculum vulgare Gaertn., a condiment; Plumbago auriculata Lam., P. zeylanica L., and P. rosea L., ornamentals; Mimusops elengi L., for its fragrant flowers; Jasminum grandiflorum L., and J. multiflorum Roth, for their fragrant flowers; Tabernaemontana divaricata R. Br., an ornamental shrub; Neriwm indicum Mill. for its flowers; Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br., for its flowers; Telosma odoratis- sima Coville, for its fragrant flowers; Argyreia nervosa Boj., Ipomoea cairica Sweet, vines; Clerodendron thomsonae Balf., C. fragrans Vent., and C. calamatosum L., ornamentals; Rosmarinus officinalis L., for medicinal purposes; Mentha arvensis L., mint; Spathodea campanulata Beauv., an ornamental tree; Kigelia afri- cana Benth., a tree; Graptophyllum pictum Griff., an ornamental shrub; Thunbergia glandiflora Roxb., T. alata Boj., and 7. erecta And., ornamentals; Plantago major L., for medicinal purposes; Gardenia florida L., for its fragrant flowers; Coffea arabica L., the source of coffee; Ixora finlaysoniana Wall., I. coccinea L., and I. chinensis Lam., ornamental shrubs; Cucumis sativus L., for its edible fruit; Artemisia vulgaris L., for medicinal purposes; and Lactuca sativa L. for food. : Comparatively few of the above species have become natural- ized in the Philippines, and for the most part their continued existence here is depéndent directly on the presence of man. Sanseviera zeylanica Willd. is at least subspontaneous, and also, in some localities, Belamcanda chinensis Lam., and Muehelen- beckia platyclada Meissn. Brassica juncea Coss., is an occa- sional weed, and some species of Plwmbago are naturalized, as well as Thunbergia alata Boj., Plantago major L., and Artemisia vulgaris L. More than 50 of the species above enumerated have almost certainly been introduced within the past fifty or sixty years, if one can judge by their non-inclusion in Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” (1845). Blanco included in his work chiefly cul- tivated plants and the species found in the settled areas, giving comparatively little attention to the forest flora; and, from lack of material, entirely ignoring the rich mountain flora of the Archipelago. He seems, however, to have included most of the species found in and about towns, except the grasses and sedges, and especially. the cultivated and economic plants. The species purposely introduced within historical times from various parts of the Old World aggregate a considerable num- ber, as will be noted from an examination of the above list. In addition to those enumerated above, there are still found in 196 MERRILL. the Archipelago a great number of plants of wide distribution in the Indo-Malayan region, which from their distribution and occurrence in the Philippines are certainly not indigenous spe- cies. Manifestly they must have originated in some other part of the Orient, and have been introduced into the Philippines, either within historic times, or at a still earlier date. It is only reasonable to assume that many of them have reached the Archi- pelago within the past 400 years. It is, however, practically impossible definitely to determine whether many of them have been introduced inadvertently by man, or by natural causes. Excluding the purposely introduced species enumerated above, and for the present ignoring those species of oriental origin having minute seeds, which in all probability have reached the Philippines through natural causes, there still remains a con- siderable list of weedy plants that presumably have been acci- dentally introduced, such as various grasses, Rottboellia exaltata L. f., Apluda nutica L., Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Panicum flavidum Retz., Panicum distachyum L., Centotheca latifolia Trin., Eragrostis spp., certain sedges, and representatives of other families, such as Fleurya interrupta Gaudich., Cyathula prostrata Bl., Aerua lanata Juss., Achyranthes aspera L., Por- tulaca quadrifida L., Nasturtium indicum DC., Aeschynomene indica L., Desmodium pulchellum Benth., D. triquetrum DC., D. gangeticum DC., D. lasiocarpum DC., Sesbania cannbina Pers., Crotalaria quinquefolia L., C. linifolia L. f., Flemingia strobilifera R. Br., Pueraria phaseoloides Benth., Euphorbia spp., Phyllanthus spp., Sida spp., Abutilon indicum Don, Urena lobata L., Abelmoschus moschatus Moench, Merremia spp., Coldenia procumbens L., Moschosma tenuiflorum Heynh., Anisomeles indica O. Ktze., Leucas spp., Leonurus sibirica L., Datura alba Nees, Vernonia patula Merr., Emilia sonchifolia DC., Sphaeran- thus africanus L., Grangea maderaspatana Poir., Erigeron lini- folius Willd., Wedelia prostrata Hemsl., Sonchus oleraceus L., and Crepis japonica Benth. While some of the above species may have been introduced by natural causes, by birds, or by winds, it is only reasonable to suspect that most of them, especially those species in genera having special adaptations for the dispersal of seeds by sticking to clothing, to the hair of animals, etc., have been introduced by man. In contrast to this, a large number of genera undoubt- edly owe their presence in the Archipelago to natural causes, their small seeds having been transported in one method or another by migratory birds, by winds, etc., as, for example, cer- THE FLORA OF MANILA. 197 tain grasses and sedges, especially the rice paddy forms, and such genera as Hriocaulon, Commelina, Aneilema, Cyanotis, Monochoria, Mollugo, Sesuvium, Trianthema, Polygala, Salo- mania, Rotala, Ammannia, Ludwigia, Jussiaea, Canscora, Hyd- rolea, Centranthera, Lindenbergia, Bacopa, Mazus, Vandellia, Torenia, Bonnaya, Dopatrium, Utricularia, ‘Sphenoclea, Calo- gyne, Stylidium, and doubtless, so far as the flora of the whole Archipelago is concerned, many other genera. In this con- nection the distribution of two characteristic Australian types, both found near Manila, is of interest, Calogyne pilosa R. Br., of the Goodenoviaceae, and Stylidium alsinoides R. Br., of the Stylidiaceae. Both of these are rice paddy weeds with us, and there is every reason to believe that they have been present in the Philippines for a very long time. There appears to be no doubt whatever as to the Australian origin of both. The former species is also found in southeastern China, but the latter is unknown north of Australia except in Luzon. It is believed that the most reasonable explanation of their occurrence in such widely-separated regions is that they have been disseminated by their minute seeds adhering in mud to the feet or feathers of migratory wading birds, such as the snipe, and it is con- fidently expected that eventually both will be found in inter- mediate localities in Gilolo, Celebes, and New Guinea, when those islands are botanically better known. It is possible, however, that they may have existed in one or all of these islands in the past, and that they may have become exterminated by adverse conditions. It is certainly unreasonable to suppose that their seeds have been transported directly from tropical Australia to Luzon, a distance of approximately 4,000 kilometers. Having considered the species of presumably oriental and those of unknown origin and the agencies by which they have reached the Philippines, there still remains to be discussed the great number of forms that have originated in tropical Amer- ica, and which have been purposely or accidentally introduced here within the past 390 years; that is, since the discovery of the Archipelago by Magellan in 1521, and its subsequent con- quest by the Spaniards. To a greater or lesser extent in the early colonial days, the Philippines were a distributing center of American species to the neighboring countries, not only of those purposely distributed for their economic value, but also many weeds and other useless plants inadvertently disseminated. Previous to the arrival of the Spaniards in the Orient the Por- tuguese had doubtless introduced various American species into their possessions in tropical Asia and Malaya, and later the Dutch continued the work, so that it is now quite impossible, in many cases, to determine by whom the various economic plants and many weeds were first brought to the Hast; doubt- less many were distributed by representatives of all three na- tionalities. The Spaniards and the Portuguese were, however, unquestionably the pioneers in this respect, and the interchange of species between the tropics of the two hemispheres initiated by these pioneer explorers and colonists still continues. The American element in the Philippine flora is of peculiar interest as showing the effect of commerce on the vegetation of a country. Even with the limited communication between the Philippines and Mexico, it is surprising to consider the num- ber of American forms introduced here through the medium of the galleons in the years when all communication between Spain and the Philippines was via Mexico. From the time of the Spanish conquest up to the year 1815, a period of nearly 300 years, the government galleons sailed annually for Manila, first from Navidad and later from Acapulco, on the western coast of Mexico. These galleons carried not only the civil, military, and ecclesiastical authorities between Spain and the Philippines via Mexico, but also other travellers, merchants, etc., as well as large quantities of merchandise. At an early date various Spanish officials, but, apparently, chiefly the priests, introduced here the various species of eco- nomic value, food plants, medicinal plants, fruits, etc., that were familiar to their countrymen in tropical America, most often bringing seeds, but in some cases most certainly living plants. Undoubtedly many species were introduced at that time that failed to become established here. Among the American species purposely introduced from Mexico may be mentioned the follow- ing: Maize (Zea mays L.), introduced for food; the pineapple (Ananas sativus Schultes), for its edible fruit and its fiber; maguey (Agave cantula Roxb.), for its fiber; the tuberose (Po- lianthes tuberosa L.), for its fragrant flowers; the spider lily (Hymenocallis tenuiflora Herb.), for ornamental purposes; the canna (Canna indica L.), for ornamental purposes; arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.), for food; “aposotis” (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), for medical purposes; four o’clock (Mirabilis jalapa L.), for ornamental purposes; “libato” (Anredera scan- dens Mogq.) ; various species of Anona (A. muricata L., A. reti- culata L., and A. squamosa L.), for their edible fruits; the avo- cado (Persea americana Mill.), for its edible fruit; the Mexican a 4 THE FLORA OF MANILA. 199 poppy (Argemone mexicana L.), for ornamental purposes or for medicine; “camanchile” (Pithecolobium dulce Benth.), for its tanbark and its edible fruit; “aroma” (Acacia farnesiana Willd.) for its fragrant flowers; “ipel-ipel” (Leucaena glauca Benth.), as a hedge plant; the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica L.), for ornamental purposes; “cabellero” (Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.), for ornamental purposes; “acapulco” (Cassia alata L.), for medicinal purposes; the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), for food; indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.), for dye; “madre cacao” (Gliricidia sepium Steud.) , for hedges'and for ornamental purposes ; the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), for food; the yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb.), for its edible root; the bilimbi and carambola (Averrhoa bilimbi L., and A. carambola L.), for their edible fruits; physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), for medi- cine, as well as J. multifida L. for ornamental purposes; cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl), for food; the cashew nut (Anacar- dium occidentale L.) for its edible fruit; “ciruelas’” (Spondias purpurea L.) for its edible fruit; cotton (Gossypium braziliense Macf.), for textile purposes; cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), the source of chocolate and cacao; acheute (Bixa orellana L.), for dye; the papaya (Carica papaya L.), for its edible fruit; various species of cacti (Nopalea and Cereus), for ornamental purposes; the guava (Psidium guajava L.), for its edible fruit; the “chico” (Achras sapota L.), for its edible fruit; the “chico mamey” (Lucuma mammosa L.), for its edible fruit; the “sapote negro” (Diospyros ebenaster Retz.), for its edible fruit; the temple flower (Plumeria acutifolia Poir.), for its fragrant flowers; the periwinkle (Lochnera rosea Reichb.), for its ornamental flowers; “campanello” (Thevetia neriifolia Juss. and Allamanda cathar- tica L.), for ornamental and medicinal purposes; some species of convolvuli (Ipomoea nil Roth, Quamoclit pinnata Boj., Colo- nictyon aculeatum House), for ornamental purposes, and the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir.), for food; lantana (Lan- tana camara L.), for ornamental purposes; “dama de noche”’ (Cestrum nocturnum L.), for its fragrant flowers; tobacco (Ni- cotiana tabacum L.); the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) ; the peppers (Capsicum frutescens L. and C. annuum L.), for condiments and for food; some ornamental Bignoniaceae (Crescentia alata HBK., and Tecoma stans Juss.); (?) the squash (Curcubita maxima Duch.), for food; some ornamental Compositae (Tagetes erecta L., Helianthus annuus L., Cosmos caudatus HBK., and C sulphwreus Cav.), and “ayapana” (Ewpa- torium triplinerve Vahl), for medicine. 200 MERRILL. The majority of the above species are found only in cultivation, but some, such as Leucaena glauca Benth., Mimosa pudica L., Argemone mexicana L., Lantana camara L., Cosmos caudatus HBK., Acacia farnesiana Willd., Gliricidia sepium. Steud., Psid- ium guajava L., Jatropha curcas L., Pithecolobium dulce Benth., Ipomoea nil Roth, and Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb., are so thor- oughly naturalized and so common and widely distributed in the Philippines that the casual observer would consider them to be indigenous species. In addition to the species above enumerated that were orig- inally purposely introduced and which have become thoroughly naturalized, we must now consider a very large number of trop- ical weeds that have originated in America, which were inad- vertently introduced here and which have now extended their range, certainly through the agency of man, to most tropical countries. Among these American aliens may be mentioned the following: Paspalum conjugatum Berg., Cenchrus echinatus L., Chloris barbata Sw., Peperomia pellucida HBK., Pilea micro- phylla Leibm., Celosia argentea L. (possibly introduced for or- namental purposes) , Alternanthera frutescens R. Br., Cassia tora L., C. occidentalis L., C. hirsuta L., Zornia diphylla Pers., Des- modium scorpiurus Desv., D. procumbens Hitchc., Parosela glan- dulosa Merr., Crotalaria incana L., Phaseolus semierectus L., Euphorbia prostrata Ait., Malvastrum coromandelinum Garcke, Malachra capitata L., M. fasciata Jacq., Triumfetta bartramia L., (T. rhomboidea Jacq.), T. semitriloba Jacq., Waltheria ameri- cana L., Passiflora foetida L., Rotala ramsoir Koehne, Jussiaca linifolia Vahl, Asclepias curassavica L., Ipomoea triloba L., Lip- pia nodiflora Rich., Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl, Hyptis suaveolens Poir., H. brevipes Poir., H. capitata Jacq., H. spicigera Lam., Physalis angulata L., P. minima L., Scoparia dulcis L., Elytraria tridentata Vahl, Blechum brownei Juss., Ageratum conyzoides L., Elephantopus scaber L., E. mollis HBK., E. spi- catus Aubl., and Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn. Nearly all the species in this last list of American weeds are very common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Most of them are confined to the settled areas, and are so thoroughly naturalized that they might well be considered indigenous species if nothing were known of their origin. Many are individually numerous, that is more dominant, than are native species, or those that have been introduced from the tropics of the Orient. While most of these American weeds are now found in most tropical countries in the East having proper climatic conditions —- | THE FLORA OF MANILA. 201 for their reproduction and growth, it is interesting to note that a number of forms are found in none of the other countries of the Eastern Hemisphere, while others are just commencing to estab- lish themselves in neighboring regions. Many of these American aliens in the Philippines that have not reached neighboring coun- tries are among our most common and widely distributed species, while others are of local occurrence only. In connection with this matter the following species may be mentioned: Alternan- thera frutescens R. Br., common in waste places; Portulaca pilosa L., occasional in dry localities; Anredera scandens Mogq.,, very abundant in hedges and thickets along streets; Pithecolobium dulce Benth., very common in the Philippines, and thoroughly naturalized, thriving especially on gravel bars along many streams, now also scattered in Java and in India; Prosopis vidal- iana Naves, described from Philippine material, and by some authors reduced to P. juliflora Sw., certainly of Mexican origin, and now very abundant about the shores of Manila Bay; Desmo- dium: seorpiuris Desf., abundant here, also in Polynesia; Gliri- cidia sepium Steud., very abundant in the Philippines, and now just beginning to appear in neighboring countries in the Orient; Parosela (Dalea) glandulosa Merr., very abundant on dry grassy slopes and in waste places, first described by Blanco; Schrankia quadrivalvis (L.) Merr., rare, or at least very local; Muntingia calabura L., also in Siam, introduced there from Manila; Mal- achra fasciata Jacq., abundant in waste places, now occasional in Java, but still rare there; Ipomoea triloba L., very common in the Philippines and in Guam, now making its appearance in Singa- pore, Borneo, Java, and Mauritius; Hyptis capitata Jacq. and H. spicigera Lam., both also in Guam, the former also in Java, but still rare there; Blechum brownei Juss., abundant in Guam and in the Philippines, now also in Formosa; Elytraria tridentata Vahl, abundant locally; Elephantopus mollis HBK., also in Guam, and E. spicatus Pers., among our most common and widely distributed weeds; Rotala ramosoir Koehne, now a common rice paddy weed with us; Cenchrus echinatus L., very common, now also occasional in neighboring countries, Borneo, etc., and Hleutherine americana Merr., occasional in some parts of the Philippines, locally abundant. The presence of these American weeds in the Philippines is directly due to the old Acapulco—Manila trade route, and indicates the necessity of taking into consideration the communication between different countries in working out problems regarding the introduced element in any particular region. 202 MERRILL. The direct introduction of various species from tropical Amer- ica apparently ceased with the withdrawal of the galleons be- tween Manila and Acapulco, but at a later date other plants of American origin, mostly ornamentals, have come in indirectly, chiefly from neighboring countries in the Orient. Among the comparatively recently introduced species of American origin may be mentioned Ceropteris calomelanos Und., Adiantum macrophyl- lum Sw., A. tenerum Sw. and A. trapeziforme L., Panicum maximum Jacq., Oreodoxa regia HBK., Cladium bicolor Vent., Rhoeo discolor Hance, Zebrina pendula Schinzl., Yucca aloifolia L., Eucharis grandiflora Planch., Canna spp., Peperomia argyreia Morr., Castilloa elastica Carv., Aristolochia elegans Mast., Anti- gonon leptopus H. & A., Alternanthera versicolor Regel, Bougain- villea spectabilis Willd., Enterolobium saman Prain, Bauhinia monandra Kurz, Centrosema plumieri Benth., Oxalis martiana Zuce., Euphorbia heterophylla L., E. pulcherrima Willd., Jatropha podagrica Hook. f., J. gossypifolia L., Hevea brasiliensis HBK., Manihot glaziovti Muell.-Arg., Malvaviscus pilosus DC., Abelmos- chus esculentus Moench., Gossypium hirsutum L., Passiflora quadrangularis L., P. edulis Sims, Allamanda hendersonii Bull., Ipomoea purpurea Lam., Operculina tuberosa Choisy, Duranta repens L., Petraea volubilis Jacq., Brunfelsia americana L., B. acuminata Benth., Solanum wendlandii Hook. f., Russelia juncea Zucc., Jacaranda ovalifolia R. Br., Crescentia cujete L., Odonto- nema nitidwm O. Ktze., Isotoma longiflora Pres] as well as various ornamental Compositae, such as Dahlia, Corepsis, Cosmos, Zinnia, Gaillardia, etc. Very few of the above species are found outside of cultivation, but some are now becoming established, such as Euphorbia heterophylla L., Enterolobium saman Benth., Rus- selia juncea Zucc., Ceropteris calomelanos Und., Cladium bicolor Vent., and Zebrina pendula Schinz). If we can trust to the evidence afforded by local botanical literature, all of the above species have been introduced within the last 70 years, or since the publication of the second edition of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” in 1845. None of them are included in his work, although about one-half are mentioned by F. Villar and Naves in the “Novissima Appendix” to the third edition of the “Flora de Filipinas,” 1880-83, as having been seen by them in the Archipelago. Taking into consideration only those species found in and about Manila, we have seen that about 178 or over one-sixth of the total number have originated in tropical America, some of which have been introduced here purposely for one reason or (= THE FLORA OF MANILA. 203 another, and others inadvertently. In other parts of the Archi- pelago additional species of American origin occur which are not now found in or near Manila, while in other neighboring countries of the Indo-Malayan region there are a certain number of other species, also of American origin, which have not as yet reached the Philippines. In the entire Indo-Malayan region it is probable that there are to-day, either in general cultivation or as weeds, more than 200 species that have originated in tropical America and which have found their way into the Eastern Hemisphere since the advent of the Europeans, that is, within the past 400 years. In the interchange of species between the Old World and the New, those originating in tropical America and now occurring in the Indo-Malayan region are apparently much more numerous ‘than those of oriental origin which have been introduced into tropical America. This seems to apply not only to the ubiquitous weeds of cultivation, but also the economic plants, especially those that are cultivated for food. Without access to extensive and representative collections of tropical American plants, it is impossible properly to deal with the subject of introduced plants in the countries extending from Mexico southward to Brazil, either of oriental or other origin. That many species from the Indo-Malayan region have been introduced into tropical America is a fact, but it is impossible to form a clear conception of the number, and especially of their abundance, without some personal knowledge of the floras of the latter region. Species that are merely cultivated are as a general rule ignored by botanical collectors, and for this or for other reasons are frequently excluded from botanical works treating of restricted areas. From an examination of the liter- ature available here I have been able to compile a list of only about 80 species of Indo-Malayan origin that have purposely been introduced into tropical America, and which are for the most part only cultivated there, although naturally some have become established where favorable conditions exist. As to how general these species are in the great area included in tropical America, I have no information, but many are doubtless of very local occur- rence. As to weeds of cultivation I have found records of only about twenty species that are to a greater or less degree distrib- uted in tropical America, and which have undoubtedly originated in the Old World, and are of inadvertent introduction into the New. It is apparent that by far the greater part of our ubiquitous 204 MERRILL. cosmopolitan tropical weeds have originated in tropical America, and at the same time that region seems to lead in the number of plants of economic value, especially those cultivated for food. These facts may indicate a very ancient civilization in some parts of tropical America, by which the various weeds have become adapted to the environment of cultivation, and by which many of the economic plants have become domesticated. It is more probable, however, that at least the weed-flora has been devel- oped in a region with thin forests, or with very scattered trees, or perhaps in nonforested areas. Such types of vegetation as the above have probably existed in some parts of tropical Amer- ica, especially in the drier regions, from very ancient times, but in the eastern tropics with their high and continuous humidity, such as is found in the entire Malay Archipelago, and in a large part of tropical Asia, extensive areas of open country could hardly exist under primeval conditions. In tropical countries like the Philippines in respect to anthesis there is a constant succession during all months of the year, and hence, in order thoroughly to investigate the flora of any region, explorations and observations must be continuous throughout the year. Very many species flower only during the dry season, some at its beginning, others as it progresses, and still others toward its end, while very many others flower only during some part of the rainy season. While most of the species found in and about Manila, and in other parts of the Archipelago as well, have well defined and restricted periods of anthesis, a comparatively large number fiower throughout the year, some continuously, and some at intervals of greater or less duration. With the exception of those species that flower continuously, the time of anthesis is found to be closely correlated with the distribution of the rainfall. In the Philippines where the time and duration of the rainy season is very largely modified by local conditions, the influence of the monsoons, geological and geographical features, etc., it is a well-known fact that the period of greatest precipitation in one part of the Archipelago may be and often is in the period of greatest drought in other parts, Generally speaking the western part of the Archipelago is dry while the regions bordering on the Pacific coast are wet, and vice versa, but the local distribution of mountain masses frequently modifies this general rule, and in the vicinity of some mountains the precipitation is often fairly continuous through- out the year. Manifestly then, observations as to the periods ta THE FLORA OF MANILA. 205 of anthesis of any species or group of species have only a local ‘value. That some species growing in and about Manila flower during certain months is no indication that the same species will be found in fiower in other parts of the Archipelago during the same period of time. The dates of flowering for individual species are approximately the same only in those regions where the dry season and the rainy season cover similar periods. Most of our indigenous species have well-defined and restricted periods of anthesis, especially the perennial herbs and the woody plants, sometimes lasting a few days or a few weeks, more rarely extending over several months in a homogeneous area. Judging from herbarium records alone it is not infrequent to find that certain woody species have been collected in flower in all months of the year, taking into consideration the material from all parts of the Archipelago. If, however, the material is considered by provinces it is almost always found that the specimens from one region all flower during a certain period, those from another region at another period, etc., more or less closely correlated with the distribution of the rainfall. Annual species, being more dependent on rainfall than the perennial ones, are for the most part found in flower, only during the rainy season or shortly after its close, and on the whole their period of anthesis appears to average somewhat longer than for the perennial ones. Very many of the annuals disap- pear with the advance of the dry season, only to make their appearance as a new generation after the rains have commenced. Among the indigenous species the constituents of the strand flora and of the mangrove vegetation, including most of the perennials and many of the annuals, flower more or less freely throughout the year, in this respect being sharply contrasted with the inland flora. The explanation of this phenomenon is probably to be found in the soil moisture, which in the man- groves is practically the same at all seasons, and along sandy beaches and tidal streams more or less uniform throughout the year. An examination of the indigenous and introduced elements in relation to their periods of anthesis brings out a striking and rather interesting fact. Only about 8 per cent of the indigenous species in and about Manila flower all the year, while among the introduced ones the corresponding percentage is more than 70. Very many of the species making up the 8 per cent for the indigenous element will be found in the representatives of 111022——6 206 MERRILL. the strand flora and mangrove vegetation, mentioned above. Of the remaining 30 per cent of the introduced element, very many ofthe species, although not flowering all the year, have decidedly prolonged periods of anthesis, such as Enterolobium saman Prain, 7 months, from March to September, Delonix regia Raf., 5 months, from March to July, etc. There are various reasons that will in part account for this enormous difference in continuous anthesis between the indi- genous and the introduced elements. For instance, many of the cultivated plants are comprised in the latter group, and these are always under more or less abnormal conditions, while very many of them have been greatly altered by the process of selec- tion in the course of domestication. In those species that are cultivated for their ornamental flowers, unquestionably the very fact of continuous anthesis has in many cases been one of the reasons for their original selection and domestication, their popularity as ornamentals, and hence their wide distribution. A considerable number of these plants locally never produce fruits, such as several species of Hibiscus, Ixora finlaysoniana Wall., I. chinensis Lam., I. coccinea L., Odontonema nitidum O. Ktz., Graptophyllam pictum Griff., Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb., 7. erecta And., Ipomoea cairica Sweet, Barleria cristata L., Allamanda cathartica L., A. hendersonii Bull., and many others, and this very fact unquestionably has its influence on the question of continuous anthesis. The above factors, how- ever, can explain this striking difference in anthesis only in part. i It is impracticable, if not quite impossible, to determine the nature of these plants in their native homes as to restricted or continuous anthesis. Doubtless some of them in their original habitats flower all the year, but it is most probable that the great majority of them were originally species with restricted anthesis, a character which has undergone extension or modi- fication due to changed environment and climatic conditions in their new homes. Whatever may have been the causes leading to the develop- ment of this character the fact remains that most of our ubiqui- tous tropical weeds owe their success largely to the fact that for twelve months in the year they are continuously developing and maturing seeds, giving such species an enormous advantage in the struggle for existence over those having a restricted period of anthesis. Naturally also this continuous seed produc- tion gives such plants a great advantage over native species, ee THE FLORA OF MANILA. 207 which lack this character, and helps to account for the wide and rapid distribution of tropical weeds. SUMMARY. 1. The original vegetation of the Philippine Archipelago was undoubtedly a continuous forest of one type or another. The present enormous deforested areas, cultivated and fallow lands, thickets, second growth forests, and open grass lands are directly or indirectly due to the presence of man. The original forests have been destroyed by crude methods of agriculture and recur- ring grass fires in abandoned clearings. 2. Most of the species found in the settled areas, that is, light- loving species adapted to growth in the open, and which cannot withstand forest conditions, must have been introduced into the Archipelago after the advent of man, and after the nature of the vegetation had been altered over greater or less areas. These species cannot persist and reproduce themselves in forests. 3. A high percentage of the species in the settled areas have ‘been introduced into the Philippines some through natural agen- cies and very many purposely or inadvertently by man. Many of these species reached the Archipelago in prehistoric times, while many others have been introduced since the advent of the Europeans. 4. Practically all the useful plants in the Philippines, exclud- ing the forest trees, the rattans, some bamboos, a few palms, and the abacd plant (Musa textilis Née) have been purposely intro- duced from other countries. These introduced economic plants include all the important species yielding food, the cereals, nearly all the friit trees, condiments, many medicinal plants, and most of the commonly cultivated ornamentals. Many were introduced in prehistoric times, chiefly from the Malayan region, but a high percentage have been introduced within the past 400 years, including a great number of American origin. 5. The percentage of endemism in regions where the original forests have not been disturbed by man is over 40; in the settled areas and in those regions where the forests have been destroyed it is but about 12. 6. Of the 1,007 species found in the vicinity of Manila, a region where the original vegetation has been largely destroyed by man, about 550 are indigenous, and 475 introduced. Of the introduced species over one-half, or 232, are spontaneous; 225 are found in cultivation only, or but sparingly spontaneous. 7. As to the ranges of these 1,007 species, 812 extend to the 208 MERRILL. Malay Archipelago, 789 to tropical Asia, 425 to tropical Aus- tralia, 424 to tropical America, 402 to tropical Africa, and 355 to Polynesia. Only 124 are endemic, including the locally intro- duced and cultivated species. 8. Species that are cosmopolitan in the tropics, at least those that are found in some parts of both hemispheres, aggregate 424, of the total of 1,007 considered. About 90 of these are considered to have spread from one hemisphere to the other through natural causes, although in about one-half of these cases the species may have been transmitted by man. As to the Phil- ippines, 334 of these pantropic species have been introduced by one means or another, about 242 purposely, and about 92 inadvertently. 9. As to the origin of these pantropic species, 177 are consid- ered to have originated in tropical America, and 188 in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. In the case of 109 species it has been impossible definitely to determine where they may have originated. 10. Pantropic weeds of American origin are more dominant and more numerous in species and in individuals in the Phil- ippines, than are those of oriental origin. This is probably due to fundamental differences in aboriginal floristic conditions. In some parts of tropical America, at least in the drier regions, open treeless or partly treeless regions have probably existed from the earliest times, thus permitting the development of a flora consisting of annual, or of small, perennial, light-loving plants. In the Philippines, the Malayan region generally, and perhaps in large parts of tropical continental Asia, the high and continuous humidity has tended to the development of con- tinuous forests, and hence, as to the herbs and small shrubs, the development of a shade-loving flora. The destruction of forests over large areas has provided the habitats for light- loving species, an element lacking or but poorly developed in the original flora, thus permitting the growth and rapid disse- pea of plants adapted to these conditions when once intro- uced. : 11. Among the introduced element in and about Manila, more than 70 per cent of the species flower continuously, or practically continuously, during all months of the year. Of the indigenous species but about 8 per cent flower continuously, over 90 per cent having restricted periods of anthesis. Vol. VII, No. 2, including pages 47 to 124, was issued July 1, 1912. 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Mayer & Miiller, Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse 2, Berlin, N.W., Germany. Kelley & Walsh, Limited, 32 Raffles Place, Singapore, Straits Settlements. A. M. & J. Ferguson, 19 Baillie Street, Colombo, Ceylon. Thacker, Spink & Co., P. O. Box 54, Calcutta, India. es bs ee om pigs dani i ae danao are re 3 od a, ire aie jess _ PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, — ‘ ry THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE C. BoTANY Vou. VII. SEPTEMBER, 1912 No. 4 THE RELATION OF RAFFLESIA MANILLANA TO ITS HOST. By Wiii1amM H. Brown. (From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, : Manila, P. I.) The genus Rafflesia is particularly interesting on account of the large size of its flowers and the great reduction of its veg- etative parts. and Jussieu as Curanga;* both cited the figure of Herbarium Amboinense. There are ninety-one cases, approximately of the same nature as the last of these, where a new binomial is published, by cita- tion either of a previous binomial, or of a sufficient description with or without a plate. Admittedly, some of those referring to a previous binomial do so merely by inference, the generic name only being given. However, even these would be con- sidered to be published, by almost all botanists, when the specific name was used by the author cited under the given generic name. As it happens, this is not always true of the new com- binations made in such fashion by Roxburgh; some, therefore, must be rejected as unpublished; and no other of the names in the Hortus Bengalensis based on a binomial of earlier authors has stood the test of time. Oldenlandia herbacea may prove to be an exception. It may fairly be questioned whether there was any intention of publishing species in the Hortus Bengalensis, but Carey, at least, thought that this was being done. ‘The number of de- scribed species now in the garden amounts to about Three Thou- sand Five Hundred; for the knowledge of no fewer than One Thousand Five Hundred and Ten of which, as named and de- scribed in this catalogue, we are indebted to his (Roxburgh’s) indefatigable and discriminating researches.” There is much reason to believe, if from nothing else than the title of the second * Sp. Pl. (1753) 1. * FI. Ind. 1 (1820) 5. * As. Res. 11 (1810) 824. *Enum. Pl. 1 (1805) 100. “Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9 (1807) 319. ROXBURGH’S HORTUS BENGALENSIS. 413 part of the catalogue, that all of these had been written up by Roxburgh for his Flora Indica from living plants; and that he would have considered the plates cited in the Hortus Bengalensis mere synonyms, rather than the foundation for his species. We are nevertheless confronted with the fact, that they can not be considered as published in the earlier work except by the citation of these plates, and that substantially similar publication by very many other authors has obtained universal recognition. For various reasons, it seems desirable to list the species that appear to have been published in the Hortus Bengalensis. SPECIES PUBLISHED On PAGE By CITATION OF Gratiola amara 4 Karanga amara Vahl; H. A. 5. t. 106 $4 Gratiola integrifolia 4 H. M. 9. t. 57. Anthistiria cymbaria 6 Andropogon cymbarius Linn. Mant. 308. Andropogon bicolor 7 Holcus Linn. Andropogon saccharatum 7 Holcus Linn. Panicum spicatum 7 Holcus spicatus Linn. Ixora fulgens 10 H. A. 4. t. 46. Ixora stricta var. 1. 10 H. A. 4. t. 47. Ixora stricta var. 2. 10 B. M. 169. Ixora barbata 10 eM 24,48: Pladera virgata 10 Exacum diffusum Willd. Pladera pusilla 10 Hopea dichotoma Vahl. Exacum sessile Willd. Oldenlandia alata 11 Hedyotes racemosa Willd. Oldenlandia crystallina 11 Hedyotes pumila Willd. Oldenlandia diffusa 11 Hedyotes diffusa Willd. Oldenlandia herbacea 11 Hedyotes herbacea Willd. Brucea sumatrana 12 pn Ci; Sher gis ae 2 Ipomoea sepiaria K.' 14 He At, pe. Morinda bracteata 15 H. M. 1. ¢. 52. Scaevola Taccada 15 H. M. 4. t. 59. Cordia campanulata 17 H. A. 2, t. 75. Vitis latifolia 18 HOM 7 ote 7: Heliconia buccinata 19 HA. 6.1, 68; fF. 2 Achyranthes triandra 19 Bowe 105-271, Echites coryophyllata 20 H. M. 9. t. 14. Tabernaemontana crispa 20 H. M. 1. t. 46. Asclepias annularia 20 BM. Ot.-7. Asclepias pseudosarsa 20 H. M. 10. t. 34. Asclepias odoratissima 20 BS Sg.) Sey ats ST Pate Panax conchifolium 21 H. A. 4. t. 31. Semecarpus Cassuvium 22 HA 16 4.:70; Crinum Toxicarum 23 Ws os 6... 69. Curculigo sumatrana 24 HOA. 6s t.68. A 8 IS 0 414 SPECIES PUBLISHED Dracaena angustifolia Yucca superba Bambusa baccifera Bambusa spinosa Leersia aristata Polygonum rivulare Laurus malabathrica Laurus porrecta Caesalpinia paniculata Garuga pinnata Jussiaea exaltata Bergia ammannioides Metrosideros vera Diospyros Sapota Callophyllum Bintagor Ajuga disticha Ajuga fruticosa Plectranthus aromaticus Plectranthus strobiliferus Ruellia zeylanica Ruellia cernua Volkameria infortunata Gmelina arborea Columnea balsamica Modecca tuberosa Sterculia guttata Hibiscus tortuosus Carpopogon giganteum Dolichos virosus Aeschynomene spinulosa Hedysarum Neli-tali Melaleuca Cajuputi Serratula anthelmentica Serratula cinerea Arum viviparium Arum gracile Calla oblongifolia Ficus infectoria Ficus Tsiela Ficus racemifera Gnetum scandens Urtica tenacissima Morus paniculata Sagus spincsus Sagus inermis Saguerus Rumphii Phyllanthus Leucopyrus Sapium sebiferum Bradleia multilocularis ROBINSON. By CITATION OF - 4. 6. 86. e tuberosa Hort. Kew. > Q 8 p> BEEPS . 5. t. 58. d. ee p- 129. SESS Oe iticd - 4. 6. a ~ 2. t, 50. ea verticillata Willd. Pe ay Sijotitnigre Sonnerat. HeeAS8. £271; Ballota disticha. Nepeta malabarica. Be Se bt bt ts tt tt S d > eet : = mB 3 oO ° vontiie aeuliabé Willd. . M. 9. t. 18. Aeschynomene L. H. A. 2. t. 17. Bie &- Vernonia Willd. be bt bt bt ot Sagus laevis H. A. 1. p. 76; Willd. 4. 404-5. Sagus genuina H. A. 1. p. 75. t. ef & 18. H. A. 1. t. 18. Arenga Labillard. Fluggea Willd. Croton Linn. Stillingia Willd. Agyneja Willd. 6 te) Yahi ROXBURGH’S HORTUS BENGALENSIS. 415 SPECIES PUBLISHED ON PAGE By CITATION OF Bradleia pinnata 69 Phyllanthus obscurus Willd. Pandanus furcatus saad | ee M8. 4.8: Batis. spinosa 71 Be Aaa be 15. fee. Calamus latifolius 73 H. M. 12. t. 65. Lycopodium aristatum 75 Dill. Muse. t. 66. f. 7. Ophioglossum filiforme 75 H. M. 12. t. 34. Polypodium excavatum 75 He: As 604.8574. 16 Pteris scandens 75 Bg M12 5-47:86. Eranthemum montanum 80 Justicia montana Cor. Pl. Piper arborescens 80 Healey t.. 28:9. Ki The following are at first sight in the same class, but must be held unpublished, except possibly Pandanus Millore. NAME. PAGE. REMARKS. Eleusine stricta 8 “Cynosurus Linn.” There is no Cynosurus strictus Linn. Cerbera quaternifolia 19 “H. A. 2. t. 863.” There is no such plate, and no other means of identifying the species. Crinum brevifolium 23 “See asiaticum. Curt. Mag. 1078.” Hedysarum lagenaria 57 “Aeschynomene L.” There is no Aeschynomene lagenaria Linn., though there is one of Loureiro. Roxburgh’s name, at the utmost, is a synonym. Leucacephala graminifolia 68 “Eriocaulon Linn.” There is no Eriocaulon graminifolium Linn., nor was the generic name Leuca- cephala ever published. Leucacephala spathacea 68 Same as preceding. Pandanus Millore 71 “Nicobar bread fruit tree, As. Res. 3. 161. seems only a variety of odoratissima.” A short supplementary list might be made of species where Roxburgh’s spelling differs somewhat strikingly from that of preceding authors, but where he apparently had no intention of forming new names. Perhaps the best cases of this are Jasmi- num Zambac, Pettospermum Tobira, Laurus Culitlaban, Vitex trifoliata, and Piper Malmaris. This list is based on the assumption that a published binomial can never be used for any species other than that to which it was originally applied, whether or not the name be valid in the genus to which it was attributed or in any other to which it may be transferred. There are about 185 additional names in the Hortus Bengalensis which would be considered as published therein, were it not that they had already been used. In nearly all of these cases, Roxburgh was correctly using names which 416 ROBINSON. had previously been published by other authors; occasionally, his identification is considered wrong. Thus Cyperus procerus Roxb. is distributed by Clarke* between Cyperus malaccensis Lam., Pycreus puncticulatus Nees, and (herbarium only) Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. But if Cyperus procerus Roxb. be considered as described in the Hortus Bengalensis, it is by the citation of Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus 12: pl. 50, which according to Clarke would identify it with C. malaccensis Lam. However, there is an older C. procerus.°® Returning to the ninety-one names published in the Hortus Bengalensis, investigation shows that the priority of singularly few is changed by the throwing back of the date of publication. On the other hand, the new means of typifying them raises or solves many intricate problems. These will briefly be stated. The following remain unchanged as good species: Oldenlandia diffusa, Brucea sumatrana, Dracaena angustifolia, Garuga pin- nata, Bergia ammannioides, Sterculia guttata, Ficus Tsiela, Sapium sebiferum, and Calamus latifolius. Morinda bracteata is also unaffected, but there is grave doubt as to its value as a species. But Ficus racemifera Roxb. replaces F. variegata BI. Metrosideros vera and Gmelina arborea are to be credited to Roxburgh, instead of to Lindley and Linnaeus, respectively. Half of the names have no importance except as synonyms, except that a few, with unaltered status, form the basis for generally accepted binomials. The synonyms are: Gratiola amara, Pladera virgata, Pladera pusilla, Scaevola Taccada, Cordia campanulata, Vitis latifolia, Heliconia buccinata, Achy- ranthes triandra, Asclepias pseudosarsa, Asclepias odoratissima, Panax conchifolium, Crinum Toxicarum, Curculigo sumatrana, Yucca superba, Leersia aristata, Polygonum, rivulare, Caesalpinia paniculata, Jussiaea exaltata, Diospyros Sapota, Calophyllum Bintagor, Ajuga disticha, Ajuga fruticosa, Plectranthus strobili- ferus, Ruellia zeylanica, Volkameria infortunata, Columnea balsamica, Modecca tuberosa, Hibiscus tortuosus, Carpopogon giganteum, Dolichos virosus, Aeschynomene spinulosa, Hedy- sarum Neli-tali, Melaleuca Cajuputi, Serratula anthelmentica, Serratula cinerea, Arum viviparium, Arum gracile, Urtica ten- acissima, Saguerus Rumphii, Phyllanthus Leucopyrus, Bradleia multilocularis, Bradleia pinnata, Ophioglossum filiforme, Poly- podium excavatum, Pteris scandens, and Eranthemum montanum. The remaining thirty-two cases all require comment, some of * FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1898) 608, 598, 616. ’ Rottb. Descr. Nov. Pl. (1778). ROXBURGH’S HORTUS BENGALENSIS. A417 the issues raised being of considerable importance. In several cases, new specific combinations seem to be necessary, but as it is not possible here to form definite conclusions on the actual merits of the problems, except in the case of a few species, none are herein proposed. Gratiola integrifolia was placed by Hooker * under Vandellia erecta Benth., but he appears to have been in doubt as to the identity of Roxburgh’s species. Rheede’s figure and description both show 2-stamened flowers, whereas in Vandellia, the number of stamens is always 4. Andropogon bicolor, Andropogon saccharatus, and Anthistiria eymbaria are treated by Hackel* as different from Holcus bicolor Linn., Holcus saccharatus Linn., and Andropogon cym- barius Linn., respectively, but they must be typified by those species. Panicum spicatum Roxb. is given by Hooker ” as a synonym of Pennisetum typhoideum Rich., but the oldest name cited by him is Panicum americanum Linn., still valid for transfer to Pennisetum. Ixora fulgens, I. stricta, and I. barbata are all maintained by Hooker,* but as the plates on which they are based are not . cited by him, no opinion can be formed as to whether they rep- resent the original types. Oldenlandia alata Koenig is also retained by Hooker ™* as a good species, but O. alata Roxb. is based on Hedyotis racemosa Willd., which is Lamarck’s species of that name, and this is said by Hooker generally to be cited under O. paniculata Linn., but. probably to belong to a different section of the genus. Oldenlandia crystallina Roxb. is also maintained by Hooker, with Hedyotis pumila Linn. f. as a synonym, and H. pumila Willd. must be held typified by the Linnaean species. There is no apparent reason for calling the species other than Oldenlandia pumila (Linn. f.) DC. Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. is based on Hedyotis herbacea Willd., which is typified by H. herbacea Linn., although the two are treated as doubtfully identical..* If, then, Hedyotis herbacea Fl, Brit. Ind. 4 (1884) 281. ™ DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 519, 510, 629, 668. “Fl, Brit. Ind. 7 (1896) 82. “Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 145-148. “Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 70. “FI. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 65. * Fl]. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 65. 418 ROBINSON. Linn. is the same as Oldenlandia Heynei R. Br., the latter name must be replaced by O. herbacea (Linn.) Roxb. Ipomoea sepiaria is maintained,’ but the oldest name for the species would appear to be Convolvulus marginatus Desr. ex Lam., a name still available for transfer to Ipomoea. In the case of Echites caryophyllata (to use Carey’s permis- sion to correct obvious typographical errors), it is evident from Hooker’s ?* discussion that this can not be taken as the basis for the species now known as Aganosma caryophyllata (Roxb.) Don; and it also seems that the species known ** under the name > of Tabernaemontana crispa Roxb. is not that of the Hortus Ben- galensis. Asclepias annularia Roxb. is identified *° as Holos- temma Rheedii Wall. Roxburgh’s name is the oldest, and is available for transfer. Semecarpus Cassuvium is cited by Engler *: as of Sprengel, who also published the name, basing it on Anacardium longi- folium Lam., a Philippine species, said by Lamarck also to grow in India. Rumphius’ plant, the basis of Semecarpus Cassuvium Roxb., appears to differ from any known Philippine species; and, curiously enough, the apparent position of the matter is that Semecarpus Cassuvium Roxb., but not of Sprengel, is the species treated by Engler under that name; while S. Cassuviwm Spr. is a homonym, its exact identity to be determined by that of Anacardium longifoliwum Lam. Bambusa baccifera Roxb. appears to be the oldest name for Melocanna bambusoides Trin., and to require transfer.?? - Bambusa spinosa Roxb., as typified by Hort. Amb. 4: pl. 3, is probably not B. arundinacea Willd., and there are various points in Rumphius’ description, which oppose its identification as B. Blumeana Schult. f. Laurus malabathrica Roxb., is considered a doubtful species.”* L. porrecta, by the changed date of publication, becomes the oldest name for Cinnamomum Parthenoxylon (Jack) Meissn., and is available for transfer. Plectranthus aromaticus Roxb. is the basis for Coleus aro- maticus Benth., but Coleus amboinicus Lour. is said to be the oldest name. Roxburgh’s species is based solely on Herb. Amb. 5: pl. 101, which is also the basis of Ocimum. scutellarioides Linn.=Coleus scutellarioides (Linn.) Benth. If Loureiro’s spe- cies is the same as the C. aromaticus of the Flora of British microcheilum (Schltr. ) Fn pein cies ey 26 alia : oliganthum Pfitz. . 26 Cordia t ar .. 418, 416 pumilum Reichb. f. . 26 Coronilla aculeata poiae 454 vanoverberghii Ames 27 + . sesban Willd. ... Craspedodictyon Copel. . Crinum breyifolium Roxb. toxicarum Roxb... Croton appendiculatus Elmer grandifolius Blanco .. longipedunculatus Elmer . i OS iculatus Lam. 400 oblengitelis eth ii : a Cusurbitacese tet, $a | Denmenlar tess: 273 a Cureulig: Rox! 413, 416 trifoliastrum Mig... _. 278 Cyelodon distans Griff. 105 | D ichum angustifolium Blume... 16 Cyclostemon Bl. .. “orstisissnnmesnnesenmee $87 | Dichapetalaceae 279 sheer INDEX. - 427 Dichapetalum Thou. .........ccceccseeccsssteesesseeeesene 279 | Eclipta zippeliana BI. 251 iliat Merr. 279 | Elaeocarpaceae 295 luzoniense Merr. & Rolfe. 281 | Elaeocarpus L. 295 robinsonii Merv. .................... 280 grandiflorus Sm. 295 Dilleni 91, 305 1 latus BI. 295 Dillenia L. 305 pustulatus Merr. 295 bolsteri Merr. . 305 verruculosus Aug. DC... 296 hilippi is Rolfe 806 | Elateriospermum paucinervium Elmer $82 Dionaea Ellis 40 | Eleusine stricta Roxb. .........ccssscsseseeeesenseee 415 Diospyros sapota Roxb. 20...cc.cccccccesseccssseeeee 116, 414 | Eleutherine Herb. ; 233 Diplazium acuminatum Bl. ... 62 americana (L.) Merr. ...... 233 christii C. Chr. ..... a 62 Piicste- Fee. So 98 elatum Fée 63 | Embelia Burm. f. 826 mal Presi, nigro-punctata Merr. 826 petiolare Presl ..... viridiflora (A. DC.) Scheff. ......... 827 sehkuhrii J. Sm. .. : Emerus sesban QO. KZ oon.n..c.eccescscsescccseseccensee 235 Di lyx Mez 825 | Enhydra Lour. 251 insignis Merv. ..... 326 fluct Lour. 251 longifolia Merr. . 825 | Eragrostis Host. 229 phylla Merr. $26 mangalorica Hochst. 229 lata Merr. tenella viscosa Stapf 229 t Elmer viscosa Trin. ........... 229 Dolichos conspersus Grah. ..... Eranthemum bicolor Schrank Oe punctatus W. & A. -- 2865 ¥ montanum Roxb. ................ 415, 416 virosus Roxb. . 414, 416 pulchell Hort. 248 Doryopteris J. Sm. ......... 50 | Eria Lindl. - 414, 416 Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. longibracteata Leavitt Drymoglossum Pres] 20......::scssssscsscsreseeeee 47, 49 vanoverberghii Ames ..... Drynaria Adans. 42 | Ericaceae Dryopteris ad hora C. Chr. 54 | Eri i angustipes Copel... 60 | Eri lon L. 232 tilis Copel. alatum H. Lecomte... 232 tiloid Copel. Eschatogramme Trev. ................- 9 balab Christ E ia L. 314 dichrotricha Copel bat is Merr. 316, 317 dissecta O. Ktz. camiguinensis Merr. ................... 314 jacul C. Chr. ......... Ciliato-setosa Mer. occ 315 d Copel. ‘ paucivenia C. B. Rob. .............. ition 2 parasitica O. Ktz. .......... propingua Mer, 2... eee 815 porphyricola Copel. ...... 60 tenuipes Merr. 816 pur Copel. 54 | Eulophia R. Br. 13 Salicifolia C. CRY. 22sec ee vanoverberghii Ames 00... = 18 sparsa OQ. Ktz. ..... . 54 | Euphorbiaceae- 237, 379 stipellata O. Ketz. .. 60 | Euphorbia prostrata Ait. 237 sumatrana vy. A. v. R. 60 thymifolia Burm. ....................... _ £87 Dryostachyum J. Sm.. ain 42 | Eupatorium L. 855 Dunbaria W. & A. ......... . 285 : benguetense C. B. Rob........... 356 conspersa Benth. ..... heptane") camiguinense Merr. ... 355 punctata (W. & A.) Benth... 235 japonicum Thunb. ....... .. 8655 Dysoxylum Bl. 278 sambucifolium Elmer .............. $56 laxum Mer-. .......... - 278 toppingianum Elmer .............. _ 356 ifl Merr. 278 | Evodia Forst. gracilis Kurz E lamarckiana Benth. ... sack Echites affinis R. & 8. 2 Dae ggg lunur-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr... 378 earyophyllata Roxb. caryophyllata Roth data Blanco Wall. manubriata Wall. 0. ssessccseescssecee 333 ieul Roxb. 333 Eclipta L. 251 ala -TIGeO Reigns a 251 114346——5 hy Mia. 378 pteleaefolia (Champ.) Merr. .. 377, 378 roxburghiana Benth. .... 873, 876, 877, 878 semecarpifolia Merr. ...................... 877, 878 iphyll DC. 378, 374, 875, 377 triphylla Guillaumin 878 villosa Merr. ............. 84 E L. 96 428 INDEX. Page. Exacum diffusum Willd. 2.000. | SS parviflorum Merr. sessile Willd. ics: OER tet Roxb. 96 E ia Linn. .... 389 obtusa Merr. 389 sieca Blanco .. 390 philippinensis Merr. ie philippinensis euphlebia Mes .. $89 F Fagara lunur-ankenda Gaertn. _....... 878 octandra Blanco . triphylla Lam. . triphylla Roxb. 292 D Merr. 292 Gaertneria laurifolia Wall... 236 Garcinia L. 307 ii Merr. 307 G Garuga pi ta Roxb. 414, 416 Gastrodia R. Br. 6 javanica (BI.) Lindl. 6 Geniostoma Forst. cumingianum Benth. . stenophyllum Merr. .. Grewia rizalensis Merr. .. rolfei Merr. .. ‘ setacea Merr. .. stylocarpa Warb. .. tiliaefolia Rolfe ............. bellata Roxb. oe Seg, eC RE Sea OEE aT WP Gynostemma elongatum Merr. integrifoliolum Cogn. . Gynura Cass. Pier AG iain sarmentosa DC... Gyrinopsis Decne. h ret ay cumingiana Decne. ... H Habenaria Willd. 0. 2 curranii Ames 2 delessertiana Kranz. os 2 diphylla Dalz. 6 6 8 3 3 faleigera Reichb. f. . hystrix Ames ........ 4 5 5 Haemaria merrillii Ames 6 Halophila Thou. g 228 beeearii Aschers. ............. 228 236 236 236 Harrisonia R. Br. bennetii Hook. fo. ccccsucsnee perforata (Blanco) Merr. Hedyotis diffusa Willd. nelitali Roxb. 00... 414, 416 a tia Heli ia hoeeiaat Roxb. 418, 416 Geunsia Bl. Shak aba est x: Hemionitis L. 47, 50 cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe Hibiscus tortuosus Roxb. ...................... 414, $16 farinosa BI. ... Hi t 291 hookeri Merr. Hiraea reclinata Blanco 236 Givotia rottleriformis Griff. _. Histiopteris integrifolia Copel. ....... 63 Gmelina arborea Roxb. ...... stipulacea (Hook.) Copel... 68 Gnetum edule (Willd.) BI... Holeus bicolor L. 47 d Roxb. h L. 7 Goniophlebium Presl icatus L. 418 Goodenoviaceae Holost Theedil- Wall x= =. ps Gratiola amara Roxb... integrifolia Roxb. Homalanthus H. Juss. 0 390 ooh AD a INDEX. Page. Humata dimorpha Copel. 0.00. ccccccssssssseseooee 68 Bette triphylla Lour. . introrsa Christ 67 lepia Mett. microsora Copel. 55 | L hala graminifolia Roxb. . Puberula Copel. occ 64 spathacea Roxb. ....... tenuis Copel. L tegia Pres] vestita Moore .. Ligustrum L. Hydrocharitaceae cumingianum Decne. ................. Hy lepis Kaulf. pub Hypophorium pergracile Nees =. 75 pubitierve, 2Blnj35 054 Limacia Lour. I blumei (Boerl.) Diels .. ier] ggg | Li hila R. Br. Ichiocarpus:-Re-Br.=.ke ae aR diffusa G. Don. ...... : manilensis Merv. .. Lindsaya azurea Christ . nitida Copel. ... papuana Copel Illicium L. montanum Merr,. 2c 81 philippi Merr. Ipomoea L, aquatica Forsk. .. linifolia BI. ........ philippi is Choisy 244 reptans --Polrs 22 ee 2 244, 245 sepiaria Koenig: 22.0... 413, 418 Tridaceae 233 Ixia americana Aubl. . Ixora barbata Roxb. fulgens Roxb. stricta Roxb. .. J ‘Jussiaea L. 240 Jussiaea seit SW ae ae: 1 240 costata Preseli 2s Shee 240 exaltata Roxb. ...... scscmereeee 414, $16 linifolia Vahl 240 Justicia t Roxb. 415 K Kuhlhasseltia J. J. Sm. ........... 6 merrillii Schltr. 6 L Labiatae Lasiolepis bennetii Planch. ..... multijuga Benn. paucijuga Benn. ... Laurus malabathrica Roxb. .............. ta Roxb. Lechea verticillata Willd. .. ges apa Mae Ss 414, 416 82, 235, 273 eicteireiretics ae . 102, 247 Lepidagathis Willd. .... 103 108 103 103 Liparis cumingii Ridl. 7 Litobrochia incisa integrifolia Bedd. 63 Lobelia L. 105 bialata Merr.. 105 filiformis Lam. 105 frut Mill. 358 radieans, Thorns i226 02ccccccisiseige 105 L i 329 Lomagramma J. Sm. ........... ..... 67 brooksii Copel. 60 perakensis Bedd. 61 Lomariopsis Fée Loranthaceae Loranthus L. appendiculatus Merr. eapituliferus Merr. ...................... confusus Merr. .. estipitatus Stapf mirabilis Muell.-Arg. & Van DS i ee eee | | subsessilis Merr. . 263 tetranthus Merr. . 19 eee R. & P. 78 wi i Merr. Ludolphia gl Willd. Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. ..... Lycopodium aristatum Roxb. . ee hia 7 eapillipes Hemsl. ... decurrens Forst. f. M Macaranga Thouars amplifolia Merr. gigantifolia Merr. grandifolia (Blanco) idier. 394 leytensis Merr. ... mappa F,-Vill. montana Merr. noblei Elmer porteana André . Mi gorianthus Merr. 430 INDEX. Page. Page. Macgregorianthus paniculatus Merr. ...... 812 | Merremia Dennst. 244 Maesa Forsk. $27 caespitosa Hallier f. 244 ferruginea Merr.. eee OT hirta (L.) Merr. ........ nant = manillensis Mez ..... $28 | Merrittia Merr. 106 pachyphylla Merr. 828 | Mesona BI. 101, 345 ramentacea Wall. .. 828 hi: Benth. 102 Magnoliacea, 81 clausa Merr. .. 845 Mallotus Lour. palustris BI. .... 108 alternifolius Merr. . ~ Merr. ‘ 102 auriculatus Merr. . k Hemsl. 102 barbatus (Wall.) Muell. -Arg... 397 pr lloides Hemsl. 102 camiguinensis Merr. ............... < 397, 400 wallichi Benth. 102 cardiophyllus Merr. 398 | Metrosideros vera Roxb. cesses: 414, 416 liflorus Merr. 399 Mi hit Mia. 334 cochinchi is Lour. 400 schreickii Rolfe 97, 334 eglandulosus Elmer ......00..0..0........ Microcarpaea R. Br. . ns .. 100 helferi Muell.-Arg. ........ : alternifiora Bl... 100 leucocalyx Muell.-Arg. . minima (Koenig) Merr.... 100 moluccanus (L.) Muell.-Arg... 401 R. Br. 100 moluccanus pendulus Merr........... 401 | Microchloa R. B. 14 paniculatus (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. 400 indica (L. f.) Merr. ccc 4 papillaris (Blanco) Merr. .......... 238 eetacca i. Br, 7% Microlepia Pres playfairii Hemsl. ramosii Merv. ..... sanchezii Merr. zollingeri F.-Vill. Mimosa pudica L. weberi ek Malpighiaceae *; 236 | Mod tuberosa Roxb. .. Mal 90, 240 | Moraea plicata Sw. Malva delina L. 240 | Morinda bracteata Roxb. 413, 416 Malvastrum A. Gray oo ccsccceccccccscsssteescase 240 | Morus iculata Roxb. SS coromandelinum(L.)Gareke. 240 | Myrsi ies trieuspidatum A, Gray ... 240 | Myrtaceae _ Marattia brooksi Copel. . Mariseus Gaertn. _.... sae dilutus (Vahl) Nees ~ 231 | Nardus indica Le f. ccc TH — Presl 231 | Nepeta malabarica L. 414 = reuh ee} album amboinicum Rumph. .. = Nephrodium molle major Bedd. . oe oe : 74 | Nitella Agardh 69 denticulata Willd. 274 acuminata A. Br. ...... 69 274 mauritiana A. Br. 69 confusa M = were > ‘ err. ....... EN roxburghii A. Bre c.ccccccseccesen 69 intermedia Bl. #4 | Notholaena % BE ash » myriantha Merr. . 93! Noth Mig. 241 subsessilis Merr. . 94 cochleatum (Lam.) Mia... 241 ae vanoverberghii Merr. ... 94 erispatum (Bull.) Merv. ...... 241 Pe : Roxb. .... 414, 416 fruticosum (L.) Mia. .............. 241 — tacene ... a Ba guilfoylei (Cogn. & Marché) 3 241 Melia koetjape Burm. f. . 287 a = Malice $s. - oe orna (Bull.). ape PS ro 241 1 Engl . 37h, 875, 876 Oo odorata Elmer .. 875, 376 ternata Vid. .... ~ 475, 376 | Oberonia Lindl. 8 — (Lam.) Merr, 375 tensis Ames 8 Meliosma Bl. __.. 294 sriffithiane Lindl. 10 8 9 10 Ocimum cepitellatum Tie irene names LOL scutellarioides Le ec 1B Ddont ia Fée ‘8 Ocenoth 24, le (me Oldenlandia alata Roxb. ... crystallina Rox Phreatia densiflora (Bl.) Lindl. .... infundibuliformis Ames diffusa Roxb. ..... mearnsii Ames .. herbacea Roxb. ...... myosurus Ames heynel R. Br. cc... $18 ramosii Ames . iculata L. 417 suleata J. J. Sm. pumila (L. f.) DC eseaee * |g vanoverberghii Ames Oleaceae $29 | Phrynium dich Roxb. Oleandra Cav. 49 spicatum Roxb. 0.2... eos bl lata Copel. 64 | Phyllanthus L. Ophioglossum filiforme Roxb. .... ‘ curranii C. B. Rob.. Opiliaceae 233 leucopyrus Roxb. .. Opilia cumingiana Baill. ... 238 luzoniensis Merr. . manillana Baill. ....... 238 obseurus Willd. .. Orchid 125 robinsonii Merr. Osterdamia matrella O. Ktz. 230 | py endea 3. Rn Ostodes Blume 403 | Phytoerene Wall. angustifolia Merr. . Yoheri-: Mer. ..i. Beane macrophylla (Muell. ~Arg. ) Benth. 404) Piper arb Roxb. serrato-crenata Merr. 494 | pipturus velutinus (Decne.) Wedd. . 419 Oxymitra Hook. f. & Thoms. . 267 | Pladera pusilla Roxb. .... Merr. 267 P virgata Roxb. Platycli i heila Schltr. 26 P Platynema laurifolium W. & A. 286 Paederota minima Koenig: «00.0.0... 100 | Platytaenia requinaria Kuhn ... Paliurus dubius Blanco 236 | Pl Tréc. perforatus Blanco ......................... 286 | Plect h ti Roxb. .... ‘ Paltoni Presl 9 strobiliferus Roxb. . 414, 416 Panax cochleatum DC. 241 | Pleurogramme loheriana Christ ... 58 conchifolium Roxb. . ae SS GB hae minor (Fée) Copel. 53 er t Bull, 241 pusilla Christ 53 frut L. 251 | Pi Desf. 345 tum Bull. 241 cablin (Blanco) Benth. .. 345, 347, 849 Pand icularis Lam. 419 y Merr. 346 tus Roxb. 415, 419 membranaceus Merr. 347 millore-: Réaby-30i . 415 petoides Stapf 101, 347 Panicum L. 417 nepetoides glandulosus ‘b L. 230 Met sieetncighlet nnn TR 1 Lam. 230 tehouli Hook. 346 Nees 280 patchouli Hook. f. occ. 346 spieatum: Roxbe 22s 413, 417 patchouli suavis Hook. f.... 846 Parishia Hook. f. 281 tchouly Pellet. 346 insignis Hook. f. .. 282 patchowli Dalz. & Gibs. . 346 malabog Merr. ...... 281 reticulatus Merr. . 348 i ia R. Br. 335 346 confusa Merr. 835 | Polyalthi f 268 eumingiana A. DC. oe 835 1 lata Vid. 269 oblancifolia Merr. 335 Roher! . Marr. 000 as. 268 spiralis Wall. 835 loheri cagayanensis Merr. ...... 269 Penniset typhoid 417 tenuipes Merr. Pergularia Auct. 243 | Polygalaceae d Vid. 243 Polygala ciliata L. . angustiloba Warb. 243 | Polyg rivulare ‘tate filipes Schltr. 243 | Poly Bl. glabra Blanco 248 philippinensis Merr. 278 procumbens Blanco .. 243 piperi Merr. . of et STL Phaius Lour. 10 verticillata Merr. . dei 4 SER flavus Lind. .............. 11 | Polypodiaceae 41, 47 linearifolius Ames 10 | Polypodium L. 48 Phalaris hispida Thumb. ...0.....0....ccccccsesseesem ee 229 Roxb. 415, 416 Seauioldes ti 228 lineare Thumb. 00000000 65 Phreatia Lindl. ... 20 li f Mett. 68 aristulifera Ames .. 22 loxogrammoides Copel... 66 bracteata Ames 22 macrophyllum Reinw. 0... 65 432 INDEX. Page. Page Polypodium merrittii poense Copel... 65| Sal ia Lour. meee. foli ngewe 68 ciliata (L.) DC. . 237 nectariferum Bak. 0... 42 oblongifolia DC. .. — 987 taeniophyllum Copel. 65 | Sandoricum Cav. ae wrayi Bak......... 65 indi Cav. .. =. 237 Polyscias fruticosa Harms _ 241 koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. . 287 Portul 234| Sapium P. Br. Portulaca L, 234 ifoli Elmer J” Tg TDi ia: SPORE eg ge 234 indicum Willd. . Pot 228 sanchezii Merr. . F; 1 93 sebiferum Roxb. .. Prunella indica Burm. ..... 101 subrotundifolium Elmer Pseuderanthemum Radlk. 248 virgatum Hook. f. ...... bicolor Radlk. .. 248 | Sarcopodium dearei Reichb. f. pulchellum (Hort.) Sarcostigma W. & A. _....... PA in oe 248 | Saurauia Willd. Pteris L. aoe macgregorii Merr. _... 54 vanoverberghii Merr. .. i . 64|8 pus Bl. scandens Roxb. ...... . 415, 416 robinsonii Merr, .........00.......... taenitis Copel. . 53 | Saxif, Pterospermum Bl. ......... 304 | Scaevola L. elmeri Merr. 304 frutescens (Mill.) Krause.............. 358 longipes Merr. 304 frutescens sericea (Forst.) niveum Vid. ...... 805 Merr. 354 obliquum Blanco 804 koenigii Vahl... 858, 354 subpeltatum Merr. . 805 plumieri (L.) Vahl. 354 Pyenarrhena Miers 266 sericea Forst. ... celebica (Boerl.) Diels . 266 taecada Roxb. ... Pycreus puncticulatus Nees 416 | Sch ‘a Forst. R albida Merr. _............. stellulata Merr. ....... 352 | Schizoloma ensifolium J. Sm. 48 352 | Scleria Berg. esa. 352 pergracilis (Nees) Kth. sie v6) Rafflesiaceae _... 209 | Serophulariaceae 100, 246 Rafflesia R. Br 209 | Scutellaria L. -. 849 manillana Teschem. 209 2? aad Philippinensis Blanco 210 indiea L. 350 Rhus toxicodendron L. 290 | Scyphularia pentaphylla (Bl.) Fée. 65 ta DC. . 290 simplicifolia Copel. ...... 64 Rhynchosia Lour. 82 triphylla (Hook.) Fée.. 65 82 | Selaginella exigua Spring Poe 20 Riedelia Oliv. 78 | Selago pusilla Thunb. 00 KB Rottboellia setacea Roxb. 74 | Selliguea Bory... 47 Rottlera albicans Hassk. 336 | S ‘pus L. 282 barbata Wall. . 397 acuminatissima Merr.......... 282 Ruellia cernua Roxb. ie 414, 419 Ib Kurz. 290 zeylanica Roxb............ 414, 416 anacardium Blanco.................... Ruppia L. ...... = - 8288 ium Roxb. maritima rostellata Koch 228 Spr. seeeeesaee a 373 cuneiformis Blanco. s euphlebia Merr. ... 233 1 lata Merr. 284 Sahi. 285 290 * 289 286 286 ttetii March. 286, 289 Salacia 291 perrottetii glabra March. ..... 290 sriffithii _Laws. moaeneatae ss ee philippinensis Engl... 288, 290 a 292 287 philippi is Merr. 291 239 i Ls AA DAN te Neineanhelad Ane» a alt « INDEX. Page. Semecarpus sideroxyloides Perk. .. 289 taftiana Perk. .............. whitfordii Merr. .... Serratula anthelmentica Roxb. . Symplocos cumingiana Brand . curtiflora Elmer ... Merr. cinerea Roxb. ............ 36 Sesh Pers. aegyptiaca Poir. 82 picta Cav. .............. ne 32 sesban (L.) Merv. .....-ccccssssecsieen 235 fragrans Elmer ... 33 Sida L. ..... 90 imbricata Brand . $1 acuta Burm. 240 loheri Brand ......... 82 corylifolia Wall. ................ 91 luzoniensis Rolfe . 35 puberula Merv. ................ eae ) merrilliana Brand . 36 Simarubaceae 236, 274 patens Pres ......... 81 Sisyrinchium bulb Mill. 233 polyandra Brand ... eee PalmifolivM Ly ecco 283 purpurascens Brand .............. 83 Skinneria it Choisy. 244 whitfordii Brand. ....... 33 Sol 350+, Syngramma alismifolia J. Sm.. 50 Sol L. t . 50 blumei Nees. b is J. Sm. 50 epiphyticum Merr. . $50 cartilagidens Diels ... 50 parasiti Bl. 351 hookeri C. Chr. .......... “ 50 philippinense Merr. 351 innata J. Sm. 50 Spathiostemon javense B. ........ > SO wallichii Hook. ...........:eccsccsee0 50 Sphaeromariscus microcephalus E. G. Camus 231 T Sphagnaceae 253 | Taber t . Sphagnum L. 264 cordata Merr.. cuspidatulum C. Miill. .. 255 crispa Roxb. . japonicum Warnst. ..... 258 pandacaqui Poir. area junghuhnianum D, & M. .. 254 sphaerocarpa BI. ......... 248 luzonense Warnst. .. 256 subglobosa Merr. ......... 242 robinsonii Warnst. . 256 | Taenitis Willd. 7 i Cc. Miill. 255 Pe ee Sw. 4B subrufescens Warnst. ............. . 257 | Tapeinidium C. Chr. ............... 8 Spinifex L. 229 | Tectaria d Copel. 54 littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr..... 229 menyanthidis Copel. occ . 68" squarrosus Ue - 229 weberi Copel. 2 a Oh Springia indica Muell.-Arg. —................ $33 | Telosma Coville 243 Staurogyne Wall. 248 angustiloba (Warb.) Merr...... 248 rivularis Merr. ..... 248 procumbens (Blanco) Merr..... 243 Stenochlaena aculeata Kunze .... 67 | T Sw. 83 intermedia Copel. .. 67 angustifolius Merr. . 83 Stephania Lour. 265 | Tetrastigma Planch. ............... eras | | t la Diels. 266 angustifolium Planch. pa 87 PUTO DID iin isk cinea sparen 265 Merr. 85 St 304 Planch. 89 Sterculia guttata Roxb. 0... ces... 414, 416 lanceolarium Planch. .......... 86, 87 Stipa littores Burs fe 229 Toheri Gagnep ncccccceecrececrnn 87 inif L. 229 pedunculare Planch. 00... 89 Stipellaria parviflora Benth. .....0................ . $82 BI. 86 Stylidi philipptntane Mc Stylidium Sw. sepulchrei Merr. ..0...... 88 Isinoides R. Br. Teucrium L. 100 tenerrimum F. Muell. ... philippinense Merr. ...... 100 Suri L. tomentosum Heyne ........ 101 wiaritime (Taso Sides sees Thayeria Copel. 41 Symp] ia Copel. 41, 48 Sympl ahernii Brand nectarifera (Bak.) Copel... 41, 43 laris Elmer Thottea depend KL é. 49 ay is Brand Thymel 92, 312 ailiate:“Preal i552 nae, 2 Tiliaceae 89, 239, 296 confusa Brand Toona Roemer ta Brand paucijuge Merr. een 279 434 INDEX. Page. serene hirta Cham. & Schlecht. ......... 246 mum iis Srislialenpebaben fragrans Hook. f. ....... 97 jasminoides Lem. ......... philippinense Elmer .. ‘7, 334 vanoverberghii Merr. . 97 Trad ia malabarica L. 282 Trema Lour. 260 boi is Bl. 261 vulcani Merr. 260 Trichilia nervosa Vahl cece 287 Trich nes crasped rum Copel. ._.. 53 h i Hook. 53 sublimbatum C. Mill. www. = 58 Tri t Bl. 408 everettii Merr. nee longipedunculatus Elmer. 410 macrophyllus Muell.-Arg. 404 oblongifolius Merr. ....... 409 sumatranus Pax & K. POG tse a Tristania R. Br. 317 littoralis Merr. 817 Tristellateia Thouars .......... in A australasiae Pie Es 236 lasi Auct. 286 australis A. Rich. . 286 t Blanco 236 Tritaxis macrophylla Muell.-Arg... 405 Triumfetta L. 296 bartramia L. . 239 fabreana Gaudich. 296 indica Lam. .. cecvetfectemawee OD Forst.. 296 radieans Bojer ou. 296 repens (Bl.) Merr. & Rolfe. 296 = homboidea Jacq. 239 Tropidia Lindl. 7 i Bl. 7 cal ta Ames 7 U Ulmaceae 260 Unona uncinata Dun. 234 Urtica t issi; Roxb. .. 414, 416 Utricularia L. : 102, 247 exoleta R. Br... 108 nivea Vahl. 247 racemosa Glave re 247 d Benj. 247 scandens Oliv. ........ 247 tenerrima Merr. . 247 —— Wight ieee ees epiphyticum Merr. hutchinsonii Merr. _ Vaccinium indutum Vid. 2.00.0... 96 jagori Warb. . $22 loheri Merr. . 323 microphyllum ‘BL. $23 mindorense Rendle. $28 Vallaris Burm. 335 angustifolia Merr. .. 335 lancifolia Hook. f. .. 336 Vallisneria octandra Roxb. See f Vandellia L. 246 erecta Benth. 417 hirsuta Ham. .. 246 pusilla (Willd.) Merr. 246 seabra Benth. 246 viscosa (Willd.) Merr. 246 Vanoverberghia Merr. oe 76 sepulchrei Merr. ......... 76 Verb 98, 245, 388 Verbesina prostrata H. & A... 251 Vernonia Schreb. 106 hila Merr. 106 phanerophlebia Merr. . . 106 Vetiveria zi ides Nash 228 Visiania pubinervis Miq.......... $29 Vitex L. 343 nitida Merr. ......... Seliciant seen | hylla ices: 844 Vitis latifolia Roxb. 22cm 413, 416 Vittaria Sm, 7 elongata Sw. - 48 ae Fée . _ 8 drina Thw. 48 Voacanga Thouars 336 megacarpa Merr. ......................... 386 Volk it ii Poir. 245 infortunata Roxb. .................. 414, 416 eifolia Roxb. 245 w Wedelia Jaca. ......... 251 prostrata: -Hemsgl oo 251 Wikst ia Endl. 92, 318 angustissima Merr. .............. 92 1 lata Merr. 98 Wollastonia prostrata H. & A... 2 BL ; a Yucea superba Roxb. oo... 414, 416. Z Zanonia sarcophylla Wall. .............. - 852 Zanthoxylum lamarkianum Cham. 875, 876 I Mia. 378 pteleaefolium Champ. ....... 875 376, 877 roxburghianum Cham. Zebrina Schnizl. pendula Schnizl. .. Zingiberaceae Zoisia Willd. matrella (L.) Merr.. Willd. oo) ne