| THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

ALVIN J. Cox M. A., Pu. D.

GENERAL EDITOR

SECTION C. BOTANY

E. D. MERRILL, M. S.
EDITOR

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

W. H. BROWN, Pu. D.; E. B. COPELAND, Pu. D.
F. W. FOXWORTHY, Pu. D.; L. M. GUERRERO, Puar. D.
R. C. McGREGOR, A. B.

VOLUME XII
1917

WiTtH 17 PLATES AND 10 Text FIGURES

BUREAU OF PRINTING SS
1917 iy € es ha } a Sd
152224 t Pee

4
,

CONTENTS

No. 1, January, 1917

Brown, W. H., and Hetsx, G. W. The application of photochemical

temperature coefficients = the velocity of carbon dioxide assi-
WALTON eg en eS si Coes cage ere
Three text figures.
Beccari, O. The origin and dispersal of Cocos nucifera..................!.
COPELAND, E. B. New species and a new genus of Borneo ferns;
chiefly from the Kinabalu collections of Mrs. Clemens and Mr.
Topping Olin eh emia aot e
MERRILL, E. D. Keoriecsicabicg javanica Merrill, a new genus and

species of Gramineae from’ Java CE ase ea
One plate.

No. 2, March, 1917

BrRoTHERUS, V. F. The mosses wins
Beccari, O. A new species of Calamus from Reikiotak aioe eee
RADLKOFER, L. A new species of Guioa from Amboina.......................
BROWN,gW. H. and HEIse, G. W. The relation between light in-

tensity and earbon dioxide assimilation ie ean errs
Two text figures.

Merritt, E. D. Notes on the flora of Kwangtung Province, China....
Merritt, E. D. The dates of publication of the third edition of
Biante s- “Fiore de Pinions ns tess ie

No. 3, May, 1917

MERRILL, E. D. Two new genera and four new species of Philippine
Compositae

Two plates.
MERRILL, E. D. New Philippine Lauraceae...........
MERRILL, E. D. New Philippine Myrsinaceae..:
MERRILL, E. D. Studies on Philippine Rubiaceae, III...........00000..........

>

No. 4, July, 1917
Brown, W. H., Merritt, E. D., and Yates, H. S. The revegetation

of Voleano Island, Luzon, Philippine Islands, since the erup-

tion of Taal Voleano in 1911
Thirteen plates and 2 text figures.

No. 5, September, 1917
SmitH, J.J. The Amboina Orchidaceae collected by C. B. Robinson...
Merritt, E. D. New Philippine shrubs and trees

Brown, W. H., and Yates, H. S.. The rate of growth of some trees
on the Gedeh, Java...

One text figure.

Yates, H. S. Fungi collected by E. D. Merrill in southern China........
i | ‘iii

Page.

45

67

73
81
83

85
99

113

117

125
143
159

“ttt

Ee ee a | ee ee ee ee

iv Contents

No, 6, November, 1917

: -. Page.

Brown, W. H. The rate of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus at the =
top of Mount Banahao, Luzon, Philippine Islands...........................- 317

One plate and 2 text figures.

CoPELAND, E. B. The genus Christiopteris.................-.02...........- 331
Merritt, E. D. New Philippine Melastomataceae.. 337
Yates, H. S. Some recently collected Philippine fungi - 361
TNDNK <5 A ee se eaten 381

pe gm ed tt

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

C. BoTANY
VoL. XII JANUARY, 1917 No. 1

THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL TEMPERATURE CO-
EFFICIENTS TO THE VELOCITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE |
ASSIMILATION

By WILLIAM H. Brown and Grorce W. HEISE

(From the College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines, and from
the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

THREE TEXT FIGURES

The van’t Hoff principle,‘ which states that the rate of most
chemical reactions at ordinary temperatures (between 0° C, and
180° C.) is approximately doubled or trebled for each increase
of 10° C. in temperature, has been applied to many processes
taking place in living organisms. Its application to plant proc-
esses has been emphasized by Blackman,? while Loeb and his
coworkers * have discussed its relation to many processes in ani-
mals. Kanitz* has written a monograph on the relation between
temperature and life processes. We have not been able to con-
sult this book. Denny * in reviewing it says:

Consideration is given first to the effect of temperature upon the rate

‘Van’t Hoff, J. H., Studien zur chemischen Dynamik (revised by Cohen,
E.) (1896) 129: “* * * eine Temperaturerhéhung um 10 Grad ver-
doppelt, resp. verdreifacht die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit.”

* Blackman, F. F., The metabolism of the plant considered as a catalytic
reaction, Science N. S. 28 (1908) 628-636.

* For a list of references on this subject, see Loeb, J., et al., Science N. S.
28 (1908) 645-648; also Kanitz, A., Zeitschr. Baltvckeanle 13 ye)
707, and Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 70 (1910) 198. _.

* Kanitz, A., Temperatur und Lebensvorginge (1915).

* Denny F. E., Bot. Gazette 62 (1916) 156.

146016

Z The Philippine Journal of Science : 1917

of chemical processes. It is found that in general the latter follow the
vant Hof law, * °* *.

Livingston and Livingston ‘ in discussing these problems make
the following statement:

In much of the work that has been published on vital temperature
coefficients, relatively simple physiological processes have been considered,
and it seems allowable to conclude, at least tentatively, that most of the
elementary chemical processes of living things go on according to the
principle of van’t Hoff and Arrhenius, and that such processes possess
temperature coefficients, within the ordinary limits of environmental tem-
peratures, of an order of magnitude of from about 2.0 to about 2.5. This
may be regarded as a fundamental principle in physiology.

The consensus of opinion on this subject is that the principle
applies only within certain limits and not at minimum and max- |
imum temperatures for the processes concerned.

Photosynthesis is one of the plant processes that is usually
cited as following the van’t Hoff principle. However, since
carbon dioxide assimilation is dependent on light, it is to be ex-
pected that the temperature coefficients will be similar to those
of photochemical reactions, rather than to those of ordinary chem-
ical processes. Photochemical reactions, almost without excep-
tion, have much smaller coefficients than those required by the
van’t Hoff principle. The ratios for the velocities of photochem-
ical reactions for 10° intervals, given in a table by Plotnikow,’
are between 1.00 and 1.42. Sheppard * gives a less complete list
with values between 1.00 and 1.34. It is interesting to note that
Weigert,°® in his comprehensive discussion of photochemical proc-
esses, mentions photosynthesis as one of two photochemical re-
actions that show unusually high coefficients.

This discrepancy appeared rather surprising and induced us
to undertake a series of experiments for the further investiga-
tion of the question of the temperature coefficients of photo-
synthesis. The available literature, however, seemed to show
so convincingly that photochemical temperature coefficients do
hold for photosynthesis, that it seemed advisable to oer a
discussion of the literature at the present time.

* Livingston, B. E., and Livingston, G. J., Temperature coefficients in
plant geography and climatology, Bot. Gazette 56 (1918) 349-375.

‘Plotnikow, J., Photochemische Studien. IV ther den photochemischen
Temperaturkoeffizienten von Brom, Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 78 (1911) 573.

* Sheppard, S. W., Photo-chemistry (1914) 304.

* Weigert, F., Die chemische Wirkung des Lichts, Sammlung Chem. u.
Chem.-Tech. Vortrége 17 (1911-12) 183-296.

SI cy soapy yh pe eels BAR i bai aR ES
i

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 3

VAN AMSTEL’S WORK ON ELODEA

An attempt has been made by van Amstel *® to determine the
effect of temperature on the assimilation of carbon dioxide, when
light is not a limiting factor. The plant used was Elodea. From
experiments performed at temperatures of 24° and 36° C. with
various intensities of light, van Amstel concluded that increasing
the light beyond 2,000 Hefner-candles had no effect on the rate
of assimilation.

A series of experiments was then performed with a light
intensity of 2,482 Hefner-candles and temperatures of 24°, 36.5°,
40°, 42°, and 45°. At 36.5° the injurious effects of high tem-
peratures apparently had not set in, but they were very evident
at temperatures above 40°. From the curve showing the assimi-
lation of carbon dioxide with increasing temperatures, van Amstel
obtained a value of 1.26 for the temperature coefficient between
24° and 34°.

Concerning this coefficient she says:

Now, at such temperatures for most of the physiological prucesses a
higher temperature-coefficient is found. As a rule this even amounts to a
value between 2 and 3, as in most chemical processes. By this circum-
stance it becomes very improbable that we really did determine the velocity
of the assimilation-process itself.

‘Her chief reason for the above statement apparently is found.
in the deviation of the temperature coefficient from the van’t.
Hoff ratio. Since, as we have shown, it is to be expected that
the coefficients of photosynthesis are low, her objection fails. As:
a matter of fact, her experimental data show remarkably good
agreement with one another, as is shown in Table I, in which we
have added to the data in her summary * the corresponding tem-
perature coefficients. In this and all succeeding determinations
of temperature coefficients the following formula, given by
Kanitz,” has been used:

log Q,,.=10 (log K,—log K,)

t.—f.
in which oes

@,,=temperature coefficient for an interval of 10° C.
K,=rate observed at temperature t,
K,=rate observed at temperature ¢,.

* Van Amstel, J. E., On the influence of temperature on the CO--assimila-
tion of Helodea canadensis, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neérl. 13 (1916) 1-29.

* Op. cit. 25.

* Quoted by Denny, F. E., Bot. Gazette 62 (1916) 156.

4 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

TABLE 1.—Velocities of assimilation of carbon diowide at different temper-
atures (van Amstel, Table VI) and the oe temperature
coefficients calculated for 10° C.

Temperature coef-

Velocity of assimilation at— ficient Quo.

24° C. | 86.5°C. | 40°C. |24°-36.5°} 36. 5°-40°

Minutes, | Milligrams oxygen per minute,

3 200 278 293 1.30 116

9 200 282 306 1.31 1, 26
15 200 265 |. 303 1.25 1.46
21 200 274 235 1,28 11
27 200 264 246 oe foe

Aversion Sh 1.23 1.25

BLACKMAN AND SMITH’S WORK ON ELODEA
Blackman and Smith "* have performed two experiments with
Elodea, which are interesting in this connection. These experi-
ments are summarized in our Table 2.

TABLE 2.—Summary af experiments D and E Ks Blackman and Smith on

Elodea. |
Carbon di-| Carbon di-
Initial Final | oxide assi-| oxide assi-
Experiment. temper- | temper- |milation at'milation at
ature, | ature. |initial tem-| final tem-
perature. | perature.
bei °C. Grams. Grams.
RENE Sa ES a eS 7 21 0.0115 0. 0252
We ee ee a eae e ane 13 21 0.0177 0. 0226

In the first case the rate of assimilation was determined at 7°; .
then the temperature was raised to 21°, and another deter-
mination was made. The second experiment was similar to the
first, the temperatures in this case being 13° and 21°. The light
was the same throughout. Blackman and Smith in discussing
these experiments say:

By experiment D we have established 0.0115 as the “specific temperature
maximum” for the temperature of 7° C. and by E the value of 0.0177 for
the temperature of 13° C,

* Blackman, F. F., and Smith, A. M., Experimental researches on vege-
table assimilation and respiration. IX.—On assimilation in| submerged
water-plants: ‘and its relation to the concentration of carbon dioxide and
other factors, Proc. Roy. Soe. London B 83 ak ae ae 389,

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 5

From these figures the authors calculated that the coefficient
of increase for 10° was 2.05. This coefficient, those calculated
from van Amstel’s data, and the coefficients from the experi-
ments of Blackman and Smith are brought together in Table 3.
The steady fall in the coefficients as higher temperatures are
reached is similar to that usually shown by vital phenomena.
However, the coefficients are much smaller than those generally
shown by physiological processes. The coefficients between tem-
peratures of 13° and 40° are within the range of those for photo-
chemical reactions. Table 3 shows that if the results were in
the form of a curve the limits within which photochemical
coefficients would hold could be extended, somewhat, in both
directions.

TABLE 3.—Coefficients of increase in the rate of carbon dioxide assimila-
tion in Elodea with rises in temperature.

[All coefficients are calculated on the basis of a rise of 10° C.J

Range of
——_ roan Calculated from data of—
ature. ?
°C.
7-13 2.05 | Blackman and Smith, p. 402.
7-21 1.75 | Blackman and Smith, pp. 400, 401.
18-21 1.35 Do.
24-36. 5 1.28 | Van Amstel.
36. 5-40 1.25 Do.
a

These experiments suggest that the temperature coefficients
for photosynthesis in Elodea bear about the same relation to
photochemical ratios that those of most vital phenomena do to
the van’t Hoff principle.

THE WORK OF KREUSLER ON RUBUS FRUTICOSUS

The work of Kreusler has been much quoted as showing the
relation between temperature and assimilation. These papers
are not available. Pfeffer ** gives a curve showing the results.
From this curve the coefficients for the rate of increase in assimi-
lation have been calculated on the basis of a rise in temperature
of 10°. The numbers may be slightly different from what they
would have been if based on the actual figures, but they are
certainly accurate enough for our purposes. The results are

* Pfeffer, W., Physiology of plants, 2d ed., translated by A. J. Ewart
(1900) 337.

6 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

given in Table 4. They are of the same order of magnitude as
those for Hlodea.

TABLE 4.—Coefficients of increase in the rate of carbon dioxide assimila-
tion in Rubus fruticosus with rises in temperature (data of Kreusler).

Tempera-
f ; ture -
Tempera- | Assimila- | cients cal-
ture. tion. | culated for
10° inter-
vals.
°C.
2.3 QS 2 Aa
7.65 12 2.9
11.3 9.9 2.3
15.8 11.5 14
25.0 12.2 1.07
RES ha 1.35

‘
4 Figures for assimilation were obtained by interpolation from curve, and were corrected
for respiration.

The coefficients with temperatures from 11.3° to 15.5° and
from 15.5° to 25° are within the limits for photochemical reac-
tions. The coefficient for the total range from 7.5° to 25° is 1.35,
which is well within the limits for photochemical processes. The
coefficient for the range between 15.8° and 25° is 1.07.

According to Matthaei** the greater part of the long and
detailed investigation of Kreusler was devoted to a single shoot
of Rubus. <A part of her discussion is as follows (p. 51):

If all the amounts of assimilation given in his paper be plotted out
(fig. 1) in their chronological order, without regard to the temperatures,
a curve is obtained, which is well worth detailed consideration. The general
character is most decidedly that of a progressive fall in the amount of the
assimilation, notwithstanding that the various temperatures occur in no
particular order, but quite capriciously, and that the same temperature
is often repeated. Thus, in this series, the amount of assimilation per-
formed by the Rubus branch was largely a function of the time during
which the experiment had lasted, and was not purely dependent on the
temperature.

If this criticism is valid the work of Kreusler indicates a co-
efficient near 1.0 for a much larger range of temperatures than
between 15.5° and 25°. In Matthaei’s curve variations in tem-
peratures between 11° and 25° appear to have little if any effect

* Matthaei, G. L. C., Experimental researches on vegetable assimilation

and respiration, III. On the effect of temperature on carbon-dioxide
assimilation, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 197 (1905) 47-105.

FE | OO NP ELE EE eNO neat ese ine corer eR MEN RNOA Pen EOS veer CaPN Non ten aee sie S STSNS

ve

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 7

on the assimilation, while the apparent effect of time is most
marked in the latter experiments, which were with temperatures
above 25° and where there is a decline in the rate of assimilation.

THE WORK OF PRJANISCHNIKOW ON TYPHA

The observation of Prjanischnikow * that the rate of assimila-
tion in Typha latifolia in direct sunlight did not change with
temperatures between 9.5° and 39° C. is in harmony with the
results of the experiments previously mentioned. In diffused
light he found a change in rate at different temperatures. The
figures are not given in the review. The results from the ex-
periments in direct sunlight indicate a temperature coefficient of
about 1.0.

THE WORK OF LUBIMENKOW

Lubimenkow “ has determined the carbon dioxide assimilation
of five conifers and three deciduous trees at varying angles to
direct sunlight and at temperatures of 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 38° C.
No details concerning his method are given in the article quoted,
but there are enough discrepancies in individual series to indicate
that the experimental error was great. The average temperature
coefficient calculated for the twenty-eight experiments for the
interval 20°-30° C. was 1.4; for 25°-35° C. it was much lower.

THE WORK OF MATTHAEI ON CHERRY LAUREL

Matthaei ** made an extensive study of the relation of temper-
ature to carbon dioxide assimilation in the leaves of cherry
laurel, Prunus laurocerasus, garden variety rotundifolia; and
reached the conclusion that if sufficient light and carbon dioxide
were present the assimilation increased rapidly with increas-
ing temperature between the limits —6° C. and +37° C. In
a subsequent paper Blackman ** calculated that the ratio of in-
crease in assimilation as expressed in Matthaei’s curve for the
10° rise in temperature between 9° and 19° is 2.1. The state-
ments that the van’t Hoff principle applies to photosynthesis are

* Reviewed by Batalin in Bot. Jahresbericht 4 (1876) 897; see also
Famintzin, A., in Ann. Sei. Nat. Bot. VI 10 (1880) 67-80.

* Lubimenkow, W., Variations de l’assimilation chlorophyllienne avec
la lumiére et la temperature, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 143 (1906) 609.
- * Matthaei, G. L. C., Experimental researches on vegetable assimilation
and respiration. III. On the effect of temperature on carbon-dioxide
assimilation, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 197 (1905) 47-105.

* Blackman, F. F., Optima and limiting factors, Ann. Bot. 19 (1905)
281-295.

8 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

usually based on these figures. Kanitz** holds that Matthaei’s
results show a temperature coefficient approximately that of the
van’t Hoff principle between 0° and 37° C.

The experiments of Matthaei apparently were done with great
care, and the leaf temperatures and carbon dioxide absorption
were measured with a high degree of accuracy. Measurements
of light were much less exact, but Matthaei believed that the
amounts used in the critical experiments were great enough so
that light was not a limiting factor. The sources of light
were two kinds of gas burners. Her unit light intensity was
a small and arbitrary one, and no measure of its actual inten-
sity is given. In a foot note Matthaei*' gives the following
discussion of the measurements of light:

All the intensities of light subsequently used are expressed in terms of
this unit intensity by making due allowance for alterations in distance and
differences in the burners employed. Of course with a compound source
of light such as an incandescent mantle, such a comparison of intensities
makes no pretense to accuracy, but may serve as a rough guide to the
relative amounts of light necessary for maximal assimilation at various
temperatures, and is absolutely necessary for convenience of reference.

It will soon also be made clear that knowledge of the exact intensity
of light being used is not of critical importance in these investigations.

Some of the irregularities, which will be noted later, may be
due to inexact measurements of light; but the general concord-
ance of the results indicates that the measurements were fairly
accurate. We believe, however, that errors in interpretation
are responsible for the idea that the rate of assimilation in-
creases rapidly for rises in temperature between 3° and 33° C.
The rises in temperature were accompanied by increased inten-
sities of light, and the latter factor appears to account for the
changes in rate of assimilation.

The results of the experiments of Matthaei are given at the end
of her paper in eleven tables.2? The first deals with respira-
tion and the others with photosynthesis. Tables II to IV con-
tain experiments performed with unit intensity of light and at
various temperatures. Each experiment usually consisted of
from three to five readings. In these, as in the other tables,

* Kanitz, A., Uber den Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Kohlendioxyd-
Assimilation, Zeitschr. Elektrochemie 11 (1905) 689-90.

= Op. cit. 59.

* Since’ it will be necessary in this paper to make frequent reference to
Matthaei’s tables as well as to our own, we shall designate the former by
Roman numerals, as in the original text, the latter by Arabic numerals.

,

Lid

qe

XI, C, 1

Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation

a9

the experimental data are given in full, and the results are
calculated on the basis of real assimilation for 50 square centi-

meters of leaf and for one hour.

The results of these three

tables are summarized in Table 5 of the present paper, and
plotted in fig. 1. The numbers from each table are plotted

separately.
Temperature,
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
z
8
sg
i 4 able ace
= 20 -
* he
it
10 ir a asd Beak ae na 3 pai
=]
2
E A

Fic. 1. Relation of carbon dioxide assimilation and temperature at unit light intensity.

TABLE 5.—Assimilation experiments at low and medium temperatures with
unit intensity of light (Matthaei, Tables I-IV).

Average
COzassimi-}
Table Experiment No. ap Beer By = tly prawn ak
50 sq. cms.
na We, and 1 hour.
1912. oC, Grams.
WF Soot aa ee Jan. 29 14.4 5| 0.00282
Wide. cs ce eee a on Jan. 30 13.0 4} 0.00274
bY See aa eer ee Vi ee Jan. 25 25.7 4! 0.00307
With ee ee re Jan. 23 29.1 4} 0.00284
Oh i se Feb. 1 33.1 2| 0.00285
a a ie Feb. 8 5.5 3| 0.00285 .
Ms a de io sk ask Scams Feb. 7 10.1 3| 0.00282
Wee, eM avd cc ieGeh ide tike ge wl ees Feb. 6 10.2 3} 0,00268
Is aes lig gio gee ed Feb. 11 14.0 2| 0.0026
ME i eats ia cect eat i Feb. 5 14.2 3| 0.00348
ew ae i gees og rs oS cee’ Feb. 10 25.0 3 0. 00827
8 eee er Ome Mar. 1 —6.0 2) 0.00038
eee gs os a Feb. 24 —8.6 3| 0.00093
MAY gis eke is. gcd Feb. 17 —1.5 3| 0.00105
pe 4s | ee ee ke ot OR ane eae Feb. 20 —1.0 3] 0.00143
dt eae UE a a se Feb. 27 41 3} 0.00202
MYT ks lnpsideet ess seekeralis ss Mar. 2 +2 3| 0.00242
EVE a ae ein Feb. 13 +2.4 3| 0.0026
ee oo ae ee ete Mar. 7 3.6 3} 0.00285
yo SUBIR Speke ean sa SL aM Mar. 4 8.8 2} 0.00297
Oia Cte te lS ee Mar. 7 9.1 3| 0.0029

10 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

The figure is similar to that given by Matthaei (p. 65) and
shows that as the temperature rises from —6° to +3° there is
a rapid increase in the rate of assimilation. Beyond this point
the rate is increased very little if at all by higher temperatures.
In regard to this part of the curve Matthaei (p. 6, par. 4) says:

Individual differences in the readings of any one series are hardly
greater than the experimental error obtained in the actual experiments.

The part of the curve below 3° shows very much higher co-
efficients than would be called for according to the van’t Hoff
principle. At these temperatures many plant processes are just
coming into activity. Under such conditions it would not be
surprising to find that a general ratio would not hold for any
particular function. The present discussion will be confined to
temperatures between 3° and 33° C., where it is believed that the
results of Matthaei show little or no increase in the rate of
assimilation with rises in temperature.

The next series of experiments mentioned by Matthaei deal
with light intensities of one, two, four, and six units with va-
rious temperatures. The details are given in Table V of her
publication, and are summarized in Table VI. Her summary is
copied in our Table 6.

TABLE 6.—“Summary of the experiments in Table V setting forth the
ratios of the assimilation with the different intensities of light.”
(Matthaei Table VI.)

Real assimilation 50 ag. cms. in 1 hour.

Experiment No. Date. nant Light intensity.
We ee ee See
1 2. 4. 6.

1902. 2 Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
BEVEL oie eae ea May 3 O58.t- D001 1. 0, 00RD fie scc soo eo os
SEF 2. ee: Apr.12-13} 8.8| 0.00225] 0.00885 |._......__}..-. 2...
RRR eos Ss Rae ee Apr.13-1 9.2.1.0. 00206 | ocacctacc. 0. 00865 |... 2.2.

oS & ¢ UAaere tae Bret. sreen tee et Apr. 25 1a.s. 0.0082. 4 0. 00465 | 0.00605
RAGAN 255504 ose Utebna asc gee Apr. 26 11.4 | 0.0022 0. 0081S fo 5. 6, cee al
MASE 32 5 ae ae Apr.24- fi on SAAR RAE 0.00465 |........--

MAMAN wlll Aes Apr. 29 26. 2.\:- 0, 00216. j.52 35208. 0.00615 | 0.0063
2) © % Samet Mum mae ae ees Fels Apr. 30 8 SNe 0. OUR ee
{ A 305... ete. Ce Apr.19- 24.8.) 0. 00186.}...2 Ga5 0.00485 j........--

* This figure does not appear in Matthaei’s Table V.

The column for unit light intensity shows, as did the previous
_ experiments, that with this light there was no change in the rate
of assimilation with the temperatures that were above 3° C.

w= Ss ull Pe

ee

Pera ee ea ee ee
‘
. iJ

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 11

The rate of assimilation is much less than in the former ex-
periments with the same intensity of light. This difference is —
emphasized by Matthaei and apparently is due to the time of the
year, the former experiments having been performed much
earlier, as will be seen from-the dates given in the tables.

The column for light intensity of two units shows a higher
rate of assimilation than that for one unit. There is, however,
no difference in the rate for different temperatures above 0.4°.

The results with light intensity of four units are not so clear.
The two determinations at 11.4° and the one at 24.8° are very
similar, being respectively .00465 and .00485. The figure for
25.2° is .00615. Evidently there must be a considerable experi-
mental error either in the result for 24.8° or for 25.2°, as a rise
of 0.4° can hardly account for the difference in the results.
Matthaei discards the figure for 24.8° because (footnote p. 27)
the results in experiment 36 for light intensities of one and four
units “are far too small in comparison with the other experi-
ments.” However, the results for one unit are well within the
limits of experimental error indicated in Table I. The rates of
assimilation for temperatures of 9.2° and 11.4° are also very
different. It will be seen that the figure for light intensity of
four units at 9.2° is less than for light intensity of two units
at 8.8°. The results for light intensity of four units are plotted
in fig. 2. The form of the curve seems to show that the results
are such that no reliable conclusions can be drawn from them.
If the figures for 11.4° and 24.8° are correct, there is very little
or no rise in the rate of assimilation; if the results for 9.2° and
25.2° are reliable, there is a considerable rise. As the measure-
ments of light were not exact, it is possible that the irregularities
in the results are due to differences in the intensity of light.
It will be noted that experiments 13 and 14 (Table 1) at 14.2°
and 14.0° with unit light intensity show very different results.
In this case, however, there are enough other experiments to
show that the results are due to experimental error.

The discussion of the results with light intensities of four units
is important, because it is by them that Matthaei attempts to
prove that light was not a limiting factor in obtaining her result
for assimilation at a temperature of 9°. The figures for light
intensity of four units should be judged by their relation to the
general results. In no other case will it be necessary to call into
question the reliability of any figure to show that Matthaei did
not eliminate the probability of light being a controlling factor
at any temperature between 3° and 33°.

There were two determinations of assimilation with light in-

12 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

tensity of six units, one at 11.4° and the other at 25.2°. The
figure for 25.2° is slightly higher than for 11.4°. An examina-
tion of our Table 5 will show that the percentage of increase is
within the possible limits of experimental error. The coefficient
for a-rise of 10° as calculated from these figures is 1.17.

We will now examine Matthaei’s argument more in detail.

Temperature.

5 /0 15 20 25

60

50

40

Carbon dioxide assimilation in tenths of milligrams.

Fic. 2. Results of Matthaei with four units of light.

The following quotation * gives Matthaei’s point of view in
regard to light in her experiments:

The limiting assimilation maximum, fixed directly by any given temper-

ature, can then only be arrived at when the light is adequate for the
decomposition of the amount of CO; in question, and when, also, of course,
that amount of CO, is freely available. Therefore, to reach these maxima
for the higher temperatures, more light must be employed, and the evidence
that is to be looked for to show that the limit is reached, and that the
light really is sufficient, will be of the nature of showing that, at the given
temperature, increase of light no longer augments the assimilation.

In this paper an attempt will first be made to show that in her
work she has not proved that the limit was reached, and after-
wards to demonstrate that the increase which she finds in the
rate of assimilation is largely or entirely due to changes in the
intensity of the light. Matthaei’s proof that light was not a

* Op. cit., p. 68, par. 3.

nie ioe a “s
no A Sa aa IE

xu, C,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 13

limiting factor in the critical experiments begins as follows (p. 70,
par. 2): .

When the intensity is doubled, the assimilation at 0.4° C. is unaltered,
but an increase is produced at the other temperatures, numbers almost
identical being obtained for all of these.

The temperature is below that which we are considering. It

-may be said, however, that with unit intensity of light the result

at 0.4° is very similar to those obtained at all higher temperatures
and so is greater than would be expected from the more complete
results recorded in Table 1 and plotted in fig.1. This figure shows
an increase in assimilation of considerably more than 50 per cent
between 0.4° and 3.6°. Doubling the intensity of light did,
however, increase this apparently too high result in Table 2 for
unit intensity of light at 0.4°.
The paragraph, under discussion, continues:

When four times the light is used we find a similar phenomenon. The
assimilation at 9° C. is no greater than that corresponding to twice the
light, for the temperature exerts its limiting effect and the leaf can
assimilate no more. At 11° C. a higher number is obtained, which, however,

- is not so great as that obtained at 25° C., showing that the leaf can make

use of more light than is given by L. In. = 2, but it cannot use all that
of Li’ Im 4,

The above conclusion is reached by discarding the figure for
light intensity of four units and 24.8° and regarding those at
9.2° and 25° as accurate. If the single low figure at 9.2° is
not reliable, her argument fails. It has already been shown that
these figures cannot be regarded as reliable enough to have
positive conclusions drawn from them.

The percentage of increase between the figure for 9.2° and the
one for 11.4° and four units of light is, moreover, within the
possible limits of experimental error indicated in our Table 5,
experiments 13 and 14. Such differences are probably not due
to errors in measuring the carbon dioxide absorbed, but might
well be due to variations in leaves and light. Under such con-
ditions one experiment is certainly not a sufficient basis for
conclusions,

Continuing Matthaei says:

Sixfold light gives practically the same results as fourfold shal for 11°
C., showing that the maximum has been attained.

If the percentage of increase is calculated it will be found that
at 11.4° raising the light from one to two units, or 100 per cent,
increased the assimilation 70 per cent; raising the light from

14 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

two to four units, or 100 per cent, increased the assimilation
24 per cent; raising the light from four to six units, or 50 per
cent, increased the assimilation 8.6 per cent. This certainly
shows that at 11°, four units is not the maximum amount of light
that the leaf could use in assimilation. Nor is there any proof
that the maximum was attained with six units of light, for
throughout Matthaei’s experiments there is for each increase in
light intensity a rise in assimilation ; but this is, per unit of light,
progressively smaller.

In Matthaei’s curve the difference in the results obtained by
increasing the light from two to four units at 11°, over those
caused by a rise from four to six units, is exaggerated by a mis-
placement of the points for these figures.

In view of the fact that four units of light are certainly not the
maximum that the plant can use at 11.4°, it seems hardly reason-
able to suppose that two units could have been at 9°, as is assumed
to be the case by Matthaei on the basis of her apparently unreli-
able figures for four units.

The figures which we have just discussed for 9° and 11.4° are
used by Matthaei for the lower temperatures above 0.0° in con-
structing her final curve. Before considering the figures for the
higher temperatures, we will take up the results with light
intensity of eight units. These are given in Table VII of the
original publication, and are summarized in Table 7 of the present
paper. :

TABLE 7.—“Assimilation experiments at medium and high temperatures
with light of eightfold intensity (L. In.=8). Two ordinary incandes-
cent burners at low gas pressure.” (Matthaei, Table VII.) -

Assimila-
Experiment No. Date. tana tue

8q. cms.

1903 be a Grams.
SERVE cis. eget 3 ihe ates spe ped oe Mar: 4:55.05:. 02:2. 11.0 0. 0072
AA RV ELL. -tsisicy oo ee Ot ea ce Soaks pee au cake Jan. 29 and 30 __- 25.4 0.0128
MORON 20k. Rs ee ne Jan. 31 fame 25.3 0.0125

Bei on oc SUE ce re Pen 4 ae 32.1 0.01295
Medak oui soo ccee sd abhguuciuse cca eeu ear a sie yaa cing Peb. § scastaacced 32,2 0.0130
MRM oS es SAR aa a eee age eee Pet. 2 22. 38.3 0.0115
PRE oi Sy oe o's oct ele ek ee cae A Web. 3... see 38.3 0.0130
PEERY oun alee. 2c cous secue uN ee ted ee Feb. 3 2.32 sec 40.9 0.0078
DEW eo iGee ssh oi 2 See caee ree: ee ee Feb. 10.2222 40.9 0. 0080
Bh J hes NYS Siren een eo Nis coecnine SUL eA SET arg a Web. 8 2255552 42.9 0.0040
NER oe Se i a ee Pete? Sc 42.9 0. 00855

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide. Assimilation 15

These experiments were not used in Matthaei’s final curve for
assimilation at different temperatures. With the exception of
the first one they were performed in the last part of January or
early in February, when the leaves were more active than at
the time of the experiments on which the final curve is based.
Varying the temperature between 25.3° and 38.3° seems to have
had no appreciable effect on the rate of assimilation. Higher
temperatures were detrimental. The figure for 11.0° is lower
than for temperatures between 25.4° and 38.3°. This can readily
be explained as due to differences in the seasonal activity of the
leaves. Matthaei (p. 83, par. 5) says:

The maximal assimilation of a leaf at 30° C. might be .0240 gramme in
February, and in April be .0136 gramme, but a reduction in temperature
to 11° C. would cause the same proportionate decrease in both cases.

No evidence for the correctness of the latter statement is given.
There is, then, no reason for assuming, as Matthaei does, that
with eightfold intensity of light there is a rise in the rate of
assimilation between temperatures of 11° and 25°. These ex-
periments, indeed, agree with all of the previous ones in which
reliance can be placed, in showing that with a given intensity
of light, variations in the temperature above 3° produced no ap-
preciable effect.

We will now consider the figures for higher temperatures in
Matthaei’s curve. These are presented in Table XI of her pub-
lication and are summarized in Table 8 of the present paper.
They are copied in greater detail than any of the previous ex-
periments, as the figures for assimilation at 37.5° and 40.5°
decrease markedly with each successive reading. The results for
37.5° will be discussed later. The still higher temperature,
40.5°, is evidently harmful and of no interest here.

The first figure is that for 15°. Matthaei’s discussion of this
point is as follows (p. 78, par. 7):

Experiment LVI., 15° C.—The intensity of the light employed in this
experiment was thirteen times unit intensity. The lowest temperature of
the bath attainable was 11° C. (that of running water at that time of
year), and, in consequence, the excess of light must not be great enough
to raise the temperature of the leaf more than 4° C.

Under these conditions the leaf decomposed .00703 gramme CO. per
hour. Now it will be seen that in Experiment XXXVII, at 11° C., the

intensity of the light used was eight times unit intensity, i. e., a little

more than half that available in this experiment. The amount of CO.

per hour was, however, .0072 gramme, and therefore this leaf
at 15° C. must be exposed to nearly twice the light necessary for the
assimilation which it has actually performed.

16 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
TABLE 8.—Eaperiments showing assimilation at temperatures between 15°
C. and 40° C. (Matthaei, Table XI.)
A t aeilation.
2 pparen ira-| _™
Experiment No. Date. bobo Noman Area. eae ton per nei ang
ture. | ty. hour. hour. | om. and 1
hour.
1903. Sq. cm.| Grams. | Grams Grams.
00 1 CIR ears
$s fee BU Apr.6 | 15.0 ESV oto eal ie as
ee eres eee ed
8 pena Ei Sedat, BS
0.00485 | 90.00035 | 0.00705
Sy ae ees Da
_ S SRee Se
LV «patie eaeantecatia Apr. 4 23.7 26} 42.0 | can oo oe
Sr CON {eS ee
a 30.0076 | 30.0009 | 20.0101
pa es Rees 0.0157
ic Be Spire pens “acl nope
BVI osc uesddecasi wandering ‘Apr.3 | 30.5 45} 46.0 [sas Sfteseh, Teme ee
Dn eee ee eee
0.01135 | 20,00115 | 30,0136
oh tae ee ail 0.0287
0.0106 ;
Tk ee ee es Apr.7 | 37.5 45| 36.0 fe 3
0.0059 |...
20.0100 | 20.0019 | 0.0163
O.00e. f22a77 AL: 0.0149
C00 biccce soilfac si nto ts
CS Se eee Apr.9 | 40.5 45) 38.5 fe SROk aes
4S ee pra Coad Pron
20.0063 | 20,0016 | 90.0102
® Mean values per hour.

In Table 9 the two experiments are compared. In experi-
ment 37 the temperature is lower and the light less intense than
in experiment 56, while the assimilation is slightly greater.
The difference in temperature between these two experiments
would, according to Matthaei’s final curve, account for an
increase in assimilation from 48 to 70 milligrams of carbon
dioxide. Then, according to Matthaei’s argument (p. 79), if the .
leaf were “exposed to nearly twice the light necessary for the —
assimilation which it has actually performed,” it was also ©
exposed to a higher temperature than was necessary for this
assimilation. Obviously, the only conclusion that can be drawn
from a comparison of these experiments is that the leaf used
in experiment 56, performed in April, was less active than the
one used in experiment 37, done in March. :

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 17

TABLE 9.—Comparison of experiments 56 and 87 of Matthaei.

Tem- | Light 7
No. of experiment. Date. per- | inten- ey <a
ature. | sity. i

°C.
9 SPA Gis. SMR ES DL TAP GE SS yO eh ELS OT BS el Oe RR Ret at Mar. 4 ll 8 0.0072
SG uwieabcd apt apuage aml cp garg eared ise Ps a ways blac bo wewe Apr, 6 15 13 0. genet

Matthaei uses a similar argument ae a aaa of 23.7°
(p. 80, par. 3):

The value of the assimilation is .0101 gramme per hour, less than the
amount (.0128) induced in Experiment XXXVIII., Table VII., by one-third
the light. Here again, therefore, there is no doubt that we are dealing
with the maximal assimilation for 23°.7 C.

Experiment 57 was performed in April, and 38 in January,
when the leaves are known to be much less active. If the latter
experiment is plotted with Matthaei’s final curve, in which the
former is used, the point for experiment 38 will be found to
be considerably above the curve, showing that the argument
for experiment 57 contains exactly the same fallacy as that
for experiment 56.

Matthaei’s reasoning in the case of a temperature of 30.5°
is as follows (p. 80, par. 5):

To show that here the assimilation is maximal we must turn to the
experiments in Table VIII. There the leaf chamber was in exactly the
same position in the bath, the same burners were used, but were placed
several millimeters further away. The value of the assimilation induced
by this less intense light was, however, .0249 gramme per hour, showing
that the light employed in the present experiment would have been
sufficient to produce more assimilation than this, and therefore the value
of .0136 gramme per hour must represent the maximal assimilation at this
temperature.

Here we have a comparison between experiments performed
in April and in February. The fallacy is obvious from the dis-
cussion of experiments 56 and 57.

We have seen that Matthaei has failed to show that light was
not a limiting factor in any of her experiments with temper-
atures between 3° and 33.5°. We will now inquire into the
effect of light in these experiments. In fig. 3 all of the assimi-
lation values obtained with temperatures within the above
limits, in Tables 6 and 8, are plotted with reference to light
intensity. These tables contain all of the numbers used by
Matthaei-in plotting this part of her final curve. In fig. 3 they

146016——2

18 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

are plotted independently of temperature, but the temperature
at which the experiment or experiments were performed is placed
beside each point. The curve passes very near the point
that represents the three similar values obtained with a light
intensity of four units and about midway between the other
two values. At light intensity of six units it is drawn between
the two figures for assimilation. The results give a smooth
curve, which shows that with each increase in light intensity
there is a rise in assimilation, but a rise that is less and less
per unit of light for each increase. This would indicate at once

Light intensities.

0 20 30 +0

a p30.5*

ae

Ss
%

Carbon dioxide assimilation in milligrams.

Fic. 3. Relation of light intensity and carbon dioxide assimilation in cherry laurel.

that we might be dealing with a curve of light and not of temper-
ature. The highest rise for a given change in light intensity
is obtained when the light is increased from one to two units.
This rise is certainly independent of temperature.

It may be noted that a curve for different light intensities
between 1 and 26, at a temperature of 24°, would be exactly
the same as that in fig. 3 for the same intensities of light.
The figures for light intensity of one, two, and twenty-six units
would be the same, while the actual figure in Table 2 for light
intensity four and 24.8° C. would be exactly on the curve. An
— of fig. 3 shows that the other numbers would fall
in line.

The whole curve in fig. 3 is apparently the same as a curve
for different light intensities at 30.5°. In Table 5 it was shown
that with unit intensity of light, increasing the temperature

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 19

from 3.6° to 33.1° had no appreciable effect on assimilation.
Therefore, we may assume that the value of unit intensity of
light at 30.5° would be the same as in fig. 3. An examination
of Table 6 indicates that this would also hold for light intensity
of two units. It is probable that the intermediate points would
also be the same.

Since the curve for the different light intensities at the highest
temperature would, apparently, be the same as that in fig. 3, we
would seem to be justified in assuming that the different rates
of assimilation, shown in fig. 3, are due to changes in the inten-
sity of the light; and that temperature was nowhere a limiting
factor.

An examination of Tables 5 to 7 will show that with a constant
intensity of light and temperatures above 3° the coefficient of
increase in assimilation with a rise of temperature of 10° is
1.00 or slightly more than this for the three series with unit
intensity of light (fourteen experiments) in Table 5, for light
intensitiy of eight units (six experiments between 25.3° and
38.30°) in Table 7, and for one (six experiments) and two
(three experiments) units in Table 6. The two figures in Table
6 for six units give a coefficient of 1.17. The highest and lowest
values for assimilation with four units in Table 6 show a coef-
ficient of 1.38; although, as we have seen, the figures on which
this is based cannot be regarded as reliable, and the coefficient
probably should be lower. The above coefficients are within
the range that would be expected for a photochemical reaction.

With increasing light intensities the rise in assimilation per
unit of light was less and less, indicating that the reaction veloc-
ity is not directly proportional to the light intensity. That this
is in agreement with the results of Pantanelli** on Elodea is
very apparent, if the values are taken from his curve in
Table IV.

These results are quite in keeping with those of nonvital
photochemical reactions, many of which show great deviations *
from a direct proportionality between light intensity and reac-
tion velocity. Increasing the light increased the assimilation
but apparently had little or no effect on the temperature coef-
ficients. With continued increases in light intensity we ap-
parently must reach a point where rises in the rate of assimi-

* Pantanelli, E., Abhangigkeit der Sauerstoffausscheidung belichteter
Pflanzen von Ausseren Bedingungen, Jahrb. Wiss. Botanik 39 (1904),
167—228. .

* Weigert, F., Die chemischen Wirkungen des Lichts, Sammlung Chem.-
Techn. Vortriige 17 (1912) 264.

2) The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

lation are too slight to be measured, although, theoretically, they
may occur. Reinke ** and Pantanelli** both found a light inten-
sity, about equal to direct insolation, beyond which further
increases in illumination augmented assimilation very little or
not at all., There is, however, no reason to believe that at such
intensities the order of the temperature coefficients would be
changed. The low coefficient obtained by van Amstel with light
of such high intensity that further increase in illumination
caused no measurable increase in assimilation is in harmony
with this view. A photochemical reaction, with such intensi-
ties of light, would still be photochemical and should show pho-
tochemical coefficients. It seems reasonable to assume, there-
fore, that the temperature coefficients for assimilation in cherry
laurel, for temperatures between 3° and 33° (and perhaps even
higher temperatures), is either 1.00 or a slightly larger figure,
rather than 2 or more.

- Tables VITI and IX in Matthaei’s publication deal with pre-
liminary experiments in which the temperature of the leaf was
not determined. These are not used by Matthaei in building
her curve and are of no interest here.

Table X is headed, “An experiment with a Keith high pressure
burner showing the unavoidable rise in the assimilation maxi-
mum that results, with each augmentation of the light intensity,
from the decided increase of internal leaf temperature that the
radiation produces, in spite of the bath temperature being kept
constant throughout.” The results of this table are summarized
in Table 10 of the present paper.

TABLE 10.—Summary of Sra’ X (Matthaei).

vei
Light milation
Experiment No. Date. Temper-| jiten.| Pet
ee ate. ature. ao per 50 sq.
ems., in
grams.
1903. ne, 8
18.5 | 18.5 0.0100
Mar. 12-15 ou. ----2..-.----.--... 15 9.25} 0.00685
13 4,75 0. 00555
13 4.15 0. 0059
LV pipe a pi De tera ueb set lw s0e pen PRR ee Bar Sh Mar. TB re ee See ee | 11 2.87 0.0039
il «4147 0.0024
Mae Se { ll 1.47 | 0.00305
li 0.73 0.00185

* Reinke, J., Untersuchungen iiber die Einwirkung des Lichtes und die
Sauerstoffausscheidung der Pflanzen, Bot. Zeit. 41 (1883) 697.
rr E., Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 39 (1904) 167-228.

ee as ee

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 21

The changes in velocity are readily explained as due to changes
in the intensity of the light. When the values for assimilation
are plotted with reference to light intensity they form a curve
similar to that in fig. 3.

Experiment 59 (Table 8) at a temperature of 37.5° and light
intensity of forty-five units, shows a marked increase in the rate
of assimilation over that shown in experiment 58 with the same
light and a temperature of 30.5°. Table 8 shows that the rate of
assimilation at 37.5° fell off very rapidly with successive read-
ings. This shows that at this temperature there are compli-
cating side reactions of considerable magnitude, so that it is not
to be expected that a photochemical ratio would hold. The im-
portance of side reactions will be shown in another connection.
Moreover, one experiment under extreme conditions cannot be
regarded as reliable when we consider the magnitude of the ex-
perimental error with medium temperatures. For the above
reasons we have thought it best not to attempt to draw any con-
clusion from the experiment at the temperature of 37.5°. It
is interesting to note that experiments 42 and 43 (Matthaei,
Table VII). with light intensity of eight units and temperature
of 38.3° do not show the decrease in the rate of assimilation that
is seen in experiment 59.

BLACKMAN AND MATTHAEI ON HELIANTHUS

The work of Blackman and Matthaei*’ has been quoted as
showing a high temperature coefficient for Helianthus. Their
statement is as follows:

For a rise of 10°, the increase with hatred is 2.1 [0.0038 at 9° and
0.0080 at 19° C.], while with Helianthus it is certainly bigger, perhaps
2.5, but we have not exact data yet for giving the coefficient a precise value.

The coefficient for cherry-laurel is based on Matthaei’s work,
which we have previously discussed. The only basis that we can
find for the one for Helianthus is a curve (in fig. 2, p. 414) that
represents the initial assimilation-maximum for Helianthus at
different temperatures. This curve is based on four figures
that they give on page 413. In Table 11 we have selected from
the full experiments the data on the readings mentioned. It will
be seen that the lowest temperature was obtained while it was
raining and the highest with brilliant sun. It is not evident why
the changes in the rate of assimilation cannot be explained as

* Blackman, F. F., and Matthaei, G. L. C., Vegetable assimilation and
respiration IV. A quantitative study of carbon-dioxide assimilation and
leaf-temperature in natural illumination, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 76
(1905) 402-460.

2? The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

due to variation in light intensity, especially since it is evident
from their individual experiments that fluctuations in light in-
tensity are accompanied by marked changes in assimilation.

TABLE 11.—Hxperiments of Blackman and Matthaei on Helianthus.

|
Tem- Pan : :
Experiment No. per- —_ Time. Light conditions.
ature. :
oc; a.m.
Neder, cess. cca h waervbereottac 2804 0.0000 | .66-18.00 | Raining
PF oii dh eshh ass aiuchiora nes J 20.8 | 0.0109 | 11.10-11.40 {|Cloud, haze.
20.6 Heavy cloud.
10.48, thin cloud.
WeBviciete oo Go a a ere 22.3 | 0.0131 pester nae 24 10.52, slight rain. |
; 1.00, cloud, haze.
DEV Pac csecuteecns rouse chuske nan eoe 30.0} 0.0290 | 8.5 - 9.5 Brilliant sun.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

Since carbon dioxide assimilation is effected by light, it is
to be expected that the temperature coefficients should have the
magnitude ascribed to photochemical, rather than that ascribed
to ordinary chemical, reactions. It should be emphasized that,
owing to side reactions, after effects, and other disturbing
factors, the exact determination of the temperature coefficients
even of comparatively simple photochemical reactions is very
difficult. For example, the photobromination of toluol was first
found ** to have a temperature coefficient of 1.85. It has been
shown,”* however, that this coefficient was merely the resultant
obtained from a combination of photochemical and ordinary
chemical reactions, the former having a low, the latter a com-
paratively high, coefficient.

From the above it is evident, that with so complicated a reaction
as carbon dioxide assimilation, the fact that the temperature
coefficient is within the limits of photochemical coefficients over
wide ranges of temperature is very significant.

A discussion of the temperature coefficient of carbon dioxide
assimilation, if all disturbing factors were removed, is in the
realms of speculation, but may be of interest. Plotnikow * has
shown that photochemical reactions can be arranged in three
groups in each of which all temperature coefficients are very
similar. From this he assumes that there are in reality only

* Bruner and Czarnecky, Bull. Acad. Sc. Cracovie (1910) 516, quoted
by Plotnikow, J., Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 78 (1911) 578.

* For a discussion of this point, see Plotnikow, loc. cit.

” Loc. cit.

ae eee ee

xu, c,1 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 23

three photochemical coefficients, and that these are 1.04-+-0.03,
1.20+0.03, and 1.39+0.03.

If carbon dioxide assimilation has one of these coefficients,
the work of Matthaei on cherry laurel and that of Prjanischnikow
on Typha, in direct sunlight, would indicate that it would be
1.04. The coefficient, 1.07 from Kreusler’s work on Rubus, for
temperatures between 15.5° and 25°, is in close agreement. The
coefficients for Hlodea are higher, but this may be due to insuf-
ficient data or complicating reactions.

Apparently, photochemical coefficients hold for lower tem-
peratures in cherry laurel than in Elodea. The low temperatures
at which they hold for the former plant may be connected with
the fact that this plant is an evergreen and that the experiments
were performed during the colder months of the year. In other
words, this plant apparently is adapted to carry on photosyn-
thesis in a normal manner at low temperatures. The following
statement made by Ewart * is interesting in this connection:

It appears that all evolution of oxygen ceases in tropical plants between
4° C, and 8° C., in warm temperate, subtropical, and water-plants between
0° C. and 2° C., whilst in cool temperate, arctic, and alpine plants assimila-
tion only ceases when the plants are frozen, i. e. at a few degrees below
0° C.

A summary of the temperature coefficients of carbon dioxide
assimilation calculated from the work discussed in this paper,
together with the temperature ranges over which they retain
the order of photochemical coefficients, is shown in Table 12. It
is evident that in many cases the limits could be greatly extended
in both directions, without bringing the coefficients outside the
range of photochemical, much less within the range of ordinary
chemical constants. We have, however, limited ourselves strictly
to the temperatures for which experimental data are at hand,
and in which there can be no doubt of the order of magnitude of
the coefficients.

It is not surprising that carbon dioxide assimilation should
show high coefficients at low temperatures, when we consider the
possibility of complicating side reactions and the very high ratios
shown by many physiological processes at similar temperatures.
Keeping in mind the possibility of side reactions, the different
methods employed by various investigators, and the correspond-
ing experimental errors, the lack of perfect agreement in the
coefficients listed above does not appear serious.

“Ewart, A. J., On assimilatory inhibition in plants, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 31 (1896) 401.

QA The Philippine Journal of Science

TABLE 12—Temperature coefficients of photosynthesis, having the order
of photochemical coefficients.

Range of temperature— |
In which Coeffi- °
photochemi-|. clas. Investigator. Plant studied.
Studied. cal coeffi-
cients are
valid.
bt OF °C,
—6to+40.5 | +3t038.3]- 10+ | Matthaei___.-._-.-.--.--..---.---. Cherry laurel.
+Tto 21 13 to 21 1.35 Blackman and Smith-.-____---__--- Elodea,
24to 45 24 to 40 1,26 Van Ainstdl 2.02 Alan A Do.
2.3to 46.4 | 11.3t025 1.16 Mereusler 2620 sce aigs aeeeccals Rubus fruticosus.
9.6to 389 9.5to39 1.9+7 | Prianischnikow <=... -<..<5.-s.es-3. Typha latifolia.

The coefficients that we have obtained for photosynthesis are
much smaller than those for most biological phenomena, since
the latter, at similar temperatures, have coefficients of the mag-
nitude required by the van’t Hoff principle. These coefficients
have been so thoroughly discussed that we need not consider
them here. For literature on this subject, see the introduction.

Much of the literature, including many of the minor papers
on the relation of temperature to photosynthesis, is not available
in Manila... Therefore, a discussion of all of the literature on
the subject is impracticable and will not be attempted. The
work here considered includes that usually quoted as showing
the relation between temperature and the rate of carbon dioxide
assimilation. The literature has been discussed in detail by
Matthaei and others. Such of it as is available is of no interest
in the present discussion, and the references at our disposal
indicate that this is true of the remainder.

The results of our analysis of the work discussed are remark-
ably consistent and seem to warrant the following conclusions:

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the work on carbon dioxide assimilation, here
discussed, show temperature coefficients of from 1.00 and 1.40
over long ranges of temperatures which are favorable for this
process. They are much smaller than those for most vital
phenomena, which at similar temperatures are generally held
to be of the order of magnitude required by the van’t Hoff
principle.

These coefficients are of the same order of magnitude as photo-
chemical coefficients, which is not surprising in view of the fact
that carbon dioxide assimilation is effected by light. |

ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT FIGURES

Fic. 1. Curves, showing the relation of carbon dioxide assimilation and
temperature at unit light intensity.
2. Curve, showing the results of Matthaei with four units of light.
3. Curve, showing the relation of light intensity and carbon dioxide
assimilation in cherry laurel.
25

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. Borany.
Vol. XII, No. 1, January, 1917.

THE ORIGIN AND DISPERSAL OF COCOS NUCIFERA

By O. Breccari
(Florence, Italy)

Having had the opportunity of meeting Mr. J. F. Rock
shortly after his trip to the Palmyra Islands I became much
interested in his account of the exceptional conditions which
he found in the flora of this small and isolated group. This
flora proves, at least as far as the phanerogams are concerned,
to be composed of an extraordinarily small number of species,
belonging to the common strand flora of the Malay Archipelago
and Polynesia, and of the coconut palm, which composes nearly
the whole of the forests that cover these islands.

The Palmyra Islands belong to the category of those un-
inhabited coral islands, covered with dense groves of coconut
palms, and of which Simmonds writes, as reported by O. F.
Cook,? “the ungathered nuts which have fallen year etter year,
lie upon the ground in incredible quantities.”

The special circumstances in which the Palmyra Islands are
placed; their coral origin; their isolation, consequent to the
great distance from any other land; the complete absence of
indigenous inhabitants; the want of drinking water; the absence
of any traces of economic plants that might suggest that they
had ever been inhabited; and the certainty that they are but
seldom visited either by fishermen or by any person who has |
tried to turn their wealth (which consists of the coconut solely)
into a source of profit—all these give me the occasion, in addition
to describing the peculiar characteristics of the coconut produced
in these islands,? to offer certain considerations of an evolu-
tionary and geographic nature, opposed to those which Mr. O. F.
Cook has advanced with much competence and erudition in his
two memoirs on the coconut palm.* Cook, in effect, sustains

* History of the coconut palm in America, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14
(1910) 298.

* Cocos nucifera Linn. forma palmyrensis Becc. in Rock, J. F., Palmyra
Island with a description of its flora, College of Hawaii Bull. 4 (1916) 1-53,
t. 1-20.

* The origin and distribution of the cocoa palm, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
7 (1901) 257-298; and History of the coconut palm in America, ibid. 14
(1910) 271-342. The first of these memoirs will be denoted by “I” in
this article; the second, by “II.”

OT) 46

28, ' The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

three principal theses, with which I entirely disagree. They
are:

1. That Cocos nucifera must have assumed its actual specific
characters upon the American continent, where it was found by
Polynesian navigators, who later diffused it among their own |
islands, from whence it passed at a still later date into the Malay
Archipelago and to the continent of Asia. :

2. That Cocos nucifera in Asia, Malaya, and Polynesia, as in
all other places where it is now found, can in no wise dispense
with man’s assistance and protection, without which it is inca-
pable of maintaining its existence on the sea coasts.

8. That the ocean currents cannot have been efficacious means
of its diffusion or be responsible for its wide distribution.

_ T have been the more induced to write these criticisms of Mr.

Cook’s assertions because this opinion of the American origin of
the coconut palm appears to have found favor with several scien- |
tific authorities, among them Hugo de Vries‘ and Geoffrey
Smith.’ :

IS THE COCONUT PALM OF SOUTH AMERICAN ORIGIN?

According to the thesis so ably and fully sustained by Cook,
Cocos nucifera cannot be of Asiatic, Polynesian, or Malayan
origin, but must be “a native of South America and carried west-
ward across the Pacific in prehistoric times;’ and its “original
home must be sought in some sheltered valley of the Equatorial
Andes.”

The old argument—and it was a very good one for holding
Cocos nucifera to be of American origin—namely, that all the
other members of the Cocoineae (except Elaeis guineensis) are
American,® has no longer any great weight, in view of the ex-
ceptions that recent botanical discoveries have made known.

In fact, the existence of a distinct species of Elacis in Mada-
gascar, different from EH. guineensis, E. madagascariensis Bec-
cari,” and the discovery of another true Cocoinea, Jubaeopsis

‘Species and Varieties, etc., ed. 2, p. 82.

*The Cambridge Natural History 4 (1909) Crustacea 173.

*The presence in Madagascar of a species of Elaeis distinct from E.
guineensis, almost induces me to suspect that the genus Elaeis should be
regarded as being really African, and that instead of a representative
having been carried from America to Africa, precisely the contrary oc-
curred, and that the American Elaeis melanococca must be considered to be
of African origin.

"Beccari, Palma del Madagascar 55, f. 46; Contributo alla conoscenza
della Palma a olio (1914) 72, t. 18.

ee Se ee

xu, C,1 Beccari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 29

caffra Beccari,* in South Africa, must weaken the belief in a
necessarily American origin of all the Cocoineae.
Indeed, Jubaeopsis caffra turns out to have many more affi-

‘nities with Cocos nucifera than has any other palm whatever

among those hitherto referred by authors to the genus Cocos.°

I have already shown elsewhere that Cocos nucifera is a mono-
_typic palm, with but few affinities with the other palms included
in the genus Cocos,’° whereas it has much in common with Juba-
eopsis; namely, the general conformation of the fruit; the ample
central cavity of the seed; and the male flowers with sepals
entirely free and imbricated. This affinity to Jubaeopsis had
led me to hazard a doubt as to whether Cocos nucifera may have
originated, not in Polynesia or in some lands which have now
disappeared from that part of the Pacific as I formerly sup-
posed," but rather in the islands lying in the eastern Indian
Ocean or in some other lands or islands, existing in former times
between Africa and India.’** According to this hypothesis,
Ceylon and the Keeling Islands must lie almost in the region
where Cocos nucifera assumed its present specific characters.
The species of Eugeissonia, belonging to a genus of palms pecu-
liar to the Malay region, which until now have been referred to
the Lepidocaryeae, I have shown to have more affinity with the
Cocoineae than with the Lepidocaryeae.** In the face of these

* Webbia 4: 169.

° After further careful study, I think it better to regard as distinct genera
the subgenera Arecastrum, Butia, and Glaziova, proposed by me in Mal-
pighia 5 (1888) 343. (Le Palme incluse nel genere Cocos). The genus
Arecastrum is composed only of C. Romanzoffiana Cham., with its numerous
varieties or subspecies and of the hardly specifically distinct C. botryophora
Mart. To the genus Butia belong C. capitata Mart., and its numerous forms
known by the names of C. odorata Barb.-Rodr., C. pulposa Barb.-Rodr.,
C. lejospatha Barb.-Rodr., and several others cultivated in our gardens
under the names of C. australis, C. campestris, etc. The following are
species of Butia also: C. Yatay Mart., C. paraguaensis Barb.-Rodr. (prob-
ably only a variety of C. Yatay), C. eriospatha Mart. ex Drude, and probably
C. stolonifera Barb.-Rodr. Species of Glaziova are: C. Weddelliana Wendl., °
C. coronata Mart., C. comosa Mart., C. petraea Mart., C. campestris Mart.,
C. flecuosa Mart., and numerous other species described by Drude in the
Flora Brasiliensis and by Barbosa-Rodriguez in his Sertum palmarum. On
the whole the species of Glaziova amount to more than forty. Cocos schizo-
phylla Mart. is Aricuriroba Capanemae Barb.-Rodr. (Aricuri schizophylla
Bece.).

* Ann. Bot. Gard. Buitenz. Suppl. 3 (1910) 795.

* Op. cit. 802.

® Webbia, 1. c.

* Webbia 4: 190.

30 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

facts the American origin of all the Cocoineae can no longer be
considered as absolutely proved.

THE ASSOCIATION OF BIRGUS LATRO WITH THE COCONUT PALM

Birgus latro, the huge robber crab which is widely dissem-
inated throughout Asiatic archipelagoes and Polynesia, is found
also in the Palmyra Islands, and from Mr. Rock’s account it
abounds in that group along with other crustaceans. I have
already made use of the association of Birgus with the coconut
palm,‘ as an argument against the suggested American origin of
Cocos nucifera; for it seems to me to be inadmissible that Birgus
could have been specifically evolved independently of the coconut.
Without coconuts it would have nothing to live upon; whereas,
if this association did not exist, the peculiar and special forma-
tion of this crab’s prehensile organs—thanks to which it is able
to grasp and break open the coconuts, which are its only means
of subsistence, to say nothing of its climbing the trees which bear
them—would surely not have come into existence. In any case,
it seems to me that this association can hardly have originated
in those eastern valleys of Peru wherein Cook insists that Cocos
_ nucifera had its origin. It is also a noteworthy fact that Birgus
is found in association with the coconut palm even in places far
distant from each other and to which this palm might be held
to have spread in a natural way, such as the Keeling Islands in
the Indian Ocean and the Palmyra group in the Pacific.

I do not know if Birgus has been found in the Cocos Islands,
in the Pacific, where however I should not be surprised if it
existed ; because, although the adult Birgus is a creature adapted
to a terrestrial life, in the larval, or “zoaea,” state it has a
pelagic existence and, therefore, can be carried enormous dis-
tances. Nevertheless, Birgus seems to be absolutely unknown
on the American shores of the Pacific. This gives me the oppor-
tunity to suggest the hypothesis that the long-enduring biological
connection between Birgus and the coconut palm, which in the’
course of time has had the power of modifying certain organs
in Birgus, likewise, has had the same influence in causing the
coconut palm to assume some peculiar features. I allude to the
extraordinary thickening of the pericarp, which from a teleo-
logical point of view has been attributed either to the advan-
tage it gives to the fruit when floating, by which its dispersal is
favored, or to the importance of deadening the shock when it
falls from the tree. This secund opinion is also shared by

* Ann. Bot. Gard. Buitenz. Suppl. 3 (1910) 804,

xu, c,1 Beccari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 31

Hugo de Vries in the work above cited. My idea is that this
great development of the pericarp may be attributed to the
effect of the stimulus given by the crabs during the plasmatic
period to the pericarp of the young fruits, by their efforts to
reach the seed, which may have caused an hypertrophy of the
tissues of the pericarp itself, leading to the production of a
fibrous, corklike tissue of a protective nature, such as is the bark
of a tree. In consequence and by the light nature of this
tissue, the fruit is made capable of floating independently of any
final cause; thus some among the many fruits produced became
very light, and for this cause alone their dispersal was favored
_ in preference to that of the heavy fruits. All this, however,
rests on the supposition that Birgus really is in the habit of
climbing the coconut palm and that it does so to get at the
immature fruits. In this connection I may observe that when
in the Moluccas I often found imperfectly matured coconuts on
the ground, which were more or less gnawed and entirely
emptied of their kernels. This the natives assured me was the
work of Birgus latro.

On the other hand Guppy “ writes that he never saw Birgus
unhusk the coconuts given to them for food when kept in captiv-
ity, but that to keep them alive it was necessary that the nuts
should be opened for them. Hence it is not perfectly certain
that Birgus succeeds in unhusking the coconuts when these are
quite ripe and have fallen in the natural course to the ground.’*

It seems to me that if the nut were not free from the husk,
at least partly, it would be very difficult for Birgus to get at
the kernel of a ripe coconut in a dry state through the dense
stratum of the fibrous cork-like tissue of the mesocarp; whereas,
it could easily do so in a young immature fruit. This would
explain why Birgus is forced to climb the trees to provide itself
with fresh nuts; whereas, it might make use of the fallen
fruits, if it could open them.

However, it is easy to suppose that Birgus may make use
even of the fallen fruits by attacking those that are beginning to

* Guppy, H. B., The Solomon Islands, 320.

* The botanist who accompanied Judge Cooper on his first expedition
to Palmyra Island would remark here that he has personally observed
Birgus latro unhusking coconuts. He more than once watched it in its
laborious work, tearing fiber after fiber from the nuts found on the ground.
He has also found the nests of Birgus filled several inches thick and
covering many square feet of ground with the fibers of the coconut, each
fiber single. He has not observed Birgus climbing the trees, but on board
ship a Birgus climbed to the top of a 100-foot mast.—J. F. Rock.

32 The Philippine Journal of Science — 1917

germinate; for in such cases it is possible that it might succeed
in reaching the albumen by gnawing at the young sprout with
its mandibles.

DID THE COCONUT PALM EXIST IN AMERICA BEFORE THE DISCOVERY
OF THAT CONTINENT BY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS?

Admitting that the coconut palm did exist in America on the
Pacific coast before the discovery of the continent by Europeans,
the data, on which Cook formed his opinion that from there it
was disseminated on the Atlantic side, are so few and uncertain,
that they offer little that can convince one.of the correctness
of his thesis. On the other hand, I cannot but wonder why
the first sailors who reached that continent have not even men-
tioned the coconut palm, if for no other reason than because
of the refreshing milk its fruit contains; whereas, there is not
a sailor in the East who does not speak of the natives bringing
coconuts to strangers to quench their thirst. Amerigo Vespucci,
in his voyages—and he was the first who sailed along the whole
length of the tropical east coast of America to the Gulf of
Mexico and the Antilles—does not once tell us that the natives
offered him anything of the kind. This appears very strange,
since in Asia and in the Malayan islands coconuts are almost
the first things offered by the natives to all new comers. I have
no difficulty in admitting that Polynesians, Malayans, or Pa-
puans may have reached and established themselves on the
Pacific shore of tropical America,” and that they may have

“The belief, widely accredited, that natives of Asiatic, Polynesian, or
Papuan origin exist on the western coasts of Central America would
appear to be confirmed also by what Amerigo Vespucci writes in the account
of his first voyage [Libro de viaggi di Amerigo Vespucci, di Stanislao
Canovai: Firenze, Tipografia Tofani (1832)]. He relates that while sail-
ing (as it would seem) along the coasts of the Caribbean Sea, in the
neighborhood of the Isthmus of Panama, he landed on an island in that
sea about 15 leagues from the mainland, in which he found the most
brutish and hideous people he had ever seen; he says that these savages
had their mouths so full of an herb which they continually chewed that
they could hardly speak. Each wore at his neck two small dry gourds,
one holding the herb they were chewing, the other containing a white
powder, which looked like powdered gypsum; into this one they dipped
from time to time a little stick of the shape of a spindle, previously
moistened in their mouths, and therewith flavored the herb they chewed
with the aforesaid powder. It seems indubitable to me that such a custom
corresponds to that which generally prevails among the Malays and other
Asiatic populations at this day, of chewing the leaf of the betel and other

things together with powdered lime, for the last must have been the white
powder of which Vespucci speaks.

jiccpaa’ bic a tr at taal aaa Se a orice

x, C,1 Beccari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 83

carried thither the coconut palm together with the banana; but
I positively cannot admit that they found the coconut palm on
the American shores of the Pacific, carried it back with them,
and disseminated it throughout Polynesia and tropical Asia.

The difficulty brought forward by Cook, that the coconut palm
could not have been introduced into America by the Spaniards
or by the Portuguese, because the fruits could not have preserved
their germinative faculties during so long a voyage, has no force;
because, Cook’s assertion to the contrary, coconuts can withstand
several months’ dryness, especially if kept under the influence
of sea air; moreover, they can germinate while hanging in the
rigging of a ship. It is exceedingly common in the Malayan
islands to see a bundle of coconuts’ sprouting while hanging
to the posts of a hut.

With respect to the origin of Cocos nucifera and its supposed
native land among the salt-bearing regions of eastern Peru,
Cook concludes by saying (II, p. 307):

“It would be reasonable to turn to these saline districts of South America
if any attempts were to be made to definitely ascertain the original home
of the coconut by finding it in a truly wild state.” Fortunately the author
hastens to add: “Such a discovery is hardly to be expected, because of the
probability that localities suited to the spontaneous growth of coconuts
would have attracted human inhabitants, even in very early times.”

But in that case will Mr. Cook tell us why he holds that in such
localities Cocos nucifera could have constituted itself as a specific
entity, have grown, and reproduced itself, without the assistance
of man, but yet not have done so on the oceanic coral islands?

And again:

We may hope, however, to find a series of local varieties or subspecies
of the coconut palm in these interior localities, varieties that will be more
hardy and vigorous than the maritime forms of the palm cultivated in the
humid parts of the Tropics, and more likely to thrive under semi-tropical
conditions.

Such a search can very well be carried out by some enterprising
botanist; but, as a matter of fact, no one has met with such
forms or varieties of Cocos nucifera in the regions mentioned.
I do not claim, however, that such an event is absolutely im-
probable or that varieties and species of Cocos as yet unknown
to botanists, possessing more affinity with Cocos nucifera than
have any of the other Cocoineae known hitherto, may not be
found in such localities; but such a find would be a less ex-
traordinary thing than that the big fruits of the coconut palm
should have crossed the Andes and thence have been dispersed
among the islands of the Pacific.

146016-——3

34 <1. The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

DISSEMINATION OF THE COCONUT BY MARITIME AGENCY

Cook writes (I, p. 276) that the ocean currents are an effective
agency for the dissemination of the coconut and that “the theory
of the transfer of fruits by ocean currents has received much
attention and far greater credence than the facts seem to war-
rant.” “The poetic theory of the cocoanut palm dropping its
fruit into the sea to float away to barren islands and prepare
them for human habitation” is called a “time-honored fancy.”
(I, p. 276.) And again he says (II, p. 297): “A palm that is
unable to maintain itself on the land has nothing to gain by
having its nuts drifted about by the sea.” It seems to me, how-
ever, that the restocking with plants of the islands in the Sunda
Strait after the explosion in 1883 contradicts all these assertions,
for both in Krakatau and in the small islands in its immediate
vicinity that catastrophe involved the complete destruction of
all organic life. This notwithstanding, Ernst “ informs us that
at the time of his visit to those islands, only a few years after
the cataclysm, “the large number of coconut palms” was “an
especially remarkable feature.” In the earliest visits to the
devastated islands, Doctor Treub and Professor Penzig not only
picked up coconuts which had been thrown up on the beaches
by the waves, but also, very soon encountered coconut palms
pushing their young green fronds through the soil; and in Plate
IV, fig. 7, of Ernst’s book a young coconut palm at the upper
edge of the tide level (southeast coast of Krakatau) can be seen;
in Plate VIII, fig. 11, an entire group of coconut palms is seen
“towering above the other trees;’ and of this group our author
writes:

“To our great delight we found the coconut palms laden with fruit.
The large number of ripe nuts on the ground, several of which had ger-
minated and produced plants reaching one meter in height, showed that,
they must have attained the fruiting stage some years ago: a renewal
of the forest is thus amply provided for. We were all refreshed by a quan-
tity of unripe fruits which one of our Javanese companions brought down
from the crowns of the palm trees.” The same author on disembarking
at Zwarte Hoek, likewise in Krakatau, writes: “Young coconut palms
occur here and there with seedlings of Barringtonia speciosa, etc.;” and
on page 68: “Groups of strand-plants have penetrated inland for a distance
of 300-500 m.” and among these are coconut palms. He adds that young
coconut palms and Pandanus clumps are so near the edge of the sea that
their stems are washed by the waves at high tide.

Another observation by Cook seems to me unsustainable;
namely, that (I, p. 276) “the cocoanut palm seldom grows upon

* Ernst, A., The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatau, 58.

spied esis 2s

fetes

xu, c,1 Bececari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 35

the immediate strand overhanging the water, or even in reach of
ordinary waves.” But everyone acquainted with the coasts of
Asia and of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago and Poly-
nesia knows the contrary to be the case. Cook himself (II,
facing p. 299, Plate 54, fig. 1) gives an instructive illustration
of “Coconut palms overhanging the surf at high tide, Puerto
Barrios, Guatemala,” and another half-tone from a photograph
(fig. 2) of “Coconut palms overhanging the sea, Livingston, Gua-
temala.” Against these assertions of Cook’s one may oppose
Ferguson’s words :**

“The coconut tree flourishes better near the sea coast than in an inland
situation. In such a vicinity it acquires more vigour, and produces with

more fecundity; it never grows so luxuriant in the interior, where the
air is not charged with saline particles, and salt water always seem to

' nourish it more than fresh water. The sea may wash the bottom of

coconut trees without injury to them.” And again, quoting Bertolacci, “It
flourishes so very near the sea, that its roots are in many places washed
by the waters without injury to the trees, until it is actually undermin

As a result of my personal experience, also, all the arguments
brought forward by Cook have not convinced me in the least
that fruits of the coconut palm cannot be disseminated by the
action of ocean currents, although he maintains (II, p. 324) that
after his own observations no doubt can possibly remain that
the contrary is the case. In fact he writes:

“For nearly two centuries the coconut has been described in books of
travel and natura) history, and even in formal scientific works, as an
example of a plant widely distributed in nature through the agency of
ocean currents.” The following are also his words (II, p. 300): “The
possibility that a coconut might be stranded on a newly formed island and
multiply in the unoccupied soil, according to the fable, may not be absolutely
excluded, but we know that the monopoly would not be of long duration.”
This, because the writer holds that young plants would be suffocated by
“their forest-forming competitors.”

I would observe, however, that these competitors on the sea
shore would be only halophilous plants, which have never shown
themselves to be incompatible with Cocos nucifera, especially
on the sea beaches of coral islands, which are always in immediate
contact with the sea. If on many continental and insular coasts
of Asia the coconut palm is not met with, I would give among
other reasons, which I shall state later, this one, that it is just
because forest plants from the interior have found the means
of forestalling or supplanting the strand plants which originate
from drift seeds.

* Ferguson, All About the Coconut Palm, 111.

36 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

The coconut palm (always according to Cook) “cannot be disseminated
by ocean currents.” He says that (I, p. 277) “it is far from correct to
suppose that all nuts [of the coconut palm] which reach the water are
really launched for oceanic wanderings; the chances are still hundreds to
one that they will be thrown back immediately upon their own coast, like
other objects floating in the surf. High waves or tides, instead of floating
shore débris away, merely carry it farther inland, as everybody familiar
with seacoasts knows.”

That there may be some coasts the surf on which has greater
power of carrying away material than of bringing it thither,
I admit; but that, as a general rule, the sea does not throw back
floating objects of various kinds, including the fruits and seeds
of plants, is undeniable. How could all the strand floras of
the world have been formed, if the sea did not carry their seeds
to the beaches by means of its currents? Furthermore, suppose
it were true that the surf does carry objects inland, would not
that be a favorable circumstance for the dissemination of fruits
which .have fallen on other beaches bathed by the same sea,
or into the sea itself?

THE COCONUT PALM DOES NOT ALWAYS STAND IN NEED OF THE
ASSISTANCE OF MAN

- Cook believes (I, p. 280) that “human assistance” is necessary to the
introduction and maintenance of the coconut palm, and he says (II, p. 296)
that this palm “is not known to exist except as a cultivated plant;” and
(II, p. 297) that. “we should find old palms surrounded by flourishing
young ones growing spontaneously without the aid of man.” And
again, “There seems to be no authentic record of coco palms establishing
and maintaining themselves on any tropical coast in a wild or truly
spontaneous condition.” He adds that: “The complete absence of coconuts
from the extensive tropical coast line of Australia until planted by European
colonists” is, “a gigantic experiment showing that the coconut did not
establish itself without human help, even in a place where it afterwards
thrived in cultivation.” Cook (II, p. 299) also quotes Pickering” to the
effect that “throughout the Pacific the coconut occurs only on those islands
to which it has been carried by the natives.” From another author ™ Cook
quotes: “It is to be emphasized that all coconuts are planted; the idea of
a wild palm being as strange in Funafuti as that of a wild peach in
England * * * I doubt whether, despite popular opinion to the con-
trary, a wild coconut palm can be found throughout the breadth of the

Pacific.”

That the assistance of man is necessary to the coconut palm is
indubitable whenever it is cultivated in districts wherein there
are not combined all the conditions of climate, etc., which
its nature as a halophilous plant demands, and wherein it

* Pickering C., Chronological History of Plants (1879) 428.
"Hedley, Australian Mus. Memoir 3 (1896) 22.

xu, ¢,1 Beccari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 37

has to dispute the soil with other plants, or finds foes which
injure its fruits when fallen to the ground or its young sprouting
plants, or cause the death of the adult trees. But large groves
of the coconut palm exist in a most flourishing condition in
places where man most certainly does not contribute to their
maintenance, and where they now produce themselves naturally,
even supposing it were the case that the first fruits were
deposited by man.

The Palmyra Islands are just such a case; there, as Darwin
observed of the Keeling group, “the young and fully grown
coconut trees grew intermingled with the adult plants.”

It would appear that the same is the case on other coral is-
lands of the Pacific; for examples, Palmerston Island and prob-
ably also Cocos Islands, formerly—that is, before they had been

‘inhabited by Europeans. Cocos nucifera in these localities may

be regarded as really wild and as a true representative of a
strand flora; but admitting that the coconut palm, to establish
itself on an oceanic island, has required, as a rule, the hand of
man to carry its fruits thither, the case of the Palmyra Islands
demonstrates that it is absolutely contrary to the truth to assert

that the coconut palm can never flourish and reproduce itself

spontaneously without the protection and help of man.

I cannot credit that even if the Polynesians did carry the co-
conut to the Palmyra Islands, they ever returned thither to take
care of the plants. Yet the coconuts of the Palmyras are among
the largest and finest known, and their albumen is more developed
than that of most varieties cultivated by man. On oceanic is-
lands, and especially on atolls, the coconut palm can establish
itself; because when once the waves have deposited the fruits
the young plants do not have to fear any competition with the
primitive forest for the soil, and also because their competitors
can at worst be only a few halophilous plants, produced from
seeds brought thither at the same time as themselves, which can
not oppose any great resistance to the growth of the coconut
palm. Moreover, a most essential matter, no destructive ma-
rauders can have existed in such islands; while, on account of
their great isolation, not even the foes of the coconut tree that
are most to be dreaded—the red and the black bettles—have been
able to reach them. Still arguing to: sustain his theory, Cook
writes (II, p. 303): “Unless the human friends of the young
coconut are at hand to keep down the other vegetation the period
of infancy is not survived.” But it must be observed that the
special conditions, required for the coconut palm to develop and
reproduce itself indepedently of man, are just those found either

88 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

on newly emergent beaches, such as those of Krakatau, or on the
oceanic islands on which grow only a few species of plants born
from drift fruits, and on which there exists no animal likely
to be hurtful.

But if one holds as correct Cook’s assertion, that Cocos nuci-
fera cannot have developed its actual qualities without man’s
protection except in America, we must admit that the cradle of
mankind was America; for Cook is right when he says “that
the useful cultivated plants offer the best record of man’s primi-
tive existence.” If this Cocos cannot live without man’s pro-
tection and if man must necessarily have been its distributor,
we must also admit, either that man was the creator of the species
Cocos nucifera, or that man appeared on earth at least contem-
poraneously with Cocos nucifera. The fact that the coconut
palm has not established itself in Australia without help, although
its nuts must certainly have been carried to its shores, can be
understood when we consider that Australia is one of those re-
gions where the conditions are precisely such that the coconut
could not establish itself without man’s assistance; such condi-
tions are the predominant vegetation; the too great dryness,
especially during the period of germination; and the presence of
animals destructive to nuts and to young and to full-grown plants.

Cook finds another argument for maintaining that the coconut
palm cannot have disseminated itself in the asserted fact that
its fruits, falling from such a height, must surely be injured by
the cracking of the kernel, which would have the effect of re-
ducing “materially the chances of successful germination.” But
even if this were true (and in the case of some very tall palms
it may perhaps happen), this must also have been the case in
the birthplace of the coconut palm where there was no man
ready, as he says, “to let the fruits down carefully to avoid
injury” to them. Setting aside the small probability of such
peril, it must be remembered that the coconut palm begins to
fructify when only a few meters high; therefore, there is no
danger whatever that its fruits will be injured by their fall
or that there will not remain a sufficient number of them to
secure the reproduction of the species.

THE CORAL ISLANDS ARE THE LOCALITY BEST ADAPTED TO THE
SPONTANEOUS REPRODUCTION OF THE COCONUT PALM

The manner in which the volcanic island of Krakatau (whence
every slightest trace of vegetation was swept away by the explo-
sion) has been restocked with plants, under our eyes, reveals
the manner by which the coral islands can have been populated

——

xu, C,1 Beecari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 39

with a new flora, as soon as they were in a condition to sustain
a vegetation.

The transportation of seeds of plants to these coral islands may
have been effected otherwise than by the usual ocean currents,
by means of extraordinarily violent storms, by exceptionally
high tides, and by the great waves that are occasionally pro-
duced by telluric movements, and which are of no rare oc-
currence in that part of the Pacific, wherein a good number of
the islands appear to rest on volcanic bases.

It does not seem likely that other forces, such as the winds,
or birds, or other fruit-eating animals, have contributed much
to populate certain coral islands (the Palmyras amongst others)
with flowering plants; because the seeds that might have been
carried to them by these means belong almost wholly to species
that do not tolerate the presence of salt in the soil and often
not even in the air.

The oceanic coral islands of new formation can be populated
only by plants of which the seeds, besides being able to float,
possess also outer wrappings of such a nature that they can resist
the action of salt water, and which, moreover, can tolerate the
presence of salt during the period of germination; thus is ex-
plained the scanty number of plants found on oceanic islands,
which, like the Keelings and the Palmyras, cannot be regarded
as being the relics of ancient drowned lands.

The Palmyra Islands belong in fact, like the Keelings, to those
islands constituted entirely of coral, of which Darwin wrote, as
quoted by Hemsley,?* that they “at one time, must have existed
as mere water-washed reefs,’’ and to which all the terrestrial
products that existed on them, before Europeans settled on them
and even before any natives had reached them, “must have been
transported by the waves of the sea.”

It is precisely on account of this circumstance that I maintain
that the coconut palm has been able to establish itself, unaided
by man, both in the Palmyras and in the Keelings and, probably,
in other islands, not well known to us. Indeed, it is on islands
of this kind and on their scanty soil, almost level with the water,
that any coconut which may have been washed up on the beach

-and been able to germinate, finding no hindrances nor obstacles

in any preéxisting forest vegetation, would have been able to
grow and prosper, because it did not find there the many enemies
which would have hindered its independent development on the
shores of a continent or on one of the great Asiatic islands.

* Report of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Bot. 1 ( 1885), The South-
Eastern Moluccas, 114.

40 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Among the most dreaded foes of Cocos nucifera, the wild hogs
must be reckoned. With respect to these we read in Ferguson **
an extract from the Ceylon Examiner, as follows:

Amongst the enemies of the coconut tree the wild pig has the first place.
Not only because he is the most destructive to young plantations, I
suppose, but because he is about the earliest enemy that the plant has
to contend against.

It is certain that on the coasts of Asia and on the shores of
the Malayan and Papuan islands, where the wild pig is exces-
sively abundant, not a single coconut would succeed in producing
an adult plant without the protection of man, even though all
the other conditions were favorable. There are besides the
pigs other mammals such as certain rodents and herbivorous
marsupials, which are very injurious to the coconut; among the
last I learn that in New Guinea the “little flying opossum”’
(Belidens ariel) is in the habit of completely emptying the ripe
nuts. It is noteworthy, also, that whole plantations of coconut
palms can be utterly ruined by the injury caused to the adult
plant by two very dangerous insects, the red beetle (Rhynchoph-
orus ferrugineus) and the black beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros). **

That the coconut palm not only can exist, but can prosper
without man’s help and can even produce finer and larger fruits
than in places where it is carefully cultivated, is clearly evidenced
by the dimensions of the coconuts of the Palmyras which I
have already described. This fact may be attributed to the very
special conditions inherent in the soil of the Palmyras; for though
at first sight one would be inclined to think that Cocos nucifera,
which is so exacting a plant as to fertilizing elements, could
draw very little aliment from a soil composed solely of disinte-
grated coralline rock, of which rock the islands are formed, it
does in fact find abundant nutrition therein.

The fact is that in coral islands, in addition to the detritus
of various kinds, all capable of being transformed into humus,
which the sea may have brought to them, the soil which forms
upon them may contain fertilizing substances due to the remains
of animals that have contributed to the formation of the reef;

* All about the Coconut, 137.

“How the presence of an insect can impede the iste tetion of a
plant in a new region, the following fact demonstrates. For several years
I cultivated Aubrietia deltoidea, a pretty Cruciferae, native to southern
Italy, but unknown in Tuscany, which maintained and multiplied itself
upon a rockery without any help, in my garden near Florence; until it
was attacked one spring by the larva of a small beetle, Ademonia tanaceti,
which devoured it to its last leaf, since which it has never reappeared.

tet |

xu, c,1 Beccari: Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 4}

to the accumulation of guano deposited by sea birds; and finally
to the remains of the innumerable mollusks and crustaceans
by which coral islands are usually populated.

THE COCONUT PALM A HALOPHILOUS PLANT PECULIARLY ADAPTED
TO TROPICAL SEA COASTS AND TO OCEANIC DISPERSAL

A chemical analysis of the ashes of the coconut palm shows
that all its organs contain chloride of sodium in considerable
quantity; this salt, indeed, after the salts of potassium and of
lime and the phosphates, being their most abundant constituent;
it is even more abundant than silica, which in the state of crys-
tals is found to be especially abundant in the leaves.

According to the summing up of Prudhomme,” a plantation of
1 hectare of the coconut palm annually draws out of the soil
120 kilograms of marine salt. And from Ferguson’s report *
we learn that an adult plant requires each year 1.34 kilograms
of chloride of sodium. Salt, therefore, is considered an im-
portant manure for the coconut palm—far more than the quant-
ity found in its ashes appears to demonstrate.

From the same source I learn that Doctor Gardner, to show
the value that the Brasilians attribute to salt as a fertilizer
for coconuts, states that “a man would walk many miles for it,
pay high for a load, and then apply it to a single tree.” Else-
where, it is stated that sea weeds and the ashes of plants that
contain much salt are used as manures for the coconut palm.
Ferguson also states (p. 142) that the Singhalese “invariably
throw a little salt into the holes before they place the coconut
plants in them.” And on page 111, speaking of a new plantation
of coconuts which is being made inland and at a distance from
the sea, he says: “‘it is customary to throw a considerable quant-
ity, as much as half a bushel, of salt into the hole which receives

_ the coconuts.”

Prudhomme, ” writing of the toleration of the coconut palm
for marine salt, asks if marine salt should not be reckoned
among the fertilizers to be administered to this palm, as it
seemed to him, that instead of merely tolerating it, the coconut
had a real preference for this salt. The excessive toxicity of
sodium chloride for plants is well known; the coconut palm,
however, is one of the few that can live on a salt soil. For that
reason I am not able to understand how a plant endowed with

* Le Cocotier, 262.
* Op. cit. 66.
* Le Cocotier, 40.

4? The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

such high hereditary halophitism—which, therefore, not only
tolerates, but actually prefers, a salt soil and, moreover bears
fruit so constituted as to be, as Seeman writes,** “often tossed
about the ocean for months without losing its germinating
power from the effects of salt water”—can have been plasmed
or brought into existence in a region remote from the sea.

That Cocos nucifera is a true halophyte, that is to say, a plant
capable of resisting the physiological action of mediums rich
in chloride of sodium and in the other salts that are character-
istic of sea water, the very presence of which is pernicious to
most other types of vegetation, shows that it must have been
placed in close contact with salt soils during the period of its
evolution; considering, therefore, all the other circumstances
that may have been required during and for the evolution and
plasmation of the species Cocos nucifera, we are led to conclude
that it must have originated on maritime shores.

Few are the true halophytes, and for this reason the flora of
maritime shores and of the coral islands is poor in species, but
in compensation they are of extremely wide geographic dis-
tribution. And this is because there are few plants having
seeds tolerant of salt and at the same time provided with fruits
capable of floating and of enduring a long immersion in salt ©
water and, hence, fitted for long voyages. The coconut palm is
one of these few. It is true that this palm can grow and even
prosper far from the sea and can exist at a certain elevation
above it, but it is probable that in these localities it can always
find the quantity of chloride of sodium it needs. But although
it is true that the coconut palm is capable of adapting itself to
non-saline soils, as other halophilous plants can do, it none the
less remains true that if Cocos nucifera were not a plant of the
sea shore, and therefore an indubitable hereditary halophyte, it
would not be better suited by a soil rich in chloride of sodium
than by a soil devoid of that salt. It was therefore on the
shores of the sea and especially on those of the coral islands
that Cocos nucifera must have found the conditions under which
it assumed its present specific characters; because there it would
have had little to fear from the competition of other large plants
of the strand flora and because there, also, it had not to struggle
against powerful foes. Therefore, it cannot be admitted that
the coconut palm is “unable to maintain itself on the sea coasts,”
and “the popular idea” that the “coconut palm is a plant specially
adapted to tropical sea coasts” is, and remains, a true idea.

* FI. Vit. 276.

xu, c,1 Beecari? Origin and Dispersal of Cocos Nucifera 43

CONCLUSIONS

From the preceding study, which was chiefly suggested to me
by the conditions in which the Palmyra Islands were found by
their explorers, Messrs. H. E. Cooper and J. F. Rock, I conclude:

1. That the coconut palm may have been very easily dissemin-
ated by the agency of oceanic currents.

2. That the coconut palm is a halophilous plant with a predilec-
tion for the sea shore.

3. That an Asiatic or Polynesian origin of the coconut palm
is more probable than an American one.

4, That the coconut palm can occasionally exist and reproduce
itself in the tropics indepedently of man, and that the latter’s
protection is necessary to it only when it occurs in regions
wherein its existence is disputed by the nature of the soil, by
other preéxisting vegetation, or by foes of various kinds.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 1, January, 1917.

NEW SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS OF BORNEO FERNS,
CHIEFLY FROM THE KINABALU COLLECTIONS OF
MRS. CLEMENS AND MR. TOPPING

By EpwIN BINGHAM COPELAND
(From ‘the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines,
Los Banos, P. I.)
TRICHOMANES Linnaeus

TRICHOMANES BROOKSII sp. nov.

Gonocormus; rhizomate filiforme late repente nigro, pilis cas-
_ taneis minutissimis vestito; stipite 5 ad 20 mm alto, filiforme,
erecto, fere nigro, nudo vel sparsissime pubescente, haud alato;
fronde usque ad 4 cm alta et 25 mm lata, pseudotripinnatifida,
rhachi alata; segmentis infimis fere oppositis ca. 2 cm longis
maximis, adscendentibus, parte mediale sympodiale, pseudo-
pinnatifida vel -bipinnatifida ; segmentis ultimis obtusis vel acutis,
univerviis, venulis falsis carentibus; indusio profunde campan-
ulato, late alato indeque in apice segmenti dilatati immerso, ore
patente vix bilabiato, receptaculo exserto.

Sarawak, Mount Bongo, Brooks and Hewitt, 1908.

By the description, this appears to be near to Trichomanes Hosei Baker,
of Mount Matang, which, however, seems to be typically pinnate in plan,
with much more narrowly winged and rather two-lipped involucres. Above

the forking of the veins of Trichomanes Brooksti, they are connected for
a notable distance by the lamina, which thus becomes conspicuously widened

at these points.
HYMENOPHYLLUM Smith
HYMENOPHYLLUM FOXWORTHY!I sp. nov.

- Euhymenophyllum H. blumeano affine, involucro fere omnino
immerso; rhizomate filiforme, late repente, sparse fusco-piloso;
stipite ca. 3 cm alto, filiforme, ad apicem ipsum plerumque anguste’
alato; fronde 5 ad 8 cm alta, 12 ad 20 mm lata, utrinque angus-
tata, primo sparse pilosa, mox glabrescente, olivacea, fusces-
cente, rhachi anguste alata; “pinnis” pinnatifidis, “pinnulis”
paucis, maximis furcatis, segmentis integris, 1 mm latis, planis,
acutis obtusis vel marginatis, costis applanatis, parietibus cel-
lularum crassis, pariete marginale segmenti valde incrassata,

45

46 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

uniforme (haud intus crenulata), cellulis marginalibus et costas
secus opacis; soris segmenta prima acroscopica terminantibus,
involucro anguste obconico immerso, limbo bilabiato libero bre-
vissimo, late rotundato, subintegro, receptaculo clavato, breviter
exserto,

Sarawak, Mount Santubong, Foxworthy 458, June, 1908.

Clearly distinguished by the opaque margin and Trichomanes-like sorus.
The former is distinct in character from that of Crepidomanes; and in

spite of the latter, I believe there is no doubt as to the affinity and proper
classification of the plant.

HYMENOPHYLLUM CLEMENSIAE sp. nov.

Euhymenophyllum minutum pilosum; rhizomate filiforme gla-
brescente; stipitibus usque ad 1 cm longis, aut alatis usque ad
pedes, aut fere omnino exalatis; fronde usque ad 3 cm alta, 1.5
cm lata, utrinque angustata, fuscescente, ad alam latam pinnati-
fida; segmentis obtusis pinnatifide vel dichotome incisis, seg-
mentis ultimis integris, oblongis, obtusis, 0.7 mm latis, costis
pilosis, pilis fuscis, simplicibus, subdeciduis, cellulis laminae mi-
nutis, uniformibus; soris ad vel ultra medium indusium immersis,
parte immersa dense sed subdecidue pilosa non carinata, labiis
liberis semiorbicularibus ccrtacia receptaculo clavato incluso vel
breviter exserto.

Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur, Mrs. Clemens 10780 (type), Topping
1619; Kiau, Mrs. Clemens 10226.

Clearly distinguished in its subgenus by the long, simple hairs on the
veins, particularly dense hairiness of the lower part of the involucre, and

glabrous lips. The color and pubescence place it in the group of Euhymen-
ophyllum which approaches Leptocionium.

HYMENOPHYLLUM HOSEI sp. nov.

Leptocionium lamina plana, rhachi late alata; rhizomate crasso-
filiforme, glabrescente, laete fusco; stipite 10 ad 17 mm alto, fere
ad basin alato; fronde 4 ad 5 cm alta, 2 ad 3 cm lata, ovata, bi-
tri-pinnatifida, rhachi nigro-fusca, ubique late alata ala denticulis
sparsis ornata; pinnis inframedialibus majoribus, ad alam rha-
chidium ipsarum pinnatifidis, pinnulis superioribus simplicibus,
inferioribus furcatis vel rarius pinnatifidis cum 3 ad 5 segmentis;
segmentis 2 ad 3 mm longis, 0.8 mm latis, obtusis, ubique anguste
denticulatis, marginibus et dentibus nigrescentibus, lamina alibi
fuscescente ; soris in segmenta prima acroscopica pinnarum supe-
riorium insertis, parte inferiore obconica immersa, receptaculo
crasso-setiforme, labiis fere aequilongo, involucro extus deorsum
denticulato vel aspero vel fere nudo, ca. ad medium fisso, labiis
ovatis inconspicue dentatis.

XI, ©, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 47

Sarawak, Mount Trekan, altitude 600 meters, Hose 730, 1894-95.

Distinguished from otherwise similar species by the broad, flat wing of
the rachis, The blackish margin is occasionally found in other species and
may not be a constant character.

HYMENOPHYLLUM PERFISSUM sp. nov.

Leptocionium lamina plana, involucro fere ad basin fisso labiis
integris; rhizomate filiforme, fusco-nigro, ramoso, nudo; stipite
10 ad 15 mm alto, glabro, filiforme; fronde ca. 4 cm alta, 10 ad 15
mm lata, glabra, pinnata, rhachi sursum anguste alata ala integra,
deorsum vix marginata; pinnis majoribus subpinnatifidis seg-
mentis 3 ad 5, minoribus furcatis, minimis simplicibus, segmentis
ca. 4mm longis, vix 1.5 mm latis, obtusis, serratis dentibus paucis
subspiniformibus, fuscis vel fusco-olivaceis; soris segmenta ab-
breviata prima acroscopica pinnarum subapicalium occupantibus,
receptaculo fusiforme incluso, involucro 3 ad basin fisso, labiis
obovato-orbicularibus, integris, nudis, 1.5 mm longis.

Mount Kinabalu, altitude 3,700 meters, on tree trunks, Mrs. Clemens

10588.
Apparently a quite distinct little plant.

PTERIS Linnaeus

PTERIS CLEMENSIAE sp. nov.

Species gregis P. quadriauritae sensu latiss., pinnis infimis
non furcatis; stipitibus 30 ad 50 em altis, fuscis, ad basin paleis
castaneis vestitis, alibi sub lente minute punctulatis; fronde ca.
45 cm alta, 40 cm lata, pinnata, parte apicale 25 cm longa; pinnis
2- vel 3-paribus, infimis paullo maximis, petiolulis ca. 1 cm longis,
lanceolatis, ca. 25 cm longis, 7.5 cm latis, in caudam angustissi-
mam fere 4 cm longam terminantibus, ad alam 0.2 ad 0.4 mm
latam pectinatis; costa inferne straminea prominente, superne
angustissime bialata, alis ad insertionem costulae quaeque in spi-
nulam excurrentibus; segmentis usque ad 4 cm longis, 5 ad 6
mm latis, supra mediam 2 ad 3 mm distantibus, obtusis vel minute
et obscure mucronulatis, venis utroque latere usque ad 24 prope
costulam furcatis et 6 simplicibus; indusio griseo, 0.6 mm lato,
fere ad sinum et apicem attingente.

Mount Kinabalu, near Lobang, Mrs. Clemens 10348 (type), Topping 1602.

PTERIS TOPPINGI! sp. nov.

Stipite 40 cm alto, glabro, stramineo-viride ; fronde 30 cm alta,
parte apicale 20 cm alta, 7 cm lata; pinnis utroque latere 2 vel
3, infimis brevipedicellatis (petiolulis 2 mm longis), sequentibus
sessilibus, infimis ca. 20 cm longis, in segmenta 3 ad 4 cm longa,
8 mm lata terminantibus, ad alam fere 1 mm latam pinnatifidis;

4S The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

costa inferne prominente fusca, superne canaliculata, non spini-
fera; segmentis ubique contiguis vel imbricatis, 3 ad 4 cm longis,
1 em latis, apice late rotundatis, integris, atroviridibus; venis
utroque latere ca. 14 fere ad costulam furcatis et 3 simplicibus,
omnibus inconspicuis; indusio angusto (0.6 mm lato), soro aperto
ultra 1 mm lato.

Mount Kinabalu, Khota Balud to Kibayo, Topping 1488.
A species clearly distinguished by its broad and close segments.

PTERIS PURPUREORHACHIS sp. nov.

Species gregis P. longipinnulae, stipite rhachique atropurpur-
eis; stipite 30 ad 40 cm alto, basi paleis parvis pallidioribus
praedito, sursum glabro, nitido; fronde 40 cm alta, deltoidea,
parte apicale 20 cm alta; pinnis utroque latere 3- vel 4-paribus,
stipitulatis sed petiolulis alatis, infimis furcatis, 20 ad 25 cm
longis, acuminatis, ad alam 3 ad 4 mm latam pinnatifidis; costa
superne subbialata, spinulis ad insertiones costularum appressis ;_
segmentis fertilibus 7 ad 8 mm, sterilibus usque ad 1 cm latis,
3 vel 3.5 ad 5 cm longis, obtusis vel acutis, inter se 2 ad 5 mm
distantibus, apices versus serrulatis, membranaceis; venis infimis
plerumque bifurcatis, aut liberis aut more P. biauritae anasto-
mosantibus et areolam unam costalem includentibus, sequentibus
furcatis vel rarius bifurcatis usque ad 14-paribus, simplicibus
ca. 3; soro sinum interdum transeunte, apice remoto, indusio
pallido, 0.8 ad 1.0 mm lato.

Mount Kinabalu, Lobang, Mrs. Clemens 10350 (type), Topping 1790.
HUMATA Cavanilles

HUMATA KINABALUENSIS sp. nov.

Euhumata, H. repenti et H. alpinae affinis, perfectius dimorpha
et dentium carentibus; rhizomate generis typicale, paleis mag-
nis persistentibus, marginibus earum pallidis; stipitibus fron-
dium sterilium 2 ad 3 cm, frondium fertilium 4 ad 5 em altis,
sparse squamosis; fronde sterile ca. 6 cm alta, 5 cm lata vel
minore, pinnata, rhachi valida, pinnis infimis ad costam compla-
natam pinnatisectis, segmento infimo basiscopico pinnatilobato,
pinnis sequentibus incisis, segmentis oblongis vel obovatis, obs-
cure serrulatis, obtusis, coriaceis, deorsum et inferne squamatis;
fronde fertile aequale vel longiore, lamina valde angustata; soris
magnis in lobos truncatos breves apicalibus, indusio quam alto
latiore.

Mount Kinabalu, below Paka Cave, Topping 1745.

The sori are impressed on the fertile tooth, so as to produce swellings
on the upper surface.

XI, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 49

NEPHROLEPIS Smith
NEPHROLEPIS (7) MARGINALIS Copel. sp. nov.

Stipite 45 cm alto, badio, pilis brevibus vestito; fronde 70 em
alta haud deorsum angustata, pinnata, pinna apicale elongata,
rhachi et praecipue deorsum costis minute velutinis ; pinnis rectis,
infimis 18 cm longis, 13 mm latis, brevi-stipitatis, obtusis, auri-
culis brevibus acroscopicis praeditis, crenulatis, papyraceis, gla-
bris, superne nigris (in herbario), inferne atroviridibus; venis
furcatis; soris marginalibus vel submarginalibus, contiguis;
indusiis 0.8 mm latis, 0.4 mm altis, basibus adnatis late rotun-
datis, apicibus truncatis.

Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur, Topping 1632.

The specimen is incomplete, being without caudex. By the characters
of the sorus, the plant is a Cystodiuwm, and I feel sure the affinity thus
suggested is a real one. The phylogeny of Nephrolepis has never been
cleared up, and I believe that this species furnishes the necessary clue to it,
the line being Dicksonia-Cystodium-Nephrolepis. We have, therefore, to go
back to Dicksonia, commonly treated as outside the Polypodiaceae, to find
the common ancestor of Nephrolepis, of the Balantium series (Saccoloma),
and the very extensive series of Dennstaedtia derivatives. To find an
ancestor common to these ferns and the other Polypodiaceae, we must of
course go still farther back. To establish natural families, we have there-
fore either to include Cyatheaceae and Matoniaceae, and perhaps still other
of the recognized families. in the Polypodiaceae, or else to split Polypo-
diaceae into the several phylogetic series. If the latter alternative is tried,
the resulting groups will defy definition.

CYATHEA Smith

CYATHEA CAPITATA sp. nov.

Caudice 3 m alto; stipite 25 cm alto, 1 em crasso, deorsum nigro
paleis stramineis 15 mm longis 3 mm latis valde acuminatis inte-
gris vestito, sursum sordide atropurpureo, glabrescente; fronde
1.5 ad 2 m longa, utrinque angustata, abrupte brevi-acuminata,
rhachi purpureo-fusca, segmento apicale deltoideo, basi lobato;
pinnis subsessilibus, basi aequaliter truncatis, apices serratos
versus sensim angustatis, alibi integris, potius acuminatis quam
caudatis, glabris, papyraceis, inframedialibus 18 cm longis, 3 cm
latis, horizontalibus; venis conspicuis, 2- ad 4-furcatis, venulis
soriferis plerumque super soros anastomosantibus; soris in lin-
eam unam irregularem utroque latere costae et ca. 5 mm dis-
tante instructis; indusio laete fusco nitido, tenue sed persistente.

Mount Kinabalu, Maraiparai Spur, Mrs. Clemens 11033.

An exceedingly well-marked species of the group of Cyathea Brunonis,
from which it differs in the stout stipe and rachis of darker color, less

scattered sori, anastomosing veins and wholly distinct apex. The anasto-
mosis of the veins, as a feature correlated with broad, entire laminae of

146016 —4

50 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

frond or pinna, duplicates conditions already familiar in many other genera,
Athyrium, Dryopteris, Polypodium, etc.

Cyathea Brunonis Wall. has of late been treated as identical with C.
moluccana R. Br.; this may be proper, but with five or six Bornean species
in the group, distinguished now by the apex of the frond, now by the base
of the stipe, I would want to compare complete specimens, rather than very
imperfect descriptions, before I believe it. I do not know Cyathea moluc-
cana at all, but have in hand four sheets of Cuming 378, cited by Hooker
with the description of C. Brunonis.

CYATHEA PSEUDOBRUNONIS sp. nov.

Fragmentum solum a C. J. Brooks ad Bidi in Sarawak anno
1907 lectum et sub nomine C. Brunonis sine numero distributum
adest ; qua specie rhachi validiore, pinnis longioribus, marginibus
plus parallelis ubique crenato-sinuatis, textura crassiore, venis
simplicibus multis, et praecipue indusiis nullis vel mox fugacibus
distinguendum est. Rhachi castanea glabrescente; pinnis bre-
vistipitatis, basi superiore truncatis inferiore truncato-cuneatis,
ca. 30 cm longis, 3 cm latis; soris irregulariter 3-seriatis, ad
venas simplices plerumque carentibus.

The main veins are notably stout, with usually four, less frequently
three or five branches; and between them are usually two simple veins,
leaving the costa near the main veins or at any points between them.
There are no entire sori on my specimen, but many from which few
sporangia have been shed; and no trace of an indusium can be detected.
On Cuming’s specimens of Cyathea Brunonis, collected about eighty years

ago, the indusium can be seen a meter away with the naked eye, though
the sporangia of many sori are entirely gone.

CYATHEA FUSCOPALEATA sp. nov.

Verosimiliter arborescens, sed caudice ignoto; stipite 75 cm
alto, parte inferiore 20 cm longa paleis linearibus 1 ad 2.5 em
longis fuscis minute ciliatis dense vestita, sursum rhachique fus-
co-stramineis, glabris; fronde 75 ad 100 cm alta, 35 ad 45 cm
lata, pinnata, pinna apicale aliis simile, minore; stipitulis pin-
narum 3 ad 10 mm longis, basibus nigro-fuscis ad. rhachin arti-
culatis; pinnis majoribus inferioribus 16 ad 22 cm longis, 25 ad
35 mm latis, anguste lanceolatis, basi rotundatis vel interdum
rotundato-cuneatis, apice acuminatis, rectis vel falcatis, apices
versus serratis, alibi integris, subcoriaceis, glabris; venis 1 ad
3 furcatis, inter eas 0-2 simplicibus, proximis, liberis; soris 1-
ad 3-seriatis, costae approximatis, exindusiatis.

Sarawak, Siol, native collector 2508, February—June, 1914.
Other collections probably representing this species, but without the
base of the stipe, are 2657 from Mount Merinjak, and 1568, without stated

locality; No. 68, the frond of a young plant, cannot. now be determined to
the species.

:

XII, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 51

This is perhaps nearest to Cyathea articulata, from which it differs in
the narrower pinnae and closer venation and sori, as well as in the paleae.
CYATHEA KINABALUENSIS sp. nov.

Caudice erecto haud arborescente; stipite 75 cm alto vel al-
tiore, deorsum atro-castaneo, ad pedem paleis rufo-stramineis
anguste linearibus ciliatis 2 ad 2.5 cm longis dense vestito,
sursum rhachique fuscis vel castaneis glabris vel minute et spar-
sissime squamulatis; fronde 75 cm alta vel multo altiore; pinna
apicale aliis simile; stipitulis pinnarum 5 ad 20 mm longis;
pinnis majoribus inferioribus usque ad 25 cm longis et 4 cm
latis, basi rotundatis vel oblique cuneatis, apicibus acuminatis
vel caudatis, rectis vel falcatis, praecipue apices versus serratis,
papyraceis, glabris; venis plerisque 3-furcatis et sine venis sim-
plicibus interpositis; soris plerisque irregulariter biseriatis, a
costa remotis, exindusiatis.

Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur, Mrs. Clemens 10840 (type), 10861,

Topping 1634.
Most nearly related to Cyathea arthropoda, from which it differs in its
darker axes and relatively narrower pinnae with more nearly parallel sides,

as well as in the long paleae.

Whoever is disposed to rename some of these species in Alsophila
should have difficulty in overlooking the fact that they are nearly related
to Cyathea Brunonis and C. capitata, but not at all nearly so to C.
extensa (Forst.) Swtz.

CYATHEA TOPPINGI! sp. nov.

Rhachi fusco-purpurea, sub lente minute furfuracea; pinnis
stipitulatis, sterile 35 cm longa, 9 cm lata, rhachi atropurpurea,
superne velutina, alibi glabra vel glabrescente; pinnulis brevisti-
pitulatis, 4.5 cm longis, 1 cm latis, acuminatis, basi truncatis,
majoribus fere 4 ad costam pinnatifidis, costis nudis atropur-
pureis, lobis proximis, obliquis, subacutis, ca. 2.5 mm latis,
obscure crenulatis, subcoriaceis, inferne pallidis; venis utroque
latere ca. 3, obliquis, simplicibus; pinna fertile angustiore, pin-
nulis 20 ad 25 mm longis, vix 5 mm latis, crenatis; soris con-
tiguis, nudis.

Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur, Topping 1824.

In the small group with distinct fertile and sterile fronds or pinnae;
distinguished from Cyathea dimorpha (Christ) by having the fertile pin-
nules less cut than the sterile; and from C. Hewittii Copel. by the much
smaller and more numerous lobes of the sterile pinnules; much less ob-
viously related to C. glabra than is C. Hewittii.

CYATHEA ELLIPTICA sp. nov.

Adsunt basis et pars apicalis frondis; rhachi deorsum atro-

fusca, 6 mm crassa, superne piloso-velutina, ibidem et praecipue

52 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

ad latere paleis atrocastaneis squarrosis 5 ad 7 mm longis lan-
ceolatis subulatis integris rigidulis dense vestita, inferne pilis
caducis vestita, tum demum verruculosa, sursum rhachibusque
pinnarum pallidioribus, superne setosis, alibi glabris; pinnis in-
fimis horizontalibus, subsessilibus, vix 20 cm longis, 5 cm latis;
pinnulis 2.5 ad 3 cm longis, 7 mm latis, obtusis, ellipticis, ses-
silibus, serratis, infimis minoribus; pinna 40 cm ab apice remota
sessile, 30 cm longa, 7.5 cm lata, abrupte acuminata; pinnulis
22-paribus, acutis, 1 cm latis, 4 ad costam lobatis, lobis 2 ad 3
mm latis, obliquis, costis superne deorsum sparse et minute pilo-
sis, inferne paleis fulvis parvis et paucis plerisque bullatis deci-
duis vestitis, lamina glabra papyracea; venulis ca. 3-paribus,
simplicibus; soris ferrugineis, exindusiatis, medio inter costam
et marginem saepe confluentibus.

Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur, Mrs. Clemens 10859.

This is like the Alsophila Burbidgei of Hose and of Christ in having
a dense fringe of brown scales on the stipe and lower part of the rachis
and is perhaps identical with Hose’s plant, at least. Baker described as
Cyathea Burbidgei-a plant without scales and the costae strongly ciliate

beneath; the costae of C. elliptica are not in the least so. The pinnules
are usually abruptly but not greatly dilated at the base.

CYATHEA MOLLIS sp. nov.

Caudice (teste Mrs. Clemens) 1 m alto; stipite 50 cm alto
ferrugineo-castaneo, ad pedem paleis fulvis et stramineis lin-
earibus sursum minute serrulatis 1.5 ad 2 cm longis dense im-
mefso, sursum rhachique superne piloso-velutinis, inferne gla-
brescentibus; fronde 80 cm alta, ovata, longe acuminata, tripin-
natifida; pinnis infimis reductis, inframedialibus maximis, sub-
sessilibus, 30 cm longis, 7 cm latis, sensim acuminatis, rhachi
superne adpresso-setosa, alibi pilis pallidis 2 ad 3 mm longis
vestita; pinnulis multis, fere contiguis, sessilibus, 3 ad 4 cm lon-
gis, 1 cm latis, acutis, 4 ad costam pinnatifidis, herbaceis, utraque
facie viridibus, costa superne sparse setosa, inferne paleis sparsis
minutis plerisque bullatis et subulatis fulvis, et inter eas pilis
sparsissimis vestita, costula quaque 1 ad 3 squamulis ornata;
lobis ca. 4 mm longis, 3 mm latis, obliquis, obtusis, fere integris;
venis utroque latere ca. 4, simplicibus; soris medialibus, minutis,
exindusiatis.

Sandakan, Mrs. Clemens 9440.

CYATHEA KEMBERANGANA 5p. nov.

Caudice et parte basale stipitis ignotis; fronde 75 cm alta,
deltoidea, acuminata ; rhachi fusca, superne velutina, alibi gla-
brescente; pinnis infimis 40 cm longis cum stipitula 3 cm longa,

XII, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 53

remotis; pinnulis inferioribus 7 cm longis, 15 mm latis, subob-
tusis, basi truncatis vel subcordatis, % ad costam pinnatifidis,
stipitulis earum 5 mm longis, costis superne nigro-velutinis, in-
ferne venisque majoribus paleis lanceolatis vel ovatis 0.5 ad 1
mm.longis atropurpureo-setoso-ciliatis deciduis vestitis, atropur-
pureis ; segmentis proximis, superne vernicoso-nitidis, inferne oli-
vaceis; venis utroque latere ca. 5, simplicibus, rectis, infima
inferiore remota e costa emissa; soris medialibus, 1 mm lIatis,
sporangiis pilis brevibus brunneis interspersis, indusio nullo vel
inviso. .

Mount Kinabalu, Kemberanga, Mrs. Clemens 10500.

Probably a near relative of Cyathea Ridleyi (Baker), but with lighter
_ axes and stalked pinnules. C. sguamulata has much more ample fronds,
. thin in texture, with long, whitish hairs in the sori. C. recommutata has
dark-purple axes, and less lobed, subdimorphous pinnules.

CYATHEA PALEACEA sp. nov.

Arbor (teste Mrs. Clemens), caudice ut videtur 3 cm crasso
apice basibus stipitum paleisque dense immerso; stipite 20 ad 30
em alto, rhachique ubique densissime paleaceis, paleis pedem sti-
pitis versus 1 cm longis linearibus rigidis atro-castaneo-fuscis
integris, ad rhachin et costas inferne pallidioribus laceratis et
pilis interpersis praecipue ad costas diversis, superne cum pilis
intergradientibus; fronde ca. 50 cm alta, 15 em lata, acuminata,
bipinnata, apice pinnatifida; pinnis infimis defiexis; medialibus,
rectis, sessilibus, subacuminatis, 2 cm latis; pinnulis proximis,.
sessilibus vel plerisque adnatis, obtusis, integris, margine de-
flexis, rigide coriaceis, costis pallidis superne prominentibus pilis
albis longis flaccidis deciduis ornatis, inferne apud rhachin pin-
nae paleatis, alibi pilis vel squamulis minutis albis appressis
ornatis, lamina superne atro-viride, inferne pallidiore; venis
usque ad 11-paribus, apud costam furcatis; soris magnis, costa-
libus, globosis; indusio fusco, persistente, poro aperto, demum
in fragmenta pauca fisso.

Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave, Mrs. Clemens 10726 (type), Topping 1669.
_ Very distinct from any species hitherto known to me, nearest perhaps

to Cyathea dulitensis Baker, from which it is distinguished by its extreme
sealiness. By description it might seem nearly related to C. philippinensis
Baker, but I believe there is no near affinity between the two.
CYATHEA RIGIDA sp. nov.

C. paleaceae affinis, rhachibus etenim densius paleatis, tota
fronde majore et crassiore, paleis basalibus lanceolato-ovatis in
vetustate eroso-ciliatis, infimis remotis et reductis, pinnis erecto-
patentibus, 17 cm longis, 5 cm latis, pinnulis 25 mm longis, 5
mm latis, majoribus medio ad costam lobatis, lobis triangular-

54 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

ibus, lamina et costis superne nigris; aliter vix C. paleacea
distinguenda.

Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave, Topping 1758.

Very distinct in characteristics available for description, but still very
possibly a much more ample form of Cyathea paleacea. Judging by the
material in hand it seems best to regard them as distinct species. C.
Havilandii Baker is described as subcoriaceous with the lowest pinnae not
reduced, and the veinlets simple.

CYATHEA LONGIPES sp. nov.

Adsunt partes mediales et verosimiliter basales frondis; rhachi
castanea, superne minute fusco-furfuracea, alibi glabra, inerme;
pinnis longissime stipitulatis, usque ad 45 cm longis, 18 cm latis,
acuminatis, rhachi superne fusco-pilosa, inferne deorsum nuda,
sursum ut costae sed sparsius paleatis; pinnulis stipitulatis, re-
motis, usque ad 10 cm longis, 2 cm latis, valde acuminatis, basi
rotundato-truncatis, fere ad costam pinnatifidis, costa superne
minute pilosa, inferne paleis 1 ad 1.5 mm longis ovatis irregu-
laribus fusco-cinereis subpersistentibus haud dense vestita; seg-
mentis proximis, 10 ad 13 mm longis, 4 mm latis, obliquis,
subfalcatis, obtusis, serratis, papyraceis vel subcoriaceis, inferne
pallidis, costula superne prominente glabra, inferne deorsum
sparse paleata, alibi glabra; venis utroque latere usque ad 8
quarum 5- vel 6-furcatis et his plerisque soriferis; soris infra-
medialibus, vix 1 mm latis, castaneis, indusio tenue mox fisso.

Mount Kinabalu, Maraiparai Spur, Mrs. Clemens 10915 (type), Topping
1850. Mrs. Clemens’s field note states “trunk 3 ft.—frond 10-15 ft.” Well
marked by the pedicels, those of the pinnae in hand reaching a length of
8 cm, and of the pinnules, 6 mm.

CYATHEA MEGALOSORA spp. nov.

Stipite 45 cm alto, castaneo, deorsum paleis pallide stramineis
linearibus 3 cm longis dense vestito, sursum paleis minoribus
sparsius vestito et ob baseos nigros irregularies palearum deci-
duarum aspero; rhachi fusca, superne velutina, alibi minute et
sparse verruculosa, paleis cinereis sinuosis vestita; pinnis infi-
mis ut videtur maximis, 35 cm longis, 14 cm latis, acuminatis,
brevi-stipitulatis, basin versus subangustatis, bipinnatis, rhachi
superne dense hirsuta, inferne paleis cinereis linearibus sinuosis
1.5 ad 3 mm longis appressis cum minoribus interspersis densis-
sime vestita; pinnulis utroque latere ca. 20, subsessilibus, vix
12 mm latis, basin versus pinnatis, sursum pinnatifidis, rhachi
ut rhachis pinnae vestita: pinnulis 1! infimis liberis, sessilibus,
oblongis, obtusis, 3 mm latis, sequentibus conformibus adnatis
margine deflexis, coriaceis, superne nigris, ad costas et venas
sparse pilosis, inferne pallidioribus, costis deorsum dense paleatis,

Vane, Spapuenennaag

XII, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 55

sursum venisque paleis parvis in pila decrescentibus sparse ves-
titis; venis ca. 5-paribus, plerisque furcatis; soris medialibus,
magnis, laminam totam complentibus; indusio laete fusco, mox
fisso, persistente; receptaculo parvo.

Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave to Lobang, Topping 1759.

Cyathea crinita (Hooker) Copel., reported by Miss Gibbs, is less densely
paleaceous and has narrower ultimate divisions, beside being exindusiate.
The scales of C. megalosora are typically entire, but those of the upper
axes are soft and flexuous, forming thick mats.

DRYOPTERIS Adanson

DRYOPTERIS INCONSPICUA sp. nov.

Lastraea; rhizomate repente vel suberecto, breve, ca. 4 mm
crasso, paleis parvis ovatis apiculatis fuscis sordidis vestito;
stipitibus confertis, 15 ad 20 em usque ad pinnas normales altis,
fusco-stramineis, deorsum sparse paleatis, sursum rhachique
superne velutinis, inferne glabrescentibus, pinnis subnormales
2- ad 4-paribus remotis ad auriculas reductis ornatis; fronde
25 ad 30 cm alta, 8 ad 12 cm lata, acuminata; pinnis infimis
normalibus plerumque deflexis et rhachin versus angustatis; me-
dialibus sessilibus vel brevi-stipitulatis, falcato-acuminatis, basi
truncatis, 12 ad 16 mm latis, ad alam 1.5 mm latam costalem
pinnatifidis, herbaceis, pilis pallidis minutis dense adpressis ves-
titis; segmentis obliquis, obtusis, 2 ad 3 mm latis; venis utroque
latere ca. 4, simplicibus; soris medialibus; indusio fusco, tenue,
nudo.

Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Topping 1543 (type); Gurulau Spur, Topping
1837, 1839.

Apparently a quite distinct species, characterized by the dwarfed lowest
pinnae and peculiar pubescence of costae and veins; but without any one
distinctive feature to invite attention in the field.

DRYOPTERI!IS KINABALUENSIS sp. nov.

Lastraea ; rhizomate breve, suberecto, paleis nigris lanceolatis
valde acuminatis ca. 6 mm longis vestito; stipitibus confertis,
10 ad 17 cm altis, deorsum paleatis atris vel atropurpureis,
sursum glabrescentibus et viridescentibus; fronde usque ad 25

- em alta et 8 em lata, acuminata, rhachi costisque ubique sed

praecipue superne brevissime hirsutis; pinnis liberis utroque
latere 15 ad 23, infimis haud brevioribus, paullo deflexis, brevis-
sime stipitulatis, aliis sessilibus, inframedialibus horizontalibus,
rhachin versus interdum paullo angustatis deinde truncatis, pro-
funde pinnatifidis, tenuiter chartaceis, superne atroviridibus,
punctulis minutissimis albis ornatis, nec carent inferne punc-
tulae; segmentis 2 mm latis, obtusis, decidue ciliatis; venulis ca.
5-paribus, simplicibus; soris medialibus, indusio pallido, tenue.

56 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave, Topping 1719.

This is from the same place as Dryopteris gymnopoda (Baker) C. Chr.
and is certainly much like it; but that species is described as smaller,
but with the pinnae cut quite to the costa, and with one sorus on each
side at the base of each segment; the latter feature might be expected
on occasional young plants of D. kinabaluense, but such plants are not
likely to be more deeply cut than larger ones.

DRYOPTERIS LINEARIS sp. nov.

Lastraea; rhizomate suberecto, 5 ad 10 mm crasso, lignoso,
breve, paleis castaneis lanceolatis acuminatis 1 cm longis dense
vestito; stipitibus 30 ad 45 cm altis, atropurpureis, nitidis, deor-
sum paleis paucis ornatis; fronde usqué ad 50 cm alta et 8 cm
lata, acuta, rhachi atropurpurea superne velutina, inferne nitida ;
pinnis infimis subremotis vix brevioribus, utroque latere 25 ad
35, brevistipitulatis, 35 ad 45 mm longis, 10 ad 15 mm latis, e
basi dilatato sensim angustatis, acuminatis, profunde pinna-
tifidis, costa superne velutina, aliter glabris, coriaceis, inferne
pallidis ; segmentis proximis, obtusis, majoribus crenatis vel sub-
serratis; venulis utroque latere ca. 5, simplicibus vel infimis in
sementis maximis furcatis; soris superioribus in segmento quo-
que costularibus, inferioribus divergentibus; indusiis magnis,
persistentibus, fulvis, interdum inaequalibus (athyrioideis),
nudis.

Mount Kinabalu, Maraiparai Spur, Mrs. Clemens 11069 (type), 11067.

There is little choice as to whether this should be called Dryopteris or
Athyrium. The conspicuous dark-purple stipes and rachises are duplicated
by some similar and probably related species in each genus. I have given
this a name in Dryopteris because most of the sori are roundish and it is
not more nearly related to species known to me in Athyrium.

DRYOPTERIS TOPPINGII sp. nov.

Nephrodium, D. extensae (Bl.) O. K. affinis, pinnis stipitulatis
rhachin versus decrescentibus, adspectu D. syrmaticae; rhizo-
mate inviso sed de forma pedis stipitis verosimiliter late repente;
stipite 50 cm alta, ad pedem paleis fusco-castaneis linearibus 1
cm longis vestito, sursum rhachique minute griseo-velutinis;
fronde ca. 75 cm alta, fere 40 cm lata; pinnis rectis, late linea-
ribus, inferioribus remotis non abbreviatis, stipitulatis, et ad
rhachin pseudoarticulatis, ca. 20 cm longis, 3.5 latis, acumi-
natis, medio ad costam pinnatifidis; segmentis proximis, subfal-
catis, obtusis, 5 ad 7 mm latis, pinnularum inferiorum infimis
valde reductis, pilis pallidis appressis ciliatis, costis et sparsius
venis superne velutinis, inferne minute adpresso-pubescentibus,
lamina nuda papyracea; venulis ca. 14-paribus, quarum 3 vel 4

XU, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 57

anastomosantibus; soris submarginalibus, contiguis, indusio
glabro.

Mount Kinabalu, Lobang, Topping 1766.

As is true of Dryopteris extensa, the position of the sori is sometimes
evident on the upper surface.

DRYOPTERIS LITHOPHYLLA sp. nov.

D. alpestris gregis D. cucullata, robustior, rigide coriacea,
glabra; rhizomate ut videtur brevi-repente, 5 mm crasso; stipi-
tibus approximatis, validis, 20 ad 25 cm altis, lignosis, basi
atropurpureis, sursum fusco-stramineis, glabris, ubique pseudo-
pinnis usque ad tuberculas abrupte reductis donatis; fronde 25
ad 30 cm alto, ca. 10 cm lata, acuminata, rhachi et costis superne
velutinis exceptis glaberrima; pinnis proximis, subsessilibus
subfalcatis, erecto-patentibus, usque ad 8 cm longis et 15 mm
latis, acuminatis, basin versus infimis angustatis, aliis truncatis,
profunde dentatis, dentibus oblique deltoideis, acutis; venis con-
spicuis, ca. 10-paribus quarum 4 anastomosantibus; soris media-
libus, indusio parvo glabro, fusco.

Mount Kinabalu, Maraiparai Spur, Topping 18503.

Like Gleichenia crassifolia in texture.

MESOCHLAENA R. Brown
MESOCHLAENA TOPPINGII sp. nov.

M. polycarpae similis, pilis rhachidis longioribus et pinnis in-
ferioribus triangulari-hastatis imbricatis distincta; stipite usque
ad pinnas infimas reductas 5 cm alto, paleis pilosis linearibus
fuscis 10 ad 15 mm longis vestito; parte inferiore frondis lineare,
35 ad 55 cm alto, pinnis ibidem hastato-triangularibus, sursum 2
cm longis, 2.5 cm latis lobis lateralibus recurvatis, late imbricatis;
fronde vera 45 ad 60 cm alto, 25 ad 30 em lata, pinnata, rhachi
pilis albis 1.5 vel 2 ad 2.5 mm longis vestita; pinnis fere horizon-
talibus, sessilibus, 12 ad 15 cm longis, sterilibus 2 cm, fertilibus
10 ad 15 mm latis, acuminatis, basi subhastato-truncatis, ad
mediam laminam pinnatilobatis lobis obtusis, lamina papyracea,
superne ad costas subadpresso-pilosis, ad venulas pilis sparsis
longis ornatis, inter venulas nudis, inferne costis venis et ve-
nulis pilosis, lamina inter venulas glandulifera; venulis ca. 9,
quarum 2 vel 3 anastamosantibus; indusio elliptico, praecipue
ad lineam medialem obscuram dense minute piloso, marginem
versus pallido, ad marginem ipsum densissime glandulis minutis
obsito.

Kinabalu neighborhood, between Keung and Kibayo, Topping 1902.
Mesochlaena polycarpa has a much less conspicuous development of the

58 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

reduced lower pinnae, shorter hairs on the rachis, decidedly finer and closer
pubescence on the nether surface, and less ornate indusia.

Mr. Topping remarks that he regards this as the most strikingly beau-
tiful fern he has collected.

TECTARIA Cavanilles

TECTARIA MURUDENSIS sp. nov.

Sagenia, Nephrodio ternato Baker, Syn. Fil. 296, affinis, in
alas pinnarum glandulifera; rhizomate repente, 5 mm crasso;
stipite 35 ad 40 cm alto, fusco, deorsum sordide adpresso-paleato,
sursum frondeque glabris; fronde ternata, pinnis elliptico-lan-
ceolatis, valde caudatis, integris; pinna apicale stipitata, usque
ad 30 cm longa et 8 cm lata, basi cuneata; pinnis lateralibus
sessilibus, paullo minoribus, subcultratis, ad pedem quaeque
glandula squamulosa conspicua praditis, papyraceis; venis con-
spicuis, patentibus, marginem fere attingentibus et ibidem cur-
vatis; soris plerisque apud venis seriatis, nec carent alii irre-
gulariter adspersi; indusio sat persistente, reniforme, lobis
interdum imbricatis, parvo.

Sarawak, foot of Mount Murud, native collector 2905 (type), 2945
(Bur. Sci.).

This differs from Tectaria ternata, of which I have an apparently typical
specimen, in color of stipe and veins, rather firmer texture, more divergent
veins, cuneate base of central segment, and in the conspicuous “glands.”
The latter probably are very dwarfed buds, and suggest affinity to proliferous
species. They are uniform on the three fronds in hand. T. subcaudata

(v. A. v. R.) is described as having a distinctly different rhizome, and
fugacious indusia.

ATHYRIUM Roth
ATHYRIUM CLEMENSIAE sp. nov.

A. gregis A. nigripedis, A. Sarasinorum et A. philippinensi
simile, quibus praecipue fronde compacta pinnis imbricatis sti-
pite rhachique carnosis distinctum; caudice breve, suberecto,
valido, radicibus paleisque immerso, paleis badiis vel castaneis,
linearibus; stipite plantae typicalis alpestris 5 ad 8 cm alto, ad
pedem dense paleato, alibi paleis angustis ca. 5 mm longis sparsis
ornato, sursum glabrescente ; fronde ovata, 5 ad 8 cm alta, bipin-
nata; pinnis brevi-stipitatis, anguste ovatis, obtusis, utroque
latere 7 ad 10, deorsum accrescentibus; pinnulis paucis, oblongis
vel ellipticis, obtusis, infimis stipitulatis incisis, plerisque con-
fluentibus, crenatis; soris lineari-oblongis, vel late oblongis; in-
dusiis asplenioideis rarius forma typica Athyrii, interdum dipla-
zioideis vel reniformibus, neque carent indusia formis aliis, e. g.
Acrophori et Leucostegiae.

?

we

7

Se es

XU, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 59

Mount Kinabalu, summit of Low’s Peak, in rock crannies, Mrs. Clemens
No. 10621, November, 1915.

The diagnosis just given applies to the form at greatest altitude, where
the general appearance seems to be fairly fixed. With decrease of altitude
and exposure the fern of course grows more freely, down to its lower limit,
which, so far as our collections show, is about the Paka Cave. Topping’s
No. 1698, from between the cave and the summit, has some stunted fronds,
but also some 15 cm high and equally wide. His No. 1705 from the im-
mediate vicinity of the cave, has the tripinnatifid fronds ovate and 20 to
25 cm high, with much the aspect of A. nigripes, but still with brown, not
very dark scales, and the stipe still somewhat fleshy.

Euathyrium reaches its best development in species in the extra-tropical
Orient; but within the tropics, each mountain of sufficient height has a
group of apparently and probably local species. In this group we have
now one species from two Celebes peaks, this one of Kinabalu, and one
from Mount Data, Luzon. A somewhat different line of evolution from
the same near parent stock is represented on Data, Kinabalu, and the
Pangeranggo.

ATHYRIUM ATROPURPUREUM sp. nov.

A. gregis A. Filix-foeminae, A. drepanopteronti similis, eo
paleis, stipitibus et pube atro-purpurescentibus, lamina tenuiore
distinctum; rhizomate suberecto; stipitibus confertis, plerisque
atropurpureis, aliis pallidioribus, ca. 20 cm altis, pedibus paleis
lanceolatis acuminatis 5 mm longis sparse vestitis, sursum re-
lictis palearum minutarum asperulis; fronde 20 ad 25 cm alta,
lanceolata, acuminata, deorsum non angustata, tripinnatifida;
pinnis majoribus 5 cm longis, 20 ad 25 mm latis, deltoideo-lan-
ceolatis, acuminatis, brevipedicellatis, rhachibus sursum vel ubi-
que alatis; pinnulis sessilibus vel adnatis, oblongis, pinnatifidis
vel sursum dentatis; segmentis acutis, integris vel furcatis; lam-
ina papyracea vel chartacea, superne pilis et squamulis minutis
deciduis sparse vestita, obscura; venis nigris; soro in segmento
quoque uno, laminam ejus fere complente; indusiis polymorphis,
plerisque dryopteroideis, aliis (parvis) forma Leucostegiae, aliis
athyrioideis.

Mount Kinabalu, Low’s Peak, Mrs. Clemens 10620, Topping 1696.

ATHYRIUM ATROSQUAMOSUM sp. nov.

Diplazium, A. Blumei affine, soris brevibus, lamina tenuiore,
stipite deorsum paleis angustissimis nigris nitidis asperis subcrin-
itis 5 ad 12 mm longis dense vestito; stipite 40 cm alto, deorsum
nigro sursum sordide brunneo-stramineo; rhachibus in sulcis
dorsalibus pilosis, alibi paleis paucis parvis irregularibus decid-
uis ornatis; fronde 1 m alta, 60 cm lata, triangulari; pinnis sat
remotis, stipitatis, acuminatis, infimis 35 cm longis; pinnulis

60 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

multis, stipitulatis, inferioribus et submedialibus ca. 12 cm lon-
gis, 15 mm latis, valde acuminatis, basi truncatis, fere ad costam
nigram pinnatifidis, segmentis 3 ad 4 mm latis, oblongis, obtusis,
serrato-dentatis; venis fere omnibus simplicibus; lamina papy-
racea, inferne subpallidiore glabra; soro infimo solummodo saepe
diplazioideo; soris costularibus, brevibus, indusio laete brunneo.

Mount Kinabalu, Maraiparai Spur, Mrs. Clemens 11051.

This fern has the remarkable coat of absolutely black scales, completely
clothing the apex of rhizome and base of stipe, characteristic of Athyrium
meyenianum; in other respects it is much like A. Blumei, except in the
details noted above.

POLYPODIUM Linnaeus

POLYPODIUM KINABALUENSE sp. nov.

Grammatis minuta, rhizomate erecto, apice paleis pallidis mi-
nutis lanceolatis vestito; stipitibus permultis confertis, usque
ad 5 cm longis castaneis, glabris, erectis; frondibus lineari-oblan-
ceolatis, 3 ad 5 cm altis, 2.5 ad 4 mm latis, obtusis, deorsum
sensim angustatis, glabris, tenuiter coriaceis; venis furcatis
ramis subaequalibus, ramo superiore apud furcam sorifero; soris
superficialibus vel levissime immeris, vix elongatis.

Mount Kinabalu, altitude 3,700 meters, Mrs. Clemens 10649 (type),
10618 partim.

A very distinct little fern of the Alpine summit. Mixed with No. 10649
is one small plant which may be a Scleroglossum.
POLYPODIUM BROOKSII sp. nov.

Polypodium hirtellum Brooks in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1 (1912) 49, non
Blume.

Grammitis, rhizomate suberecto, paleis pallide brunneis ovatis
obtusis vel acutis vestito; stipitibus confertis, haud articulatis,
filiformibus, 0.5 ad 1 em longis, pilis vinicoloribus 1 ad 2 mm
longis ornatis ; fronde 4 ad 7 cm alta, plerumque ca. 3 mm, rarius
usque ad 5 mm lata, obtusa vel subacuta, deorsum sensim an-
gustata, integra, subcoriacea, ubique setosa, setis usque ad 3
mm longis, rubidis; venis sterilibus plerisque simplicibus, fertil-
ibus prope costam furcatis, soro orbiculare ramum superiorem
brevissimum insidenti et complente, receptaculo subelongato.

Sarawak, Mount Bongo, Brooks, February, 1908.

So far as one might judge from diagnoses, this might be Polypodium
lasiosorum Hooker; but study of Javan material satisfies me, as it has
Blume, Beddome, and others, that the latter is only a small form of P.
hirtellum Bl., with forks of the veins subequal. I have never seen P. hir-
tellum except in Javan material. Beddome, Ferns of British India 172, 212,

twice figures a Ceylon fern, probably similar in venation to that described
here, although he describes the veins on page 172 as simple; we have this

XII, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 61

fern in Luzon and have called it P. hirtellum in error. I now believe it to
be P. Reinwardtii. Grammitis nana Fée is also described as having simple
veins; whatever it is, the name cannot be transferred to Polypodium. As to
the venation of P. lasiosoruwm, van Alderwerelt, Malayan Ferns 580, says
“veins not discernible,”—-which may depend on how it is examined.

My specimens of Polypodium Brooksti are somewhat old and the sporangia
seem to be naked; those of P. Reinwardtii and P. hirtellum bear a few setae.
POLYPODIUM CALCIPUNCTATUM sp. nov. :

Grammitis P. Frederici et Pauli Christ affinis, subglabra et
punctulis caleareis ornata; rhizomate erecto, paleis lanceolatis
fulvis dense ciliatis vestito; stipitibus confertis, 3 ad 4 cm longis,
gracilibus, pilis 2 ad 2.5 mm longis pallidis et rubis vestitis;
fronde pendente, usque ad 25 cm longa, ca. 13 mm lata, lingui-
forme, subacuta, deorsum angustata, integra vel rarius obscure
et late crenulata, crassa, superne glabrescente et ad apices venu-
larum albo-punctata, inferne sparse pilosa; venis utrinque pin-
natis, immersis; soris irregulariter a costa fere ad marginem
adspersis, superficialibus, orbicularibus, inter sporangia pilis
paucis.

Mount Kinabalu, Kemberanga, Mrs. Clemens 10530.

While near to Polypodium Frederici et Pauli of Celebes, this fern has
a narrower frond, with parallel sides and the form of a narrow P. setigerum,
less conspicuous and almost naked costa, and thicker texture.
POLYPODIUM MULTISORUM sp. nov.

Grammitis, praecedente (P. calcipunctato) affinis; rhizomate
breve, suberecto, radicibus et sursum basibus stipitum omnino
obtecto, paleis veris ob dissectionem ipsarum in pilos minutos
pallidos carentibus; stipitibus multis confertis, 2 ad 4 cm longis,
filiformibus, pilis pallidis usque ad 2 mm longis densissime
hirsutis; fronde ca. 15 cm longa, 8 ad 12 mm lata, utrinque
angustata, subacuta, integra vel saepius late crenata, subcoriacea,
superne glabrescente, inferne ubique pilosa; venis sinuatis, irre-
gulariter utrinque pinnatis; soris irregulariter adspersis vel sub-
3- vel 4- seriatis, oblongis, densissime pilosis, superficialibus.

Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave, Topping 1665 (type) 1668, 1682, 1711. No.
1682 is immature and might be confused with other species,

While more like Polypodium Frederici et Paul: in form and texture, this
fern is clearly distinguished by the elongate sori, which remain clearly
marked by dense tufts of hairs, after the sporangia are removed.
POLYPODIUM MURUDENSE sp. nov.

Eupolypodium pinnatifidum anguste lineare; “rhizomate”
erecto, breve, paleis ovato-lanceolatis brunneis inter stipites ves-
tito; stipitibus confertissimis, ca. 2 mm altis, vel 1 cm altis et
sursum alatis, pilis paucis albidis ornatis, mox glabrescentibus ;
fronde 6 ad 9 cm alta, 2.5 mm lata, in dentes triangulares obtusos

62 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

pinnatifida, in vernatione pilis brevissimis albidis vestita, glabres-
cente, papyracea, sinubus inter dentes dentibus ipsis reversis
aequalibus; vena in dente quoque una, simplice, soro tantum

uno, inframediale, subsuperficiale.

Mount Murud, native collector, 2924 (Bur. Sci.), December, 1914.

Nearer to Polypodium subpinnatifidum than to P. alternidens; differing
from -the former in having almost sessile, narrower fronds and triangular,
not rounded, segments; from the latter in the closer teeth and thinner
texture.

POLYPODIUM BRACHYPODIUM sp. nov.

Species P. colorato Copel. similis et affinis, paleis mollioribus
integris distincta; rhizomate 3 ad 4 mm crasso, calcareo, paleis
rufo-castaneis peltatis sensim in caudam angustatis 5 mm longis
integris mollibus vestito; phyllopodiis brevissimis; stipitibus
inter se ca, 4 mm distantibus, 10 ad 18 cm altis, glabris, atro-
fuscis vel (frondium juvenalium) stramineo-fuscis; fronde
usque ad 30 cm alta et 7 cm lata, acuminata, pectinata, vix deor-
sum angustata, rhachi atro-fusca, nuda; segmentis utroque latere
usque ad 60, fere horizontalibus, 3 ad 4 mm latis, acutis, apices
versus serrulatis, ala angusta confluentibus, papyraceis vel sub-
chartaceis, opacis, infimis decurrentibus; venis deorsum seriem
unam areolarum includentibus, aliter liberis, furcatis, venis in-
clusis nullis, apices versus segmentorum liberis, furcatis, tum
demum simplicibus; soris ad ramos inferiores acroscopicos vena-
rum, costae quam margini propioribus, superficialibus, parvis,
utroque latere costae usque ad 18.

Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur, Topping 1823 (type), 1620; Lobang, Mrs.
Clemens 10354; Kiao, Mrs. Clemens 10225.

Very similar in appearance to Polypodium coloratum, but larger than any
known specimens of the latter, with closer fronds, and distinctly different
paleae; the costae of the segments are straight in P. brachypodium, but
wavy above the middle in the type of P. coloratwm.

Polypodium cesatianum Baker is probably a fern of this most interesting
Bornean group, as is certainly true of the fern described under that name,
as a Eu-polypodium, by van Alderwerelt, Malayan Ferns, 603. In my judg-
ment, this name is without standing in systematic botany. Baker published
it without a diagnosis, merely stating that Beccari’s plant, P. papillosum
Cesati, non Blume, was a distinct species. Cesati suggests differences from
true P. papillosum, by saying that such may be due to the state of develop-
ment of his very small specimen; but all he tells about it is that it agrees
with P. papillosum in not having the lower pinnae reduced—which certainly
is no diagnosis. Beccari and Christ merely list the plant; and the first
description, based on a collection by Hallier instead of on the original, was
published by van Alderwerelt, in English and in 1909.

Judging by place of collection, Beccari’s plant is likely to be P. coloratum
Copel., 1908, which I published without suspecting that I might have P. cesa-

XM, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 63

tianum, supposed at that time to have free veins. P. cesatianwm is described
by van Alderwerelt as having brown paleae and the margin “slightly, not
regularly crenate;” it may be P. coloratwm or may not; at any rate, the
two are closely related. If P. cesatianuwm Baker is neither P. coloratum
nor the plant collected by Hallier, it still awaits description. If all three
are distinct, some good botanical lawyer should decide what plant should be
called P. cesatianum. Was the type collected by Beccari or by Hallier?
Has a nomen nudum,—such as P. cesatianum was before 1909, and under
our strictest rules still is—and, as such, invalid, a type valid enough to fix
the application of the name? Or could van Alderwerelt, intentionally or
inadvertently, choose a new type specimen to go with Baker’s name? Is it
P. cesatianum Baker or P. cesatianum v. A. v. R.?

POLYPODIUM OCCULTIVENIUM sp. nov.

Species P. rupestri Bl. affinis; rhizomate repente, paleis rufo-
brunneis peltatis sub insertione non protractis supra basin an-
guste lanceolatis apicibus longis setiformibus dense vestito;
stipitibus approximatis, fronidum sterilium ca. 4 cm, fr. fertilium
ca. 10 em altis, fusco-stramineis, nudis, rectis; fronde sterile
18 ad 16 cm longa, 2.5 ad 3.5 cm lata, lineari-elliptica, integra,
coriacea, glabra, apice rotundata, basi acuta; costa inferne pro-
minente, venis inconspicuis; fronde fertile paulo longiore; soris
inter venas biseriatis, multis, superficialibus.

Sarawak, Bidi, Brooks, May, 1909.

Polypodium rupestre Bl. differs from this in having darker, less dense,
and less setiform paleae, acuminate fronds broadest near the base, and
more rigid texture.

POLYPODIUM ALBIDO-PALEATUM sp. nov.

Species P. triquetro Bl. affinis; rhizomate repente, nigro,
rugoso, 4 mm crasso, paleis ochroleucis vel albidis peltatis et
sub insertione protractis anguste ovatis apicibus acuminatis de-
ciduis donatis tum demum omnino deciduis vestito; stipitibus
remotis, fuscis vel atro-fuscis, validis, 7 ad 12 cm altis; fronde
25 ad 40 cm alta, 7 ad 8 cm lata, elliptico-lanceolata, abrupte
brevi-acuminata, basi rctundata vel subcuneata, integra vel
apicem versus subserrulata, rigide coriacea, glabra; costa et venis
primariis praestantibus; soris parvis, inter venas biseriatis vel
subirregulariter adspersis inter costam et marginem usque ad 18,
superficialibus.

Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave to Lobang, Topping 1749 (type); Marai-
parai Spur, Mrs. Clemens 11060.

Polypodium triquetrum BI. has larger, darker and more persistent paleae,
smaller and distinctly lanceolate fronds and larger and less numerous sori,
regularly arranged in double rows. The confusion of P. triquetrum and
P. rupestre, in various compendia, can be due only to failure to observe
the paleae.

64 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

POLYPODIUM ITHYCARPUM sp. nov.

Species gregis P. nigrescentis BI. ; stipite 25 cm alto vel altiore; .
fronde spectabile ultra 50 cm alta, late ovata, ad alam 5 ad 10
mm latam pinnatifida; segmentis ultra 35 cm longis, 3 ad 5 cm
latis, integris, glabris, membranaceis, angulo 45° distantibus,
costa valida, plerumque ad basin deflexa; venatione inconspicua ;
soris utroque latere costam prope uniseriatis, inter se remotis,
superne 1 mm elevatis, truncatis, usque ad 3 mm latis.

Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Topping 1578 (type), a small frond; Lobang,
Topping 1778, a fragment of a large frond.

On the specimens collected, the tips of every segment except one stunted
one are broken off in collection or drying; the longest fragment is 35 cm
long. In spite of the great size, and the thinness, the venation is no more
conspicuous than that of P. punctatum (L.) Sw. The plant is further dis-
tinguished from P. nigrescens and P. longissimum (which are not easily
distinguished in Borneo) by the even more prominent sori, the distance
between them, and their remoteness from the margin.

CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux

CYCLOPHORUS BORNEENSIS sp. nov.

Niphobolus gregis C. floccigeri; rhizomate late repente, 2.5
mm crasso, nigro, dense paleato, palearum basibus peltatis nigris,
pallido-marginatis, paleis anguste lanceolatis, castaneis, griseo-
marginatis, deinde sursum griseis, longissime attenuatis, rectis
vel subcrispis, patentibus, integris; stipitibus remotis, 3 ad 6
em altis, albo-floccigeris, glabrescentibus; fronde ca. 25 cm
alta, 10 ad 12 mm lata, utrinque sensim angustata, coriacea,
margine sicco deflexo, superne pilis fulvis longe-stellatis deciduis
vestita, nec punctata nec squamulosa, inferne tomento denso et
profundo occulta, pilis stellatis saepe seta erecta centrale
obscura ornatis, ramis aliis saepius pallidis; venis liberis om-
nibus excurrentibus, in areola quaeque plerumque 3; soris irre-
gulariter ca. 4-seriatis, laminam totam complentibus, haud ad
partem distalem frondis restrictis.

Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Topping 1508.
OREOGRAMMITIS Copeland genus novum
Frondibus confertis, stipitatis, simplicibus, integris, parvis;
venis (nisi soriferis) liberis; soro costa parallelo et proximo,
lineare, superficiale, nudo; paraphysibus nullis. Genus Eupoly-
_ podio derivatum. fi
OREOGRAMMITIS CLEMENSIAE sp. nov.

Rhizomate adscendente, brevissimo, paleis pallido-fuscis lan-
ceolatis vel ovatis acutis 2 ad 3 mm longis dense obtecto; stipitibus

Ce Pe ey ee eee oe ie geen al ial Net

ae eee ne

———— es se ee:

XII, C, 1 Copeland: New Species Borneo Ferns 65

filiformibus, castaneis, 1.0 ad 2.5 cm altis; fronde lineari-oblan-
ceolata, 1.5 ad 3.0 mm lata, 2 ad 3 cm longa, obtusa, deorsum
sensim attenuata, subcucullata, subcoriacea, fusca, pilis sparsissi-
mis concoloribus mox deciduis vestita; venis inconspicuis, simpli-
cibus vel furcatis; soris usque ad 12 mm longis, subapicalibus,
lateribus frondis deflexis protectis.

Mount Kinabalu, Low’s Peak, altitude 3,670 meters, Mrs. Clemens, mixed
with No. 10618, the remainder of which is Polypodium kinabaluense.

This fern differs from Scleroglosswm in the very essential feature of its
strictly superficial, or even slightly elevated sori. The filamentous stipes,
leaving the short rhizome or caudex with a conpicuous covering of paleae,
also give it a quite distinct appearance. The protection of the sori by the
deflexed sides of the arched apex is mechanically like that already known
in the case of Hymenolepis platyrhynchos; and in both cases the protection
tends to be raised and so to expose the sorus when the frond is dry, but
to fold down when it is wet.

In its characters, Oreogrammitis stands between Scleroglossum and
Polypodium, and-possibly illustrates the origin of the former; but as it is
known only from the isolated summit of Kinabalu, it seems more likely that
it is an independent offshoot.

SCLEROGLOSSUM van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh

SCLEROGLOSSUM ANGUSTISSIMUM sp. nov.

Rhizomate suberecto, basibus stipitum, radicibus filiformibus
rigidis atrofuscis, atque paleis lanceolatis integris pallido-fuscis
usque ad 5 mm longis 1 mm latis acutis, densissime obtecto ; stipit-
ibus ut placet, aut nullis, aut alatis et 1 ad 4 cm altis, compla-
natis; fronde lineari-spatulata, parte subapicale fertile 5 ad 10
mm longa, 1.5 mm lata, deorsum ad alam usque ad caudicem
protractam stipitis sensim angustata, apice obtusa, coriacea,
glabra; costa haud prominente, usque ad apicem attingente; venis
brevibus, liberis, immersis; soris intramarginalibus, fere ad cos-
tam immersis, sulcis decurrentibus, paraphysibus nullis.

Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai Spur, Mrs. Clemens 11048. An unmis-

‘ takable Scleroglossum, but with more the form and size of a Monogramma.

From above Paka Cave, we have a single specimen of another small
Scleroglossum, mixed with the type collection of Polypodium kinabaluense;
until more material may be brought in, I am not sure that it is not a
dwarfed specimen of S. pusillum.

146016—5

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C, BOTANY.
Vou. XII, No. 1, January, 1917.

KOORDERSIOCHLOA JAVANICA MERRILL, A NEW GENUS AND
SPECIES OF GRAMINEAE FROM JAVA

By E. D. MERRILL *
(From the botanical section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)
ONE PLATE
KOORDERSIOCHLOA’® Merrill genus novum Gramineae-Aveneae.

Spiculae pauciflorae, laxe paniculatae, rhachilla supra glumas
inferiores elongata et valde hirsuta; rhachilla inter flores valde
elongata et articulata, infra (=rhachilla propia) glaberrima,
supra (=callus) hirsuta, floribus inferioribus hermaphroditis,
superioribus masculinis; glumae superiores vacuae. Glumae 2
inferiores vacuae, sub articulatione persistentes, inaequales,
lanceolatae, acuminatae, obscure carinatae (gluma minor obscure
3-nervia; gluma major distincte 5-nervia, nervis subparallelis) .
Glumae florentes anguste lanceolatae, submembranaceae, 7-ner-
vae, dorso rotundatae, apice acuminatae et 2-dentatae quam
vacuae multo longiores, dorso sub apice arista longa torta tenui
haud geniculata instructae. Glumae superiores florem ¢ fo-
ventes; ultimae valde reductae, ananthae. Palea angusta, 2-
carinata, apice obscure 2-dentata. Stamina 3. Ovarium gla-
brum. Styli breves, distincti, ovarii apice inserti, stigmatibus
plumosis. Caryopsis oblonga, glabra, leviter compressa, obscure
sulcata, libera, apice appendiculata et stigmatum reliquiis coro-
nata. Gramen elatum foliis planis, habitu Avenae Junghuhnii
Biise. Ligula elongata. Paniculae ramuli capillares, spiculis
longiusculis, nutantibus, glumis imbricatis, florentibus 4 vel 5,
superioribus 2 vel 3 valde reductis, vacuis, aristae conjunctim
contortae.

KOORDERSIOCHLOA JAVANICA Merrill sp. nov.
Culmo erecto, 1 m alto, basi 2 ad 3 mm diametro, minutissime
scaberulo. Foliorum vaginae internodia superantia, striatae,
minutissime scabridae; ligula elongata, glabra, fissa, 5 ad 7 mm
longa, infra leviter incrassata, supra submembranacea, lobis ob-
tusis, circiter 2 mm latis; lamina anguste lanceolata, attenuato-

1 Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.

2? Nomen e cl. Koorders et chloa (x6),
67

68 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

acuminata, circiter 15 cm longa et 7 mm lata, membranacea,
glabra vel junioribus subtus leviter ciliato-pilosa. Panicula
exserta, angusta, laxa, circiter 15 cm longa, glabra, rami pauci,
tenues, adscendentes; pedicelli graciles. Spiculae lanceolatae,
circiter 2 cm longae (aristis exceptis). Glumae 2 inferiores
steriles glabrae, lanceolatae, acuminatae; gluma minor, 8 ad 9
mm longa et 1.2 mm lata, obscure carinata et obscure 3-nervia;
gluma major 11 ad 12 mm longa et 1.6 mm lata, distincte 5-
nervia. Rhachillae articulis 4mm longis (rhachilla propria gla-
berrima, 2 mm longa; callus dense hirsutus, 2 mm longus).
Glumae fertiles plerumque 4, 12 ad 14 mm longae et 2.5 mm
latae, glabrae, 7-nerviae, apice acuminatae et 2-dentatae, dorso
rotundatae, arista tenui, contorta, haud geniculata, 4 cm longa,
circiter 3 mm infra apicem inserta; glumae superiores valde
reductae, vacuae. Caryopsis anguste oblonga, leviter com-
pressa, glabra, 5 ad 6 mm longa, indistincte sulcata, apice ap-
pendiculata et stigmatum reliquis coronata. |

Java orientalis, Prov. Besoeki, Idjen Plateau, in sylvis Casuarinae mon-
tanae, leg, Koorders 408468, alt. 1,800—2,000 m. s. m., July 21, 1916. —

A remarkable grass, well charecterized by its narrow, lax
panicles; its very slender, twisted but not geniculate awns, which
are much longer than the spikelets, those of each spikelet closely
twisted together; and its elongated rachilla joints. The space
between the flowering glumes is about 4 mm, of which 2 mm
is the slender, glabrous, rachilla proper, and the other 2 mm the
somewhat thickened, prominently hirsute callus. The lower one
or two flowers are perfect, the succeeding two or three stami-
nate, while the uppermost two glumes are very greatly reduced,
empty, the last one practically reduced to a very slender awn
5 to 6 mm in length which terminates the rachilla.

I was at first disposed to place this apparently undescribed
genus in the Hufestucae, near the genus Festuca, but it is ap-
parently better placed in the Aveneae, near the Australian genus
Amphibromus Nees. It differs from Amphibromus in its more
numerously nerved empty and flowering glumes, the later
toothed, not cleft; its twisted but not geniculate awns; and its
caryopsis, which is obscurely sulcate. Regarding the awns of
Amphibromus Steudel states “valvula inferior * * * infra
apicem membranaceum bifidum vel tridenticulatum aristata,
arista stricta (siccando ad horizontem refiexa nec geniculata).”
Bentham describes the awns as “florentes * * * medio dorso
arista torta geniculataque tenui instructae” and in his Flora
Australiensis as “Flowering glumes * * * with a dorsal
twisted and bent awn attached at about the middle.”

a

“XI, ¢,1 Merrill: Koordersiochloa Javanica 69

Australian material representing Amphibromus neesii Steud.,
for which I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Maiden, director of the
Botanic Garden, Sydney, N. S. W., and a specimen in the Buiten-
zorg Herbarium, collected by Reader, shows that this genus is
radically different from Koordersiochloa in many characters, in-
cluding its much smaller spikelets, the flowering glumes awned
from about the middle of the back, the awn prominently geni-
culate or bent. The awns are, moreover, free and spreading, not
twisted together in the manner so characteristic of Koordersio-
chloa. In Amphibromus the callus, while prominently bearded,
is much shorter than are the joints of the rachilla. The alliance
of Koordersiochloa with Amphibromus was originally deter-
mined from the description of the latter genus, and now that
specimens are available for purposes of comparison, I am still
of the opinion that this is the correct disposition of the new
Javan genus.

ILLUSTRATION

PLATE I. Koordersiochloa javanica Merrill. Koorders et Mangoendimedjo

ZEDASRANHOADE

delin. A, from life; B to N, from herbarium material Koorders
40846 B.

. Habit sketch of a flowering plant.

Part of a flowering and fruiting plant.

Spikelet in flower.

Flower.

Stamen.

Pollen grain.

Gynaecium.

. Fruiting glume and palea, the former with an awn.
Apex of a flowering glume.

Palea.

Caryopsis.

. Apex of a caryopsis with the thickened base of the style.
. Starch grains.

71

MPRRILL: KOORDERSIOCHLOA JAVANICA,] [Pum.. Journ. Sct, XII, C, No. 1.

PLATE I. KOORDERSIOCHLOA JAVANICA MERR,

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

C. BOTANY
Vou. XII MARCH, 1917 No. 2

THE MOSSES OF AMBOINA

By V. F. BROTHERUS
(Helsingfors, Finland)

Sometime before the late Doctor C. B. Robinson started on
his botanical excursion to Amboina he requested me to take
over the examination of the bryological material that heshoped
~ to be able to collect there. I consented to his proposal in view
of the fact that the bryological flora of Amboina was practically
unknown, and further because I had learned, from previous
collections sent to me from the Bureau of Science, that Doctor
Robinson was a very able collector. The hope that rich bryolo-
gical collections from Amboina might be secured has not fully
been realized, as this young explorer was murdered by the
natives before he had completed his work of exploration.
Thanks to Mr. Merrill’s kindness I have had an opportunity of
examining the collection of mosses that he left, and have pre-
pared the following report. I have included in the list those
species secured in Amboina by earlier collectors, such as Zippel,
Naumann, DeVriese, and Micholitz in order that the report
may be more complete.

FISSIDENTACEAE
FISSIDENS Hedwig

FISSIDENS ZIPPELIANUS Doz. & Molk.
AMBOINA, Batoe merah and town of Amboina, on earth and wet rocks at
low altitudes, Rel. Robins. 2284, 2285, 2287 p. p., 2804 p. p.

FISSIDENS CRASSINERVIS Lac.
AMBOINA, Hotoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2466, on earth, altitude 400 meters.

*The statement made by me to the effect that the manuscript of this
paper had been lost in transit [This Journal 11 (1916) Bot. 245, 252] was
an error; the statement applies to another manuscript on Philippine mosses.
[E. D. M.]

147918 73

ae’ The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
LEUCOBRY ACEAE

LEUCOBRYUM Hampe

LEUCOBRYUM ADUNCUM Doz. & Molk.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2268, on dead wood, altitude 350
meters.

LEUCOBRYUM SANCTUM Hamp.
AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2828, on dead wood, altitude 250
meters.

LEUCOBRYUM SERICEUM Broth.
AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2267, on ground and about the bases

of trees, altitude 150 meters.

LEUCOPHANES Bridel

LEUCOPHANES OCTOBLEPHARIOIDES Broth.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

LEUCOPHANES CANDIDUM (Hornsch.) Lindb.

AMBOINA, near the town of Amboina, Rel. Robins. 2276, terrestrial;
Zippel.

OCTOBLEPHARUM Hedwig

OCTOBLEPHARUM ALBIDUM (Linn.) Hedw.

AMBOINA, Wakal and town of Amboina, Rel. Robins. 2275, 2282, on
sago palms and on Sonneratia at sea level.

CALYMPERACEAE
SYRRHOPODON Schwaegrichen

SYRRHOPODON BORNEENSIS (Hamp.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Wakal, Rel. Robins. 2270, on Sonneratia along the seashore.

SYRRHOPODON ALBOVAGINATUS Schwaegr.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2807, 2328 p. p., on dead wood,
altitude 350 meters.

SYRRHOPODON CILIATUS (Hook.) Schwaegr.

AMBOINA, Roemah tiga and town of Amboina, Rel. Robins. 2271, 2278,
2277, 2290, on the trunks of sago palms and on trees at low altitudes.
SYRRHOPODON CROCEUS Mitt.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2308 p. p., on trees, altitude 250
meters.

SYRRHOPODON MOLLERI (Doz. & Molk.) Lac.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2315, 2327, on trees, altitude 350
meters.

* XIBC, 2 Brotherus: The Mosses of Amboina 75

SYRRHOPODON MANI!I C. Miill.

AMBOINA, Roemah tiga, Rel. Robins. 2278, on trees, altitude 3 meters.
SYRRHOPODON FASCICULATUS Hook. & Grev.

AMBOINA, Batoe gadjah, Rel. Robins. 2812, on trees, altitude 200 meters;
Zippel.

CALYMPERES Swartz

CALYMPERES PUNGENS C. Miill.
AMBOINA, Nawmann.

CALYMPERES SEMIMARGINATUM C. Mill.
AMBOINA, Naumann.

CALYMPERES PANDANI C, Miill.
AMBOINA, Naumann.

POTTIACEAE
BARBULA Hedwig

BARBULA COMOSA Doz. & Molk.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

BARBULA ORIENTALIS (Willd.) Broth.

AMBOINA, town of Amboina, Rel. Robins. 2288, 2820, on earth and rocks
at low altitudes.

HYOPHILA Hampe
HYOPHILA COMMUTATA Broth.

AMBOINA, Zippel.
GYMNOSTOMIELLA Fleischer
GYMNOSTOMIELLA VERNICOSA (Hook.) Fleisch.

AMBOINA, Micholitz.

ORTHOTRICHACEAE
DESMOTHECA Lindberg

DESMOTHECA APICULATA (Doz. & Molk.) Lindb.
AMBOINA, Zippel.
MACROMITRIUM Bridel
MACROMITRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Roemah tiga, Rel. Robins. 2294, 2296, on trees at low altitudes;
Zippel.
BRACHYMENIUM Schwaegrichen
BRACHYMENIUM INDICUM (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Zippel.
BRYUM (Dill.) Schimper
BRYUM CORONATUM Schwaegr.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

76 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

MYURIACEAE
MYURIUM Schimper
MYURIUM RUFESCENS (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Fleisch.

AMBOINA, Zippel.

ENDOTRICHELLA C. Miiller
ENDOTRICHELLA ALARIS Broth. sp. nov.

Dioica; robustiuscula, lutescens, sericeo-nitens; caules se-
cundarii usque ad 10 cm longi, flexuosi vel arcuato-adscenden-
tes, dense foliosi, simplices; folia sicca erecto-patentia, humida
patentia, conformia, mollia, pluries plicata, oblonga, sensim lan-
ceolato-subulata, marginibus inferne anguste recurvis, integris,
apice tantum minute et parce serrulatis, enervia, cellulis valde
inter se porosis, anguste prosenchymaticis, basilaribus infimis
brevioribus, aureis, alaribus numerosis, quadratis, fusco-aureis ;
bracteae perichaetii internae eretae, sensim lanceolato-subula-
tae, subintegrae, seta ca. 1.8 mm alta, lutescenti-rubra, laevis;
theca erecta, breviter oblonga, fuscidula, laevis. Caetera ignota.

AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2298, epiphytica, alt. 700 m.

Species EF. eleganti (Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch. habitu sat similis, sed foliorum
structura longe diversa.

ENDOTRICHELLA ROBINSONI! Broth. sp. nov.

Dioica; gracilescens, pallide lutescenti-viridis, nitidiuscula;
caulis primarius brevis, fusco-tomentosus; caules secundariti
numerosi, usque ad 6 cm longi, dense et complanate foliosi,
simplices; folia sicca et humida erecto-patentia, stricta, elongate
lanceolato-ligulata, breviter acuminata, acuta, profunde plicata,
marginibus anguste et indistincte recurvis, apice minute serru-
latis, enervia, cellulis anguste prosenchymaticis, basilaribus in-
fimis abbreviatis, laxis, fusco-aureis, alaribus haud diversis;
bracteae perichaetii internae erectae, minutae, abrupte apicu-
latae vel obtusae, apice pluries incisae; seta ca. 1.8 mm, lutescenti-
rubra, laevis; theca erecta, minuta, oblonga, fusca, laevis. Caet-
era ignota. :

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2809, alt. 350 m.

Species E. compressae (Mitt.) Broth., mihi e descriptione tantum cog-
nitae, valde affinis.

AEROBRYOPSIS Fleischer

AEROBRYOPSIS LONGISSIMA (Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch.
AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2308, altitude 250 meters.

AEROBRYUM Dozy and Molkenboer

AEROBRYUM SPECIOSUM Doz. & Molk.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

ee

Poa ae” ee ee ee

XII, €, 2 Brotherus: The Mosses of Amboina T7

NECKEROPSIS Reichardt
NECKEROPSIS GRACILENTA (Bryol. jav.) Fleisch.
AMBOINA, Hitoe lama, Rel. Robins. 2329, on trees, altitude 150 meters.
HOMALIODENDRON Fleischer

HOMALIODENDRON SCALPELLIFOLIUM (Mitt.) Fleisch.

AMBOINA, DeVriese.
THAMNIUM Schimper

THAMNIUM ELLIPTICUM (Bryol. jav.) Kindb.
AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2297, on wet rocks, altitude 250 meters.
HOOKERIACEAE
CALLICOSTELLA (C. Miill.) Mitten

CALLICOSTELLA BECCARIANA (Hamp.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Soja, Rel. Robins. 2295, on rocks, altitude 400 meters.

CHAETOMITRIUM Dozy and Molkenboer

CHAETOMITRIUM TORQUESCENS Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2298, 2300, on living and dead
branches, altitude about 150 meters.

HYPOPTERYGIACEAE
HYPOPTERYGIUM Bridel
HYPOPTERYGIUM VRIESII Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Halong, Rel. Robins. 2832, on rocks at low altitudes.
LESKEACEAE
PSEUDOLESKEOPSIS Brotherus

PSEUDOLESKEOPSIS ZIPPELLI (Doz. & Molk.) Broth.

AMBOINA, Zippel. ‘
PELEKIUM Mitten

PELEKIUM VELATUM Mitt.
AMBOINA, Soja, Rel. Robins. 2308, on rocks, altitude 400 meters; Naw-
mann (P. fissicalyx C. Miill.).

THUIDIUM Bryol. eur.

THUIDIUM BIFARIUM Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Halong, Rel. Robins. 2306, on rocks, altitude 30 meters.

THUIDIUM GLAUCINOIDES Broth.
AmMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2818, on rocks, altitude 250 meters,

THUIDIUM CYMBIFOLIUM (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Zippel. :
THUIDIUM PLUMULOSUM (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. jav.

AmBoInA, Hitoe lama, Rel. Robins. 2828, on limestone, altitude 150 meters;
Webb.

78 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

HYPNACEAE
MACROTHAMNIUM Fleischer

MACROTHAMNIUM MAGCROCARPUM (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Fleisch.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

ECTROPOTHECIUM Mitten

ECTROPOTHECIUM VERRUCOSUM (Hamp.) Jaeg.

AMBOINA, town of Amboina, Rel. Robins. 2321, 2336, on sandstone and
limestone at low altitudes.
ECTROPOTHECIUM ZOLLINGERI (C. Miill.) Jaeg.

AMBOINA, Zippel; Hitoe lama, Rel. Robins. 2335, on rocks, altitude 75
meters.
ECTROPOTHECIUM MANII Broth.

AMBOINA, Roemah tiga, Rel. Robins. 2335, on trees at low altitudes.

ECTROPOTHECIUM ICHNOTOCLADUM (C. Mill.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Zippel. :

ECTROPOTHECIUM BUITENZORGII (Bel.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

TRISMEGISTIA (C. Mill.) Brotherus

TRISMEGISTIA LANCIFOLIA (Harv.) Broth.
AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2280, terrestrial, altitude 150 meters.

ISOPTERYGIUM Mitten

ISOPTERYGIUM AQUIFOLIUM (Bryol. jav.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, DeVriese.

VESICULARIA (C. Mill.) C. Miller

VESICULARIA MONTAGNEI (Bel.) Broth.
AMBOINA, Zippel.

VESICULARIA DUBYANA (C. Miill.) Broth.

AMBOINA, Zippel; town of Amboina, Rel. Robins. 2804 p. p., 2818, on
earth at low altitudes.

VESICULARIA AMBOINENSIS Broth. sp. nov.

Autoica; robustiuscula, caespitosa, caespitibus densis, mollibus,
sordide fuscescenti-viridibus, opacis; caulis elongatus, laxe
foliosus, pinnatim ramosus, ramis patulis, usque ad 3 cm longis,
valde complanatis, laxiuscule foliosis, simplicibus vel parce ramu- _
losis, obtusis; folia caulina lateralia sicca contracta, humida
patula, concaviuscula, ovata, subulato-acuminata, integra, ener-
via, cellulis elongate rhomboideo-hexagonis (ca. 5.1), teneris;
folia ramea minora, brevius acuminata, laxius areolata. Caetera
ignota.

XII, ©, 2 Brotherus: The Mosses of Amboina 719

AMBOINA, Halong, Rel. Robins. 2801, on rocks in swift water, mostly
submerged, altitude 40 meters.
Species V. scaturiginum (Brid.) Broth. valde affinis.

TAXITHELIUM Spruce

TAXITHELIUM NEPALENSE (Schwaegr.) Broth.

AMBOINA, Zippel; town of Amboina, Rel. Robins, 2272, 2811, on bases of
tree trunks at low altitudes.

TAXITHELIUM TURGIDELLUM (C. Miill.) Par.
AMBOINA, Naumann.

ECTROPOTHECIELLA Fleischer

ECTROPOTHECIELLA DISTICHOPHYLLA (Hamp.) Fleisch.
AMBOINA, Hitoe lama, Rel. Robins. 2274, on limestone, altitude 75 meters,

LEUCOMIACEAE
LEUCOMIUM Mitten

LEUCOMIUM ANEURODICTYON (C. Miill.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2334, altitude 250 meters.

SEMATOPHYLLACEAE
TRICHOSTELEUM (Mitt.) Jaeger

TRICHOSTELEUM HAMATUM (Doz. & Molk.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Roemah tiga and Hitoe messen, Rel. Robins. 2288, 2314, 2319,
on trees, sea level to 350 meters altitude.
SEMATOPHYLLUM (Mitt.) Jaeger

SEMATOPHYLLUM HYALINUM (Reinw.) Jaeg.
AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2269, 2279, on trees, altitude 700 to
800 meters.

SEMATOPHYLLUM WARBURGII! Broth.

AMBOINA, Salahoetoe, Rel. Robins. 2310, on trees, altitude 850 meters.
RHACOPILACEAE
RHACOPILUM Palisot de Beauvois

RHACOPILUM AMBOINENSE Broth. sp. nov.

Dioicum; robustiusculum, caespitosum, caespitibus densis,
depressis, viridibus, opacis; caulis longe prostratus, fusco-tomen-
tosus, dense foliosus, pinnatim ramosus, ramis patulis, vix ultra
1 cm longis, cum foliis ca. 2.5 mm latis, curvatis, simplicibus,
obtusis; folia sicca sursum curvata, humida planissima, brev-
iter oblonga, obtusa, aristata, marginibus erectis, superne
inaequaliter serrulatis, nervo tenui, in aristam brevem excedente,
cellulis subrotundato-hexagonis, pellucidis, ca. 0.02 mm, mar-

80 The Philippine Journal of Science

ginem versus minoribus, basilaribus internis laxioribus, breviter
oblongis, plus minusve alte secus nervum productis, omnibus
laevissimis; folia antica multo minore, cordato-lanceolata, aris-
tata, superne inaequaliter serrulata. Caetera ignota.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen and Hitoe lama, Rel. Robins. 2286, 2299, on
limestone, altitude 150 meters.

Species Rh. spectabili Reinw. & Hornsch. affinis, sed statura minore, foliis
posticis oblongis, obtusis, minutius serrulatis, nervo tenuiore, brevius exce-

dente dignoscenda.
POLYTRICHACEAE

POGONATUM Palisot de Beauvois

POGONATUM CIRRATUM (Sw.) Brid.
AMBOINA, DeVriese.
POGONATUM TEYSMANNIANUM (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol. jav.
AMBOINA, Soja, Rel. Robins. 2316, on banks, altitude 450 meters.
RHACELOPUS Dozy and Molkenboer

RHACELOPUS PILIFER Doz. & Molk.

AMBOINA, Hoetoemoeri road, Rel. Robins. 2281, on earth and stones, alti-
tude 200 meters.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1917.

A NEW SPECIES OF CALAMUS FROM AMBOINA

By O. BECCARI
(Florence, Italy)

CALAMUS ROBINSONIANUS Bece. sp. nov.

Scandens, gracilis, caudice vaginato 15 mm diam., vaginis
(non flagelliferi?) spinis acicularibus armatis. Folia cirrifera,
regulariter pinnata, parte petiolari brevi, complanata, aculeo-
lata; segmentis numerosis, aequidistantibus concinnis, angus-
tissime lanceolatis, majoribus 18 ad 22 cm longis, 10 ad 14
mm latis, apice subtilissime acuminatis, unicostulatis, utrinque
in costa media setosis, nervis lateralibus tenuibus nudis; margin-
ibus remotissime et appresse spinulosis vel fere laevibus. Spad-
ices ¢ et ¢ similes, foliis multo breviores (+25 cm longi),
furfure fusca adspersi, parte pedicellari propria destituti, com-
planati, paniculati, erecto-patuli; inflorescentiis partialibus bifar-
ie divaricatis, disticis, simpliciter ramosis; spathis primariis
brevibus, complanatis, anguste infundibuliformibus; spatha bas-
ilari subancipiti, pedicelliformi, 3 cm longa, in ore ciliata et
exacte truncata; spathis superioribus sensim paullo minoribus,
oblique truncatis, acutis vel acuminatis. Flores masculi curvuli,
oblongi, obtusi, 5 mm longi. Spicae foemineae majores 4 cm
longae, floribus disticis, utrinque 6 vel 7; spathellis brevibus bre-
viter tubulosis in ore ampliatis; involucrophoris brevisime ele-
vatis, subpedicelliformibus; involucris orbicularibus, discoideis.
Fructus anguste elliptici, 1 cm longi, 5 mm lati, utrinque atten-
uati, conice rostratis; squamis per orthostichas 12 ordinatis,
convexis leviter in medio sulcatis, stramineis, margine conspicue
atropurpureo.

AMBOINA, Mount Salahoetoe (Salahutu), Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1612
(¢b plant), 1613 (2 plant), November 27, 1913, altitude 850 meters. Native
name rotang tuni.

A very distinct species, referable to group XV of my monograph on
account of its cirriferous leaves and non-flagelliferous leaf-sheaths; but in
that group it has no affinities. It is particularly distinguishable by its
spadices being considerably shorter than the leaves, and resembling those
of a Daemonorops, but furnished with only short, infundibuliform, closely
sheathing, primary spathes. a

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1917.

A NEW SPECIES OF GUIOA FROM AMBOINA

By L. RADLKOFER
(Munich, Germany)

GUIOA Cavanilles

GUIOA MULTIPUNCTATA Radlk. sp. nov.

Arbor 5 m alta; rami teretes, glabri, cortice laevi rubro-fusco;
folia abrupte pinnata; foliola alterna, sat approximata, oblongo-
lanceolata, acuminata, basi inaequilatera (latere exteriore an-
gustiore), petiolulis conspicuis fere ab apice sensim incrassatis
rugosis suffulta, integerrima, chartacea, nervis procurvis arcua-
to-anastomosantibus, glabra nec nisi pilis microscopicis subulatis
patentibus supra laxe adspersa, epapillosa, supra subfusca, sub-
tus pallida, cellulis secretoriis crebris permagnis per stauren-
chyma, nec non sat magnis utriculiformibus per pneumatenchyma
persita, inde dense grossiuscule pellucido-punctata, insuper in-
signia epidermide paginae superioris sparsim crystallophora,
plurifoveolata, foveolis sat amplis; rhachis nuda, teretiuscula;
paniculae axillares, parvae, petiolos vix duplo superantes, gla-
brae; discus sub fructu relictus annularis, aequalis, glaber;
capsula inter minores, obcordato-triloba, breviter stipitata, styli
reliquiis apiculata, lobis seminigeris ellipsoideis patentibus, 1 vel
2 interdum inanibus multo minoribus lateraliter compressis,
glabra, aqua agitata spumam efficiens, endocarpio sclerenchyma-
tico secus medianam interrupto laevi; semen ellipsoideum, totum
arillo carnoso basi processu filiformi appendiculato obvolutum.

Rami 6 mm erassi. Folia petiolo 2 cm longo adjecto 18 ad 22
em, longa; foliola cum petiolulis 5 ad 7 mm longis 8.5 ad 14.5
cm longa, 2.5 ad 4.cm lata. Paniculae 3.5 cm longae. Capsula
8 mm alta, stipite vix 3 mm longo, 1.3 cm lata. Semen 6 mm
longum, diametro 4 mm.

AmpoIna, Gelala, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1602, September 19, 1913,
altitude 125 meters, comm, ex Hb. Manil. sn

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1917.

THE RELATION BETWEEN LIGHT INTENSITY AND CARBON
DIOXIDE ASSIMILATION

By WiLu1AM H. Brown and Georce W. Heise

(From the College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines, and from
the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.)

In the absence of complicating factors there is, with many
photochemical reactions, a direct proportionality between light
intensity and reaction velocity. This relationship was first pos-
tulated by Malaguti(13) and afterward experimentally sub-
stantiated by Draper.(7) It is expressed in the well-known
law of Bunsen and Roscoe,(5) as follows:

E=kit,

where £E is the photochemical effect, 7 the intensity factor, t the
time factor, and & a constant.

Reactions free from complicating factors are by no means
easy to find. Even with comparatively simple photochemical
processes, in which all factors can be controlled with some
degree of certainty, complications frequently arise which cause
deviations from the Bunsen and Roscoe law. This is well illus-
trated by the difficulty encountered in securing reactions suit-
able for actinometric work. With long-continued reactions, high
light intensities, or great changes in light intensity(22) the
reaction velocity is often less than strict proportionality would
require. This discrepancy between cause and effect has been
determined experimentally by a number of workers, including
Luther and Weigert,(12) and has been calculated by Byk. (6)

It has been determined that a simple relationship does not
hold in the much-studied case of the exposure of the photo-
graphic plate.(22) For certain light intensities the photo-
chemical effect produced S is proportional, not to the intensity
I, but to the logarithm of the intensity, in accordance with the

uation
ie S=k log 1.

For another intensity range the relationship is expressed by an
even more complicated formula, namely:

=Y log (i#t+C).

BO The Philippine Journal of Sctence 1917

There are progressively greater deviations from the Bunsen-
Roscoe law with still higher light intensities. The augmentation
of photographic effect proceeds more and more slowly until there
is no further increase, when a certain limiting light intensity is
reached.

The photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide by ofthis
is a complicated reaction affected by many factors; hence there
is a priori no reason to expect that the relationship between
assimilation and light intensity under natural conditions should
be expressed as a simple, direct proportionality. The general
statements ' in the literature, however, give the impression that
the amount of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants is directly
proportional to the intensity of the incident light. The writers
have recently had occasion to review the literature on photo-
synthesis, and believe it worth while to call attention to the fact
that these statements by no means express the conclusions to be

* Pfeffer (17) says:

The photosynthetic activity increases proportionately to the intensity of
the light, as has been repeatedly shown since the first experiments by
Wolkoff. There is, however, a limit to the increase.

Further on, the foregoing statement is somewhat amended as follows:

No mathematically exact relation can be expected between the photosyn-
thetic activity and the intensity of the light, for as the light increases
other influences may be exerted, which directly or indirectly womty the
assimilatory powers of the chloroplastids.

According to Jost(10);

As the light increases in intensity, CO.-assimilation also increases.
When the light is about as intense as ordinary sunlight, however, this
relation is not maintained, and this for several reasons.

Barnes(1) writes:

From the point at which the effective energy of the light absorbed is
just equal to disposing of the available CO:, whether this is greater than
natural or not, lessening the intensity of the light results in a propor-
tional diminution of the amount of the product.

Blackman and Matthaei(2) make the following statement:

The general views expressed in this paper involve the assumption that
with all intensities of light the amount of assimilation is proportional ‘to
the intensity of the light unless some secondary or limiting factor is at
work.

Blackman and Smith(3) in their work on Elodea determined two points
on a curve representing the relation between carbon dioxide assimilation
and light intensity and then drew the curve as a straight line.

Jorgensen and Stiles(9) in an extensive review of the recent literature
on carbon dioxide assimilation also hold that assimilation is directly pro-
portional to light intensity.

xu,c,2 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 87

derived from the available experimental data. If the photo-
chemical process in carbon dioxide assimilation could be studied
independently of all complicating reactions it might well show
a direct proportionality between light intensity and reaction
velocity, but the experimental evidence at hand does not prove
that such a relation holds for photosynthesis as it takes place
under natural conditions.

One of the most extensive investigations on the relation of
carbon dioxide assimilation to light intensity is that of Reinke,
who worked with Elodea.(18) In Table I we have summarized
Reinke’s Table VIII, using the average of all his values for as-
similation with any given intensity of light. This is Reinke’s
longest and probably his most important experiment.

TABLE I.—Summary of Reinke’s Table VIII, showing the relation between
light intensity and bubble emission.

Lightintenatty. [rm tegen thee ee ee

In se
Fullsun-| yssun- | In 15 fear fbn In 15 Bomnpre va Avenas
light=1. | light=1. | seconds. mie hack, of light. seconds, pret hay of light.
Ys 1 5.5 5.5 5.5
é 2 7.5 2.0 3.7
i 4 11.0 2.7 2.7 8.7 a2 a:
; 8 18.5 1.9 2.3 15.0 1.6 1.9
1 16 27.0 L1 1.7 23.2 1.0 1.4
? 82 35.0 0.5 Lt 29.7 0.4 0.9
} 64 39.0 0.1 0.6 380.2 0.02 0.5
g 128 38.2 0.0 0.3 31.5 0.02 0.2
y 256 39.0 0.0 0.1) 815 0.0 0.1

Obviously the foregoing data show no simple direct propor-
tionality between assimilation and light. Instead there is for
each increase in light intensity a progressively smaller increase
in the assimilation velocity. This progressive falling off in as-
similation per unit of increase in light is very rapid, and it
is, therefore, not surprising that with high light intensities
increasing the intensity does not greatly augment the rate of
assimilation.

In Table II we have calculated the increase in bubble emission
per unit of light for Reinke’s different tables. These results are
in agreement with the more detailed calculations given in Table

I for Reinke’s Table VIII.

88 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

TABLE I].— Augmentation in the rate of carbon dioxide assimilation per unit
of light increase as shown by Reinke’s tables.

[Numbers represent increase in number of bubbles emitted. ]

Reinke’s table number.

“Light i in units of +s 8
sunlight.
1 $ $ 4 5 s 3 First | Second
series. | series
1 pe hy Sakae a eee ee 4.0 eg Mee) UR Rates Bia pes GUIOnE 9 feeder Benen SCs 6. 8 tsetse
[SSR eee een ae 5.7 6.0 | YS Bees Oe 8-9 Sma pT Wy eages o
f Ge RD Re hele ale een 5.4 4,0 5.1 0.9 1.0 8.6 0.7 : ing 2s%
aS a agar aS SS ee eS ae 3.2 4.4 1.6 1.9 2.9 0.6 '> 1.9 1.6
S655 oes 1.5 0.5 0.9 £2 1.2 2.5 0.2 5S 1.0
+ Ae aS oe NEES, ORS Resets 0.0 0.8 = 2 0.1 0.5 0.4
WE Ses oncs sag eu eet ok Ah i RO 0.0 0.2 ie 2) a ea 0.0 0.1 0.0
ba CNRS a cL [AC 0.0 0.0 SUR See ipaegsatete 0.0 0.0 0.0
S06. cathinuc ob sds Seta oe mas brane 0.0 iy i Daas 0.0 0.0 0.0

It is to be noted that with very low light intensities Reinke
frequently found that doubling the light intensity resulted in
more than doubling the number of bubbles given off by Elodea.
This result was probably due in part to the failure in the bubble-
counting method to make correction for respiration. Other
sources of error with low light intensities have been discussed
by Reinke himself and by Pantanelli.(16) It would seem
evident therefore that the results obtained with small ranges
of low intensities cannot be regarded as expressing adequately
the relation between carbon dioxide assimilation and light
intensity and that, if a direct proportionality between light
intensity and assimilation is found in such a case, this is due
to the selection of a particular range of light intensities.

Reinke’s interpretation of his results is as follows:

Die von Lichte abhingige Gasausscheidung (von Elodea) beginnt bei mit-
tlerer Beleuchtungsstarke und steigert sich gleichsinnig mit der wachsenden
Lichtintensitat bis zu einem Maximum (Optimum), welches ungefahr dem
directen Sonnenlicht entspricht, bald bei etwas geringerer, bald erst bei
etwas hoherer Intensitat erreicht wird; jede weitere Vermehrung der Licht-
intensitat hat keine weitere Beschleunigung der Gasblasenausscheidung
zur Folge.

% * * . * * x *

Wenn Wolkoff im Allgemeinen eine Proportionalitat zwischen Lichtin-
tensitét und Sauerstoffausscheidung beobachtet zu haben glaubt, so steht
dies Ergebniss im guten Einklang mit den von mir iiber den Einfluss der
mittleren Lichtintensitaten gemachten Beobachtungen; bei einer weiteren
Verstarkung des Lichtes tritt dann eine Aenderung der fiir mittlere In-
tensitéten giiltigen Curve ein, wobei der Effect des Lichtzuwachses sich
verringert und endlich auf Null sinkt; bei niederen Lichintensitaten muss

xu,c,2 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 89

eine angenaherte Proportionalitaét zwischen Lichtstairke und der ausges-
chiedenen Sauerstoffmenge durch die Athmung in 4hnlichem Sinne besei-
tigt werden.

One of the most widely quoted researches on photosynthesis
is that of Pantanelli,(16) who also worked on Elodea with a
bubble-counting method.

Pantanelli’s results on this subject are perhaps best expressed
in his figure a, obtained with a carbon dioxide concentration of
1 to 15 volume per cent. We have shown in Table III all the
readings given by him in curve a for assimilation velocities with
different light intensities up to full sunlight. In order to make
Pantanelli’s results comparable with those of other workers,
we have reduced his readings from the number of seconds re-
quired for the evolution of ten bubbles to the number of bubbles
evolved in ten seconds.

TABLE III.—Carbon dioxide assimilation and light intensity (Pantanelli

on Elodea).
[Curve (a) 1-15 volume per cent CO;.]

pon nies ror spa Initial value. After ten minutes exposure.
ke > on ee rf UJ Smal
5. | #2 | #2se| =, | 28 | 625%
Series ae | 3 | £32) ge | 25 | £252
Frac- . 3a ” =O 2 53 £423
os eaevan es | oe ae ae ae iy ge
=i i=]
oo ” oo od
e" | 5 | e885) 2° | 5s | G8 i!
B Ana ~ 4a =
‘Seconds Seconds,
ds} 0.028 33.2 3.05 1.09 35.8 2.83); LOL
ds | 0,040 21.0 4.76 1.40 22.0 Ais oki
ree ds | 0.066 15.0 6.66 0.71 16.0 6.25| 0.68
- eas #| 0.111 12.3 8.18 0.33 13.8 7.60} 0.30
+] 0.250 9.67} 10.4? we, Oto’
+] 1.000 7.7) 13.0 0.08 85) 118 0.01
+ | 0.028 85.3 2.83 1.01 33.2 3.05] 1.09
' de | 0.040 26.0 3.85 0.88 24.7 4.05| 0.82
D 45 | ds | 0.066 19.3 6.2 0.50 18.0 5.55) 0.56
spe: $i 610 16.1 6.6 0.31 13.9 1.2 0.37
| 0.250 8.5| 118 Pg ERO Se EES GARE
+] 1.000 7.07) 143 cal : ee

As in Reinke’s work,(18) the first augmentation of the rate
of bubble emission is in some cases proportionately greater than
that of light. Again the results show not a direct proportion-
ality between assimilation and light intensity, but a progres-
sively smaller relative increase in assimilation with increasing
illumination.

147918 ——2

90 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

In fig. 1 we have shown this relation graphically by plotting
on plain codrdinate paper the results given in Table III for
light intensities up to full sunlight. The initial values and the
values after 10-minute exposure are plotted separately for both
the ascending and descending series.

Light intensity (direct insolation=1.00).

{SOW TY OR REE TSE ARETE ;

3
'

|
|
|

ed

= *

INS
\

>

Number of bubbles in 10 seconds.

Fig. 1. Relation between light intensity and bubble emission in Elodea. Results obtained
with carbon dioxide concentrations of 1 to 15 volume per cent. From Pantanelli, Table IV,
curve ag. Curve a is for the initial values in the ascending series; b, for values after 10-
minute exposure in the ascending series; c, for initial values in the descending series; d,
values after 10-minute exposure in the descending series.

It is clear that the general form of the curve would be the same,
whether any one series or the average for all series were con-
sidered. There is no apparent reason for expressing the relation-
ship as a straight line, as would be the case if the assimilation
were directly proportional to light intensity.

_ Pantanelli himself does not clearly state his opinion concerning
the validity of a direct proportionality, but in his discussion of
the results of previous workers he apparently assumes that such
a proportionality does exist.

In their analysis of Pantanelli’s work Blackman and Smith, (3)
by using a small horizontal scale and drawing their curve in an
arbitrary manner, obtain a straight line for lower light inten-
sities, and from this they conclude that

From intensity Ye to 4 [sunlight] the assimilation increases in direct
proportion with the increase of light and then a limit is reached.

The fallacy of this reasoning is apparent from the form of the
curve in fig. 1. As there is no indication that a limit of assimila-

xu,c,2 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 91

tion is reached at } sunlight, there is no real justification for so
abrupt a change in slope as is indicated in the curve given by
Blackman and Smith.

These writers(3) take exception to the work of Pantanelli,
because of the possible effect of temperature as a disturbing
factor, as his work was carried out before Miss Matthaei had
caused the great significance of this factor to be generally re-
cognized. In a previous paper(4) we have shown that the
temperature coefficient of carbon dioxide assimilation at the tem-
perature at which Pantanelli performed his experiments (22° C.
to 30° C.) is so small that the error, if any, introduced by neglect-
ing to keep the temperature absolutely constant may well be
disregarded.

In the same paper we analyzed the results of Matthaei(14) on
cherry laurel, and found that the relation between light intensity
and assimilation might be expressed as a regular curve, similar
in form to those of Pantanelli(16) and Reinke.(18) Matthaei’s
results are shown in fig. 2. The agreement with the work
previously discussed is particularly interesting, as Matthaei was
experimenting with a land plant and made direct measurements
of the carbon dioxide assimilated.

Light intensity.

40 20 30 40

Carbon dioxide assimilation in milligrams.

$a.8°-2s.2° ;

Fic. 2. Relation between carbon dioxide assimilation and light intensity. Data of Matthaei.

In reviewing the recent literature of carbon dioxide assimila-
tion, Jorgensen and Stiles(9) lay considerable stress on the work
of Blackman and Matthaei(2) as showing that there is a direct
relation between carbon dioxide assimilation and various inten-

92 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

sities of natural illumination. As no measurements were made
of the light intensity employed in this work, the results are
qualitative and need not be considered here.

Edmond Rosé(19) has done considerable work on photosyn-
thesis, but his interest was not primarily directed toward the
study of the relationship between assimilation and light intensity,
and his quantitative data are of no interest here.

The earlier work on this subject has been discussed critically
by Reinke(18) and by Pantanelli,(16) who have shown con-
clusively that it failed to established the relation between assim-
ilation and light. It requires, therefore little more than brief
mention here.

Von Wolkoff (23) studied the effect of different light intensities
on the rate at which gas bubbles were liberated from plants
immersed in water containing carbon dioxide and found a very
close proportionality between illumination and reaction velocity.
He worked with feeble light intensities and only over a very
small range. It is clear from the work of Reinke(18) and of
Pantanelli(16) that the relation between bubble emission and
light varies with different illumination intensities so that work
over a small range cannot establish a general law.

The work of van Tieghem (21) has been quoted as showing that
carbon dioxide assimilation is proportional to the incident light
intensity. This author gave the results of a single experiment
with a submerged water plant and concluded that the accelera-
tion was proportional to the light intensity. His method of
reaching this conclusion is not entirely clear.

The gasometric measurement of the assimilation of land plants
with varying light by Miiller(15) may be disregarded because of
Pantanelli’s apparently valid criticism of the experimental
method employed. We have been unable to consult this work.

Reinke(18) has shown that the method of experimentation
employed by Famintzin (8) is also open to objections. The results
of the latter, however, do not show a proportionality between
light intensity and assimilation. | '

The experimental results of Timiriazeff(20) on the influence
of light on photosynthesis in Potamogeton lucens and certain land
plants (species not stated) have been criticized by Pantanelli(16)
because of the methods employed. Owing to faulty experimenta-
tion and the method of presentation of data in the original paper,
this work has received scant attention. However, as the results
show good general agreement with the works of Reinke, (18)
Pantanelli,(16) and Matthaei,(14) and his interpretation is better
than that of the other workers, we have summarized the results

xi,¢,2 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 93

in Table IV. In the absence of numerical data in the original
paper, we have been obliged to interpolate values from the curve
(p. 381) representing the mean of all his experiments. In this
table the values for light intensity are given on the basis:
direct insolation equals 1.0. The carbon dioxide decomposed
is expressed in terms of a maximum assimilation equal to 100.

TABLE IV.—Timiriazeff on photosynthesis.

Light in- Difference

emnstly (Gl dient | BOM,

ation=1). absorbed. in light.
0.05 20 20
0.10 38 18
0.15 56 18
0.20 67 11
0.25 76 9
0.30 84 8
0.35 89 5
0. 40 93 4
0. 45 95 2
0.50 97 2
0.55 98 1
0. 60 99 1
0.7 100 0.5
0.7-1.0 100 0

Just as in Reinke’s work(18) there is, per unit increase in light
intensity, a progressively smaller augmentation of the rate of
bubble emission. Timiriazeff’s view of. the relation between
light and assimilation is expressed in the following statement:

On voit que la décomposition de l’acide carbonique augmente d’abord
rapidement, ensuite de plus en plus lentement, atteint un maximum (corres-
pondant 4 4 environ de l’insolation directe), pour devenir définitivement
stationnaire.

This seems to us to be the most accurate interpretation of the
published data on the relation between light intensity and carbon
dioxide assimilation that we have been able to find in the
literature.

An exhaustive review is beyond the scope of the present article.
The papers discussed are, however, those which are the most
prominent in the literature and those on which the idea of a
direct proportionality between carbon dioxide assimilation and
light intensity are usually based. ;

Unfortunately, most of the work on the relation of carbon
dioxide assimilation and light intensity has been done by the
bubble-counting method. An exhaustive study by Kniep(11) has

94 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

shown that this method must be used with great caution and that
consequently the published data are to a large extent unreliable.
For example, Kniep found that the oxygen content of the
bubbles varied from 22 to 45 per cent, depending upon the
intensity of the incident light. His paper makes it very clear
that the number of bubbles given off by a plant on illumination
is not necessarily proportional to the assimilation.

SUMMARY

The published work on photosynthesis does not warrant the
generally accepted conclusion that carbon dioxide assimilation in
plants is proportional to the light intensity. Instead they in-
dicate a progressively smaller augmentation of the rate of assi-
milation for each increase in light intensity. This decrease in
the rate of augmentation continues until a point is reached at
which further increase in light produces no measurable increase
in assimilation.

REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT

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(2) BLACKMAN, F. F., and MattHaet, G. L. C. Experimental researches
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mination. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B76 (1905) 448.

(3) BLACKMAN, F. F., and SmitH, A. M. Experimental researches on
vegetable assimilation and respiration. IX.—On assimilation in sub-
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dioxide and other factors. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B83 (1910-1911)
389-412.

(4) Brown, W. H., and Heise, G. W. The application of photochemical
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(8) FaMmINTzIN, A. La décomposition de l’acide carbonique par les plantes
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(10) Jost, L. Lectures on Plant Physiology, transl. Gibson, R. J. H. (1907)
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x1,¢,2 Brown and Heise: Carbon Dioxide Assimilation 95

(11)

(12)

(13)

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(15)

(16)

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(22)

(23)

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MATTHAEI, G. L. C. Experimental researches on vegetable assimila-
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MUuteER, N. J.C. Botanische Untersuchungen. 1 (1872) 3, et seq., and
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ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT FIGURES

Fic. 1. Relation between light intensity and bubble emission in Elodea.
Results obtained with carbon dioxide concentrations of 1 to 15
volume per cent. From Pantanelli, Table IV, curve a.
2. Relation between carbon dioxide assimilation and light intensity.
Data of Matthaei.
97

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1917.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF KWANGTUNG PROVINCE, CHINA

By E. D. MERRILL*

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

Through the interest of Doctor Walter T. Swingle, of the
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., I
was enabled to spend the period from October 13 to November
9, 1916, in prosecuting field work in Kwangtung Province.
Thanks to the courtesy of Mr. G. Weidman Groff, of the Canton
Christian College, I was granted the facilities of that institution
and made this the base of my field work. All collections were
made on Honam Island, across the river from Canton, with the
addition of one short trip, October 27 to 30, to Loh Fau Moun-
tain (Lofaushan) in the country to the northeast of Canton.
During the period spent in China, I collected about 600 numbers
in all groups, and this collection presents a number of species
previously unrecorded from China, or at least from Kwangtung
Province, as well as some apparently undescribed forms. The
present paper consists of the descriptions of these new species,
and an enumeration of the additions to the Kwangtung flora,
with a few references based on other collections, notably material
secured by Mr. C. O. Levine of the Canton Christian College.
In a few cases, where questions of nomenclature are involved,
new combinations have been made.

Hance? makes the following statement regarding the Kwang-
tung flora: ;

Six years ago the writer expressed the hope that he might shortly be
able to give a complete list of all the plants which had been found in the
province of Kwangtung. Further consideration, and especially the circum-
stance that almost every short excursion from Canton or other cities where
foreigners reside leads to the discovery of three or four new plants, has
convinced him that such an enumeration would, after all, be too imperfect
to be worth compiling; whilst the opening of several new ports, and the
annually increasing facilities for penetrating into the interior of the Empire,

encourage the hope that we may soon acquire a far better and more com-
prehensive knowledge of one of the most interesting Floras which can

occupy the attention of botanists.

1 Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.
? Spicilegia florae sinensis I. Journ. Bot. 16 (1878) 6.
99

100 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Since Hance’s time an enormous amount of botanical material
has been collected in all parts of China, Forbes and Hemsley *
enumerating 8,271 species for the area covered by their work.
For the flora of Kwangtung Province, Dunn and Tutcher * have
listed and made keys for about 2,550 species of flowering plants
and ferns, giving the distribution, within the area, time of flower-
ing, and color of the flowers for each species. This publication
forms an excellent working basis for the flora of Kwangtung.
The regions indicated by these authors on their accompanying
map as botanically explored comprises but a small percentage of
the entire area of the province, and these areas are chiefly in the
more accessible regions. They state in their summary of desid-
erata that it is desirable to explore not only the unknown areas,
but also indicate the necessity of an investigation of the more
accessible parts. The additions to the Kwangtung flora in the
present paper are all from areas that have been fairly exhaus-
tively explored, so it is evident that intensive field work in
almost any part of Kwangtung Province may be expected to
yield additions to the known flora, while an exploration of the
vast botanically unexplored areas will certainly yield not only
additions in the nature of already described species, but may be
expected to yield a fair number of undescribed forms. The
material collected by me adds several hundred localities to Dunn
and Tutcher’s list, but it has not been considered worth while to
enumerate these here.

POLY PODIACEAE
HUMATA Cavanilles
HUMATA REPENS (Linn. f.) Diels in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam.
1* (1899) 209.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10335, on cliffs in damp shaded
ravines, altitude about 1,000 meters.

Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, extending to the

Philippines and the Mascarene Islands.
ASPLENIUM Linnaeus

ASPLENIUM PRAMORSUM &w. Prodr. (1788) 130.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10333, on cliffs in shaded
ravines, altitude about 1,000 meters. :

Widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical parts of both hemi-
spheres.

% An enumeration of all the plants known from China Proper, etc. Journ.
Linn. Soc, Bot. 23 (1886-88) 1-521; 24 (1889-1902) 1-592; 36 (1903-05)
XI-+ 1-686.

‘Flora of Kwangtung and Hongkong (China). Kew Bull. Add. Series 10
(1912) 1-870.

cp?

gt

xi,c,2 Merrill: Flora of Kwangtung Province, China 101

DENNSTAEDTIA Bernhardi

DENNSTAEDTIA SCABRA (Wall.) Moore Index Filicum (1861) 307.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10246, October 30, 1916, in
damp ravines, altitude about 1,000 meters.
Widely distributed in tropical Asia, extending to the higher mountains of
the Philippines; new to Kwangtung.

MONACHOSORUM Kunze

MONACHOSORUM SUBDIGITATUM (Blume) Kuhn Chaetopt. (1882) 345.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10234 (det. Copeland), October
28, 1916, in damp ravines, altitude 1,100 meters.
Widely distributed in tropical Asia and on the higher mountains of the
Malay Archipelago and the Philippines; new to Kwangtung.

LEMNACEAE
WOLFFIA Horkel

WOLFFIA ARRHIZA Wimm. FI. Schles. (1857) 140.
Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 10381, locally abundant on stagnant

water.
GRAMINEAE
ANDROPOGON Linnaeus

ANDROPOGON CHINENSE (Nees) comb. nov.
Homoeatherum chinense Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechy’s Voy.
(1841) 239; Steud. Syn. (1854) 412.
Andropogon apricus Trin. var chinensis Hack. in DC. Monog. Phan.
6 (1889) 457.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10306, on open grassy slopes,
altitude about 600 meters.

The type of Homoeatherum chinense Nees was from Macao or its im-
mediate vicinity, and the specimen cited above agrees closely with the
description as repeated by Steudel. Hooker f.' considered that Homoea-
therum chinense Nees, which Hackel included under Andropogon apricus,
was the same as Andropogon fastigiatus Sw., in which disposition of it he
was followed by Rendle, who, however, states that he had seen no specimen
of the Chinese form. On account of its paired spikes I do not see how it
can possibly be placed with Swartz’s species, the only one in the subgenus
Diectomis; and again, on account of prominently bisetose first glume of the
sessile spikelet, I do not see how it can be placed under Andropogon apricus
Trin., although I consider it to belong in the subgenus Arthrolepis. The
pedicelled spikelets in our material are much smaller than in American
specimens of Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. and differ from those of Swartz’s

species in many details.

ANDROPOGON SANGUINEUS (Retz.) comb. nov.

ait" Rottboellia sanguinea Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 25.
Thelepogon sanguineus Spreng. Syst. 1 (1825) 299.
Andropogon pseudograya Steud. Syn. 1 (1855) 365.

* Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 170.

102 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10191, on open grassy slopes,
altitude about 500 meters.

The oldest valid specific name for this species is here adopted. Rendle *
enumerates this form from China as Andropogon hirtiflorus Kunth, follow-
ing Hooker f." in this identification. Hooker f. states that Dr. Stapf had
identified the Indian form with the American and African ones. In any
ease Rottboellia sanguinea Retz. is the earliest name for the species.

DIGITARIA Heister

DIGITARIA VIOLASCENS Link Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 229.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 10089, on open sterile hillsides at
low altitudes.

In this identification I follow Hackel, as the Chinese specimens conform
in all particulars with Philippine material so named by him. It has per-
haps been included in Chinese lists under Digitaria longiflora Pers.

PANICUM Linnaeus

PANICUM MYOSUROIDES R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 189.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merril 10270, along the margins of a
small pool in open grass lands near the summit, altitude about 1,250 meters.
India to tropical Africa, Malaya, and tropical Australia; not credited

to China by Rendle in Forbes and Hemsley’s Enumeration of Chinese
plants.

PANICUM PALUDOSUM Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 310.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 9948, about water holes in muddy
places at about sea level.

This species has not hitherto been reported from China. Roxburgh’s
species has been confused by many authors with Panicum proliferum Lam.,
an American species, which Hitchcock has shown to be identical with the
older Panicum miliare Lam. It is possible that Panicum paludosum Roxb.
may prove to be identical with the American Panicum dichotomiflorum

Michx.
PANICUM AURITUM Pres] Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 305.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 9845, about water holes, at about
sea level. :

India to Malaya and tx.e Philippines, not previously reported from China.
3 ISACHNE R. Brown
yu ISACHNE CHINENSIS sp. nov.

Culmo erecto vel basi decumbente, circiter 50 cm alto, haud
ramoso, glabro, infra circiter 2 mm crasso; nodis glabris vel
minutissime puberulis; vaginis quam internodiis longioribus,
striatis, margine prominente ciliatis; ligulis brevissimis, ciliatis;
foliis subcoriaceis, patulis, lanceolatis, 5 ad 11 cm longis, 7 ad 12

“Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36 (1904) 373.
‘Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 167.

x¢,2 Merrill: Flora of Kwangtung Province, China 103

mm latis, striatis, utrinque minutissime scaberulis, apice tenuiter
acuminatis, basi latis, cbtusis, abrupte cordatis vel subcordatis,
margine cartalagineis, scaberulis; paniculis exsertis, 13 ad 20
cm longis, laxis, ramis paucis, elongatis, solitariis, viridis vel

purpureis, glabris, tenuibus, paucifloris, inferioribus 10 ad 13

cm longis, patulis vel adscendentibus; spiculis ellipsoideis, pur-
pureis, 2 mm longis, longe graciliterque pedicellatis, pedicellis
glabris, 3 ad 9 mm longis; glumis vacuis glabris, late ellipticis vel
orbiculari-ellipticis, rotundatis, 7- vel 9-nerviis; florentibus ellip-
soideis, rotundatis, glabris vel apice minutissime setuloso-pu-
berulis, 1.8 mm longis, nitidis.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10182, October 28, 1916, on open
slopes and along small streams, widely scattered, altitude 500 to 1,150 meters.

A species manifestly allied to Isachne globosa (Thunb.) O. Kuntze (J.
australis R. Brown), which is very common in swampy places at low
altitudes in Kwangtung Province, but readily distinguished by its much
larger size, lax, very much larger panicles, long slender branches and —
pedicels, and other characters. In aspect it is quite different from Jsachne
globosa, although it is manifestly allied to it. The description of Isachne
altissima Debeaux, a copy of which was kindly supplied to me by Mr.
Tutcher, does not at all conform with the characters of the Loh Fau plant.
Rendle suspects Debeaux’s species to be a large form of Isachne australis
KBr.

ORYZA Linnaeus

ORYZA SATIVA Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 333.

Kwangtung Province, between Sheklung and Shansaiyen, Merrill 10380,
October 30, 1916, the wild form.

To my knowledge the wild form of the rice plant has not previously been
reported from China, although wild forms are definitely known from var-
ious parts of India. De Candolle* states: “The five species [varieties] are
considered by the Chinese as indigenous in China, and it must be admitted
that this is probably the case with rice, which is in general use, and has
been so for a long time, in a country intersected by canals and rivers, and
hence peculiarly favourable to aquatic plants.” He further concludes that
while the rice plant was a native of both India and of China, that the
Indians cultivated the rice plant at a date later than the Chinese, thus in-
volving the assumption that the species must have been a native of some
part of China.

The wild form of the rice plant was discovered by me in the low country
of the Canton delta, where it was observed at several localities in the plain
between Sheklung and Shanseiyen, the latter place being a village near the
foot of Loh Fau Mountain. Here it was locally abundant in tanks, water
holes, and in stagnant streams approximately at sea level. This wild form is
quite different in habit and appearance from the commonly cultivated forms
of the rice plant in the Canton delta. The stems, while stout, are rather

* Origin of Cultivated Plants (1884) 385.

104 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

weak, more or less decumbent below, showing a tendency to branch at
the nodes. The panicles are lax, with widely spreading branches. The
spikelets are about 8 mm long, and fall very easily; while the very slender,
stiff, straight awns attain a length of 7 cm. No awned rice was observed
in, cultivation in the vicinity of Canton, but long-awned varieties are in
common cultivation in northern Luzon. It might be mentioned in passing
that no wild form of Oryza sativa Linn. has ever been found in the Philip-
pings, although at least two distinct indigenous species occur in the Archi-
pelago. The discovery of this wild form of the rice plant in southern China
confirms de Candolle’s opinion that rice is a native plant in China. This
form has undoubtedly yielded, by selection and improvement, the various
forms of rice now so extensively cultivated in southern China, the selection
and improvement following the lines of strictly erect habit, unbranched
culms, elimination of the awns, and persistence of the spikelets at maturity.

CYPERACEAE
CAREX Linnaeus

CAREX BREVICULMIS R. Br. var. KINGIANA (Lév. & Van.) Kik. in
Engl. Pflanzenreich 38 (1909) 470.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10181, on banks along small
streams, altitude 1,150 meters.
Widely distributed in various forms, India to Japan southward to
Australia.

_ CAREX FILICINA Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 123.
Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10190, 10345, in ravines and on
open slopes, altitude 500 to 1,150 meters.
India to southern China and the Philippines, with varieties in Sumatra,
Borneo, and Java.
JUNCELLUS Kunth

JUNCELLUS PYGMAEUS (Nees) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
6 (1893) 596.
Honam Island, Levine 210, December, 1916.
: A greately dwarfed specimen of this widely distributed species; pre-
viously recorded from China only from Kiangsu Province.

RANUNCULACEAE
CLEMATIS Linnaeus

CLEMATIS CHINENSIS Osbeck Dagbok Ostind. Resa (1757) 205, 242;
Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 579, non Retz. (1791).

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 9887; November 8, 1916, in dry
thickets at low altitudes.

Osbeck observed this species in the neighborhood of Canton and at
Whampoa, so that the specimen cited above is practically a topotype. It
agrees entirely with the very brief description and is the only species of
Clematis observed by me in my exploration of the country about Canton.
Unfortunately, the specimen presents no flowers so that I cannot be sure as
to which of the species enumerated by Dunn and Tutcher from Kwantung it
pertains, although I suspect it to be Clematis benthamiana Hemsl. In my

xu,¢,2 Merrill: Flora of Kwangtung Province, China 105

specimens the leaves are ternate, or the uppermost ones simple, not “‘pinna-
tisecta 5-nata” as described by Forbes in Journ. Bot. 22 (1884) 263 (Cle-
matis terniflora Benth.). Clematis chinensis Osbeck is not the same as
C. meyeniana Walp. as I formerly suspected.

POLYGONACEAE
POLYGONUM Linnaeus

POLYGONUM LONGIFLORUM Courchet in Lecomte Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 5
(1910) 31, fig. 4.

Honam Island, Levine 248, January 20, 1917.

The specimen differs from Courchet’s species in its somewhat broader
leaves, but agrees in all essentials with the description, the figure, and a
cotype of the species in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Science. A species
otherwise known only from Tonkin.

ROSACEAE
STRANVAESIA Lindley

a?’ STRANVAESIA BENTHAMIANA (Hance) comb. nov.

Photinia benthamiana Hance in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V 5 (1866) 213.
Stranvaesia calleryana Decne. in Nuov. Arch. Mus. Paris 10 (1874)
179; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1887) 264.

Canton and vicinity, Merrill 10083, November 4, 1916, in fruit; Levine
448, 448, March, 1917, in flower.

The type of Decaisne’s species was from Canton, and the specimens cited
above agree perfectly with his description, and morover conform with the
description of Photinia benthamiana Hance, the type of which was also from
Kwangtung Province. The fruits are those of Stranvaesia, and I have
accordingly transferred Hance’s specific name to this genus and reduced
Decaisne’s species as a synonym. In general appearance the species closely
approximates Photinia, but in addition to its fruit characters is also dis-
tinguished from the Chinese species of Photinia by the branches and branch-
lets of its inflorescences being verticillately, not racemosely arranged.

LEGUMINOSAE
INDIGOFERA Linnaeus —

INDIGOFERA ZOLLINGERIANA Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. 1* (1855) 310.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 10050, October 24, 1916, in thickets
at the edge of a water hole; a small tree, about 4 meters high. _

This characteristic species extends from southern China and Formosa
through the Philippines and the Malay Archipelago to New Caledonia.
Synonyms are Indigofera teysmanni Miq. and I. benthamiana Hance; see
Prain and Baker in Journ. Bot. 40 (1902) 143 and Merrill in Philip. Journ.

Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 66.
FLEMINGIA Roxburgh

FLEMINGIA PHILIPPINENSIS Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3
(1908) Bot. 103.
Honam Island, near arentetrt evens 188, 268, ers 1916 and Jan-

uary, 1917.
147918 —8

ex

106 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

The specimens agree in all particulars with the Philippine form which is
known from a few localities in northern Luzon. It is by no means certain
that Flemingia philippinensis Merr. & Rolfe is distinct from Flemingia
yunnanensis Franch. Pl. Delavay. (1890) 185, as the material also agrees
closely with Franchet’s short and imperfect description; an examination of
Franchet’s type will be necessary to determine the relationship of the two.

MALVACEAE
SIDA Linnaeus

SIDA MYSORENSIS W. & A. Prodr. (1834) 59.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 9904, in waste places near houses.

India to Java and the Philippines; not previously reported from China.
This cannot, from Cavanilles’s description, be Sida glutinosa Cav. to which
it has been referred by some authors.

THEACEAE
EURYA Thunberg

\ EURYA SWINGLEI sp. nov.

Arbor parva, ramulis dense subferrugineo-villosis; foliis lan-
ceolatis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, distichis, chartaceis vel subcoria-
ceis, 2 ad 3.5 cm longis, 7 ad 11 mm latis, brevissime petiolatis
in siccitate flavido-viridis, supra glabris, subtus leviter pilosis,
basi acutis ad rotundatis, saepius leviter inaequilateralibus, apice
tenuiter acuminatis, acumine obtuso, margine obscure crenato-
denticulatis vel integris; nervis lateralibus in pagina superiore
obsoletis, subtus 4 ad 6, obscuris, arcuato-anastosantibus; pet-
iold circiter 0.5 mm longo, piloso; floribus ¢ axillaribus et e
axillis defoliatis, solitariis vel binis, brevissime pedicellatis; sep-.
alis ovatis, obtusis, haud 1 mm longis, villosis; petalis 5, oblon-
gis, liberis, obtusis, circiter 4 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis; ovarium
anguste ovoideum, dense pallide sericeo-villosum; stylis 3 vel
4, elongatis, glabris, recurvatis, 1.5 ad 2 mm longis ima in stylum
elongatum cylindricum glabrum vel subglabrum 2 ad 3 mm
longum connatis.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10233, October 28, 1916, in
damp shaded ravines, altitude about 1,000 meters.

A very characteristic species, conforming in many characters with Eurya
distichophylla Hemsl., from which it is distinguished by its acuminate
leaves which are pilose, not strigillose beneath, the veins obsolete on the
upper surface, obscure beneath and not impressed, and its oblong, not
oblong-obovate, free petals. Hemsley’s description was based on a stam-
inate specimen from Amoy. The type of the present species is a pistil-
late specimen, the pistillate flowers being characterized by their densely
silky-villous ovaries and greatly elongated styles, which are united for the
lower 2 to 3 mm. The species is dedicated to Doctor Walter T. Swingle,
of the United States Department of Agriculture, through whose interest

3
‘
:
}

a

aut

x1,62 Merrill: Flora of Kwangtung Province, China 107

it was possible for me to prosecute field work in Kwangtung Province. Mr.
Tutcher informs me that the same form is represented in the Hongkong
herbarium, from Chaochaufu, collected by Mr. Dunn.

EURYA GLANDULOSA sp. nov.

Arbor 4 ad 5 m alta, ramis crassis, glabris, ramulis junioribus
plus minusve adpresse villosis glabrescentibus; foliis oblongis,
brevissime petiolatis, coriaceis, flavido-viridis, 4 ad 5 cm longis,
1.5 ad 2 cm latis, basi distincte cordatis, aequilateralibus vel
subaequilateralibus, apice acutis vel breviter acuminatis, mar-
gine glanduloso-crenulatis, utrinque glabris, nitidis, subtus prom-
inente glandulosis; nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 10,
subtus prominentibus, arcuato-anastomosantibus, reticulis laxis,
supra impressis, obscuris; floribus 9° axillaribus, solitariis binis
vel trinis, subsessilibus vel brevissime pedicellatis, albidis;
sepalis orbiculari-ovatis, obtusis, 2 mm longis, coriaceis, extus
leviter adpresse subferrugineo-pubescentibus, margine promi-
nente brunneo-glandulosis; petalis 5, glabris, anguste oblongo-
obovatis, obtusis vel leviter retusis, circiter 4 mm longis et 2
mm latis, infra distincte connatis; ovarium ovoideum, glabrum;
stylis 8, circiter 1.5 mm longis ima in stylum 0.5 ad 1 mm longum
cylindricum glabrum connatis.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10379, October 28, 1916, in
damp shaded ravines, altitude about 1,000 meters.

A species well characterized by its distinctly cordate, nearly equilateral
leaves, which are prominently glandular on the margins and on the lower
surface, and its glandular sepals. Its alliance is apparently with Hurya
amplexifolia Dunn. and E. obliqua Hemsl., differing from the former in
its shortly petioled, not amplexicaul leaves, and from the latter in its
nearly equilateral leaves.

SYMPLOCACEAE
SYMPLOCOS Jacquin

SYMPLOCOS GROFF'I! sp. nov. § Bobua, Lohdra.

Arbor parva, 3 ad 4 m alta, ramulis petiolisque et foliis supra
ad costa et subtus ad costa nervisque prominente villosis; foliis
breviter petiolatis, chartaceis, nitidis, oblongis, 6 ad 10 cm longis,
1.5 ad 2.8 cm latis, apice tenuiter acute acuminatis, margine
argute serrulatis ad subintegris, basi acutis, nervis utrinque 7
ad 10, tenuibus, anastomosantibus; floribus axillaribus, fascicu-
latis, confertis, sessilibus vel brevissime pedicellatis, albidis;
bracteis ovatis, acutis, 1.5 ad 2 mm longis, ciliato-hirsutis; caly-
cibus lobis ovatis, rotundatis, 1 mm longis, pubescentibus ; stami-
nibus circiter 50, filamentis infra plus minusve connatis et cum
petalis adnatis, glabris; petalis elliptico-oblongis, rotundatis,

108 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

5.5 ad 6 mm longis, liberis vel infra leviter connatis; ovarium
pubescens, 3-loculare.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10257, October 28, 1916, in
damp shaded ravines, altitude about 1,100 meters.

A very characteristic species manifestly in the alliance with Symplocos
adenopus Hance and S. glandulifera Brand. It is well characterized by
its axillary, fascicled, crowded flowers, its very densely villous branchlets,
and its villous leaves. From Symplocos adenopus Hance, the type of

_ which was from Loh Fau Mountain, it is distinguished, among other

characters, by its villous leaves, its shorter, densely villous, not glandular
petioles, and pubescent ovaries, and from Symplocos glandulifera Brand
by its smaller villous leaves which are slenderly and sharply acuminate,
their margins often sharply serrulate but not glandular, densely villous,
shorter petioles and branchlets, and other characters. This new species
is dedicated to Mr. G. W. Groff, of the Canton Christian College, to whom
I am indebted for the opportunity of visiting Loh Fau Mountain, and
for numerous courtesies extended during my field work in Kwangtung
Province.

VERBENACEAE
CALLICARPA Linnaeus

CALLICARPA LONGISSIMA (Hemsl.) comb. nov.

Callicarpa longifolia Lam. var. ? longissima Hemsl. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 26 (1890) 253.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 9986, in villages near Canton |
Christian College.

The type of Hemsley’s variety was from near Canton, and is the form
interpreted by Hance and by Maximowicz as Callicarpa longifolia Lam.
Lamarck’s type was from Malacca, and Callicarpa longifolia Lam. is a
species entirely distinct from this Chinese form; Hemsley states that his
var. longissima stands out very distinctly from all others (i. e., other forms
of Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) and perhaps should be raised to specific
rank. It is distinguished from Lamarck’s species by its narrow, elongated,
nearly glabrous, entire or but very minutely toothed leaves, its smaller
flowers, and other characters. In some respects it approaches the Philip-
pine Callicarpa dolichophylla Merr., from which it is distinguished by its
vegetative characters.

VITEX Linnaeus

VITEX QUINATA (Lour.) F. N. Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 5 (1905)
431.

Cornutia quinata Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 387.
Vitex loureirii Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechy’s Voy. (1841) 206, t. 48.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 9996, about villages, November 3,
1916, a tree 10 to 12 meters high.

The type of Cornutia quinata Lour. was from Canton. It is by no means
certain that Hemsley was correct in reducing Vitex loureirii Hook. & Arn.
to V. heterophylla Wall., for the Chinese specimens are distinctly different
from the Indian ones currently referred to Roxburgh’s species. What-

ever the relative status of the two species may be, Loureiro’s specific name
is much the older.

XII, C, 2 Merrill: Flora of Kwangtung Province, China 109

SCROPHULARIACEAE

“1 ALECTRA Thunberg
y¥

' ALECTRA ARVENSIS (Benth.) comb. nov.

Glossostylis arvensis Benth. Scroph. Ind. (1835) 49.

Hymenospermum dentatum Benth. in Wall. Cat. (1881) no. 3963,
nomen nudum.

Alectra indica Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 (1856) 339.

Alectra dentata O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. (1891) 458.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill s. n., October 28, 1916, scat-
tered on open grassy slopes, altitude 900 to 1,000 meters. 4

India to Burma, southern China, northern Luzon, and Mauritius.

The oldest valid specific name is here adopted for this species; Hyme-
nospermum dentatum Benth. is a nomen nudum.

ADENOSMA R. Brown

aS sak teclamA GLUTINOSUM (Linn.) comb. nov.
Gerardia glutinosa Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 611; Osbeck Dagbok Ostind.
Resa (1757) t. 9.
Digitalis sinensis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 878.
Pterostigma grandiflorum Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 (1846) 380.
Pterostigma rubiginosum Walp. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843)
Suppl. 1: 393.
Adenosma grandiflorum Benth. ex Hance in Jorun. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13
(1874) 114.
Macao, Callery 314, 1844.
The oldest specific name is here adopted for this well-known species,
which is represented by several collections from southern China. The
Linnean type was apparently a specimen collected in Kwangtung Province

by Osbeck.
ACANTHACEAE
HEMIADELPHIS Nees

HEMIADELPHIS POLYSPERMA (Roxb.) Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3
(1832) 80.
Justicia polysperma Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 120.
Ruellia polysperma Roth Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) 305.
Adenosma polysperma Spreng. Syst. 2 (1825) 829.
Hygrophila polysperma T. Anders. in Journ, Linn. Soc. Bot. 9 (1867)
456.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 10024, 10078, October 25 and Nov-
ember 6, 1916, in muddy places near the river and about water holes at
low altitudes.

This species is widely distributed in British India, extending to Malacca
and Tonkin, but has not been previously reported from China. It appears
in current literature as Hygrophila polysperma T. Anders., but there is
no valid reason for this disposition of it, as it differs from the typical
representatives of Hygrophila in so many characters. As a genus Hemi-
delphis is much more prominently characterized than are numerous other
universally recognized genera of the Acanthaceae. From Hygrophila it is
at once distinguished by its habit, its terminal, spicate, prominently brac-

Pa
wot’

110 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

teate inflorescenses, and the presence of but two stamens. In Indian mate-
rial the other two stamens are reduced to staminodes, which Clarke indicates
as “sometimes nearly obsolete.” In the Chinese specimens the staminodes
are entirely obsolete.

HYGROPHILA R. Brown

* WYGROPHILA MEGALANTHA sp. nov.

Herbacea, erecta, ramosa, glabra, ramis 4-angulatis, haud
lineolatis ; foliis anguste oblongo-obovatis ad oblanceolatis, apice
obtusis vel rotundatis, basi attenuatis, integris, obscure lineo-
latis, 4 ad 7 cm longis, 8 ad 15 mm latis, nervis utrique 5 vel
6, adscendentibus, obscuris; floribus paucis, in quaque axilla 1
ad 3, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis, obtusis, 12 mm longis, brac-
teolis anguste oblongis, obtusis, 6 mm longis; calycibus tubo cir-
citer 7 mm longo, laciniis anguste lineari-lanceolatis, tenuiter
subcaudato-acuminatis, parcissime breviter hirsutis, tubo ae-
quantibus; corolla 2.5 em longa, extus parcissime breviter hir-
suta, tubo infra cylindrico, supra inflato; labium superium
retusum, inferius breviter 3-lobatum.

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 10014, October 26, 1916, in muddy
fallow land subject to overflow by the tide, the flowers purplish-blue.

A species well characterized by its very few, unusually large flowers,
and its oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, glabrous leaves. Its alliance seems
to be with the form described by Nees as Hygrophila obovata, which Clarke
has reduced to Hygrophila quadrivalvis Nees. It cannot possibly be re-

ferred to any form of Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees (H. angustifolia
R. Br.), or H. quadrivalvis Nees as these species are described.

COMPOSITAE
AINSLIAEA de Candolle

-AINSLIAEA PARVIFOLIA sp. nov. § Scaposae.

Herba erecta, caulis infra foliis plus minusve lanuginosis, su-
pra foliis glabris, foliis junioribus subtus parce lanuginosis;
foliis rosulatis, longe petiolatis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, sub-
coriaceis, 2.5 ad 4 cm longis, 1.2 ad 2 cm latis, supra glabris,
apice acutis apiculatisque, basi cuneatis, leviter decurrentibus,
margine obscure crenulatis in sinibus dentibus prominentibus
calloso-apiculatis circiter 1 mm longis ornatis, nervis utrinque
2 vel 3, distantibus, prominentibus, curvato-adscendentibus, anas-
tomosantibus, in siccitate brunneis; petiolis 3 ad 4 mm longis,
glabris, vel parce lanuginosis, sursum angustissime alatis; in-
florescentiis simplicibus, glabris, racemosis; capitulis breviter
pedicellatis, numerosis, patulis vel adscendentibus, solitariis, cir-
citer 15 mm longis, 3-floris, pedicellis usque ad 3 mm longis
bracteis numerosis ovatis obtusis imbricatis 0.5 ad 1 mm longis
obtectis ; squamulis valde inaequalibus, omnibus glabris, exterio-

é

xu,c,2. Merrill: Flora of Kwangtung Province, China 111

ribus ovatis, obtusis, circiter 1 mm longis, interioribus lineari-
lanceolatis, acutis, 10 mm longis, pappum aequantibus; corolla
circiter 12 mm longa, lobis linearibus, obtusis, 7 mm longis;
acheniis circiter 2 mm longis adpresse subferrugineo-pubes-
centibus.

Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), Merrill 10237, October 28, 1916, widely
scattered on open grassy slopes, altitude 500 to 1,100 meters, the flowers
white, the involucre bracts dull purple.

Beauverd,’ in his treatment of the genus Ainsliaea, recognizes thirty-

‘three species, which he distributes into three sections, Scaposae, Aggregatae,

KS

rie’

and Frondosae. The present species I have placed in the section Scaposae,
as the leaves are crowded in a dense rosette, which is sometimes at the
surface of the ground, at other times as much as 8 cm above the base of
the plant. It appears to be allied to Ainsliaea henryi Diels, but differs in
numerous characters, such as its long petioled, smaller, differently shaped
leaves, and its much larger heads. I have not seen the description of
Ainsliaea walkeri Hook. f., of the section Aggregatae, which was based on
specimens cultivated at Kew derived from seeds secured by Walker in
Hongkong, but this form is keyed out by Dunn and Tutcher”™ as having
linear leaves, a character that does not at all apply to the present species.

COMPOSITAE

WEDELIA Jacquin

Q

WEDELIA CHINENSIS (Osbeck) comb. nov.
Solidago chinensis Osbeck Dagbok Ostind. Resa (1757) 241.
Verbesina calendulacea Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 902.
Wedelia calendulacea Less. Syn. Compos. (1832) 222, non Pers. (1807).

Honam Island, near Canton, Merrill 10123, October 25, 1914, common
and widely distributed on paddy banks, dry open slopes, etc.

In my consideration of the Kwangtung species described by Osbeck *
I was unable to dispose of Solidago chinensis Osbeck; but now, after con-
siderable field work in the region that Osbeck explored, I feel confident
that the plant he named and very briefly described must be the form com-
monly known as Wedelia calendulacea Less. It is exceedingly common at
low altitudes in Kwangtung Province, especially near the river. Solidago
virgaurea Linn. (S. cantoniensis Lour.) is common on Loh Fau Mountain,
extending from near its base to the summit, and I also discovered it on
Honam Island, growing on open sterile slopes at an altitude of not more
than 15 meters, but Osbeck’s description does not at all apply to Solidago
virgaurea Linn. Wedelia calendulacea Less. is untenable for this species,
as the name is preoccupied by the Mexican Wedelia calendulacea Pers.,
this apparently being the earliest valid name for the plant commonly
known as Wedelia hispida HBK. Among all the Compositae collected by me
in Kwangtung Province, this species is the only one that conforms at all
with Osbeck’s description.

* Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve II 1 (1909) 376-385.
»F], Kwangtung and Hongkong. Kew Bull. Add. Series 10 (1912) 149.
- % Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 5865.

‘

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. Borany.
Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1917.

THE DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE THIRD EDITION OF
- BLANCO’S “FLORA DE FILIPINAS” -

By E. D. MERRILL *

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

The third edition of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” was pre-
pared by Father Celestino Fernandez-Villar and Father Andrés
Naves, of the Augustinian Order, more than thirty years after
Blanco’s death. It was printed in Manila during the years 1877
to 1883, under the general editorship of Domingo Vidal y Soler,
who supervised the printing of the first two volumes; the remain-
ing volumes were printed after he had left Manila, and his place
was apparently taken by his brother, Sebastian Vidal y Soler.

The first three volumes of this edition consist only of a reprint
of the second edition of Blanco’s work, with the addition of a
Latin translation of the same. No new matter was added, so
that the exact date of publication of these volumes is of little
special value. Volume IV, however, contains the “Novissima
Appendix” by Villar and Naves, the title page giving the date
of publication as 1880, while on page 373, the printer’s date for
the last fascicle is given as June 15, 1883. As this is really
the most important part of the third edition, and contains a
number of new combinations, as well as the descriptions of some
new species, the actual date of publication of the various parts
is of considerable importance. In some cases the same name
transfers were made by other botanists in the intervening three
years, and it has previously been difficult or impossible definitely
to determine which author should be credited with the transfer
according to the rules of priority.

The work was issued in fascicles, and I have previously made
several attempts to ascertain the dates of publication of the vari-
ous parts, especially of the “Novissima Appendix,” but without
success. Even Father Fernandez-Villar was unable to give me
any definite information as to this portion of the work, other
than that a number of parts were issued in 1880, and that there
was considerable delay in printing the remaining ones. Fortu-

Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.
113

114 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

nately I have been able to examine a complete unbound copy of

the work, in the original fascicle-covers, the property of D. Juan

Javier, of Manila, and have been able definitely to determine the

years in which the different fascicles were issued, according to
‘the dates printed on the backs of the fascicle covers.

From the prospectus issued in 1877 it is learned that the plan
of publication was to issue at least two and not to exceed three
fascicles each month, each fascicle to consist of 16 pages of text
with 6 plates. Two editions were advertised, the edition de
luxe, printed on a special quality of paper accompanied by col-
ored plates, and a cheaper edition, on poorer quality of paper,
and with uncolored plates. The price per fascicle for the edition
de luxe in the Philippines was fixed at $2.25, outside the Phil-
ippines $2.50, and for the cheaper edition $1.25, and $1.75 res-
pectively ; the prices were local currency (Mexican silver).

The edition de luxe was to be limited to 500 copies, which
were to be numbered and each was to be inscribed with the
name of the subscriber. The latter part of this plan, at least,
does not seem to have been adhered to, as I have seen no num-
bered copies of this work among about 15 examples examined.

Volume I consists of 24 fascicles, none of which are dated.
The date given on the title page of the volume is 1877, which is
doubtless correct, as the prospectus was issued the same year,
while Volume II appeared, in part, the following year.

Volume II consists of 27 fascicles, but of these 9 are double,
that is, 2 fascicles are contained in a single cover; these double
fascicles were 3-4, 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, 15-16, 18-19, 21-22, 24-25,
and 26-27. Fascicles 1 to 19, consisting of pages 1 to 304, are
dated on the fourth page of the covers 1878, the date given on
the title page of the volume; fascicles 20 to 28, consisting of
pages 305 to 419, and index, are dated 1879.

Volume III consists of 7 fascicles, of which 4 are double like
those of Volume II; the double ones are 2-3, 5-6, 8-9, and 14-15.
All the fascicles of this volume are dated 1879, the date given
‘on the title page of the volume.

Volume IV consists of 24 fascicles, numbered from 1A to 23A,
the last being unnumbered and indicated as “entrega ultima.”
Two of these are double, 4-5, and 9-10. Fascicles 1A to 12A
are all dated 1880, and contain the articles by Llanos and Mer-
cado, up to and including page 58 of Mercado’s paper; fascicles
183A to the end comprise the “Novissima Appendix;” No. 13A
contains also the last page of Mercado’s paper and the index to
the same. The dates of publication of these parts are of con-

xi, 6,2 Merrill: Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” 4b

siderable importance and are given below. No months are
given, being unknown, except for the last 18 pages.

13A to 21A, Novissima Appendix, pages 1 to 272 (1880).

22A to 23A, Novissima Appendix, pages 273 to 336 (1882).

[24A] “Entrega ultima,” Novissima Appendix, pages 337 to 375 (June
15, 1883). :

The dates given are those printed on the fourth page of each
fascicle-cover, and are probably correct. In this connection it is
well to note that the introduction to the ‘““Novissima Appendix,”

_ page IX, is dated December 12, 1880. It is possible that this was

printed at a later date than were the other fascicles, otherwise
it is difficult to conceive how 272 pages of this large work could
be printed and distributed between December 12 and the close
of the year. It is, of course, possible that the dates on the
fascicle-covers are wrong, but in any event those credited to the
year 1880 could scarcely have been later than 1881. If the
dates given on the fascicle-covers are correct, and I know of no
method of disproving them, it will be noted that no part was
issued in the year 1881, and that but three parts were issued
in the years 1882-1883, which corresponds with information
supplied by F.-Villar in the year 1902, to the effect that a
number of parts were issued in 1880, but that after that date
considerable delay ensued in finishing the work.

As noted above, the edition de luxe of this work was limited
to 500 copies. By no means this number is now extant, as at
least a portion of the unsold ones was destroyed by fire in the
burning of the Guadalupe convent, near Manila, February 19,
1899. In a letter written by Father Fernandez-Villar in the
year 1902, in response to a request made by me, he informed
me that many bound volumes of the work, about 4,000 unbound
parts, and 16,000 plates were destroyed in the Guadalupe fire;
the above figures may in part apply to the cheaper edition with
the uncolored plates.

Copies of this work are not uncommon in Manila, but all that
I have had the privilege of examining, here or elsewhere, with the
exception of the one copy from which the above data regarding
the dates of issue were taken, have been bound, and the original
fascicle-covers not preserved.

Most copies of the work have the plates segregated in two
volumes, but one of the copies in the library of the Bureau of
Science has them scattered through the text of the four volumes.
With the hope that this copy of the work might throw some
light on the dates of issue of the plates, it was carefully ex-

116 The Philippine Journal of Science

amined. The sequence of the plates, as numbered by F.-Villar,
was found only in part to approximate the sequence of issue of
the fascicles as indicated by the arrangement of the plates in
the above copy.

The single imperfect copy of the cheaper edition that I have
seen differs from the edition de luxe in that the figures are not
colored, and that each plate is numbered, while both the text
and the plates are printed on cheaper paper than is the edition
de luxe. The numbers assigned to the plates in the edition de
luxe can be determined only by reference to the text, or to the
list of plates at the end of the ‘‘Novissima Appendix” or some-
times placed with the first volume of plates. The highest num-
ber given is plate 468, but none were issued corresponding to

the numbers 2, 16, 61, 65, 77, 92, 101, 103, 107, 123, 169, 186, .

325, and 342, while on the other hand two different plates were
assigned to the following numbers: 43, 73, 86, 94, 100, 124, 131,
138, 167, 175, 210, 226, 257, 261, 368, 382, 402, 404, 405, 414,

415, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, and 442, so that in reality complete |

sets of the work should contain 473 plates representing plants.
However, one plate which. was numbered, that is 67, Cyperus
paniculatus, does not appear to have been issued, as it is missing
in all the sets I have examined, except one, which has a hand-
made copy of the plate in question.

In connection with the above data regarding the dates of
issue of this work it is well, perhaps, again to record the fact
that F.-Villar was the author of the ““Novissima Appendix” from
page 1 to 212, and from Fimbristylis subbispicata on page 307
to the end of the volume; while Naves was the author of page
213 to Fimbristylis nutans on page 307 and was responsible for
the names on the plates for the entire work.

Father Celestino Fernandez-Villar was born in Tudela, Oviedo,
. Spain, April 3, 1838, and died in Manila on April 28, 1907.
An account of his life and work has been given by Father P. M.
Vélez, under the title “Un misionero ilustre en la Ciencia, el P.
Celestino Fernandez-Villar” in the periodical entitled “Espafia
y America” 5 (1907), no. 14, and 6 (1907-08) nos. 1, 9, and 10.

{Vol XII, No. 1, including pages 1 to 72, was issued July 17, 1917.]

:

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

C. BoTANY
VoL. XII MAY, 1917 No. 3

TWO NEW GENERA AND FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ite ti
COMPOSITAE :

By E. D. Merrit?

(From the Botanicht Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

TWO PLATES

In view of the facts that the Compositae is a family represented
in the Philippines and in the Malayan region generally by com-
paratively few genera and species; that few of the genera are
confined to this particular region; and that a high percentage
of the species are manifestly introduced ones here, it is rather
surprising that our recent collections should present two appar-
ently undescribed generic types from the Philippines. There are
recorded to-day from the Philippines about one hundred forty
species of Compositae, of which but about 35 per cent are en-
demic. In this family it is now comparatively rare that either
new species or those previously described from extra-Philippine
material are discovered in the Archipelago.

In the present paper I present descriptions and figures of two
new genera, while for convenience I add the descriptions of two
other new species in the well-known genus Gynura and record
two representatives of other genera as new to the Philippine |
flora. The drawings accompanying the present paper were made
by Mr. J. K. Santos, assistant in the botanical department, Col-
lege of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines.

GUERREROIA genus novum
(Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae)

Capitula heterogama, radiata, floribus radii paucis (4 vel 5) ¢
sterilibus discique ¢ fertilibus. Involucrum parvum, bracteis
2-seriatis, basi brevissime connatis, parum inaequalibus, additis

1 Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.
149770 117

118 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

‘binis exterioribus minimis. Receptaculum planum, paleis angus-
tis scariosis planis oblongis medio lineatis flores ¢ omnes sub-
tendentibus onustum. Corollae ¢ ligulatae, lamina patente,
grosse 2-dentata, obovata; ¢ regulares, tubulosae, limbo 4-fido,
anguste campanulato. Antherae 4, basi obtusae. Styli rami in
appendices subulatas desinentes. Achenia lineari-oblonga, a
dorso compressa, leviter incurva utrinque leviter carinata vel-
costata, haud alata, calva, disco epigyno minuto coronata.—Herba
perennis glabra, subacaulis, stolonifera, caudice brevissimi.
Folia ad caudicem vel ad apices ramorum brevissimum conferta,
_oblongo-ovovata, longe petiolata, apice prominente 3- vel 5-
dentata, deorsum gradatim angustata, basi cuneata. Capitula
parvula, in pedunculo scapiformi aphyllo solitaria. Ligulae
flavae.

GUERREROIA MONOCEPHALA sp. nov. Plate II.

Herba subglabra, subacaulis, perennis; foliis numerosis, subro-
sulatis, longe petiolatis, oblongo-obovatis, 1 ad 2 cm longis, apice
prominente 3- vel 5-dentatis, rotundato-subtruncatis, deorsum
cuneatim angustatis ; capitulis solitariis, longe pedunculatis, mul-
tifloris, 10 ad 12 mm diametro; acheniis anguste oblongis, glabris,
circiter 4 mm longis.

A nearly glabrous, perennial, subacaulescent herb, the very
short caudex woody, thickened, bearing from one to several tufts
of radiately arranged leaves on the very short stout branches,
also emitting stolons up to 5 cm in length, each stolon in turn
bearing a terminal tuft of leaves, the petioles sparingly pilose at
the very base. Leaves numerous, all subrosulately crowded on
the very short caudices, their petioles slender, 1.5 to 4 cm in
length, the blades oblong-obovate, chartaceous to subcoriaceous
1 to 2 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, the subtruncately rounded apex
prominently 3- or 5-toothed, the teeth triangular, acute, gradually
. narrowed from the apex to the base, cuneate. Peduncles solitary,
5 to 10 cm long, each bearing a single head, the heads 10 to 12
mm in diameter, the outer two bracteoles linear, about 1.5 mm
long, free, the inner ones 2-seriate, subequal, about 10 in number,
slightly united at the base, glabrous, oblong, obtuse, about 3 mm >
long. Ray flowers about 4, yellow, the tube 1.5 mm long, the
limb broadly obovate, 4 to 4.5 mm long, 3.5 to 4 mm wide,
prominently 5-nerved, apex coarsely 2-toothed; style slightly ex-
serted from the tube, the arms 0.5 mm long or less. Achenes
sterile, flattened, about 1 mm long, sligthly 2-toothed at the apex.
Paleae subtending the disk flowers flat, oblong, obtuse, 3 mm
long. Corolla 3 to 3.5 mm long, the tube 2 to 2.5 mm long,

XII, C, 3 M errill: New Genera of Philippine Compositae 119

the limb somewhat campanulate, the lobes 4, ovate, obtuse, 1 mm
long or less; style-arms 1.5 to 2mm long. Achenes, in anthesis,
flattened, about A mm long, when mature slightly curved, smooth,
glabrous, flattened, sligthly curved, narrowly oblong, about 4mm
long and 1 mm wide, rather distinctly keeled inside and obscurely
so outside, slightly narrowed at the tip and crowned with the
very minute obscure corona.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Bangui, Bur. Sci. 27526 Ramos, March 9,
1917, on dry open hills at low altitudes, “flowers white and yellow.’

The alliance of this new genus is with Chrysanthellum and Glossogyne,
but it differs radically from both of these in many characters. It is
distinguished from both in being nearly acaulescent and stoloniferous, and
in its solitary, long-peduncled heads. Among other characters it differs
from Glossogyne in its unawned achenes and from Chrysanthellum in being
perennial, unbranched or with but the very short thickened branches of the
caudex, in its solitary, long-peduncled heads, crowed, subrosulate, long-
petioled leaves, and other characters. The long-petioled leaves, which are
oblong-obovate in outline, subtruncate and prominently 3- or 5-toothed at the
apex, and cuneately narrowed below, are very characteristic.

The new genus is dedicated to Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero in commemoration
of his knowledge of Philippine pharmacy and botany and his deep interest
in the study of our local medicinal plants.

FENIXIA genus novum
* (Heliantheae-Verbesinae)

Capitula heterogamia, radiata, floribus radii 9? 2, sterilibus,
disci 5, ¢ fertilibus. Involucrum anguste campanulatum, brac-
teis 6, 2-seriatis, herbaceis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, hirsutis, in-
terioribus brevioribus. Receptaculum minimum, convexiusculum
vel subplanum, glabrum, nudum. Corollae ¢ ligulatae, patentes,
laminis obovatis, 3-dentatis; ¢ regulares, tubulosae, limbo bre-
viter 4-fido. Antherae 4, basi breviter 2-dentatae. Styli rami
complanati, acuminati. Achenia compressa, oblongo-obovata,
crasse bialata, rugosa, sursum leviter hirsuta, margine irregula-
riter crenata, apice obtusa, calva.—Herba annua, ramosa, stri-
gosa. Folia opposita, subovata, acute serrata. Capitula parva,
paucifiora, in axillis foliorum tenuiter pedunculata, pedunculis
solitariis. Corollae radii flavae. Achenia indurata, rugosa,
apice plus minusve hirsuta. ;

FENIXIA PAUCIFLORA sp. nov. Plate III.

Herba erecta vel suberecta, ramosa, usque ad 40 cm alta,
hirsuto-strigosa, ramis ramulisque tenuibus; foliis oppositis,
membranaceis, subovatis, usque ad 2.5 cm longis, acutis vel
obscure acuminatis, basi late subrotundatis ad subacutis, nervis -
utrinque 2 vel 3, obscuris; capitulis in axillis superioribus, soli-
tariis, paucifloris, tenuiter pedunculatis, anguste campanulatis,

120 The Philippine Journal: of Science 1917

circiter 8 mm longis, floribus flavis, concoloribus; bracteis 6,
2-seriatis, strigoso-hirsutis, memibranaceis, lanceolatis, acumina-
tis, exterioribus 5 ad 6 mm longis, interioribus brevioribus; flo-
ribus ¢ 2, ligulatis, 7 ad 8 mm longis ¢ tubulosis, circiter 5
mm longis, breviter 4-fidis, extus parce hirsutis; acheniis oblongo-
obovatis, induratis, 3.5 ad 4 mm longis, in siccitate brunneis,
rugosis, obtusis, apicem versus plus minusve hirsutis, calvis,
prominente bialatis, alis crassis, margine irregulariter crenatis.

MINDANAO, Bukidnon Subprovince, Gaboc, Tanculan, Bur. Sci. 26036 Eu-
genio Fénix, July 13, 1916, on damp rocky hillsides associated especially
with Begonia.

This genus is anomalous in the Heliantheae-Verbesinde in that the re-
ceptacle is entirely destitute of paleae, but in spite of this, its alliance is
apparently with Eclipta. In Eclipta the paleae of the receptacle are very
slender, and are frequently entirely absent among the central flowers of the
head. It is probable that the absence of paleae in the present genus may
be due to the great reduction of the heads, there being but two sterile
pistillate flowers and five perfect fertile flowers in each head. The indurated
rugose achenes somewhat resemble those of Eclipta, differing in shape and
in the prominent, thick, marginal wings.

The genus is dedicated to Mr. Eugenio Fénix, who collected the specimens ©
and who for about fifteen years has been a most efficient assistant in the
herbarium of the Bureau of Science.

GYNURA Cassini

GYNURA SUBGLABRA sp. nov.

Scandens, inflorescentiis leviter castaneo- vel subferrugineo-
pubescentibus exceptis glabra, ramis prominente 4- vel 5-angula-
tis; foliis membranaceis ad chartaceis, in siccitate atro-brunneis,
usque ad 17 cm longis, acuminatis, sessilibus, basi biauriculatis,
margine irregulariter dentatis; inflorescentiis axillaribus termi-
nalibusque, longe pedunculatis; capitulis circiter 1.5 cm longis,
multifloris; bracteolis circiter 10, glabris, lineari-lanceolatis,
acuminatis, circiter 12 mm longis.

A coarse scandent plant entirely glabrous except the more or
less castaneous- or subferruginous-pubescent inflorescences.
Branches stout, brown, prominently 4- or 5-angled, 5 to 8 mm
in diameter. Leaves sessile, membranaceous to “chartaceous,
dark-brown when dry, dull or slightly shining, oblong to oblong- -
ovate, 9 to 17 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, margins rather coarsely
dentate, apex acuminate, base somewhat narrowed and promi-
nently biauriculate, the auricles irregular, angled or toothed, 1
to 2 em long, in general ovate or rhomboid-ovate. Inflorescences
' axillary and terminal, long-peduncled, each with 6 to 12 heads
of yellow flowers, the peduncles up to 20 cm in length, the

e

xu,c,s Merrill: New Genera of Philippine Compositae 121

younger branchlets pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Heads about
1.5 cm long, each peduncle with several, scattered, filiform bracts

usually about 5 mm in length. Bracteoles about 10, linear-

lanceolate, acuminate, about 12 mm long, glabrous. Achenes
glabrous.

Luzon, Abra Province, Mount Posuey, Bur. Sci. 27623 Ramos, February
4, 1917, climbing over shrubs on damp forested slopes.

In many respects this species resembles Gynura bicolor DC. and G.
angulosa DC., but differs from both in being scandent, not erect, and from
the former in its sessile, not petioled leaves.

GYNURA ACUMINATISSIMA sp. nov.
Erecta, glabra, usque ad 50 cm alta; foliis lanceolatis, mem-

-branaceis, longissime acuminatis, basi decurrento-acuminatis,

usque ad 20 cm longis et 4 cm latis, margine distanter irregulari-
ter dentatis vel denticulatis, nitidis; inflorescentiis laxis, corym-'
bosis, ramis elongatis; capitulis circiter 1.5 cm longis, bracteo-

._latis, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis, circiter 12 mm longis.

An erect glabrous or nearly glabrous plant, attaining a height
of 50 cm, the stems below attaining a diameter of 5 mm, terete,
brown. Leaves somewhat crowded on the lower part of the
stem, lanceolate, membranaceous, brownish when dry, shining,
17 to 20 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, gradually narrowed upward
to the long and slenderly acuminate apex, the base decurrent-
acuminate, the margins distantly and irregularly toothed, or
sometimes merely denticulate, the smaller reduced leaves sub-
tending the branches sessile, often laciniate-lobed in the lower
part, the petioles of the normal leaves 2 to 4 cm long. Inflores-
cence corymbose, lax, the branches slender, elongated, up to 20 cm
long, each primary branch bearing two or three heads on long, -
slender, slightly pubescent branchlets. Heads about 1.5 cm long,
each subtended by about 10, linear, glabrous, 6 mm long brac-
teoles. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, glabrous, about 3 mm
wide and 12 mm long, glabrous. Flowers numerous, yellow.
Corolla-tube slender, about 12 mm long, the upper 2 mm of the
tube somewhat inflated, the lobes 2 mm long, slightly pubescent
at their tips. Achenes cylindric, ribbed, 3 mm long. Pappus
copious, white, 8 to 10 mm long. Disk conspicuously alveolate,
the margins of the alveolae produced, scale-like, about 0.5 mm
long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26556 Ramos &
Edafio, August 26, 1916, on slopes at medium altitudes.

A most characteristic species, readily distinguished from its congeners in
its glabrous, lanceolate, very slenderly acuminate leaves,

122 The Philippine Journal of Science

PTEROCAULON Elliott

PTEROCAULON REDOLENS (Forst.) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 116;
Boerl. Handl. Kenn. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 2* (1891) 240.

Gnaphalium redolens Forst. Prodr. (1786) 91.

Conyza redolens Willd. Sp. Pl. 3 (1800) 1951.

Moneteles redolens DC. Prodr. 5 (1836) 455.

Moneteles spicatus Labill. Sert. Austro-Caledon. (1824) 43, t. 43.

Tessaria redolens. Less. in Linnaea 6 (1831) 151.

Gnaphalium cylindrostachyum Wall. Cat. (1831) no. 3931, nomen
- nudum.

Sphaeranthus elongatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 636.

Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum C. B. Clarke Comp. Ind. (1876) 98.

Tessaria redolens Less. was credited to Luzon in Linnaea 6 (8131) 151,
the reference to Chamisso’s specimen being repeated in de Candolle’s Pro-
dromus under Moneteles redolens DC. I do not see, from the descriptions
available, how Gnaphalium redolens Forst. can be distinguished from the
species more commonly known as Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum C. B.
Clarke, and have accordingly accepted Pterocaulon redolens (Forst.) F.-Vill.
as the proper name for the species, which is of local occurrence in the
Philippines, growing in open dry places at low altitudes. This is one of
the numerous transfers made by F.-Villar in the Novissima Appendix to
the third edition of Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas that were overlooked by the
compilers of Index Kewensis.

ARTEMISIA Linnaeus

ARTEMISIA JAPONICA Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 310.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Bangui, Bur. Sci. 27500 Ramos, February
26, 1917, in dry open places at low altitudes.

The specimen is scarcely typical Artemisia japonica Thunb., but appar-

arith represents a form of this species. Japan to Formosa and southern
a.

See a
ee

_ ILLUSTRATIONS

[Drawings by J. K. Santos.]

PLATE II. Guerreroia monocephala Merr. :
a. Habit sketch of a flowering plant, natural size.
Anthers. X 20.
Involucral bract. X 5.
Palea. X 5.
Disk flower. X 5.
Ray flower. X 5.
. Stigma. X 20.
h. Achenes. X 4.5.
Ill. Fenixia pauciflora Merr.
a. Habit sketch. x 0.5.
b. A leaf, natural size.
c. A head in anthesis. X 3.
d. A ray flower. X 4.
- e, A disk flower. X 4.
f. Stigma. X 20.
g. Anthers. X 20.
h. Achenes, dorsal and ventral views. X 4.
a. A head in fruit. X 3.

SO Serie aera ewe

Qtr aso

nee oT ad

123

sad s-eottieemmenmaatatn

acini as eee

MERRILL: NEw ComMposirae.]

MERRILL: NEw Composirtae.] [Pum. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 3.

PLATE III. FENIXIA PAUCIFLORA MERR.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BorTany.
Vol. XII, No. 8, May, 1917.

-NEW PHILIPPINE LAURACEAE

By E. D. MERRILL *

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.) ~

The present paper consists chiefly of the descriptions of nine-
teen species of Lauraceae in the genera Cinnamomum, Crypto-
carya, Litsea, and Phoebe, with a note on Litsea albayana Vid.;
Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight is credited to the Philippines, and
Endiandra vidalit Elm, is transferred to Cryptocarya where it
properly belongs.

CINNAMOMUM Linnaeus

CINNAMOMUM MYRIANTHUM sp. nov.

Arbor parva, haud aromatica, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra;
ramis ramulisque teretibus, laevis, brunneis; foliis oppositis, co-
riaceis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 11 cm longis, obtusis
vel brevissime obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis, prominente tripli-
nerviis, nervis apice non attingentibus, supra laevis, nitidis, sub-
tus distincte dense jejeune foveolato-reticulatis; paniculis termi-
nalibus, circiter 15 cm longis, multifloris, plus minusve adpresse
griseo-pubescentibus ; floribus pedicellatis, 5 mm longis, segmentis
extus prominente, pubescentibus, indumentum nitidum; stamini-
bus fertilibus 9, circiter 3 mm longis, staminoideis stipitatis,
lanceolatis, acuminatis.

A tree about 5 m high, glabrous except the rather Sekine
pubescent inflorescence, the leaves and the cortex of the younger
branches not at all aromatic when dry. Branches and branchlets
‘brown, terete, smooth, Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate to
oblong-ovate, 8 to 11 cm long, 4 to 5.5 em wide, narrowed upward
to the obtuse or shortly and obtusely acuminate apex, base acute,
prominently 3-plinerved, the upper surface smooth, shining,
rather pale when dry, the lower surface of nearly the same color,
duller, distinctly and densely foveolate-reticulate, the foveolae
shallow, mostly about 0.5 mm in diameter ; lateral nerves leaving

1 Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.
125

126 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

the midrib about 1 cm above the base, evanescent or obscurely
anastomosing with a supplementary pair of lateral nerves leaving
the midrib above the middle of the leaf at about three-fourths
the length of the leaf, not reaching the apex; sometimes a very
faint additional pair of basal nerves close to the margin is
present; petioles reddish-brown or brown, 1.5 cm long. Panicles
terminal, ample, many flowered, up to 15 cm in length, the rachis
and primary branches sparingly pubescent, the younger branch-
lets, pedicels, and perianth-segments prominently appressed-
pubescent with pale.or grayish, shining hairs; pedicels 3 to 6
mm long. Flowers about 5 mm long, the tube 1.8 mm long.
Perianth-segments elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 mm long.
Fertile stamens 9, about 3 mm long, the filaments pubescent
below, the third row with prominent glands at about the middle
of the filaments; staminodes stipitate, lanceolate, acuminate.
Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style 2 mm long.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Bangui, Bur. Sci. 27485 Ramos, February
22, 1917, in forests at low altitudes, Il. pelling. e

This species is characterized among the Philippine forms by being non-
aromatic, in its prominently triplinerved leaves, the basal nerves attaining
about the upper three-fourths of the leaf; and its leaves being distinctly
but shallowly foveolate-reticulate on the lower surface. In general aspect it

somewhat resembles Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees, but is not closely allied
to that species.

CiINNAMOMUM SANDKUHLII sp, nov. § Malabathrum.

Arbor, ramulis foliis junioribus et inflorescentiis dense molliter
griseo-pubescentibus; foliis oppositis vel suboppositis, coriaceis,
oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 18 em longis, nitidis, basi
acutis, prominente 3-plinerviis, apice obtusis vel subacutis; pan-
iculis circiter 20 cm longis, floribus circiter 4 mm longis.

A tree, the younger branchlets, lower surfaces of the leaves,.
and the fhflorescence densely and softly gray-pubescent, the in-
dumentum also present on the upper surface of the leaves,
more or less deciduous, the very old leaves glabrous on both

surfaces. Branches terete, reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves.

opposite or subopposite, thickly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 10 to
18 em long, 3.5 to 6.5 cm wide, base acute, apex obtuse to acute,
the upper surface very smooth and shining, the lower dull at
first, in age shining; base prominently 3-plinerved, the midrib
and basal nerves very prominent on both surfaces, the basal
pair extending nearly to the apex of the leaf, with transverse
nervules between the midrib and the lateral nerves, but without
primary nerves; petioles up to 1.5 em long, densely pubescent
when young, in age quite glabrous. Panicles in the upper axils,

eee

XI, ©, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae ee |

about 20 cm long, rather densely and softly. gray-pubescent.
Buds obovoid. Flowers about 4 mm long, externally densely pu-
bescent, the perianth lobes oblong-obovate, rounded. Stamens 9,
all 4-celled. Ovary glabrous, ovoid; style about 1 mm long.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, For Bur. 21289 Sandkuhl, April,
1914, a single tree in Forbes Park, altitude about 1,400 meters.

A species well characterized by its soft dense indumentum, in this char-
acter differing from all known Philippine forms. Its alliance seems to be
with Cinnamomum mollissimum Hook. f. of the Malay Peninsula from which
it is readily distinguished by its acute or obtuse, not acuminate leaves,
glabrous ovary, and many other characters.

CRYPTOCARYA R. Brown

CRYPTOCARYA LANCEOLATA sp. nov.

_ Arbor parva inflorescentiis et ramulis junioribus minute
cinereo-puberulis exceptis glabra; foliis subcoriaceis, lanceolatis,
nitidis, usque ad 17 cm longis, basi acutis, apice gradatim an-
gustatis, leviter acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 7, adscen-
dentibus, curvatis, vix anastomosantibus, reticulis tenuibus,
confertis, subtus jejeune foveolatis; infructescentibus termina-
libus et in axillis superioribus, usque ad 10 cm longis, cinereo-
puberulis; fructibus globosis vel globoso-ovoideis, glabris, ni-
tidis, laevis, circiter 12 mm PaO. in siccitate nigris vel
olivaceo-nigris.

A small tree, the young branchlets and inflorescence cinereous-
puberulent, otherwise glabrous. Branches somewhat olivaceous
and slightly wrinkled when dry. Leaves alternate, lanceolate,
subcoriaceous, shining, 10 to 17 cm long, 2.5 to 5 em wide, the
upper surface grayish-olivaceous, very smooth, and prominently
shining, the lower paler, base acute, apex obscurely acuminate,
gradually narrowed upward from the lower one-third or one-
half; lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, ascending,
curved, scarcely anastomosing, distinct, the ultimate reticulations
close, fine, the lower surface shallowly foveolate; petioles
3 to 6 mm long, when young cinereous-puberulent. Panicles in
the uppermost axils and terminal, forming a somewhat leafy
terminal inflorescence, up to 10 cm in length. Fruit globose or
globose-ovoid, about 12 mm in diameter, black or olivaceous when
dry, smooth, glabrous, shining.

LuZoN; Ilocos Norte Province, Buagao, For. Bur. 25098 Paraiso, February
21, 1916, on slopes at an altitude of about 100 meters.

A species well characterized by its lanceolate leaves, with rather distant,
ascending, curved nerves, and very close ultimate reticulations which are
shallowly foveolate on the lower surface.

128 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

CRYPTOCARYA CINNAMOMIFOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, novellis ferrugineo-pubescentibus exceptis
glabra, ramis ramulisque tenuibus, teretibus, rubro-brunneis;
foliis firmiter chartaceis, oblongis, usque ad 15 cm longis, pro-
minente tenuiter acuminatis, basi acutis, 3-plinerviis, nervis
longitudinalis prominentibus apice subattingentibus, tranversis
tenuibus, obscuris; inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, race-
mosis, paucifloris, 2 ad 3 cm longis; floribus circiter 6 mm longis.

A small tree, 5 m high according to the collector, entirely
glabrous except the ferruginous-pubescent buds, a few hairs
sometimes persisting on the youngest branchlets. Branches
and branchlets slender, terete, smooth, reddish-brown. Leaves
longitudinally 3-ribbed, oblong, firmly chartaceous, 8 to 15
cm long, 2.8 to 5.5 cm wide, shining, smooth, the upper surface
brownish or grayish-olivaceous, the lower paler, the apex promi-
nently and slenderly acuminate, the base acute, prominently 3-
plinerved, the longitudinal nerves extending nearly to the apex;
lateral transverse nerves very slender, obscure, irregular,
straight, anastomosing with the longitudinal ones, the reticula-
tions lax, obscure, or nearly obsolete; petioles about 1 cm long.
Racemes axillary, solitary, 2 to 3 cm long, each 4- to 6-flowered,
glabrous or nearly so, the pedicels 2 to 3 mm long. Flowers
greenish-yellow. Perianth-tube 2.5 mm long, somewhat cuneate,
the lobes 6, oblong, obtuse, 3 mm long. Stamens 9, their fila-
ments very slightly pubescent, about 2 mm long, the anthers all

2-celled; stipitate glands prominent, about 1.5 mm long. Ovary

narrow, including the style 4.5 mm in length.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26317 Ramos
& Edano, August 6, 1916, on forested slopes at low altitudes.

This species, in general appearance, differs so radically from the other
forms of Cryptocarya known to me that I have hesitated in placing it in
this genus. Its notable characters are its 3-plinerved, longitudinally ribbed,
Cinnamomum-like leaves, and its short, few-flowered, axillary racemes. In
floral structure, however, it seems to conform to Cryptocarya, and I have
accordingly placed it in this genus.

CRYPTOCARYA OLIGOPHLEBIA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 18 m alta, ramulis inflorescentiisque plus mi-
nusve breviter pubescentibus, subtus foliis ad costa nervisque
parcissime pubescentibus; foliis oblongo-ovatis, chartaceis vel
subcoriaceis, olivaceis, nitidis, usque ad 12 cm longis, basi acutis
ad rotundatis, sursum sensim angustatis, acuminatis, nervis

utrinque 3 vel 4; paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, multi-

floris, usque ad 15 cm longis, floribus in ramulis ultimis plus
minusve confertis, circiter 4 mm longis, extus pubescentibus.

>

xiz; 6, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae 129

A tree about 18 m high, the branches and branchlets rather
slender, terete, dark when dry, the younger ones sparingly pu-
bescent with short hairs. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous,
oblong-ovate, dark-olivaceous on both surfaces when dry, the
lower slightly paler than the upper, 9 to 12 em long, 3 to 5 cm
wide, base acute to somewhat rounded, gradually narrowed up-
ward from the lower one-third or one-half to the acuminate
apex, the acumen blunt; both surfaces, or the lower one only,
very sparingly appressed-pubescent on the midrib and nerves,
the ultimate reticulations shallowly foveolate, dense, about
equally prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves 3 or 4 on
each side of the midrib, curved-ascending, slender but distinct;
petioles somewhat pubescent, about 5 mm long. Panicleés ter-
minal and axillary, ample, many flowered, up to 14 cm long, the
branches alternate, spreading or somewhat ascending, the lower
ones up to 6 cm long. Flowers white, numerous, somewhat
crowded on the ultimate branchlets, the younger parts of the
inflorescence and the flowers rather prominently pale-brownish-
pubescent. Flowers about 4 mm long, the tube cylindric,
slightly inflated, about 1.8 mm long, the lobes slightly longer
than the tube, ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse to subacute, ex-
ternally pubescent.

BASILAN, Bur. Sci. 16155 Reillo, August 19, 1912 (type), For. Bur. 18883,
18844 Miranda, August, 1912, in forests, altitude 20 to 200 meters.

A species well characterized by its few-nerved leaves and its ample,
many-flowered panicles; it is quite different from all other species known to ~
me. Perhaps two of the specimens cited above are from the small island
of Malamaui, near Basilan, judging, from the field labels, Bur Sci. 16155
Reillo and For. Bur. 18883 Miranda were both collected on August 19, and
both indicated as from Basilan, but the latter bears the additional statement
“from the forests of Malamaui.”

CRYPTOCARYA OBLONGATA sp. nov.

Arbor, partibus junioribus subtus foliisque ad costa nervisque
minute adpresse ferrugineo-pubescentibus; foliis coriaceis,
oblongis, usque ad 14 cm longis, apice breviter acuminatis, basi
cuneatis, supra glabris, laevis, leviter nitidis, olivaceis, subtus
brunneis et leviter glaucescentibus, nervis utrinque 10 ad 12,
suberectis, subtus valde prominentibus; paniculis axillaribus,
brevibus, fructibus anguste ovoideis, nitidis, laevis, glabris,
circiter 2 cm longis.

A tree, nearly glabrous (flowers not known). Branches te-
pore slender, dark reddish-brown when dry, glabrous, the very
young branchlets pubescent. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, 8 to
14 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, the apex shortly acuminate, base

130 The Philippine Journal of Science ae

cuneate, the upper surface olivaceous, smooth, somewhat shining,
glabrous, the lower surface brownish and slightly glaucescent
when dry; lateral nerves 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent on the lower surface, obscure on the upper sur-
facé nearly straight, somewhat ascending, the reticulations not
prominent, the midrib and lateral nerves on the lower surface
minutely appressed-pubescent with short brown or reddish-
brown hairs; petioles about 1 cm long, nearly black when dry,
glabrous. Panicles axillary, solitary, in fruit about 2.5 cm long.
Fruits narrowly ovoid, about 2 cm long, 10 to 12 mm in diameter,
dark brown, smooth and shining when dry.

Luzon, Tayabas Province (Principe), Baler, Merrill 10332 (coll. Garcia),
August, 1902, locally known as pusihan.

Apparently as closely allied to CRYPTOCARYA VIDALII (Elm.) (En-
diandra vidalii Elm.) as to any other species, but with much more numerous
lateral nerves and smaller fruits.

CRYPTOCARYA SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 18 m alta, subtus foliis ramulisque minute ad-
presse puberulis. Foliis oblongis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 11 cm
longis, in siccitate utrinque brunneis, apice tenuiter acuminatis,
basi acutis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, subtus prominentibus;
fructibus oblongo-ellipsoideis, circiter 2.5 cm longis, utrinque le-
viter angustatis, in siccitate nigris, nitidis, laevis.

A tree about 18 m high, nearly glabrous, the young branchlets
and the lower surfaces of the leaves minutely appressed-puber-
“ulent. Branches slender, terete, brownish. Leaves oblong, sub-
coriaceous, 8 to 11 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, the base acute, apex
rather slenderly and sharply acuminate, both surfaces brown
when dry or the upper surface brownish-olivaceous, shining,
smooth; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, prom-
inent, curved-ascending, the reticulations slender, distinct; pe-
tioles slender, about 1 cm long. Flowers not seen. Panicles
axillary, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, some up to 12 cm in length,
the branches few, short, glabrous. Fruits oblong-ellipsoid,
smooth, black and shining when dry, slightly and subequally
narrowed at both ends, 2 to 2.5 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter.

Samar, Cauayan Valley, Bur. Sci. 17531 Ramos, March 27, 1914, in forests

along small streams, locally known as malaigot.

A species somewhat resembling Cryptocarya glauciphylla Elm., from
which it differs, among other characters, in its brown leaves which are
minutely appressed-puberulent on the lower surface.

CRYPTOCARYA ZAMBOANGENSIS sp. nov,
Arbor 7 ad 12 m alta, partibus junioribus ferrugineo-pubescent-

Sa ae
7 \

XII, C, 3 Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae Fay

ibus ; foliis oblongis ad late oblongis, usque ad 18 cm longis, basi
acutis ad rotundatis, apice latissime breviter obtuseque acumina-
tis, subcoriaceis, subtus ad costa nervisque subdense minute
pubescentibus, nervis utrinque circiter 9, prominentibus; panicu-
lis axillaribus terminalibusque, usque ad 18 cm longis; floribus
pubescentibus, circiter 5 mm longis; fructibus junioribus ovoi-
deis, leviter pubescentibus, longitudinaliter striatis.

A tree 7 to 12 m high, the younger parts rather prominently
ferruginous-pubescent with short hairs. Branches terete, red-
dish-brown, slightly pubescent, the young branchlets rather dense-
ly pubescent. Leaves cblong to broadly oblong, subcoriaceous,
olivaceous or somewhat pale when dry, slightly shining, the lower
surface browner than the upper, 11 to 18 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide,
base acute to rounded, apex rather abruptly, shortly, and very
obtusely acuminate, the upper surface glabrous or somewhat
pubescent on the midrib and the lateral nerves, the lower surface
minutely and often rather densely pubescent on the midrib, la-
teral nerves, and usually the primary reticulations, in age often
becoming nearly glabrous; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of

the midrib, prominent, curved-ascending, usually distinctly im-

pressed on the upper surface, the ultimate reticulations dense,

‘shallowly foveolate on both surfaces; petioles about 1 cm long,

pubescent. Panicles axillary and terminal, rather densely fer-
ruginous-pubescent, especially the younger parts, up to 18 cm in
length, often much shorter, the primary branches distant, spread-
ing. Flowers whitish, pubescent, the perianth tube ovoid, about
2 mm long, the lobes subequal, oblong to oblong-obovate, acute,
about 3 mm long. Young fruits ovoid, somewhat pubescent,
about 8 mm long, obtuse, distinctly longitudinally striate.

’ MINDANAO, Zamboanga District, Siay River, For. Bur. 13395 Foxworthy,
Demesa, & Villamil (type), May 29, 1912; Sax River, Williams 2301, Feb-
ruary 4, 1905; Tetuan, Ahern 58%. The native name indicated by Fox-
worthy is taming-taming; by Quadras (Ahern 583) pulipup.

A species similar to Cryptocarya palawanensis Merr., from which it
differs essentially in its somewhat smaller, fewer-nerved leaves.

CRYPTOCARYA GRIFFITHIANA Wight Ic. (1852) ¢. 1830.

MinpANao, Lanao District, Kalambugan, For. Bur. 23179 Agama,
November 6, 1914, in forests, altitude not indicated.

The specimen agrees so closely with a rather full series of specimens
representing Cryptocarya grifithiana Wight, from the Malay Peninsula,
that I cannot detect any constant characters by which it can be distinguished
and I have accordingly no hesitation in referring this Mindanao plant to
Wight’s species.

Tenasserim to Singapore; new to the Philippines.

182 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

LITSEA Lamarck ©
LITSEA ILOCANA sp, nov.

Arbor parva, ramulis junioribus et inflorescentiis ferrugineo-
puberulis, ceteroquin glabra; ramis ramulisque teretibus, brun-
neis vel rubro-brunneis; foliis oppositis vel suboppositis, coria-
ceis, in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, lanceolatis, usque ad 13 cm
longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice ob-
tusis vel obscure obtuseque acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter
9, curvatis, obscure anastomosantibus; fructibus axillaribus, fas-
ciculatis, brevissime pedicellatis, calycibus accrescentibus, cir-
citer 8 mm diametro, fructibus oblongis ad oblongo-ellipsoideis,
circiter 1.4 cm longis, minute apiculatis.

A small tree, the young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences
rather densely ferruginous-puberulent, soon becoming glabrous.
_ Branches and branchlets terete, brown or reddish-brown. Leaves
mostly opposite or subopposite, lanceolate, coriaceous, 8 to 13 cm —
long, 2 to 3.5 em wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base
and to the blunt or very obscurely blunt-acuminate apex, shining
on both surfaces, the upper surface pale greenish when dry; late-
ral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, slender, curved,
obscurely anastomosing, the ultimate reticulations fine, close, the
upper surface smooth, the lower shallowly and minutely foveo-
late; petioles about 5 mm long. Fruits axillary, usually three
developing from each very short peduncle, the very short stout
pedicels not exceeding 2 mm in length. Accrescent calyx about
8 mm in diameter, brown, thickly coriaceous, obconic. Fruit

oblong to oblong-elliptic, about 1.4 cm long, brown when dry,
apiculate. |

Luzon, Ilocos Sur Province, Talinaaden, For Bur. 25485 Paraiso, March
25, 1916, on slopes at an altitude of 450 meters. —

A species belonging in the general group with Litsea luzonica F.-Vill.,
but quite different from that species in its vegetative characters.
LITSEA ABRAENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, circiter 10 m alta, ramis teretibus, ramulis in
siccitate nigrescentibus, teretibus vel obscure angilatis; foliis al-
ternis, coriaceis, oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm
longis, supra nitidis, laevis, viridi-olivaceis, subtus glaucescen-
tibus, apice acute acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque circiter
8, prominentibus, curvato-anastomosantibus, reticulis tenuibus,
obscuris; umbellulis 4- vel 5-floris, racemose dispositis, racemis
axillaribus, 4 ad 7 cm longis; bracteis 4, extus minute parce
puberulis, in siccitate nigrescentibus, concavis, orbiculari-ovatis,
7 ad 8 mm diametro; floribus glabris, segmentis oblongo-lan-

XII, C, 3 Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae 133

ceolatis, acuminatis, 5 mm longis, glabris vel margine obscuris-
sime ciliatis; staminibus fertilibus 12, filamentis exterioribus
eglandulosis.

A glabrous tree about 10 m high, or the younger ——
obscurely and sparingly cinereous-puberulent. Branches terete,
grayish-brown, rugose, the branchlets, petioles, and inflores-
cences characteristically black or blackish when dry. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 8 to 12 em long,
3 to 5 cm wide, apex acutely acuminate, base acute, the upper
surface greenish-olivaceous, the lower somewhat glaucous; |
lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
curved-ascending, obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations
slender, not prominent, obsolete on the upper surface; petioles
1.5 to 2 cm long. Inflorescences racemose, axillary; 4 to 7 cm
long, each with about 8 umbels, these with 4 to 7 mm long
peduncles, 4- or 5-flowered; bracts 4, black when dry, glabrous or
externally obscurely and slightly cinerous-puberulent, orbicular-
ovate, concave, 7 to 8 mm in diameter. Flowers yellowish,
shortly pedicelled. Perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, about 5 mm long, glabrous or their margins obscurely
ciliate. Fertile stamens 12, the filaments of the outer two rows
3 to 5 mm long, eglandular, those of inner two rows prominently
biglandular at the base. Rudimentary ovary narrowly ovoid,
glabrous.

Luzon, Abra Prvince, Mount Posuey, Bur. Sci. 27048 Ramos, February 4,
1917, on damp forested slopes. __

This belongs in the small group of species with the umbels iiahaed in
somewhat elongated axillary racemes, such as Litsea anomala Merr., L.
- leytensis Merr., and L. plateaefolia Elm.; it is, however, very different from
these three species. Its extra-Philippine allies are apparently Litsea myris-
ticaefolia Hook. f. and L. teysmanni Gamble. ;

LITSEA AMPLA sp. nov.

Arbor usque ad 20 m alta subtus foliis ad costa nervisque par-
tibus junioribusque pallide fulvo-villosis ; foliis alternis, late ellip-
ticis ad subobovatis, coriaceis, usque ad 30 cm longis, apice ob-
tusis ad breviter abrupte acuminatis, basi late rotundatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 20, subtus valde prominentibus, reticulis pri- ©
- mariis prominentibus, subparallelis; fructibus e ramulis defolia-
tis, fasciculatis, pedicellis ferrugineo-pubescentibus, calycibus
-accrescentibus, circiter 7 mm diametro.

A tall tree, the branches terete, smooth, brownish, vinheods,
the branchlets densely pale fulvous-pubescent with short hairs,
the same type of indumentum on the petioles, the lower surfaces
of the leaves, and the peduncles. Leaves alternate, broadly ellip-

M2

134 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

tic to subobovate, coriaceous, 20 to 30 em long, 11 to 17 cm wide,
base broadly rounded, apex obtuse to abruptly and shortly acumi-
nate, the upper surface somewhat olivaceous when dry, smooth
and shining, glabrous, or the midrib very slightly pubescent, the
lower surface a little paler than the upper, distinctly and shortly
pubescent on the midrib, the lateral nerves, and the primary
reticulations, the indumentum pale-fulvous, dense on the midrib
and primary nerves; lateral nerves about 20 on each side of
the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, spreading-
curved, the primary reticulations lax, prominent, subparallel ;
petioles 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, densely pubescent. Flowers on the
branches below the leaves, fascicled in the axils of fallen leaves,
the peduncles up to at least 10 in each fascicle, stout, about 8
mm long, densely pale fulvous-pubescent, each bearing at its
apex from 1 to 3 sessile, young fruits. Calyx accrescent, in -
young fruit about 7 mm long, 7 mm in diameter at the apex,
truncate, externally very slightly pubescent, dark brown, grad-
ually narrowed to the base. Very young fruits oblong-obovoid,
about 1 cm long, glabrous, dark brown, wrinkled, and shining
when dry.

Samar, Phil. Pl. 1654 Ramos, April, 1914 (type). Luzon, Isabela Prov-
ince, Nagan, For Bur. 20866 Bernardo, Oct. 2, 1913, locally known here as
baticuling.

A species belonging in the group with Litsea philippinensis Merr., but
very distinct from that form in its much larger leaves which are pro-
minently pubescent beneath. :

LITSEA DOLICHOPHYLLA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 18 m alta subtus foliis ramulis petioliisque dense
fulvo-villosis ; foliis subverticillatis, oblongis, coriaceis, usque ad
55 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice
acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 14, subtus valde prominen-
tibus ; fructibus in ramis defoliatis, fasciculatis, breviter pedicel-
latis, ellipsoideis ad obovoideis, circiter 1.5 diametro, ut videtur
extus carnosis, in siccitate nigris, nitidis, calycibus accrescenti-
bus, leviter pubescentibus, circiter 8 mm diametro.

A tree about 18 m high, the branches terete, brown-pubescent,
the younger parts densely so. Leaves subverticillate, oblong, 35
to 55 cm long, 9 to 13 em wide, coriaceous, subequally narrowed
to the acute base and the rather sharply acuminate apex, the
upper surface brownish-olivaceous, smooth, glabrous, and shin-
ing when dry, the lower surface densely and softly fulvous-
villous, the indumentum on the midrib and lateral nerves denser
and darker in color than on the surface; lateral nerves about

XI, ©, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae 135 ©

14 on each side of the midrib, very prominent, ascending, some-
what curved, joining the somewhat thickened and revolute mar-
gins, the primary reticulations lax, subparallel, distinct; petioles
stout, 3.5 to 6 cm long, densely brown-villous. Flowers not seen.
Fruits fascicled along the branches below the leaves, usually
three or four in a fascicle, the pedicels very stout, 2 to 4 mm
long, glabrous or nearly so, the accrescent calyx shallow, brown
when dry, very sparingly pubescént, about 8 mm in diameter,
thickly coriaceous. Fruits red when mature, ellipsoid to ob-
ovoid, when fresh the pericarp apparently somewhat fleshy, when
dry about 1.5 cm in diameter, nearly black, wrinkled, somewhat
shining, glabrous.

SaMAR, Cauayan Valley, Bur. Sci. 17540 Ramos, March 27, 1914, in damp
forests.

A very striking species, apparently belonging in the group with Litsea
tayabensis Elm. Its elongated, coriaceous, large leaves, which are glabrous
and shining on the upper surface and densely brown- to fulvous-villous on
the lower surface, are very characteristic.

LITSEA EUPHLEBIA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 12.m alta ramulis petiolis inflorescentiisque
exceptis glabra; foliis coriaceis, oblongis ad anguste oblongo-
ellipticis, alternis, nitidis, utrinque angustatis, acuminatis, usque
ad 18 cm longis; nervis utrinque 6 ad 9, adscendentibus, prom-
inentibus; inflorescentiis axillaribus, ferrugineo-pubescentibus,
involucris fasciculato-umbellatis, breviter pedunculatis, circiter
6-floris; fructibus ellipsoideis, circiter 2 cm longis, calycibus
auctis, 1.5 ad 2 cm diametro.

A tree about 12 m high, the branchlets, petioles, and inflo-
rescence ferruginous- or brown-pubescent, otherwise glabrous.
Branches terete, reddish-brown or somewhat grayish. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous, shining, oblong to narrowly elliptic-oblong,
about equally narrowed at both ends, the apex acuminate, base
acute, 12 to 18 cm long, 3 to 5.5 cm wide, the lower surface some- -
what paler than the upper; nerves 6 to 9 on each side of the
midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, curved-ascending, ~
obscurely anastomosing, the ultimate reticulations not prominent
but close, very obscurely pitted; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long, at
first pubescent, becoming glabrous. Involucres subumbellately
fascicled, axillary, densely pubescent, the pubescent peduncles 2
to 3 mm long. Involucral bracts orbicular, concave, 3 to 4 mm
in diameter. Flowers about 6 in each involucre, the calyx-tube
somewhat urceolate, pubescent, 4 mm long, the lobes deciduous,
oblong, about 1.3mm long. Male flowers not seen. Fruit ellip-

136 The Philippine Journal of Science ae

soid, smooth, about 2 cm long, seated on the enlarged, cup-
shaped calyx, which is 1,2 to 2 cm in diameter and about 1 cm
high.

Luzon, Laguna Province,.near San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 13523 Ramos,
(type), August, 1910, For Bur. 15360 Tamesis, November, 1909.

A species well characterized by its very prominently nerved leaves, but

which may, when male flowers are known, prove to belong in the genus
Lindera rather than in Litsea. *

LITSEA MACGREGORII sp. nov.

Arbor, inflorescentiis Saeaais glabra, ramis ramulisque tere-
tibus; foliis alternis vel subverticillatis, oblongis, coriaceis, usque
ad 16 cm longis, nitidis, subtus glaucescentibus, utrinque subae-
qualiter angustatis, basi acutis, apice obtusis, nervis utrinque
circiter 10, adscendentibus, subtus valde prominentibus; umbel-

‘lis pedunculatis, axillaribus et e axillis defoliatis, fasciculatis,
4- vel 5-floris, floribus pubescentibus, pedicellatis, bracteis invo-
lucrantibus caducis.

A tree, glabrous except the inflorescence, the branches and
branchlets nearly black when dry, terete, smooth. Leaves al-
ternate or subverticillate, oblong, coriaceous, 13 to 16 cm long,
3 to 4.5 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base and
to the obtuse apex, the upper surface smooth and shining,
brownish-olivaceous, the lower paler and more or less glaucous;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, ascending,
very prominent on the lower surface, nearly straight, the reticula-
tions obscure; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long, dark reddish-brown when

dry. Umbels axillary and from the axils of fallen leaves, 4 to .

6 in a fascicle, the peduncles 1.5 to 2 cm long, all parts rather
densely pale-pubescent. Involucral bracts caducous. Flowers
4 or 5 in each umbel, the pedicels about 4 mm long, rather slender,
pubescent. Perianth lobes about 4 mm long, elliptic, obtuse,
_ concave, rather densely pale-pubescent. Fertile stamens 9, the
anthers oblong, 2 mm long, the filaments somewhat pubescent,
about 1 mm long, the glands about 0.6 mm in diameter.

BILIRAN, Bur. Sci. 18493 McGregor, May 22, 1914, in forests, altitude
about 200 meters. ‘

The specimens present male flowers only, and the species raehiae
Litsea euphlebia Merr. in vegetative characters, but differs from it and
from L. quercoides Elm. in its comparatively long-peduncled umbels.

LITSEA MICRANTHA sp, nov.

Arbor, partibus junioribus subtus foliis inflorescentiisque —

minute pubescentibus exceptis glabra; foliis alternis, oblongis,
chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, usque ad 8 cm longis, mermrque

fi ag Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae 137

subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice acutis vel breviter
acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10; umbellulis axillaribus,
parvis, tenuiter pedicellatis, fasciculatis vel in racemis brevis-
simis dispositis, circiter 4-floris, floribus 3 mm longis, filamentis
ciliatis.

- A tree, nearly glabrous, the branches and branchlets very
slender, terete, smooth, grayish-brown, the ultimate ones about
1 mm in diameter and minutely appressed pubescent with short
hairs. Leaves alternate, in general oblong, chartaceous to sub-
coriaceous, brown or brownish-olivaceous when dry, glabrous,
_ the lower surface slightly paler than the upper and very minute-
ly pubescent, 5 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 em wide, subequally nar-
rowed to the acute base and to the acute or slightly acuminate
apex; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender,
distinct on the lower surface, curved, the reticulations not
prominent; petioles slender, 4 to 5 mm long. Umbels mostly
4-flowered, axillary, fascicled or in very short racemes, the
pedicels slender, slightly pubescent, 4 to 5 mm long, the umbels,
before anthesis, somewhat depressed-globose, 2 to 2.5 mm in
diameter. Bracts 4, very slightly pubescent externally, broadly
ovate, concave, rounded, 2 to 2.5-mm long. Male flowers about
3 mm long, the segments 6, oblong, 1.3 to 1.5 mm long, the tube
appressed fulvous-pubescent including also the 1 mm long
pedicels. Fertile stamens 9, all 4-celled, introrse, the outer ones
2.5 to 3 mm long, their filaments slender, ciliate.

Samar, Bur. Sci. 17505 Ramos, April 3, 1914, in forests at low altitudes.
A species belonging in the group with Litsea luzonica F.-Vill., well
- characterized by its comparatively small flowers and umbels.

LITSEA OBLONGIFOLIA sp. nov. |

Arbor circiter 8 m alta, infiorescentiis exceptis glabra; foliis
oblongis vel anguste oblongis, alternis, coriaceis, utrinque subae--
qualiter angustatis, acutis vel leviter acuminatis, nitidis, nervis ©
utrinque 8 ad 11, curvato-adscendentibus, prominentibus, reti-
culis tenuibus, densis; inflorescentiis subumbellato-fasciculatis,
dense brunneo-pilosis, involucris in alabastro globosis, circiter
5-floris; antheris 12, introrsis.

A tree about 8 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. ©
Branches terete, dark when dry. Leaves alternate, oblong to
narrowly oblong, 18 to 30 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, subequally
narrowed and acute or slightly acuminate at both ends, coria-
ceous, shining when dry, the lower surface paler than the upper
one; nerves 8 to 11 on each side of the midrib, curved-ascending,
prominent, obscurely anastomosing, the ultimate reticulations

1388 The Philippine Journal of Science 4917

slender, dense; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Involucres in axillary,
solitary, subumbellate fascicles, the peduncles and bracts densely
brown-pilose, the peduncles 5 to 10 mm long. Involucral bracts
usually 4, in nearly mature bud about 4 mm in diameter, concave,
orbicular. Flowers about 5 in each head, pubescent. Fertile
anthers 12, all introrse.

Luzon, Cagayan Province, Abulug River, Bur. Sci. 14518 Ramos, Feb-
ruary, 1912, in forests.

A fruiting specimen from the same locality, Bur. Sci. 13902 Ramos,
presumably represents the same species, but has relatively somewhat broader
leaves, and its lateral nerves are more spreading. The accrescent calyx is
funnel-shaped, about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and the fruit is subglobose
or depressed-globose, apparently somewhat fleshy, black when dry, 2 cm
in diameter.

Apparently closely allied to Litsea albayana Vid., but differing especially
in its fine, close ultimate reticulations, which in Vidal’s species are very
obscure or nearly obsolete.

~LITSEA SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 12 m alta, ramulis junioribus et subtus foliis
minute pubescentibus; foliis alternis, oblongo-obovatis, subcor-
iaceis, usque ad 35 cm longis, apice late rotundatis vel abrupte
brevissime acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque circiter 18,
subtus prominentibus; fructibus e ramis defoliatis, solitariis
vel fasciculatis, ovoideis, 2 to 3 cm longis, calycibus accrescen-
tibus infundibuliformibus, circiter 1.5 cm longis 1 cm diametro.

A tree about 12 m high, the younger branchlets, petioles, and
lower surfaces of the leaves minutely pubescent with short,
rather pale hairs. Branches terete, glabrous, smooth, about 1
cm in diameter, the branchlets much more slender, slightly
pubescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes somewhat crowded
toward the apices of the branchlets, oblong-obovate, subcoria-
ceous, 22 to 35 cm long, 12 to 18 cm wide, the apex broadly
rounded to abruptly and shortly acuminate, base acute, the
upper surface olivaceous, shining, the lower somewhat paler,
minutely cinerous-pubescent on the midribs, nerves, and retic-
ulations; lateral nerves about 18 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, spreading-curved, the primary reticulations sub-
parallel, prominent on the lower surface, the ultimate reticula-
tions shallowly foveolate on both surfaces; petioles rather
slender, 4 to 6 cm long, nearly black when dry, sparingly cine-
reous-pubescent. Fruits on the branches below the leaves,
solitary or somewhat fascicled, the peduncles stout, brown,
glabrous, about 1 cm long, the accrescent calyx funnel-shaped,

about 1.5 cm long and 1 cm in diameter at the apex, truncate, —

XII, ©, 3 Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae 139

narrowed below, thick, brown, much wrinkled when dry. Fruit
ovoid, 2 to 3 cm long, apparently dark-red and somewhat fleshy
when fresh, when dry black, shining, wrinkled, glabrous, obtuse
or rounded at the apex.

SAMAR, Cauayan Valley, Bur. Sci. 17541 Ramos, March 24, 1914, on
forested slopes.

Very distinct from Litsea ampla Merr. which it somewhat resembles;
among the distinguishing characters are its differently shaped leaves, which
are acute at the base, much longer petioles, and much larger fruits and
calyces. ~ :

LITSEA VANOVERBERGHII sp. nov.

’ Arbor 5 ad 6 m alta ramulis junioribus et inflorescentiis ex-
ceptis glabra; foliis alternis, oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, coria- |
ceis, usque ad 9 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis,
basi acutis, apice obtusis at leviter acuminatis, nervis utrinque
8 vel 9, reticulis obscuris; umbellis axillaribus, fascicplatis, cir-
citer 6-floris, pedicellatis, floribus dense pubescentibus, 4 ad 5
mm longis; fructibus anguste ovoideis, acutis, circiter 2.5 cm
longis, calycibus accrescentibus, hypocrateriformibus, 1 cm dia-
metro.

A tree, apparently dioecious, 5 to 6 m high, glabrous except
the inflorescence and the very youngest branchlets. Branches
grayish-brown or brownish, terete, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, the
young branchlets minutely cinereous-puberulent. Leaves alter-
nate, oblong to oblong-elliptic, thickly coriaceous, 6 to 9 cm long,
2.5 to 4 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base and
to the obtuse, acute, or obscurely acuminate apex, brownish or
brownish-olivaceous on the upper surface, somewhat shining,
the lower surface paler; lateral nerves 8 or 9 on each side of
the midrib, prominent, curved, not or very obscurely anasto-
mosing, brown when dry, the reticulations obscure, both sur-
faces minutely and very shallowly foveolate, the upper more
distinctly so than the lower; petioles glabrous, brown, about 8
mm long. Umbels axillary, fascicled, 3 to 6 in a fascicle, the
peduncles appressed-pubescent, 4 to 5 mm long. Bracts 4, ovate
to broadly ovate, concave, rounded, slightly pubescent externally,
about 4 mm long. Flowers usually 6 in each umbel, 4 to 5 mm
long, the tube somewhat urceolate, appressed-pubescent, some-
what narrowed below, the lobes 6, subequal, obtuse to acute,
ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5 mm long or less. Staminodes 6, in
two series, the inner three about 1.2 mm long, linear-lanceolate,
0.2 mm wide, with two prominent, lateral, stipitate, capitate
glands at the base, the outer three staminodes linear-lanceolate .
to linear-oblanceolate, without appendages, the lower part pro-

140 3 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

minently ciliate. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style about 2 mm long.
Fruit narrowly ovoid, about 2.5 cm long, apex acute, the accres-
cent calyx salver-shapped, the tube subcylindric, stout, about 5
mm long, the limb spreading, about 1 cm in diameter.

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 1787, November 8,
1912, in forests, altitude about 1,700 meters.

I have some doubt as to the genus of this species, although it is probably

a Litsea. The species is apparently dioecious, as a careful examination of
very many flowers failed to show a single one with fertile stamens.

LITSEA ALBAYANA Vid. Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip, (1886) 227.

Luzon, Albay Province, Vidal 860 (type), 1681, in Herb. Kew. LEYTE,
For Bur. 12784 Rosenbluth. I am disposed also to refer here Cuming 894
from Albay Province, Luzon, on which is based the Philippine reference of
Lindera reticulata F.-Vill., and For. Bur, 7317 Everett, For. Bur. 15148
Tarrosa, from Negros.

The species is an imperfectly known one and may just as well be referable
to Lindera as to Litsea, for the flowers are as yet unknown. Meissner *
referred Cuming 894 to Aperula reticulata Blume (Lindera reticulata F.-
Vill.). I have examined the type of Blume’s species in the Leiden Her-
barium, and it is a plant entirely different from that represented by Cuming
894; the reference of Cuming’s plant to Blume’s species was a manifest error
on the part of Meissner.

PHOEBE Nees
PHOEBE GLABRIFOLIA sp. nov. i is

Arbor usque ad 18 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
exceptis glabra; foliis oblongo-obovatis, coriaceis, usque ad 22
cm longis, apice obtusis ad latissime breviter et obtuse acuminatis,
deorsum angustatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, subtus
valde prominentibus; paniculis axillaribus, longe pedunculatis,
usque ad 18 cm longis, floribus circiter 6 mm diametro.

A tree 15 to 18 m high, glabrous or nearly so except the younger
parts and the inflorescence. Branches terete, brownish, rather
stout, often with numerous rather large petiolar scars, glabrous,
the younger parts sparingly pubescent. Leaves somewhat crowd-
ed at the apices of the branchlets, oblong-obovate, rather thickly
coriaceous, 12 to 22 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, the upper surface
brownish-olivaceous when dry; glabrous, shining, the lower
slightly paler, rarely somewhat glaucous, glabrous or very mi-
nutely and obscurely puberulent, the apex obtuse to very broadly,
shortly, and bluntly acuminate, narrowed below to the acute

base; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib, very

prominent on the lower surface, looped-anastomosing, the reticu-
lations prominent; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Panicles axillary,

*DC. Prodr. 157 (1864) 243.

me

XII, 6, 3 , Merrill: New Philippine Lauraceae ' 141

long-peduncled, up to 18 cm long, the peduncles very slightly
pubescent, the flower bearing parts rather prominently grayish-
pubescent, flowers about 6 mm in diameter, the bracteoles oblong,
acute to acuminate, about 2.5 mm long, pubescent. Perianth-
lobes broadly ovate, 3.5 to 4 mm long, obtuse, pubescent. Other

two rows of stamens with introrse anthers, about 2.5 mm long,

the filaments slightly pubescent, the third row of stamens about 2
mm long, extrorse, each filament with a pair of stipitate, subca-
pitate glands near the base. Staminodes (fourth row) heart-
shaped, about 1 mm long, on stout short stipes. Ovary globose,
glabrous; style about 1.5 mm long. Fruit narrowly ovoid, about
1.5 cm long (immature), smooth, black and shining when dry,
the perianth-lobes somewhat accrescent and 6 to 7 mm long,
brown, short-pubescent, persistent.

BASILAN, For. Bur. 18894 Miranda, August, 1912 (type), Bur. Sci. 16159,
16158 Reillo, August, 1912, in forests along Comalarang River.

This species is manifestly very closely allied to Phoebe cuneata Blume,
but appears to differ from it in its leaves being quite glabrous on both

2 surfaces or at. most very obscurely puberulent on the lower surface.

THE PHILIPPINE. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 3, May, 1917.

NEW PHILIPPINE MYRSINACEAE

By E. D. MERRILL *

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Labrie: 3 Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

_In the present paper eighteen apparently new species of Philip-
pine Myrsinaceae are described in the genera Ardisia, Discocalyx,
and Maesa. Perhaps the most interesting fact brought out by
the present contribution is the great increase in the number of
known species of the genus Discocalyx. When Mez proposed
this genus in 1902, he described eight species, of which six were
from the Philippines, one from the Marianne Islands, and one
from the Tonga Islands. Since that date numerous new forms
have been detected in our current Philippine collections, and the
number of species now known from the Philippines, including the
nine described in the present paper, approximates, twenty-seven.

DISCOCALYX Mez

~

- DISCOCALYX ANGUSTISSIMA sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, circiter 1 m altus; foliis numerosis, linearis,
usque ad 25 cm longis et 1 cm latis, olivaceis, nitidis, tenuiter
acuminatis, basi attenuatis, margine distanter acute serratis; in-
florescentiis axillaribus, tenuibus, longissime pedunculatis, foliis
subaequantibus; floribus paucis, 5-meris; fructibus ovoideis, cir-
citer 6 mm diametro.

A glabrous shrub about 1 m high, simple or sparingly branch-
ed, the branches terete, reddish-brown, 3 to 6 mm in diameter.
Leaves numerous, linear, 20 to 25 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide,
chartaceous, olivaceous, shining, slenderly acuminate, base at-
tenuate, margins rather distantly but conspicuously and acutely
serrate; lateral nerves numerous, not prominent. Inflorescences
few, very slender, axillary, about as long as the leaves, simple,
the greately elongated peduncles supplied with few, scattered,
linear-lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, leaf-like, 1 to 2 cm long

2 Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.
143

>

144 : The Philippine Journal of Science — 1917

*

bracts, the apical 1 cm usually thickened, brown, marked with

numerous scars of fallen bracts or bracteoles and pedicels, in
fruit each bearing 1 to 2, slender, jointed pedicels 3 to 4 cm in
length. Fruits ovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter, with distinct
but shallow longitudinal grooves, the persistent sepals 5, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 mm long.

ALABAT, Merrill 10478 (type), December 24, 1916, on forested ridges,
altitude about 75 meters. Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mauban, Bur. Sci.
19480 Ramos, January 25, 1913, on forested slopes: Laguna Province, Mount
Bucol back of Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 8897 Curran (sterile), Feb-
ruary, 1908. .

A most characteristic species not at all closely allied to any other known
form, readily recognizable by its greatly elongated, very narrow, distantly
but conspicuously serrate leaves. It is apparently very local. On Alabat
Island but a few individuals were observed, and these all confined to a
small area. : :

DISCOCALYX EUPHLEBIA sp. nov. 7

_ Frutex 3 ad 4 m altus, glaber, ramulis circiter 1 cm diametro;
foliis ellipticis ad oblongo-ellipticis, in siccitate brunneis, nitidis,
usque ad 40 cm longis, breviter acuminatis, basi plus minusve
acuminatis, margine distincte dentatis vel crenato-dentatis, ner-
vis utrinque circiter 20, supra impressis, subtus valde prominent-
ibus, utrinque maculis nigris conspicuis instructis; paniculis ¢
usque ad 15 em longis, e ramulis specialibus circiter 10 cm longis

extra-axillaribus supra valde incrassatis cicatricibus multis in-~

structis; floribus 5-meris, prominente glandulosis, circiter 2.5
mm diametro.

A glabrous dioecious shrub 3 to 4 m high, the ultimate branches
terete, about 1 cm thick, with few, very large scars of fallen
petioles. Leaves brown and shining when dry, elliptic to oblong-
elliptic, 35 to 40 cm long, 10 to 13 wide, both surfaces with

conspicuous, nearly black, gland-like areas, usually one in each ~

ultimate reticulation, subcoriaceous, the apex shortly acuminate,
base somewhat acuminate, the margins, except in the lower part,
with distinct dentate or dentate-crenate teeth; lateral nerves
about 20 on each side of the midrib, impressed on the upper
surface, very prominent beneath, the reticulations distinct; pe-
tioles 4 to 5 cm long. Staminate panicles up to 15 cm long,
usually 6 to 8 at the apex of the specialized branch bearing them,
these specialized branches up to 10 cm long, the upper 2.5 to 4
em cylindric, thicker than the peduncular portions, 5 to 7 mm in
diameter, and marked with numerous scars of fallen bracts and
peduncles, the specialized branches extra-axillary; rachis and
branches of the panicles slender. Flowers very shortly pedicel-

XU, C, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinaceae | 145

led, 5-merous, about 2.5 mm in diameter. Sepals nearly free,
oblong-obovate or oblong, about 1.2 mm long, with few, conspi-
cuous, dark-brown glands. Petals oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm long,
prominently glandular, nearly free. Anthers sessile, 0.5 mm
long.

- Samar, Paranas, Bur. Sci. 17646 Ramos, April 11, 1914, in damp forests
at low altitudes. ‘

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Discocalyx insignis Merr.
from which it is distinguished by its conspicuously maculate leaves and
its much longer staminate panicles. Other species belonging in the same
group are Discocalyx congestiflora Elm., D. longifolia Merr., D. montana
Elm., and D. macrophylla Merr. Discocalyx maculata Merr., among other
characters, is at once distinguished by its entire leaves.

DISCOCALYX LUZONIENSIS sp. nov.
_. Frutex glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus, ramulis circiter 5 ©
mm diametro; foliis sparsis, coriaceis, nitidis, oblongis ad
oblongo-ellipticis, integris, acutis, usque ad 9 cm longis, obscure
maculatis,.nervis primariis utrinque circiter 8, irregularibus,
subtus distinctis, anastomosantibus; ramis specialibus extra-
axillaribus, usque ad 12 cm longis, partibus superioribus incras-
satis, cicatricibus distinctis instructis; paniculis depauperatis,
circiter 1 cm longis; floribus ¢ 5-meris, pedicellis et sepalis et
petalis prominente glandulosis.
_ A glabrous dioecious shrub, the branches and branchlets ra-
ther stout, terete, grayish-brown when dry, with few, widely
scattered, large scars of fallen petioles, the ultimate branchlets
about 5 mm in diameter. Leaves scattered, coriaceous, entire,
rather pale when dry, shining, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 8 to 9
em long, 3 to 4 em wide, acute, base acute or acuminate, both

surfaces obscurely maculate; primary lateral nerves about 8 on
each side of the midrib, distinct on the lower surface, somewhat
curved, irregular, distinctly anastomosing, the secondary veins
nearly as prominent as the primary ones, the reticulations evident
on both surfaces; petioles rather stout, 3 to 4 cm long. Special-
ized branches bearing the inflorescences extra-axillary, 8 to 12
cm long, the apical 1 to 2 cm thickened, cylindric, about 3 mm
in diameter, marked with distinct scars of fallen bracts, the
peduncle often dichotomous and bearing two thickened cylindric,
parts at the apex. Inflorescences at the tips of-the specialized
branches, depauperate, about 1 cm long, few-flowered. Stami-
nate flowers 5-merous; the pedicels, calyces, and corollas promi-
nently glandular. Pedicels 1 to 2 mm long. Calyx 2.2 mm in
diameter, the teeth 5, ovate, obtuse, 0.7 mm long. Corolla 1.8
mm long, the lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded, 0.9 mm long.

146 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Anthers sessile, 0.4 mm long. Rudimentary ovary stout, cylin-
dric, about 1 mm long.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26474 Ramos
& Edano, August 16, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude between 300 and
400 meters.

The alliance of this species is apparently with Discocalyx maculata Merr.,
from which it is readily distinguished by its much smaller, fewer-nerved,
obscurely maculate leaves. The specialized branches bearing the inflores-
cences are frequently dichotomous, bearing two cylindric, thickened branches
at their apices,

DISCOCALYX MICRANTHA sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, glaber, circiter 2 m altus; foliis chartaceis,
oblongis, longe petiolatis, usque ad 18 cm longis, olivaceis, apice
breviter acuminatis, basi decurrento-acuminatis, integris, nervis
utrinque circiter 20, tenuibus, subadscendentibus; paniculis axil-
laribus, tenuibus, solitariis, circiter 10 cm longis, longe pedun-
culatis; floribus minutis, pedicellatis, 5-meris, calycibus petalis-
que distincte glanduloso-puncticulatis, petalis obovatis, circiter
1.2 mm longis.

An erect glabrous shrub about 2 m high, apparently dioecious,
the branches subolivaceous, about 5 mm in diameter, longitud-
inally wrinkled when dry, the tips brown. Leaves somewhat
crowded toward the apices of the branchlets, chartaceous, oblong,
14 to 18 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, subolivaceous when dry,
slightly shining, of the same color on both surfaces, entire, the
apex shortly acuminate, base slenderly decurrent-acuminate;
lateral nerves slender, the primary ones about 20 on each side
of the midrib, subascending, slightly curved, the reticulations
not prominent; petioles 1.5 to 3 em long. Panicles bipinnate,
axillary, solitary, up to 10 cm long, long peduncled, the branches
few, the longer primary ones 1.5 to 2.5 em in length. Staminate
flowers 5-merous, their pedicels about 1 mm long. Calyx about
1.5 mm in diameter, obscurely 5-toothed, distinctly glandular-
puncticulate, the teeth short, obtuse, minutely denticulate or sub-
crenate. Petals obovate, 1.2 mm long, glandular-puncticulate.
Anthers 0.7 mm long.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Burgos, Bur. Sci. 27132 Ramos, March 12,
1917, in forests along streams at low altitudes.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Discocalyx cybianthoides
-Mez, which it resembles in its general appearance, in leaf characters, and
in its panicles springing from the axils of normal leaves, differing essen-
tially in its very much smaller flowers.

DISCOCALYX PACHYPHYLLA sp. nov.
Frutex dioicus, glaber, circiter 5 m altus; foliis numerosis,

a

XaI,'C, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinaceae 147

plus minusve confertis, coriaceis, oblongo-oblanceolatis vel an-

guste oblongo-ovatis, integris, usque ad 18 cm longis, in siccitate
brunneis, nitidis, acutis vel leviter acuminatis, basi acutis; in-
florescentiis e ramis specialibus, paniculis 4 confertis, junioribus
circiter 4 cm longis bracteis glandulosis membranaceis usque ad
2 cm longis ovato-ellipticis deciduis involucratis; floribus parvis,
4- vel 5-meris, glandulosis.

A dioecious glabrous shrub about 5 m high, the branches and
branchlets terete, brown, the latter usually about 5 mm in diam-
eter, usually with numerous close scars marking the limits of
the past seasons growth, the leaves numerous, rather crowded.
Leaves rather thickly coriaceous, ‘entire, pale-brownish, shining
and of the same color on both surfaces when dry, not glandular
but beneath very obscurely puncticulate, oblong-oblanceolate to
narrowly oblong-obovate, apex acute or somewhat acuminate,
narrowed from the upper one-half to two-thirds to the cuneate
base; primary lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the midrib,
irregular, ascending, scarcely more prominent than are the se-
condary nerves and reticulations; petioles stout, 4 to 5 cm long.
Staminate panicles on specialized extra-axillary branches, these
branches 4 to 8 cm long, rather stout, the upper 0.5 to 2 cm
thickened, cylindric, marked with numerous scars of fallen bracts,
the bracts subtending and enclosing the young panicles brown
when dry, membranaceous, prominently glandular, ovate-elliptic,
obtuse or rounded, deciduous. Panicles crowded at the apices
of the specialized branches, up to 4 cm long, probably longer
when mature. Flowers numerous, small, in bud globose, 4- or
5-merous, both calyx and corolla prominently glandular.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 20729, 20766, 20830
Escritor, March, 19138, the last two numbers erroneously localized on the
herbarium labels as Guinayangan.

A species well characterized by its numerous, thickly coriaceous, entire,
shining leaves; and its rather dense panicles, which are crowded at the
apices of the specialized branches and subtended by large, membranaceous,
glandular bracts, these forming an involucre at the apex of the branch
below the panicles. On two of the specimens cited above there are one or
two greatly reduced, 8 to 5 em long, coriaceous leaves on the specialized
branches, as is the case with a few other species of the genus.

DISCOCALYX SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex dioicus, glaber, circiter 5 m altus; foliis numerosis,
pseudoverticillatis, oblanceolatis, integris, usque ad 14 cm longis,
in siccitate pallidis, subcoriaceis, margine leviter revolutis, acutis
vel obscure acuminatis, deorsum sensim angustatis, nervis utrin-
que circiter 12, tenuibus, adscendentibus; paniculis ¢ axillaribus,

148 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

bipinnatis, foliis subaequantibus; floribus 5-meris, circiter 4 mm
longis.

A dioecious glabrous shrub about 5 m high, the branches
brownish, smooth, 4 to 5 mm in diameter. Leaves pseudo-verti-
cillate, oblanceolate, 11 to 14 cm long, 1.6 to 2 em wide, entire,
margins slightly revolute, acute or obscurely acuminate, gradu-
ally narrowed below to the stout petiole, pale and shining when
dry, of about the same color on both surfaces; primary nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, slender, ascending; petioles
5 mm long or less. Staminate panicles axillary, bipinnate, about
as long as the leaves, the peduncles and lower branches 3 to 4
em in length. Flowers white, 5-merous, their pedicels about 4
mm long. Calyx subrotate, about 3 mm in diameter, usually
eglandular, the teeth triangular-ovate, obtuse or subacute, less
than 1 mm long. Corolla 4 mm long, the lobes oblong, obtuse,
about 2.5 mm long, with a few conspicuous glands above, united
for the lower 1.5 mm. Stamens 5, the anthers oblong, sessile,
- obtuse, the connectives eglandular. Rudimentary ovary thick-
ened upward, truncate, 1.7 mm long.

SAMAR, San José de Buan, along streams, altitude about 300 meters, For.

Bur. 24004 Lasquety, May 7, 1915...

A species manifestly allied to Discocalyx cybianthoides Mez, from which

it is distinguished by its much smaller, narrower leaves and much larger
flowers.

DISCOCALYX STENOPHYLLA sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, circiter 4.5 m altus, dioicus; foliis oblongo-
lanceolatis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, subcoriaceis, pallidis, nitidis,
integris, usque ad 15 cm longis, obtusis vel obscure acuminatis,
basi angustatis, nervis utrinque circiter 15, tenuibus, utrinque
reticulatis; paniculis ¢ subterminalibus, usque ad 12 cm longis,
bipinnatis; floribus 3- vel 4-meris, ——— circiter 2 mm
- longis.

A glabrous dioecious shrub about 4. 5 mhigh. Branches terete:
grayish or brownish, smooth, 2 to 3 mm in diameter. Leaves
scattered or pseudo-verticillate, subcoriaceous, pale, shining, of
the same color on both surfaces when dry, oblong-lanceolate to
somewhat oblanceolate, entire, obtuse to obscurely acuminate,
base gradually narrowed, cuneate; primary lateral nerves about
15 on each side, slender, irregular, not prominent, curved, anas-
tomosing, the primary and secondary nerves and the reticulations
evident on both surfaces; petioles stout, 4 to 6 mm long. Stam-
inate panicles several in the uppermost axils, that is, subterminal,
up to 12 cm long, bipinnate, slender, the primary branches
scattered, spreading, the lower ones up to 3 cm long. Flowers

xi,c,8 Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinaceae 7 149

3- and 4-merous, eglandular, their pedicels 2.5 mm long. Calyx
somewhat cup-shaped, about 1.7 mm in diameter, the teeth short,
rounded. Corolla 2 mm long, the lobes 3 or 4, elliptic, rounded,
about 1.2 mm long. Anthers oblong, 1 mm long,’ obtuse, the
connectives glandular. Rudimentary ovary none.

LuZON, Pangasinan Province, Mangatarem, For. Bur. 24815 Pascual,
November 23, 1915, among undergrowth in forests, altitude about 300
meters, locally known as rocrocso.

‘The alliance of this species is manifestly with Discocalyx cybianthoides
Mez, from which it is readily distinguished by its much smaller, narrower
leaves and eglandular flowers. From D. samaransis Merr. it is distinguished
by its much smaller flowers. In general appearance it somewhat resembles
Discocalyx angustifolia Mez, but the primary and secondary nerves and the
reticulations are evident on both surfaces of the leaves.

DISCOCALYX SESSILIFOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra, omnibus partibus in siccitate brunneis,
ramis ramulisque crassis, laevis, 5 ad 7 mm diametro; foliis sub-
coriaceis, anguste, oblongo-obovatis ad oblanceolatis, nitidis, us-
que ad 20 cm longis, obtusis vel obscurissime late et obtuse acu-
-minatis, basi sensim angustatis, sessilibus, subtus obscurissime
puncticulatis, nervis numerosis, vix prominentibus; paniculis ¢
bipinnatis, usque ad 10 cm longis, in ramis specialibus axillaribus
2 ad 3 cm longis dispositis; floribus 4-meris, circiter 4 mm longis,
petalis sepalisque glandulosis.

A small tree, 8 m high according to the collector, glabrous,
apparently dioecious, all parts brownish when dry, the branches
and branchlets stout, smooth, terete, 5 to 7 mm in diameter.
Leaves scattered, narrowly oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, entire,
shining, of about the same color on both surfaces, 12 to 20 cm
long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, subcoriaceous, the lower surface obscurely
puncticulate, the apex obtuse to broadly and obscurely blunt-
acuminate, gradually narrowed in the lower one-half to two-
thirds to the cuneate base, sessile; lateral nerves slender, not
prominent, 15 to 20 on each side of the midrib, scarcely more
prominent than the secondary nerves and reticulations. Special
branches bearing the inflorescences in the axils of fallen leaves, 2
to 3 em long, the upper part marked with prominent scars of.
fallen bracts and inflorescences, about 4 mm in diameter, some-
what thicker than the peduncular portions, the bracts deciduous,
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, acuminate, about
1cm long. Staminate panicles bipinnate, up to 10 cm long, the
branches spreading, the lower ones up to 2.5 cm in length, usually
about four panicles from the apex of each special branch. Sta-
minate flowers 4-merous, about 4 mm long, their pedicels about

149770-——3

150 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

2mm long. Calyx somewhat cup-shaped, nearly 2 mm in dia-
meter, with four, short, rounded, obscure teeth, their margins
somewhat crenulate, glandular. Corolla 4 mm long, glandular,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, 2 mm long. Stamens 4, oblong, sessile,
1.2 mm long, the connectives black-glandular on the back. Ru-
dimentary ovary and style rather stout, about 2 mm long.

MINDANAO, Agusan Subprovince, near Butuan, For. Bur. 20735 Rafael
& Ponce, September 12, 1913, in swamp-forests at low altitudes.

A species manifestly allied to Discocalyx merrillii Mez and to D. pala-
wanensis Elm., well characterized, however, by its sessile leaves and much
larger flowers. The specialized branches bearing the inflorescences present
no reduced leaves.

DISCOCALYX TECSONII sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, 5 ad 8 m alta; foliis breviter petiolatis, oblongo-
oblanceolatis, usque ad 34 cm longis, chartaceis, acutis ad leviter
acuminatis, integris, deorsum sensim angustatis, basi cuneatis,
nervis utringue circiter 20, distinctis; paniculis bipinnatis, usque
ad cm longis, in ramis extra-axillaribus vel e exillis defoliatis
dispositis, ramis specialibus compressis, 1 ad 3.5 cm longis supra
plus minusve incrassatis cicatricibus et cum foliis depauperatis
instructis; floribus ¢ 4- vel 5-meris, glandulosis, circiter 3 mm
longis, petalis ad basi leviter connatis.

A glabrous tree 5 to 8 m high, apparently dioecious, the
branches brown when dry, terete, about 5 mm in diameter.
Leaves rather pale when dry, chartaceous, oblong-oblanceolate,
entire, 20 to 34 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, apex acute to obscurely
acuminate, gradually narrowed from about the upper two-thirds
to the cuneate base; lateral nerves distinct, usually about 20
on each side of the midrib, irregular, anastomosing; petioles
stout, about 5 mm long. Special branches bearing the inflores-
cences extra-axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves, usually
compressed, 1 to 3.5 cm long, about 3 mm. in diameter, their
apices somewhat thickened and with the evident scars of fallen
peduncles, bracts, and leaves, the panicles subtended by two or
three greatly reduced leaves similar to the ordinary ones but from
4 to 9 cm long, the brown bracts membranaceous, lanceolate,
acuminate, about 1 cm long, deciduous. Panicles up to 6 cm
long, the branches 2 cm long or less. Flowers 4- or 5-merous,
the staminate ones about 3 mm long. Calyx somewhat cup-
shaped, nearly 2 mm in diameter, the teeth broad, rounded,
entire, glandular. Corolla 3 mm long, the lobes oblong, obtuse,
free nearly to the base, glandular. Anthers sessile, oblong, 1
mm long, the connectives glandular. Rudimentary ovary and

ee ee ee ee

xu,c,3 § Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinacéae 151

style about 1.5 mm long, cylindric, thickened upward. Young
fruits globose, about 4 mm in diameter.

BASILAN, Tumakis, For. Bur. 24683 Tecson (type), November 4, 1915;
Mount Singal, For. Bur. 18977 Miranda, October 1, 1912, both in forests,
altitude 20 to 100 meters, said by Tecson to be common. MINDANAO,
Misamis Province, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 17984 Miranda, in forests,
altitude 10 meters. :

This species is manifestly allied to Discocalyx merrillii Mez and to D.
sessilifolia Merr., differing from both in the reduced leaves on the special
branches bearing the inflorescences, these branches being much shorter than
in D. merrillii, and in its staminate flowers being smaller than in D. sessi-
lifolia Merr.

ARDISIA Swartz

ARDISIA SAMARENSIS sp. nov. § Akasmos.

Frutex, inflorescentiis parcissime furfuraceo-sublepidotis ex-
ceptis glaber; foliis alternis, lanceolatis ad oblongo-lanceolatis,
utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, integris, basi acutis, apice dis-
tincte acuminatis, nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 15, cur-
vatis, anastomosantibus; paniculis axillaribus, circiter 8 cm lon-
gis, bracteis foliaceis circiter 5 mm longis, deciduis; floribus 5-
meris, circiter 4 mm longis, sepalis petalisque parcissime glandu-
loso-puncticulatis.

A shrub about 2 m high, glabrous except the very sparingly
furfuraceous-sublepidote inflorescences. Branches brownish,
subterete, the branchlets more or less angled when dry. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 17 to 20 cm long, 3 to .
4.5 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base and the
rather prominently acuminate apex, entire, shining, greenish-
olivaceous when dry, the glands blackish, scattered, evident on
both surfaces, often to be found chiefly near the margins; lateral
nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib, lax, curved, anasto-
mosing, rather prominent on the lower surfaces, the reticulations
distinct on both surfaces; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Panicles
axillary, peduncled, about 8 cm long, bipinnate, the primary
branches few, spreading, up to 4 cm long, the greatly reduced
leaf-like bracts about 5 mm long, deciduous. Flowers 5-merous,
racemosely arranged on the ultimate branches, their pedicels
2to 3mm long. Sepals elliptic-ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm long,
spreading, sparingly glandular-punctate, margins minutely cili-
ate. Petals elliptic-ovate, obtuse, about 4 mm long, slightly
glandular-punctate. Anthers lanceolate, somewhat acuminate,
2.3 mm long, the connectives glandular.

Samar, Pinipisakan, Bur. Sci. 24462 Ramos, March 21, 1916, on steep
forested slopes at low altitudes.

s

152 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

This species is manifestly allied to Ardisia fragrans Elm. and to A. loheri
Merr., but is distinguished from both by numerous characters, the most
evident one, perhaps, being the greatly reduced leaf-like bracts.

ARDISIA-LOHERI sp. nov. § Akosmos.

Arbor parva, circiter 5 m alta, ramulis inflorescentiisque par-
cissime brunneo-furfuraceo-tomentellis exceptis glabra; foliis
oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 22 cm longis, utrinque
subaequaliter angustatis, acuminatis, basi acutis, in siccitate
pallide olivaceis, nervis utrinque 20 ad 25, subtus prominentibus,
utrinque, saltem prope margine, punctis permanifestis instructis;
inflorescentiis axillaribus, bipinnatim paniculatis, pedunculatis,
usque ad 18 cm longis, multifloris; floribus racemose dispositis,
5-meris, circiter 3 mm longis, sepalis petalisque punctis paucis
magnis instructis, connectivo glanduloso.

. A small tree about 5 m high, the young branchlets and the
inflorescences sparsely brown furfuraceous-tomentose, otherwise
glabrous. Branches terete, pale brownish, the branchlets more
or less angled. Leaves alternate, scattered, firmly chartaceous,
usually pale olivaceous when dry, oblong to oblong-elliptic, sub-
equally narrowed to the rather prominently acuminate apex and
the acute base, 12 to 22 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, entire, the
glands evident on both surfaces, but especially numerous near
the margins; lateral nerves 20 to 25 on each side of the midrib,
prominent on the lower surface, irregular, anastomosing, the
secondary nerves and reticulations distinct; petioles 1.5 to 3 em
long. Panicles in the upper axils, bipinnate, peduncled, up to
18 cm long, many flowered, the primary branches up to 6 cm
in length, the flowers racemosely arranged on the ultimate
branchlets, their pedicels about 3 mm long. Flowers 5-merous.
Sepals ovate, obtuse or acute, spreading, nearly free, about 1.5
mm long, with few, large, prominent glands, the margins obs-
curely ciliate. Petals elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 3 to 3.5 mm long,
with few, scattered, prominent glands, rarely nearly eglandular.
Anthers lanceolate, acuminate, 2.5 mm long, the connective di-
stinctly glandular; style about 2 mm long.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Oriud, Loher 6146 (type); Montalban, Loher
6145, both collected in February, 1906: Laguna Province, Mount Maquiling,
Baker 368, October 27, 1912, For. Bur. 22232 Catalan, March 28, 1914,
For. Bur. 21305 Foxworthy & Catalan, May, 1914. On Mount Maquiling it
grows in the mossy forest at an altitude of about 1,000 meters.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Ardisia fragrans’ Elm.,
of Mindanao, from which it is distinguished by its thinner, larger, more
numerously nerved leaves,

XII, ©, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinaceae 153

ARDISIA BASILANENSIS sp. nov. § Acrardisia.

Frutex, inflorescentiis minute papilloso-glandulosis exceptis
glaber; foliis oblongo-ovatis, chartaceis, usque ad 18 cm longis,
in siccitate supra subolivaceis, subtus brunneis, utrinque plus
minusve glandulosis, acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque cir-
citer 18, tenuibus, distinctis; paniculis usque ad 16 cm longis,
terminalibus, pedunculatis, floribus in ramulis ultimis subum-
bellatim dispositis, brunneo-papilloso-glandulosis; floribus 5-me-
ris, sepalis petalisque valde glandulosis, petalis ovatis, acuminatis,
circiter 8 mm longis.

A shrub 3 to 4 m high, according to the collector; glabrous ex-
cept for the short, rather dense, brown, gland-like papillae on
the inflorescence. Branches and branchlets brownish, terete,
smooth. Leaves oblong-ovate, chartaceous, entire, 11 to 18 cm
long, 4.5 to 7.5 cm wide, somewhat shining, the upper surface
olivaceous or subolivaceous, the lower brownish, both surfaces
with scattered, distinct, black glands, but those near the margins
no more distinct than the distant ones, apex acuminate, base
acute; lateral nerves slender but distinct, the primary ones about
18 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing; petioles stout, about
5mm long. Panicles terminal, up to 16 cm long, peduncled, the

_ branches few, distant, spreading, the lower ones up to 5 cm long,

simple or rarely once branched, the flowers subumbellately ar-
ranged at the ends of the branchlets, about 10 on each branchlet,
their pedicels 8 to 10 mm long. Flowers pink, 5-merous, when
spread nearly 1.5 cm in diameter. Sepals 5, the free parts
ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, spreading, 2 mm long,
glandular-punctate, back and margins with the minute papillae
characteristic of the inflorescence. Petals nearly free, ovate,
sharply acuminate, prominently glandular-punctate, about 8 mm
long, 4.5 mm wide. Anthers lanceolate, acuminate, 4 mm long,
the connectives inconspicuously glandular. Ovary ovoid, glab-
rous, 2 mm long; style 4 mm long, shorter than the petals in
bud and in anthesis.

BASILAN, Binauangan, in forests, Bur. Sci. 15428 (type), 15437 Reillo,
August, 1912, the flowers pink.

This species is well characterized by its peculiar, dark-brown, minute,
rather densely arranged gland-like papillae on its inflorescences. The

flowers are distinctly large in comparison with the other Philippine species
of the section Acrardisia.

ARDISIA LAXIFLORA sp. nov § Acrardisia.

Arbor glabra, circiter 11 m alta; ramis ramulisque plus minusve
compressis, saltem leviter bicarinatis; foliis alternis, chartaceis,

154 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

oblongo-ovatis ad elliptico-ovatis, usque ad 14 cm longis, breviter
petiolatis, apice obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis vel subacutis,
utrinque glandulis multis permanifestis praeditis, nervis utrinque
circiter 15, tenuibus, distinctis; paniculis terminalibus, usque ad
25 em longis, diffusis, ramis ramulisque elongatis, ramis alternis,
inferioribus usque ad 14 ecm longis; floribus 5-meris, circiter
5 mm longis, longe pedicellatis, in ramulis ultimis racemose
dispositis, petalis et sepalis et antheris prominente glandulosis.

A glabrous tree about 11 m high, the branches and branchlets
somewhat compressed and distinctly bicarinate, the latter, toge-
ther with the axis and the branches of the inflorescence, distinctly
glandular-lineolate. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, oblong-ovate
to ovate-elliptic, entire, 10 to 14 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 em wide, rather
pale when dry, slightly shining, both surfaces with numerous
dark-colored glands distinctly visible to the naked eye, apex
blunt-acuminate, base acute or subacute; primary lateral nerves
about 15 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct, irregular,
anastomosing; petioles 2 to 3 mm long or the leaves sometimes
subsessile, the petiole and midrib glandular-punctate. Panicles
terminal, diffuse, up to 25 cm long, tripinnate, the lower branches
up to 14 cm long, these subtended by greatly reduced leaves 3
to 4 cm long, the primary branches few, spreading, the secondary
ones few, 3 to 4 cm long, the flowers long-pedicelled, racemosely
arranged on the upper one-fourth of the ultimate branchlets, the
pedicels slender, up to 1.5 cm long. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx
4 mm in diameter, the lobes spreading, ovate, obtuse, 1.2 mm
long, their margins slightly ciliate, below with black, above with
reddish conspicuous glands. Petals oblong-ovate, acuminate, 5
mm long, 2 mm wide, conspicuously glandular-punctate. An-
thers ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2.5 mm long, the entire back
glandular; filaments fiattened, stout, about 1 mm long. Ovary
ovoid, 1.2 mm long, glabrous; style 3 mm long.

MINDANAO, Lanao District, Kolambugan, For. Bur. 25907 Alviar, June 8,
1916, along streams, altitude about 10 meters.

A most characteristic species, readily recognized by its conspicuous

glands, which are distinctly visible to the naked eye, and its very lax,
ample, terminal inflorescences. Its alliance is with Ardisia leytensis Merr.

ARDISIA MIRANDAE sp. nov. § Acrardisia?

Arbor circiter 5 m alta, glabra; foliis oblongo-ellipticis ad
oblongo-obovatis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, plus minusve confertis,
usque ad 8 cm longis, in siccitate brunneis, nitidis, subtus puncti-
culatis, apice brevissime late obtuseque acuminatis, basi acutis,
nervis lateralibus obscuris, tenuibus, utrinque circiter 25; pani-

Zi, ©, 8 Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinaceae 155

culis terminalibus vel subterminalibus, 3 ad 4 cm longis, pedun-
culatis, bipinnatis, paucifloris, foliis valde reductis subtensis;
floribus 5-meris, in ramulis primariis subumbellatim dispositis,
sepalis petalisque punctatis, petalis circiter 3 mm longis.

A tree about 5 m high, glabrous or the very young parts of the
inflorescences obscurely brown papillose. Branches brownish,
terete, with numerous petiolar scars. Leaves crowded near the
apices of the branchlets but scarcely pseudo-verticillate, coria-
ceous, brown and shining when dry, entire, oblong-elliptic to
oblong-obovate, apex very broadly and obscurely blunt-acuminate,
base acute, the lower surface minutely puncticulate; lateral
nerves very slender, obscure, about 25 on each side of the midrib;
petioles dark brown when dry, 5 to 7mm long. Panicles several
on each ultimate branchlet, terminal or in the uppermost axils,
3 to 4 cm long, subtended by greatly reduced leaves or leaf-like
bracts, the smaller ones about 1 cm in length. Flowers white,
umbellately disposed on the primary branches, 5-merous, their
pedicels about 5 mm long. Calyx 3 to 3.5 mm in diameter, the
lobes orbicular, rounded, spreading, not imbricate, glandular-
punctate, margins ciliate, about 1.5 mm in diameter. Petals
ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long, glandular-punctate. Anthers lanceo-
late, acuminate, 2.5 mm long, the connectives glandular. Ovary
ovoid; style 1.5 mm long. oes

Luzon, Camarines Province, Mount Calingan, For. Bur. 21686 Miranda,
April 24, 1914, on the summit of a small peak in the mossy forest, altitude
about 700 meters.

A very characteristic species, not certainly belonging in the section
Acrardisia. It is characterized by its small, densely but obscurely nerved,
crowded but scarcely pseudo-verticillate leaves, and by its panicles being
subtended by reduced leaves or leaf-like bracts.

ARDISIA YATES!! sp. nov. § Pimelandra.

Frutex 2 ad 4 m altus, novellis inflorescentiisque parce ferru-
gineo-pubescentibus exceptis glaber; foliis oblongis, chartaceis,
in siccitate subolivaceis vel brunneis, nitidis, usque ad 17 cm
longis, integris, basi acutis, apice tenuiter acute acuminatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 15, subtus distinctis, pagina inferiore
minutissime rufo-puncticulatis; infructescentibus axillaribus,
solitariis, subumbellatis, petiolo subaequantibus, sepalis ovatis,
glanduloso-puncticulatis, acutis, 2 mm longis, liberis vel sub-
liberis, acutis, margine leviter ciliatis; fructibus globosis,
glabris, circiter 7 mm diametro.

A shrub 2 to 4 m high, the very young growing tips of the
branchlets and the infructescences somewhat ferruginous-pubes-

66 The Philippine Journal of Science : 1917

cent, otherwise glabrous. Branches pale-brownish, smooth, te-
rete, the branchlets somewhat angled or compressed. when dry.
Leaves oblong, chartaceous, subolivaceous or brownish when dry,
shining, the lower surface slightly paler then the upper, 10 to 17
em long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide, entire, subequally narrowed to the
acute base and to the slenderly acute-acuminate apex, the lower
surface minutely brown-puncticulate with scattered glands; lat-
eral nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib, distinct, anas-
. tomosing, slightly curved, the ultimate reticulations evident on
both surfaces; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. Infructescences axil-
lary, solitary, subumbellate, the peduncles about 8 mm long, the
pedicels crowded toward its tip, sparingly ferruginous-pubescent,
the pedicels, in friut, about 1 cm long, somewhat thickened up-
ward. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, distinctly glandular with red-
dish glands, about 2 mm long, nearly free, their margins
minutely ciliate. Fruit globose, glabrous, smooth, about 7 mm
in diameter, nearly black when mature.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25453 (type), 25494,
25389 Yates, December 14, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude 350 to 400
meters.

A species manifestly allied to Ardisia philippinensis A. DC. and A.
disticha A. DC. but distinguished, among other characters, by its smaller,
narrower, slenderly and sharply acuminate leaves.

ARDISIA TAYABENSIS sp. nov. § Pyrgus.

Frutex glaber, circiter 2 m altus; foliis obiok es ian eshais,
usque ad 10 cm longis, integris, in siccitate brunneis, nitidis,
utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, acutis vel obscure acuminatis,
nervis primariis utrinque circiter 12, distinctis; paniculis ter-
minalibus, sub fructu circiter 9 cm longis; fructibus ovoideis,
circiter 8 mm longis obscure longitudinaliter striatis, sepalis
glabris.

A glabrous shrub about 2 m high, the branches and branchlets
brown, terete, smooth. Leaves crowded near the apices of the
branches, subcoriaceous, brown and shining when dry, the lower
surface slightly paler than the upper, oblong-lanceolate, 7 to 10
em long, 2 to 2.5 em wide, entire, subequally narrowed to the
acute or slightly acuminate base and apex, both surfaces gland-
ular-puncticulate; lateral nerves about 12 on each side of the
_ midrib, distinct, the secondary nerves and reticulations distinct
on both surfaces; petioles 8 to 14 mm long. Panicles terminal,
' in fruit about 9 cm long, the axis stout, the primary branches
scattered, spreading, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the pedicels thickened up-
ward, about 7 mm long. Fruits ovoid, about 8 mm long, ob-
scurely longitudinally striate, brown, shining, the persistent se-

Xu, G, 3 Merrill: New Philippine Myrsinaceae 157

pals broadly ovate, obtuse, about 1 mm long, eglandular, their
margins glabrous or obscurely ciliate.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26527 Ramos &
Edano, September 10, 1916, in forests, altitude about 300 meters.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Ardisia whitfordii Mez,
from which it is distinguished by its very much smaller, narrower, fewer-
nerved leaves.

ARDISIA PACHYPHYLLA sp. nov. § Tinopsis.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra, 2 ad 5 m alta; foliis coriaceis,
oblongo-oblanceolatis ad anguste oblongo-obovatis, integris,
usque ad 13 cm longis, leviter obtuse acuminatis, basi cuneatis,
obscure puncticulatis, in siccitate brunneis, nervis tenuibus,
utrinque circiter 25, subadscendentibus; inflorescentiis termina-
libus, circiter 6 cm longis, floribus 5-meris, in ramulis subum-
bellatim dispositis, circiter 2 cm diametro; calycibus cupulatis,
lobis latissime rotundatis, obscure ciliatis, distincte punctatis,
haud imbricatis; petalis circiter 9 mm longis, punctatis, antheris
haud puncticulatis.

A shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m high, glabrous, the branches
and branchlets terete, smooth, brownish when dry. Leaves al-
ternate, brown when dry, of the same color on both surfaces,
somewhat shining, coriaceous, entire, oblong-oblanceolate to nar-
rowly oblong-obovate, 9 to 138 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide,
narrowed below to the cuneate base, the apex obscurely blunt-
acuminate, beneath obscurely puncticulate; lateral nerves slen-
der, somewhat ascending, about 25 on each side of the midrib,
anastomosing; petioles 8 to 10 mm long. Panicles terminal,

_ stout, subpyramidal, up to 6 cm in length, the primary branches

spreading, 1.5 to 2 cm long, the flowers rather densely subrace-
mosely or subumbellately arranged toward the apices of the
primary branches, their pedicels less than 10 mm long in anthesis,
in fruit somewhat elongated. Calyx cup-shaped, coriaceous,
about 5 mm long in anthesis, brown when dry, distinctly gland-
ular-puncticulate, slightly accrescent, the lobes 5, broadly
rounded, not or very obscurely imbricate, about 2 mm long, 2.3
to 3 mm wide, their margins minutely ciliate. Corolla in full
anthesis about 2 cm in diameter, pink, the tube about 3 mm long,
the lobes ovate, 7 to 9 mm long, about 6 mm wide, acute or acu-
minate, subcoriaceous, glandular-puncticulate. Anthers lanceo-

- late, acuminate, 6 mm long, eglandular. Ovary ovoid, glabrous;

style glandular-punctate, 6 mm long.

PALAWAN, Taytay, Merrill 9216 (type) 9188, April, 1913, in dry thickets
and open grasslands, altitude 4 to 15 meters. BaLaBac, Bur. Sci. 21613
Escritor, August, 1913, with immature fruits.

158 The Philippine Journal of Science

The alliance of this species is apparently with Ardisia lanceolata Roxb.
from which it is distinguished by many characters especially in its slender,
more numerous nerves, and much larger flowers; the prominent calyx-tube;
and the calyx-lobes in bud and in anthesis scarcely overlapping, but in
young fruit distinctly imbricate.

MAESA Forskal

MAESA MEGAPHYLLA sp, nov. § Humaesa. . :

Frutex scandens, glaber; foliis late ovatis, crasse coriaceis,
integris, usque ad 20 cm longis, obtusis vel late obtuseque acu-
minatis, basi rotundatis ad truncatis, nervis utrinque circiter
7, prominentibus; inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculatis, mul-
tifloris, usque ad 35 cm longis, prophyllis magnis, haud cymbi-
formis, petalis usque ad medium connatis cum sepalis glabris
tenuissime lineatis.

A scandent glabrous shrub, the branches stout, brown, red-
dish-brown, or sometimes nearly black when dry, prominently
lenticellate. Leaves broadly ovate, thickly coraceous, entire,
brownish-olivaceous when dry, somewhat shining, 10 to 20 cm
long, 7 to 13 cm wide, the base very broadly rounded or trun-
cate, apex obtuse to shortly and broadly blunt-acuminate; lateral
nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, prominent; petioles
3 to 6 cm long. Panicles terminal, very large, very many fiow-
ered, up to 35 cm long, the primary branches up to 20 cm in
length. Flowers white, their pedicels 1 to 1.5 mm long, some-
what longer than the subtending bracteoles, the two prophylls
subtending the flowers relatively large, ovate, acute or acumin- —
ate, 15 mm long. Sepals ovate, obtuse, about 0.7 mm long,
very slightly lineate, margins entirely glabrous. Petals united
to the middle, the lobes ovate, rounded, about 1 mm long, slen-
derly lineate.

Leyte, Tigbao, near Tacloban, Wenzel 1275, 1510 (type) May 29 and
July 10, 1915, the latter indicated as growing in forests at sea level.

A very characteristic species in the alliance with Maesa cumingii Mez,

well characterized by its unusually large, coriaceous, entire, broadly ovate
leaves, and its very large many-flowered panicles.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY:
Vol. XII, No. 3, May, 1917.

STUDIES ON PHILIPPINE RUBIACEAE, III *

By E. D. MERRILL?

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.)

The present paper is essentially similar to the two preceding
ones published under the same title and consists of the descrip-
tions of apparently undescribed species in the genera Neonau-
clea, Hedyotis, Urophyllum, Greeniopsis, Ophiorrhiza, Plectronia,
Ixora, Grumilea, and Psychotria. Twenty-three new species are
proposed and described, and a new name is proposed for one
previously described species of Timonius.

RUBIACEAE
NEONAUCLEA Merrill

NEONAUCLEA OLIGOPHLEBIA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 8 m alta, capsulis exceptis glabra, ramis ramul-
isque teretibus, tenuibus; foliis in siccitate flavido-viridis, ob-
longis ad oblongo-obovatis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 9 cm longis,
prominente obtuse acuminatis, basi angustatis, cuneatis, nervis
utrinque 2 vel 3, adscendentibus, subtus prominentibus; capi-
tulis terminalibus, solitariis vel trinis, longe pedunculatis, sub
fructu circiter 8 mm diametro, capsulis anguste oblongo-obovoi-
deis, circiter 2.5 mm longis, leviter hirsutis, apice 4-denticulatis.

A tree about 8 m high, glabrous except the somewhat hirsute
capsules. Branches and branchlets slender, terete, cinereous in
color. Leaves opposite, oblong to oblong-obovate, subcoriaceous,
when dry yellowish-green, especially on the lower surface, some-
what shining, 5 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, the apex rather
prominently subcaudate-acuminate, the acumen rather slender,
blunt, usually about 1 cm long, the base gradually narrowed,
curfeate; lateral nerves 2 or 3 on each side of the midrib, promi-

? Merrill, E. D., Studies on Philippine Rubiaceae, I, Philip. Journ. Sci.

8 (1913) Bot. 31-62, t. 1; Studies on Philippine Rubiaceae, II, op. cit. 10
(1915) Bot. 99-144.

* Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.

159

160 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

nent on the lower surface, ascending, curved-anastomosing, the
reticulations distinct, slender, rather lax; petioles 5 to 8 mm
long. Heads terminal, solitary or in threes, the slender pedun-
cles about 3 cm long, the bract-scars at about the middle, the
heads in fruit globose, dense, about 8 mm in diameter. Cap-
sules crowded, somewhat angular, oblong-obovoid, about 2.5
mm long, the upper part hirsute, the persistent calyx-teeth 4,

very short. :

LeyTE, Tigbao, near Tacloban, Wenzel 1608, August 22, 1915, in forests
at sea level.

A rather characteristic species in the group with Neonauclea gracilis
(Vid.) Merr., and N. philippinensis (Vid.) Merr., but-rather nearer the
latter. It is distinguished by its yellowish-green, fewer-nerved leaves,

HEDYOTIS Linnaeus

HEDYOTIS LUZONIENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 1 m altus, ramosus, hispidus, ramulis quadran-
gulatis; foliis oblongo-ovatis ad elliptico-ovatis, usque ad 5 cm
longis, obtusis, scabridis, subtus praesertim ad costa nervisque
hispidis, nervis utrinque circiter 4; inflorescentiis axillaribus,
solitariis, pedunculatis, 3 ad 6 cm longis; capsulis anguste obo-
voideis, hispidis, circiter 5 mm longis.

An erect branched shrub about 1 m high, parts distinctly his-
pid. Branches and branchlets dull-brownish, the latter distinctly
4-angled, slender. Leaves pale-greenish when dry, slightly shin-
ing, firmly chartaceous, oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2.5 to 5
em long, 1.2 to 2.2 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the obtuse
apex and to the acute base, scabrous, the lower surface hispid,
especially on the midrib and lateral nerves; lateral nerves about
4 on each side of the midrib, not prominent, curved, anastomos-
ing; petioles hispid, 2 to 4 mm long; stipules broad, hispid,
abruptly contracted into a 3 mm long beak. Inflorescences axil-
lary, solitary, peduncled, 3 to 6 cm long, 2.5 to 3 em wide, hispid,
the branches few, spreading, the primary bracts foliaceous, ob-
long, obtuse, narrowed below, 5 to 6 mm long, secondary ones
spatulate, 2 to 3 mm long, the bracteoles linear, 1 to 1.5 mm long.
Calyx immediately after anthesis about 3 mm long, the lobes
4, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long. Capsules oblong-obovoid,
5 mm long, base acute, hispid, their pedicels 2 to 3 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26580 Ramos, Sep-
tember 8, 1916, in forests, altitude at least 300 meters.

This species has much the aspect of Hedyotis elmeri Merr., but differs
in its hispid indumentum and its smaller, fewer-nerved leaves. It is at
once distinguished from H. macgregoriti Merr. by its elongated inflorescences.

XI, ©, 8 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 161

UROPHYLLUM Wallich

UROPHYLLUM LUZONIENSE sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, glaber; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis ad
oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, olivaceis, nitidis, utrinque
subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, nervis
- utrinque 7 vel 8, subtus prominentibus; fructibus axillaribus,
solitariis, longe pedicellatis, urceolato-ovoideis, circiter 5 mm
diametro. .

An erect glabrous shrub about 2 m high, the branches rather
stout, subterete, brownish, about 5 mm in diameter, the branch-
lets smooth, dark brown, somewhat shining. Leaves coriaceous,
olivaceous when dry, shining, of about-the same color on both
surfaces, oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, 4 to 7 cm long, 2 to 3.5
cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the
somewhat acuminate apex; lateral nerves 7 or 8 on each side of
the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, curved, anas-
tomosing, the reticulations prominent; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long;
stipules ovate, acute, deciduous, about 7 mm long. Fruits axil-
lary, solitary, urceolate-ovoid and black when dry, about 5 mm
in diameter, the persistent calyx-rim truncate, the pedicels 2 to
2.5 cm long.

LUZON, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26522 Ramos &
Edano, September 8, 1916, in forests, altitude at least 300 meters.

The alliance of this species is with Urophyllum bataanense Elm., from

which it is distinguished by its smaller, fewer-nerved leaves and its long-
peduncled fruits.

UROPHYLLUM MICROPHYLLUM sp. nov.

Frutex, plus minusve ciliato-pilosus; foliis oblongo-ovatis,
firmiter chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, usque ad 2.5 em longis,
acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, subtus promi-
nentibus; fructibus axillaribus, solitariis breviter pedicellatis,
ovoideis, circiter 2 mm diametro, pubescentibus, calycis lobis 4,
late triangularis, circiter 1 mm longis.

An erect, much-branched shrub about 2 m high, the branch-
lets, petioles, margins of the leaves, and the midrib and lateral
nerves on the lower surface prominently ciliate-pilose with
soft, appressed or subappressed, pale hairs. Branches terete,
grayish-brown, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oblong-ovate,
firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 2 to 2.5 cm long, 0.8 to
2.3 cm wide, brownish-olivaceous or pale when dry, base acute,
apex rather prominently acuminate, the upper surface glabrous
or, when young, sparingly pilose on the midrib, the margins

ciliate-pilose; lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib,

162 The Philippine Journal of. Science 1917

rather prominent on the lower surface, anastomosing, curved,
the reticulations not prominent, the nerves and midrib ciliate-
pilose on the lower surface; petioles densely ciliate-pilose, 2 to 4
mm long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, about 6
mm long. Fruits axillary, solitary, pubescent, ovoid or cup-
shaped, about 4 mm in diameter, their pedicels pubescent, 1 to
2 mm long, the bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, as long
as the pedicels, the calyx-teeth 4, broadly triangular, somewhat
acuminate, pubescent, about 1 mm long.

LuzoN, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur.. Sci. 26389 Ramos
& Edano, August 20, 1916, in forests near the summit of the mountain,
altitude about 1,000 meters.

A very characteristic species not closely allied to any other form known
to me. It is readily recognized by its indumentum; its small leaves; and
its solitary, short-pedicelled, pubescent fruits.

UROPHYLLUM SUBGLABRUM sp, nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, partibus junioribus parcissime ci-
liato-pilosus glabrescentibus; foliis chartaceis, anguste oblongis,
usque ad 15 cm longis, prominente acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis
utrinque circiter 9, stipulis oblongo-ovatis, circiter 6 mm longis;
inflorescentiis axillaribus, solitariis, pedunculatis, depauperato
umbellatis, fructibus ovoideis, circiter 6 mm longis, longe pedi-
cellatis, parcissime adpresse ciliatis.

A shrub or small tree, the stipules, petioles, and leaves with
few, widely scattered, long, white, ciliate hairs, in age glabrous
or nearly so. Branches pale-brownish, terete, glabrous, the
branchlets obscurely rounded-angled or somewhat compressed,
the internodes 2 to 3 cm long. Leaves pale-olivaceous when dry,
slightly shining, narrowly oblong, chartaceous, 9 to 15 cm long, 3
to 4 cm wide, narrowed below to the acute base, and above to the
rather prominently acuminate apex, the acumen slender, blunt;
lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, slender, curved,
anastomosing; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long; stipules oblong-ovate,
subacute, about 6 mm long; infructescences axillary, solitary,
depauperate umbellate, each bearing from 1 to 8 fruits, the
peduncles 1 to 1.5 cm long, the pedicels as long as the peduncles.
Fruits yellow when fresh, fleshy, when dry dark brown, ovoid,
about 6 mm in diameter, sparingly appressed-ciliate with
scattered, long, white hairs, the calyx-teeth more pubescent than
the tube, acute, short.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26507 Ramos
& Edato, September 6, 1916, on dry slopes, altitude about 100 meters, known
to the Balugos as tarambuyen.

ea gree ee eee ee a ee eee De ee

XII, C, 3 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 163

In many respects this species resembles Urophyllum arboreum (Blume)
Korth. (U. glabrum Wall.), from which it is readily distinguished by its
very sparse indumentum; its few-flowered umbels; and its much shorter
stipules.

GREENIOPSIS Merrill

GREENIOPSIS DISCOLOR sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 5 m alta, foliis subtus densissime minuteque
albido-lanosis et paniculis brunneo-pubescentibus exceptis gla-
bra; foliis confertis, coriaceis, anguste oblongo-obovatis, supra
brunneis, nitidis, subtus albidis vel griseis, usque ad 12 cm
longis, acuminatis, basi angustatis, acutis, nervis utrique 15
ad 18, subtus valde prominentibus, adscendentibus; paniculis
terminalibus, pedunculatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, multifloris,
brunneo-pubescentibus; fructibus subellipsoideis, circiter 5 mm
longis.

A tree about 5 m high, the panicles brown-pubescent, the
lower surface of the leaves densely and minutely white-lanate,

‘otherwise glabrous. Branches terete, brownish. Leaves crowd-

ed toward the apices of the branchlets, coriaceous, narrowly
oblong-obovate, 8 to 12 cm long, 83 to 5 cm wide, acuminate,
gradually narrowed below to the cuneate base, the upper surface
dark brown and shining when dry, the lower white or grayish;
lateral nerves 15 to 18 on each side of the midrib, prominent
beneath; petioles brown, 1 to 2 cm long; stipules lanceolate, acu-
minate, dark brown, glabrous, 12 to 15 mm long. Panicles ter-
minal, peduncled, up to 15 cm long, the peduncles 4 cm long or
less, the branches opposite, the lower ones up to 6 cm long,
brown-pubescent, many flowered, the flowers scorpoidly arranged
on the ultimate branchlets. Flowers yellowish-white, 5-merous,
their pedicels 1 to 3mm long. Calyx urceolate, pubescent, about
2 mm long, the lobes reniform-ovate, truncate-rounded, less than
1mm long. Corolla 4 mm long, somewhat funnel-shaped, pubes-
cent, the lobes 5, reniform, about 1 mm long and 2 mm wide.
Style slender, 3 mm long; stigma capitate. Anthers oblong, 1.2
mm long. Capsule subellipsoid, brown when dry, pubescent,
about 5 mm long.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26448 Ramos
& Edatio, August 15, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude about 300 meters,
known to the Balugos as pangalimanan.

A most characteristic species, at once distinguished from all other known
forms of the genus by its small leaves, which are dark brown, glabrous, and
shining on the upper surface, and densely but minutely white-lanate on
the lower surface. The midribs and lateral nerves on the lower surface
are dark brown in striking contrast to the pale dense indumentum.

164 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

GREENIOPSIS MEGALANTHA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, partibus junioribus inflorescentiis-
que exceptis glabra; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-ovatis ad oblongo-
‘lanceolatis, nitidis, brunneo-olivaceis, usque ad 25 cm longis,
tenuiter acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque 11 ad 13, promi-
nentibus; inflorescentiis longe pedunculatis, dense adpresse pu-
bescentibus; floribus numerosis, circiter 1.5 cm longis.

A tree about 10 m high, glabrous except the inflorescences and
the younger parts. Branches glabrous, smooth, terete or some-
what compressed, the branchlets compressed, usually dark, ap-
pressed cinereous-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, brownish-olivaceous, shining, and of about the
same color on both surfaces when dry, glabrous, narrowed up-
ward to the slenderly acuminate apex, the base acute; lateral
nerves 11 to 13 on each side of the midrib, prominent, curved, the
reticulations very slender; petioles about 2.5 em long, nearly .
black when dry, glabrous; stipules lanceolate, slenderly acumi-
nate, brownish when dry, ultimately glabrous, about 2 cm long.
Panicles terminal, all parts densely appressed-pubescent with
pale-brownish or cinereous hairs, usually trichotomously
branched, the peduncles about 14 cm long, about equalling the
flower-bearing portions. Flowers numerous, white, cymosely
arranged, about 1.5 cm long, somewhat funnel-shaped. Calyx
somewhat campanulate, densely pubescent, about 7 mm long, the
lobes subreniform, 2 mm long and 3 mm wide. Corolla densely
pubescent externally, the lower 3 mm of the tube cylindric, then
enlarged, inside densely bearded below the insertion of the
stamens, the lobes somewhat recurved, reniform, 3 mm long, 5
mm wide. Anthers 2 mm long. Style glabrous, 8 mm long.
Stigma much thickened, somewhat cleft, about 2 mm long.

MINDANAO, Surigao Province, Cayungan, Adlay Barrio, For. Bur.
26004 Mallonga, June 22, 1916, along streams, altitude about 15 meters.

A most characteristic species, at once distinguished among all known
forms of this genus by its large flowers.

OPHIORRHIZA Linnaeus

OPHIORRHIZA OBLONGILIMBA sp. nov.

Fructicosus, erectus, ramosus, usque ad 25 cm altus, ramulis
junioribus subtus foliis ad costa nervisque et inflorescentiis pu-
berulis vel brevissime pubescentibus; foliis oblongis ad oblongo-
lanceolatis, usque ad 6.5 cm longis et 1 cm latis, olivaceis, subtus
pallidioribus, integris, nervis utrinque 6 ad 8; stipulis 2 ad 3
mm longis, longe acuminatis; cymis terminalibus, solitariis, pe-

XII, C, 3 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 165

dunculatis, paucifloris; floribus circiter 4 mm longis; fructibus
subtruncatis, glabris, 2.5 ad 3 mm longis, 5 ad 6 mm latis.

An erect, somewhat branched undershrub, 10 to 25 cm high,
the stems glabrous, woody, brownish-gray, terete, about 3 mm
in diameter, branched at or from above the base. Branchlets
appressed brownish-puberulent with short, dirty-brown hairs.
Leaves membranaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 6.6 cm
long, 6 to 10 mm wide, apex acute to subobtuse, base narrowed,
acute, entire, the upper surface dark olivaceous, somewhat shin-
ing, glabrous or nearly so, the lower surface paler, puberulent
or short-pubescent on the midrib and lateral nerves; nerves
6 to 8 on each side of the midrib, slender, curved, not prominent;
petioles slender, 5 to 10 mm long; stipules 2 to 3 mm long, long

-and slenderly acuminate from an ovate base. Cymes terminal,
solitary, few-flowered, slightly branched, puberulent, each with
from about 5 to 9 flowers. Flowers 5-merous, about 4 mm long.
Calyx-tube globose, minutely puberulent, 1.5 mm long, the minute
teeth ovate, acute, 0.2 mm long. Fruit glabrous, compressed,
subtruncate, 2.5 to 3 mm long, 5 to 6 mm wide. Seeds numerous,
about 0.3 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Burgos, Bur. Sci. 27139 (type) 27335 Ra-
mos, March, 1917, in forests along streams at low altitudes.

This species is characterized by its erect, woody stems; its oblong to
oblong-lanceolate leaves, which do not exceed 1 cm in width; and its small,
few-flowered, slenderly pedicelled cymes. It conforms closely with the
description of Ophiorrhiza oblongifolia DC., the type of which was from

Luzon, but is entirely different from de Candolle’s species as currently
interpreted, while the leaves are not velutinous beneath.

TIMONIUS de Candolle

TIMONIUS SAMARENSIS nom. nov.

Timonius macrophyllus Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 246,
non Valeton, 1909.

This new name is necessarily for the Samar plant I described as Timo-
nius macrophyllus, as Valeton* published the same combination for the
species he considered under the name Timonius amboinensis (Miq.) Boerl.,
in a note following his description. Timonius macrophyllus Valeton was
based on Greenia macrophylla Teysm. & Binn., this name antedating Poly-
phragmon amboinicum Migq. by one year. Timonius macrophyllus Valeton
was overlooked by the compilers of the fourth supplement to Index
Kewensis.

PLECTRONIA Linnaeus

PLECTRONIA ELLIPTICA sp. nov.
Frutex circiter 1 m altus, petiolis inflorescentiis et subtus foliis

* Bull. Dépt, Agr. Ind. Néerl. 26 (1909) 45.
1497704

166 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

parce ciliato-setosus; foliis ellipticis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 12
cm longis, in siccitate brunneis vel olivaceo-brunneis, utrinque
uequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice acutis ad obscure ob-
tuseque acuminatis, nervis utrinque 5 ad 6, distinctis; inflores-
centiis axillaribus, solitariis, umbellatis, breviter, pedunculatis,
6- ad 8-floris, bracteis binis 7 ad 8 mm longis valde acuminatis
instructis.

An erect shrub about 1 m high, according to the collector.
Branches terete, smooth, brownish or yellowish-brown, glabrous,
the branchlets brown, slender, shining. Leaves subcoriaceous
or firmly chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 7 to 12 cm long,
4 to 5.5 cm wide, brownish or brownish-olivaceous when dry,
of the same color on both surfaces, shining, the apex acute to
shortly blunt-acuminate, base acute, the upper surface glabrous,
the lower ciliate-setose with scattered pale hairs especially on
the midrib and nerves; lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of
the midrib, distinct, scarcely anastomosing, the secondary ones
and reticulations obsolete; petioles sparingly ciliate-setose, 2 to
5 mm long; stipules prominently acuminate from a somewhat
broadened base, 6 to 7 mm long. Umbels axillary, solitary, 6-
to 8-flowered, their peduncles about 2 mm long, each umbel
subtended by two conspicuous bracts 7 to 8 mm in length, these
prominently acuminate from the 3 to 4 mm long base, obscurely
keeled ; bracteoles numerous, ovate, 2 mm long or less. Pedicels
2 to 4 mm long, sparingly ciliate-setose. Calyx short, about
2 mm in diameter, the teeth ovate, acute, 0.5 mm long or less.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26327 Ramos
& Edato, August 21, 1916, from the summit of the mountain, altitude not
indicated.

A species well characterized by the two, conspicuous, prominently acu-

minate bracts subtending the few-flowered, short-peduncled umbels; and
the scattered ciliate-setose indumentum.

PLECTRONIA CORDATA sp. nov.

Frutex, foliis floribusque in siccitate nigris, ramulis juniori-
bus subtus foliis inflorescentiisque dense pubescentibus; foliis
chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, oblongis ad oblongo-ovatis, usque ad
12 cm longis, brevissime petiolatis, apice acutis, basi late ro-
tundatis cordatisque, nervis utrinque circiter 5; floribus nume-
rosis, axillaribus, fasciculatis, 5-meris, breviter pedicellatis,
calycibus pubescentibus, circiter 1 mm longis.

A shrub about 1 m high, according to the collector; the vegeta-
tive parts rather uniformly black when dry. Branches and
branchlets terete, the former glabrous, brownish, the latter ra-
ther densely pubescent with short, pale or dark hairs. Leaves

Xil, C, 8 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 167

firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, oblong to oblong-ovate, 7
to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 em wide, apex acute, base broadly
rounded and distinctly cordate, the upper surface glabrous, shin-
ing, the lower densely and rather softly pubescent, the indumen-
tum blackish; lateral nerves about 5 on each side of the midrib,
rather prominent, laxly anastomosing; petioles 2 to 4 mm long;
stipules truncate, about 1 mm long. Flowers whife, axillary,
subfasciculate, rather numerous, black when dry, their pedicels
slender, pubescent, 2 to 3 mm long, the bracteoles ovate, pubes-
cent, acute, 0.5 mm long. Calyx about 1 mm long, pubescent,
the teeth 5, broadly ovate, acute, 0.5 mm long. Petals, in bud,
1 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26549 Ramos &
Edafo, August 25, 1916, on dry slopes, altitude about 200 meters.

A species well characterized by its vegetative and floral parts being
uniformly black or blackish when dry; its short-petioled, cordate leaves;
and its indumentum. It is not closely allied to any other species known
to me.

PLECTRONIA OBOVATIFOLIA sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, glaber, ramulis plus minusve quadrangulatis;
foliis obovatis, crasse coriaceis, usque ad 7 cm longis, apice
rotundatis, basi angustatis, acutis vel decurrento-acuminatis,
nervis utrinque 8 vel 4, subtus valde prominentibus et in axillis
glandulis magnis instructis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, umbella- .
tis, breviter pedunculatis, circiter 6-floris.

An erect shrub or small tree, entirely glabrous, the branches
and branchlets more or less quadrangular, brownish, the inter-
nodes 1 to 2 cm long. Leaves thickly coriaceous, obovate, 4.5
to 7 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, very dark olivaceous to somewhat
brownish when dry, shining, apex rounded, base narrowed, acute
or decurrent-acuminate; lateral nerves 3 or 4 on each side of the
midrib, very prominent and supplied with large axillary glands
on the lower surface, somewhat ascending, curved, evanescent or
very obscurely anastomosing, the secondary nerves and reticula-
tions mostly obsolete; petioles 3 to 8 mm long; stipules coria-
ceous, broadly ovate, rather abruptly and prominently acuminate,
5 to 6 mm long. Umbels about 6-flowered, axillary, solitary,
their peduncles rather stout, black when dry, 3 to 5 mm long.
Bracts subtending the flowers ovate, acute, about 4 mm long.
Pedicels 3to4mmlong. Calyx about 2 mm in diameter, shallow,
obscurely toothed, the teeth subacute or acuminate. Petals in
bud about 3 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dalindingan, Bur. Sci. 26526 Ramos

168 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

& Edano, September 9, 1916, on forested slopes at medium altitudes, locally
known to the Balugos as taratapak.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Plectronia gynochthodes
Baill. (P. umbellata K. Sch.), from which it is readily distinguished by
its differently shaped, very coriaceous leaves and by the prominent glands
in the axils on the lower surface.

PLECTRONIA SUBSESSILIFOLIA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus, glaber, ramis teretibus, ramulis
plus minusve compressis; foliis coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, bre-
vissime petiolatis, ellipticis ad obovato-ellipticis, usque ad 9 cm >
longis, basi acutis, apice obtusis ad latissime et obscure acumina-
tis, in siccitate olivaceis vel brunneo-olivaceis, nitidis, nervis
utrinque 5 vel 6, subtus prominentibus, in axillis prominente
glandulosis; fructibus axillaribus, pedicellatis, solitariis vel
subsolitariis, obconicis, truncatis, circiter 7 mm longis, promi-
nente longitudinaliter 8-carinatis.

A glabrous erect shrub about 2 m high, the branches terete,
grayish, the branchlets more or less compressed, sometimes sul-
cate, brownish-olivaceous, smooth. Leaves coriaceous or sub-
coriaceous, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, brownish-olivaceous and
shining when dry, 7 to 9 cm long, 3.5 to 4.5 em wide, base acute,
apex obtuse to very broadly and obtusely acuminate; lateral
nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the
lower surface, somewhat ascending, slightly curved, scarcely
anastomosing, prominently glandular in the axils, the secondary
nerves and reticulations obsolete; petioles 2 mm -long or less;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4mm long. Fruits axillary,
solitary or rarely two on a very short peduncle, yellow when
mature, dark brown when dry, obconic, truncate, about 7 mm
long, with eight prominent longitudinal keels especially promi-
nent at the tip of the fruit, narrowed below, the pedicels about
5 mm long.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Burgos, Bur. Sci. 27205 Ramos & Edano,
March 2, 1917, in thickets at low altitudes.

In appearance this species approximates Plectronia obovatifolia Merr.,
but is easily distinguished by its more numerous lateral nerves. The tur-

binate, truncate, prominently keeled fruits are most characteristic, the keels
being evident in the very youngest fruits.

IXORA Linnaeus
IXORA ILOCANA sp. nov.

Frutex parvus, erectus, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus;
foliis oblongis, chartaceis, breviter petiolatis, usque ad 6 cm lon-
gis, acutis vel minute acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque
circiter 12, tenuibus, anastomosantibus; stipulis circiter 3 mm
longis, e basi ovatis longe ténuiter caudato-acuminatis; infruc-

TT I TT ce

XII, C, 3 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 169

tescentiis terminalibus, circiter 2 cm longis, sessilibus vel brevi-
ter pedunculatis, simplicibus vel dichotomis, fructibus 1 ad 4,
globosis, circiter 6 mm diametro, tenuiter pedicellatis.

An erect glabrous shrub said by the collector to be about 1
m high, the branches and branchlets slender, terete, grayish to
brown, the latter about 1 mm in diameter. Leaves oblong, char-
taceous, rather pale when dry, of about the same color on both
surfaces, somewhat shining, 4 to 6 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide,
slightly and subequally narrowed to the acute or minutely acu-
minate apex and the acute base; lateral nerves about 12 on each
side of the midrib, slender, anastomosing, slightly more promi-
nent than are the secondary ones and the lax reticulations;
petioles 2 mm long; stipules about 3 mm long, prominently cau-
date-acuminate from an ovate base. On some branches supple-
mentary pairs of greatly reduced, linear-oblong, 5 to.10 mm
long leaves are borne immediately above the normal ones. In-
fructescences terminal, sessile or shortly peduncled, simple or
once forked, the primary branches simple or once forked, the
whole infructescence 2 cm long or less. Fruits 1 to 4, globose,
reddish-yellow when fresh, brown when dry, smooth, shining,
about 6 mm in diameter, the pedicels 5 to 7 mm long, the bracts
and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 mm long.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Burgos, Bur. Sci. 27325 Ramos, March
11, 1917, in forests along streams at low altitudes.

This species is apparently most closely allied to Ixora gracilipes Merr.,
and is characterized by its unusually small leaves and depauperate, slender
infructescences. It differs from Ixora gracilipes notably in its thinner
leaves; caudate-acuminate, not truncate stipules; and much shorter infruc-
tescences,

GRUMILEA Gaertner

GRUMILEA LAGUNENSIS sp, nov.

Frutex erectus, partibus junioribus subtus foliis ad costa ner-
visque et inflorescentiis fusco-pubescentibus; foliis chartaceis,
oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 20 cm longis, acuminatis, basi acutis,
nervis utrinque circiter 17, subadscendentibus, subtus promi-
nentibus; infructescentiis brevibus, fructibus paucis, oblongo-
obovoideis, in siccitate brunneis, glabris, 1 cm longis, prominente
longitudinaliter sulcatis, albumine valde ruminato.

An erect shrub, more or less brown-pubescent. Branches

_ terete, grayish-brown, smooth, glabrous, the younger branchlets

rather densely brown-pubescent. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-
ovate, about 20 cm long, 9 to 10 cm wide, narrowed upward
to the acuminate apex, base acute, olivaceous when dry, the upper
surface glabrous, slightly shining, the lower prominently brown-

170 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

pubescent on the midrib and lateral nerves; lateral nerves about
17 on each side of the midrib, very prominent on the lower sur-
face, subascending, anastomosing; petioles pubescent, 1.5 to 2
cm long. Panicles in fruit brown-pubescent, 2 to 3 cm long. .
Fruits few, yellow when fresh, when dry dark brown, glabrous,
oblong-obovoid, 1 cm long, prominently sulcate longitudinally
with usually eight distinct keels. Albumen prominently rumin-
ate throughout.

Luzon, Laguna Province, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 23826 Ramos, October
19, 1915, in damp forests.

This species in vegetative characters somewhat arention Grumilea velu-
tina Elm., from which it is distinguished at once by its brown, not pale
indumeritum, and more numerously nerved leaves.

GRUMILEA PROPINQUA sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, partibus junioribus subtus foliis ad costa ner-
visque et inflorescentiis rubiginoso-pubescentibus; foliis oblongo-
obovatiis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 14 cm longis, in siccitate
cupreis, acutis vel obscure acute acuminatis, deorsum angusta-
tis, basi cuneatis, nervis utrinque 8 ad 10. Infiorescentiis ter-
minalibus, brevissime pedunculatis vel e basi ramosis, circiter 4
cm longis; floribus in ramulis ultimis subcapitato-dispositis, 6
ad 7 mm longis; fructibus junioribus rubiginoso-pubescentibus.

An erect shrub, about 1 m high according to the collector, pro-
minently rubiginous-pubescent, all parts cupreous when dry.
Branches terete, glabrous, brown, the branchlets rather densely
pubescent. Leaves firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, oblong-
obovate to oblong-elliptic, 9 to 14 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 em wide,
apex acute or shortly acute acuminate, usually narrowed below,
base cuneate, the upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower
minutely scaberulous from the short scattered hairs on the sur-
face, the midrib and nerves rather densely pubescent; petiole
pubescent, 5 to 8 mm long; stipules triangular-ovate, acuminate,
pubescent, about 6 mm long. Panicles terminal, about 4 cm
long, shortly peduncled or branched from the base, rubiginous-
pubescent, the branches few, the flowers subsessile and densely
crowded at the tips of the branchlets. Flowers white, 6 to 7
mm long. Calyx about 3 mm long, pubescent, cuneate, the teeth
ovate, acute, ciliate, 1 mm long. Corolla pubescent externally,
the tube about 2 mm long, lobes as long as the tube, oblong, ob-
tuse. Young fruits subellipsoid, about 7 mm long, not sulcate,
more or less rubiginous-pubescent. |

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26570 Ramos &

Edato, August 27, 1916 (type): Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan,
Bur. Sci. 26343 Ramos & Edano, August 6, 1916, in forests.

XII, C, 3 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 171

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Grumilea rubiginosa (Elm.)
Merr., from which it is distinguished by its smaller, fewer-nerved leaves
and its much shorter inflorescences. In Grumilea rubiginosa the panicles
are long-peduncled, while in the present species they are usually branched
from the base.

GRUMILEA FUSCA sp. nov.

_ Frutex erectus, circiter 1 m altus, ramulis petiolis foliis ad
costa nervisque et inflorescentiis prominente fusco-pubescenti-
bus; foliis in siccitate brunneis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 18
cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, apice acutis ad
leviter obtusis, basi acutis, nervis utrinque 13 ad 15, subtus
valde prominentibus; inflorescentiis confertis, rubiginoso-
pubescentibus, calycis dentibus lanceolatis, acuminatis; fruc-
tibus obovoideis, glabris, in siccitate leviter rugosis; seminibus
1 vel 2, albumine valde ruminato.

An erect, simple or sparingly branched shrub 0.7 to 1 m high,
the stems terete, brown, glabrous, about 8 mm in diameter,
the young branchlets densely brownish-rubiginous-pubescent,
_ the hairs somewhat crisped, spreading. Leaves oblong-elliptic,
brown when dry, shining, chartaceous, 12 to 18 cm long, 5 to
8 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the acute or somewhat obtuse
apex and to the acute base, the upper surface entirely glabrous,
the lower prominently brown-pubescent on the midrib and
lateral nerves; the latter 13 to 15 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent on the lower surface, curved, obscurely anas-
tomosing close to the margin, the reticulations prominent;
petioles densely pubescent, 2 to 3 cm long; stipules densely pu-
bescent, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apiculate-acuminate. Young
inflorescence dense, sessile, subcapitate, the flowers crowded.
Calyx rubiginous-pubescent, subsessile, the tube short, the lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 1.2 mm long. Corolla-lobes oblong-
ovate, acuminate, 3 mm long. Panicle in fruit 4 cm long,
branched from the base, densely pubescent, the indumentum
brown rubiginous. Fruits dark red when fresh, dark brown
when dry, obovoid, about 8 mm long, not at all longitudinally
ridged or sulcate but somewhat rugose when dry, 1- or 2-seeded,
when 1-seeded slightly inequilateral, the seeds plano-convex,
very prominently ruminate throughout.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26232 Ramos
& Edano, August 14, 1916 (type): Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan,
Bur. Sci. 26600 Ramos & Edano, August 25, 1916, altitude 200 to 300
meters.

This species is well characterized by its oblong-elliptic leaves, which
are brown when dry, its characteristic indumentum, and its prominently

Tie The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

ruminate seeds. It does not appear to be closely related to the other known
Philippine representatives of the genus.
GRUMILEA YATESII sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, erectus, 1 ad 2 m altus; foliis oblongo-ellipticis
ad obovato-ellipticis, usque ad 20 cm longis, in siccitate sub-
olivaceis, nitidis, apice breviter obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis,
nervis utrinque circiter 15, subtus valde prominentibus; infruc-
tescentiis terminalibus, brevibus, breviter pedunculatis vel e
basi ramosis, 2 ad 4 cm longis; fructibus subglobosis, circiter 8
mm diametro, in siccitate nigris, haud sulcatis; seminibus plano-
convexis, albumine plus minusve ruminato.

An erect glabrous shrub 1 to 2 m high, the branches terete,
brownish or dark reddish brown, 5 to 7 mm in diameter. Leaves
firmly chartaceous, oblong-elliptic to obovate, elliptic, 12 to 20
cm long, 6 to 10 cm wide, the upper surface usually olivaceous,
shining, the lower paler, apex abruptly and shortly blunt-
acuminate, base acute; lateral nerves about 15 on each side of
the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, somewhat
curved, obscurely anastomosing close to the somewhat revolute
margins, the reticulations distinct; petioles 1 to 1.5 em long;
stipules deciduous. Infructescences terminal, 2 to 4 cm long,
branched from the base or shortly peduncled, the branches
spreading, short. Fruits subglobose, dark red to nearly black
when mature, the pericarp somewhat fleshy, when dry nearly
black, smooth, about 8 mm in diameter. Seeds plano-convex,
the albumen somewhat ruminate.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25518 (type), 25417,
Yates, December 11 and 16, 1916, in forests at low altitudes.

This species somewhat resembles Psychotria plumierifolia Elm., but is
distinguished in many characters, notably in its very much shorter infruc-

tescences, which in Elmer’s species are about one-half as long as the
leaves.

GRUMILEA BRACHYBOTRYS sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra; foliis firmiter chartaceis vel
subcoriaceis, oblongis, usque ad 10 cm longis, in siccitate pallide
olivaceis, utrinque concoloribus, basi acutis, apice breviter obtuse
acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 12; infructescentiis termi-
nalibus, pedunculatis, circiter 2 cm longis; fructibus paucis, obo-
voideis, 1 ad 1.2 cm longis, in siccitate brunneis, obscure sulcatis;
seminibus valde bicarinatis, albumine ruminato.

A shrub or a small tree, entirely glabrous. Branches terete,
brownish, the branchlets somewhat compressed. Leaves oblong,
firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, pale olivaceous, somewhat
shining, and of the same color on both surfaces when dry, base

XII, ©, 3 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 173

acute, apex somewhat blunt-acuminate, 7 to 10 cm long, 2 to
3.5 cm wide, subequally narrowed at both ends; lateral nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, distinct, anastomosing;
petioles 8 to 12 mm long. Infructescences terminal, about 2
cm long, one or two terminating each branchlet, simple, each
bearing one or two sessile fruits. Fruits obovoid, 10 to 12 mm
long, dark brown when dry, obscurely sulcate. Seeds very
prominently bicarinate, the keels thin, about 2 mm high.
Albumen ruminate.

, Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26256 Ramos
& Hdano, August, 1916.

In vegetative characters this species somewhat resembles Grumilea subal-
pina (Elm.) Merr., but its leaves are smaller. It differs notably from this
species in its fewer and very much larger fruits and in its very prominent
bicarinate seeds.

GRUMILEA ILOCANA sp. nov,

Frutex glaber, erectus; foliis oblongo-obovatis ad obovatis,
subcoriaceis, usque ad 9 cm longis, obtusis ad late obtuseque acum-
inatis, basi cuneatis, nitidis, in siccitate pallide brunneis, nervis
utrinque circiter 9, tenuibus, distinctis; stipulis oblongo-ovatis,
obtusis, circiter 3 mm longis, caducis; infructescentiis 2.5
ad 5 cm longis, pedunculatis vel e basi ramosis; fructibus paucis,
obovoideis, teretibus, in siccitate brunneis, circiter 7 mm longis;
seminibus plano-convexis, laevis, aloumine valde ruminato.

An erect glabrous shrub, the branches terete, brownish or
grayish-brown, somewhat wrinkled, the branchlets compressed,
brownish, smooth. Leaves subcoriaceous, smooth, oblong-obo-
vate to obovate, 5 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, shining, brown-
ish or pale brownish and of about the same color on both
surfaces when dry, apex obtuse to shortly and broadly obtuse-
acuminate, narrowed below to the cuneate base; lateral nerves
about 9 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct, obscurely
anastomosing, the reticulations very lax, nearly obsolete; pet-
ioles 5 to 10 mm long; stipules caducous, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
about 3 mm long. Panicles in fruit 2.5 to 5 cm long, peduncled
or branched from the base. Fruits obovoid, about 7 mm long,
smooth, terete, longitudinally and faintly ribbed, brown when
dry. Seeds plano-convex, smooth, the albumen prominently and
uniformly ruminate throughout.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Bangui, Bur. Sci. 27456 (type), 27459,
27544 Ramos, February, 1917, in thickets and forests at low altitudes.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Grumilea luconiensis
(Cham.) F.-Vill., from which it is readily distinguished by its differently
shaped, fewer-nerved leaves.

174 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus

PSYCHOTRIA DEPAUPERATA sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, circiter 0.5 m altus, ramosus, partibus junior-
ibus et subtus foliis ad costa ferrugineo-pubescentibus; foliis
anguste oblongis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 7 cm longis,
utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, acutis vel obscure acuminatis,
nervis tenuibus, utrinque circiter 10; fructibus in axillis superior-
ibus, solitariis, obovoideis, obscure sulcatis, glabris, circiter 6 cm
longis; seminibus concavo-convexis, albumine aequabile.

An erect, much-branched undershrub about 0.5 m high, the
branchlets, petioles, and midribs on the lower surface of the
leaves ferruginous-pubescent. Branches terete, grayish or
brownish. Leaves firmly chartaceous, narrowly oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, 3 to 7 cm long, 10 to 17 mm wide, subequally narrowed
to the acute base and apex, or the apex slightly acuminate, sub-
olivaceous when dry, the upper surface glabrous, shining, the
lower much paler, ferruginous-pubescent on the midrib, other-
wise glabrous; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
slender; petioles ferruginous-pubescent, about 5 mm long.
Fruits in the uppermost axils, solitary, glabrous, yellow when
fresh, brown when dry, narrowly obovoid, about 6 mm long,
apex rounded, base cuneate, obscurely sulcate when dry; seeds
concavo-convex, the back with 3 or 4 shallow longitudinal ridges,
the albumen not at all ruminate; pedicels about 6 mm long,
recurved, sparingly pubescent.

ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10487, December 28, 1916, on dry
ridges in virgin forest, altitude about 100 meters; of very local occurrence.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Psychotria linearis Bartl.
(Amaracarpus longifolius Elm.), from which it is at once distinguished
by its entirely differently shaped leaves.

PSYCHOTRIA SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 5 m alta, ramulis subtus foliis et inflorescentiis
prominente ferrugineo-pubescentibus; foliis oblongis, firmiter
chartaceis, usque ad 15 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angus-
tatis, apice acuminatis, basi acutis, supra in siccitate castaneis,
subtus pallidioribus, nervis utrinque 10 ad 12; infructescentiis
5 ad 7 cm longis, breviter pedunculatis vel e basi ramosis; fruc-
tibus sessilibus, anguste obovoideis, haud sulcatis, leviter pubes-
centibus; seminibus plano-convexis.

A tree about 5 m high, the branchlets, lower surface of the
leaves, petioles, and inflorescences prominently ferruginous-
pubescent. Branches terete, slender, glabrous, smooth, pale-
brownish when dry. Leaves firmly chartaceous, oblong, 11 to

XI, C, 3 Merrill: Philippine Rubiaceae, III 175

15 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, castaneous when dry, subequally
narrowed to the acuminate apex and the acute base, the upper
surface shining, glabrous, the lower paler, with short, rather
scattered hairs over the entire surface; lateral nerves 10 to 12 on
each side of the midrib, rather prominent on the lower surface;
petioles pubescent, 1.5 to 2 cm long; stipules deciduous. Panicles
densely ferruginous-pubescent, in fruit 5 to 7 cm long, shortly
peduncled or branched from the base, the branches 3 to 5, op-
posite, spreading, the fruits sessile at the apices of the primary
branches, two or more fruits on each branch. Fruits red when
fresh, when dry dark brown, narrowly obovoid, about 8 mm
long, not at all sulcate, the upper part more or less ferruginous-
pubescent. Seeds plano-convex, the albumen not at all
ruminate.

Samar, Salcedo, For. Bur. 23576 Lasquety, March 11, 1915, on ridges,
altitude about 200 meters.

This species is characterized by its brown indumentum, its oblong leaves,
and its narrowly obovoid fruits, which are sessile and somewhat fascicled
at the tips of the primary branches of the infructescences. It does not
appear to be closely allied to any other described Philippine form.

PSYCHOTRIA CADIGENSIS sp, nov.

Frutex scandens, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus, griseis
vel brunneis; foliis chartaceis, oblongis vel oblongo-ovatis, usque
ad 10 cm longis, prominente tenuiter acuminatis, basi acutis,
supra olivaceis, subtus pallidis, nitidis, nervis utrinque 8 vel 9,
prominentibus; paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque, laxis, dif-
fusis, pedunculatis, usque ad 10 cm longis; fructibus oblongo-
ellipsoideis, circiter 5 mm longis, obscure longitudinaliter sulcatis.

A scandent, entirely glabrous shrub, the branches and branch-
lets terete, brown or grayish, smooth, the internodes 3 to
8 cm long. Leaves chartaceous, oblong to oblong-ovate, 7 to 10
cm long, 2.5 to 4 em wide, the apex prominently and slenderly
acuminate, the base acute, the upper surface olivaceous, the
lower much paler, shining; lateral nerves 8 or 9 on each side
of the midrib, prominent on the lower surface, here brownish in
contrast with the pale epidermis, curved, anastomosing, the reti-
culations nearly obsolete; petioles 5 to 7 mm long; stipules deci-
duous. Panicles up to 10 cm long, peduncled, lax, diffuse, the
branches few, opposite, up to 4 cm in length. Fruit white when
fresh, oblong-ellipsoid, about 5 mm long, brownish when dry
and obscurely longitudinally sulcate.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25484 (type), 25533

Yates, December, 1916, in forests, altitude 350 to 500 meters.
This species resembles Psychotria diffusa Merr., to which it is certainly

78 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

«

well summarized by Worcester.’ These include references to a
number of eruptions previous to 1707. Some of the eruptions

121°
Pamadeo =
Mendez Nunez Mt.Maquilin
nadero “Sto Tomas
Tansua
ar
ae ; 3 86
é alauit nr” aS
neplayan Pt. €
i oe
“3
re Z
e \
«\ 27 ;
25 “ a : =
ey, ss Guas Pt? as 20, #
Moz,
172. 66 ae 3 ; 3
‘53 ; Scares Se Rosario
%, “Gea
Bt. ; .
SanJoss
237
baan
Ad
? f- 2
aes &, ee : ayaan
oe
Bay XO? Vg
Camp Mic Groth
f21°

Fig. 1, Lake Bombon and Volcano Island. (Depths and elevations are given in meters.)

have been very violent and have done much damage. The most
severe and long continued on record occurred in 1754, The last
eruption previous to 1911 was a small one in 1904, This did

* Worcester, Dean C., Taal Volcano and its recent destructive eruption,
National Geographic Magazine 23 (1912) 313-367.

a

——

XII, C,4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 179

little or no damage to the vegetation on the island. In 1874
there was an eruption during which the entire island was covered
with “ashes.”

Plate IV is a relief map of Volcano Island previous to the erup-
tion in 1911. The chief change in the physiography wrought by
this eruption was within the crater, the center of which is now
occupied by a single lake.

FORMER VEGETATION

The only publication that we have been able to find, relating
to the vegetation of Volcano Island previous to the eruption of
1911, is a list of 236 species given by Centeno,*’ which he says
were collected between the years 1877 and 1879 and were named
by Fernandez-Villar. Centeno gives no account of the vegeta-
tion, but says that many other plants, mostly grasses and sedges,
were growing on the island. The species enumerated are com-
mon and widely distributed in cultivated areas, waste places, or
second growth forests and are characteristic of cultivated regions
at low altitudes in the Philippines. A consideration of the
present flora of Volcano Island and that of the neighboring main-
land indicates that Centeno’s list must have been very incomplete.
The first botanist to visit Taal Voleano was Adalbert von Cha-
misso, of the Romanzoff Expedition (1815-1818), who appears
to have left no account of the vegetation of Volcano Island as
it then appeared.

No description of the vegetation that existed on the island
previous to the last eruption is on record, but a number of Phil-
ippine botanists, including Doctors Copeland, Shaw, and Fox-
worthy and Mr. Merrill, visited the island before the eruption.
Their descriptions agree and enable us to form a fair idea of
the general type of vegetation.

The main part of the island was covered with a mixture of
small trees and grass, the latter being largely Saccharum spon-

taneum. The most prominent tree was a form of Ficus indica

with small leaves, which was abundant in ravines on the lower
slopes of the volcano. On the volcano itself there were scattered
tufts of grass, while the rim was bare. The above description
of the island agrees very well with photographs that were taken
in 1908-1909 and are on file in the Bureau of Science.

The island was subject to very rapid erosion. Radiating

* Centeno, J., Estudio Geolégico del Volean de Taal. Madrid (1885) 1-53,
pl. 1-4. |

~

180 | The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

from the main crater were many very prominent stream’
beds, which apparently contained water only during heavy rains. ©
These widened rapidly as they approached the shore, forming
large deltal fans. The photographs show very clearly that these
fans were almost devoid of vegetation. Southwest of and near
the main crater is a prominent cone, Mount Tabaro. Judging
from the photographs this appears to have been much eroded
and quite bare; it is probable, however, that various small clumps
of grass were scattered over it. Plate V, fig. 1, is a photograph
of the main cone of Taal Volcano and Mount Tabaro, taken in
1909. In the center of the picture is the prominent gully run-
ning southwestward from the main cone toward Mount Saluyan.
The view is toward the north. On the main cone and in the
gully there was certainly very little vegetation.

On the low ridges between the dry stream beds the vegetation,
grass and trees, came down to the edge of the water in many
places. Plate V, fig. 2, is a view (1908) of the west side of the
island and seems to show that trees predominated in this limited
area. The upper part of the main cone appears to be entirely
bare. Plate VI, fig. 1, also of the west side, shows grass at the
edge of the water with most of the trees farther inland. This
was taken during the period of activity in 1911 and on the day
of the chief eruption which destroyed the vegetation.

Trees predominated in certain localities on Mount Binintiang
Malaqui. Plate VI, fig. 2, is from a photograph taken of this
cone in 1909.

A consideration of the cultural conditions on Volcano Island,
previous to the last eruption, throws further light on the nature
of the vegetation at that time. On the island there were seven
villages. Six of these were located at the northern end and one
on the southern coast. Only a small portion of the area was
cultivated, but many cattle, carabaos, and horses grazed on the
island. The meager description which we have of the vegeta-
tion indicates that it was similar to that occurring on the main-
land in places where the cultural conditions were similar. This
is a common type of vegetation in the lowlands of Luzon in places
where the original forests have been removed and consists of
a mixture of grass land and small second-growth trees. _ It can
best be designated by the local name parang, which has been
used in this sense by Whitford,’ but was erroneously applied

* Whitford, H. N., bees poyests of the Philt ines, Philip. B
Bull. 10 (1911). ae wet tae!

oe

XII, ©, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island 181

by Vidal * to the small second-growth forests that are widespread
in the Archipelago. For descriptions of successions on areas
from which the virgin forest has been removed see Whitford’
and Brown and Matthews.’ Parang is usually the result of
human activity, but on Volcano Island volcanic eruptions may
have been a contributing factor.

Parang generally originates in the following manner: When
the original forests are removed and the land cultivated, but
not intensively, grasses—particularly Saccharum spontaneum
and Imperata exaltata, tree species, and weeds make their ap-
pearance in large numbers. These are frequently removed by
burning, which destroys practically everything except the under-
ground stems of the grasses so that with repeated fires the
grasses soon form a solid stand. As the tall, coarse grasses
make very poor forage, grass areas are frequently burned to
secure young shoots for grazing animals, Wantonly set fires
are also frequent. On Volcano island the two latter classes of
fires were probably more frequent than those set to clear the
land for cultivation. All three classes of fires, of course, prod-
uce the same effect.

Where there are no fires, trees occur; and the latter come into
the grass when fires are absent for a short period. When the
trees begin to form a dense stand, they are again cut down and
the above processes are repeated. In this way large areas that

are not intensively cultivated become covered with a mixture

of trees and grasses. The trees are very different from those
of the original forest. They are small, attain a height of about
10 meters, grow rapidly, and are very intolerant of shade. The
specific composition is very varied.

In order to obtain an idea of the probable composition of the
parang on the island before the last eruption we examined a
long strip of the mainland on the western shore of the lake.
The principal grass was Saccharum spontaneum (talahib).
Where the soil was very shallow, the most prominent tree was
Acacia farnesiana (aroma). On the hills the composition was
very complex, but the most numerous tree species appeared to
be Pithecolobium dulce (camanchile), Eugenia jambolana (du-

~ * Vidal, D. §., Catdélogo Metédico de las Plantas Lefiosas Silvestres y
Cultivadas observadas en la Provincia de Manila (1880) 9, 10.

* Whitford, H. N., Philip. Bur. Forestry Bull. 10 (1911).

* Brown, W. H., and Matthews, D. M., Philippine dipterocarp forests,
Philip. Journ. Sci..A 6 (1910) 413-561.

182 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

hat), Tabernaemontana subglobosa (pandacaqui), and Ficus
hauili (hauili). The shrub Tabernaemontana pandacaqui (pan-
dacaqui) and the coarse herb Blumea balsamifera (sambong)
were also very common. The above plants were probably pro-
minent in the former vegetation on Volcano Island.

Near the small villages perennial cultivated plants such as
bananas, bamboo, and fruit trees must have been numerous.
Some of the land was probably also intensively cultivated with
shorter-lived crops.

The above discussion indicates that parang probably existed
on all parts of the island except in the following places: The
neighborhood of the villages, where cultivation was fairly in-
tensive; on the steep slopes of the main voleano and Mount Ta-
baro; and in the stream beds. In some places the growth may
have been dense enough to justify its being called a second-
growth forest.

DESTRUTION OF VEGETATION

Extensive accounts of the eruption of 1911 have been given
by Pratt,? Saderra Mas6,° Worcester,* and Martin.1? These
writers agree in saying that the vegetation was completely d
stroyed. Martin writes: :

Taal Island was devastated, not a blade of grass escaping: trees 15
centimeters in diameter were broken, leaving stumps 0.3 to 0.5 of a meter
high; the ends of these stumps were shredded like whisk brooms by the
fall of sand and small stones driven by the force of the eruption.

The following description by Masé includes some of the main-
land on the western shore of Lake Bombon, or Taal:

Within the central area which contained 13 barrios and hamlets ¢on-
structed of bamboo and nipa, the effects are described better by the world
‘annihilation’ than ‘destruction’—human beings, animals, trees, houses, every-
thing was wiped out and covered with a layer of mud out of which only here
and there protrudes the trunk of one of the mightier trees!

During the eruption there was no flow of lava and the destruc- _
tion was not caused by fire. Pratt says:

The chief agent of destruction and the main cause. of death resulting
from the eruption was the explosive expansion of the escaping steam, which

* Pratt, W. E., The eruption of Taal Volcano, January 30, 1911, Philip.
Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911) 63-86.

“Saderra Masé, M., The Eruption of Taal Volcano, January 30, 1911.
Weather Bureau, Manila (1911) 1-45.

* Worcester, D. C., National Geographic Magazine 23 (1912) 313-367.

* Martin, C., Observations of the recent eruption of Taal Voleano, Philip.
Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911) 87-91.

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 183

was violent owing to its movement and suffocating owing to its heat, its

_ burden of mud, and a content. of sulphur dioxide,

This blast broke the trees and ground the bark to shreds
(Plate VII, figs. 1 and 2). Pratt says:

The odor of sulphur dioxide was strong during the eruption and probably
this gas or its oxidation product was effective in killing vegetation.

The fall of ash was apparently not particularly heavy. Ac-
cording to Pratt—

The greatest fall of material within the devastated area was on the west
slope of the volcano. The maximum thickness of 2 meters noted here

occurred where the ash and small fragments had drifted into an old water

course. However, the ridges adjacent were all but bare, and therefore an
estimate of 20 to 30 centimeters for the average maximum depth of fall for
this vicinity is probably reasonable.

Concerning the temperature of the ejecta he writes:

With the exception of the small number of incandescent stones, ejecta
from this eruption were apparently not much hotter than boiling water.

The mud appears to have been very injurious to vegetation
as is shown by the following statement made by Cox:"*

While a considerable amount of coarse material fell on the island, the
mud that was carried to a distance was comparatively finely divided, and in
this respect not greatly unlike road dust. The mud was cool wherever its
fall was observed, and it descended in the manner of rain, without violence.
Leaves retained only a thin coating on their upper surfaces, yet within
a few hours. many of them had fallen. Ordinary road dust may fall on
plants to any thickness without serious injury.

Cox gives an analysis of ash collected on the island shortly
after the eruption. According to this writer, nothing was found
that should be injurious to plants. He believed, however, that
this analysis did not give a correct idea of the composition of
the ash at the time of its fall, and says that there were two pos-
sible sources of injuries to plants, namely, sulphuric acid and
large quantities of salts of iron, which are often popularly called
sulphur. These salts give free acid by hydrolysis when in
solution. Worcester lays great stress on injuries done by acid.

Subsequent examination of the island showed that the vegeta-
tion was very largely destroyed. In the extreme northern part
the destruction was less complete than elsewhere. Plate VIII,
fig. 1, shows the site of the former village of Pirapiraso just after
the eruption. The town is obliterated, while the aérial parts of
the vegetation appear to be dead. The ground on the steeper

* Cox, Alvin J., The composition of the fine ejecta and a few other in-
organic factors of Taal Volcano, Philip. Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911) 93-97.

es The Philippine Journal of Science w01r

slopes is apparently, not deeply covered with ash. Near the
former villages in this northern region a number of clumps of
bamboo of two different species and bananas of three varieties
have regenerated from the old root stocks. Both of the bamboos,
Bambusa blumeana and B. vulgaris, are introduced species that
in the Philippines are not known to spread except through the
agency of man. The last statement also applies to two of the
varieties of banana. The influence of the bamboos and bananas
on the invading vegetation, therefore, should be very slight.
The number of clumps of bamboos and bananas, that survived
indicate, however, that the root systems of a number of trees
might likewise have remained alive and that some of the trees
at present on the island may have sprung from these. This is
particularly true, since it is characteristic of many parang spe-
cies to spring up from the ground after the aérial parts of the
plants have been killed. A few individuals of the following
species of trees appear to have survived the eruption:

Trema orientalis. Eugenia jambolana.
Moringa oleifera. Ceiba pentandra.
Pithecolobium dulce. ; Cratoxylon blancoi.
Semecarpus cuneiformis. : Sterculia foetida.
Ficus indica. . Annona reticulata.

It is almost certain that other species survived; although this
cannot be demonstrated, as after a few years root sprouts are
not easily distinguished from plants produced by seeds. It is
only when an exceptionally large stem, broken off above ground,
has regenerated or where, as in the case of the bamboos and
bananas, no seeds are produced, that we can be sure a plant has
survived the eruption. In the vicinity of the village on the
southern coast of the island no bamboos or bananas and prob-
ably no trees have regenerated. In conclusion we may say
that, with the possible exception of the extreme tip of the penin-
sula at the southwestern corner, the destruction of the vegeta-
tion was probably complete on the southern and central parts
of the island, Near the northern coast many root systems and
probably some seeds escaped.

REVEGETATION OF: CLEARED AREAS

Before describing the revegetation of the island, it may be of
interest to discuss briefly the vegetation that invades areas from
which forests have been removed and the land not cultivated.

In northern Negros large areas of virgin dipterocarp forests
on the banks of Himugaan River have been logged by a lumber

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 185

company. The removal of the main canopy has resulted in the
destruction of the undergrowth. The land was very quickly
invaded by a small second-growth forest of a type that is entirely.
different from the original vegetation. Trema orientalis (ana-
bion) is by far the. most prominent tree, and in many places it
forms practically pure stands. Associated with it are, however,
a large number of other second-growth tree species.

Also on Mount Mariveles in Bataan Province, Luzon, a large
area of virgin dipterocarp forest has been destroyed by logging.
The ground was very quickly invaded by a second-growth forest
similar to that in northern Negros, except that here the principal _
tree species is Homalanthus populneus (balanti). In neither of
the above regions was a second-growth forest preceded by grass.
On Mount Mariveles no species, other than trees, was prominent
in the early stages of invasion. In northern Negros a wild
banana was abundant, but no small species was conspicuous.

The succession in these two areas appears to be typical of
that which occurs in similar places in the Islands in general.
For a more extensive discussion of cleared areas see Brown and
Matthews.** °

The invasion of cleared areas may be summarized as follows:
When forests are removed and the land not cultivated the
ground, within one or two years, is covered by a second-growth
forest in which, frequently, one species is much more prominent
than any other. The dominant species invariably have a rapid
rate of growth.

Cultivation that is not intenaivs usually results in ‘the forma-
tion of grassland or parang. This process has already been
discussed. :

REVEGETATION OF VOLCANO ISLAND

The progress of revegetation on Volcano Island has been very
different from that described above for lands cleared of vegeta-
tion and afterward -not cultivated. The chief invading species
have been grasses, and revegetation has been so slow that in
most parts of the island the ground, after nearly six years, is
only sparsely covered.
~ Our knowledge of the early stages of revegetation of Volcano
Island is due to Gates,*® who visited the voleano in October and

December, 1913, and in April, 1914.

" ™ Brown, W. H., and Matthews, D. M., Philip. Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911)

413-561.
'-% Gates, Frank C., The pioneer vegetation of Taal Volcano, Philip. Journ.

Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 391-434, pl. 3-10.

186 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Gates gives a very short account of the progress of revegeta-
tion during 1911 and 1912. He did not visit the island until
October, 1913, and does not give his source of information, the
reliability of which is questionable as we know of no trained
botanists who visited the Island during that period and the
remembrance that untrained men have of their casual observa-
tions is likely to be very poor evidence on a subject of this kind.

In October, 1913, Gates found a wide strip of vegetation across
the northern end of the island and also some vegetation at the
extreme end of the peninsula at the southwestern corner. In
many places, even in the above regions, the vegetation was very
scanty. The remainder of the island was without plants. The
vegetation seems to have consisted largely of a tall, coarse grass,
Saccharum spontaneum, although trees and other plants were
present in considerable numbers. The growth of Saccharum
was apparently fairly dense in certain localities at low elevations.
In describing these Gates says:

At lower elevations the bunches occur nearer together until a fairly dense
stand occupies the lower slopes, yet even in these places the great growth
activity has not yet succeeded in obliterating the bunch-grass habit and
covering the ground. ‘.

The early appearance of vegetation in the northern part of
the island is probably connected with the fact that here the
effects of the eruption were less severe than elsewhere.

Gates found no evidence to show that any of the grass had
sprung from clumps existing previous to the eruption. His
first visit was two and a half years after this event, so it is hardly
to be expected that any such sign would have been noticeable.
Probably most of the grass in this region was killed, but it seems
quite possible that scattered clumps may have survived as this
grass has characteristic, deep-seated rhizomes. Saccharum
seeds during both monsoons. Therefore, if all of the first plants
of Saccharum grew from seed coming from the mainland, we
would hardly expect it to form such dense stands in a limited
area and to have been so circumscribed in its early distribution.
In localities where Gates found Saccharum occuring as scat-
tering clumps in 1913 and 1914 this plant does not even now
form dense stands nor do the individual clumps appear to have
reached mature size. This would indicate that the dense stands
of grass that Gates found in 1913 and 1914 would have required
more than three years to develop from seed. Such clumps as
survived may very well have been reduced in size to small tufts.
Unfortunately the only observations on the revegetation of Taal

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island 187

previous to 1913 were made from a distance of many kilometers,
whereas in our experience we have found that even at a distance
of less than a kilometer it is impossible to tell whether or not
smal] tufts of grass or other small plants are present on an area.

When Gates visited the island in April, 1914, the vegetation
had spread over a much larger area than it occupied in 1913.
Most of the land on the part of the island north of the main
crater supported plants, while vegetation had spread over the
whole southwestern peninsula as far as the top of Mount Saluyan.
A narrow strip of vegetation had also appeared along the eastern
coast. In the area invaded between October, 1913, and April,
_ 1914, the vegetation was apparently very sparse on the latter
date. Vegetation was also still scarce on much of the land that
supported plants in 1913.

GRASSES

Until now (January, 1917) by far the most prominent invading
species has been Saccharum spontaneum (talahib), which is
scattered all over theisland. In a few limited areas in the north-
ern part it forms dense stands. Elsewhere it occurs as scattered
elumps. On the lower gentle slopes these clumps are fairly large
and well developed. In very favorable situations in the Phil-
ippines Saccharum may reach a height of 4.5 meters, but on
Volcano Island it does not attain this size, being rarely more
than 3 meters in height. Where it occurs as scattered clumps,
it is even smaller than this. Except in very limited areas it
is easily possible to walk between the individual clumps, and in
most places the distance between clumps is considerably greater
than the height of the grass. Plate VIII, fig. 2, is from a pho-
tograph taken near the shore, west of a point between the two
old craters on the western side of the island. It gives a good
idea of the average development of Saccharum. On the steep
slopes of the main cone and Mount Tabaro, in the dry stream
beds, and on the delta] fans Saccharum appears only as scattered,
dwarfed tufts, which owing to the rapid erosion lead a very
precarious existence. ’ Plate XIV, fig. 1, shows a wide deltal fan
with a narrow stream bed extending through it. These fans are
almost devoid of vegetation. Over long stretches in the central
and southern part of the island there is very little conspicuous
vegetation other than Saccharum.

Near the coast in some of the open places between the widely
separated clumps of Saccharum there are various scattered plants
of small grasses and sedges. The most conspicuous of these

188 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

grasses have: a running habit. These grasses and sedges are so
small and scattered that even at a short distance they are not
noticeable and the ground that they occupy appears to be quite
bare. An exceptional development of them is shown in Plate
VIII, fig. 2.

In the extreme northern part of the island and at the tip of the»
peninsula, which projects from the southwestern corner, there
are some very steep slopes. In these places another tall grass,
Themeda gigantea, predominates; and erosion is apparently
not very rapid at the present time. Themeda is confined largely
to the various steep slopes, which are at a considerable distance
from the crater, and in such places it makes a better growth than
Saccharum. At the present time Themeda occurs mostly in dense
stands. It is most prominent on Mount Binintiang Malaqui and
the neighboring horseshoe ridge, Mount Balantoc. In both of
these places the stands are frequently so dense that it is extreme-
ly difficult to walk through them.

In a limited region in the northeastern corner of the island;
between Mount Bignay and Mount Ragatan, and at the north-
western corner near the former village of Pirapiraso, Imperata
cylindrica, a much smaller grass than either Saccharum or
Themeda, covers the ridges and some of the slopes. The valleys
in this region are occupied by Saccharum. Imperata cylindrica
is a very common grass on the mainland around Lake Bombon,
and so it seems surprising that its distribution on Volcano Island
should be so limited. This is particularly so, because Imperata
usually occurs on dry ground. On the parts of Volcano Island
where Imperata and Saccharum occur together, they occupy the
same relative positions that they usually do-on the mainland;
that is, Imperata in the drier and Saccharum in the moister
situations. However, in other parts of the island Saccharum
occurs in situations that appear to be dryer than those occupied
here by Imperata.

Another case of a peculiar distribution of a grass is afforded
by Miscanthus sinensis. This tall grass usually occurs at high
altitudes in places where the soil is moist and the evaporation
low. In such situations it frequently forms extensive dense
stands, which result from fires in the same manner as do those
of Saccharum spontaneum at low altitudes. On Volcano Island
this grass is mainly confined to small patches, which occur on
the sides of the ravines and are frequently only a few meters

Soa sea level. The total area occupied by this grass is very
sma

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island 189

The very open nature of the stand of grass on most parts of
the island is certainly not due to competition and apparently
not to a lack of seed. Saccharum, Imperata, and Miscanthus
have adaptations for the distribution of the seed by wind, and
the first two certainly produced large quantities of seed on the
island as early as three years ago.

The failure of grass to produce dense stands even in most places
where it occurred as scattered patches in 1914 would indicate
unfavorable environmental conditions. This view is supported
by the reduced height of the clumps of Saccharum.

_ TREES

Trees are very scarce except in limited areas near the northern
coast and at the extreme tip of the peninsula that extends from
the southwestern corner. Even in these localities grasses are —
very much more prominent than trees Elsewhere the trees
occur. only as very widely separated individuals or as clumps
of two or three individuals. Plate XI, fig. 1, is from a photo-
graph taken at the northwestern end of Mount Balantoc and
shows an exceptional development of trees.

The only area in which trees predominate is on-the northern ,
slopes of Mount Pirapiraso, at the northwestern corner of the
island, where the second-growth forest reaches its greatest de-
velopment and covers more than half of the area, the remaining
space being largely occupied by grass.

The specific composition of the tree flora of Volcano Island
is extremely varied when the small number of the individuals
is considered.

The most abundant species is Acacia farnesiana (aroma),
which is scattered over the whole island except on the main cone
and Mount Tabaro. This plant is very common on the mainland
around Lake Bombon, and in the Philippines generally it is
_prominent in the early stages of invasion of grasslands by trees.
Its success in the latter situation is due to its ability to re-
generate after the aérial portions of the plant have been killed
by fire. In view of this habit and its present prominence on the
‘island it seems not unlikely that a considerable number of plants
of this species may have escaped destruction during the eruption
of 1911. On the other hand the seeds of aroma are inclosed in
a woody pod which floats so that it may readily have been washed
ashore; in which case, however, we must account for its distribu-
tion in places distant from the gia The method by which

190 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

it has been distributed all over the island is not evident, as it is
apparently not adapted to be eaten by birds or for wind
dispersal.

The next most prominent tree is a small variety of Ficus
indica. In favorable situations on the mainland this tree
reaches a fairly large size, in many cases being 15 meters in
height. The trees on Volcano Island are smaller and the tallest
probably average about 7 meters. This was about the height
of the largest individuals on the island previous to the eruption
of 1911.

In the northern part of the island trees of this species were
observed that had apparently sprouted from old stumps. Ficus
indica is well known as a tree with a very irregular habit of
growth. This plant, like most of the irregular-growing figs,
is very tenacious of life; and it seems probable that its presence
in large numbers is due, in part at least, to individuals that
were not destroyed by the eruption, as Ficus indica is not
abundant on the mainland. However, the seeds of this plant
might be readily dispersed by birds. Ficus indica is parti-
cularly prominent on the main crater, as it is practically the
only tree species that occurs on this cone. However, the
number of individuals found here is small, and they are con-
fined largely to the ravines on the lower slopes. Within the
crater Ficus indica is represented by a single specimen on the
northern wall, while several individuals were found at the edge
of the crater.

Next to the above the most prominent tree species are:

Eugenia jambolana (duhat). Morinda bracteata (tumbong aso).
Trema orientalis (anabion). Pithecolobium dulce (camanchile).
Tabernaemontana subglobosa (pan- Antidesma ghaesembilla (binayuyo).

dacaqui.)

It will be seen that this list of common species is very similar
to that previously given for the mainland. The seeds of all of
these trees are distributed by birds.

The tallest trees and the densest stands of tree species are
found near the northern shore. The presence of plants that
survived the eruption and better soil conditions undoubtedly
account in part for the greater density of tree vegetation found
here. Some of the most prominent tree species in this region
escaped distribution during the eruption, as is shown by the
presence of individuals growing from old stumps. This has
been observed in the case of Ficus indica, Eugenia jambolana,

XU, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 191.

and Trema orientalis; and, as we have seen it may very well have
been true of Acacia farnesiana,

All of the trees of any prominence occuring on the island are
characteristic of parang. They are small species, which have
a rapid rate of growth and mature early. Acacia farnesiana
and Tabernaemontana subglobosa might perhaps be as well
termed shrubs as trees, but for convenience we have used the

‘latter term. The small size of the trees can be seen from the

data given in Table I, which is compiled from Merrill’s Flora of
Manila.'*

TABLE I.—Mature height of common trees on Volcano Island.

Species. po lg

Ficus indica 4-12
Acacia farnesiana 2-4

Eugenia jambolana 4-15
Trema orientalis 5-8

Tabernaemontana subglobosa 2-5

Morinda bracteata 3-10
Pithecolobium dulce 5-18
Antidesma bunius 4-10
Antidesma ghaesembilla : 4-10

Owing to the rapidity with which most of the tree species
mature, large quantities of seed have already been produced on
Volcano Island. Many of the species frequently produce seed
when much less than 1 meter in height. We have seen that most
of the prominent trees have fruits that are readily scattered
by birds. As an illustration of the facility with which seeds
are distributed in this way, we may mention a case observed
in a clearing of 0.25 hectare on Mount Maquiling at an altitude
of 450 meters. In a few months the ground was covered by
a second-growth forest consisting largely of Trema orientalis.
The nearest observed plants of this species were about 3 kilo-
meters distant and approximately 250 meters lower in elevation.
There were certainly few if any individuals nearer than this, —
as the clearing was made in the center of the virgin forest, and
Trema is so intolerant of shade that it will not grow under the
cover of even the most open second-growth trees.

It seems from the above that enough seeding must have taken
place on Volcano Island to produce a denser tree vegetation than.
that which now exists. Moreover, the scarcity of any particular
species or of trees in general is certainly not due to competition,

* Merril, E. D., A Flora of Manila. Manila (1912) 1-490.

192 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

but apparently must be referred to unfavorable external condi-
tions. These factors will be considered later.

SHORE VEGETATION

‘One of the most interesting features in the distribution of
plants on the island is that of Ipomoea pes-caprae. This plant is
a spreading vine, which usually forms a part of the strand
formation on sea beaches. It occurs as occasional patches on the
mainland shore of Lake Bombon where it is sometimes’ mixed
with Canavalia lineata, a leguminous species of similar habit.
While the leaves of Canavalia are compound and those of I[po-
moea are simple, nevertheless the texture and the color of the
leaflets of Canavalia and of the leaves of Ipomoea are so similar
_ that it is only by the flowers that the two plants can be readily
distinguished at a distance. These two plants occur together
in scattered localities along the shore on all sides of Volcano
Island, but they are more conspicuous on the slopes inland
from the southern and southeastern shores. They have ap-
parently grown over the ash on the southern coast to an altitude
and distance as limited only by the period during which growth
has taken place. Both have reached a vertical height above the
lake of more than 50 meters, while Ipomoea is prominent more
than 0.25 of a kilometer from the coast. Over large stretches
of the lower ridges near the coast Ipomoea forms a thick carpet
between the clumps of Saccharum. As the Saccharum becomes
denser, it will probably replace the Ipomoea; as along the
northern coast, where the growth of Saccharum is thicker, Ipo-
moea pes-caprae is confined to the beach and does not occur
inland.

Ipomoea is particularly abundant near the southern and
eastern coast and on the peninstla that extends from the south-
western corner and to a-less extent around the base of Mount
Binintiang Malaqui. Except in the two last-named regions
Ipomoea and Canavalia are represented on the western coast by
only a few scattered plants. This is apparently due to the
presence of numerous wide deltal fans on this side of the island.
In Plate IX, fig. 1, Ipomoea is shown growing near the water’s
edge, but more abundantly on the more elevated ground where it
‘is mixed with Saccharum. Ipomoea grows on the mainland in
an area made swampy by fresh-water springs. This distribu-

tion is apparently not connected in. any way with a nigh salt
content of the soil.

xi,c,.4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 193

Gates “" in describing this vegetation in 1914 says:

Canavalia tends to extend inward away from the water to a very much
greater extent than Ipomoea, which is usually confined to the shore. Excep-
tions occurred on the lava ridges of Mount Binintiang Munti, where Ipomoea
spread a considerable distance from the shore, and in a few places on the
eastern side of the island, where unaccompanied with Canavalia, Ipomoea :

_ spread back several meters and attained an altitude of about 30 meters on

the mud slope.
FERNS

At low altitudes there are many ravines from 2 to 3 meters
in depth and less than 1.meter in width. On the northern slopes
these ravines have developed into veritable cafions, often with
perpendicular walls many meters in height. In these there is
frequently a considerable development of a fern flora and a few

_ Species of mosses and hepatics. The most prominent ferns are:

. Acrostichum aureum. Onychium siliquosum.
Ceropteris calomelanos. Odontosoria chinensis.
Nephrolepis biserrata. Blechnum orientale. .
Pteris vittata. Chetlanthes tenuifolia.
Pteris quadriaurita. Adiantum philippense.

AQUATIC VEGETATION

We have made no special study of the aquatic vegetation

‘around the island. Our knowledge of this was obtained from

observations made while walking around the whole shore of the
island, except an inaccessible portion at the base of Mount Binin-
tiang Malaqui, and while bathing at a number of different points.

On some of the rocks there is a considerable growth of Clado-
phora, but this was the only attached vegetation observed with
the exception of two small plants of Vallisneria gigantea, the
roots of which were half exposed by the action of the waves.
Along the northern shore were found a considerable quantity of
broken Vallisneria and a single piece of Ceratophyllum demer-
sum that had been cast up by the waves. Occasional plants
of the floating aroid Pistia stratiotes were observed at different
places along the shore.

ASSOCIATIONS
The vegetation of Volcano Island is not readily divided into
formations or associations. This is a natural result of similar

external conditions over the whole area and the scarcity of
vegetation, which consists, either entirely of Saccharum, or of

* Gates, F. C., Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 819-434.
150107 ——2

.

194 _ - The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

a heterogeneous mixture in which many plants occur in situations
very different from those in which they are usually found. The
occurrence of patches of Miscanthus, a typical high-mountain
grass, near the sea level is a conspicuous example. Equally strik-
ing is the growth of Ipomoea mixed with Saccharum at consider-
able distances from the shore. The scattered patches of Mis-
canthus in an unusual situation can hardly be regarded as con-
stituting an association. The same might be said of Ipomoea
that is growing between the clumps of Saccharum. The scat-
tered plants of Ipomoea and Canavalia that are found on the
beach can hardly be considered as a strand formation. Cer-
tainly there is little similarity between the growth composed
of these species on Volcano Island and the normal strand forma-
tion as found on the sea beach. :

The great preponderance of grass on the island seems to
justify the classification of the vegetation as an invasion by a
grass formation. The principal association of grass is certainly
Saccharum spontaneum. In some places on the steep slopes
Themeda gigantea occurs in stands that are pure enough to
justify its being classed as a separate association. On the main-

land both Saccharum and Themeda constitute very definite
associations.

The tree flora is so scattered and is composed of such a hete- .

rogeneous mixture of different species that it is impossible to
recognize any clear divisions, and the whole can best be regarded
as an early stage of the invasion of grassland by a second-growth
forest formation. The prominent species are all small, and all
are characteristic of the early stages of the invasion of grass-
land or other open areas by trees in many parts of the Philip-
pines. Second-growth forests should give place to the tall dense
forests characteristic of this region. In this process there must
be a number of stages or successions. Our knowledge of these
successions is very fragmentary at present, so that the different
stages cannot be described. However, on Taal there seems to be
no indication of a second stage, as all the species of any promi-
nence are characteristic of the very first stages of the invasion
of grassland or other open areas by second-growth forest.
Gates ** divides the invading trees and shrubs into two forma-
tions. One of these he calls the parang, or shrub-small-tree,
formation and the other, the low-altitude tree formation. In
each of these he recognizes a single association. The first is the

” Gates, F. C., Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 391-434, pl. $-10.

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 195

parang association and the second, the Bambusa-Parkia associa-
tion. The latter according to Gates succeeds the former.

Gates says very little about his reasons for making this divi-
sion, which, with modifications, is an attempt to follow Whit-
ford ** in his description of a very different type of vegetation —
in an area that unfortunately was not visited by Gates. The
division as applied to Volcano Island does not seem to be justi-
fied, and the choice of names is unfortunate.

While Gates does not so state, it seems evident that he did
not intend to imply that his Bambusa-Parkia association was
the same as that described by Whitford, but he simply used the
term in a very broad sense to denote lowland forests. Whit-
ford’s *® Bambusa-Parkia formation, described from the base
of Mount Mariveles, consisted of a mixture of bamboo and trees
and was regarded as a climax formation. Since Whitford’s
paper was written, a large area of dipterocarp forest in this
region has been logged by a lumber company and has changed
to the Bambusa-Parkia type.” The characteristic bamboo
Schizostachyum mucronatum (boho), a native species smaller
than Bambusa blumeana, occurred as scattered clumps in the
dipterocarp forest. After the forest was logged, these spread
until in many places Schizostachyum formed almost pure stands.
The large trees of which Parkia is a representative are, for the
most part, relics of the former forest, which were left because
they were not of sufficient value to be removed. Only two of
the trees mentioned by Gates as belonging to his Bambusa-Parkia
association are given by Whitford in his list of the eighteen pro-
minent trees in this association.

The bamboo of Gates’s association is Bambusa blumeana, which
has regenerated from rootstocks that were present before the
eruption and were not killed by the covering of mud and ashes.
In the Philippines this bamboo is a cultivated form, which
rarely, if ever, forms new clumps except where planted, and
therefore it cannot be considered as part of an invading associa-
tion.

Gates’s Bambusa-Parkia type is certainly very different from
that described by Whitford. Gates gives such a brief descrip-
tion that his conception of it is not clear, and we are unable to
identify it with any of the usual types found in the Philippines.
When Gates mentions the occurrence of this type, he evidently

* Whitford, H. N., Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) 373.

” Whitford, H. N., loc. cit.
" Brown, W. H., and Mathews, D. M., Philip. Journ. Sci. A 9 (1914) 457.

196 a The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

refers not to what he considers a typical development of ‘it,
but to the presence of scattered individuals representing it.
The plants listed seem to be a heterogeneous collection whose
different members would not be prominent in the same habitat.

We have shown that the name “parang” is properly applied
to a mixture of grass and second-growth trees.- In his use of
this term Gates followed one of Whitford’s earlier papers in
which the latter in turn followed Vidal.

Gates described three moist-ground, or marsh, association
of grasses and a “back strand association” of Sesbania, all oc-
curring along the coast, apparently on the deltal fans, or at the
foot of bluffs. Owing to the rapid erosion on the island such
plants would necessarily lead a very precarious existence. As
we found no traces of such Vegetation, it seems probable that
they had been either washed away by water from the lake, or
destroyed by floods on the deltal plains. The chief plants of
these associations were found only as widely scattered indi--
viduals. For example, Gates describes a Sesbania strand asso-
ciation as occurring in several localities and as rapidly invading
the Ipomoea pes-caprae association. In 1916-17, we found only
a single seedling of Sesbania on the island.

REGIONAL DESCRIPTION

The discussion of the vegetation that existed on the island
in 1913 and 1914 is based on Gates’s *? description and pictures.
Owing to a lack of exactness in his statements it has been diffi-
cult, in some cases, to interpret Gates’s account. Thus he says
(p. 395):

By December, 1913, vegetation was quite well established on the northern
_ Side of the island to an altitude of about 175 meters. If consisted largely
of grass—entirely dense at low altitudes, * * *,

What he means when he says “entirely dense” is not evident,
as Saccharum is the principal grass and in describing the ‘“Sac-
charum consocies” he says that even at lower elevations the
growth activity has not “succeeded in obliterating the bunch-
grass habit and covering the ground.” Saccharum is usually
about as high as a man and is normally so dense that it is ex-
ceedingly difficult to force a way through it, even for a short.
distance. In January, 1917, the growth of Saccharum in the
northern part of the island was so open that, except in very
limited areas, one could readily pass in any direction over the
whole region and along the shore of the lake without the slightest

* Gates, F. C. Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 ( 1914) Bot. 391-434,

~

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 197
difficulty. When Gates mentions the occurrence of tree vegeta-
tion he evidently refers in almost all, or in all, cases to a dis-
tributional stage in which the trees are scattered.

4 2 3 4 Ss sett 7
A d ; :
BOMBoNW| LAKE sinaain nega
T 4 A » / A K tos )
: (flevoctan 2, $4 jmerers) b
a
is
om iy Calacalabsodn
~ . *
. FS, gas
\
Gunso Ac 4 u Sy ;

} ATER
j = 4 a LAKE A

(Pandae.ne-longos ash4 Ss
F La La > "
| “Va 5 fs
:
3
|

? £ :
Kp

me

The contour linps indicated on this map,
which was made before the

hold good in the rpgion east and west of
icrater in particular’ The shore line hae al:
been som chary submergence]

| Fig. 2. Areas on Volcano Island invaded by plants in 1913 and 1914,

While some of Gates’s statements are inexact, we believe that
“with the help of his pictures and a knowledge of the present
vegetation of the island we have interpreted them correctly.
Text fig. 2, a map taken from Gates’s paper, shows the areas in

198 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

which vegetation occurred in 1913 and 1914. The relative
abundance of the vegetation in different regions is not indicated
on the map.

As the revegetation began at the northern end of the island,
we will begin our discussion with that area.

The northwestern corner of Volcano Island is formed by
Mount Binintiang Malaqui whose summit is more than 250
meters in height, which with the exception of the southwestern
rim of the crater is the highest point on the island. The slopes
of this peak are very steep, and the valleys are rather shallow.
Gates found that on the greater part of the slopes and always
on the steeper ones Themeda gigantea occurred as open well-
spaced clumps. On the sides of the valleys bushes were fre-
quently present, while on the northwestern side, away from the
‘crater, trees from 4 to 5 meters in height were found. The
chief change since Gates’s visit seems to be that the Themeda
has become much thicker and in many places forms solid stands,
while the trees have increased in size and probably also in num-

ber. The predominant vegetation is Themeda. Mixed with this .

is a much smaller amount of Saccharum, while trees are few
and much scattered. Plate IX, fig. 2, shows Mount Binintiang

Malaqui from Gunao Point. The dark spots are the trees. The

number of trees shown here is very similar to that found on the
northern slopes. A comparison with Plate VI, fig. 2, shows that
trees are very much less prominent than before the eruption.
Southeast of Mount Binintiang Malaqui is a prominent horse-
shoe ridge, Mount Balantoc. On the northern and northeastern
slopes of this mountain Gates found trees mixed with Themeda
gigantea. In this region Themeda and Saccharum now form
dense stands, while trees are prominent in the ravines. The
trees are present in sufficient number to give character to the
vegetation, but nowhere do they form stands dense enough to
kill the grass. The vegetation can best be classified as parang
in which the grass covers at least twice 2s much area as the trees.
Plate X, fig. 1, is from a photograph by Gates and shows Mount
Balantoc in the foreground. Gates evidently meant only that
woody plants were prominent when he said that this region “was
largely wooded.” The remainder of Mount Balantoc is now cov-
ered with an open growth of Saccharum while trees are promi-
nent in the ravines. Plate XI, fig. 1, is from a photograph
taken on the southern slope of the northwestern end of this
mountain. The spacing of the Saccharum and the number of
trees are shown very clearly. In the distance the grass appears

Sh

a ee ee ee

XI, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 199

to be much denser than in the foreground; this appearance is
deceptive, as in reality the.grass is no thicker on any part of
the slope than in the foreground. Plate X, fig. 1, is from a
photograph taken by Gates in April, 1914, of another portion
of Mount Balantoc where the vegetation at present is very sim-
ilar to that shown in Plate XI, fig. 1.. A comparison of these
two views indicates that the revegetation since 1914 has not
proceeded as rapidly as would be expected if the vegetation seen
by Gates in the northern part of the island had been entirely new.

The low divide separating Mount Balantoc and Mount Binin-
tiang Malaqui is covered by an open stand of Saccharum and
scattered trees. Bananas and bamboos are present in the vicinity
of the old villages. All of the bamboos have probably regenerated
from old rootstocks. One of the varieties of banana appears to
be spreading to a slight extent. Plants of Saccharum and trees
are more numerous than when Gates visited the island, but as
might have been expected there is no evidence of any increase
in the number of clumps of bamboos. It is interesting that in
October, 1913, Gates found only three clumps of bananas and
no clumps of bamboos. “In April, 1914, bananas were fairly
abundant and indicated quite well the positions of many of the
former houses,” while bamboos were prominent. This would
indicate that bananas and bamboos could remain alive for a
considerable period of time without showing any activity above
the ground.

In 1914 the vegetation was fairly well developed in the area
partly inclosed by Mount Balantoc. This is now covered by an
open growth of Saccharum and scattered trees.

Plate XI, fig. 2, is a view of the northwestern part of the island
from the junction of Mount Pinag-ulbuan with the crater rim.
Mount Balantoc and Mount Binitiang Malaqui appear in the
distance.

The northeastern corner of the island is formed by a peninsula
containing Mount Pirapiraso and Mount Bignay. In this re-
gion Gates found the densest vegetation that occurred on the
island in 1914. His photograph of Mount Pirapiraso and Mount
Bignay seems to show that here grass predominated, while scat-
tered trees were fairly abundant. The grass, however, had ap-
parently not reached its normal density, as Gates in discussing
areas covered by Saccharum says that even on low slopes the
bunch-grass habit had not been obliterated. At the present time
the ground except in a few localities is densely covered by a
mixture of grass and trees. The trees occupy about as large

,

200 The Philippine Journal of Science — i917

an area as the grass, and on the north slope of Mount Pirapiraso
the trees cover more than 50 per cent of the ground. A com-
parison with Gates’s pictures indicates that trees are now more
numerous in this region than in 1914. Their greatest develop-
ment is in the ravines. Scattered clumps of bamboos also occur
in this locality. The latter are apparently the same ones that
were seen by Gates. In this region the second-growth forest
is better developed than on any other part of the island, and
here we find the most complex vegetation. Many species are
found in the immediate vicinity of Pirapiraso that were not
observed elsewhere on the island. The thickets are so dense in
many of the ravines and on some of the northern slopes, that
it is difficult to penetrate them, the bushes and small trees being
often overgrown by a tangled mass of herbaceous and woody
vines.

On the divide between the former towns of Pirapiraso and
Bignay Gates found a stand of Imperata cylindrica and Sac-
charum spontaneum. Scattered trees were also present. Sac-
‘charum has apparently invaded much of the area occupied by
Imperata, a much smaller grass, and is at present much more
prominent than the latter.

Mount Ragatan runs diagonally across the base of the north-
eastern peninsula. Gates found this rather densely covered with
grass, shrubs, and small trees. The grass on the northern slope
is now fairly dense. Trees are numerous in the ravines, but
scarce on the ridges. On the eastern and western slopes the grass
is well developed, but numerous bare strips running with the
slope make it fairly easy to penetrate. On the southern slope
the vegetation is largely Saccharum, which is still open enough
to allow one to pass through it readily.

Southwest of Mount Ragatan is a crescent-shaped ridge, Mata-
as-na-golod. In October, 1913, the vegetation on this mountain
consisted almost entirely of Saccharum in clumps and extended
about two-thirds of the way to the top. By December it had
reached the top. The vegetation in 1917 still consists almost
entirely of Saccharum, which has not yet formed a stand of its
normal density ; although on the northern slopes the bare ground
occurs only as numerous patches, which usually appear much
smaller than a clump of Saccharum. On many of the ridges on
the southern slopes there are considerable areas that are almost
bare. This mountain is the prominent peak in Plate XI, fig. 1.
It is not clear what Gates meant when he said that a closed stand
of Saccharum occurred on the western, eastern, and northern

"XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 201

slopes in April, 1914. In discussing the general distribution of
Saccharum (p. 410) he gives the impression that nowhere did
it form stands of normal density.

In the region between Mounts Balantoe and Mataas-na-golod
there are two prominent dry stream beds, which in 1914 con-
tained a few plants of Phragmites. They are now covered with
scattered clumps of Saccharum. The remainder of this area con-
tained almost nothing but grass in October, 1913, but by April, .
1914, many shrubs were present. Plate X, fig. 3, is a view taken
by Gates in October, 1913, from near the crater rim and looking
northward toward Mount Tibag in the center of this area. The
vegetation on the north-central region still consists very largely
of Saccharum spontaneum, which even now in most places forms _
a very open stand.

The regions that we have discussed constitute the area in the
northern part of the island on which plants occurred in October,
1913. This area is shown in tezt fig. 2, a map taken from Gates’s
paper, and may be defined as being bounded on the south by a
line starting slightly south of Bignay, running south of Ragatan
and Mataas-na-golod, then slightly southwest and around the
southern end of Mount Balantoc. Plate XI, fig. 2, and Plate XII,
fig. 1, from photographs taken in October, 1916, show nearly all
of this region with the exception of the northeastern peninsula
and also some of the area nearer the crater. It will be seen that
in most places there is a considerable amount of bare ground,
while grass is everywhere the predominant element in the vege-
tation.

By April, 1914, the area containing plants had been consider-
ably extended, plants being found clear to the rim on the northern
side of the main crater and somewhat south of the old craters,
which are shown on the map east and west of the northern end
of the main crater. In 1914 the vegetation in this area was
very sparse, and even at the present time the bare ground is
many times greater in extent than that covered by plants. The
most prominent plant is Saccharum, while trees and shrubs are
very scarce. In October, 1913, there was a sparse development
of plants at the extreme tip of the southwestern peninsula. By
April, 1914, this vegetation had spread to the summit of Mount
Saluyan, which is about the point where the peninsula branches
off from the mainland. This vegetation was apparently very
scanty; and even now trees are scarse, while the grass occurs
as widely spaced clumps except in very limited areas where
Themeda forms dense stands on steep slopes. In Plate XI, fig.

202 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

2, the trees are shown as dark spots. Although the grass forms
a very open stand this fact is not evident in the picture, which
was taken at too great a distance to show the spacing. The
grass consists almost entirely of Saccharum except on the steep-
est slopes at the end of the peninsula where Themeda predomi-
nates. Over much of this area Ipomoea pes-caprae is found
between the clumps of Saccharum and is particularly well devel-
oped at the end of the peninsula, where it grows over the top
of the highest ridge.

In 1914 there was also a slight development of vegetation run-
ning along the southern shore to a point slightly west of south
of the center of the main crater, while along the middle region
of the eastern shore there was also a slight development of vege-
tation. In 1914, however, most of the central and southern parts
of the island were without plants.

At the present time the vegetation has spread over the whole
island, but is very scanty in the places where there was not
a considerable development in 1914. The vegetation characteris-
tically consists of very widely spaced clumps of Saccharum with
a few scattered trees. Plate XIII, fig. 1, which was taken from
Calauit Point, looking northwest, gives a very good idea of the
density of the vegetation over the southern and central parts
of the island. Plate XIII, fig. 2, shows both sides of the prom-
inent dry stream bed extending southwest from the crater. On
the right are seen the slopes of Mount Saluyan. This shows the
character of the vegetation in the southwestern region very
clearly. The numerous clumps are Saccharum, while the six
larger and darker ones are trees. The vegetation is very similar
over the whole of the recently invaded area, except that in many
places near the southern and southeastern coasts Ipomoea has
grown inland to a considerable distance between the clumps of
Saccharum. This development is greater near the western end
of the southern coast, where Ipomoea is very conspicuous more
than a quarter of a kilometer inland.

The dry stream beds and deltal fans are everywhere almost
entirely barren. These are most prominent on the western side
of the island, particularly that part west and southwest of the
main crater where they occupy practically the whole area. This
region is particularly bare. Plate XIV, fig. 1, shows a view from
Pandac-na-lohgos Point (text fig. 2) west of the main crater,
and looking southeast with the main crater in the left of the
picture. Most of the view is occupied by a large deltal fan
through which there extends a narrow stream bed. The barren-

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 203

ness of the area is very evident. In the distance there are scat-
tered clumps of Saccharum. On the right is seen a low divide,
which separates this fan from the prominent one north of Mount
Tabaro. The latter region is very extensive and is the most
barren large area on the island, there being only a very few
small tufts of grass present. Photographs of this area taken
before the eruption indicate a very sparse vegetation at that time.

The photographs of Mount Tabaro taken before the eruption
(Plate V, fig. 1, left of picture) also indicate that it was bare
or supported only scattered clumps of grass. At the present time
the only vegetation on it consists of very scattered and dwarfed
tufts of Saccharum. In the left of plate XIV, fig. 2 is a view
of this mountain. The drainage from the southwestern rim of
the crater and Mount Tabaro supported some trees and scattered
grass before the eruption (Plate V fig. 1). Now only a few
clumps of Saccharum are present in this area (Plate XIV, fig- 2),
but the slow revegetation is not surprising in view of the scar-
city of plants before the eruption.

The growth of Saccharum on the upper slopes of the crater
and near the rim consists very largely of scattered dwarfed tufts.
The only trees observed here were a few individuals of Ficus
indica and one of Acacia farnesiana. Two ferns, Nephrolepis
biserrata and Ceropteris calomelanos, occur as widely scattered
and dwarfed individuals on the outer slopes of the crater near the
rim. Plate XV, fig. 1, shows the entire rim of the crater from
the southeast. : :

In a limited area on the northwestern wall, a few meters above
the floor, there is a sparse development of vegetation consisting
of Erigeron linifolius, Lygodium japonicum, Nephrolepis biser-
rata, Ceropteris calomelanos, Odontosoria retusa, Onychium sili-
quosum, Blumea lacera, Fimbristylis squarrosa, and a single plant
of Neonauclea bartlingii. Most parts of the inner walls of the
crater are too steep to support vegetation, but here and there -
scattered tufts of Saccharum occur. Several trees, probably all
of which are Ficus indica, occur on the northern wall of the
crater. The one shown by Gates* is now between 5 and 6 me-
ters high. One individual of the fern Nephrolepis biserrata was
observed on the inner wall of the crater near the rim. On the
floor of the crater there is almost nothing except scattered clumps
of Saccharum. In a small area in the northwestern part there
are, besides the Saccharum, scattered tufts of Mariscus stuppeus
and Fimbristylis squarrosa. Plate XV, fig. 2, shows the walls

“ Gates, F. C., Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. pl. 10, fig. 3.

ik

204 The Philippine Journal of Science _ 1917

and the floor of the crater, as viewed from about the southern-
- most point of the rim. :

The preceding discussion shows very clearly that the revegeta-
tion of Volcano Island is proceeding in a very different manner
and much more slowly than does the revegetation of land from
which forest has been removed by logging. We have seen that
the first invaders of the latter areas are tree species, and in two
or three years the land is covered by a forest composed of small
trees. The specific composition of the latter forest is very dif-
ferent from that of the original.

As has been shown, it would seem that both the slow reveg-
etation of Volcano Island and the scarcity of trees should be
attributed to adverse environmental conditions rather than a
lack of seed.

COMPARISON WITH KRAKATAU

The early stages in the revegetation of Volcano Island have
been very different from those on Krakatau. Treub,”4 who vis-
ited Krakatau three years after the destruction of the vegetation
of that island, found that the new vegetation could be divided into
two classes ; namely, a strand vegetation, which owed its existence |
to seeds carried by ocean currents, and an inland vegetation,
consisting very largely of 11 species of ferns. According to the
observation of Treub, habitats suitable for the growth of fern
prothallia were provided by blue-green algae which were very
prominent in the early stages of revegetation.

Besides the ferns there were in the interior eight oe of
phanerograms, two of which also occurred on the strand. The re-
maining six species, and the previously mentioned ferns were
apparently carried to the island by wind. No blue-green algae
have been reported from Volcano Island, and perhaps on this
account ferns have not been prominent. There are 21 species of
. Pteridophyta on the island, but these are mostly confined to deep
ravines and to the sides of cliffs along the shore. They appear
to be restricted largely to a substratum, which existed previous
to the eruption of 1911; whereas on Krakatau the ferns were
growing in new soil.

There are now 292 species of ferns and seed plants growing
on Volcano Island. We call attention elsewhere to the fact that
only a few of these have found a favorable habitat of any con-
siderable extent as only 13 species are common and widely

*“Treub, M., Notice sur la nouvelle Flore de Krakatau, Ann, Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg 7 (1888) 213. :

|

ee ee

xi,¢,4 ° Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 205

distributed. In view of the fact that such a small proportion of
the species that have invaded Volcano Island have become com-.
mon and wide spread, it is not surprising that no phanerogams
became prominent on Krakatau during the first three years
after the eruption, when we consider the fact that Krakatau is
much farther from the mainland than Volcano Island and so
was invaded by a much smaller number of species. ©

In 1887, or fourteen years after the eruption of Krakatau, the
island was visited by Penzig,?> who found that the vegetation
of the inland consisted of a kind of grass-steppe in which the
grasses sometimes reached the height of a man and in several
places formed a thick jungle. Trees were very scarce. Small
grasses, ferns, and a few seed plants grow on the hills and ridges.
The vegetation of the rock surfaces consisted largely of ferns
and showed little change from the conditions observed by Treub
in 1886.

The prominence of grasses and scarcity of trees is similar to

_ the condition observed on Volcano Island. Grasses were much

slower in becoming prominent on Krakatau than on Volcano
Island; but it may be that they would have been much more
prominent on Krakatau in-the early stages, if their seeds had
been transported to that island.

The essential differences between the revegetation of Volcano
Island and Krakatau seem to be connected with the fact that
Krakatau is situated in salt water and, therefore, has developed
a strand formation which is lacking on Taal; while Taal being:
much nearer a large land mass has been invaded by many more
species than Krakatau. These points will be considered later.

z ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The slowness of the revegetation of Volcano Island is prob-
ably not due, to any great extent, to the aérial environment,
as the surrounding country supports a luxuriant vegetation and
the indications are that it was originally covered by a tall dip-
terocarp forest. The unfavorable factors are apparently con-
nected with the condition of the substratum. The most evident
of these are erosion and lack of weathering.of the soil particles.
Most of the steeper slopes are composed of soft loose material
which is very readily eroded. An extreme case of erosion is
seen in Plate XVI, fig. 2, which shows the outer slopes of the

* Penzig, O., Die Forstschritte der Flora des Krakatau, Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg II 3 (1902) 92-113.

206 ’ The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

southwestern rim of the main crater. It will be seen that there
is a considerable tendency to form deep, narrow cafions with per-

pendicular walls. Plate XVI, fig. 1, represents such a cafion on ~

the southern side of Volcano Island. The depth of this cafion
can be calculated from the size of the men in the picture. Such
cahons occur on all sides of the voleano. On the upper slopes
where these cafions originate, the surface consists of small
rounded mounds separated by shallow depressions; the latter
unite, resulting in the formation of ravines which enlarge
rapidly. As these cafions reach the lower and more gradual
slopes they widen and coalesce to form the large deltal fans pre-
viously discussed. The method of erosion, just described, has
a very great retarding effect on the vegetation.

The volcanic materials of which the upper layers of the soil
of Volcano Island are composed have apparently not been weath-
ered into a good soil. The surface is so loose that when one
walks across it the feet sink in it to a depth of several millimeters.
Equally striking is the comoposition of the soil, which in many
places is composed largely of fine pebbly material. In Table
II are given the percentages of soil particles in the different

TABLE II].—Analysis of soils from Volcano Island.

(Numbers give percentages based on total dry weights.]

Sulphuric anhydride
(SOs).
Depth Part- ;
of Total icles Soluble in cold A
,.| Total . not water. 4 Acidity
Source of sample. Ple.| 1. umus.| mses passing in concn
* | I-mm =
sieve. | Total. | after | after | CO*
stand-| shak-
ing12} ing3

hours. | hours.

cm.

1s EAS a5 CMRSC Ea See 0-10 0.35 0.02 | 46.50 | 18.29 3.10 Te ae
Grease prohs sores a 0-10 0.98 0.05 } 28.58 5.00 1.28 Aas feo
Tree-covered area _______._____ 0-10 1.38 |} « 0.13 | 38.40 1.97 0.15 LAS 6 es
Crater iluped sooo 5-25 0.37 0.01} 45.00; 12.56 1.82 5.22} 0.155
Grass area

ae aan eui. Seaaels 1-25 0.38 0. 02 3.76 4, 42 0.09 0.80 | 0.022

“Soil particles not crushed; determinations were made on particles passing through a
i-mm sieve, =

samples that did not pass through a 1-millimeter sieve. The
surface soil at the crater rim showed 46.5 per cent of such
material. Preliminary examinations indicate that the water-
holding capacity of the soil is low.

The chemical properties of the soil have probably also had

|
|

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 207

an important effect on the revegetation. Cox ** gives an analy-
sis of ash thrown out by the eruption of 1911. This analysis
shows nearly~5 per cent of material readily soluble in water,
including 0.3 per cent sulphuric anhydride (SO,) and 0.74 per
cent chlorine. This would indicate that such ash would not form
soil favorable for plants until after the water-soluble material
had been leached out to a very considerable extent.

Shortly after the eruption the surface of the crater lake was
very much lower than at present and had streams of water flow-
ing into it. Cox gives an analysis of the water. of one of these

TABLE III.—Analyses of water of Taal Crater, Lake Bombon, and spring
at Ambulong.

{Numbers give parts per million.]

Roaiege at| Lake Bombon |
Ambu- (1917). Hot stream
long at Crater (flowing into}
Source. ae Reet Ap on ein rater
Lake | Near | Near | {1917).? ane
Bombon| Ambu- | Volcano a
(1917). | long.® | Island.>
Total solids by evaporation_.-._---.--------- 370.0 | 1,220.0 | 1,540.0 |40,000,0 |...-..------
Suecine gravity ut 16°. et ee a bag Bt mah et cea etre
nelinty 5 his Sees ee ‘ei tee 3 0.0147 N | 0.0069 N
Wink (Oise et a ee 72.0; 18.0 | 10.0 | 410.0 710.8
Iron and aluminum oxides Fe20s+AlzO3.___ 2.0 2.8 2.0 MON. 125755
Hon We); total. 14 0.24 0.14} 135.0 172.0
Matiganose .222002. 22263 2 Be a we eben $10.0 79.9
Alnminum (A1) 5 pecd cies sccesiaetnte easy trace phe a ee 86.0 26.1
Calciom (Ca) 41.0 59.0 64.0 860.0 556.8
Magnesiunt (My) <.. <<. <. 5228s ea ee 120.0} 400.0 , 50.0 | 2,650.0 909.3
Sodidin(Nay SA AS ee bee a ea 9, 870.0 2,584.3
Potematvins £50) ss gee et | en wesc oee 870.0 237.4
Chlorides (Cl) _.___- 6.1| 410.0 580.0 |18,300.00} 6,024.3
Bronidus (is)... eee tree Fe a
Jodidear tt) <2 ee ee ee ee ri ig eke tance iy
Sulphates (SO«) ae, ve 23.0| 160.0 | 194.0 | 3,300.0 2, 782.0
Phosphates (P00) 5 ee a a eee eee WG ee
Normal carbonates (as COs) --..---.-------- 0.0 12.3 980 fs ee eae
Bieirbonstei:s. 332. 300.0} 190.0 16ikO 3 ee Se

* Analyzed by J. Gonzales-Nufiez, Bureau of Science, Manila.
> Heise, G. W., The crater lake of Taal Volcano, Philip. Journ. Sci. A 12 (1917).
* Cox, A. J., Philip. Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911) 96.

streams. This analysis is copied in Table III. The water con-
tained 1.4 per cent of dissolved material, including over 0.6 per
cent of chlorine, 0.26 per cent of sodium, and 0.27 per cent of
the sulphate radicle (SO,). The soil from which this high-

* Cox, A. J., The composition of the fine ejecta and a few other inorganic
factors of Taal Volcano, Philip. Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911) 93-97.

208 The Philippine Journal of Science — =

mineral content was derived would certainly not be favorable for
plant growth.

In order to determine something of the chemical character of
the soil at the present time, we collected samples from the sur-
face soil to a depth of 10 centimeters at the crater rim, in the
grass area at the north end of the island, and in a tree- covered
area on the northern slope of Mount Pirapiraso. A partial
analysis of these soils was made for us by Mr. A. 8. Argiielles,
of the Bureau of Science. The results are given in Table II.
None of the soils contained appreciable amounts of chlorine.
Those from the crater rim and the grass area showed very ex-
cessive quantities of soluble sulphates. The humus and nitrogen
. content of the soil at the crater rim is extremely low; that of
the grass area is much too low for a good soil; while even that
of the tree-covered area is considerably lower than the average
for Philippine soils. ’

The above-mentioned soil samples from the grass and the tree-
covered areas contained plant roots. In the same grass area an-
other sample of soil was taken under the roots at a depth of from
7 to 25 centimeters. The humus and nitrogen content was con-
siderably lower than that for the surface layers, while the soluble
sulphate. content was very much lower. Another sample, taken
on the upper slopes of the crater at a depth of from 5 to 25 centi-
meters, showed about the same percentage of humus as the sur-
face sample, while the nitrogen content was even less.

Determinations of soil acidity (Table Il) were made on sam-
ples of soil from the crater slopes and from the grass-covered
area at the northern end of the island. In each case the acidity
is very high, while that of the soil on the slopes of the crater
is so extreme (0.155 per cent) that we would expect it to be
very harmful to the vast majority of plants.

The chemical analysis just discussed certainly indicates that
the soil of most of Volcano Island would form a very aes sub-
stratum for the growth of plants.

There is considerable evidence to show that eae ine
materials have been taken from the soil of Volcano Island at
a fairly rapid rate. The land near the northwestern part of
Bombon Lake near Ambulong is composed of nearly horizontal
beds of water-laid volcanic tuff ** through which there is a great
seepage of water. An analysis of a sample of water taken from
a large spring in the volcanic tuff at Ambulong (Table III)

cee W. E., Philippine lakes, Philip. Journ. Sci. A 11 (1916) 223-237,
pl. I. :

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 209

shows that this water does not contain an unusual amount of
dissolved material; it has a total solid content obtained by evapo-
ration amounting to 370 parts per million. The water of the
lake contains a very much higher percentage of dissolved mate-
rial as will be seen from the analysis in Table III. Near Ambu-
long the total solids amount to 1,220 parts per million and near
Voleano Island to 1,540 parts per million. The large amount
of dissolved material in Lake Bombon is probably derived from
volcanic ejecta, and a considerable proportion of it may have
come from Volcano Island.

The analysis (Table III) by Cox,?* of water flowing into the
crater lake in 1911 shows an unusual high content of dissolved
mineral matter. A comparison of this analysis with the water
in the crater lake in 1917 shows that the lake contains a much
higher percentage of dissolved material than the water of the
stream flowing into it in 1911. The amount of chlorides is
about three times as great, while sodium shows an even greater
increase in concentration. Calcium sulphate forms layers of con-
siderable extent over the soil at the edge of the lake.

The amount of solid material in the water of the lake is very
high, there being 40,000 parts per million. This high solid con-
tent shows that a great deal of soluble material has been taken
out of the soil of Volcano Island, as the crater lake is of consider-
able size and depth. Pratt? says of this lake that after the
eruption of 1911, the crater was occupied by a single lake about
1 kilometer in diameter, the surface of which was 70 meters
below sea level when the first descent was made to it. Later
it rose until, at the time at which he wrote, it stood at about
sea level.

Another factor that will probably have considerable influence
on the development of the vegetation is grass fires. In October,
1916, and January, 1917, there was no evidence of any consider-
able burnt areas on Volcano Island. By the first of April, 1917,
fires had swept over a large portion of the north end of the
island, including considerably more than half of Mount Binin-
tiang Malaqui, much of Mount Tibag, the northern and eastern
slopes of Mount Mataas-na-golod, and the northern slopes of
Mount Ragatan. All these fires had occurred during the early
part of the dry season; so that it may very well be that before the
end of the season nearly all of the areas, in which the grass is
thick enough for fire to spread from clump to clump, will have

* Cox, A. J., Philip. Journ. Sci. A 6 (1911) 96.
” Pratt, W. E., loc. cit.
150107-——3_.

yk ae The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

been burned. The fires had apparently not killed any of the
clumps of Saccharum spontaneum as, except in the most recently
burnt areas, the clumps were producing new leaves. However,
many trees, particularly the smaller ones, had been killed. Owing
to this fact, it seems not improbable that trees may have been
somewhat more numerous before fires of any considerable ex-
tent occurred on the island, than at the present time. Such trees
could hardly have formed closed stands, as such stands kill the
grass and fires do not burn through them. If fires continue to
be prevalent on the island, it is probable that the grass areas
at the northern end of the island will persist instead of being
invaded by trees.

Soils derived from volcanic activity are usually very fertile,
but the value of recent volcanic ejecta as a substratum for
plants varies greatly. In some cases volcanic ash appears to
produce a rich soil almost immediately. A conspicuous ex-
ample of this is found in the region around the settlement of
Kodiak, Alaska, which was covered nearly a foot deep with ash
_ by the eruption of Mount Katmai in June, 1912.°° The effect of
the ash as described by Griggs is as follows:

The most important settlement in the devastated district is Kodiak, which,
although a hundred miles from the voleano, was buried nearly a foot deep
in ash. This ashy blanket transformed the “Green Kodiak” of other days
into a gray desert of sand, whose redemption and revegetation seemed
utterly hopeless. When I first visited it, a year later, it presented an ap-
_ pearance barren and desolate. It seemed to every one there that it must be

many years before it could recover its original condition.

What, then, was my surprise on returning after an interval of — two
years to find the ash-laden hillsides covered with verdure. Despite the
reports I had received, I could not believe my eyes. Where before had been

barren ash was now rich grass as high as one’s head.

Every one agrees that the eruption was “the best thing that ever hap-
pened to Kodiak.” In the words of our hotel keeper, “Never was any such
grass known before, so high or so early. No one ever believed the country
could grow so many berries, nor so large, before the ash.”

The above description certainly indicates that the ash Wrswe
out by the eruption of Mount Katmai produced a very different
substratum from that formed by the eruption of Taal Volcano.

The effect, on the growth of plants, of the ash thrown out by
the eruption of the Soufriére in St. Vincent in 1902 was very
different from the case just described and more like that of Taal.

” Griggs, R. F., The valley of ten thousand smokes, Ni
Magazine 31 (1917) 13. es, National —"

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 911

This eruption * devastated an extensive area of fertile, cultivated
land. The depths of the covering of ejecta varied greatly in
different places; ** in some of the valleys it was from 50 to 80
feet thick; on fairly level land from 1 to 5 feet; and on steep
slopes only a few inches deep. Experiments conducted in 1903 *
with the ash showed that this was incapable of supporting plants
but that if soil was mixed with the ash, fair crops of estate
produce could be successfully grown.

The course of revegetation varied in different localities. In
1907 Anderson ** found that the surface of ash near the Richmond
works was not consolidated but was rapidly breaking up under
the influence of plant roots, and humus was being formed. At
the foot of the seaward slope of Richmond ridge there was a fan
or plateau which was originally covered several feet thick with
an incandescent avalanche. The surface of this consolidated
into a crust nearly an inch thick. In 1907 Anderson found that
no plants sprang up where this crust was perfect, but that where
it was broken, as along the small water courses, a few plants
were found.

The progress of revegetation in the above areas was described
by Sands * in 1912 as follows:

Starting from the ruined Richmond plantation works, it is seen that the
ejecta, mixed to some extent with old soil brought down by rains from the
higher lands above, are from 2 to 6 feet thick, and are being rapidly
converted into soil under the influence of favorable climate conditions, the
action of the roots of various plants and decaying organic matter * * *.
With the exception of the Roseau grass [Gynerium saccharoides HBK.],
the roots of which had not been killed, all the plants have gradually
established themselves from seed brought by various agencies from lands
near by * * *, cer

From Richmond works, proceeding along the coast in the direction of the
volcano, a plateau of ash is soon reached which was put down in the form
of an incandescent avalanche. This avalanche destroyed Richmond village,
and covered the northwest portion of the plantation lands to a depth of

* Anderson, T. and Flett, J. S., Report on the Eruption of the Soufriére
in St. Vincent in 1902, and on a Visit to Montagne Pelée, in Martinique.—
Part I, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Sec, A. 200 (1903) 353-553.

* Sands, W. N., An account of the return of vegetation and the revival
of agriculture, in the area devastated by the Soufriére of St. Vincent in
1902-8, West Indian Bull. 12 (1912) 22-31. ;

* Sands, W. N., loc. cit. a .
* Anderson, T., Report on the Eruption of the Soufriére, in St. Vincent,

in 1902, and on a Visit to Montagne Pelée, in Martinique—Part II, Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London Sec. A. 200 (1908) 275-303.
* Sands, W. N., West Indian Bull. 12 (1912) 22-31.

912 The Philippine Journal of Science ae

several feet. It is observed that the top layer of ash has formed a crust,
but this has been broken pp at frequent intervals by heavy rains; the
result is that numerous shallow water-channels have been formed. It is
observed that it is only in these depressions that plants have been able to
get a root-hold. The chief plant lining the sides is the silver fern (Gymno-
gramme calomelanos, Kaulf.) [=Ceropteris calomelanos Und.], which is
playing the important part of preparing the ash for higher types. Already
a few hardy plants such as the hurricane grass (Arundinella martinicensis,
Trin.), Emilia sonchifolia, DC., cattle-tongue (Pluchea odorata, Cass.),
Eupatorium odoratum, L., and a sedge or two are found growing with the
ferns. Here it is evident that these are the true ash plants, and have
grown from spores and fruits brought by wind and water; but chiefly by
the former.

Areas, in which the destruction of the vegetation was not com-
plete or where the ash has subsequently been largely washed
away, have become covered with plants.

On the upper slopes of the volcano révegetation has been slow
as will be seen from the following statement by Sands:

At 1,400 feet, plants are scantily distributed and the growth is poor.
Only the hardy bamboo and Roseau grasses, silver ferns and tree-ferns,
Freziera hirsuta, Sw., and Eupatorium odoratum, L., appear to thrive.
Here, however, is found the pretty moss Lycopodiwm cernuum, L., and the
somewhat rare Eupatorium ossacanum, DC. At 2,000 feet, silver ferns
and mosses only are seen. From this altitude to the lower lip of the crater,
which aneroid barometer readings indicate to be 2,800 feet above sea level,
the ejecta assume a coarse, cindery form, in which at present only algae,
mosses, and lichens are able to exist.

According to Anderson,** the early stages of the revegetation
of Mount Pelée were similar to those of the Soufriére.

In view of the fact that both the chemical and the mechanical |
compositions of volcanic ejecta vary greatly, it is not surprising
that the effect on plants should be different in different cases.
Probably the most usual condition is for recent ejecta to form
a poor substratum for plants. This is particularly true of lava
flows, which have to be weathered very considerably before they
can support higher plants. Very interesting examples of this
phenominon have been described from the Hawaiian Islands by
Rock. *7

Even when the ejecta form a soil composed of fairly small
particles, such a soil is very frequently a poor substratum for
plants until a considerable period has elapsed, when the soil has
apparently been weathered and leached.

* Anderson, T., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Sec. A. 200 (1908) 275-303.

sue a FS; The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merril and Yates: Voleano Island 213

It is a common observation that the upper slopes of active
volcanoes are usually very bare, and this is frequently the case.
even when there have been no recent eruptions,

Schimper ** visited the voleano of Gunong Guntur in western
Java many years after the vegetation had been completely des-
troyed by an eruption and found the vegetation quite open and
very poor.

There are absolutely no trees, but shrubby and herbaceous plants of
very various species were present. * * *, The most essential part was
played by plants that grew as epiphytes in the neighboring woods, namely
many orchids, as. well as several ferns and the shrubby Rhododendron
javanicum, * * *,

The picture that Schimper gives of this vegetation indicates
that the ground was very largely bare and that, as on the larger
part of Volcano Island, the plants were very scattered.

Another interesting example of a sparse vegetation on a
volcanic cone is afforded by the Gedeh in western Java. The
active crater is a small cone within a much larger ancient crater.
The slopes of the mountain and most of the ancient crater are
covered by a dense and varied vegetation, while the slopes of
the new cone, although signs of volcanic activity are very slight,
show a very sparse vegetation. This mountain was visited by
Brown and Yates in 1917. On the active cone there were
present only the following 9 species of higher plants and ferns:

Gaultheria nummularioides G. Don. | Anaphalis javanica Sch.

Gaultheria leucocarpa Bl. Carex hypsophila Mig.
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Histiopteris incisa J. Sm.

Rhododendron retusum Benn. Polypodium feeti Bory.
Vaccinium varingiifolium (Bl.) Mig. :

These include 5 Ericaceae, 1 composite, 1 sedge, and 2 xero-
phytic ferns. These plants were very scattered and all were
small, there being no specimen on the active cone that was more
than 0.5 meter in height. The density of the vegetation was
very similar to that shown in Schimper’s photograph taken on
Gunong Guntur. rate!

It seems evident that the invasion of soils of recent volcanic
origin varies very greatly in different cases, and our present
knowledge does not appear to justify us in trying to establish
any general laws.

* Schimper, A. F. W., Plant-Geography upon a Physiological Basis.
Eng. trans. by W. R. Fisher. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1903).

i

214 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

For convenience of reference we have brought together in
Table IV data on the relative abundance, the method of distribu-
tion, and the geographic origin and distribution of all the species
that have been found on Volcano Island since the eruption in
1911. °

The relative abundance of the individual species is merely
approximate, as no exact counts were taken. Under ‘‘very rare”
are listed those species observed only in one or two localities,
and represented by a single or very few specimens; “rare or
local” indicates those species which, while more abundant than
the above, are not conspicuous and are usually confined to a
limited area; “fairly common” includes those of general distribu-
tion that are not dominant; by “very common” are indicated
the comparatively few species that are widely distributed and
dominant. —

In listing the methods of distribution of seeds we have con-
sidered only those means by which they are carried to a con-
siderable distance and have left out of account those devices,
such as explosive pods which can distribute the seeds only a
few meters. Very few actual experiments have been performed
to determine the possible methods of distribution so that we have
relied on inferences drawn from the character of the fruits,
supplemented, in many cases, by direct observation. While the
data cannot threfore be regarded as exact, they should be suf-
ficiently accurate to allow general conclusions to be drawn from
them.

Under the heading “eaten by birds” are placed most of the
species with fleshy fruits as well as some species with dry fruits
that are known to be distributed by birds,

The heading “wind” includes those seeds with definite wings,
pappus, or other appendages adapted to aérial dispersal; also
the minute, dust-like seeds of the Orchidaceae and the spores
of ferns. :

Under “water” are placed those species that have manifest
adaptations for dispersal by means of fioating seeds or fruits.
Some species whose fruits are not specially suited for this method
of dissemination have reached Volcano Island by floating as the
distance from the shore of the mainland to the island is not great.
Viable seeds of Samanea saman, Cucurbita maxima, and Citrullus
vulgaris were found in the drift on the beach. Even more con-
spicuous was a large fleshy fruit of Artocarpus integrifolia with
the fruit as well as the seeds in perfect condition. None of

XII, C,4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 215

_ the above plants appear to be specially adapted for dispersal
by floating. Owing to the short distance from the mainland if
is probable that many other seeds having no special adaptation
for floating have reached the island by this means. Some, which
by themselves cannot float at all, may have been carried by
floating drift. This is particularly true, since in a short time
the fresh water would not impair the germinating power of the
seeds. It is a well-known fact that most of the seeds of tropical .
weeds will not float and this is apparently true of most species
with minute seeds. This fact, however, does not preclude the
possibility that some of these plants may have been transported
by the last-mentioned method.

The heading “organs for adhering” includes those seeds and
fruits with hooks and spines, barbed or viscid hairs, or other
special adaptation by which they adhere to the fur of animals,
the clothing of man, or the feathers of birds. Hyptis swaveo-
lens, a most successful weed, falls in this group on account of
the gelatinous viscid covering of the wet seeds.

Under the heading “eaten by animals” are placed those plants.

eaten by cattle and which may be disseminated by such seeds as
are not digested. Most of these seeds are minute and very hard.
It is probable that some species have thus reached Volcano Island,
and it is certain that a number of them have been disseminated
over the island by this means as a considerable number of cattle,
carabaos, and horses range on the island.
_ Under the heading “man” are included those species that are
usually disseminated only or chiefly by man. Annona reticulata,
custard apple; Arachis hypogaea, peanut; Bambusa spp., culti-
vated bamboos; Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato; Oryza sativa,
rice; Manihot utilissima, cassava; Musa sp., banana; and a few
others are found on the island.

Under “minute seeds” we have placed a large number of
‘species—characteristic fresh-water plants, rice-paddy weeds,
and others—which are for the most part of very wide geographic
distribution; but whose seeds usually do not float, are not
adapted for dissemination by the wind, and yet are most suc-
cessful emigrants. Many, if not most, of these are distributed
through the medium of mud, in which the seeds are imbedded
‘in large numbers, adhering to the feet and coats of birds and
other animals. ‘

There are a number of species—some of them are very wide
distribution and abundant in all tropical countries—that we have
not succeeded in classifying according to the method by which

216 The Philippine Journal of Science : 1917

their seeds are distributed, as we have’ not observed any evident
means of dissemination.

Under geographic origin and distribution we have indicated
species of American origin; species of Asiatic origin; the en-
demic species; those distributed in all or some parts of the
Indo-Malayan region in addition to the Philippines; and those of
pantropic distribution, including the species naturally occuring —
in both hemispheres and the ones that have been purposely or
accidentally transmitted by man from one hemisphere to the
other. In some cases it has been impossible to determine the
origin of species of pantropic distribution.

In the enumeration in Table IV of the plants found on Volcano
Island, we have included only the vascular crytogams and the
phanerogams. The cellular cryptogams are for the most part
conspicuous by their absence. Along the coast a few of the
rocks subject to the wash of the waves are densely covered by
a species of Cladophora, but on the bare soil of the island there
is no indication of an algal growth such as Treub ** found on
Krakatau, from which he assumed that the Cyanophyceae,
diatoms, and other algae prepared the soil for the reception of
seeds and spores of higher plants. The only lichen observed
was a single species, apparently Bilimbia artytoides (Nyl.),
on the walls of a few caiions, this being locally abundant; no
lichens were observed on the bark or the leaves of trees, although
a careful search was made for such forms. The Hepaticae are
represented by Anthoceros spongiosus Steph. and an undeter-
mined form; the Musci by Trematodon acutus C. Miill. and two
or three other, undetermined species. The mosses and hepatics,
however, are confined to the damp ravines and the damp soil
of bluffs near the shore, and are abundant only in very limited
areas.

A considerable number of the species mentioned in Table IV
were represented by a single plant, and nearly every one of
the deeper ravines in the northern part of the island contained
at least one species not observed elsewhere. It is, therefore,

unreasonable to suppose that every species growing on the island
has been detected; but it is practically certain that the list does
include all species that are either abundant or prominent, and
the number of species not included is probably small.

In Table IV the species found by Gates, but not observed 7"
us in 1916-17, thirteen in number, are indicated by a dagger
while those observed in 1916-17, but not found by Gates, are

“Treub, M., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 7 (1887) 213.

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island 217

indicated by an asterisk. The species observed by Gates, but
not found by us are:

Antidesma rostratum. Cyperus radiatus.
Aerua lanata. Elaeagnus philippensis.
Citrullus vulgaris. Lemna trisulca.

Ficus nervosa. Muntingia calabura.
Gymnema tingens. Oryza sativa,

Ipomoea batatas. Phaleria cumingii.

Crataeva religiosa.

Of these species Oryza sativa, Citrullus vulgaris, and Ipomoea
batatas are cultivated forms dependent on man for their per-
sistence, and they may no longer occur on Volcano Island, as the
plants observed by Gates were probably merely adventive ones.
Lemna trisulca was represented only by plants thrown up on
-the shore; while Cyperus radiatus, a marsh plant, which was
local along the shore, probably occurred in a very unstable habit-
at. The remaining eight species, mostly conspicuous ones, must
now be rare or at least very local on the island, otherwise they
would in all probability have been detected in 1916-17.

It has been necessary to make a few alterations in Gates’s
list, on account of changes in nomenclature. In some cases he
was not able to collect material suitable for identification, and
a comparison of his specimens with the collections of 1916-17
has necessitated a few corrections. Atalantia disticha and Sida
cordifolia, enumerated by Gates, are not included in Table IV,
as the only specimens of these plants collected by him were
from a neighboring island. Gates’s list, with the changes in-
dicated above, includes 175 species.

In Table IV are listed 117 additional species, nearly all of
which must have invaded the island between April, 1914, and
January, 1917. It is, of course, probable that Gates overlooked
a few species growing on the island at the time of his visit, and
this is apparently true of Bambusa vulgaris, Arytera littorals,
and Erioglossum rubiginosum. The last two are arborescent
species and are now represented by mature specimens. How-
ever, the number of species that Gates overlooked must be very
small,

The total number of species in Table IV is 292. Among these
are included nearly two-thirds of the 236 species listed by Cen-
teno as having been collected on the island between 1877 and
1879. Centeno’s list was evidently very incomplete, and it is
probable that it contains in general the plants that were the
most common and conspicuous on the island. The high per-
centage of species in this list which have been collected on the

918 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

island since the eruption in 1911 indicates that about two-thirds
of the species which were common before the eruption occur
on the island at the present time. .

The invasion of Volcano Island by new species has evidently
taken place at a very rapid rate. However, only thirteen species
are listed in Table IV as common and widely distributed. This
indicates that few of the species have found favorable habitats
of considerable extent and affords additional evidence that the
slowness of revegetation is due to adverse environmental con-
ditions rather than to a lack of seeding.

A large proportion of the species are widely distributed in the
tropics. Ninety-six, or 33 per cent, are of pantropic distribution ;
while an additional one hundred fifty, or 51 per cent, are found
in other parts of the Indo-Malayan region as well as in the Phil-
ippines. Only forty-six, or 16 per cent, are confined to the
Philippine archipelago. Most of the species on Volcano Island
are common and widely distributed in inhabited areas at low
altitudes in the Philippines. Merrill *° has shown that in such
regions the percentage of endemic species is small, being only

about 12 per cent. In his calculations cultivated as well as ©

spontaneous species are considered. The percentage of endem-
ism among spontaneous species would be somewhat greater.

The preponderance of widely distributed plants in the cul-
tivated areas in the Philippines is similar to the condition pre-
vailing in many tropical countries. The wide distribution of
these species is due to the fact that many tropical countries
originally supported tall dense forests, the removal of which,
produced conditions suitable for plants more xerophytie than
most of those previously occurring in the region. The artificial
production of similar habitats in many parts of the tropics has
made it possible for plants suitable for those habitats to become

widely distributed, largely through the agency of man, either

purposely or accidentally.

Most of the species on Krakatau are also of wide distribution.
In speaking of those in the interior of the island Ernst “ says:

Within their respective distribution-areas they belong to the commonest
plants and to such as grow indifferently in a great variety of habitats.
These constituents of the new Krakatau flora owe their occurence in the new
habitat, as also their wide distribution, chiefly to the efficient adaptation
of their fruits and seeds to distant transport.

“ Merrill, E. D., Notes on the Flora of Mani i i
: 3 = ila with special reference to
the introduced element, Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. Tae She:
Ernst, A., The New Flora of the Voleanic Island of Krakatau (1908) 48.

xi,c,4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island - 219

_ This statement is certainly applicable to most of the plants
on Volcano Island. The percentage of species common to the
two islands is, however, small. Ernst gives a list of forty-one
species occurring in the interior and not on the strand. Only
eleven of these are found on Volcano Island, although twenty-
four occur in the Philippines. The plants found on Krakatau
indicate a climate distinctly more moist than that of Taal.

The species occurring on the strand of Krakatau would nat-
urally be different from those on Volcano Island. Ernst men-
tions sixty-seven species on the strand of Krakatau. Of these
eleven are found on Volcano Island, while fifty-five are known
from the Philippines.

From the data given in Table IV we have calculated the ap-
proximate percentage of plants distributed by different means.
For reasons ‘which have already been explained, ~~ calculations
cannot be made exact.

Birds would appear to be the most important agency of dis-'
persal. LEighty-three, or 28 per cent, are listed as being eaten
by birds; fourteen, or 5 per cent, have organs for adhering and
so may be carried by birds; while sixty, or 21 per cent, are
characterized by minute seeds which could be distributed in mud
on the feet or the feathers of birds. There are thus one hun-
dred fifty-seven species, or 54 per cent, of the total on the island
which could have been carried to it by birds.

Sixty, or 21 per cent, aré apparently distributed by wind;
while only twenty-six, or 9 per cent, are adapted to dispersal
by water.

Thirty-nine, or 13 per cent, can be scattered by being eaten by
animals. As a considerable number of cattle and carabao have
been taken to the island since the eruption, a number of the
above plants may have reached the island or have been sub-
sequently distributed over it by this means. Many of the plants
in this category are also included among those that could be
disseminated by birds or wind.

Twenty-one species, or 7 per cent, are normally distributed
by man. At least three of these, Bambusa blumeana, B. vul- -
garis, and Musa sapientum, are relics of former cultivation on
the island. A few of the species may have been distributed
by man since the eruption. Some of the species that are usually
distributed by man are also distributed by birds and in our
calculations are included under both headings. A few species,
usually distributed by man, which are not particularly adapted
for floating have evidently reached the island by the latter means.

—— to the short distance between Volcano Island and the

2920 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

mainland a number of different methods have been effective in
carrying seeds to the island. More species seem to have been
introduced by birds than by any other single agency. Birds
have also been effective in scattering seeds on the island as,
with a single exception, all of the commonest tree species are
distributed by them. Next to birds, wind has brought the largest
number of species to the island. When the predominance of
grasses is considered it would seem that this agency is respon-
sible for the presence of the bulk of vegetation on the island.

The relative effectiveness of the various methods of dispersal
has been quite different in the case of Krakatau.*? Owing to
the greater distance of Krakatau from the mainland the invasion
by different species has been slower than on Volcano Island.
Twenty-three years after the destruction of the vegetation of
Krakatau this island was visited by Ernst who gives a list of
the species that had been collected on it up to that time. This
list includes ninety-two seed plants and sixteen Pteridophyta.
Ocean currents had been the most important method by which
phanerograms had reached the island. According to Ernst 39
per cent had certainly been carried to the island by this means,
while the number that might have been introduced by sea cur-
rents amounted to 72 per cent of the total. The number of seed
plants that almost certainly had been transported by wind
amounted to 16 per cent, while the addition of those that might
possibly have been carried by this method would brimg the total
to 32 per cent. Birds were apparently much less effective than
the two agencies just mentioned. Ernst says that 10 per cent
of the total were certainly introduced by this method while an
additional 9 per cent may, possibly, have been so transmitted.

A comparison of the invasion of Krakatau and Volcano Island
shows a very apparent difference in the efficiency of dispersal
by birds over long and short distances. Not only is the number
of species distributed by this means much greater in the case
of Volcano Island, but the percentage is also greater. This is“ -
in harmony with the observation of Kerner ** that the interval
between eating and ejecting of food is in the case of most birds,
from one and a half to three hours. Wind has carried many
more species to -Voleano Island than to Krakatau. This is,
of course, due to the greater distance in the latter case. The per-
centage of species introduced on Krakatau during the first four-

“ Ernst, A., op. cit.

“Kerner, A., The Natural History of Plants. Translated by F. W.
Oliver, 2: 864, .

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 221

teen years after the eruption and which were carried by wind
was, however, greater than has been the case on Volcano Island.

The difference in the effectiveness of water in transporting
seeds cannot be accurately compared in the case of Volcano Island
and Krakatau as the former is situated in fresh and the latter
in salt water.

TABLE IV.—Distribution and methods of distribution of plants found on
Voleano Island since the eruption of Taal Volcano in 1911.

[The * indicates additions to Gates’s 19}4 list; the + indicates species of Gates’s that were not
: observed on Voleano Island in 1916-1917.]

Relative abund- ‘ Geographic ori
ance, Method of distribution. and Tetrion
3 Origin. | Distribution,
EB. » ee
Species. i Es ; ‘ia
< 3) a
i] 2/84! Zz g\8 a oi
2) e/e8 = gia! | 3
9 Eo = 6|@ rs] " a 3
wie ° om| bh oH > a 8 te a a
Sie ie i. Se be: 3 S|Els
bale elalgl alg! .|$15131 8/4! §
Ble Sib 2) ela] S| 2) a) 8 Els eis F,
Plela> |alE/Elol/alsis </als
Abrus precatorious...--..-- Sn an MEEK DEY 5 2 a meee mabey Weer Ree celal ee acing a i,
Acacia farnesiana .__....- eel, Jecheucet- seco Merah 5 3 pe ae eee COT Tee 4
Acrostichum aureum* _.--|----| X j----|.---|----| % |----]----|---- edaprceecdestckcgn
. Adiantum caudatum* _...|----| * ila a ae “Saae peed Ded peat Me icedes:
Adiantum philippense .._.|----; X |----|----/----| saa ane al |
Aerua lanata + --..-.------ Eerie FS - SET co Oe So oh ig atcen pe, Poe
Agan rin gel Sie Oe i “AS Ueto HR ee Pea 8 Seed Ae eS oe A Oe
Ageratum conyzoides.....- pan, Sather Soe GP, 0: Mien Beers MO: a BE nee? re ieee Re smack
Albizzia procera.._...----- Bticerd SAE el > oid Oe ---| % We ded fos Re oe
Allaeanthus luzonicus_-..-- 4 ae x sean Dir > 4 wee ae Hee, ane
' Alstonia macrophylla* ___- « ie Bas Se weaelansafaansp Xf -aaa] Xf -
Alstonia scholaris _....---- apeck am 4. ee ae ae
Alternanthera sessilis ._..- ae DS A cel a x
Alysicarpus vaginalis -.... een Bs ee a Mice
Amaranthus spinosus -_--- So Sa Ee iG ee ie ae Ae nn Se Eee eo 4
Amorphophallus campan-
ulatus bo ee 2 x Ate Tie Ore) ee. Ne ae
Andropogon. fragilis* ..... x |. KA Sap MAA
Aneilema malabaricum* ..| X |----|---- pre ER Se ean oe, ae
Anisomeles indica*___...-- ica Ok Sa DE EO tay Oe fandn
Annona reticulata * _.....- A : x Wh fuckc x x
Antidesma bunius___- ; ak oe ilies: Roness ap ey ee
Antidesma gh billa__. cl aX. ues ON [eacal 6 oenioe
Antidesma rostratum t...-| * x Be Pee Dg a Gk ee
Arachis h ee S06) Oe We ettieaey OS
Arenga harifera x EL onc doncat Me pans) OK fe wiire
Aristolochia tagala.* es fe theca 6 pind cans hwiedoest Ee 2 ee eo le
. Artocarpus lamellata .-.-- x x Dae ete Deen Ores 7
Arytera littoralis* ....-.-- Kd SM Wsscclegsshicaalocia eect ete Beat oe Poee~
Bambusa bl: ; cal SM Aed OOCRELE pisken
Bambusa vulgaris* x ae x x «x
Blechnum orientale* _.....'----'---- ys es Sale 4 dy Feel foe ae

9a The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

TABLE I1V.—Distribution, ete—Continued. bee

Relative abund- : Geographic origin
ance. Method of —— and distribution.

Origin. | Distribution.

Species.

Fairly common,

Very common and widely
distributed.

Baten by birds.

Wind

Water.

Organs for adhering.

Eaten by animals.

Man.

American.

Endemic.

Indo-Malaya.

Minute seeds.

Very rare.
>» | Rare or local.

Blechum brownei* -------- Dinca
Blumea balsamifera. pas
Blumea lacera_.-----------|----|. ---
Blumea mollis* Scenes
Blumea glomerata* x SS
Boehmeria bl “ghia x x
Bonnaya brachiata* x Se te

Mae Sia RoR ee oe

xX | Pantropic.

xx xX

eK
ee a

_seee

XXKXXXX

anon |onns —s

nd rs

Breynia rhamnoides .----- sees

Sr

Caesalpinia crista* - os

!
|
xXXXXXXXXXXX
x

Calonyction album* Bos

b Seem (2)

x

x :
Spout epee de

x
x
x

h tdee ae Se x x

ea es eager eee oe RA
aes Kia one

Capparis micracantha ...-
Capsicum fruticosum* .-_-)____

xx XxX

es ees

wees

xX XXxXX

weaales oe e aa

eee ig 2 te Be

: cass cs Begs SS Sas ee eee
Spa a oe a ee ea ee
ae eee

Ec ee Sees EO ers Pee

x
Ceratophyllwm demersum- x
_ Ceropteris calomelanos” _-
Cheilanthes tenuifolia® -..|____| X |___. fete cS as ss
x awo--}) A j----- :
*

_Cissampelos pareira. SES
Cissus rep
Citrullus vulgarist......- x

Clerodendron minahassae eke Sa eee

x
XXX X

wae eee ewe

Colunvile (Cinna) Wield ot ets toch bo Shoes kee : -

| Commelina benghalensis* | X

xX Xx
x

eaiie! be

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island : 293

TABLE 1V.—Distribution, etc.—Continued.

~ -

Relative abund- ere oe | Geographic origin
ance, Method of distribution. and distribution.

Origin. | Distribution.

Species.

distributed.
Eaten by birds.

Wind.

Fairly common.

Very common and widely:
Organs for adhering.
Eaten by animals.
American.

Asiatic.

Endemic.

Indo-Malaya.

ria a
Man.

x | Rare or local.
X | Pantropic.

Commelina nudiflora
Corchorus acutangulus* _.| X |---- ae

'

xX X | Minute seeds.

Ser see ACen
Cordia myxa Linn._---_---- SPSS ea ae, Se ee eG ee en Oe fer
Crataeva religiosat -..---- KR fawen| ose] 5S] OS loses | sere oon fanaa aan nn) MIE ae

Cratoxylon blancoi __-.---- eet eee x en ae
Crotalaria albida.__-.....- "Se TES o et to
Crotalaria acicularis* _...|--.-| X |----|.---|----|----|--.-|----] @
= Crotalaria stenophylla* _-_|--.- x x
Crotalaria verrucosa*____- pe eee pease (2) eee se i
Cyanotis cristata * x
Cucurbita maxima*_.....-| X |---- a La

MK RR OER
x

Be mens resin Fam

WRC RM
'
vedtasad estat oat tae

Cyperus uncinatus* _____- eee ESD Ee eS

ie Dactylocteniem aegyp- :
* tne x eta pte
Datura alba - x set bee ae aad a ora
x
x

x
x

Deeringia baccata__...__.- Pp

D dium pr bens* _| X ic
_ Desmodium pulchellum .. |----|----
Desmodium scorpiurus ---| a ie
Desmodium triflorum _..-- fees :
Digitaria gui x Me does oe Age he ce AO en
Digitaria ciliaris* x -. Kien Detseae Bas
Dioscorea bulbifera. Se
_Dioscorea t i x
Dioscorea myriantha* _..-| X —

eaenfadedsnen| Pe ye see

x XX

x XXX
x
x

x XXX xX
x xX XX &
x

x
x

; AnUM 222 ~ Rane 4 si ae
= : Dryopteris parasitica*__..| X |_---|----|----|----

ideal Oy

x

:
8
e
:
x
x x

are > Ee Pee

Eclipta zippeliana* _.__-_- x eae
Elaeagnus philippensis+ _-| X x : Z
Eleusine indica not

Emilia sonckifolia-:... Zh ae 2 Bee 2
Brapaticwmais he hd Lae Kis tsk Pore

x! xxx

294 The Philippine Journal of Science

TABLE 1V.—Distribution, etc—Continued.

1917

x

~ {Relative abund-| Method of distribution. Gecgrnanic ene
3 : Origin. | Distribution.
i= fi].
Species, : Be . 3 |
.| Slee 3 & a 5
g/oe| & a Fa
3 3 € ag 2 Boe 3 Pa jal s
1 = ae > a Ce a-ea4
8 2. | o/s] 2 ‘ a2 2 Sig =e £ e
plelzie | sieiglaislglzigigialal f
giale |elelgizlgisialeisizizi é
> Fa [> BIBloOlm|S\|Sl<¢i¢/al sia
Eragrostis distans* - pee Moe Khe oe eee
Erigeron lintfolius ..------ ADA Eye Ski Ree peewee Res ee SE Ses ye eeknen ees Pei Ge ~
Erioglossum rubigino-

Ne su icone > ey Ripa, PS SITE Bee Se RE ES PRE en peti Mn ee RAE Se ee

Erythrina indica_.....---- x eee x mane RE Se ease =
Eugenia jambolana. x |x x X jo-n-]--2-[ K
Eulophia squalida* _...--- DF ts OES Ue Bae ee aaeet SS eabeer Sea.
Euphorbia hirta* .... (ecteamalcptaskintoes a cnn kth ee end eace paw Oe
Ficus concinna* ......---- x See Se ¢ x1 x
Ficus cumingit...-.- be ote ek fab Mere eeecaec.
Ficus hauili .........--- XK: Saeed BAS AN
Ficus indica .....- : pA Be eee 9 ee x
Ficus nervosa +_-- ~ es Mobster.
Ficus nota” ..-.-- x ayer Be 4 x |x
Ficus odorata* ._...- x Sa See xXx
Ficus stipulosa* x x xix
Ficus tinctoria....-- x x oe Rade Boe sae ee ec a
Ficus ulmifolia >. Gs eee ee SS OOS: Ree
Fimbristylis merrillit* -_.-| X PRA ON Set OP a ees.
Fimbristylis polytricho-
. edee* 5c x tS Lcnal Sane ee ose
Fimbristylis squarrosa*_--|....| X pe Neri ae Be BS x
Flacourtia rukam* x x je Cone es See
Fluggea virosa . SESS a Ss Ss Se ga gam oy Ae eee
Gleichenia linearis* ......| X oan DG: [Ree OS eee
Gliricidia sepium -... x Ks ees a ee
Glochidion rubrum* -.....| x Maho

Glochidion triandrum ----|-...| X |----|----] X Dean. [esa e.
Gmelina philippensis* x pal Pe pe eed aca, eee
Gymnema pachyglossum -.|_...| 4 Pe hd pee ee
Gymnema tingens} .....-- x x be ea Ger es eee
Hedyotis tenelliflora* _....| X See OE oh
Heliotropium indicum pene oo beg S€ + be: x
Hemigraphis rapifera*_...| * |___. Saco tec bol ee deaee
Hemionitis arifolia* _____. a=-4} % x Bs Pan ee ee ee
Hetaeria oblongifolia” _-_- x Sl Be as Caras
Hibiscus surattensis* ____- < Soren as Soe
Hewittia sublobata _._____- By ie a, a OO id erties
Hyorophila angustifolia” -| x m4 Me be
Hyptis suaveolens *_....__. < ee Re «x
Imperata cylindrica TRE e

Roenigtt sco ones x x Pre Ce wee) ee
Tpomoea batatas+..........| X eae on med
Ipomoea obscura... ___..-.- oe =

cay

xu,¢,4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island —«- 295

TABLE IV.—Distribution, ete—Continued.

Relative abund- ee Geographic origin
ance. Method of distribution. and distribution,

Origin. Distribution,

—

- Species.

Fairly common.

Very common and widely
distributed.

Eaten by birds.

Organs for adhering.

Eaten by animals,

Wind.

x XK | Water.
Minute seeds.

Rare or local.
Asiatic.

Very rare.

ween lenny

Ipomoea pescaprae : smal Me bececl same

Endemic.
Ind:
x X | Pantropic.

x
Ipomoea pestigridis --...-. So ee ae Met igek Dy Aedcin
eel 2 a SO aan

/
a
|
:
&
Bs
x
x
x

acal OW Beata ie ledncs

Kyllinga monocephala* _..| * ; Boge dit CE, |
Jussiaea repens _-.....---- > 4 eae x*

x
ene x
x

>

$

=

*

x
xx XX

x

Leusas sSavanied= i pees Gy okee Poe cy Di Aahoeh batho
Lindenbergia philippen-
a, ee

Litsea gluti 7G oes Ee f
Luffa cylindrica...-------- x Pate € x x
Lycopodium cernwum*....| X cone] XK Jane : *
L i lentum _| X Sere oo, ee 4

ied Ge TEE
Pies Od Cee

x
x

5 Rng

Lygodium japonicum ..--- i eden deseeliguudubest oe jaate - ies owen rp ence
r oa dens * sa Mer Boe i he ee ee Boe Sree Se fg re

Macaranga tanarius :.---- eee Se © oe eee Be

Maesa cumingii --..------- Sas BTS Sg Eee SS

Maesa lawa Mez* -_..-.---. CA pe, Se Bes ferrtel F e aaa
>
x

xX XXXX XK XK
x

Mallotus mol: 8 eg eee
Manihot utilissi: aX ye a A 4
Mariscus stuppeus _.-.---- Ste BG RAP ces bo een
Melothria mucronata® -...| X |.---|----|----
Mezoneurum latisiliquum.|__..| |---2|-- "4 gs ey eee ne
Microlepia speluncae* _--.)_...| X meen rt

x

Mitr Isinoides* x gbt Pe Annes
Momordica charantia _---- at i
Momordica cochinchinen-
RR ies Saclay eee Be Be
Momordica ovata... ------ Ee Gi eee
_ Morindu bracteata -.-.---- BONER pees WD, 88

Sieteted

OR Ue

--«-| @

XXXXXK S3XXKXKXX*X
x

Mucuna nigricans® _..---. pao satin fie +e eee et
Muntingia ealabura?t ..---| X x die

:
=
2
x
x
x xX
x

Mussaenda philippica* -..| X |.-.-|----|----]

Nephrolepis biserrata ...-- Sate Bas

Neonauclea bartlingii *-...| X |.-.-|----|----|----

Notholaena densa*__.. ....| X |---- ese

Odontosoria chinensis..... x
1501074

———-

xX XK
H
H
x

veel Klason

XxX XX

296 ~—~—*‘The Philippine Journal of Science 1911

TABLE I1V.—Distribution, etc.—Continued.

Relative abund- ; . .Geographic origin
ance, Method of distribution. and distribution.

Very common and widely

Origin. Distribution.

Species.

Fairly common.
distributed.
Eaten by birds.
Minute seeds.
Endemic.
Indo-Malaya.

Organs for adhering.
Eaten by animals.

xX _ | Pantropic.

Oldenlandia corymbosa--..\----

Am
x X | Asiatic.

Onychium siliquosum. --- ESHA SS aH See oe Be Peeves ©: Oop bere
Operculina turpethum ..-| .--- Bae Seal SLE BURG Se pees eee oR

Oplismenus compositus * __|----
Oroxylum indieum _...--.- Brew

ne ee wese| et wctowun oe x
SS Ney REAR Ras os BSE S eee ER ee oe eee

x xX © XxX | Rare or local.

:
¥
sca

Silacfowt stwchis| sates saabce be Ra ee es ee oe

Panicum caudiglume.____- =e
Panicum distachyum..__.- ps

x x
x x
x Bs

Panicum repens-_..--...-..|----}| X |----|---- 28 oes ease] OK
Xx ; x x
x x
x

Paspalum distich
Paspalum scrobiculatwm .-|.---
Pericampylus incanus ___-|----
Phaleria cumingii + x 2

x xX

x
RARE hes Soe ee
= ia

Phragmites vulgaris_..._..|----| X |----|. ; fs Ee Sesh Sostaee|
Phyllattie ergthrotHichus | so Koco alesse otc co eel eles |X fae | | MS |e
ES Gee Sty SER mien Se SER Et 4

Pistia stratiotes .____..._.. eal he factee x x

won| OX fosasceelececiesas|2
Sina loincfuucn [wat om pate see as

Polygonum barbatum* ____| er 3 SLE x x

», 7, *
sae: ylan ae ea ets Krad Sem x = age Soy Bak ie
Premna nauseosa__.__. x bode seen a <8

Premna odorata * x x x1 x
Psidium guajava. « 7 :
Pteris vittat x
Pteris quadriaurita x
Pterocaulon cylindrosta- |

BSS Sees ESR ES Sh we ee 2 ae
SoS is Se x

wane awe l eee

meee

XXX X
x

ee

*
*
x
x x KX

snes a8
nine Vera ; =a Petes HE Nd Oe ae

XII, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island

TABLE 1V.—Distribution, etc.—Continued.

Relative abund- Geographic origin
ance. | Method of distribucion. saat doteiniens +g

Origin. | Distribution.

Species.

Fairly common.

Very common and widely
distributed.

Eaten by birds.

Organs for adhering.

Eaten by animals.

Minute seeds.

Rare or local.

Z a
ro) =I C}
: : g|.|a/ai¢
b ae g|2| 83 5/4 E
= 3
: > |e SEI eee
: Pyxidaria pusilla ......-_- Ber oa TE a San Bes eS ee at Fe ee ie
: Quisqualis indica _....-._- See ete ee eee ee ckcl 345 gk decal Me kclze
Ricinus communis __...--- atk oe [ueeeheae. (2) DK faberelannad 0S [otectea mais ok
Rottboellia exaltata* __.__- ML Ate rs paps Mies et Ber a Bape FP Ei Pr re) fad EE ta
Rourea erecta ___..---..... + Oe ieokdl dial Pe eeeeuloeee MNS, Ge at des es
- Pelnuel Pe dodaas

]
&
;
:
:
.
:
x

H
Be
ce
oy
q
.
1 x
“5
:
x

Spermacoce hispida ....... Be 1) ae Frese! See ome oat SERA wip
Sphaeranthus africanus* _| X |_..-|----|--.-|----| X |.-- PR ticewl Oe Bnei

lata* ___. Xb ) oe

x

x
Stenochlaena palustris*_..| X |----|---- x : Plz ee

x

x

Streptocaulon baumii __.-- 2 x bp Sais iw pd Bae aoe
Synedrella nodiflora ...-.- BOA 6 o ita r eK eA ee aa x
Tabernaemontana pan-
dacaqui Jad ee es
Tabernaemontana subglo- é
0008 stoi te ee Sees red ME fe “by eC (oe Ll eee Rig Bees peo
Tephrosia dichot x x
Terminalia catappa*_._.--
Tetrastigma harmandii ___|.....| X |----|----| % |----|-- Be
Torenia peduncularis*___-| X |---- Spe Seer
_ Themeda gigantea. x x
Torulinium ferax* ......-- Mbscc | x x
Tournefortia sarmentosa Me fscus| esau Ow
\ Trema orientalis ~~
Trianthema monogyna* _-| X |----|---- AP) te ds bas mer
Trichodesma zeylanicum*_| X |-- oe le eee SS oe
Triumfetta bartrami x sonal OS
Tylophora perrottetiana* _| X
Urena lobata* .........---- or ee x
Vallisneria gigantea ......!...-| X | ae are, ee See

x
x

Wo dasvclaacwe

x
'
'
x
xXx XXX XK X
x

x XXX
x
H
H

4
x
x

Pe 2 ee ga tenp

292 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

TABLE 1V.—Distribution, etc.—Continued.

lative abund-| _ yethod of distribution. | Geographic origin
> . ° :
3 Origin, | Distribution.
= ae
Species, : 23 . bia
i=} 3) 2 <= Fz] x
3|2\S4\ 314 a 2
318 £5) 5 w| & Bic Bis
= g £2) b S| b 2/& s|/ S12
= 3 ot ol a
i un | Olog a -j a} 2\|2is| eis 3
Sl hie i aig 8 Si c|/5/ 8/8/81] 8
plelzie Sieg aisle 2 Ei slei3l a
plain |alEIBiOl|alS|aid[4) a] 4] a
Vernonia patula* x Bede Ge 3 Mech eee
Vernonia cinerea bg ee Be Ga Sess Bee: ee b Ae ess Oe oe es ee
Vigna lutea pee x BS *
Vitex parviflora---......-- ns x eae Sh dls acetate!
Vitex trifolia* x >-4 ee SS pales Mens ee SET She Pee
Waltheria americana ..--- sean Seen: Oh as FE Shs m elnat se De mx -
Wedelia biflora x SSeck-e be ois so. ee ea
Wendlandia | ig. XX ae ees Se, x 1xX
Wrightia laniti x ba oe ol TS EX:
Zornia diphylla* Se x x | xX x ee ee
Wedales.22i pests 96 [128 | 55 | 13 88 |60+26+ 14 [89+| 21 | 60 87 fait 46 |150 | 96

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES OF PTERIDOPHYTES AND SPERMA-
TOPHYTES FOUND ON VOLCANO ISLAND SINCE THE ERUPTION
OF TAAL VOLCANO IN 1911 **

POLYPODIACEAE

Acrostichum aureum Linn.* Lagélo. A few plants were observed on
cliffs in sheltered ravines; none seen near the coast.

Adiantum caudatum Linn.* Widely scattered on bluffs near the shore.

Adiantum philippense Linn. Culantrillo. Scattered in shaded ravines.

Blechnum orientale Linn.* Abundant in some ravines at the northern
end of the Island.

Ceropteris calomelanos (Linn.) Und.* Widely distributed on cliffs and
in ravines, locally abundant; one plant was observed nearly at the
crater rim, and a few within the crater near the base of the north-
eastern wall.

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw.* Widely scattered on earth banks
and in ravines,

Dryopteris parasitica (Linn.) O. Kuntze.* Rare, a few juvenile plants
in ravines.

Hemionitis arifolia (Burm, f.) Moore.* Widely scattered in ravines.

“In this list those species marked with an asterisk are additions to thé
list of Taal plants published by Gates in 1914; the dagger indicates those

species recorded by Gates in 1914 that were not observed on Volcano Island
in 1916-1917,

[=e

XI, C, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 999

Microlepia speluncae (Linn.) Moore.* Widely scattered in ravines; not
common.

Nephrolepis biserrata Schott. Widely distributed in ravines, open slopes,
etc.; a single plant was observed just below the crater rim on the
inside of the crater, and one at the base of the crater on the north-
eastern wall.

Notholaena densa J. Sm.* On bluffs near the beach and on walls of
canons; not abundant and very local.

Odontosoria chinensis (Linn.) J. Sm. Noted especjally in ravines and
cafions, locally abundant; a few plants in the crater on the north-
eastern wall.

Onychium siliquosum (Desv.) C. Chr. In ravines and cafions; local and
not_ abundant.

Pteris vittata Linn. (P. longifolia poate non Linn.). On cliffs and walls

of cafions; local.
Pteris quadriaurita Retz. In shaded ravines; local.

* Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd.* Hagndéya. A few plants ob-

served back of the beach, in thickets, near Pirapiraso.
_ GLEICHENIACEAE
Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) Bedd.* A few juvenile plants observed in
one ravine.
SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Néito. Widely scattered in thickets
and in ravines; a few plants occur within the crater near the base of

the northeastern wall.
Lygodium scandens (Linn.) Sw.* Nito. Not uncommon in thickets about

Pirapiraso.
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium cernuum Linn.* A few juvenile plants observed on damp
walls of a single cafion. :

SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella belangeri Bory. On banks and among Saccharum; locally
common.
PANDANACEAE

Pandanus tectorius Soland. Pandén. A few widely scattered individuals
on open slopes; rare.

- ; HYDROCHARITACEAE

Ottelia alisnoides (Linn.) Pers.* Calabéo. Abundant along the northern

coast, cast up by the waves.
Vallisneria gigantea Graebn. Cintas. Apparently abundant in shallow
water of coves and bays, as the plant.is cast up on the beach in large

quantities.
GRAMINEAE

Andropogon fragilis R. Br.* Rare.
Bambusa blumeana Schultes f. Caudyan totédo. A number of tufts near
Pirapiraso and a few in other localities, all from previous cultivation.

230 The Philippine Journal of Science | 1917

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.* Tianatvac. A few tufts at Pirapiraso; all from
previous cultivation.

Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. Grama. Widely scattered in damp soil
near the beach.

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linn.) Richt. Widely scattered at low alti-
tudes; not common.

Digitaria consanguinea Gaudich. Widely scattered at low altitudes at
the northern end of the Island.

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Pers.* With the preceding species, but less
common. : *
Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. Scattered along the northern coast of the

island.
Eragrostis amabilis (Linn.) W. & A. (E. tenella R. & S.).* Widely
scattered along the beach,

Eragrostis distans Hack.* Not uncommon on dry banks of ravines at low
altitudes.

Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii Benth. Cégon. Locally abundant, espe-

cially at the northern end of the island; in some places gregarious.
Miscanthus sinensis Anders. In widely scattered tufts; nowhere abundant
or gregarious.
Oplismenus compositus (Linn.) Beauv.* Abundant in a few places at
Pirapiraso.

Oryza sativa Linn.+ Bigds. “One specimen seen.” (Gates.) Not found
in 1916-17.

Panicum carinatum Presl.* Abundant in ravines and thickets.

Panicum caudiglume Hack. At the base of bluffs along the coast and on
the walls of cafions; locally abundant.

Panicum distachyum Linn. Widely scattered in damp soil at low altitudes.
Panicum repens Linn. In damp soil near the beach.

Paspalum distichum Linn. Gregarious in limited areas immediately back

of the beach.
Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. Widely scattered at low altitudes.
Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Trin. També. Confined to very limited areas
immediately on or back of the beach; nowhere abundant, and appa-
rently rapidly being eliminated by other vegetation.

Pogonatherum paniculatum (Lam.) Hack.* On damp cafion walls; very
local and not abundant.

Rottboellia exaltata Linn.* Aguingay. A coarse annual grass of rare and
local occurrence at low altitudes.

Saccharum spontaneum Linn. subsp. indicum Hack. Taldhib. Dominent
nearly everywhere where vegetation occurs, except in the dense thickets
and ravines where shrubs and small trees occur; on the upper slopes
usually dwarfed and often from 20 to 30 cm. high. The only con-
spicuous plant within the crater, here widely scattered and usually
dwarfed. ;

Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. Locally abundant, in some places gre-
garious, and widely distributed on open slopes.

rice

XII, ©, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island 231

CYPERACEAE

-

Bulbostylis barbata Kunth. Abundant among Saccharum and i in the beds
of water courses.

Cyperus compressus Linn. Widely scattered among Saccharum in damp
places.

Cyperus diffusus Vahl. Common in some ravines and in some thickets.

Cyperus distans Linn. Widely scattered; not common.

Cyperus radiatus Vahl.} “Local on the strand.” (Gates.) Not observed

in 1916-17.

Cyperus rotundus Linn.* Widely scattered at low altitudes.

Cyperus uncinatus Poir.* Widely distributed among Saccharum at low
altitudes.

Fimbristylis merrillii Palla.* Rare in damp open places at low altitudes.

Fimbristylis polytrichoides R. Br.* Widely scattered in damp places at
low altitudes; not common.

Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl.* Widely distributed; locally abundant along
the shore and in some ravines; scattered tufts occur within the crater.

Kyllinga monocephala (Linn.) Rottb.* A few plants observed at the
base of bluffs along the beach.

Mariscus stuppeus (Forst.) Merr. Scattered along the beach and in some

ravines.

Pycreus nitens (Vahl) Nees.* At the base of bluffs back of the beach;
very local. :

Pycreus holosericeus (Link.).* A few plants in damp soil along the

strand. © .
Pycreus odoratus (Linn.) Urb.* Widely scattered at low altitudes.
Torulinium ferax L. C. Rich.* A single plant back of the beach on the

west coast of the island.
ARACEAE

Amorphophalius campanulatus Roxb. Pofgdpong. A few plants observed
“in ravines near Pirapiraso.

Pistia stratiotes Linn. Quidpo. Very local on the island for want of

proper habitat; confined to a very few areas where stagnant water

is found back of the beach. Commonly cast up on the beach by the

waves.
LEMNACEAE
Lemna trisulca Hegelm.j Lia. “Washed up on the shore with Pistia.”
(Gates.) Not seen in 1916-17.
Spirodela polyrrhiza (Linn.) Schleid.* Lia. Rare and in small quantity
on stagnant water at mouths of water courses.

= - PALMAE

Arenga saccharifera Labill. Cdong. A few young plants observed in
ravines. :

232 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

COMMELINACEAE

Aneilema malabaricum (Linn.) Merr.* Rare at low altitudes.
Commelina benghalensis Linn.* Alichbdfgon. In damp soil at low alti-
tudes; rare. is ;
Commelina nudifiora Linn. Alicbdéngon. Widely scatterred in thickets
and ravines at low altitudes.
Cyanotis cristata (Linn.) R. & S.* Locally abundant in thickets near the
beach.
DIOSCOREACEAE

-

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. In thickets and ravines; rare.
Dioscorea luzoniensis Scharuer. Cobag. In thickets and ravines; common

about Pirapiraso.

Dioscorea myriantha Kunth.* Rare; only a few plants observed.

Dioscorea triphylla Linn. (D. daemona Roxb.).* Nami. In thickets and
ravines at Pirapiraso. :

Dioscorea aculeata Linn.* Tugui. In thickets on bluffs along the northern
coast of the island.

MUSACEAE

Musa sapientum Linn. var. Sdguing. Two forms or varieties occur on
the island, both certainly persistent from plants existing before the
eruption.

ORCHIDACEAE

Eulophia squalida Lindl.* Rare; observed in one ravine.
Hetaeria oblongifolia» Blume.* A single juvenile plant observed in a
damp cajion on the northern slope of the volcano. :
ULMACEAE

Trema orientalis Blume (T. amboinensis auct., non Blume). Hanarién.
Common and widely distributed.

MORACEAE

Allaeanthus luzonicus (Blanco) F.-Vill. Himbabaéd. One tree observed
near Pirapiraso.

Artocarpus lamellata Blanco (A. nitida Tréc.). Anédbling. A few trees
observed near Pirapiraso.

Ficus concinna Miq.* Baléte. A single juvenile plant observed.

Ficus cumingii Mig. Isis. Widely scattered on open slopes and in ravines.
A polymorphous species, presenting several forms, some of which
intergrade with F. ulmifolia Lam.

Ficus hauili Blanco. Hawili. Common and widely distributed in thickets,
ravines, and open slopes at low altitudes.

Ficus indica Linn. Baléte. Widely distributed. Certainly persistent
from trees existing before the eruption; one well-established tree,
perhaps 4 or 5 meters high, occurs on the northern crater wall inside
the crater. This may prove to be F. retusa Linn.

Ficus nervosa Heyne.t “Small shrub in parang.” (Gates.) Not observed
in 1916-17.

~ sill ct Ae

-

XII, C4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 933

Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.* Tibig. Rare; a few plants at low altitudes.

Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr.* Pagquiling. Rare; a single tree observed.

Ficus tinctoria Forst. Baléte na baté. On cliffs along the coast; widely
scattered. ; :

Ficus stipulosa Mig.* Baléte. A single tree on the bluffs near the
northern coast of the island.

Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Jsis. Common and widely distributed.

Malaisia scandens (Lour.) O, Kuntze.* Malaisis. A few plants in
thickets near Pirapiraso.

Streblus asper Lour. Calids. Rare in thickets at low altitudes.

URTICACEAE

Boehmeria blumei Wedd.* Scattered in ravines.

Pipturus arborescens (Link.) ©. B. Rob. Dolénot. Widely scattered in
thickets at low altitudes.

Pouzolzia zeylanica (Linn.) Benn.* A few plants in damp open places at
low altitudes; rare.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Aristolochia tagala ‘Cham.* Malaibi. Not uncommon in thickets near
Pirapiraso.
POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum barbatum Linn.* A few specimens observed immediately back
of the beach on the eastern coast of the island.

AMARANTHACEAE

Aerua lanata (Linn.) Juss._ A few small plants observed by Gates near
the strand; not seen in 1916-17.
Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br. Scattered near the beach.

- Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Colitis. Widely scattered near the beach.

Deeringia baccata (Retz.) Mog. Not uncommon in thickets near Pira-
piraso; scattered in other parts of the island.

_ AIZOACEAE
Trianthema monogyna Linn.* A single plant near the beach on the
eastern coast of the island. :
PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca oleracea Linn. Golisiman. Along the beach; rare and widely
scattered. :

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. A submerged aquatic cast up on the
shore. :

MENISPERMACEAE

Cissampelos pareira Linn. Scattered in thickets at the northern end of
the island. : ae

Pericampylus incanus Miers. In thickets near Pirapiraso.

4

934 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

ANNONACEAE

Annona reticulata Linn.* Andénas. One mature tree, bearing fruits, and
a few small ones near Pirapiraso; a remnant from old cultivation.

LAURACEAE

Cassytha filiformis Linn. Malabohdéc. In thickets near the beach at a few
places along the western shore of the island.

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. Pusopuso. Widely scattered in
thickets, on open slopes, and in ravines.

CAPPARIDACEAE

Capparis horrida Linn. Daudg. In thickets and ravines; locally abundant.

Capparis micracantha DC. Halobagat. Much less common than the pre-
ceding species.

Crataeva religiosa Forst.t “Tree, invading parang.” (Gates.) Not
observed in 1916-17.

Polanisia viscosa DC. A few plants observed immediately back of the
beach; widely scattered.

MORINGACEAE

Moringa oleifera Lam. Malingay. Near Pirapiraso; a few trees, almost
certainly persisting from before the eruption.

CONNARACEAE

Cnestis diffusa (Blanco) Merr.* Not uncommon in thickets along the
northern coast of the island. :
Rourea erecta (Blanco) Merr. Camagsd. In thickets and ravines; widely

scattered but not abundant.

LEGUMINOSAE

Abrus precatorius Linn. Saga. Widely scattered at low altitudes.
Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd. Avréma. Abundant.

Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Acleng pdrang. Common on slopes and
in ravines at the northern end of the island.

Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. Manimanihan. Fairly common among Saccha-
rum at low altitudes.

Arachis hypogaea Linn. Mani. A few plants observed by Gates near
Pirapiraso, and one or two in 1916-17.

Caesalpinia crista Linn.* Calumbibit. Scattered in thickets at low north-
ern end of the island.

Canavalia ensiformis (Linn.) DC.; forma. Abundant near the coast in
ravines and thickets.

_ Canavalia lineata DC. Patdning dégat. Locally abundant along the beach.

Cantharospermum scarabaeoides (Linn.) Baill. Widely scattered among
Saccharum at low altitudes.

Cassia alata Linn.* Capirco. Rare; a few plants observed at low
altitudes.

xi,c,4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voleano Island 235

Cassia tora Linn.* Catanddng dso. Rare; a few plants observed at low
altitudes.

Clitoria ternatea Linn.* A few plants at low altitudes; rare.

Crotalaria albida Heyne. Locally abundant among Saccharum at low
altitudes.

Crotalaria acicularis Ham.* Locally abundant among Saccharum at low
altitudes.

Crotalaria stenophylla Vog.* Widely scattered among Saccharum at low
altitudes.

Crotalaria verrucosa Linn.* Rare; a few plants observed near the beach.

Derris polyantha Park. Common in thickets along the northern coast of
the island.

Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC, Widely distributed and common
among Saccharum at low altitudes.

Desmodium procumbens Hitche.* Rare; only a few plants observed.

Desmodium pulchellum Benth. Common among Saccharum at low al-
titudes.

Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desf. Common among Saccharum at low
altitudes.

Desmodium triflorum (Linn.) DC. Common and widely distributed at low
altitudes.

Erythrina indica Lam. Dapdap. Widely scattered; chiefly near the coast;
rare.

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. Madre cacdéo. Locally abundant; at the
northern end of the island; probably persistent from trees existing
‘before the eruption.

Mezoneurum latisiliquum (Cav.) Merr. Cdmot pisa. On bluffs along the

i: coast; not common. :

EE Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud.* Népai. A few plants in thickets at

‘2 ; the northern end of the island near the beach.

: Pachyrrhizus erosus (Linn.) Urb. Sincamas. A few specimens observed
in thickets at low altitudes; Gates observed a single plant.

Phaseolus adenanthus Mey.* Common and conspicuous in thickets along
the northern and western coasts.

Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Camanchile. Widely distributed in
ravines and thickets; almost certainly persistent from trees existing
before the eruption. ="

Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr. (Millettia sp., of Gates’s list). Balic-
balic. In ravines and thickets at low altitudes; not common.

Pueraria phaseoloides Benth.* In thickets and in Saccharum areas; widely

R : = scattered. 3

i Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. (Pithecolobium saman Benth.).* Acacia.
A single seedling observed back of the beach on the western coast.

| Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. A few seedling observed on the eastern

E coast back of the beach; Gates reports it as abundant in one place in the

. northeastern part of the island.

'

236 ~~. The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Tephrosia dichotoma Desf. Widely distributed in Saccharum areas at low
altitudes in the northern part of the island; locally abundant.

Vigna lutea A. Gray. Widely distributed in thickets along the beach.

Zornia diphylla Pers.* Locally abundant in talahib areas at low altitudes.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. Bignay. Scattered in thickets near
Pirapiraso and in other parts of the island. :

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Bignay pogo. On lower slopes, in
thickets, and in ravines; common and widely scattered, especially in
the northern end of the island.

Antidesma rostratum Tul.;} Bignay pogo. A few small trees recorded by
Gates; not observed in 1916-17. :

Breynia acuminata Muell.-Arg. Matang ulang. Scattered in thickets
near Pirapiraso; a specimen collected by Gates was identified as
Phyllanthus reticulatus, Poir.

Breynia cernua (Poir.) Muell-Arg. Matang ulang. In thickets near
Pirapiraso.

Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell-Arg. Matang ulang. In thickets near
Pirapiraso, rare.

Bridelia stipularis (Linn.) Blume. Lubdlub. Abundant in thickets at the
northern end of the island.

Euphorbia hirta Linn.* Botdéboténes. Widely scattered near the coast;
not common.

Fluggea virosa (Willd.) Baill. Botélan. Common in thickets, especially
about Pirapiraso.

Glochidion rubrum Blume.* Rare; a few shrubs observed.

Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C. B. Rob. Not uncommon in thickets near
Pirapiraso.

Macaranga tanarius (Linn.) Muell.-Arg. Binéaga. Widely scattered in
thickets and ravines. :

Mallotus moluccanus Muell.-Arg. Alim. In thickets and ravines; widely
scattered; locally common. ,

Manihot utilissima Pohl. Caméting céhoy. A few plants observed in
ravines near Pirapiraso, tending to become exterminated by the en-
croaching native vegetation; almost certainly persistent from plants
existing before the eruption.

Phyllanthus erythrotrichus C. B. Rob. On bluffs near the coast, in ravines,
and in thickets; widely distributed.

Ricinus communis Linn. Tdngan-tdagan. Widely scattared at low alti-
tudes; mostly confined to the immediate vicinity of the beach.

ANACARDIACEAE

Dracontomelum cumingianum Baill.* Ldmio. Only one tree observed.

Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco. Ligds. Widely distributed on slopes

and in ravines; almost certainly persistent from trees existing before
the eruption.

XII, ©, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 237

CELASTRACEAE

Celastrus paniculata Willd. Not uncommon in thickets at the northern
end of the islands.
SAPINDACEAE

> Arytera littoralis Blume.* A few old trees near Pirapiraso.
Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Blume.* In thickets near the coast at
the northern end of the island; a few rather large specimens.
? Otophora fruticosa Blume.* Balinéno. In thickets at Pirapiraso, locally

common.
VITACEAE

Cissus repens Lam. Pirdpit hangin. Widely scattered in thickets and in
ravines; not common.

Columella (Cissus) trifolia (Linn.) Merr. Calit-calit. In ravines at low
altitudes; scattered.

Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo. Scattered in ravines and thickets
at low altitudes near Pirapiraso.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Muntingia calabura Linn.} Dédtiles. “Seedlings on the beach and trees
in the parang on the slopes of Mount Ragatan.” (Gates.) Not seen in

' 1916~17.
TILIACEAE

5 Corchorus acutangulus Lam.* Pasdo-na-habé. A few plants observed
back of the beach at one place only.
Triumfetta bartramia Linn. Coldét colétan. Widely sane among
Saccharum at low altitudes.

MALVACEAE

: ' Hibiscus surattensis Linn.* “A few plants found along the beach at the
northern end of the island.
Sida acuta Burm. f.- Escébang habd. Widely scattered at low altitudes;
nowhere common.
Sida rhombifolia Linn. Scattered at low altitudes; not common.
Urena lobata Linn.* Coldt colétan. Scattered in the Saccharum areas, but
Ee. not abundant.
: BOMBACACEAE

Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. Béboy. Widely scattered in thickets
and ravines; the older trees almost certainly persisting from plants

; growing before the eruption,

‘ STERCULIACEAE

: Sterculia foetida Linn. Caluwmpang. Widely scattered on grassy slopes;
certainly persisting from trees existing before the eruption.

Waltheria americana Linn. Widely distributed in the Saccharum areas at
low altitudes.

238 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

GUTTIFERAE

Cratoxylon blancoi Blume. Guéiyong-giyong. Widely scattered; Gates
observed this sprouting from buried stumps.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia cinerea Turcz. Common in thickets and ravines at low altitudes.
Flacourtia rukam Z. & M.* Rare and local; a few plants observed.

CARICACEAE .

Carica papaya Linn. Papaya. Scattered in ravines and thickets at low
altitudes, especially at the northern end of the island.

THYMELAEACEAE

Phaleria cumingii F.-Vill.t+. “A vine in parang thicket; infrequent.”
(Gates.) Not seen in 1916-17. Gates’s specimen is sterile, but the
identification is apparently correct, although the plant is not a vine.

ELAEAGNACEAE

Elaeagnus philippensis Perr.j Alingaré. ‘Vine in parang’; infrequent.”
(Gates.) Not observed in 1916-17.

COMBRETACEAE _
Quisqualis indica Linn. Nidg nidgan. Along the northern coast and in
thickets about Pirapiraso.
Terminalia catappa Linn.* Talisay. A few young trees observed; widely
scattered back of the beach.
MYRTACEAE

Eugenia jambolana Lam. Duhat. Widely distributed in thickets and in
some ravines; common. This is almost certainly persistent from trees —
existing before the eruption, as some plants were found where the
shoots had grown from the broken trunks of very old Sree: in one
case the old trunk being 40 cm in diameter.

Psidium guajava Linn. Bayabas. Widely distributed at low. altitudes;
common.

OENOTHERACEAE

Jussiaea repens Linn. A few juvenile plants observed in damp soil near
the beach.

Jussiaea linifolia Vahl.* A few widely scattered individuals observed
along the beach.

UMBELLIFERAE

Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urb.* Taquip cohél. Abundant locally, in damp
soil back of the beach at the northern end of the island.

MYRSIN ACEAE

Maesa cumingii Mez. Not uncommon in ravines and in thickets at the
northern end of the island; widely scattered.

Maesa laxa Mez.* Less common than than the preceding species.

xILc.4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Voléano Island 939

LOGANIACEAE

Buddileia asiatica Lour. Scattered on bluffs near the beach.
Mitrasacme alsinoides R. Br.* Widely scattered among Saccharum at
low altitudes; on the walls of cafions and ravines.

APOCYNACEAE

Aganosma acuminata G. Don.* A few plants on slopes and in ravines
near Pirapiraso.

Alstonia macrophylla Wall.* Batino. Rare; only one or two young trees
observed.

Alstonia Scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. Ditdéd. Very widely scattered at the
northern end of the island.

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. Pandgcaqui. Locally abundant in
thickets and in ravines.

Tabernaemontana subglobosa Merr. Pandacdqui. More abundant and
more generally distributed than the preceding species. ©

Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr. Laniti. Widely distributed in ravines,
thickets, and sometimes on open slopes, not abundant. ~

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Calotropis gigantea R. Br.* Capdél-capél. A few individuals at low alti-
tudes; rare. : ;

Gymnema pachyglossum Schltr. In thickets near the shore at the northern
end of the island; locally common.

Gymnema tingens W. & A.} (Parsonsia ? of Gates’s list.) ‘A small vine
in the parang.” (Gates.) Not found in 1916-17.

Streptocaulon baumii Dene. Common in thickets and widely distributed.

Tylophora perrottetiana Dene.* In thickets along the northern coast; rare
and widely scattered.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Calonyction album (Linn.) House.* In thickets at the northern end of the
island, especially near the coast; ascending to the tops of the hills near
Pirapiraso.

Hewittia sublobata (Linn. f.) O. Kuntze. Widely scattered at the north-
ern end of the island at low altitudes; locally abundant.

Ipomoea batatas (Linn.) Poir.j Camote. “A few vines near Pirapiraso.”
(Gates.) Not seen in 1916-17.

Ipomoea obscura (Linn.) Ker. Widely distributed on slopes at low alti-
tudes; not abundant.

Ipomoea pescaprae (Linn.) Roth. Lampdyong. In many places abundant
on the beach; in some places extending inland up slopes for consider-
able distances.

Ipomoea paniculata R. Br.* In thickets near the beach; widely scattered.

Ipomoea pestigridis Linn. Widely scattered at low altitudes in Savenar ae:

Ipomoea reptans (Linn.) Poir.* Cancéng. A single plant observed in
damp soil near the beach.

940 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

ipomoea triloba Linn. Scattered at low altitudes; not common.

Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Manso. In thickets and ravines; widely
scattered.

Stictocardia campanulata (Linn.) Merr.* Scattered in thickets along the

northern coast of the island.
@-

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia myxa Linn. (C. blancoi Vid.) Andénang. Widely scattered on
_ slopes, in thickets, and in ravines; fairly common.

Heliotropium indicum Linn. Trompa elefdnte. Widely scattered in damp
soil near the beach; not common.

Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. Not uncommon in thickets at the ——
end of the island. :

Trichodesma zeylanicum R. Br.* A number of plants were observed in
one locality near the beach east of Pirapiraso.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe. Tubang daldg. Abundant and widely distri-
buted on open slopes and in ravines,

Clerodendron minahassae T. & B. Bagduac. Widely scattered at low
altitudes, in thickets and in ravines.

Gmelina philippensis Cham.* Alipung. Widely scattered on open slopes;
not abundant.

Premna nauseosa Blanco. Alagdo. On open slopes; widely scattered.
Premna odorata Blanco.* Alagao. In thickets and ravines near Pira-

piraso.

Vitex parvifiora Juss. Moldve. One tree observed by Gates; collected in
1916; rare.

Vitex trifolia Linn.* Lagindi.’ Rare; a few plants at low altitudes.

LABIATAE

Anisomelis indica (Linn.) O. Kuntze.* Talinghardp. -Scattered in ra-
vines and thickets near Pirapiraso.

Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poir.* Soob cabéyo. A few plants observed
at Pirapiraso.

Leucas javanica Blume. Widely ceatieved in grasslands at low altitudes;
not common.

SOLANACEAE

Capsicum fruticosum Linn.* Sili. Widely scattered in ravines and thickets
near Pirapiraso.

Datura alba Nees. Talampinai. Scattered in low lands near the coast,
especially near Pirapiraso.

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Camdtes. A few, widely scattered, fruit-
~ specimens observed at low ania the wild form with small
ruits.

Physalis minima Linn.* Scattered individuals near the coast in the vicin-
ity of Pirapiraso. i

XII, ©, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 241

_ Solanum cumingil Dunal.* A few plants in open places at low altitudes;
rare.

Solanum nigrum Linn.* A few plants observed near the beach.

Solanum verbascifolium Linn.* Widely scattered at the northern end of
the island; not common.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Bonnaya brachiata L. & O.* Widely scattered at low altitudes among
Saccharum.

Lindenbergia philippensis (Cham.) Benth. Local; observed only on the
walls of cafions and ravines.

Pyxidaria pusilla (Thunb.) Merr. (Vandellia pusilla Merr., V. scabra
Benth.) Local among grasses in open damp soil.

Pyxidaria crustacea (Linn.) F. Muell. Widely scattered at low altitudes.

Scoparia dulcis Linn. Widely scattered at low altitudes; nowhere common.

Torenia peduncularis Benth.* A single plant near Pirapiraso.

BIGNONIACEAE

Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent. Pincapincahan. Widely scattered; no-
where abundant.
‘ACANTHACEAE

Blechum brownei Nees.* Scattered in thickets near Pirapiraso; rare.

Hemigraphis rapifera Hallier f.* A few plants observed in ravines.

Hygrophila angustifolia R. Brown.* Mamitic. A few juvenile plants in
damp soil back of the beach.

RUBIACEAE

Hedyotis teneiliflora Blume.* Rare; a few plants observed in open damp
soil.

Morinda bracteata Roxb. inside. Common and widely distributed.

Mussaenda philippica L. C. Rich.* Cdhoy daldga. Scattered in thickets
near Pirapiraso; fully matured individuals in full anthesis.

Neonauclea bartlingii (DC.) Merr.* A single seedling observed in damp
ravine on the outer slopes of the crater rim and two or three near the

base of the northeastern wall inside of the crater.

Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. Widely scattered at low altitudes, but not

abundant.

Spermacoce hispida Blume. Widely scattered; not common. id

Wendlandia luzonensis DC. In ravines near Pirapiraso; widely scattered.

CUCURBITACEAE

Bryonopsis laciniosa Naud.* Widely scattered in thickets near the beach;
rare.
Citrullus vulgaris (Linn.) Schrad.t Paciéan. “Local on the strand.”
(Gates.) Not found in 1916-17.
Cucurbita maxima Duch.* Calabéza. A single young plant observed back
of the beach along the western shore of the island.
1501075

, a The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem. Patéla. Widely scattered, especially near :
the beach; the wild form.

Melothria mucronata (Blume) Cogn.* In thickets near Pirapiraso; not
common.

Momordica charantia Linn. Ampalaya. Widely scattered at low alti-
tudes; not abundant. a

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Byoc-biyoc. In thickets
and ravines; fairly common at the northern end of the island.

Mormordica ovata Cogn. Biiyoc-Biyoc. Associated with the preceding but
more abundant; this differs from the preceding only in its entire, not
lobed leaves and is probably not specifically distinct.

COMPOSITAE

Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Bulac manéc. Common among Saccharum at
low altitudes.

Blumea balsamifera (Linn.) DC. Sambéng. Locally abundant in ravines
etc.; only three plants observed by Gates.

Blumea lacera DC. Widely scattered in ravines and among coarse grasses;
a few plants inside of the crater.

Blumea mollis (Don) Merr.* Widely scattered at low altitudes, especially
in ravines.

Blumea glomerata DC.* Abundant on the walls = a single damp ravine
at the northern end of the island.

Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. Widely scattered at low altitudes near the
beach.

Eclipta zippeliana Blume.* A few plants observed near the beach at the
northern end of the island.

Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC. In ravines at low altitudes; widely
scattered, but not abundant.

Erigeron linifolius Willd. Widely scattered at iow altitudes; not abundant;
a few plants inside the crater.

Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum C. B. Clarke. On dry open slopes; locally
abundant, but of very limited distribution.

Sphaeranthus africanus Linn.* Two or three plants observed back of the.
beach along the northern coast of the island.

Synedrella nodiflora (Linn.) Gaertn. Rare and very widely scattered at
low altitudes.

Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. Widely distributed, but nowhere abundant.

Vernonia patula (Ait.) Merr.* A few widely scattered individuals were
observed, chiefly near the beach at the northern end of the island.

Wedelia biflora (Linn.) R. Br. Hagonoy. In thickets near the beach.
SUMMARY :
The vegetation of Volcano Island before the eruption of 1911
consisted of a mixture of grass and small trees, which covered

allsparts of the island except the slopes of the main crater and
Mount Tabaro and the dry stream beds.

any em ra, :

XII, 0, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island = 248

The eruption of 1911 completely destroyed the vegetation over
most parts of the island, while in the extreme northern part a
few bamboos, bananas, trees, and possibly some grass escaped.

In the revegetation of the island a single species of grass,
Saccharum spontaneum, is so much the most prominent of all
the invaders that it gives character to the whole vegetation.
Except in the northern part of the island, it occurs as scattered
clumps. Besides Saccharum the other most conspicuous elements
are scattered trees. p

The revegetation is proceeding slowly owing, probably, to
adverse environmental conditions, the most prominent of which
are the presence of excessive amounts of sulphates in the soil;
the lack of weathering of the soil particles; the scarcity or
absence of humus; the scarcity of nitrogen; the low water-
holding capacity of the soil; and erosion.

Two hundred ninety-two species of plants have been found
on Volcano Island since the eruption. These represent 232
genera and 66 families.

Most of the species of plants on Volcano Island are those of
wide geographic distribution. Ninety-six, or 36 per cent, are
found in the tropics of both hemispheres, while an additional
one hundred fifty, or 51 per cent, are found in other parts of
the Indo-Malayan regions as well as in the Philippines.

Very few of the species of plants on Volcano Island have
found favorable habitats over any considerable area, as only 13
are common and widely distributed.

Birds seem to have been the most important agency in bring-
ing different species to Volcano Island, as 54 per cent of the
total on the island could have been carried to it by this means.

ILLUSTRATIONS
Puate IV

Relief map of Volcano Island before the eruption of 1911. The only
changes caused by the last eruption that were of sufficient
magnitude to show on this relief map are within the crater, the
center of which is now occupied by a single large lake (Plate
XVI, fig. 2). (Map prepared in the division of mines, Bureau
of Science.) -

PLATE V

Fic. 1. Photograph taken in December, 1909, to show erosion on the south-
western slopes of Taal Volcano. On the right is Taal Volcano,
while Mount Tabaro is on the left. The center of the picture
is occupied by the prominent dry stream bed extending south-
west toward Mount Saluyan. In the foreground is a small ridge
with scattered clumps of grass. The dry stream bed contains a
few trees and very widely spaced clumps of grass. The slopes
are apparently bare, but may have supported scattered tufts of
grass. : .

2. View of the southeastern slopes of . Volcano Island from Lake
Bombon, April, 1908. The steep slopes of the main cone appear
to be very bare, while the lower and more level ground is covered

/ with vegetation in which trees predominate.

PLATE VI

Fic. 1. View of the southeastern shore of Volcano Island and Taal Volcano
during the period of activity in 1911 and the day before the great
eruption that destroyed the vegetation. Near the lake the vegeta-
tion consists largely of grass, while trees are more prominent
farther inland.

2. The northern slopes of Mount Binintiang Malaqui at the north-
western point of Volcano Island, December, 1909. The cone is
covered with vegetation in which trees are very prominent.

PLATE VII

Fic. 1. The effect of the mud blast on a tree at Gulod, on the mainland,
about 8 kilometers from the crater. Natural size. (Photograph
by Martin.)

2. A tree 15 centimeters in diameter broken by the force of the
eruption and the bark and wood shreded by the mud driven by
the force of the eruption. ( Photograph by Martin.)

245

9AG The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Puate VIII

Fic. 1. The site of the former village of Pirapiraso, in the northern part

of the island, immediately after the eruption. Most of the trees
in the foreground are broken off close to the ground; also on the
hills in the background some of the trees are broken, and all
of them are leafless. The ground between the beach and the hills
is apparently covered with ash. (Photograph by Martin.)

2. View from the shore looking east toward the two old craters south
of Mount Balantoc, October, 1916. The relative abundance and
size of the clumps of Saccharum is well indicated. The ground
between the clumps of Saccharum is sparsely covered by low or
creeping grasses and sedges. A few bushes are seen in the
background,

PLATE IX

Fic. 1. Ipomoea pes-caprae growing along the shore and upon the slopes
between.clumps of Saccharum. Southern shore of Volcano Island,

west of Calauit Point, October, 1916.
2. Southern slopes of Mount Binintiang Malaqui, as seen from Guano
Point. To the right in the foreground is the end of a deltal fan.
The low ridge back of this is the western end of Mount Balantoc,
which supports scattered clumps of grass and some trees. The
trees on Mounts Balantoc and Binintiang Malaqui are seen as
dark spots in the picture. The trees on the latter mountain are
widely scattered. They are about as prominent on the other
. ‘slopes of the mountain as in this picture. A comparison of this
view, taken October, 1916, with Plate VI, fig. 2, shows that trees
are much less abundant at the present time than before the erup-

tion. ees
PLATE X

Fic. 1. The foot of Mount Balantoc, near the former town of Panipihan.
_ (Photograph by Gates, April 18, 1914.)

2. South from the summit of Mount Binintiang Malaqui. In the fore-
ground is a horseshoe ridge, Mount Balantoc; in the background,
the crater with its high southern wall; in the extreme background
is Mount Macolod on the mainland. In the background on the
right from the center are Mounts Tabaro and Saluyan. The
scattered nature of the vegetation on Mount Balantoc is very
evident. (Photograph by Gates, April 18, 1914.)

3. View looking north from near the crater rim toward Mount Tibag
in the’ north-central region. The vegetation is almost entirely
Saccharum spontaneum. (Photograph by Gates. October 25,
1913.) ,

PLATE XI

Fic. 1. View of the southern slope of the northwestern end of Mount Ba-
lantoc. The vegetation consists mostly of widely spaced clumps

of Saccharum spontaneum with scattered trees. October, 1916.
2. The northwestern part of Volcano Island from the rim of the crater
where Mount Pinag-ulbuan joints the main cone. In the back-
ground is Talisay Ridge on the mainland. The cone at the end
of Volcano Island is Mount Binintiang Malaqui. In front of

-

XII, C,4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 247

this is Mount Balantoc. In the foreground are the lower slopes
of the main cone. The vegetation on Mount Binintiang Malaqui
is largely Themeda gigantea and Saccharum spontaneum. The
remainder of the vegetation shown consists very largely of an
open stand of Saccharum. On Mount Balantoc are seen a con-
siderable number of scattered trees. October, 1916.

PLATE XII

Fig. 1. The central region of the northern part of Voleano Island, from
the crater rim where Mount Pinag-ulbuan joins the main cone.
The prominent peak on the right is Mount Mataas-na-golod. On
the extreme left is Mount Tibag. The vegetation throughout
is very largely an open stand of Saccharum spontaneum. October,
1916.

2. The northwestern slopes of the southwestern peninsula of Volcano
Island as seen from Malanao Point. On the right is Mount
Binintiang Munti; on the left, Mount Saluyan. The dark spots
represent scattered trees. The remainder of the vegetation is
very largely an open stand of Saccharum spontaneum. On ac-
count of the distance at which the photograph was taken the
bare ground between the clumps of Saccharum is not shown
plainly. October, 1916.

PLATE XIII

Fic. 1. View of the southern portion of Volcano Island from Calauit Point.
In the distance is the crater of Taal Volcano, the high portion
on the left being the southwestern part of the rim. The vegeta-
tion consists almost entirely of very scattereing clumps of Sac-
charum spontaneum. October, 1916.

2. The prominent dry stream bed, extending southwest from the
southwestern part of the rim of the crater. In the picture is
seen that part of the stream bed where it curves around Mount
Saluyan, the lower slopes of which are to the right. The effects
of erosion are very evident. No plants occur in the dry stream
bed. Elsewhere the vegetation consists almost entirely of very
scattering clumps of Saccharum spontaneum, there being only

- about six shrubs visible in the picture. October, 1916.

PLATE XIV

Fig. 1. A déltal fan on the western side of Volcano Island. View from
near Pandac-na-lohgos point toward the southeast. In the back-
‘ground on the left is the southwestern part of the rim of the
crater; on the right is a low ridge, behind which can be seen
a portion of the flattened top of Mount Tabaro. In the center
of the picture is a dry stream bed running through the deltal fan.
The only vegetation seen on the fan consists of very few scattered
clumps of Saccharum spontaneum. On the low hills in the
distance scattered clumps of Saccharum are more numerous.
October, 1916. :

2. View of the source of. the prominent dry stream bed shown in plate
X fig. 2, which extends from the southwestern part of the main

9A The Philippine Journal of Science

cone toward Mount Saluyan. In the background on the left is
Mount Tabaro, on the right is the main crater. The vegetation
consist of a very sparse development of Saccharum, a few clumps
of which are seen in the foreground. In the remainder of the
area the tufts of Saccharum are too small and scarce to show in
the picture. A comparison of this view with plate II, fig. 1, shows
that vegetation was very scarce in this area before the eruption
and consisted of a few trees or shrubs and small scattered clumps
of a grass, probably Saccharum spontaneum.

PLATE XV

Fic. 1. The outer slopes of the crater of Taal Volcano as seen from the
southeast. The effect of erosion on the topography is very
marked. The vegetation is composed practically entirely of
scattered clumps of Saccharum spontaneum. On the upper slopes
Saccharum is reduced to very small tufts. October, 1916.

2. The crater of Taal Volcano; as seen from the southern rim. Owing
to the steepness of the slope and the rapidity of erosion, the
walls are largely bare. The gentle slopes within the crater sup-
port scattered clumps of Saccharum spontaneum and a few in-
dividuals of two sedges. October, 1916.

PLATE XVI

Fig. 1. A typical cafion on the slopes of Taal Volcano.
2. Effect of erosion on the southwestern slopes of Taal Volcano.

TEXT FIGURES

Fig. 1. Map of Volcano Island, Lake Bombon, and the surrounding country.
(Depths and elevations are given in meters.)

2. Map published by Gates to show the revegetation of Volcano Island.

The numbers indicate the plant associations as interpreted by

Gates. 1, Vallisneria association, apparently indicated largely

by fragments thrown up on the beach; 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent

marsh or strand vegetation that has apparently disappeared

through the action of erosion; 6, Ipomoea pes-caprae; 7, grass;

8 and 9, shrubs and trees, apparently occurring largely as scat-

tered individuals.

Le axe. UE TE eel

Saleen hemi me

a

BROWN ET AL.: LANTS OF . 4
ly tT AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, LUZON J Y. X
; UZOr at PHIL. JOURN. SCI., ids C; No. 4.

Heveectarg: pie dj

w

ie Sue

Finances Livteas

PLATE IV. RELIEF MAP OF VOLCANO ISLAND.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO IsLAND, Luzon.] [Puit, Journ. Scti., XII, C, No, 4.

Fig. 2. Southeastern shore of Volcano Island in 1908.
PLATE V.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, LUZON, ] [PuiL. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 4.

Fig. 1. Southeastern shore of Volcano Island in 1911.

Fig. 2. The northern slopes of Mount Binintiang Malaki in 1909.

PLATE VI.

B TW . ad
ROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, Luzon.] [PHIL. Journ. Sci., XII, C, No. 4

-—

Fig. 1. The effect of the eruption on a tree about & kilometers from the crater.

1]

Fig. 2. A tree, 15 centimeters in diameter, broken by the eruption,

PLATE Vil.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, LuUZON.] [PHIL. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 4.

Fig. 1. Site of village of Pirapiraso after the eruption.

Fig. 2. Average stand of Saccharum spontaneum in 1916.

PLATE VIII.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, LUZON. ] [PuHIL. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 4.

Fig. 2. Mount Binintiang Malaki in 1916,

PLATE Ix.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, LUZON.] [PHIL. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 4.

Fig. 1. Foot of Mount Balantoc in 1914.

Fig. 2. Northwestern part of Volcano island in 1914.

Fig. 3. North-central region of Volcano Island in 1914.

PLATE X.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, LuzON.] (Pu. Journ. Sci., XII, C, No. 4

Fig. 2. Northwestern part of Volcano Island in 1916.

PLATE XI.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO IsLAND, Luzon.] (Put. Journ. Scr., XII, C, No. 4.

Fig. 1. Mount Mataas-na-golod in 1916.

Fig. 2. Southwestern peninsula of Volcano Island in 1916.

PLATE Xil.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO IsLAND, Luzon.] [Puiw. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 4

Fig. 1. Southern portion of Volcano Island in 1916.

Fig. 2. A dry stream bed in 1916.
PLATE XH.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLAND, Luzon.] [PutL. Journ. Scr., XII, C, No

Fig. 1. A deltal plain in 1916.

Fig. 2. Southwestern slopes of Taal Volcano in 1916.

PLATE XIV.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO ISLANDS, LUZON.] (Pum. Journ. Scr., XII, C, No. 4.

eng rcenrescceerse

Fig. 1. Panorama of Taal Volcano in 1916.

Fig. 2. Panorama of Taal crater in 1916,
PLATE XV.

BROWN ET AL.: PLANTS OF VOLCANO IsLAND, LUZON.] [Puit. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 4.

Fig. 1. Canyon on Volcano Island.

Fig. 2. Erosion on Taal Volcano.

PLATE XVI.

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

C. BoTANY
Vou. XII SEPTEMBER, 1917 No. 5

THE AMBOINA ORCHIDACEAE COLLECT ED BY C. B. ROBINSON

By J. J. Smiru’*
(Buitenzorg, Java)

The Robinson collection of Orchidaceae contained forty-one
numbers, representing thirty-nine species; one species was sterile
and could not be identified. Eleven species are new to Amboina:

Platanthera Robinsonii J. J. Sm. Dendrobium acuminatissimum Lindl.

Habenaria amboinensis J. J. Sm. Dendrobium Robinsonii J. J. Sm.

Didymoplexis minor J. J. Sm. var. Phreatia potamophila Schltr. (7?)
amboinensis J. J. Sm. Phalaenopsis Robinsonii J. J. Sm.

Hetaeria oblongifolia Bl. Palaenopsis Hebe Reichb. f. (var.).

Goodyera rubicunda Lindl. var. am- Taeniophyllum minutiflorum J. J.
boinensis J. J. Sm. Sm.

Among these, five species and two varieties are here described
for the first time.

Fifteen species have been identified with species described by
Rumphius, of which all but one, Zeuxine amboinensis J. J. Sm.,
have already been enumerated in “Die Orchideen von Ambon.’”?

*The Robinson collection of Amboina Orchidaceae was sent to Leiden,
where the present paper was prepared by Doctor Smith. On his return to
Buitenzorg, Doctor Smith considered it inadvisable to take the specimens
or his manuscript with him, on account of the abnormal conditions brought
about by the war. His report on the Rumphian Orchidaceae [Merrill, An
Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense (1917) 168-179] was
prepared at Buitenzorg de novo, without access to Robinson’s specimens.
A copy of his manuscript sent from Leiden was lost in transit. A second
copy, forwarded later, was received at Buitenzorg about the middle of June,
1917, and in Manila July 11, 1917. This copy was received when my
Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense was in page proof,
but the specimens representing Rumphian species were cited in the Addenda,
pages 549, 550. [E. D. M.]

* Smith, J. J., Die Orchideen von Ambon (1905) 1-125.

150676 249

950 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Angraecum jamboe Rumph., which I formerly identified with
Dendrobium pruinosum T. et B. and which Doctor Robinson
thought to be Pseuderia foliosa Schltr., is probably neither of
these species. In fact Rumphius’s description of Angraecum
jamboe suits entirely neither Pseuderia foliosa nor Dendrobium
pruinosum, but it seems rather certain that he had in mind a
species of Dendrobium of the section Grastidiwm.

I repeat here the Rumphian species, which are represented in
the Robinson collection.. —

Platanthera Susannae Lindl.—Flos Susannae Rumph.
Habenaria Rumphii Lindl.=Orchis amboinica minor Rumph.; Flos Su-
sannae minor Rumph.
Anoectochilus Reinwardtli Bl.=Folium petolatum femina s. vera Rumph.
Zeuxine amboinensis J. J. Sm.=? Folium petolatum mas Rumph.
Coelogyne Rumphii Lindl.=Angraecum nervosum Rumph,
Calanthe veratrifolia R. Br.=Flos triplicatus Rumph.
Spathoglottis plicata Bl.—Angraecum terrestre primum purpureum Rumph.
Dendrobium papilloniferum J. J. Sm.=Angraecum crumenatum Rumph.
Dendrobium ephemerum J. J. Sm.=Angraecum album minus Rumph.
Dendrobium moluccense J. J. Sm.=Herba supplex minor Rumph.
Dendrobium purpureum Roxb.=Angraecum purpureum silvestre Rumph.
Grammatophylium scriptum Bl.=Angraecum scriptum Rumph.
Phalaenopsis amabilis Bl.=Angraecum album majus Rumph.

Luisia confusa Reichb. f.=Angraecum, flavum decimum s. angustifolium
Rumph.
Renanthera moluccana Bl.=Angraecum rubrum Rumph.

PAPHIOPEDILUM Pfitzer

PAPHIOPEDILUM MASTERSIANUM Pfitz. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 19 (1894)
40.

AMBOINA, cultivated by a native at Asiloeloe, Reliquiae Robinsonianae
1619, October 5, 1913. .

| PLATANTHERA L. C. Richard

PLATANTHERA SUSANNAE (Linn.) Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 295.

Flos susannae Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5: 286, t. 99.

AmBoINA, Soja road and Way tommo, Robinson PI. Rumph. Amb. 9,

a 1 and 9, 1913. Terrestrial, on grassy hillsides, altitude 20 to 150
meters

PLATANTHERA ROBINSONII sp. nov.

Folia radicalia petiolata, lanceolata, breviter acuminata, acuta,
margine minute undulata, costa media dorso prominente, nervis
2 majoribus et 2-3 tenuioribus utrinque, oblique reticulato-ve-
nosa, c. 7 cm longa, 2.1 cm lata, petiolo c. 4 em longo. Inflores-
centia erecta, laxe pluriflora, pedunculo ce, 28 em vel plus longo,

{4

wf

\

XII, ©, 5 Smith: Amboina Opeleidciéane 251

inferne folium erecto-patens foliis radicalibus simile sed vagina
c. 1.5 cm longa instructum ceterum vaginulas c. 6-7 foliaceas
patentes ovato-lanceolatas acute acuminatas marginibus et
costa media decurrentes superne decrescentes et in bracteas
vergentes gerente, rachide elongata, sicco angulata, glabra.
Bracteae ovatae, sensim longius acuminatae, acutiusculae, con-
cavae, basi 1-, supra basin 5-nerviae, ad c. 1.3 cm longae, 0.43
cm latae. Flores c. 9-14, toti c. 1.25 cm longi. Sepalum dor--
sale erectum, ovatum, apice conduplicatum, obtusum, concavum,
3-nervium, costa media dorso prominente, nervis exterioribus
brevibus tenuibusque, c: 0.46 cm longum, 0.325 cm latum. Se-

‘pala lateralia patentissima, superne oblique recurva, oblique

lineari-oblonga, basi subfalcatula, obtusa, margine apicali in-
curva, convexa, nervo intermedia dorso prominente, c. 0.55 cm —
longa, 0.15 cm lata. Petala erecta, semiovato-oblonga, supra
basin acuminato-angustata, obtusa, basi lata concavula, 2-nervia,
nervo antico inconspicuo, bene 0.5 cm longa, basi 0.225 cm lata.
Labellum defiexum, simplex, ligulatum, apicem versus sensim
leviter angustatum, obtusum, 5-nervium, c. 0.65 cm longum,
basi 0.15 cm latum; calcar dependens, inferne ovario adpressum,
incurvum, laminam superans, teres, obtusum, c. 0.775 cm lon-
gum. Gynostemium c, 0.225 cm longum, auriculis parvis verru-:
culosis. Anthera brevis, latissima, apice late excisa, thecis
valde remotis, parvis, clavatis. Ovarium .6-sulcatum, c. 1.3 cm
longum.

AMBOINA, Mount Salahoetoe, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1639, November 27,.
1913. Terrestrial, altitude 850 meters; flowers greenish. ;

The plant seems to be closely allied to Platanthera halconensis (Ames)

Schitr., from which it differs in its smaller flowers; blunt lateral sepals;
and differently shaped petals. The basal leaves of P. halconensis are still
unknown.

PERISTYLUS Blume
PERISTYLUS CANDIDUs J. J. Sm. FI. Buit. 6 (1905) Orch. 36.

AMBOINA, Soja road, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1625, August 1, 1913.
Terrestrial, altitude 200 to 300 meters; flowers white; basal leaves usually

four.
HABENARIA Willdenow

HABENARIA RUMPHII Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 320.
Orchis amboinica minor Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 118, t. 54, f. 2.
Flos susannae minor Rumph. op. cit. 5: 287.
AmpBoina, Soja road, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 11, August 1, 1913.
Terrestrial, on grassy hillsides, altitude 100 to 300 meters.

HABENARIA AMBOINENSIS sp. nov.
Caulis erectus, c. 40 cm longus, inferne vaginis tubulosis tec-
tus, superne foliatus. Folia c. 10, basin caulis versus in vaginas

252 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

vergentia, superne decrescentia, erecto-patentia, lanceolata,
acuta, longe mucronata, basi angustata, costa media dorso cari-
nata, reticulato-venosa, ad c. 12.5 cm longa, 2.3 cm lata; vaginae
tubulosae. Inflorescentia erecta laxe c. 13-flora, secunda (?),
pedunculo c. 11 em longo, vaginulis c. 6-7 erectis laxe adpressis
foliaceis superne decrescentibus et in bracteas vergentibus lan-
ceolatis longe acuminatis donato, rachide c. 10 cm longa. Brac-
teae erectae, lanceolatae, longissime et acutissime acuminatae,
concavae, margine minutissime papillosae, nervis 3 majoribus,
costa media dorso prominente, reticulato-venosae, ad c. 4 cm
longae, c. 0.77 cm latae. Flores erecti, totic. 3 cm longi. Sepa-
lum dorsale erectum, galeiforme, marginibus apiceque recurvum,
subovatum, sensim angustatum, obtusum, nervis 3 dorso pro-
'minentibus, c. 1.1 cm longum. Sepala lateralia divergentia,

oblique ovato-lanceolata, apicem versus sensim angustata, an-—

guste obtusa, medio concavo-depressa, nervis 3 dorso prominen-
tibus, c. 1.2 em longa, 0.4 cm lata. Petala a sepalo dorsali libera,
profunde bipartita, lacinia postica erecto-patente cum sepalo in-
termedio angulum acutum faciente, recta, lineari-subulata, acu-
tiuscula, 2-nervia, usque ad basin c. 1.15 cm longa, basi 0.3 cm
lata, lacinia antica longiore, arcuato-adscendente, lineari-filifor-
mi, acuta, nervo 1 a nervo antico laciniae posticae emisso, c. 1.5
cm longa, supra basin 0.06 cm lata. Labellum alte 3-partitum,

reflexum, laciniis lateralibus patentissimis, incurvis, filiformibus,

c. 1.65 em longis, vix 0.03 cm latis, lacinia intermedia deflexa,
superne incurvula, lineari, convexa, nervia, c. 1.8 cm longa, 0.1
cm lata; calear deorsum spectans, rectum, infra medium infla-
tum, apicem versus sensim attenuatum, acutum, c. 2.1 cm longum.
Gynostemium cum processibus stigmatis c. 0.6 em longum, auri-
culis majusculis, verruculosis. Anthera erecta, apice retusa,
dorso convexa, thecis parallelis, clavatis, canalibus porrectis.
Rostelli lobus intermedius erectus, triangulus, thecis multo bre-
vior; crura porrecta, linearia, canaliculata. Processus stigma-
tici decurvi, basi labelli adpressi, oblongi, obtusi, convexi, crura
' rostelli subaequantes. Ovarium breviter petiolatum, curvulum,
6-sulcatum, c. 1.9 cm longum, pedicello ec. 0.3 cm longo.
: AmBOINA, Hatiwe, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 14, September 15, 1913, in
light forests, altitude 250 meters. Flowers green, the column white.
The nearest allies of this species are probably Habenaria dracaenifolia
Schitr., H. keyensis Schitr., and H. bantamensis J. J. Sm. The specimen
does not represent any of the species described by Rumphius as Doctor
Robinson supposed.
The plant differs from H. dracaenifolia in its smaller leaves, hardly
acuminate sepals, the petals not cohering with the dorsal sepal, and pro-
vided with a short enterior lacinia, shorter lateral lobes, and the spur

#

Sox

(A

PEE sa,

XII, C, 5 Smith: Amboina. Orchidaceae 253
dilated above the base and longer than the ovary; from H. epiphylla by its
smaller leaves, broader dorsal sepal, the posterior lacinia of the petals
straight and the anterior one shorter, and shorter lobes of the lip; from
H, bantamensis by the broader gradually narrowed leaves, more numerously
flowered spike, the sepals not acuminate, the petals with a shorter and

‘broader posterior lacinia, shorter and unequal lobes of the lip, a longer

spur, and smaller staminodes; and from H. keyensis Schltr. by the lateral
sepals not being acuminate, the longer anterior lacinia of the petals, the
shorter lacinia of the lip, the longer straight spur, and the stigmata nearly
equaling the anther canals in length.

Doctor Robinson suggested in his field notes, that the plant might be
Orchis amboinica minor altera Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 118, t. 54, f. &.
This, however, certainly is not the case. Rumphius’s plate represents a
plant with broader leaves and much smaller flowers, while his description
does not at all suit Robinson’s plant. Rumphius’s figure represents a species
of Peristylus.

The species belongs to the Salaccensis section.

DIDYMOPLEXIS Griffith

DIDYMOPLEXIS MINOR J. J. Sm. in Bull. Inst. Bot. Buit. 7 (1900) 1,
var. AMBOINENS!S J. J. Sm. var. nov.
Plantae quam specimina javanica paulo robustiores. Label-
lum apice longius lacinulatum.

AMBOINA, Way tommo, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1638, August 19, 1913,
in sandy places on river banks, altitude 100 meters, Flowers pale-violet
and white, the tip of the column brown.

The species has been recorded from Java and New Guinea. The variety
collected in Amboina by Robinson differs chiefly in the longer toothed
labellum.

ANOECTOCHILUS Blume

ANOECTOCHILUS REINWARDTI! Blume Fl. Jav. Orch. (1858) 40, t. 12,
f. 2; t. 12b, f. 14.
Folium petolatum II femina s. vera Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 93, t. 41,
Fé és. . :
AMBOINA, Hitoe lama, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 16, November 5, 1913,
from cultivated plants originating in the neighboring hills.

ANOECTOCHILUS ? sp.

AmBporna, foothills of Mount Salahoetoe, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb, 17,
November 27, 1913, sterile. Terrestrial, altitude 200 meters.

The leaves resemble those of the preceding species.

ZEUXINE Lindley

ZEUXINE AMBOINENSIs J. J. Sm. in Ic. Bog. 2 (1905) 259.
Folium petolatum mas Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: t. 41, f. 2 ?
AMBOINA, Way uri, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1916, September 9, 1913,
altitude 25 meters. Terrestrial in river bottoms.
Doctor Robinson describes the flowers as white; in the dried specimens
the sepals are light green.

.

254 The Philippine Journal of Science - 1917

HETAERIA Blume

HETAERIA OBLONGIFOLIA Blume Bijdr. (1825) 410; Tabel. f. 14.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1629, altitude 150
meters. Terrestrial on lime stone, the flowers white.
Not previously recorded from Amboina.

GOODYERA R. Brown

GOODYERA RUBICUNDA Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1839) 92, var. AMBOI-
NENSIS J. J. Sm. var. nov.

Caulis e basi decumbente radicante adscendens, validus, c.
10-foliatus, c. 47 cm longus. Folia petiolata, oblique elliptica
ad oblanceolato-elliptica, triangulo-angustata, acuminata, acuta,
basi sensim longe acuminata, curvinervia, costa media dorso
prominente, oblique reticulato-venosa, sicco membranacea, c. 9-

17.5 cm longa, 3.85-5 cm lata; petiolus canaliculatus, basi dila- .

tatus, cum vagina tubulosa c. 5.5-7.5 cm longus. Inflorescentia
erecta, elongata, laxe multiflora, pedunculo c. 31 cm longo, su-
perne pubescenti, vaginulis c. 7 foliaceis basi tubulosis adpressis
superne decrescentibus et in bracteas vergentibus donato, rachide
I ngius glanduloso pubescenti,.c. 25 cm longa. Bracteae ovato-
lanceolatae, sensim longe acuminatae, concavae, pubescentes,
l-nerviae, ad c. 1.8 cm longae. Flores quaquaversi, patentes,
deinde patentissimi, c, 1.25 cm lati, 0.73 cm longi, sepalis paten-
tissimis, dorso glanduloso-pubescentibus. Sepalum dorsal erec-
tum, ovato-oblongum, sensim angustatum, obtusum, concavum,
3-nervium, c. 0.65 cm longum, 0.26 cm latum. Sepala lateralia
divaricata, oblique oblonga, dimidio superiore angustata, an-
guste obtusa et apice canaliculata, 3-nervia, c. 0.625-0.66 cm
longa, 0.27-0.3 cm lata. Petala sepalo dorsali agglutinata,
oblique spathulata, ex ungue lineari superne dilatato plus minus-
ve abrupte in laminam rhombeam obtusam dilatata, 1-nervia, c
0.65 cm longa, 0.17 cm lata. Labellum erectum, inferne margi-
nibus gynostemio adpressum, valde ventricoso-concavum, subtus
longitudinaliter sulcatum, basi lata oblique subsaccata affixum,
apice abrupte contractum recurvumque, 5-nervium, explanatum
suborbiculare, margine antico excepto carnoso-incrassatum et
intus dense muricibus mollibus obtectum, apice abrupte in ap-
pendicem triangulo-oblongam obtusam contractum, totum c. 0.57

cm longum, 0.475 cm latum, appendice c. 0.15 em longa. Gyno--

stemium vix curvulum, clavatum, basi tenue et subtus longi-
tudinaliter costatum, c. 0.5 em longum, clinandrio magno, alte
excavato, ovato, quam dimidium gynostemii breviore. Anthera
erecta, basi-in clinandrium immersa, oblongo-triangula, sensim
acuminata, apice recurvula, acuta, basi truncata: biloba, lobis

¢ #

iw

4

~

XII, C, 5 Smith: Amboina Orchidaceae » 955

retusis, connectivo convexo, c. 0.26 cm longa. Rostellum por-
rectum, bifidum, laciniis anguste triangulis, subfalcatulis. Stig-
ma clinandrio minus, margine recurvulum, basi truncatum.
Ovarium sessile, glanduloso-pubescens, c. 0.775 cm longum.

AMBOINA, Mahija, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1615, August 12, 1913.
Terrestrial, altitude 150 meters. Flowers white and yellow.

This variety differs from Blume’s description and figure in the longer
and denser inflorescence with smaller and more spreading flowers, the
more spathulate petals, broader lip with a shorter blunt apical lobe, and the
shorter anther. The details of Blume’s figure however need correction.

COELOGYNE Lindley

COELOGYNE RUMPHI! Lindl. Fol. Orch. Coel. (1854) 14,
Angraecum nervosum Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 106, t. 48.

AMBOINA, Soja and Bato merah, Robinson. Pl. Rumph: Amb. 7, August
24 and 31, 1913, altitude 150 and 300 meters.

PLOCOGLOTTIS Blume

-PLOCOGLOTTIS LOWII Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. (1865) 434.

AMBOINA, Mount Salahoetoe, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1618, November 27,
1913. On ridges, altitude 300 meters; the sepals greenish-lilac, the petals

greenish.
CALANTHE R. Brown

CALANTHE VERATRIFOLIA R. Br. in Bot. Reg. 9 (1823) t. 270.
Flos triplicatus Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 115, t. 52, f. 2.

AMBOINA, Koesoekoesoe sereh, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 10, August 7
and 23, 1913. Terrestrial, altitude 200 meters; flowers white.

SPATHOGLOTTIS Blume

SPATHOGLOTTIS PLICATA Blume Bijdr. (1825) 401; Tabel. f. 76.
Angraecum terrestre primum purpureum pba: Herb. Amb. 6:
112 (excel. fig.).

AMBOINA, town of Amboina, Soja road, Batoe gadjah, and Hitoe messen,
Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 15, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1628, July, August,
and November, 1918. Terrestrial, altitude 10 to 150 meters.

This plant is not Angraecum terrestre alterum Rumph, Herb. Amb. 6:
113, t. 50, f. 3, but as I formerly pointed out (Orch. Amb. 25) is Angrae-
cum terrestre primum purpureum Rumph.

MICROSTYLIS Nuttall

MICROSTYLIS ? VENTILABRUM Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 16 (1881)
tile

AMBOINA, Mahija, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1614, August 7, 1913, altitude

250 meters. Terrestrial, in humus, the flowers yellow, turning brown,

then red; fruit green; leaves purplish-green.
As Reichenbach’s description of this species is insufficient, the identity

of Robinson’s specimen is not certain.

256. The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
PSEUDERIA Schlechter

PSEUDERIA FOLIOSA Schltr. Orch. Deutsch Neue-Guinea (1912) 644.
Dendrobium foliosum Brongn. Bot. Voy. Coq. 203, t. 41.
AMBOINA,’ Gelala and Hoetoemoeri road, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 18,

September 19 and 30, waies altitude 300 meters. Terrestrial and climbing
on trees.

‘DENDROBIU M Swartz

DENDROBIUM PAPILIONIFERUM J. J. Sm. Orch. Amb. (1905) 42.
Angraecum crumenatum Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: t. 47, $585
_ AMBOINA, Wakal, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 13, November, 1913, on
Sonneratia trees along the seashore. Flowers white, the tips of the sepals
and petals pale-lilac; lip mainly white below the constriction, lilac beyond,
the central thickening yellow on the margins, about 8 lilac veins on each
side below the constriction, faint, branched, extending to the margin.

This plant is not, as Doctor Robinson suggested, Angraecum album —

minus Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 99, t. 44, f. 1, which has white flowers.

DENDROBIUM EPHEMERUM J. J. Sm. in Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb.
(1917) 174.

Dendrobium papilioniferum J. J. Sm. var. ephemerum J. J. Sm. Orch.
Amb. (1905) 45.

Angraecum album minus Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 99, t. 44, f. 1.

. AMBOINA, Hitoe lama, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 19, November 5, 1913,
altitude 75 meters.

Robinson suggested that this specimen represented Angraecum sextum

agar ec Rumph., but the Rumphian species is Dendrobium rumphianum
&

DENDROBIUM MOLUCCENSE J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. 13
(1914) 11.

Dendrobium atropurpurewm J. J. Sm. (nec Mig.) Orch. Amb. (1905)
54,

Herba supplex minor Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 110, t. 50, f. 2.

AMBOINA, Roemah tiga, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 17, July 20, 1913.

On trees, usually Calophyllum inophyllum, at sea level, the flowers very
dark red.

DENDROBIUM ACUMINATISSIMUM Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1830) 86.

AMBOINA, Paso, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1622, October 18, 1913, epi-
phytic, on trees near the beach.

The specimen may represent the var. papuanwm J. J. Sm., but the
flowers are withered.

DENDROBIUM CONSANGUINEUM sp. nov.

Rhizoma breve, repens, ramosum, radicibus crassis. Caules
approximati, basi incrassati, foliati, c. 50 cm longi, internodiis
ad c. 2 cm longis. Folia patentissima, oblongo-ovata, apicem
- versus angustata, valde oblique obtuse bidentata, basi rotundata,

7

oe
4

en

~

XI, ©, 5 Smith: Amboina Orchidaceae 257

carnosa, nervis sicco supra prominentibus, ad c. 4.75 cm longa,
1.9 cm lata (sicco) ; vaginae tubulosae, sicco prominenter ner-
vosae, dense verruculosae, internodia aequantes. Inflorescentiae
vaginam dorso ad basin perforantes, patentes, abbreviatae, 2-
florae, pedunculo c. 0.6—-0.8 cm longo, basi nonnullis vaginulis
lateraliter compressis semioblongis rotundatis ad ec. 0:2-0.3
cm longis cincto. Flores minusculi. Sepalum dorsale anguste
oblongum, obtusum, breviter crasse obtuse conico-apiculatum,
valde concavum, 1-nervium, laxe reticulatato-venosum, bene 1.2
cm longum, 0.35 cm latum. Sepala lateralia cum pede gynos-
temii mentum conicum obtusum cum ovario angulum acutum
faciens formantia, antice basi brevissime connata, basi in laci-
niam oblique oblongum dilatata, oblongo-triangula, falcata, apice
dorso incrassata, obtusa, concava, 3-nervia, costa media dorso
incrassata, bene 1 cm longa, basi 0.8 cm, supra basin 0.43 cm
lata. Petala lanceolata, falcata, anguste obtusa, dorso ad api-
cem incrassata, concava, 3-nervia, c. 0.97 cm longa, 0.225 cm
lata. Labellum erectum, apice recurvum, concavum, simplex,
_spathulatum, 5-nervium, papillosum, explanatum c. 1.15 cm lon-
gum, ungue lineari, bicostato, lamina rhombea, apice contracta,
obtusa, margine irregulariter sublaciniata, medio callifera, c.
0.35 cm lata. Gynostemium absque anthera c. 0.2 cm longum,
apice triangulo, auriculis aequilongis, triangulis, subacutis, ap-
pendice lineari apice dilatata obtuse conduplicato-biloba fere 0.2
em longa infra stigma. Anthera cucullata, basi biloba, apice
late rotundato-truncata, antice convexa cum costula longitudi-
nali, bene 0.1 cm lata. Pes gynostemii cum ovario angulum
acutum faciens, rectus, linearis, c. 0.6 cm longus. .Ovarium 6-
sulcatum, cum pedicello c. 0.90 cm longum.

AmBoINA, Wakal, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1630, 1624, November 5 1913,
at sea level. Flowers in pairs, yellow, the sepals and petals within with
lilac spots in lines; lip pure white; column whitish-lilac along the margin
and near the apex.

This is a close ally of Dendrobium insigne Reichb. f., of new Guinea.
I have retained it as a species because it is smaller in all its parts than is
Reichenbach’s species, and especially because the lip lacks the lateral
lobes. It is, however, not impossible that it will eventually prove to be
merely a variety of the widely distributed Dendrobiwm insigne Reichb. ,
which is found at low altitudes in New Guinea and the neighboring islands.

DENDROBIUM PURPUREUM Roxb. FI. Ind. ed. 2, 3 (1832) 484.
Angraecum purpureum silvestre Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 109, t. 50, f. 1.
AMBOINA, Wae, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 5, November 29, 1913, a
pendant epiphyte, altitude about 20 meters. Flowers lilac, the sepals
tipped with green.

258 The Philippine Journal of Science : 1917

DENDROBIUM LANCIFOLIUM A. Rich. Sert. Astrolab. (1834) 20, t. 8.

Amporna, Amahoesoe, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1687, September 16, 1913,
terrestrial, on hills and along dry water courses, altitude 70 to 150 meters.
The tip of the lip and column is pink-lilac, the rest ‘shading from pale

lilac to pure white.
ERIA Lindley

ERIA BRACTESCENS Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1841) Misc. 18.

AmBOINA, Wakal, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1617, Breyeniber 5, 1913, on
Sonneratia trees along the seashore.

It is not entirely certain that Fria littoralis T. & B. is conspecific with E.
bractescens Lindl., as is generally accepted to be the case,

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM Blume

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM SCRIPTUM (Linn.) Blume Rumphia 4 (1847) 48.
Angraecum scriptum Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 95, t. 42.

AMBOINA, Paso, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 6, October 29, 1913. Epi-
phytic, altitude 10 meters; flowers green with purple blotches. Local name
manumpang.

PHREATIA Lindley

’

PHREATIA ? POTAMOPHILA Schltr. in Fedde Repert. 10 (1911) 187.

Ampoina, Roemah tiga, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1632, July 20, 1913.
Flowers pale-yellowish; fruit green.

The species is reported by Doctor Robinson as being quite common, but
* Was apparently located just beyond the flowering season, as he found only
- One plant in flower, and a few with withered inflorescences,

The specimen is apparently the same as Phreatia potamophila Schitr.,

but I did not dissect the single flower, and I have not seen the type specimen
of Schlechter’s species.

APPENDICULA Blume

APPENDICULA REFLEXA Blume Bijdr. (1825) 301.

AMBOINA, Way tommo, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1636, August 17, 1913,
epiphytic, altitude 60 meters; flowers white.

Although Doctor Robinson described the flowers as white, there were
no flowers on the specimen examined.

ACRIOPSIS Reinwardt

ACRIOPSIS JAVANICA Reinw. in Flora Lit. 2: 4,

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1623, November 1,
1913, epiphytic, altitude 150 meters. Sepals yellowish, violet along the
middle; lip white, lilac in the center.

SARCOCHILUS R. Brown

SARCOCHILUS ZOLLINGERI Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 500.

AmMBOINA, Lateri, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1683, August, 25, 1913, epi-
phytic, altitude 200 meters; flowers —

XII, C, 5 Smith: Amboina Orchidaceae 259

THRIXSPERMUM Loureiro

THRIXSPERMUM AMPLEXICAULE Reichb. f, Xen. Orch. 2: 121.

AMBOINA, Koesoekoesoe sereh and Batoe merah, Reliquiae Robinsonianae
1635, August 23 and 24, 1918, terrestrial, altitude 80 meters; flowers white,
with a very pale tinge of violet, at first erect, then spreading, the column
with a yellow ring on the inside and a yellow spot below it.

SACCOLABIUM Blume

SACCOLABIUM RUMPHIIi J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard, Bot. Buit. 13 (1914) 44.

AMBOINA, Roemah tiga, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1634, July 20, 1918.
Epiphytic, usually on Calophyllum inophyllum at sea level. Flowers yellow
at the base, white toward the apex.

PHALAENOPSIS Blume

PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS (Linn.) Blume Bijdr. (1825) 295; Tabel f. 44.
Angraecum album majus Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 99, t. 48.

AMBOINA, Amahoesoe, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 8, August 380, 1913,
epiphytic, altitude 4 to 8 meters. Flowers white, callosities on the lip
with yellow margins and lilac dots.

PHALAENOPSIS ROBINSONII sp. nov.

Caulis brevis, c. 5-folius, radicibus numerosis. Folia anguste
oblique oblonga, obtusa, basin versus sensim angustata, ima basi
conduplicata, costa media dorso (sicco), leviter prominente, sicco
ad c. 31 cm longa, 5.7 cm lata; vaginae basi tubulosae, ceterum
conduplicatae, c. 1.5-2 cm longae. Inflorescentiae foliis brevio-
res, ramosae, pedunculo usque ad rachidem terminalem c. 19.5
cm longo, vaginulis paucis parvis patentibus carinatis donato,
rachide diu flores gignente, fractiflexa, c. 3.75 cm vel plus longa,
-internodiis 0.25-1 em longis. Bracteae alternatim bifariae,
patentes vel patentissimae, conduplicatae, curvatae, concavae,
acutae, carinatae, sicco 0.45-0.5 cm longae. Flores intervallis
circa terni aperti, mediocres. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, apice
marginibus incurvis contiguisque contractum, obtusum, conca-
vum, 7-nervium, carnosum, c. 1.5 cm longum, 0.6 cm latum.
Sepala lateralia oblique lanceolata, apice incurvo acuminata,
acuta et dorso carinata, concava, 7-nervia, carnosa, c. 1.7 cm
longa, 0.55 cm lata. Petala oblique elliptica, obtusa, acute et
crasse conico-apiculata, basi satis angusta, concava, 6-nervia,
c. 1.4 em longa, 0.65 em lata. Labellum porrectum, glabrum
basi lamella brevi longitudinali horizontali adpressa antice bi-
dentata dorso obtusangula donatum, appendice longitudinali ad- ©
nata angusta carnosa lateraliter compressa supra canalicula
crenulato-bicostata antice libera horizontali bisubulata usque ad
c. 0.6 cm supra basin pertinente ante lamellam basilarem, expla-
natum c. 1.25 em longum, ad lobos laterales 0.6 cm latum; lobi

260 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

laterales breves, erecti, basilares, trianguli, obtusangule falcato-
recurvi, fere quadranguli, acuti, extus concavuli, intus medio
prope marginem anticum callo brevi verticali erecto rotundato
carnoso ornati, c. 0.25 cm longi, basi fere 0.3 cm lati; lobus in-
termedius porrectus, elliptico-spathulatus, longius unguiculatus,
apice contractus, obtusus, costa valida longitudinali carnosa con-
vexa dimidio superiore magis elevata usque in apicem, glaber,
carnosus, c. 0.87 cm longus, explanatus 0.375 cm latus. Gynos-
-temium rectum, basi subtus contractum, c. 1 cm longum, apice
producto triangulo, obtuso, c. 0.27 cm longo. Anthera magna,
cucullata, antice alte obtusangule bilamellata, lateraliter visa
oblique quadrangula, c. 0.43 cm longa. Rostellum reversum,
bidentatum. Stigma maximum, alte excavatum. Ovarium pedi-
cellatum, 6-sulcatum, c. 1.1 cm longum.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1627, October 18, 1913,
on trees, altitude 600 meters. Flowers white with lilac spots.

A few years ago but one species of Phalaenopsis was known from
‘Amboina, the widely distributed Ph. amabilis Bl. In 1911 Ph. amboinensis
J. J. Sm. was described from Amboina and Ceram and in the next year Finet
published his Ph. Hombronii. One year later the unfortunate and lamented
Doctor Robinson discovered two more species, the one above described, and
Ph. Hebe Reichb. f. :

Phalaenopsis amboinensis J. J. Sm., Ph. Hombronii Finet, and Ph. Ro-
binsonii J. J. Sm. are closely allied species with hairless lips. Ph. amboi-
nensis has the largest flowers, which, however, so far as I know, are borne
in only 1- or 2-flowered scapes, while in the other two the inflorescences
are branched and with more numerous flowers. In Ph. amboinensis and
Ph, Hombronii the midlobe of the lip is provided with a conspicuous longi-
tudinal denticulated keel, which is lacking in Ph. Robinsonii.

The three species may be distinguished as follows:

1. Midlobe of lip with a broad, longitudinal, smooth ridge. Sepals oblong.
Column foot very short. Inflorescence branched,
Ph. Robinsonii J. J. Sm.

Midlobe of lip with a conspicuous ‘denticulated keel. Column foot

distinct a

2. Sepals ovate, 2.5 cm. long, 1.3 cm, and 1.47 em. broad. Lip 1.9 cm
long. Inflorescence unbranched Ph, amboinensis J. J. Sm.
Dorsal sepal lanceolate, 1.4 cm long, 0.8 cm broad. Lip 1.8 em long.
Inflorescence branched Ph. Hombronii Finet.

_PHALAENOPSIS HEBE Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenz. 18 (1862) 85.

AMBOINA, Koeda mati, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1620, September 38, 1913,
epiphytic, altitude 15 meters. Flowers white, turning yellow when old,
the base of the sepals with a band of brown dots inside, the lip and column
mainly mauve purple, the tip of the lip white. Local name vanil ma-
numpang.

The flowers seem to differ a little in color from the Javanese and Su-
matran specimens. The Amboina form might perhaps be distinguished as
var. AMBOINENSIS.

vs

XII, C, 5 Smith: Amboina Orchidaceae 261

LUISIA Gaudichaud

LUISIA CONFUSA Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 621.

Luisia teretifolia Blume Rumphia 4 (1848) ¢. 194, f. 3; t. 197D.
Angraecum flavum decimum sive angustifolium Rumph. Herb. Amb.
6: 104.

AMBOINA, Paso, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1626, July 20, 1913, epiphytic,
altitude 2 meters. Flowers yellowish-green, but the lip, except for the
yellow margin, lilac-purple.

I have no doubt that this form is Rumphius’s Angraecum flavum decimum
sive angustifolium, although he states that the leaves are not rounded but
flat; I suppose that he intended to say the contrary.

RENANTHERA Loureiro

RENANTHERA MOLUCCANA Blume Rumphia 4 (1848) 54, t. 193, f. 2;
t. 197E. :

Angraecum rubrum Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 101, t. 44, f. 2.

AMBOINA, Soja, Robinson Pl. Rumph. Amb. 20, September 27, 1913.
Flowers spotted all over with red, apex of the column white. Native
names bunga karang and manumpang karang.

ROBIQUETIA Gaudichaud

ROBIQUETIA AMBOINENSIS J. J. Sm. in Nat. Tijdschr. Neder]. Ind. 72
(1912) 43.
AMBOINA, Wae, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1621, November 29, 1913, epi-
phytic, altitude 20 meters. Flowers yellowish.

TAENIOPHYLLUM Blume

TAENIOPHYLLUM MINUTIFLORUM sp. nov.

Caulis abbreviatus, squamis subulatis, radicibus elongatis, an-
gustis, compressis, ad c. 30 cm longis, sicco 0.16 cm latis. Inflor-
escentiae numerosae, diu florentes, dense multiflorae, pedunculo
filiformi, c. 1.2—-4 cm longo, vaginulis 2 parvis basi tubulosis
carinatis donato, rachide tenui, ad c. 1.35 cm longa, cum bracteis
ce. 0.125 cm lata, internodiis vix c. 0.03 cm longis. Bracteae
alternatim bifariae, patentes, rachidem amplectentes, late trian-
gulae, obtusae, concavae, carinatae, dorso c. 0.05 cm longae.
Flores succedanei, parvi, c. 0.16 cm longi. Sepalum dorsale
oblongo-ovatum, subobtusum, concavum, 1-nervium, bene 0.1
em longum. Sepala lateralia oblique lanceolato-triangula, acuta,
concava, apice vix incurvula, carinata, l-nervia, bene 0.1 cm
longa. Petala lanceolato-ovata, acuta, concava, 1-nervia, c. 0.1 cm
longa. Labellum concavum, subtrilobum, gynostemio duplo lon-’
gius, explanatum transverse subrhombeum, triangulo-oblongo-
contractum, cum calcari cruciforme, totum c. 0.175 cm, absque
ealcari 0.1 cm longum, 0.1 cm latum; lobi laterales erecti, gynos-

262 The Philippine Journal of Science

temio adpressi, semiorbiculari-trianguli, obtusissimi, concavi;
lobus intermedius porrectus, oblongus, obtusus, lateraliter com-
pressus, basi tantum concavus, carnosus; calcar reversum, cum
ovario angulum acutum faciens, laminam continuum, rectum,
oblongum, obtusum, c. 0.075 cm longum. Gynostemium breve,
obtusum, c. 0.03 cm longum. Anthera cucullata, in rostrum
elongatum oblongum spurie retusum contracta. Rostellum elon-
gatum, infra medium incurvum, antherae parallelum, basi postice
triangulo-productum. Ovarium pedicellatum c. 0.1 cm longum.
Capsula immatura elongata, 1.3 cm longa, pedicello 0.17 cm
longo.

AMBOINA, Hitoe messen, Reliquiae Robinsonianae 1681, October 10, 1918,
epiphytic, altitude 150 meters. Flowers yellow-green.

This is allied to Taeniophyllum filiforme J. J. Sm., but the flowers are
smaller and the spur is not inflated,

a)

a

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 5, September, 1917.

NEW PHILIPPINE SHRUBS AND TREES
By E. D. MERRILL *

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of

‘Science, Manila)

The present paper consists for the most part of the descriptions
of forty-five presumably new species of Philippine trees and
shrubs, in the families Chloranthaceae, Myristicaceae, Saxifraga-
ceae, Cunoniaceae, Leguminosae, Rutaceae, Simarubaceae, Sa-
biaceae, Sapindaceae, Celastraceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Gonystyla-
ceae, Guttiferae, Combretaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae, Eri-
caceae, Ebenaceae, Loganiaceae, Thymelaeaceae, and. Verbena-
ceae. A few changes in nomenclature are included. The genera
Elaeodendron and Pleurostylia are here recorded from the Philip-
pines for the first time, and the new genus Trifidacanthus is pro-
posed and described in the Leguminosae,

Two characteristic new species of Xanthostemon are note-
worthy, as are two new species of Symplocos with 3-partite
calyces, a character hitherto unrecorded for the Symplocaceae.
The southeastern element in the Philippine flora is emphasized
not only by the two additional species of Xanthostemon, but
by the discovery of a second species of Ascarina in the Philip-
pines. The Philippine form of Pleurostylia is apparently iden-
tical with a New Calendonian variety of P. wightti W.& A. The
widely distributed Vaccinium commonly known as V. villarii Vid.
is reduced to the Moluccan V. myrtoides Mig. The continental
element in flora is emphasized by the discovery of ee
colebrookeana Lindl. in northern Luzon.

CHLORANTHACEAE

ASCARINA Forster

’ ASCARINA RETICULATA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 8 m alta, glabra; foliis oblongo-ellipticis ad
oblongo-oboyatis, coriaceis, utrinque distincte reticulatis, in sicci-
tate brunneis, usque ad 9 cm longis, obtuse acuminatis, basi
acutis, margine crenatis vel serrulato-crenatis; nervis primariis
utrinque circiter 15 cum venularum reti utrinque conspicuo; pani-

* Professor of botany, University of the Philippines,
263

964 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

culis terminalibus, solitariis, sessilibus vel breviter pedunculatis,
2 ad 2.5 em longis, bracteis ovatis, subacutis, circiter 2.5 mm
longis, deciduis ; fructibus ellipsoideis, 3 mm longis, spicatim dis-
positis.

A glabrous tree about 8 m high, all parts dark-brown when dry,
the branchlets smooth. Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate,

rather thickly coriaceous, somewhat shining, of the same color ©

on both surfaces, 6 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 4 em wide, subequally
narrowed to the obtusely acuminate apex and to the acute base,
the margins crenate or serrulate-crenate, the basal 1 to 2 mm
entire; lateral nerves slender, distinct, about 15 on each side
of the midrib, these equally prominent on both surfaces and about
as distinct as the secondary nerves and reticulations; petioles
5 to 8mm long. Panicles terminal, sessile or shortly peduncled,
usually branched from the base, 2 to 2.5 cm long, the spike-like
branches about 1 cm long; bracts deciduous, ovate, subacute,
coriaceous, about 2.5 mm long. Fruits brown, ellipsoid, 3 mm
long, numerous, sessile, subtended by a disk-like enlargment of
the rachis about 1.5 mm in diameter, tipped by the conspicuous
stigma. !

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26399 Ramos
& Edaio, August 19, 1916, in forests, altitude about 400 meters, locally
known as parukanak,

A species allied to Ascarina philippinensis C. B. Rob., from which it
is distinguished by its coriaceous leaves, much more numerous nerves which,
with the secondary nerves and reticulations are conspicuous on both
surfaces; all parts, stems, branches, leaves, and inflorescences brown when
dry; its crenate rather than serrate leaves; and its shorter, deciduous or
caducous bracts. The second species of this characteristic Polynesian
genus to be found in the Philippines.

JUGLANDACEAE

ENGLEHARDTIA Leschenault

ENGLEHARDTIA COLEBROOKEANA Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3 (1832)
4, t. 208.

Luzon, Ilocos Sur Province, Kirsudan, For. Bur. 25483 Paraiso, March
25, 1916, on slopes, altitude about 300 meters, locally known as pedped.

The specimen agrees closely with the descriptions and with Indian
specimens of this species and I consider it certainly to represent Lindley’s
species. An older name is perhaps Englehardtia villosa (Wall.) Kurz,
based in Juglans villosa Wall. Cat. (1831, or 1832) no. 4945, but Wallich’s
name is a nomen nudum and has no standing. The species has not
previously been reported from the Philippines.

India to Burma and southern China,

XII, 0, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 265

MYRISTICACEAE
GYMNACRANTHERA Warburg

_GYMNACRANTHERA ACUMINATA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 11 m alta, inflorescentiis ferrugineo-pubescen-
tibus exceptis glabra; foliis oblongis ad anguste oblongo-ovatis,
usque ad 11 cm longis, apice tenuiter subcaudato-acuminatis, basi
cuneatis, subcoriaceis, in siccitate brunneis, supra perspicue ni-
tidis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, subtus distinctis, curvato-adscen-
dentibus ; paniculis axillaribus, multifloris, leviter adpresse ferru-
gineo-pubescentibus, 3 ad 4 cm longis; floribus ¢ numerosis, 4
mm longis, usque ad medium 3- vel 4-partitis, antheris in massam
cylindraceam 1.7 ad 2 mm longam connatis.

A tree about 11 m high, glabrous except the inflorescences.

Branches terete, grayish-brown, lenticellate. Leaves subcoria-

ceous, brown when dry, the upper surface very prominently
shining, the lower dull, oblong to narrowly oblong-ovate, 9 to 11
cm long, 3 to 3.5 cm wide, narrowed upward to the prominently
caudate-acuminate apex and below to the cuneate base, the acu-
men slender, about 1.5 cm long, blunt; primary lateral nerves
5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the lower surface,
curved-ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations very lax, ob-
scure; petioles slender, 1 to 1.4 cm long. Staminate panicles
axillary, numerous, 3 to 4 cm long, many-flowered, appressed-
pubescent with scattered ferruginous hairs, the flowers race-
mose-fascicled on the ultimate branchlets. Buds ellipsoid, the
mature flowers oblong, 4 mm long, divided to about the middle
into 3 or 4, ovate, obtuse lobes, externally sparingly pubescent.
Staminal column cylindric, 1.7to 2mm long.

Samar, Dolores, For. Bur. 21074 Sherfesee, Cenabre, & Cortes, April 5,
1914, in forested flats, altitude 15 meters, locally known as daha-an

The specimen was originally identified as Gymnacranthera paniculata
Warb., and while it represents a species allied to the latter, it is readily
distinguised among all the Philippine forms by its prominently shining,
brown, few-nerved caudate-acuminate leaves. The staminate flowers are
rather large for Gymnacranthera.

HORSFIELDIA Willdenow

HORSEFIELDIA OBSCURINERVIA sp. nov.

Arbor glabra circiter 11 m alta; foliis oblongis ad oblongo-
lanceolatis, coriaceis, usque ad 14 cm longis, utrinque subaequal-
iter angustatis, acuminatis, basi cuneatis, in siccitate brunneis,
nervis utrinque circiter 18, tenuibus, obscuris, haud anastomosan-
tibus, secondariis reticulisque obsoletis; paniculis axillaribus, cir- .

150676——2

ee The Philippine Journal of Science 3919

citer 6 cm longis, multifioris ; floribus ¢ obovoideis, 2 mm longis,
2-lobatis, antheris in massam obovoideam apice depressam 1. 5
mm longam connatis.

A glabrous tree about 11 m high, or the very youngest branch-
lets and the midrib beneath sparingly ferruginous-pubescent.
Branches terete, dark-brown, lenticellate. Leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, 11 to 14 cm long, 3 to 4 cm wide, coriaceous, brown and
slightly shining when dry and of nearly the same color on both
surfaces, subequally narrowed to the rather prominently acumi-
nate apex, the acumen blunt, and to the cuneate base, the margins
recurved; lateral nerves about 18 on each side of the midrib,
very slender, obscure, not anastomosing, the secondary ones and
reticulations obsolete, the primary nerves very slightly impressed
in the median portion on the upper surface, the midrib prominent .
beneath; petioles 1 to 1.5 em long. Staminate panicles axillary,
about 6 cm long, glabrous, the flowers subracemosely arranged
on the short ultimate branchlets. Staminate flowers yellow
when fresh, brown when dry, obovoid, 2 mm long, 2-valved,
‘their pedicels 1 to 15 mm long. Staminal column obovoid, 1.5
mm long, depressed at the apex.

LuzON, Camarines Province, Paracale, For. Bur. 26503 de Mesa & Ma-
gistrado, July 26, 1916, on low hills, altitude about 20 meters, locally known
as duguan.

This rather strongly marked species is well characterized by its relatively
narrow, very obscurely nerved leaves. The staminate inflorescences strongly
resemble those of Gymnacranthera paniculata Warb., but the species is a
true Horsfieldia.

SAXIFRAGACEAE
DEUTZIA Thunberg

DEUTZIA ACUMINATA 5p. nov.

Species D. pulchrae Vid. affinis, differt foliis majoribus, usque
ad 12 cm longis, nervis utrinque magis numerosis, utrinque cir-
citer 8.

A shrub, all parts more or less white stellate-lepidote.
Branches and branchlets terete, reddish-brown, smooth, the latter
minutely stellate-lepidote. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late, subcoriaceous, brittle, pale-brownish when dry, the lower
surface grayish-white or at least paler than the upper surface,
8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, gradually narrowed upward to
the slenderly acuminate apex, the base rounded, margins distantly
denticulate, both surfaces with minute, white stellate-lepidote
_ Scales, these widely scattered on the upper surface,-rather densely

™

\~

XII, ©, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 267

arranged on the lower surface; lateral nerves about 8 on each
side of the midrib, prominent on the lower surface, curved,
anastomosing, the reticulations lax; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. :
Panicles terminal, narrow, up to 8 em in length, the lower
branches 2 cm long or less,.all parts sparingly stellate-lepidote.

Fruits cup-shaped, truncate, gray stellate-lepidote, about 5 mm

long, 6 mm in diameter, the styles exserted about 5 mm.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26441 Ramos
& Edano, August 14, 1916, in forests, altitude about 300 meters.

A species manifestly allied to Deutzia pulchra Vid., its much larger,
more numerously nerved leaves giving it an aspect quite different from
the typical form of Vidal’s species.

HYDRANGEA Gronovius

HYDRANGEA PUBIRAMEA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus, ramis et inflorescentiis et petiolis et
subtus foliis ad costa nervisque pilosis; foliis-chartaceis, oblongis
ad oblongo-obovatis, acute acuminatis, basi acutis, margine sur-
sum denticulatis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, curvato-adscendentibus,
subtus in si¢citate plus minusve pustulosis; inflorescentiis ter-
minalibus, pedunculatis, ramis primariis radiatis; fructibus jun-
ioribus ovoideis, glabris, stylis 3, crassis, curvatis, 2 ad 2.5 mm
longis.

A shrub about 2 m high, the young branches, petioles, inflores-
cences, and leaves on the midrib and lateral nerves beneath pilose
with somewhat appressed, pale-brownish hairs. Branches terete,
grayish-brown. Leaves chartaceous, oblong to oblong-obovate,
grayish-olivaceous when dry, slightly shining, 6 to 11 cm long,
3.to 4 cm wide, apex acutely acuminate, base acute, margins in
the upper one-half denticulate, the teeth small, scattered, the low-
er surface pale-brownish, pustulate when dry; lateral nerves 5
or 6 on each side of the midrib, curved-ascending, anastomosing;
petioles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Inflorescences terminal, peduncled,
pubescent, the peduncles 5 to 20 mm long, the branches radiate,
up to 4 em long, flower-bearing only toward their apices, the
pedicels about 5 mm long. Calyx-tube in fruit cuneate, 2 mm
long, the lobes 5, oblong, 1 mm long. Capsule above the calyx-
tube ovoid or globose, about 3 mm in diameter; styles 3, rarely 4,
stout, curved, 2 to 2.5 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26521 Ramos &
Edano, September 8, 1916, in forests, altitude about 300 meters,

A species similar and manifestly allied to Hydrangea lobbiana Maxim.,
from which it is readily distinguished by its indumentum.

268 © The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

Var. PARVIFOLIA var. nov.

A typo differt foliis minoribus, 4 ad 6 cm longis, haud pustu-
‘latis, petiolis brevioribus.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sct. 26511 Ramos
& Edato, September 6, 1916, in forests, altitude about 240 meters.

This is apparently but a reduced form of Hydrangea pubiramea, having
smaller leaves and panicles and shorter petioles.

CUNONIACEAE

WEINMANNIA Linnaeus

WEINMANNIA SIMPLICIFOLIA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 3 m altus, inflorescentiis leviter pubescentibus
exceptis glaber; foliis crasse coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque
ad 9 cm longis, in siccitate brunneis, nitidis, utrinque subaequal-
iter angustatis, apice obtusis, acutis, vel leviter acuminatis, basi
plus minusve acuminatis, nervis primariis utrinque circiter 9,
venularum reti denso, utrinque conspicuo; racemis numerosis,
usque ad 9 cm longis; capsulis anguste ovoideis, circiter 3 mm
longis, pubescentibus.

A shrub about 3 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches terete, brownish, the branchlets smooth, dark-brown,
somewhat compressed at the nodes. Leaves simple, opposite,
thickly coriaceous, brown and somewhat shining when dry,
oblong-elliptic, 4.5 to 9 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, subequally
narrowed to the obtuse, acute, or somewhat acuminate apex, and
to the acuminate base, the margins crenate-serrate; primary
lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, these and the
prominent, rather close reticulations distinct on both surfaces;
petioles 5 to 8 mm long. Inflorescence terminal, simple, or the
rachis slightly branched, the peduncles and branches 1 cm long
or less, the racemes numerous, fascicled at the tips of the
branches or of the peduncle, up to 9 cm long, more or less pub-
escent with short, brownish hairs. Fruits numerous, fascicled
at the nodes of the branches, their pedicels slender, somewhat
pubescent, about 2 mm long, the capsules narrowly ovoid, about

3 mm long, brownish-pubescent, tipped cd the styles, the latter
about 1.5 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26531 Ramos &
Edato, September 9, 1916, in forests, altutude about 300 meters.
A characteristic species allied to Weinmannia luzonensis Vid., but readily

distinguished by its — thickly coriaceous, prominently ‘nerved and
reticulated leaves.

OO a Ae FeO

2

i~

XII, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 269
LEGUMINOSAE

TRIFIDACANTHUS Merrill genus novum
(Papilionatae-Hedysareae-? Desmodiinae)

Calycis membranacei, tubus brevis; lobi 2 superiores omnino
connati vel apice minute 2-dentatae, 3 inferiores ovato-lanceo-
lati, acuminati. Vexillum late obovatum, basi cuneatum, sessile
vel subsessile; alae oblongae, obtusae; carina leviter falcata,
obtusa. Stamen vexillare a basi libera, caetera connata; an-
therae uniformes. Ovarium breviter stipitatum, lineare, cir-
citer 6-ovulatum ; stylus leviter incurvus, glaber, stigmate minute
terminali. Legumen * * *, Frutex parvus, erectus, sub-

- glaber, spinis longis rectis sparsis trifidis armatae. Folia 1-

foliolata, foliolis minute stipellatis, ellipticis ad oblongo-ellipticis,
integris, breviter petiolatis. Stipulae striatae, siccae, liberae.
Flores purpurei, mediocri, racemosi, racemis axillaribus, bre-
vibus, solitariis, paucifloris. Bracteae late ovatae, striatae,
parvae; bracteolae 0.

TRIFIDACANTHUS UNIFOLIOLATUS sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, 1 ad 2 m altus, ramis numerosis, rigidis, tere-
tibus; foliis alternis, breviter petiolatis, foliolis ellipticis ad
oblongo-ellipticis, utrinque rotundatis, apice minutissime apicu-
latis, in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, 1.5 ad 3 em longis; spinis spar-
sis, rectis, rigidis, tenuibus, trifidis, 8 ad 17 mm longis; racemis
axillaribus, solitariis, paucifloris, leviter pubescentibus, circiter
3 cm longis; floribus circiter 1 cm longis.

An erect, much-branched, nearly glabrous shrub 1 to 2 m
high, the branches stiff, terete, grayish, rugose when dry,
searcely lenticellate, the wood pale-yellowish, some of the nodes
armed with stiff, slender, straight, sharp, trifid spines, their
branches 8 to 17 mm long. Leaves numerous, alternate, 1-
foliolate, their petioles 2 to 4 mm long, minutely bistipellate at
the base of the very short, geniculate petiolule; blades elliptic to
oblong-elliptic, equilateral, entire, subcoriaceous, equally rounded
at both ends, the apex minutely apiculate, 1.5 to 3 cm long, 7
to 15 mm wide, pale and shining when dry, the lower surface
often slightly glaucous, glabrous, or when young minutely pube-
rulent; lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib, slender,
anastomosing, not prominent, the reticulations distinct under
a lens, rather close; stipules dry, striate, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5
to 2 mm long, acuminate. Racemes axillary, solitary, slender,
few-flowered, about 3 cm long, sparingly pubescent, subtended
by numerous, somewhat distichous,-imbricate bracts similar to

270 —«STihe Philippine Journal of Science 1911

the stipules, the pedicels about 5 mm long, the bracts subtending
the pedicels ovate, acuminate, striate, 1.5 mm long. Flowers
about 1 cm long, purplish. Calyx sparingly pubescent, membran-
aceous, 3 mm long, the upper two teeth usually wholly united
into a 2-nerved, triangular-ovate, acute to obtuse, 1.2 mm long
lobe, sometimes 2-dentate at the tip, the lower three teeth sub-
equal, 1-nerved, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 mm long.
Petals glabrous, the standard broadly obovate, rounded or some-
what retuse, sessile or with a very short claw, base cuneate,
about 9 mm long and 8 mm wide. Wings oblong, slightly in-
equilateral, free or nearly so, rounded, about 10 mm long and
3.5 mm wide, the claw 1.2 mm long, basal lobe rounded. Keel

petals about 8 mm long and 3 mm wide, slightly falcate, .

oblong-obovate, rounded, the claw as long as that of the wings.
Vexillary filament free from the base, the other nine united into
a tube, the free parts of the filaments 1 to 1.5 mm long, all
fertile, the anthers uniform. Ovary on a 1 mm long stipe, linear,
slightly pubescent, about 4 mm long; ovules about 6; style
curved, glabrous, about 3 mm long, the stigma minute. Fruit
unknown.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Burgos, Bur. Sci. 27196 Ramos, March 3,
1917, in dry thickets at low altitudes.

I have placed this proposed new genus in the Papilionatae-Hedysareae,
’ and with doubt in the Desmodiinae, as the fruits are unknown. It is
strongly characterized by its long, straight, trifid, rigid spines and its
1-foliolate, shortly petioled leaves, the leaflet being minutely stipellate and
elliptic or oblong-elliptic in shape. It does not appear to be closely allied to
any previously described genus either in the group in which it is placed, or in
other groups of the Papilionatae, although in some respects it is suggestive
of the New Caledonian genus Arthroclianthus Baill. It is, however, radi-

cally different from Baillon’s genus in general appearance, vegetative :

characters, floral characters, and in its trifid spines.
SOPHORA Linnaeus

SOPHORA LONGIPES sp. nov.

Frutex, partibus junioribus minute et parce adpresse pubes-
centibus; foliis usque ad 17 cm longis, foliolis circiter 15, ovato-
ellipticis, in siccitate pallidis, glabris, usque ad 2.5 cm longis,
obtusis; racemis axillaribus, foliis subaequantibus; floribus
paucis, violaceis, circiter 138 mm jongis; fructibus circiter 4 cm
longis, longissime stipitatis, cylindraceis vel leviter compressis,
haud moniliformibus, apice longe rostratis; seminibus solitariis.

A shrub, the younger branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences

minutely pubescent with short appressed hairs; leaves about 17
cm long, somewhat crowded at the apices of the branches; leaflets

ere | rs

4

XIL, C, 6 M erril: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 271

usually 15, ovate-elliptic, 2 to 2.5 cm long, 1 to 1.4 cm wide, pale
when dry, glabrous, chartaceous, base rounded, apex obtuse, the
nerves indistinct; petiolules 1 to 2 mm long, slightly pubescent.
Racemes axillary, peduncled, about as long as the leaves, rather
few-flowered, the pedicels slightly pubescent, about 7 mm long.
Flowers violet, 13 mm long. Calyx cup-shaped, 8 mm long, ob-
scurely 2-lipped, the teeth broad, short, the base rounded, inflated
on the upper side, subglabrous. Standard 13 mm long, the claw
elongated, the limb obovate, truncate-rounded, about 6 mm wide
above; keel-petals with claws about 4.5 mm long, their limbs
broadly oblong, 7 mm long, 4 mm wide, slightly falcate, apiculate
on the outer side, rounded on the inner; wings with claws about
5 mm long, their limbs narrowly oblong, rounded, about 9 mm
long, 2 to 2.5 mm wide. Stamens united in the lower 2 mm.
Ovary stipitate; ovules about 6. Fruits about 4 cm long,
minutely pubescent, the stipe slender, curved, about 2 cm long,
the inflated part cylindric or slightly compressed, tipped with
a somewhat curved beak less than 1 cm in length; seeds solitary.

Luzon, Batangas Province, on dry slopes between Bauang and Punta de
Azufre, Bur. Sci. 26765 Ramos, October 20, 1916.

The specimens were from flowering branches taken from old trunks or
roots in a deserted clearing, so that the size of the plant is uncertain; it
is probably merely a shrub or at most a small tree. It is well characterized
by its one-seeded, rostrate-acuminate, long-stipitate pods. It is entirely
different from the other two species found in the Philippines.

PTEROCARPUS Linnaeus

PTEROCARPUS PUBESCENS sp. nov.

Arbor alta, omnibus partibus dense molliter pubescentibus,
indumento brunneo; foliis circiter 20 cm longis, foliolis usque ad
11, oblongis ad oblongo-ovatis, obtuse acuminatis, usque ad 7 cm
longis, nervis utrinque circiter 9, tenuibus; fructibus suborbicu-
laribus, 4 ad 5.5 cm diametro, brunneo-pubescentibus, medio
tenuiter spinoso-echinatis, spinis 2 ad 4 mm longis.

A tree variable in size, from 8 to 20 m in height, all parts
prominently and densely pubescent with rather soft, brown
hairs. Older branches glabrous, reddish-brown, terete, the
younger ones densely pubescent. Leaves about 20 cm long,
rachis, petioles, and petiolules very densely pubescent, the leaflets
more or less pubescent on both surfaces, often densely so; leaflets
up to 11, oblong-ovate to oblong, up to 7 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm
wide, firmly chartaceous, brownish when dry, somewhat shining,
blunt-acuminate, or the acumen sometimes apiculate, base
rounded; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib,

272 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

slender. Inflorescences reduced to simple, axillary, solitary
racemes up to 15 cm in length, the rachis, pedicels, and calyces
densely pubescent. Flowers yellow, their pedicels up to 1 cm in
length. Calyx about 8 mm long. Standard about 1.4 cm long,
the claw stout, 4 mm long, cuneate, the limb 8 to 9 mm wide;
wings inequilateral, their claws slender, 4.5 mm long, their limbs
oblong, 9 mm long; keel-petals 10 mm long, very inequilateral
at the base. Staminal tube split down one side, all filaments
united. Ovary densely pubescent. Fruit orbicular or suborbi-
cular, brown, thin, 4 to 5.5 cm in diameter, more or less pubes-
cent, base inequilateral, the central 2.5 cm with numerous,
slender, straight, 2 to 4 mm long spines.

LUZON, Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 3959 (type), Feb-
ruary 1915, altitude about 1,300 meters, locally known as narra: Lepanto
Subprovince, Cervantes, Sandkuhl 286, February 7, 1915.

A species manifestly allied to Pterocarpus echinatus Pers. (P. vidalianus

Rolfe), but at once distinguished by its very dense indumentum, P. echt-
natus Pers. being glabrous.

CYNOMETRA Linnaeus

CYNOMETRA BIFOLIOLATA sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, ramis tenuibus, teretibus, lenticellatis; foliis
bifoliolatis, foliolis oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, leviter inaequi-
lateralibus, obtusis, basi acutis, subcoriaceis, nitidis, usque ad 10
cm longis, nervis primariis utrinque circiter 10, tenuibus; petio-
lulis 5 ad 8 mm longis; racemis axillaribus, fasciculatis, confer-
tis, haud 1 cm longis, multifloris, bracteis reniformibus, striatis,
circiter 2 mm longis; ovario glabro vel leviter pubescente; sta-
minibus 10.

A glabrous tree attaining a height of about 10 m, the branches
slender, terete, lenticellate, grayish when dry, smooth. Leaves

bifoliolate, the petioles 5 mm long or less, the petiolules 5 to 8 -

mm long; leaflets subcoriaceous, oblong to oblong-elliptic, rather
pale and shining when dry, 8 to 10 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide,
apex obtuse, base acute, slightly inequilateral; primary lateral
nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, anasto-
mosing, scarcely more distinct ‘than are the secondary ones.
Flowers white, fragrant, the short racemes crowded in axillary,
rather dense, subcapitate inflorescences, the axis of the racemes
4 mm long or less; bracts striate, reniform, about 2 mm long and
4 mm wide, margins pubescent; pedicels about 4 mm long,
glabrous. Sepals oblong, obtuse, about 2.8 mm long. Stamens
10; filaments about 4 mm long. Ovary inequilateral, oblong,

ee ae

XIl, C, 5 Merrill: N ew Philippine Shrubs and Trees 278

narrowed upward, glabrous or with very few scattered hairs;
style curved, sparingly pubescent, about 3 mm long.

Luzon, Cagayan Province, Gattaran, For. Bur. 24211 Barros, August 12,
1915, on river banks, altitude about 30 meters,

A species manifestly allied to Cynometra ramiflora Linn., from which
it is at once distinguishable by its distinctly elongated petiolules.

RUTACEAE

GLYCOSMIS Correa

GLYCOSMIS PLATYPHYLLA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus, inflorescentiis leviter ferrugineo-
pubescentibus exceptis glaber; foliis 2- vel 3-foliolatis, foliolis
coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, usque ad 18 cm longis et 9.5 cm latis,
breviter late obtuseque acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis primariis
utrinque 5 ad 7, subtus perspicuis, laxis, cum costa in siccitate

. brunneo-rubris; inflorescentiis laxis, pedunculatis, subcorymbo-

sis, usque ad 10 cm longis, floribus 4- vel 5-meris.

A shrub about 2 m high, glabrous except the somewhat ferru-
ginous-pubescent inflorescence. Branches and branchlets terete,
brownish or reddish-brown when dry, slender. Leaves 2- or
3-foliolate, the petiole and rachis 2.5 to 5 cm long. Leaflets
coriaceous or subcoriaceous, greenish-olivaceous and shining
when dry, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, the larger ones up to 18 cm
long and 9.5 cm wide, smaller ones on the same branches 7 to 13
cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, broadly and obtusely short-acuminate,
base acute, sometimes a little inequilateral; primary lateral
nerves 5 to 7 on each side of the midrib, beneath reddish-brown
when dry, prominent, curved, arched-anastomosing, the reti-
culations lax, slender, prominent; petiolules 5 to 8mm long. In-
florescences in the uppermost axils, subcorymbose, peduncled,
appressed-pubescent with short ferruginous hairs, up to 10 cm
in length, lax, the flowers greenish-white, crowded on the ulti-
mate branchlets, 4- or 5-merous. Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, rounded, less
than 0.5 mm long. Young petals elliptic, rounded, concave, at
least 2 mm long, externally very slightly pubescent.

LeyTE, Tigbao, near Tacloban, Wenzel 1611, August 23, 1915.

A species manifestly allied to Glycosmis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Pierre,
and perhaps even referable to it under a very broad interpretation of
specific limits. In its very large leaflets; lax prominent nerves which are
reddish-brown when dry; and lax, peduncled, elongated inflorescences it
appear to be sufficiently distinct to warrant separation from the above

polymorphous species.

274 The Philippine Journal of Science _ i9t7

ARONYCHIA Forster

ACRONYCHIA OBOVATA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 13 m alta ramulis junioribus et inflorescentiis
exceptis glabra; foliis firmiter charactaceis, obovatis ad oblongo-
obovatis, usque ad 14 cm longis, apice truncatis, latissime rotun-
datis vel obscurissime late acuminatis, deorsum angustatis, basi
cuneatis, nervis primariis utrinque circiter 12; fructibus glo-
bosis, circiter 1 cm diametro, obscure apiculatis, 4-locellatis.

-A tree about 13 m high, the very young branchlets and the
inflorescences more or less pubescent with pale fulvous hairs, the

infructescences ultimately nearly glabrous. Leaves obovate to >

oblong-obovate, 9 to 14 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, the apex truncate,
broadly rounded or broadly and obscurely blunt-acuminate, nar-
rowed below the middle to the cuneate base, rather pale when dry,
shining; primary lateral nerves about 12 on each side of the
midrib, distinct, anastomosing, the secondary nerves and reticu-

lations rather prominent; petioles 2 to 2.5 cm long. Infructes-

cences in the upper axils, peduncled, up to 8 cm in length, spar-
ingly pubescent, ultimately glabrous or nearly so. Fruits glo-
bose, somewhat fleshy, broadly and obscurely apiculate, about
1 cm in diameter, brownish when dry, 4-celled, 4-seeded, the
seeds about 5 mm long, nearly black, shining.

MINDANAO, Surigao Province, Manangas, Carrascal, For. Bur. 26478

Mallonga, December 18, 1916, on slopes in rich soil, altitude about 50
meters.

A species readily recognized by its obovate to obovate-oblong leaves.
SIMARUBACEAE

BRUCEA J. S. Miller
BRUCEA STENOPHYLLA sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m altus, partibus junioribus leviter ferrugineo-
pubescentibus exceptis glaber; ramis ramulisque teretibus, tenui-
bus, pallidis; foliis 12 ad 20 cm longis, foliolis 3 ad 5, rariter
7, membranaceis, lanceolatis, usque ad 9 cm longis, 1 ad 2 cm
latis, integris vel subintegris, tenuiter acuminatis, basi acutis;
infructescentiis foliis subaequantibus, tenuibus; fructibus pau-
cis, oblongo-ovoideis, leviter acuminatis, reticulatis, leviter bicar-
inatis, circiter 12 mm longis.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, glabrous except the slightly ferru-
ginous-pubescent younger parts. Branches and branchlets slen-
der, terete, pale. Leaves 12 to 20 cm long, distant; leaflets 3
to 5, rarely 7, opposite, the pairs distant, lanceolate, membrana-
ceous, subolivaceous and shining when dry, entire or very rarely

eee

;
ja
—*

XII, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees ae

with a few irregular teeth, 6 to 12 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide,
narrowed upward to the slenderly acuminate apex, the base
acute; petiolules 5 mm long or less; lateral nerves 7 to 10 on
each side of the midrib, slender, anastomosing, not prominent.
Infructescences about as long as the leaves, slender, axillary,
solitary, the peduncular portion 10 to 15 cm long. Fruits race-
mosely disposed, few, their pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm long, the fruits
oblong-ovoid, about 12 cm long, pale, somewhat bicarinate, about
12 mm long, laxly but prominently reticulate, base rounded,
apex somewhat acuminate.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, For. Bur. 26396 Oteyza & Garcia
(type), November 11, 1916, For. Bur. 22903 Leano, July 9, 1914, both from
thickets along small streams, altitude about 1,500 meters, the type from
Forbes Park, Leafio’s specimen from the barrio of Lucban.

A species well characterized by its few, very narrow, entire, distant
leaflets, and its slender, greatly elongated infructescences. Its alliance is
with Brucea mollis Wall., and with the Philippine forms described as B.
luzoniensis Vid. and B. membranacea Merr.

SABIACEAE

MELIOSMA Blume

MELIOSMA BRACHYBOTRYS sp. nov. |

Species M. sylvaticae affinis, differt foliolis majoribus, usque
ad 15 em longis, petiolo rhachibusque glabro, paniculis multo
brevioribus, circiter 15 cm longis, glabris vel basi plus minusve
fefrugineo-ciliato-pilosis.

A shrub, quite glabrous except the basal parts of the infra’
tescences which are more or less ciliate-pilose with ferruginous,
deciduous hairs. Branches brown, terete, the ultimate ones
about 7 mm in diameter. Leaves pinnate, about 40 cm long,
the petiole and rachis glabrous, pale-brown. Leaflets usually
13, brownish when dry, coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong-lan-
ceolate, 10 to 18 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, the lower ones often
falcate and more or less-inequilateral at the base, apex slenderly
and sharply subcaudate-acuminate, base acute, margins distantly
and minutely apiculate-toothed, especially in the upper part,
brownish when dry; lateral nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the
midrib, prominent, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the reticu-
lations distinct, lax; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 5 to 14 mm
long, of the terminal one up to 2 cm. Panicles terminal, stout,
15 cm long or less, the rachis and short branches thick, brown,
glabrous, or the base of the rachis more or less ciliate-pilose, the
hairs deciduous, the branches few, 5 cm long or less. Fruits

276 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

brown or black when dry, obovoid, sessile, 5 to 6 mm long, some-
what rugose, with two distinct longitudinal ridges.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26567 Ramos &
Edafio, August 26, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude about 190 meters.

A species manifestly allied to Meliosma sylvatica Elm., from which it
is readily distinguished by its targer leaflets; very much shorter panicles;
and in being nearly glabrous throughout.

SAPINDACEAE

GUIOA Cavanilles _

GUIOA OBTUSA sp. nov.

Frutex, partibus junioribus subtus foliolis et inflorescentiis
uniformiter adpresse ferrugineo-pubescentibus; foliis 10 ad 13
cm longis, foliolis plerumque 4, coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis ad
oblongo-obovatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, apice obtusis, basi acu-
minatis, inaequilateralibus, supra glabris, nitidis, olivaceis vel
nigro-brunneis, subtus pallidis, nervis utrinque 8 ad 10, perspi-
cuis; paniculis terminalibus axillaribusque, usque ad 10 cm
longis, ferrugineo-pubescentibus; floribus circiter 5 mm diame-
tro.

A shrub about 5 m high, the younger parts, lower surface of
the leaflets, and inflorescences uniformly appressed-pubescent
with short ferruginous hairs. Branches terete, dark-colored,
ultimately glabrous, the branchlets ferruginous-pubescent.
Leaves alternate, 10 to 13 cm long, petiole and rachis pubescent;
leaflets usually 4, rather thickly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to
oblong-obovate, 5 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, the upper pair
distinctly larger than the lower one, »btuse, base narrowed,
acuminate, inequilateral, the upper surface olivaceous to dark-
brown, shining, glabrous, the lower pale, uniformly appressed-
pubescent, the midrib, nerves, and reticulations brown in con-
trast to the pale epidermis; petiolules 3 to 5 mm long, pubescent;
lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent on
the lower surface, curved, anastomosing. Panicles axillary and
terminal, up to 10 cm long, ferruginous-pubescent. Flowers
pinkish-white, about 5 mm in diameter. Outer sepals ovate,
obtuse, 2 mm long, the inner ones reniform-orbicular, as long
as the outer ones, 8 mm wide. Petals villous, obovate, 3 mm
long, base narrowed. Filaments pubescent. ©

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26636 Ramos &
Edafio, September 19, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude about 270 meters.

A species entirely distinct from all previously described Philippine forms,
apparently allied to Guioa villosa Radlk. of New Caledonia. It is readily
distinguished by its ferruginous indumentum and its blunt leaflets.

Se eee a

j

XI, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees OTT
- CELASTRACEAE

ELAEODENDRON Jacquin

ELAEODENDRON MINDANAENSE sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra; foliis chartgceis, elliptico-ovatis, inte-
gris, usque ad 6 cm longis, basi acutis vel acuminatis, apice latis-
sime breviter obtuse acuminatis, nervis tenuibus, primariis
utrinque circiter 8, quam secondariis reticulisque vix magis
prominentioribus; cymis axillaribus, brevibus; fructibus junio-
ribus circiter 6 mm longis, obovoideis, petalis 5, orbicularis vel
orbiculari-ovatis, rotundatis, circiter 1 mm longis.

A small glabrous tree attaining a height of about 10 m, the
branches and branchlets slender, terete, grayish, or the latter
somewhat reddish-brown. Leaves opposite, entire, chartaceous,
pale-olivaceous, somewhat shining when dry, of the same color
on both surfaces, elliptic-ovate or sometimes rhomboid-ovate,
3.5 to 6 cm long, 2.5 to 5.5 cm wide, narrowed to the acute or
slightly acuminate base, the apex with a short, broad, blunt
acumen; primary lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the
midrib, slender, anastomosing, scarcely more prominent than
are the secondary ones and the reticulations; petioles slender,
3 to 4 mm long. Cymes axillary, solitary, slender, the pedun-
cles 0.5 to 1 cm long, each usually bearing three fruits, the
pedicels 2 to 2.5 mm long, somewhat thickened upward. Corolla-
tube funnel-shaped, about 1 mm long, the sepals very broad,
short, rounded, somewhat reniform. Petals orbicular to orbi-
cular-ovate, about 1 mm long. Young fruits obovoid, pale when
dry, the pericarp rather thin, about 6 mm long.

MINDANAO, Davao District, Mount Badas, For. Bur. 26243 Ceballos,
September 30, 1916, near the summit of the mountain, altitude about 650
meters,

The first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines,
perhaps most closely allied to Elaeodendron glaucum Pers., but with much
shorter, greatly reduced cymes and smaller, less prominently nerved, entire

leaves. |
GLYPTOPETALUM Thwaites

GLYPTOPETALUM RETICULATUM sp. nov.

Frutex 4 ad 5 m altus, glaber, ramis teretibus, ramulis com-
pressis vel indistincte angulatis; foliis coriaceis, in siccitate
pallidis, oblongis ad oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, acu-
minatis, basi subacutis ad obtusis, brevissime petiolatis, utrin-
que dense reticulatis, nervis primariis circiter 8, margine minute
glanduloso-denticulatis; infructescentiis axillaribus, peduncula-

278 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

tis, usque ad 7 cm longis, depauperato-cymosis; fructibus glo-
bosis, circiter 1 cm diametro.

A glabrous shrub 4 to 5 m high. Branches terete, greenish-
olivaceous or brown, the branchlets pale-greenish, somewhat
compressed or obscurely angled. Leaves rather thickly coria-
ceous, oblong-ovate to oblofig, 9 to 15 cm long, 3 to 4.5 cm wide,
rather pale when dry, slightly shining, both surfaces distinctly
and rather densely reticulate, narrowed above to the somewhat
acuminate apex, the base subacute to obtuse, margins, somewhat
thickened, slightly recurved glandular-denticulate with minute
teeth 2 to 5 mm apart; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of the
midrib, slender, rather distinct, anastomosing; petioles 2 mm
long. Infructescences axillary, peduncled, about 7 cm long, the
fruits 1 to 3 on each peduncle in a depauperate cyme. Fruits
reddish when fresh, globose, about 10 mm in diameter, smooth,
4-valved, but by abortion with but one or two seeds, the seeds

brown when dry, about 8 mm in diameter, the aril large, some--

what fleshy, orange-red.

Luzon, Abra Province, Mount Posuey, Bur. Sci. 27043 Ramos, February
4, 1917, on damp forested slopes, altitude about 300 meters.

This species is well characterized by the short-petioled, rather thickly
coriaceous leaves, the reticulations dense and evident on both surfaces.
It is most closely allied to Glyptopetalum marivelense Merr.

GLYPTOPETALUM EUONYMOIDES sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus;
foliis subcoriaceis, late ellipticis ad -obovatis, usque ad 5 cm
longis, apice late rotundatis, basi acutis, margine integris vel
sursum obscure crenatis, in siccitate pallidis vel subolivaceis,
interdum glaucescentibus, nervis primariis utrinque 4 vel 5,
tenuibus, obscuris; cymis axillaribus, dichotomis, paucifloris, 4
ad 6 cm longis; floribus 4-meris, circiter 7.5 mm diametro; peta-
lis orbiculari-reniformibus, circiter 3 mm longis; fructibus ju-

nioribus ovoideis, circiter 8 mm longis, loculicidé 4-valvis, semi-

nibus solitariis.

A glabrous shrub about 2 m 5 hike the branches and branch-
lets terete, the former brown, the latter pale-greenish and 1 to
1.5 mm in diameter. Leaves subcoriaceous, broadly elliptic to
obovate, 4 to 5 cm long, 2.5 to 4 em wide, apex broadly rounded,
base acute, smooth, slightly shining, entire or the margins above
obscurely and distantly crenate, when dry pale to subolivaceous,
sometimes more or less glaucous; lateral nerves 4 or 5 on each
side of the midrib, obscure, slender, obscurely anastomosing,

XII, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 279

the reticulations very lax; petioles 4 to 5 mm long. Cymes
axillary, peduncled, dichotomous, few-flowered, 4 to 6 cm long.
Flowers 4-merous, 7 to 8 mm in diameter, their pedicels 1 to 2
mm ‘long, the bracteoles 1 mm long or less. Sepals orbicular,
rounded, about 1 mm long. Petals orbicular-reniform, entire,

- more or less recurved, about 3 mm lorig and 4mm wide. Ovules

1ineach cell. Fruit, slightly immature, ovoid, about 8 mm long,
4-valved, by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, the seed broadly ellip-
soid, 6 to 7 mm long, the aril less than one-half as long as the
seed.

Luzon, Ilocos Norte Province, Bangui, Bur. Sci. 27546 Ramos, February
20, 1917, on slopes in thickets at low altitudes.

In vegetative characters this species somewhat resembles. a small-leaved
form of Huonymus viburnifolius Merr. It is well characterized by its

broadly elliptic to obovate leaves which are often glaucous when dry. It
is not closely allied to any other known form of the genus.

GLYPTOPETALUM GLANDULOSUM sp. nov.

Frutex glaber 3 ad 4 m altus, ramis teretibus, purpureo-
brunneis, ramulis concoloribus, tenuibus, sulcatis vel 4-angulatis;
foliis subtus prominente brunneo-glandulosis, chartaceis vel
subcoriaceis, oblongis, usque ad 7 cm longis, obtuse acuminatis,
basi acutis, margine distanter crenulato-denticulatis, nervis
utrinque 4 vel 5, tenuibus, perspicuis, anastomosantibus; in-
florescentiis axillaribus, cymosis vel subumbellatis, paucifloris, |
usque ad 1.5 cm longis vel interdum floribus solitariis; floribus |
tenuiter pedicellatis, 4-meris, 4 ad 5 mm diametro, petalis obo-
vatis.

A glabrous erect shrub 3 to 4m high. Branches brownish-
purple, terete, smooth, the branchlets of the same color, slender,
sulcate or 4-angled, the ultimate ones about 1 mm in diameter.
Leaves oblong, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 5 to 7 cm long,
1.6 to 3 cm wide, subolivaceous, slightly shining and of about
the same color on both surfaces when dry, narrowed above to
the blunt-acuminate apex, the base acute, margins distantly
crenate-denticulate, the lower surface with numerous, rather
prominent, dark-brown glands; lateral nerves 4 or 5 on each side
of the midrib, slender, distinct, arched-anastomosing, the reti-

‘culations very lax; petioles 5 to 7 mm long. Inflorescences

cymose or subumbellate, few-flowered, axillary, 1.5 cm long or
less, sometimes the flowers solitary. Flowers pale straw-color,
4-merous, 4 to 5 mm in diameter, their pedicels slender, 5 to 6 mm
long. Outer two sepals reniform, rounded, about 1 mm long and
1.5 mm wide, the inner two distinctly larger. Petals obovate,

280) The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

rounded, 2 mm long, entire. Anthers subsessile on the disk.
Ovary 4-celled; cells 1-ovuled.

PALAWAN, Mount Capoas, Merrill 9547, April 21, 1913, on steep talus
slopes, lower limits of the mossy forests, altitude about 900 meters, —

A very characteristic species readily recognizable by its prominently
glandular leaves.

GLYPTOPETALUM REMOTINERVIUM sp. nov.

Frutex glaber 3 ad 5 m altus, ramis ramulisque teretibus;
foliis olivaceis, oblongo-ovatis ad oblongis, chartaceis, usque ad
17 cm longis, acutis vel brevissime acuminatis, basi acutis, mar-
gine obscure crenulatis, nervis utrinque circiter 6, distantibus,
supra impressis, subtus perspicuis, arcuato-anastomosantibus ;
cymis axillaribus, depauperatis, pedunculatis, 3 ad 4 cm longis;
fructibus circiter 8 mm diametro.

A glabrous shrub 3 to 5 m high, the branches and branchlets
smooth, olivaceous, terete, the latter 1.5.to 2 mm in diameter.
Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, firmly chartaceous, olivaceous, of
the same color and slightly shining on both surfaces when dry,
15 to 17 cm long, 5.5 to 6.5 em wide, narrowed above to the
acute or slightly acuminate apex, base acute, margins usually
somewhat recurved and obscurely and distantly crenulate; late-
ral nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib, distant, impressed
on the upper surface, very prominent on the lower surface,
arched-anastomosing about 1 cm from the edge of the leaf,
the reticulations very lax, obscure; petioles 6 to 8 mm long.
Cymes in the upper axils, depauperate, peduncled, 3 to 4 cm
long. Fruits subglobose, about 8 mm in diameter, the pericarp
white or pink, the seeds red, brown when dry, ovoid, about 6
mm long.

PALAWAN, Ewiig River, Merrill 741, February 15, 1903 (type), in forests,
altitude about 300 meters. I am convinced that Filmer 13095, distributed
as Euonymus alatus Elm. belongs here, although of it I have seen only
leaf specimens. It is from the same general locality as Merrill 741, and
has. nothing to do with Huonymus alatus Elm. which is a true Euonymus
that I have below renamed Euonymus elmeri Merr.

The species is well characterized by its relatively large, remotely and
prominently nerved leaves, in its distinct nerves somewhat resembling

Glyptopetalum euphlebium Merr., differing from that species in its much >

fewer nerves, larger leaves, and smaller fruits.

GLYPTOPETALUM EUPHLEBIUM (Merr.) comb. nov.
Glyptopetalum marivelense Merr. var. euphlebium Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 10 (1915) Bot. 322.
The form that I characterized as a variety of Glyptopetalum marivelense
Merr. I now consider to be specifically distinct. It differs from Glyptope-
talum marivelense Merr. in its somewhat longer, relatively narrower leaves,

alias ES Ste SR

xic,s Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 981

which are up to 15 cm in length and 2.5 to 4 em wide, and especially in its
more numerous lateral nerves which are impressed on the upper surface,
very prominent beneath and arched-anastomosing; there are 10 to 12
pairs of lateral nerves, while in G. marivelense Merr. there are but 6 or 7
pairs which are not impressed on the upper surface and not very prominent
on the lower surface.

Luzon, Zambales Province, Mount Tapulao, For. Bur. 8108 Curran &
Merritt, December 15, 1907, in forests, altitude 100 to 1400 meters.

EUONYMUS Linnaeus

EVONYMUS ELMERI nom. nov.
Euonymus alatus Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 4 (1912) 1484, non Regel.

‘LuzON, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25486 Yates, ei ay ate
1916.

This species was originally described from specimens et iwiteds on Si-
buyan Island, and is known only from the original collections, Elmer 12256,
12485, and the specimen cited above. Elmer 13095 from Palawan, distri-.
buted as #. alatus Elm., of which I have seen only leaf specimens, is
Glyptopetalum remotinovium Merr.

PLEUROSTYLIA Wight

PLEUROSTYLIA WIGHTII W. & A. Prodr. (18384) 157, var. NEOCALE-
DONICA Loesen.

Luzon, Batangas Province, Mount Ballon Bur. Sci. 22350 Ramos, July
27, 1914, on dry hills.

The specimen is an exact match for New Caledonian material, Balansa
570, Hennecart s. n., representing the variety named by Loesener; I have
not seen the description of this variety. Both the New Caledonian material
and the Luzon specimen are distinctly different from typical Ceylon material
of Pleurostylia wightti W. & A. The genus is new.to the Philippines.

: *

VITACEAE

LEEA Linnaeus

LEEA ACUMINATISSIMA sp. nov.

Species L. wnifoliolatae Merr. affinis, differt foliis minoribus,
coriaceis, grosse crenato-serratis, basi rotundatis cordatisque.

A shrub about 1 m high, entirely glabrous, the branches
terete, brown, about 5 mm in diameter. Leaves simple, lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, mostly 10 to 17 cm long,
3 to 5 cm wide, sometimes up to 22 cm long and 7 cm wide,
brownish-olivaceous, apex caudate-acuminate, acumen slender,
up to 2 cm long, base rounded, distinctly cordate, margins
coarsely crenate-serrate, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous
when dry, the lower surface paler; lateral nerves about 12 on
each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions subparallel, distinct; petioles about 2 cm long, channeled,
with narrow deciduous marginal wings. Infructescénces ter-

150676——3 ;

229 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

minal, very short, 2 cm long or less, the immature fruits green,
black when dry, globose, 5 to 7 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26260 Ramos
& Edano, August 14, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude about 350 meters,
locally known as porutatak.

A very characteristic species closely allied to Leen unifoliolata Merr.,
from which it is readily distinguishable by its smaller, coriaceous, caudate-
acuminate, coarsely toothed, fewer-nerved leaves, which are rounded and
distinctly cordate at the base,

ELAEOCARPACEAE

‘ ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus

ELAEOCARPUS FORBESII sp. nov. § Dicera.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta partibus junioribus et inflorescentiis
exceptis glabra; foliis coriaceis, ellipticis, usque ad 13 cm longis,
basi rotundatis vel obtusis, apice obtuse acuminatis, margine
distanter crenatis, nervis utrinque 7 ad 9, subtus cum reticulis
primariis perspicuis; petiolo 1.2 ad 3 cm longo; racemis axil-
laribus, solitariis, 2 ad 4 cm longis, adpresse pubescentibus;
floribus 5-meris, confertis, circiter 9 mm longis, sepalis petalis-
que extus uniformiter adpresse pubescentibus, petalis oblongo-
obovatis, 8 mm longis, laciniatis, laciniae circiter 15, usque ad
3 mm longae; staminibus circiter 14, antheris anguste oblongis,
obtusis, circiter 2.7 mm longis, appendiculatis; ovario 3-loculare.

A tree about 10 m high, quite glabrous except the younger
parts and the inflorescence. Branches terete, rugose when dry,
dark-brown, the branchlets obscurely pubescent, the indumentum.
dark-brown, appressed. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, rather pale
when dry, 9 to 13 cm long, 3.5 to 6.5 cm wide, base rounded
or obtuse, apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, sometimes apic-
ulate, margins distantly crenate; lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each
side of the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, curved,
anastomosing, the primary retitulations very prominent, lax,
the ultimate ones very distinct; petioles 1.2 to 3 cm long. Ra-
cemes in the upper axils, solitary, 2 to 4 cm long, rather densely
flowered, all parts rather densely pubescent with pale brownish
or grayish, appressed, shining hairs. Flowers whitish, 5-
merous, about 9 mm long, their pedicels pubescent, about 4
mm long. Sepals lanceolate, externally densely appressed-pub-
escent, about 7 mm long, 2.2 mm wide below, gradually narrowed
upward, somewhat acuminate. Petals narrowly oblong-obovate,
about 8 mm long, externally densely appressed-pubescent with

aE MEE ES ack eee ie Seem a.) ae

XII, C, 5 Merril: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 283

pale, shining hairs, internally appressed-villous especially in
the median part and along the margins, the base obtuse, the
apex divided in the upper 3 mm into about 14, irregular, slender,
laciniae. Stamens about 14; filaments 2 to 2.5 mm long; anthers
slightly longer then the filaments, narrowly oblong, up to 2.8
mm in length, one cell obtuse, the other slightly longer, acute,
not at all bearded or awned. Ovary ovoid, seein 8-celled ;
style glabrous, 6 mm long.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Forbes Park, For. Bur. 24726
Leano (type), September 27, 1915, Sandkuhl 342, July 28, 1915, from the
same tree.

This tree grows along streams in the pine region at an approximate
altitude of 1,300 meters. It seems to be most closely allied to Hlaecocarpus
burebidensis Elm., of Mindanao, from which it is easily distinguished by its
differently shaped, much longer-petioled leaves. This characteristic species
is dedicated to the Honorable W. Cameron Forbes, ex-Governor of the
Philippines, in whose honor Forbes Park at Baguio was named.

GONYSTYLACEAE

GONYSTYLUS Teysmann.and Binndendyck -

GONYSTYLUS OBOVATUS sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 20 m alta, inflorescentiis exceptis glabra; fol-
iis subcoriaceis, obovatis, usque ad 9 cm longis, apice rotundatis,
leviter obtuse acuminatis vel retusis, basi late acutis, supra
minutissime puncticulatis, subtus eglandulosis, nervis primariis
utrinque circiter 20, quam secondariis haud magis distinctio-
ribus; inflorescentiis terminalibus, solitariis, 4 ad 9 cm longis;
fructibus junioribus longe pedunculatis, ellipsoideis, circiter 2.5
cm longis.

A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches reddish-brown, terete, rugose when dry. Leaves sub-
coriaceous, obovate, 6 to 9 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide, rather pale
when dry, shining, the apex broadly rounded, sometimes retuse,
or even slightly acuminate, the base broadly acute; lateral pri-
mary nerves about 20 on each side of the midrib, evident on
both surfaces but scarcely more‘distinct than are the secondary
ones and the reticulations; petioles reddish-brown, 1.5 to 2 cm
long. The upper surface minutely puncticulate, the lower
eglandular. Inflorescences terminal and in the upper axils,
solitary, apparently racemose, nearly glabrous at maturity.
Flowers unknown. Fruits brown when dry, rugose, ellipsoid,
about 2.5 cm long, the stout peduncles 2 to 2.5 cm long. Per-

984 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

sistent calyx-lobes ovate, coriaceous, glabrous externally, inside
densely hirsute.

Bapuyan ISLANDS, Calayan, For. Bur. 26713 Peitas, May 19, 1917, in
forests, altitude about 30 meters.

The alliance of this species is with Gonystylus philippinensis Elm., of
Sibuyan Island, from which it differs in its differently shaped leaves which
are eglandular beneath. Its extra-Philippine alliance is with Gonystylus
bancanus Baill., which is represented by numerous Philippine collections.
To this genus pertains the species described by Elmer as Thea reticulata
Elm. Leafi. Philip. Bot. 8 (1915) 2838 (Hlmer 18478, Agusan Subprovince,
Mindanao), which should be called GONYSTYLUS RETICULATUS (Elm.) ;
it is apparently closely allied to the Bornean Gonystylus affinis Radlk.

GUTTIFERAE

GARCINIA Linnaeus

GARCINIA MULTIBRACTEOLATA sp. nov. § Xanthochymus.

Arbor glabra, circiter 15 m alta, ramis teretibus, ramulis
teretibus vel obscure angulatis; foliis coriaceis, olivaceis, ni-
tidis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 15 cm longis, apice obtusis,
acutis, vel obscurissime acuminatis, basi decurrento-acuminatis,

nervis primariis utrinque circiter 16, tenuibus; inflorescentiis:

é terminalibus, fasiculatis, ramulis elongatis, 1 ad 2 cm longis,
beactautie numerosis imbricatis quadrifariis instructis ; floribus
solitariis, terminalibus, 5-meris, sepalis petalisque similibus,
sepalis circiter 5 mm longis; phalangibus 5, utrinque polyandris;
corpus centrale fungiforme, pedicellatum.

A glabrous tree, about 5 mm high, the branches terete, olivac-
eous, somewhat wrinkled when dry, the branchlets more or less
angular. Leaves coriaceous, olivaceous, shining, of the same
color on both surfaces, oblong-elliptic, base somewhat decurrent-
acuminate, apex obtuse, acute, or slightly acuminate, margins
somewhat cartilaginous-thickened, usually more or less revolute;
primary lateral nerves about 16 on each side of the midrib, some-
what spreading, rather slender, anastomosing, the secondary
ones and primary reticulations nearly as prominent; petioles
stout, 6to 10mm long. Inflorescence terminal, each consisting of
from 5 to 8, stout, 1 to 2 cm long, 1-flowered, fascicled rachises,
the rachises supplied with very numerous, crowded, imbricate,
triangular-acute bracteoles about 2 mm long and 3 mm wide,
arranged in four series, making the rachis more or less 4-angled.
Male flowers 5-merous, solitary, sessile, terminal, pinkish-white.
Sepals 5, coriaceous, elliptic, concave, about 5 mm long. Petals
similar to the sepals but, in bud, somewhat smaller. Phalanges
5, free nearly to the base, densely covered on all surfaces with

XII, ©, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 285

very numerous, minute anthers. Rudimentary ovary fungiform,
_ the disk-like stigma about 1.4 mm in diameter, peduncled. ;

MINDANAO, Surigao Province, Placer, Wenzel 1806, June 20, 1916, in
forests, altitude about 150 meters.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Garcinia moselleyana
Pierre, from which it is readily distinguished by its remarkable, elongated,
fascicled, stout, quadrifarously multibreaceolate rachises or partial inflo-
rescences.

GARCINIA HETEROPHYLLA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra, ramulis teretibus; foliis sessilibus vel
brevissime petiolatis, lanceolatis ad ovatis, acuminatis, basi ro-
tundatis ad perspicue cordatis, usque ad 10 cm longis, coriaceis,
nervis utrinque 7 ad 9, tenuibus, anastomosantibus, reticulis
laxis; fructibus axillaribus, solitariis, subsessilibus, globosis, car-
nosis, circiter 3 cm ‘diametro.

A small glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets brown,
terete. Leaves coriaceous, brown when dry, slightly shining,
lanceolate to ovate, 6 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, the lanceolate
ones usually rounded at the base, the ovate ones prominently
cordate, sessile or very shortly petioled, apex prominently blunt-

acuminate; lateral nerves 7 to 9, slender, anastomosing, the re-_ -

ticulations lax. Fruits axillary, solitary, globose, fieshy, sessile
or subsessile, about 3 cm in diameter, dark-brown when dry,
the pericarp thin, each with about three seeds.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan,. Bur. Sci. 26457 Ramos
& Edano, August 138, 1916, in forests, altitude about 300 meters.

A very characteristic species, allied to Garcinia cordata Merr., from
which it is at once distinguished by its few-nerved leaves. The sessile or
subsessile, lanceolate to ovate leaves are very characteristic, the former
usually rounded at the base, the latter deeply cordate, the lobes partly
surrounding the branchlets.

KAYEA Wallich

KAYEA MEGALOCARPA sp. nov. :

Frutex vel arbor parva, glabra, ramis et ramulis teretibus;
foliis coriaceis, laevis, nitidis, oblongis ad oblongo-lanceolatis,
usque ad 25 cm longis, obtuse acuminatis, basi .rotundatis, nervis
primariis utrinque circiter 20, tenuibus; petiolo crasso, 6 ad
8 mm longo; fructibus terminalibus, solitariis, pedunculatis, in
siccitate brunneis, furfuraceis,. globosis vel ovoideis, circiter 4
cm diametro.

A shrub or small tree, entirely glabrous, the branches and
branchlets terete, the former brown or greenish-olivaceous, the
latter reddish-brown. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, co-

236 The Philippine Journal of Science 1997

riaceous, smooth, shining, of about the same color on both sur-
- faces, rather pale when dry, 20 to 25 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide,
base rounded, apex obtusely acuminate; lateral nerves about
20 on each side of the midrib, slender, anastomosing; petioles
reddish-brown, 6 to 8 m long. Fruit globose or ovoid, about
4 cm in diameter, brown when dry, externally furfuraceous, ter-

minal, solitary, the peduncle about 2 cm long. ‘

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26360 Ramos
& Edano, August 17, 1916, in forests at low altitudes.

A characteristic species allied to Kayea navesii Vesque, from which it
differs by its leaves rounded at the base, its much longer petioles, and its

much larger fruits.
VIOLACEAE

RINOREA Aublet

RINOREA GLANDULOSA (Elm.) comb. nov.

Gelonium glandulosum Elm. Leafi, Philip. Bot. 3 (1910) 917.
Rinorea fasciculata var. minor Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 8 (1915) 2877.

The type of Geloniwm glandulosum Elm, is Elmer 12815 from Sibuyan;
the type of Rinorea fasciculata var. minor is Elmer 12724 from Palawan.
' Regarding the former Pax & Hoffmann? state: “certissime non ad genus
pertinet”, and an examination of the specimen shows it to be a Rinorea,
from which I do not believe that Rinorea fasciculata var. minor Elm. can be
distinguished. The species is distinguished from Rinorea fasciculata
(Turez.) Merr. by a number of characters, notably its smaller, fewer-nerved
leaves. The same species is represented by For. Bur. — Vergara from
Panay, with the Visayan name calumpingan.

RINOREA FASCICULATA Pipes comb, nov.

Pentaloba fasciculata Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 27 (1854) 341.
Alsodeia fasciculata F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 12.-
This species is now represented by a number of collections from various
parts of the Philippines. The type is Cuming 1074, not localized, but
probably from Zambales Province, Luzon.

RINOREA FORMICARIA (Elm.) comb. nov.
Alsodeia formicaria Elm. Leafi, Philip. Bot. 5 (1913) 1850.

The type of’ this species is Elmer 12886 from Palawan. I have already
noted elsewhere’ that Alsodeia dubia Elm. is no violaceous plant but pertains
to the Huphorbiaceae and is Trigonopleura dubia (Elm.) Merr. (T. philip-
pinensis Merr.). Rinorea pulgarensis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1913)
1849 is likewise no violaceous plant but pertains to the Ebenaceae and is
DIOSPYROS PULGARENSIS (Elm.), Motrs, a species apparently allied
to Diospyros fasciculiflora Merr.

* Engl. Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 414.
* Philip. Journ. Sci. 11 (1916) Bot. 77.

XII, C, 5 Merril: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 927

COMBRETACEAE
TERMINALIA Linnaeus

TERMINALIA CRASSIRAMEA sp. nov.

Arbor 5 ad 15 m alta, ramulis junioribus inoraasatis, 1 ad 2
em diametro, cicatricibus multis prominentibus ornatis, plus
minusve rufo-villosis; foliis confertis, brevissime petiolatis, ob-
longo-obovatis, firmiter chartaceis, usque ad 35 cm longis, apice
rotundatis plerumque abrupte breviterque apiculato-acuminatis,
deorsum angustatis, basi circiter 2 cm latis, leviter cordatis,
nervis utrinque 25 ad 35, subtus perspicuis, anastomosantibus |
cum costa reticulisque prominentibus plus minusve rufo- vel
ferrugineo-pubescentibus; fructibus junioribus-ellipsoideis, cylin-
draceis, circiter 3.5 cm longis, breviter apiculatis, laevis, glabris.

A tree 5 to 15 m high, more or less ferruginous- or rufous-
pubescent, the branches smooth, glabrous, stout, the upper 3 to
10 cm of the ultimate branchlets much thickened, cylindric,
1 to 2 cm in diameter, strongly marked with the numerous large
scars of fallen petioles, the leaves crowded at the apices of the
branchlets. Leaves oblong-obovate, firmly chartaceous to sub-
coriaceous, 23 to 35 cm long, 7 to 16 cm wide, olivaceous or
greenish-olivaceous when dry, the upper surface glabrous, shin-
ing, the lower somewhat paler, more or less ferruginous- or
rufous-pubescent on the midrib, nerves, and reticulations, the
apex rounded, usually shortly and abruptly apiculate, gradually
narrowed in the lower one-half to two-thirds, the base about
8 cm wide, somewhat cordate; lateral nerves very prominent, 25
to 35 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing, the reticulations
subparallel, prominent; petioles stout, 5 mm long or less, pubes-
cent to glabrous. Infructescences axillary, up to 14 cm in length,
the immature fruits ellipsoid, olivaceous, cylindric, not at all
-compressed, about 3.5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter, glabrous,
shining, slightly apiculate,

Leyte, near Ormoc, For. Bur. 12764 Rosenbluth (type), March 13, 1909, _
in valleys, second-growth forests, and open country, altitude about 40
meters, locally known as lanipao; For. Bur. 11583 Whitford, March 16, 1909,
sterile. The same species occurs in Agusan Subprovince, Mindanao,
represented in the herbarium by three sterile specimens, For. Bur. 7568
Hutchinson, For, Bur. 24400 Cortez & Fernandez, For. Bur. 24460 Miras,
Mariano, & Valderrama, all bearing the Visayan name lanipao, and one the
Manobo name yanipao.

This most characteristic species is readily distinguishable by its much
thickened, prominently scarred branchlets, its crowded, large, short-petioled,
many-nerved leaves, which are gradually narrowed below to the slightly
cordate base, and its ellipsoid smooth fruits that are not at all compressed.
It is not closely allied to any previously described Philippine form.

288 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
MYRTACEAE

TRISTANIA R. Brown

TRISTANIA MICRANTHA sp. nov.

Arbor 20 m alta (fide Oro), inflorescentiis distincte cinereo-
pubescentibus exceptis glabra; foliis oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad
13 cm longis, obtusis vel latissime obtuse acuminatis, nitidis,
basi acuminatis, nervis utrinque 20 ad 30, tenuibus, subtus dis-
tinctis, anastomosantibus, in pagina inferiore minutissime punc-
ticulatis; inflorescentiis axillaribus terminalibusque, peduncula-
tis, laxis, usque ad 10 cm longis, partibus junioribus distincte
cinereo-pubescentibus; floribus circiter 2 mm longis, 5-meris,
calycibus extus cinereo-puberulis, petalis suborbicularibus, 1.2
mm diametro, integris, glabris; staminibus 15, filamentis bre-
vissimis; ovario pubescente, 3-loculare.

A tree about 20 m high (fide Oro), glabrous except the dis-
tinctly cinereous-pubescent inflorescences. Branches terete,
pale brownish, the branchlets terete, smooth, reddish-brown.
Leaves alternate, in general oblong-elliptic, 7.5 to 13 cm long,
3 to 4.5 cm wide, shining when dry, the upper surface brownish-
olivaceous, the lower paler and very minutely glandular-puncti-
culate, apex obtuse to very broadly blunt-acuminate, base acu-
minate, margins slightly recurved; lateral nerves slender but
distinct, 20 to 30 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing with
the distinct marginal nerves about 2 mm from the edge of the
leaf; petioles about 1 cm long. Cymes axillary and terminal,
lax, 5 to 10 cm long, peduncled, dichotomously branched, the
peduncles reddish-brown, nearly glabrous, the younger parts
rather densely cinereous-pubescent. Flowers about 2 mm long,
5-merous, their pedicels pubescent, 1.5 to 2.6 mm long. Calyx
turbinate, cinerous-pubescent, about 2 mm long, the teeth 5,
short, rounded. Petals glabrous, suborbicular, rounded, entire,
1.2 mm in diameter. Stamens 15, in five groups of three each,

the filaments glabrous, less than 0.5 mm long. Ovary pubescent,
3-celled.

SAMAR, near Catbalogan, For. Bur. 22877 Oro, August 18, 1914, on
steep slopes, altitude about 400 meters, locally known as tiga busag.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Tristania decorticata
Merr. which it closely resembles in many characters. It differs in its
larger leaves; much longer inflorescences which in their younger parts are

rather densely cinereous-pubescent; smaller flowers; and much shorter
stamens.

a

XIL, ©, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 289

XANTHOSTEMON F. Mueller

XANTHOSTEMON PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov.
Arbor circiter 20 m alta, partibus junioribus leviter ferrugi-
neo-pubescentibus exceptis glabra; foliis ellipticis ad obovato-
ellipticis, coriaceis, usque ad 7 cm longis, in siccitate pallidis,
subtus puncticulatis, apice rotundatis, basi decurrento-acumina-
tis; floribus flavis, cum staminibus circiter 2.5 cm longis, in
axillis superioribus vel inflorescentiis racemosis efformantibus.
A tree about 20 m high, glabrous except the more or less
ferruginous-pubescent young branchlets. Branches terete, red-
dish-brown. Leaves alternate, crowded toward the ends of the
branchlets, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, coriaceous, pale and some-
what shining when dry, 4 to 7 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide,
apex rounded, base decurrent-acuminate, the lower surface glan-
dular-punctate; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib,
slender; petioles up to 1 cm in length. Flowers in the upper-

most axils and forming terminal racemes, yellow, their pedicels

about 1 cm long. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, about 5 mm long and
8 mm in diameter, the lobes 5, reniform, about 2 mm long and 4
to 5 mm wide, their margins minutely ciliate. Petals 5, subor-
bicular, rounded, 7 to 8 mm in diameter. Disk very prominent,
lining the perianth-tube, about 8 mm in diameter, distinctly
projecting beyond the insertion of the filaments. Stamens about
24, their filaments about 15 mm long. Ovary superior, ovoid,
8-celled; style 2 cm long.

Luzon, Camarines Province, Paracale, For. Bur. 24812 de Mesa, Nov-
ember 30, 1915, altitude about 40 meters, locally known as odkacanala.
A very characteristic species, at once distinguished from Xanthostemon
verdugonianus Naves by its larger yellow flowers and its prominent disk.

In vegetative characters the two species are very similar.

XANTHOSTEMON BRACTEATUS sp. nov.

Arbor glabra; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-obovatis, usque ad 18
em longis, apice obtusis ad obtuse acuminatis, deorsum angus-
tatis, basi cuneatis, in siccitate supra pallidis vel flavicantibus,
subtus saepe cupreis, puncticulatis, nervis utrinque circiter 12;
inflorescentiis axillaribus, circiter 12 cm longis, paucifloris, brac-
teis multis lanceolatis foliaceis instructis; floribus albidis, circiter
3.5 cm diametro, 5-meris, petalis orbiculari-obovatis, sepalis
ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, staminibus circiter 25; capsulis 1
cm diametro, 3-locellatis, 3-valvatis. .

A glabrous tree attaining a height of at least 14 m, the young
buds somewhat pubescent. Branches terete, brownish. Leaves

290 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

alternate, coriaceous, generally oblong-obovate, 11 to 18 cm long,
4 to 8 em wide, apex obtuse to obtusely acuminate, narrowed
below to the cuneate base, when dry pale or yellowish on the
upper surface, the lower surface more or less cupreous, glandular-
punctate; lateral nerves about 12 on each side of the midrib,
rather prominent, irregular, anastomosing with the marginal
nerves, the reticulations lax; petioles about 5 mm long. In-
florescences axillary, about 12 cm long, simple or forked, race-
mose, few-flowered, supplied with numerous, lanceolate, coria-
ceous, leaf-like bracts 1.5 to 2 cm in length. Flowers white,
about 3.5 cm in diameter, the pedicels 5 mm long or less. Calyx-
tube shallow, 1 to 1.2 cm in diameter, the lobes spreading, per-
sistent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 9 mm long. Petals
orbicular-obovate, rounded, 1.3 to 1.5 cm long. Stamens about
25, 1-seriate on the prominent disk which is about 1 cm in dia-
meter. Ovary 3-celled; style 18 mm long. Capsule about 1 cm
in diameter, sugblobose, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-
valved, brown when dry; seeds very numerous, flat, thin.

Luzon, Camarines Province, Paracale, For. Bur. 26500 de Mesa & Ma-
gistrado, on low hills, altitude about 30 meters.

The same species is represented by a sterile specimen from Messhulso,
For. Bur. 18350 Aguilar, and from Samar, For. Bur. 25961 Cortes. It is
known in Camarines Province as diricalin, and in Samar as bagoadlao.
The wood is hard and in Camarines Province it is considered to be one
of the most durable building timbers. The species is very distinct from
the two other Philippine forms, and does not appear to be closely allied
to-any of the described extra-Philippine ones.

SYMPLOCACEAE

SYM PLOCOS Jacquin
SYMPLOCOS OBOVATIFOLIA sp. nov.

Arbor glaberrima, 5 ad 10 m alta; foliis coriaceis vel sub-
coriaceis, obovatis ad anguste obovatis, usque ad 12 cm longis,
nitidis, subintegris vel obscure crenulato-denticulatis, apice ro-
tundatis ad breviter obtuse acuminatis, basi cuneatis vel acutis,
nervis utrinque 6 vel 7, plus minusve adscendentibus, subtus
perspicuis; fructibus numerosis, axillaribus, solitariis vel fas-
ciculatis, oblongis, cylindraceis, 1 cm longis, calycibus lobis 3,
ovatis, obtusis.

An entirely glabrous tree (flowers not seen), 5 to 10 m high.
Branches brownish, terete, smooth, the branchlets greenish-oli-
vaceous, somewhat angled when dry. Leaves alternate, coria-
ceous or subcoriaceous, greenish-yellow, of the same color on
both surfaces and shining when dry, obovate to narrowly ob-

- XH, C,6 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 291

ovate, 8 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 6 cm wide, apex rounded to shortly
and obtusely acuminate, below generally narrowed to the acute
or cuneate base, the margins entire or very obscurely and dis-
tantly crenulate-dentate; lateral nerves 6 or 7 on each side
of the midrib, prominent, more or less ascending, anastomosing,
the reticulations lax; petioles stout, about 1 cm long. Fruits
axillary and in the axils of fallen leaves, solitary or fascicled,
or subspicately arranged on the very short axis, sessile, oblong,
cylindric, 3-celled, 1 cm long, smooth, the basal bracteoles broadly
ovate, obtuse, 2.5 mm long, glabrous; calyx-lobes crowning the
fruit three, ovate, obtuse, 1.5 to 2 mm long.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26447 (type),
26466 Ramos & Edano, August 11 and 15, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude
between 250 and 400 meters.

A most characteristic species, readily distinguished by being entirely
glabrous, and by its obovate or narrowly obovate leaves; its. numerous,
sessile, oblong, cylindric fruits; and its 3-merous calyx, the latter a char-
- acter apparently new, or at least very rare, in the genus.

SYMPLOCOS TRISEPALA sp. nov. § Babua, Lodhra.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus et foliis subtus ad costa par-
cissime longe ciliatis exceptis glabra; foliis oblongo-ellipticis ad
oblongo-ovatis, coriaceis, usque ad 10 cm longis, acuminatis, basi
obtusis, margine distanter glanduloso-denticulatis, nervis utrin-
que circiter 7, subtus perspicuis; spicis axillaribus, glabris, dense
paucifloris, 1 ad 1.5 cm longis; calycibus tubo mes lobis
3, ovatis, obtusis, circiter 3 mm longis.

A small tree, entirely glabrous except for the widely scattered,
long, ciliate hairs on the very youngest parts, petioles, and
midribs on the lower surface of the leaves, perhaps ultimately
entirely glabrous. Branches terete, reddish-brown, the branch-
lets greenish-olivaceous, somewhat compressed. Leaves oblong-
ovate to oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, 7 to 10 cm long, 3 to 4.5
cm wide, yellowish-green when dry, shining, the apex distinctly
and rather sharply acuminate, base obtuse, margins distantly
glandular-denticulate, the gland-like teeth small, black when dry;
lateral nerves 7 on each side of the midrib, very prominent on the
lower surface, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, prominent, the
midrib impressed on the upper surface; petioles 2 to 2.5 cm long.
Spikes axillary, solitary, glabrous, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the flowers |
rather few, densely arranged, the subtending bracteoles ovate to
elliptic-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, 3 to 4 mm long, their margins
glandular-denticulate. Flowers white or somewhat yellowish.
Calyx-tube 1.5 mm long, the lobes 3, broadly ovate, obtuse, about
3 mm long. Petals 5, broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 3.5 to 4

992 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

mm long. Stamens about 50, obscurely pentadelphous, the fila-
ments glabrous, 3 to 7 mm long.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26515 Ramos
& Edano, September 6, 1916, in forests, altitude at least 400 meters.

It is very curious that two very distinct species of Symplocos should be
collected on the same mountain both aberrent within the genus in their
3-lobed calyces. The present species is immediately distinguishable from
Symplocos obovatifolia Merr. in numerous characters, notably in its entirely
differently shaped leaves; its sparse ciliate indumentum; and its spicately
arranged flowers.

SYMPLOCOS ELLIPTIFOLIA sp. nov. § Bobua, Lodhra.

Frutex circiter 3 mm altus, ramulis junioribus foliis subtus ad
costa et inflorescentiis exceptis glaber; foliis subcoriaceis, ellip-
ticis, usque ad 4 cm longis, utrinque acutis vel apice subobtusis
minutissime apiculatisque, margine crenato-serrulatis, nervis
utrinque 5 vel 6, distinctis, anastomosantibus; spicis axillaribus,
pubescentibus, solitariis, 1 ad 1.5 em longis, circiter 10 floris;
calycibus tubo glabro, lobis ovatis, obtusis, margine ciliatis;
petalis elliptico-ovatis, circiter 3 mm longis; staminibus cir-
citer 60, obscure pentadelphis.

A shrub about 3 m high, glabrous except the ferrugineous-pu-
bescent young branchlets, inflorescences, and the sparsely pubes-
cent midrib on the lower surface of the leaves. Branches terete,
smooth, dark reddish-brown. Leaves elliptic, subcoriaceous, 3_
to 4 cm long, 1.4 to 2.4 em wide, subequally narrowed to the acute
base and the acute or subobtuse and minutely apiculate apex,
margins crenate-serrulate, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous
when dry, shining, the lower surface paler, yellowish-green, the
midrib slightly impressed on the upper surface; lateral nerves
5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct, anastomosing,
these and the rather lax reticulations subequally prominent on
both surfaces, the midrib slightly pubescent on the lower surface.
Spikes axillary, solitary, up to 1.5 cm long, about 10-flowered,
appressed ferrugineous-pubescent; bracteoles ovate, pubescent,
obtuse, about 1 mm long. Calyx-tube glabrous, cylindric, slightly
enlarged upward, about 2 mm long, the lobes 5, ovate, 2 mm long,
their margins ciliate, otherwise glabrous. Petals elliptic-ovate,

rounded, 3 to 3.5 mm long. Stamens about 60, obscurely penta-
delphous.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26512 Ramos
& Edatio, September 6, 1916, in forests, altitude at least 300 meters.

This species somewhat resembles Symplocos inconspicua Brand, but has
very differently shaped, fewer-nerved leaves, and differs also in its ciliate
calyx-segments. From Symplocos vidalii Rolfe (S. luzoniensis Brand, non

EE ——————
*

Te eee ee ee

Pee ee ae
-

XIE, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees ‘993

Rolfe) it differs in its shorter, more numerously flowered ialces and ovate,
not lanceolate, bracteoles and calyx-segments.

' SYMPLOCOS RAMOSII sp. nov. § Bobua.

Arbor, ramulis junioribus et inflorescentiis ferrugineo-pubes-
centibus exceptis glabra; foliis oblongo-ellipticis ad elliptico-
ovatis, usque ad 12 cm longis, chartaceis, apice perspicue acu-
minatis ad subcaudato-acuminatis, basi acutis, margine obscure
crenulato-dentatis, nervis utrinque 10 ad 12; inflorescentiis axilla-
ribus pseudo-terminalibusque, elongatis, parce ramosis, ramulis
plerumque 1 ad 3, usque ad 10 cm longis; fioribus 5-meris, sessi-
libus, numerosis, circiter 8 mm diametro.

A tree, glabrous except the ferruginous-pubescent younger
branchlets and the inflorescences. Branches and older parts of
the branchlets brown, smooth, terete. Leaves scattered, char-
taceous, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, subequally narrowed at
both base and apex, the base acute, the apex rather prominently
acuminate, sometimes subcaudate-acuminate, margins crenate-
dentate, the teeth not prominent, when dry yellowish-green or
greenish-olivaceous, of the same color on both surfaces, shining;
lateral nerves 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib, rather slender
but prominent on the lower surface, anastomosing; petioles 1.3
to 2 em long, blackish when dry. Inflorescences elongated, axil-
lary and pseudo-terminal, up to 12 cm in length, rather densely
appressed-ferruginous-pubescent with short hairs, the branches
few, usually 1 to 3, up to 10 cm in length. Flowers 5-merous,
numerous, spicately arranged, white, about 8 mm in diameter,
the subtending bracteoles three, broadly ovate, pubescent, obtuse
to subacute, about 1.5 mm long. Sepals-5, broadly orbicular-
ovate, obtuse, pubescent, 1.5 mm long. Petals elliptic to elliptic-

- ovate, rounded, about 3 mm long. Stamens about 40, obscurely

pentadelphous, their filaments 3 to 5 mm long.

Luzon, Laguna Province, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 23801 Ramos, October
18, 1915, on open hillsides at medium altitudes.

The alliance of this species is apparently with Symplocos ahernii Brand,
from which it differs in numerous characters, notably in its greatly elon-

gated spikes.
ERICACEAE
VACCINIUM Linnaeus

VACCINIUM MYRTOIDES (Blume) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1859) 1062.
Thibaudia mytoides Blume Bijdr. (1826) 861.
Vaccinium villarit Vid. Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 166; Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 374.
The type of Blume’s species was from the Moluccas: “in cacumine
montium ignivomorum insularum Moluccarum”, and all published descrip-

994 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

tions of it are very short and imperfect. Koorders 19488, 19429 from Klabat
and Sepoetan, Celebes, exactly match our very full series of Philippine
Vaccinium villarii Vid., and as the specimens conform with Blume’s diag- .
nosis, I have no hesitation in reducing Vidal’s species to the much older
Vaccinium myrtoides Mig. This adds another characteristic species to the
already long list of those that are known only from the Philippines and
Celebes, or from the Philippines and the Moluccas.

VACCINIUM PLATYPHYLLUM sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva inflorescentiis exceptis slibess foliis
ellipticis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 14 cm longis et 7 cm
latis, crasse coriaceis, integris, in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, basi
acutis, apice prominente acuminatis, nervis utrinque 4 vel 5,
tenuibus, adscendentibus; racemis axillaribus, solitariis, parce
pubescentibus, 4 ad 6 cm longis, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis,
acuminatis, circiter 8 mm longis, supersistentibus; corolla cir-
citer 5 mm longa, extus leviter pubescentibus; ovario pubescente ;
calycibus lobis acutis, 1.2 mm longis, extus pubescentibus.

A shrub or small tree, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Branches pale-brownish, terete, smooth, the younger branchlets
reddish-brown, somewhat angular, rather stout. Leaves alter-
nate, rather distant, thickly coriaceous, stiff, elliptic to ovate- or
oblong-elliptic, 11 to 14 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, entire, rather
pale when dry, base acute, apex prominently acuminate, the
acumen rather broad, 1 to 1.5 cm long; lateral nerves 4 or 5 on
each side of the prominent midrib, slender, ascending, mostly
leaving the midrib in the lower one-third, obscurely anastomos-
ing, the reticulations not prominent; petioles stout, about 1
cm long. Racemes axillary, solitary, 4 to 6 cm long, sparingly
pubescent, the bracts subpersistent, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
about 8 mm long, black when dry. Pedicels about 7 mm long,
slightly pubescent. Corolla 5 mm long, externally sparingly
pubescent, narrowed upward, the mouth about 1.5 mm in diam-
eter, the short, broadly ovate, obtuse lobes recurved. Anthers
1.5 mm long. Ovary pubescent. Young fruit cup-shaped, 3

mm long, pubescent, the persistent calyx-teeth triangular-acute,
1.2 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, vicinity of Dingalan on the Pacific coast,
Bur. Sci. 26583 Ramos & Edano, August 25, 1916, on slopes at an altitude
of about 200 meters.

This is perhaps as closely allied to Vaccinium perrigidum Elm., as to any
other described species. It is characterized by its large, faintly and
obliquely nerved leaves, and its slightly pubescent racemes.

VACCINIUM ANGUSTILIMBUM sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, circiter 3 m altus; foliis coriaceis, lanceolatis
ad oblanceolatis, integris, usque ad 6°cm longis et 1 cm latis,

x,0,5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 295

nitidis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, apice obtusis ad leviter
acuminatis, basi cuneatis, tenuiter 3-nerviis, nervis lateralibus
adscendentibus, margine revolutis; petiolo crasso, brevissimo;
racemis terminalibus, solitariis, sub fructu circiter 3 cm longis;
fructibus globosis, 5 ad 6 mm diametro, dentibus ovatis, obtusis,
1 mm longis.

A glabrous shrub, about 3 m high, the branches terete, the
branchlets brownish, obscurely angled or subterete. Leaves nu-
merous, rather crowded, thickly coriaceous, stiff, lanceolate to
oblanceolate, 4 to 6 cm long, 7 to 10 mm wide, subequally nar-
rowed to the cuneate base and to the blunt to obscurely acuminate
apex, margins entire, recurved, olivaceous when dry, the lower —
surface often brownish, glandular, the base slenderly 3-nerved,
the lateral basal nerves extending one-half to two-thirds to the
apex; lateral nerves, including the basal pair, 3 or 4 on each
side of the midrib, slender, sharply ascending, the primary
reticulations rather distinct; petioles stout, about 1 mm long.
Racemes terminal, solitary, in fruit about 3 cm long, the pedicels
up to 5 mm in length. Fruits globose, black when dry, 5 to 6
mm in diameter, the persistent calyx-teeth ovate, blunt, about 1 .
mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, vicinity of Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26603 Ramos
& Edano, September 10, 1916, in forests, altitude about 300 meters. -

A characteristic species distinguishable by its narrow, thickly coriaceous,

slenderly nerved leaves. It is perhaps as closely allied to Vaccinium jagori
Warb. as any other described form, but is very different from Warburg’s

species.
EBENACEAE

MABA Forster

MABA MULTIBRACTEATA sp. nov. § Rhipidostigma?

Arbor parva, 4 ad 6 m alta, dioica, ramulis valde elongatis,
usque ad 1 m longis, subpendulis, plus minusve adpresse hirsutis ;
foliis chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, oblongis, usque ad 20 cm longis,
brevissime petiolatis, basi cordatis, apice acuminatis, subtus
obscure puncticulatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, perspicuis;
floribus ¢ 3-meris, axillaribus, cylindraceis, 10 mm longis, fas-
ciculatis ; staminibus 8 vel 9, antheris glabris; fructibus sessilibus,
ovoideo-ellipsoideis, 2.5 cm longis, obtusis, in siccitate brunneis,
4-locellatis; seminibus 4, albumine aequabile ; bracteis numerosis,
lanceolatis, hirsutis, 6 ad 12 mm longis.

A dioecious tree, 4 to 6 m high, the branches very long, sub-
pendulous, the ultimate one up to 1 m in length, the younger
branches, petioles, inflorescences, and to a much less degree the

996 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

leaves ferruginous-pubescent with short, stiff, appressed hairs.
Leaves oblong, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, brown or suboliva-
ceous when dry, 11 to 20 cm long, 3.5 to 8 cm wide, base
rounded, cordate, apex somewhat acuminate, both surfaces with
widely scattered hairs on the midrib and nerves, the lower sur-
face. obscurely puncticulate; petioles 2 to 3 mm long; lateral
nerves about 10 on on each side of the midrib, prominent, anas-
tomosing, the reticulations lax. Flowers crowded in axillary,
dense, multibracteate fascicles, the bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
prominently pubescent, persistent, 6 to 10 mm long. Staminate
flowers cylindric, 10 to 11 mm long, externally densely appressed-
pubescent. Calyx 4.5 mm long, pubescent, 3-lobed, the lobes
ovate, acuminate, about 2 mm long. Corolla lobes 3, elliptic-
ovate, apiculate-acuminate, about 3 mm long, the median portion
of the back pubescent, the broad margins glabrous. Stamens
8 or 9, inserted at the base, the longer filaments 2 mm long;
anthers linear, glabrous, 2 mm long. Pistillate flowers not
seen. Fruits ovoid-ellipsoid, obtuse, about 2.5 cm long, glabrous,
sessile, brown and shining when dry, 4-celled, each cell with a
single seed. Seeds oblong, pointed at both ends, about 1.8 cm |
long, triangular in cross-section, the two inner faces plane, the
outer convex, the chartaceous testa dark-brown, free, somewhat
puncticulate, the albumen very hard, a risgulen not
at all ruminate.

Luzon, Tayabas ponies Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 25641 , 26361 (type)
Ramos & Edatio, August, 1916; Sangirin, Alabat Island, Merrill 10441,
December, 1916; Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25592 Yates, December, 1916, along small

streams in forests at low altitudes.

A characteristic species that by definition might almost as well be
placed in Diospyros as in Maba. On account of its trimerous flowers and
its apparently alliance with Maba punctata Hiern, I have placed it in the

latter genus. It is readily recognized by its nearly sessile cordate leaves
and dense, multibracteate fascicles.

LOGANIACEAE

GENIOSTOMA Forster
GENIOSTOMA LONGIPES sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, circiter 2 m altus, ramis teretibus, sails
distincte 4-angulatis; foliis in siccitate nigris, ellipticis ad ob-
longo-ellipticis, chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, nitidis, utrinque sub-
aequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice acutis vel leviter acu-
minatis, usque ad 7 cm longis, nervis utrinque 4 vel 5, distinctis ;
fructibus axillaribus, solitariis vel binis, longe pedunculatis,

XU, ©, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 297

ovoideis vel subglobosis, in siccitate nigris, circiter 6 mm dia-
metro. :

A glabrous shrub, about 2 m high, the branches terete, grayish
or brownish, the branchlets distinctly 4-angled. Leaves black —
when dry, shining, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 5 to 7 cm long,
2 to 3 cm wide, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, subequally narrowed to’
the acute base and the acute or somewhat acuminate apex;
lateral nerves 4 or 5 on each side of the midrib, slender, curved,
obscurely anastomosing; petioles about 2 mm long; stipules
broader then long, subacute. Fruits axillary, solitary or in pairs,
globose or ovoid, black when dry, about 6 mm in diameter,
_ their peduncles 2 to 2.5 cm long, with few scattered, minute

bracts.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur, Sci. 26536 Ramos &
Edano, September 8, 1916, in forests, altitude about 300 meters, locally
known as bitig-bitig.

A characteristic species, distinguishable by its long-peduncled solitary
or paired fruits; the peduncles simple, 2 to 2.5 em long. The other Phil-
ippine species have the flowers and fruits arranged in depauperate cymes.
In vegetative characters the present species is nearest to Geniostoma bata-
nense Merr., but differs totally in the characters of its infructescence.

THYMELAEACEAE

WIKSTROEMIA Endlicher

WIKSTROEMIA PACHYPHYLLA sp. nov.
Frutex glaber, circiter 3 m altus; foliis coriaceis vel subcoria-
ceis, olivacies, nitidis, late ellipticis, usque ad 7 cm longis et 5.5
cm latis, apice late rotundatis, basi late rotundatis interdum
leviter cordatis; fructibus ellipsoideis, circiter 9 mm longis.

A glabrous shrub, about 3 m high, the branches and branchlets
smooth, reddish-brown, terete, or the latter somewhat com-
pressed. Leaves broadly elliptic, 6.5 to 7 cm long, 4.5 to 5.5
cm wide, broadly rounded at both base and apex, or the base
sometimes slightly cordate, when dry olivaceous, shining, the
lower surface slightly paler than the upper; lateral nerves about
8 on each side of the midrib, rather distinct on the lower surface,
somewhat curved, anastomosing, the reticulations lax; petioles
about 2 mm long. Fruits red, fleshy, when dry ellipsoid, about

9 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25559 Yates, December
14, 1916, in forests, altitude about 400 meters.

A species well characterized by its broadly elliptic, rounded, compara-
tively large leaves. In spite of the great differences in vegetative charac-
ters, its alliance seems to be with Wikstroemia viridiflora Meisn.

150676——4

298 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
VERBENACEAE ;

CALLICARPA Linnaeus

CALLICARPA WEBERI sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 8 m alta, ramulis petiolis et inflorescentiis et:
‘subtus foliis densissime uniformiter stellato-pubescentibus, in-
dumento ferruginéo vel subferrugineo; foliis subcoriaceis, ovatis
ad elliptico-ovatis, integris, usque ad 14 cm longis, basi rotun-
datis ad acutis, apice obtusis ad breviter acute acuminatis, supra,
costa exceptis, glabris, eglandulosis, brunneis, subtus unifor-
miter dense subferrugineo-tomentosis, vetustioribus foveolatis;
cymis e axillis superioribus, longe pedunculatis, densifioris, caly-
cibus densissime stellato-tomentosis, corollae tubo extus puberulo
4 mm longo. :

A tree about 8 m high, the younger parts densely and uni-
formly ferruginous-pubescent with short stellate hairs, the in-
dumentum on the older parts and on the lower surfaces of the
leaves paler but equally dense. Branches terete, the younger
branchlets obscurely angled. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate to
elliptic-ovate, 8 to 14 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, entire, base
rounded to acute, apex obtuse to shortly and acutely acuminate,
the upper surface smooth, shining, dark-brown or olivaceous-
brown, eglandular, glabrous except the midrib and _ lateral
nerves, these sometimes minutely stellate-pubescent, the lower
‘surface very densely and uniformly stellate-pubescent with short,
pale to ferruginous hairs, the glands not evident, the older leaves
distinctly pitted or foveolate beneath; lateral nerves 7 on each
side of the midrib, prominent, curved, the reticulations distinct;
petioles 1.5 to 5 cm long. Cymes in the upper axils, about 8 cm
long and up to 6 cm wide, long-peduncled, all parts densely pale-
or ferruginous-pubescent, dichotomously branched, the purplish
flowers densely crowded; peduncles about 5 cm long; bracts
linear, 5 to 6 mm long, the bracteoles similar but much smaller;
pedicels about 2 mm long. Calyx cup-shaped, densely stellate-
pubescent, 2 to 2.3 mm-long, truncate, the teeth 4, minute,
obscure. Corolla-tube puberulent externally, 4 mm long, the
lobes oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm long; stamens 4, the anthers oblong,
3 mm in length, exserted. .

BANCALAN, between Palawan and Balabac, C. M. Weber, September 26,
1916, altitude about 6 meters. &

This species is an ally of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. and C. maingayt
King & Gamble, differing from both, however, in many characters; and of
the Philippine Callicarpa magna Schauer, differing from the latter in its
smaller leaves, densely stellate-pubescent calyx, and puberulent corolla.

XII, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 299

It is apparently most closely allied to Callicarpa arborea Roxb., but its
cymes are much smaller and usually but once or twice forked; its leaves
smaller and fewer nerved; its flowers larger; and its ovaries are slightly
glandular but not tomentose.

CALLICARPA SUBINTEGRA sp. nov.

Arbor parva, 3 ad 5 m alta, partibus junioribus subtus foliis
et inflorescentiis densissime subalbido- vel griseo-stellato-pube-
rulis; foliis lanceolatis, chartaceis, usque ad 11 cm longis, ten-
uiter caudato-acuminatis, basi acutis, integris vel parcissime
distanter denticulatis, supra olivaceis, glabris, nitidis, subtus
albidis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, perspicuis, curvato-adscenden-
tibus; cymis axillaribus, solitariis, dichotomis, pedunculatis,
usque ad 2.5 cm longis et 4 cm latis; floribus in ramulis ultimis
confertis, sessilibus vel brevissime pedicellatis, calycibus trun-
catis, extus dense albido-stellato-tomentosis.

A small tree, 3 to 5 m high, the younger parts, lower surface
of the leaves and the inflorescences very densely and uniformly
stellate-puberulent, the indumentum white or. brownish-white.
Branches terete, pale-brown, ultimately glabrous. Leaves lan-
ceolate, chartaceous, 8 to 11 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide, entire or
the margins distantly and obscurely denticulate, base acute, apex
slenderly caudate-acuminate, the upper surface olfvaceous,
smooth, shining, glabrous, or the midrib sometimes stellate-
pubescent, the lower surface entirely covered with the very dense,
pale indumentum, no glands evident; lateral nerves about 8 on
each side of the midrib, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the:
primary reticulations distinct; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long, densely
stellate-puberulent. Cymes axillary, solitary, dichotomously
branched, up to 2.5 cm long and 4 cm wide, all parts very densely
stellate-puberulent, the peduncles 1 cm long or less, the bracts of
the primary branches linear, up to 5 mm long, those of the
secondary. branches similar but shorter. Flowers densely
crowded ‘on the ultimate branchlets, sessile or subsessile. Calyx
1.5 mm in diameter, truncate or minutely and obscurely 4-toothed,
externally densely pale puberulent. Corolla 2.5 mm _ long,
glabrous, the lobes 4, broadly ovate, obtuse, 1mm long. Anthers
exserted, 1 mm long. Style glabrous, 4mm long. Young fruit
ellipsoid to obovoid, glabrous, 2.5 to 3 mm in diameter, black
when dry. :

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Dingalan, Bur. Sci. 26619 Ramos &
Edatio, August 25, 1916, on dry slopes, altitude about 200 meters, locally

known as marataringao.

In some respects this species resembles Callicarpa angusta Schauer, from
which it is readily distinguished by its denser indumentum, its entire or
but slightly toothed leaves, fewer nerves, and longer petioles. Its true

300 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

alliance is with Callicarpa longipetiolata Merr., from which it is at once
distinguished by its differently shaped, narrow, caudate-acuminate leaves.

Var. PARVA Var. nov."

A typo differt foliis minoribus, leviter acuminatis, haud
caudato-acuminatis. Foliis 5 ad 7 em longis, 1 ad 1.5 cm latis.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26465 Ramos
& Edano, August 13, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude about 350 meters.

CALLICARPA ALBIDO-TOMENTELLA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 2 m altus, ramulis et subtus foliis densissime
albido-tomentellis vel puberulis; foliis lanceolatis, integris, mem-
branaceis, usque ad 11 cm longis, supra glabris, brunneo-
olivaceis, sursum angustatis, tenuiter acute acuminatis, basi
angustatis, obtusis, interdum leviter inaequilateralibus, nervis
utrinque 5 vel 6, tenuibus; cymis axillaribus, paucifloris, dicho-
tomis, pedunculatis, 1.5 ad 2 cm longis; calycibus truncatis vel
obscurissime 4-denticulatis, circiter 2 mm diametro, extus minute
stellato-puberulo..

A shrub about 2 m high. Branches slender, terete, glabrous,
grayish, the branchlets very densely and minutely grayish- or
whitish-puberulent as is the lower surface of the leaves, the
indumentum stellate. Leaves membranaceous, entire, lanceolate,
7 to 11 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 em wide, gradually narrowed upward
to the slenderly and sharply acuminate apex, narrowed below
to the obtuse base, the base on some leaves slightly inequilateral,
the upper surface glabrous, brownish-olivaceous, slightly shining,
the lower entirely covered with the minute indumentum; lateral
nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, slender, ascending,
impressed on the upper surface, the reticulations here lax, very
obscure, entirely obscured by the indumentum on the lower
surface; petioles densely stellate-puberulent, 4 to 5 mm long.
Cymes axillary, 1.5 to 2 em long, densely stellate-puberulent,
slender, peduncled, dichotomous, few-flowered, the peduncle ex-
ceeding the primary branches; pedicels slender, 1 to 1.2 mm long,
the bracteoles acicular, nearly as long as the pedicels. Fruits
subglobose, purplish when fresh, about 2.5 mm in diameter,
glabrous, the calyx shallow, 2 mm in diameter, truncate or very
obscurely 4-denticulate, outside at the base densely stellate-
puberulent with very short white hairs. —

Luzon, Abra Province, Mount Posuey, Bur. Sci. 26976 Ramos, February
5, 1917, along small streams in forests, altitude about 120 meters. .
A most characteristic species, distinguished by its white or grayish-
white, very short, dense indumentum, and its entire, lanceolate, mem-

XIHL ©, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 801

branaceous leaves which are entirely glabrous on the upper surface. It
somewhat resembles Callicarpa angusta Schauer, but is not closely allied
to that species.

GALLICARPA PHANEROPHLEBIA sp. nov.

Frutex 1 ad 2 m altus, ramis ramulisque teretibus, partibus
junioribus stellato-tomentosis; foliis chartaceis, lanceolatis vel
oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 15 cm longis, supra glabris, nitidis, ©
olivaceis, subtus brunneo-olivaceis, glandulosis, glabris vel ad
costa stellato-tomentosis, apice tenuissime caudato-acuminatis,
basi obtusis, margine perspicue serrato-dentatis, nervis primariis
utrinque circiter 7, curvato-anastomosantibus, valde prominen-
tibus; cymis axillaribus, laxis, pedunculay, usque ad 6 cm'longis
latisque, paucifloris.

A shrub about 2 m high, the younger parts distinctly stellate-
tomentose with pale-brownish hairs, the older parts glabrous.
Branches terete, brownish, glabrous, the branchlets very slender,
the younger parts densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, 11 to 15 cm long, 2 to
4 cm wide, narrowed upward to the very slender, caudate-
acuminate apex, the acumen 1 to 2 cm long, the base obtuse,
margins prominently dentate-serrate, the teeth somewhat apicu-
late, the upper surface olivaceous, somewhat shining, glabrous,
or the midrib somewhat stellate-tomentose, the lower surface
brownish-olivaceous, shining, with very numerous, shining
glands in minute pits, the midrib and sometimes the lateral nerves
stellate-tomentose; lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the
midrib, very prominent, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the
reticulations lax, prominent; petioles stellate-tomentose, about
3 mm long. Cymes axillary, solitary, few-flowered, very lax,
up to 6 cm long and wide, dichotomously branched, more or less
stellate-tomentose, the peduncles 2 cm long. Flowers purplish,
their pedicels 0.5 mm long, jointed to the branchlets. Bracts
linear, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or very
obscurely 4-toothed, 1.4 mm long and wide. Fruits globose,
glabrous, wrinkled when dry, 3 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26233 Ramos
& Edafto, August 8, 1916, in open places along streams, altitude about 50—
meters. %

A species well characterized by its slenderly caudate-acuminate, pro-
minently toothed, nearly glabrous, very prominently nerved leaves, and its
lax, few-flowered inflorescences. It is perhaps as closely allied to Callicarpa
dolichophylla Merr, as to any other described species, but is entirely dif-
ferent in its vegetative and inflorescence characters.

302 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

PREMNA Linnaeus

PREMNA LEYTENSIS sp. nov. :

Frutex circiter 3 m altus, partibus junioribus et inflorescentiis
exceptis glaber, ramis teretibus, pallidis; foliis integris, ovatis
ad oblongo-ovatis, subcoriaceis, in siccitate pallide brunneis, niti-
dis, usque ad 10 cm longis, prominente acute acuminatis, basi
rotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter 5; inflorescentiis termina- |
libus, corymbosis, circiter 6 cm longis, laxis, calycis obscure bila-
biatis lobis altero bidentato altero integro.

A shrub about 3 m high, the younger parts and the inflores-
cence. more or less pubescent. Branches terete, pale-gray,
glabrous. Leaves entire, ovate to oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous,
when dry pale-brownish, somewhat shining, 6 to 10 cm long,
3 to 4 cm wide, narrowed upward to the prominently and sharply
acuminate apex, the base rounded, entirely glabrous, or the lower
surface slightly bearded in the axils; lateral nerves 5 on each
side of the midrib, very prominent, curved-anastomosing, the
reticulations lax; petioles 1 to2 cmlong. Inflorescence terminal,
corymbose, distinctly ferruginous-pubescent with short hairs, up
to 6 cm long and 10 cm wide, the primary branches few, spread-
ing, the lower ones up to 5 cm long, the bracts linear, about 3
mm long, the bracteoles similar but smaller. Calyx cup-shaped,
slightly ferruginous-pubescént, about 2 mm long, distinctly 2-
lipped, one lip emarginate or broadly 2-toothed, the other entire.
Corolla-tube somewhat pubescent externally, the throat bearded,
about 4 mm long, 2-lipped, the upper lip entire, the lower 3-lobed,
the central lobe somewhat larger than the two lateral ¢ ones, all
rounded.

LEYTE, Tigbao, near Tacloban, Wenzel 1364, June 14, 1914, the flowers
green and white. -

A species in the group with Premna jntegrifolia Linn. f., but its leaves

quite different in shape, prominently and rather sharply acuminate, and not
at all olivaceous* when dry.

CLERODENDRON Linnaeus

CLERODENDRON MABESAE sp. nov.

Species C. minahassae Mig. affinis, differt florbus multo lon-
gioribus, corollae tubo circiter 14 em longo. Arbor parva, cir-
citer 7 m alta, glabra; foliis oblongis ad oblongo-obovatis, sub-
membranaceis, usque ad 386 cm longis, acuminatis, basi acutis,
nervis utrinque circiter 10, prominentibus; inflorescentiis termi-
nalibus, brevissime pedunculatis; calycibus circiter 4 cm longis,
extus glandulosis, plus minusve inflatis, lobis BaRUENS lanceolatis,
acuminatis, circiter 2 cm longis.

XI, C, 5 Merrill: New Philippine Shrubs and Trees 303

_ A glabrous tree about 7 m high, the branches brownish, the
ultimate branchlets somewhat 4-angled. Leaves oblong to
oblong-obovate, submembranaceous, greenish or olivaceous and
of the same color on both surfaces when dry, shining, minutely
puncticulate on both surfaces, 30 to 36 cm long, 8 to 12 cm wide,
entire or with very few, widely scattered, minute teeth, the
apex acuminate, base acute; lateral nerves about 10 on each side
of the midrib, prominent, curved, anastomosing, the primary
reticulations very lax and prominent; petioles 4 to 5 cm long.
Panicles terminal, about 10-flowered, the peduncle very short,
including the rachis about 2 cm in length. Flowers white,
fragrant. Calyx somewhat inflated, about 4 cm long, charta-
ceous, glandular-punctate externally, brownish when dry, some-
what angled, base cuneate, divided to about the middle into
five, narrowly-lanceolate, acuminate lobes. Corolla-tube slender,
about 12 cm long and 2 mm in diameter, the lobes spreading,
lanceolate to oblanceolate, about 4 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide.

Luzon, Laguna Province, forests back of Paete, For. Bur. 26796 Mabesa,

March 27, 1917, on moist shaded slopes, altitude about 370 meters.

A remarkable species, manifestly allied to Clerodendron minahassae
Miq., from which it differs in its much longer flowers. .

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANy.
Vol. XII, No. 5, September, 1917,

THE RATE OF GROWTH OF SOME TREES ON THE GEDEH, JAVA

By WILLIAM H. Brown and Harry S. YATES

(From the College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines and the
Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science, —
Manila) —

A very excellent and complete method of labeling trees in a
mixed tropical forest has been devised in Java by Dr. S. H.
Koorders. The primary purpose of this scheme was to select and
label fine typical specimens, of known diameter and height, so
that they could be readily found and examined by any one
interested in them. The system is so complete that any one
visiting the area, even though for the first time and without a
guide, should have no difficulty in finding any desired tree.
Among the many areas, originally so labeled, is an extensive one
on the Gedeh above the mountain station at Tjibodas. Doctor
Koorders* has written a very full description of the labeled
trees on this area,

While the writers were on a recent trip (1917) to Java, Doctor
Koorders, knowing that one of us had made a large number of
measurements of the rates of growth of trees in the Philippines,
suggested that it. would be interesting for us to remeasure some
of his labeled trees on the Gedeh to ascertain how much they
had grown in the twenty-seven years which had elapsed since
they were first measured. As the time at our disposal was
very short, we could measure only a small proportion of the trees.
This was particularly so, as many of the trunks were overgrown
with large vines. Moreover, it was not usually possible to de-
termine accurately the rates of growth of the largest individuals
as most of them had extensive buttresses which extended above
the point where the measurements should have been made. .

Doctor Koorders made the original measurements at breast
height, or 1.8 meters above the ground. In order to obtain exact
determinations of the rate of growth it would be necessary to
be sure not only that the same point on the circumference was

*Koorders, 8. H., Floristischer therblick iiber die Bliitenpflanzen des
Urwaldes von Tjibodas auf dem Vulkan Gede in West-Java nebst einer
Numerliste und einer systematischen Uhersicht der dort fiir botanische
Untersuchungen von mir numerierten Waldbiume, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 50

1914) Suppl. 278-303.
( ) - 305

306 The Philippine Journal of Science : . 1917

used for measuring the 1.3 meters above ground but also to know
that the contour of the ground had not changed. Of the last
we cannot, of course, be absolutely sure, and so there may be
slight errors in our calculations, but we do not believe that there
are any serious ones.

The forest on the Gedeh back of Tjibodas has a very irregular
canopy. Doctor Koorders has made an extensive search for the
tallest trees and found that the species attaining the greatest
eight was Altingia excelsa, one of the tallest individuals of
which was 49 meters high. Most of the trees are, however, very
much smaller than this. The tallest trees are found at the lower
altitudes just back of Tjibodas. As higher elevations are
reached the trees become much smaller until at the top of the
mountain the canopy is only a few meters high. The forest at
altitudes between 1,300 and 1,500 meters, where our measure-
ments were made, is a fairly open one. Although the forest is
tall for a mountain type, it has many of the characteristics of a
tropical, high-mountain forest: among these are the prominence
of species of Podocarpus and a considerable development of a
mossy covering and other epiphytes. The relative humidity is
constantly high and the rainfall is heavy. Von Faber? gives the
rainfall and relative humidity for this forest for the years
1912-13. In 1912 the monthly rainfall varied from 256 to 398
millimeters, and in 1913 from 95 to 386 millimeters. The mean
monthly relative humidity in 1912 varied between 93 and 98 per
cent and in 1913 between 92 and 97 per cent.

In Table I is given a list of the trees measured on the Gedeh,
including the height and diameter of each as originally deter-
mined by Doctor Koorders. In this same table we have cal-
. eulated the annual rate of growth of these trees by subtracting

the diameters as measured in 1890 from the figures obtained by
us in 1917 and dividing the remainder by 27. The rates of
growth are classified according to diameter classes of 10 centi-
meters, the classification being based on the diameter of the trees
when the original measurements were made.

The trees labeled by Doctor Koorders were selected, not with
an idea of obtaining rates of growth but to authentically label
the best specimens of the individual species in the forest. As
trees show different rates of growth at different ages we cannot,
from our calculations, determine the age of any individual of a

“species or of the forest in general, nor can we tell whether or
not the rates of growth obtained for the individual trees are

Von Faber, F. C., Physiologische Fragmente aus einem ioniechen.
Urwald, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 56 (1915) 197-220.

xi,c,5 Brown and Yates: Growth of Trees in Java 807

TABLE I.—Annual diameter growth of trees in the virgin forest on the.
Gedeh in Java at altitudes between 1,300 and 1,500 meters.

Diameter class in centimeters.
Species. Height- ogee
10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70
Lauraceae. m. cm,
Litsea mappacea (Bl.) Boerl .___- 10 27.0 0. 55 *
Machilus rimosa Bl....-.---..--- 15 16.0 | 0.35
Phoebe excelsa Nees ....-- nudes OO BAY Fins aoc es fuesnsielaouiane 0.90
pb Sige SR eS ee SNe Te CAE 26| 68.5 0.80
Leguminoseae
Pithecolobium montanum Benth- 15 18.0} 0.35 fe OM i Pa OL LR
Meliaceae.
Dysoxylum alli Bl 9} 81.5 0.80"
Toona febrifuga Bl_-...-.---...-- 25| 45.0 1.35 -*
Euphorbiaceae. E
Glochidion cyrtostylum Miq-.-.--- D4 MG 4c Ee peeeniee PAL eke Renae REE.
Ostodes paniculata BI.....--.---- 15| 35.0 0, 25
Macaranga rhizinoides (BL)
Muell -A ve 2 se cant, 20; 30.0 Le PE Paine Bei (eer ene
Aceraceae,
Aer nivewmn Blicss.ccc dn ccd Pe a 18.0} 0.70
Do 15{ 27.0 4 0.20 n
Sapindaceae.
Mischocarpus fuscescens Bl__._.-- 20 Bas [sin cafasucsee OM acce Neupcnpelacde cee
Do 15} 20.0 tg enemas peaart.
Elaeocarpaceae.
Elacocarpus pierrei Kds. et Val_- 16d. SO 0 ae :
Sloanea sigun Szysz ...--.---~.--- es 3k aes eee anal Ee PE eee
Theaceae.
Eurya inata DC 18} 21.0 OP04e555:
- Schima noronhae Reinw-_----.---- 85| 55.0 0.40
Myrtaceae. s ;
Eugenia cuprea Kds. et Val-_-----| 23 46.0 0.05
Eugenia densiflora (DC.) Duthie. 15; 28.0 0.20
Di ge Se 15} 34.0 0.35
Eugenia operculata Roxb -------- 21 44.5 ey ise 1.00
Myrsinaceae. :
Rapanea hasseltii (BI.) Mez-_...-- 26; 21.0 0.60
Symplocaceae.
Symplocos costata (B1.) Choisy--- 18} 87.0 Ci eee
Symplocos fasciculata Zoll..------ 8} 10.0} 0.20 z
Do 14 18.0 | 0.35
Rubiaceae.
Nauclea lanceolata Bl__...------- 23) 28.5 0.15
Average Suse 0.89 | 0.86/ 0.19] 0.80] 0.65 | 0.80
Years in 10-centimeter diameter class. 26.0} 28.0) 53.0; 13.0] 15.0] 13.0

fast or slow for the species concerned. Brown and Matthews *
found that in the virgin forests of the Philippines some of the ~

* Brown, W. H., and Matthews, D. M., Philippine dipterocarp forests,
Philip. Journ. Sci. A 9 (1914) 413-561.

808 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917 -

larger individual trees showed a slow rate of growth and others
of the same species a rapid rate.

Realizing the above objections, we have, in order to compare
the data obtained from the trees on the Gedeh with those grow-
ing in other regions, treated them as though the age of the
forest could be determined from them. To do this we have
calculated the number of years required for the average of all
the trees of a given diameter class to grow 10 centimeters or
in other words to pass through the 10 centimeters diameter
class. As the smallest diameter class was from 10 to 20 centi-
“meters we calculated the age of the trees as beginning with a
diameter of 10 centimeters, and by adding together the number
of years required for trees to pass through the successive dia-
meter classes, arrived at figures, which for purposes of com-
parison can be regarded as the ages of trees of given diameters
of from 20 to 70 centimeters. These results are plotted in™
fig. 1 in which the ordinates represent diameters and the ab-
scissae years. This treatment is justified to some extent by
the fact that most of the trees are very much smaller than the
maximum size given by Koorders* in his Exkursionsflora, while
only one individual of one species, Symplocos costata, has ob-
tained the maximum size. This individual, however, showed
a faster rate of growth than the average of its diameter class.

In the same figure are also plotted the average rates of growth
for a large number of species on Mount Mariveles, Philippine
Islands, at altitudes between 400 and 500 meters and the average
rates of growth of five representative species in the northern
Laguna forest, Philippine Islands.’ In the same figure we have .
plotted the rates of growth of yellow poplar in Virginia and
Tennessee and of white oak in Tennessee and Kentucky.* The
original figures for yellow poplar and white oak were in inches.
In order to make these figures comparable with our results, we
converted the inches into centimeters and plotted them on co-
ordinate paper. From these curves we obtained the numbers
used in plotting the curves in figure 1.

An examination of figure 1 shows that the rates of growth
obtained on the Gedeh are riot very different from those for
white oak and yellow poplar and for the species in the forest of
northern Laguna. The figures obtained for rates of growth on
the Gedeh cannot, of course, be regarded as final, except for ae

‘ Koorders, S. H., Exkursionsflora von Java (1911-1912).
* Brown, W. H., and Matthews, D. M., op. cit.

* Graves, H. S., and Ziegler, BE. A. The woodman’s handbook, U. S.
Forestry Service Bull. 36 (1910) 189, 190.

XII, ©, 5 Brown and Yates: Growth of Trees in Java 809

particular individuals and for these only for the period covered
by the measurements. However, as most of the curve for rates
of growth on the Gedeh lies between those for yellow poplar and
_ white oak, it seems not improbable that the trees on the Gedeh

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have rates of growth about equal to those of hardwoods in the
central deciduous forest region of the United States. Brown
and Matthews have previously shown that the dipterocarps,

310 The Philippine Journal of Science

which are the dominant trees at low altitudes in the Philippines,
also show similar rates of growth and have pointed out that the
rates of growth of the dipterocarps in the Philippines are similar
to those of Shorea robusta in India.

The great density of the stands in the dipterocarp forests
of the Philippines seems to account for the fact that the trees
do not grow faster than those in the central hardwood region
in the United States. Parashorea plicata, on Mount Maquiling,
Philippine Islands (figure 1), growing in a rather open stand for
a dipterocarp forest, shows much more rapid rates of growth
than the average rate for dipterocarps. In Kurseong District,
Bengal’ where the altitudes are low and moisture conditions
favorable, Shorea robusta grows much more rapidly than in
many other districts; the rates of growth being slightly faster
than those for Parashorea plicata on Mount Maquiling. Caccia .
found that the rates of growth of Shorea robusta decreased at
higher altitudes. Brown and Matthews also found that the
same was true of trees in the dipterocarp forests of the Philip-
pines. It is a well-known fact that in the tropics, as high
altitudes are reached, the trees become very much dwarfed.
This dwarfing is due to factors incident to high altitudes, but
as the intensity of these factors varies at the same altitudes in
different regions, it is not surprising that the degree of dwarfing
is by no means proportional to the altitude. On Mount Maquiling
at an altitude of 1,050 meters.the trees are about 10 meters high,
while on the Gedeh at an elevation above 1,300 meters, Doctor
Koorders measured a tree 49 meters high. The forest on the
Gedeh is more open than the average dipterocarp forest in the _
Philippines, which might be expected to resulf in faster rates
of growth. On the other hand, the elevation is considerably
greater and this is probably accompanied by factors which re-
tard the rates of growth. The large size attained by the trees
would, however, indicate that this retarding effect is not nearly
so great as in many other regions at the same altitude.

SUMMARY

The rates of growth of the trees on the Gedeh, in the limited
number of cases measured, would indicate that these trees grow
about as rapidly as the dominant trees in the Philippines, Shorea

robusta in India, and hardwoods in the central hardwood regions
of the United States. ‘

"Caccia, A. M. F. A preliminary note on the development of sal in
volume and in money-value, Indian Forest Records 1 (1908) 1-238.

ILLUSTRATION

TEXT FIGURE

Fic. 1. Comparison of the rates of growth of trees on the Gedeh, Java,
with those for trees in other regions.
311

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 5, September, 1917.

FUNGI COLLECTED BY E. D. MERRILL IN SOUTHERN CHINA

By Harry S. Yates

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Papcegs, of
Science, Manila)

The present paper is based upon a small collection of fungi
made by Mr. E. D. Merrill while in Kwantung Province, southern
China in October and November, 1916. A number of additional
specimens were collected, but these were in an immature con-
dition and consequently exact identification has not been possible.
The number of specimens considered is too small to indicate very
much regarding the composition of the fungus flora of Canton and
vicinity. Many of the fungi collected are widely distributed and
well-known forms. The rather high proportion of Uredinaceae
is perhaps suggestive, because in the Philippines the rust fungi
are relatively uncommon. It is possible however, that collections
made at other seasons of the year would show a much smaller
percentage of rusts as the abundance of Uredinaceae in a locality
often varies greatly from season to season. The presence in
the collection of only one of the Perisporiaceae is also in rather
marked contrast to the relatively great abundance of this group
in the Philippine fungus flora where often one-half the lower
fungi in a collection belong in this group.

~BACTERIACEAE

PSEUDOMONAS Migula
PSEUDOMONAS CITR! Hasse in Journ. Agric. Research 4 (1915) 99.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10393, October

1916, on leaves of Citrus sp.
The bacterium responsible for the Citrus canker was not found but the

general appearance of the infected areas on the leaves is that of this well
known organism.
PERISPORIACEAE

PARODIELLA Spegazzini

PARODIELLA PERISPORIOIDES (B. & C.) Speg. in Anal. Soc. Cient.
Arg. 9 (1880) 178.
Dothidea perisporioides B. & C. in Grev. 4 (1876) 103.
Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10392, October
28, 1916, on leaves of Desmodium triflorum.
150676-——5

313

314 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
PHYLLACHORACEAE

TRABUTIA Saccardo et Roumeguere

TRABUTIA CHINENSE sp. nov.

Stromatibus epiphyllus, in maculis decolorantibus 1-2 mm
diam. vel aggregatis et gregis convexulis atris irregularibus usque
1 cm diametro efformante; loculis 1 ad 8, lenticularibus, 250-400,
diam., 100-125, altis; ascis clavatis, ad apicem rotundatis, octos-
poris, 60-70 x 18-20z, breviter stipitatis, paraphysibus fili-
formibus; sporidiis oblique 1-2-stichis, ellipsoideis, unicellularis,
hyalinis, 16-18, longis, 8—9, latis.

Kwangtung Province, Loh Fau Mountain Neecggcene te Merrill 10410,
October 29, 1916, on leaves of Ficus sp.

PHYLLACHORA Nitschke

PHYLLACHORA COICIS P. Henn. in Hedwigia 34 (1895) 12.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10402, No-
vember 9, 1916, on leaves of Coix lachryma-jobi.

PHYLLACHORA CYNODONTIS (Sace.) Niess]. in Not. Pyren. (1876) 54.
Physalospora cynodontis Delacr. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 6 (1890) 183.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10388, October
26, 1916, on leaves of Cynodon dactylon.

PHYLLACHORA ORBICULA Rehm in Elm. Leaf. Philip. Bot. 6 (1914)
2221.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10405, November
3, 1916, on leaves of Bambusa blumeana,

PUCCINIACEAE

PUCCINIA Persoon

PUCCINIA CYNODONTIS Desm. Exs. III, No. 655; Fuckel, Syn. Myc.
Nacht. 1 (1871) 296; Sydow, Monograph Ured. 1 (1904) 748.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10384, October
26, 1916, on leaves of Cynodon dactylon.

I have not been able to locate the original description of this species, but
a diagnosis is to be found in Sydow’s Monograph of the Uredinaceae.

PUCCINIA HETEROSPORA B. & C. in Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 10 (1868)
356.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 1 0391, Novem-
ber 2, 1916, on leaves of Prunus persica.

Fe |

XII, ©, 5 Yates: Fungi of Southern China 315

UREDO Persoon

UREDO CANTONENSIS sp. nov.

Soris uredosporiferis hypophyllus, punctiformibus, mox nudis,
brunneis, 0.25—0.33 mm diam.; uredosporis globosis vel subglo-
bosis, echinulatis, brunneis, 22-26 x 16-20n, episporio ca. 1-2y
crasso, poris germinationis 1-3; pedicellis hyalinis, 20-50, longis,
5-6, latis.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10386, November
3, 1916, on leaves of Melothria indica.

This species is one of the few belonging to this genus occuring upon the
Cucurbitaceae. It appears to be very close to the uredo form of Uromyces
Hellerianus Arth., described from material from Porto Rico on Cayaponia
racemosa. No teleutospores have however been found in our material and

so it must be described as a Uredo.

Uromyces melothriae P. Henn:, which according to Sydow is merely a
uredo form, differs from our species chiefly in its much larger spore
measurements. It was originally described from Abyssinia on Melothria

tomentosa.
UREDO PHILIPPINENSIS Syd. in Ann. Myc. 4 (1906) 32.
Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10404, October 25,
1916, on leaves of Cyperus sp.
UROMYCES Link

UROMYCES LINEARIS B. et Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14 (1875) 92.
Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10401, October
25, 1916, on leaves of Panicum repens.

USTILAGINACEAE

USTILAGO Persoon

USTILAGO CYNODONTIS P. Henn. in Engl. Bot. Jahr. 14 (1891) 369.
' Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10408, October
23, 1916, on inflorescences of Cynodon dactylon. Also Levine 761, May 5,

1917, on the same host.

USTILAGO KOORDERSIANA Bref. Untersuchung. 12 (1895) 132.
Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10403, October

21, 1916, on inflorescences of Polygonum sp.

DEMATIACEAE

CERCOSPORA Fresen

CERCOSPORA PERSONATA (B. et C.) Ellis in Journ. Myc. 1 (1885) 63.

Cladosporium personatum B. et C. in Grev. 3 ( 1875) 106.
Kwangtung Province, Canton (Honam Island), Merrill 10387, October
20, 1916, on leaves of Arachis hypogaea.

816 The Philippine Journal of Science

Cercospora personata is the cause of a serious disease of the peanut in
the West Indies. It has also been reported from the United States and
India, and is abundant on the leaves of peanuts in the Philippines. It is
very similar to, and may be identical with, Septogloewm arachidis Rac.,
which causes a very serious disease of peanuts in Java. Septogloeum
arachidis has also been reported from Ceylon.

HELMINTHOSPORIUM Link

HELMINTHOSPORIUM RAVENELII Curt. in Am. Journ. Sci. Arts II 6
(1848) 352.

Kwangtung Province, Canton (Homan Island), Merrili 10400, October
28, 1916, on inflorescences of Sporobolus elongatus.

i

THE PHILIPPINE

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

C. BoTANY
Vou. XII NOVEMBER, 1917 No. 6

THE RATE OF GROWTH OF PODOCARPUS IMBRICATUS AT THE
_ TOP OF MOUNT BANAHAO, LUZON, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

By WiLL1AM H, Brown

(From the College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines and
Bureau of Science, Manila)

ONE PLATE AND TWO TEXT FIGURES

Conifers are, as is well known, frequently prominent or even
dominant at higher elevations on tropical mountains. Podocar-
pus is one of the more prominent genera, and {js widely dis-
tributed in both hemispheres; but, according to Foxworthy, it
seems to reach its greatest development in the Malayan region.
Podocarpus imbricatus Blume? is one of the most widely distri-
buted coniferous species in this area. Foxworthy gives the fol-
lowing distribution: Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Moluccas, Borneo,
Malay Peninsula, Burma, Philippines, and New Guinea. Con-
cerning its distribution in the Philippines he says:

This is the commonest and most widely distributed species of the family
in the Philippines. It covers the tops of many of our mountains. Found
at elevations from 900 to 2700 meters.

Owing to its wide distribution and its prominence in many
places, Podocarpus imbricatus Blume may be considered as a
representative conifer of tropical mountains. It may, therefore,
be of interest to examine its rate of growth and the condition

* Foxworthy, F. W., Philippine Gymnosperms, Philip. Journ. Sei. 6 (1911)

Bot. 149-177. ; :
*The form here called Podocarpus imbricatus Blume is exactly that

characterized by Parlatore as P. cumingii. Cuming’s specimens were from
Mount Banahao. Pilger has reduced Parlatore’s species as Podocarpus

imbricatus Blume var. cumingii (Parl.) Pilg., while Foxworthy treats P.
cumingii Parl. as an exact synonym of P. imbricatus Blume.
152224 817

318 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

under which it occurs on Mount Banahao which is a typical
locality. ;

- Mount Banahao, on the Island of Luzon, is one of three extinct _
voleanic cones which form an isolated mountain mass on the
boundary between the Provinces of Laguna and Tayabas. Mount
Banahao is the largest of the three and has an elevation of
about 2,300 meters. The next highest is Mount San Cristobal
which lies to the east of Mount Banahao and is connected with
the latter by a narrow saddle. The third one, Lukban Peak,
is a small cone on the northeastern side of Mount Banahao. All
three peaks are regular cones. Mount Banahao has a large
crater which is open toward the south. The sides of the crater
are very steep, while the rim is narrow and knifelike.

The area in which the rate of growth of Podocarpus imbrica-
tus was studied is near the crater rim on the north side of Mount
Banahao near the place where the trail from Majayjay reaches
the summit. The elevation at this point is about 2,100 meters.

The forest is fairly open and consists of two stories of trees.
The first or dominant story is composed almost entirely of
Podocarpus imbricatus. Besides this species there are a few
specimens of Podocarpus costalis Presl. The tallest individuals
of Podocarpus imbricatus reach heights of about 14 meters while
the average height of the main canopy is about 12 meters. A
large part of the trees have a tendency to lean in a direction
away from the slope of the mountain (Plate XVII, figs. 1 and |
2). The second story is composed of a few species of dicotyl-
edonous trees the most prominent of which is Symplocos whit-
fordii Brand. Among the other prominent species are Drimys
piperita Hook. f., Homalanthus alpinus Elm., Clethra lancifolia
Turez., Rhododendron kochii Stein, Symplocos luzonensis Rolfe,
and Ilex serrata Thunb. The undergrowth is scanty and the
ground is largely bare. The most important element in the
undergrowth is a semiwoody herb, Strobilanthes pluriformis
C. B. Clarke. In places a small creeping plant, Nertera depressa
Banks, forms conspicuous patches. Mosses, filmy ferns, and a
few liverworts are scattered here and there. Epiphytes are
much less conspicuous than on most mountain tops in the Philip-
pines. There are a few mosses on the trees, but they are not
prominent. Phanerogamic epiphytes are even less conspicuous
than mosses. The most abundant species is a small orchid,
Dendrochilum venustulum Pfitz.; this plant occurs in consider-
able numbers in the tops of the trees, and its small yellow flowers
are rather showy during the blooming season. Rhododendron

xu,c,é Brown: Mount Banahao’s Podocarpus Imbricatus 319

quadrasianum Vid., a larger epiphyte, occurs in much smaller
numbers.

On the ground there are large numbers of small seedlings of
Podocarpus imbricatus, but most of the other individuals of this
species are more than 10 centimeters in diameter, while trees
of Podocarpus less than 5 centimeters in diameter are very
rare. This would indicate that seedlings of Podocarpus imbri-
catus do not readily survive under a mature stand.

The rainfall on the northern and northeastern slopes of Mount
Banahao is distributed throughout all the months of the year,
and there are no distinct wet and dry seasons.

The northeast monsoon strikes the Islands on the eastern coast.
As there are no high mountain masses northeast of Mount Bana-
hao, this monsoon brings heavy rains to the northern and north-
eastern slopes of the mountain. The moisture carried by the
northeast monsoon is largely deposited on the eastern half of
the Islands; and the monsoon continues over the western half
of the Archipelago as a drying wind, which results in a marked
dry season in the latter region. The southwest monsoon is not
nearly so strong as the northeast monsoon, and although it
brings rains on the western side of the Archipelago, much of
the rain which comes at this season of the year is the result of
the cyclonic disturbances (typhoons), which cause the deposition
of rains on both sides of the Islands. Therefore, also during
this season, heavy rains occur on the northern slopes of Mount
Banahao.

Owing to the difficulty of making trips to the top of Mount
-Banahao to obtain regular records of climatic condition, the
writer was compelled to have most of this work done by an
assistant, Macario Ocampo, who had had no scientific training.
For this reason the only instruments employed were a rain gauge,
a recording thermometer, and a recording hygrometer. The
results obtained from these are probably about as accurate as
would be expected from the instruments as the reading of a
rain gauge is very simple and the records from the hygrometer
and thermometer were checked by the writer at various times.
The hygrometer and thermometer were in a case with louver
sides and a lattice bottom and were about 75 centimeters above
the ground. :

The rain gauge was placed in the top of a dominant Podocarpus
and was read weekly. The results are given in Table I. An
examination of this table shows at once that the rainfall is heavy

and is distributed throughout the entire year. The rainfall at ,

320

the top of Mount Banahao is much heavier than in the surround-
ing lowlands, but the distribution is very similar to that for
other places on the eastern coast of Luzon. The heavy rainfall
results in a constantly high moisture content of the soil.

TaBLE I.—Rainfall in centimeters at the top of Mount Banahao, Luzon,

The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

P. I. Altitude, about 2,100. meters.

Week ending— Rainfall. Week ending— Rainfall.
1915, cm, 1916—Continued. em.
OR ai amit... S 2h) Mas 8 ee ens 27.00
BF eresisncbapibsierandse eee ee, Geos” ee a: 17.10
We restsiwsettl oa 28. 50 ce Ss tas A kee §.01
seen R gitar ee roe eee 22,10 | June 7 <ars 14,30
B evnvrnssven=agert=tenmusip eee. 16.80 lteatet 5S S EE 13.00
IF eee wndn eons vner snags eyes 14.00 ee 6.01
WR soit Sas 9.40 ok Se es 9.60
| BP das ecnnvenncon een SNE wencibc Wee) Yale Bak eae oe 9.80
1916, (Tee etree Pine Saree Si 26. 40
he 5 RO RR AN SE 18.30 pe ree A eee 8.00
souks AS ee SES. 9.20 iy ee ere 7.01
ei Ss 14. 50 | AU 2 --------25--3--2-5---o-e ann noes 8.45
WR ych tie « hoarene ea 47.60 ne ee ee 2.20
hi oa a nl 59, 80 NO ee ee 4.81
W erecinsihnaseedorsge eek 0.23 Bes St Se Saou OT
ei er ee OE seas eg cee Bee Cee ree 8.95
peckeene ee ere ee Cea 15.20 || Sept. 6 4.20
Mar, 1 A oweng we manitibangy siccikitg” io, 6.50 ~ 13 §,11
© sre Pindcreteah eek es “9.50 Ss See ee See 18. 40
6 ot LER os 3. 15 Ds Bie See 17.80
a aa 46 | Oth 4.—2 ns, 21.50
ok ae ra ee 15.70 pr aee ee ~ 7.80
BORD ieee ee 0.52 | BD Nie Sag. ee 20. 50
BSN Sie Bek 1h 13.60 | ret REEE RE eS Bee Se 18.10
lee ea ee PO Sats eae 40, 80:|| Nov. 89 -.---~.-- <.----<-ns=--~-~----=- 41.20
ergata 19, 80 1, eRe Sean 746, 82
apd aes BRR re 10.10
BO is sien oe sa sasacs See 7.15
® Nine days.

The relative hu
the form of maxima,

and averages of daily
November,

midity and

Midity records are presented in Table II in
minima, means, averages of daily maxima,
minima of periods of four weeks from
1915, to November, 1916. The means for both hu-
temperature were taken from the original records by

xu,¢c,6 Brown: Mount Banahao’s Podocarpus Imbricatus 321

means of a planimeter. An examination of Table II would indi-
cate that the humidity at the top of Mount Banahao should be
favorable for plant growth.

TABLE II.—Kelative humidity for periods of four weeks in forest at the
top of Mount Banahao, Luzon, P. I. Altitude, about 2,100 meters.

— a
an Average daily—
Four weeks ending— pie, accesses is” Ort Ya (emma ES
ing mum, | mum. Sicac a
mum. mum,
ee i 2 eee ee ee ed 93.0 81.5 89.8 91.1 | 88.4
“MGR, BONING eae eee es 97.5 85.0 90.1 91.7] 88.8
an, CONG ssi ee ee re 94.0 71.0 90. 4 91.7} 87.2
Bek: $851910 ee ee a 99.0 92.0 91.2 93.6 | 87.8
Mad, Se 196 2S Becher cei ree 100.0 61.0 93.0 96.9! 86.3
pi 1Oe OIG ee re ee 100.0 62.0 94.9 97.9} 91.0
Mas TiEIS16 | 2s es oe Pa EAE NS I eS eho E Tae 97.0 85.5 92.3 94.9) 89.6
woes 3451016 =] soe ee ee 97.0 87.0 98.1 95.0, 91.0
ao te 1ele 3 re eee 99.5 86,0 93.6 96.0 | 91.7
NN IG ee sic ce as ee 100.0 71.0 91.9 94.7 | 88.0
ent, 6 106 «255-2530. 5— ss pce eee ee 99.0 79.0 92.5 98.9] 89.0
Oa dts Si aes eoiet ore eae 100.0| 88.5) %5.4| 96.8} 93,8 |
eG A BORG ices oe CP PDN ee ieee ee AEP 100.0 91.5 96.8 98.2, 90.7
Fo Eas ea DOS Dee GE A Gd 3 ee 92.7 $4.8 | 89.4

In Table III the temperature record is presented in the form
of maxima, minima, mean, daily maxima, and average daily
minimum for periods of four weeks from October, 1915, to No-
vember, 1916. The variations in the mean temperature for the
different periods of four weeks are slight, the lowest mean for
such a period being 13.2° and the highest, 15.8°. The average
daily variation is also slight, the difference between the average
maximum and the average minimum for the year being only 2.2°.
There are, however, occasions when the temperature varies con-
siderably from the mean. The highest temperature recorded
during the year was 23.6° and the lowest, 5°; so that the dif-
ference between the maximum and minimum for the year is
18.6°. This variation is small as compared with the variations
in temperate regions: The temperature is constantly too low
to be favorable for rapid growth at any time. :

329 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

TaBLeE Il].—-Temperature for periods of four weeks in forest at the top
of Mount Banahao, Luzon, P. I. Altitude, abowt 2,100 meters.

Sh San ee aS nome Se a a

; cee | Average daily—

Four weeks ending— a. Bm 8 Mean. alt eee

j axi- | Mini-

| | mum. | mum,
Dec. 1,1915--...- SOS Soe Se Na ene 17.7| 10.6; 14.9} 15.9} 18.3
ia D6 Tee a ng we 17.1} 10.0) 18.8} 14.7 13.1
Jari. 96, 1916s ae 16.5 8.3) 13.4) 146] 12.0
Wobs 08 WOR or se 15.8 9.7) 18.21. 14.2) 12.0
Meh Oe tsi sss Secs a 17.8! -5.0' 13.5| 15.0] 12.2
a SO NR ee ee eS Se 17.1; 10.3| 135) 14.5| 12.4
Mae Ph1SG a 19.2; 11.1; 15.0; 16.2] 13.8
Site 341016 a a Se 18.9} 14.3} 15.1) 17.6) 15.2
Dale T05086 385 22.7} 12.5| 15.7| 17.4] 14.8
WOR. QDS cs ioe. ess 23.6 9.2; 15.2| 16.7] 14.1
adds 36; 101R. ese Soe 19.2| 12.2} 14.9} 161] 14.6
Gott WENbIS S 17,4 4-2-1238 |. 48]: 8
Rime S156 sce 17%.1| 145} 15.6} 16.9} 14.7
Sie ios a ee ee 14.6| 15.7| 18.6

f |

Since no annual growth rings have been observed in the wood
of Podocarpus imbricatus, the rate of diameter growth can only
be determined by making periodical measurements of the girth
of the same trunks. On May 29, 1914, the girths of a number
of trees of Podocarpus imbricatus were measured with a steel
tape at breast height, or 1.5 meters above the ground; and that
the trees might be again measured at exactly the same point the
place of measurement was, in each case, indicated by a small
nail. A year later the trees were again measured and the dif-
ferences between the two measurements taken to be the rates
of growth in girth for the year in question. As the climatic
condition in Luzon for this year was approximately average, it
is probable that the rates of growth obtained for Podocarpus .
are approximately average rates of growth for this species in
this locality. The growth figures have been converted into the
more usual form of rates of diameter growth. The results are
presented in Table IV, in which the trees are classified ac-
cording to diameter classes of 10 centimeters. In order to
approximate the total ages of trees of different. sizes, the
average annual rate. of growth of each 10-centimeter class
was divided into 10 centimeters and the quotients assumed to
be the number of years necessary for’an average tree to pass
through the 10-centimeter diameter classes. By summing up
these quotients we can obtain a figure which represents the age
of an average tree in any 10-centimeter diameter class; that is,
the quotient obtained by dividing the annual growth of the

0 eee oe ae

tw

xu,c,6 Brown: Mount Banahao’s Podocarpus Imbricatus 3293

size class from 0 to 10 centimeters into 10 centimeters may be

assumed to be the age of a 10-centimeter tree.

Adding this

quotient to that obtained in a similar manner for the 10- to 20--

centimeter class, gives the age of a 20-centimeter tree.

In order

to obtain figures for the age of trees of any size and to represent
the above data in graphic form, a curve of diameter growth on
age was constructed by plotting the data on cross-section papers,
the ordinates of the curve being diameters and the abscissae,

years.

TABLE IV.—Annual diameter growth of Podocarpus imbricatus at top of
Mount Banahao, Luzon, P. I. Altitude, about 2,100 meters.

[Diameter in growth are given in centimeters. ]

Diameter class in centimeters,
No. of tree in class. — 0-10 10-20. 20-80.
eo anh ere Diam- | Growth.| Dism Growth
ten tae my ae SRE eT 7.6 0.06 12.8; 0.82 20.7} 0.18
, Se Se ee te es 8.5| 0.06 13.4{ 0.18] 21.0] 0.09
Sr eee 14.1} 0.17] 21.1] 0.09
; ee ee ee ees Se es eee See Be 15.4; 0.06] 21.2] 0.22
te 15.9 0.09; 21.8] 0.03
GSS Saher & 1S Seen OE ae? Ree earn 16.0) 0.19| 21.5] 0.85
es ee 17.2' 0.06/] 21.8] 0.06
a re 17.8| 0.14; 220] 0.22
Peet Semen See cen eee) See See So 18.1| 0.06] 22.2] 0.08
We ee 18.3{ 0.16| 224] 0.06
es ea ee a 13.7 0.18| 227] 0.19
es ee ee NE? 2 Ms 19.0; 0.09] 23.0, 0.35
5S ES Seeegare ys Seema: Rage eee Mamie: a fad ee eee 19.4 0.32 23.2) 0.14
a ee ee 19.6/ 0.08! 28.4] 0.19
ee ee re lei tee, Ease tes Waa eae 23.6} 0.08
ee er a ee ee 24.0; 0.08
ns a ge a ee 24.2| 0.19
ee ee eee Bees Boe 25.0! 0.19
Si ee ee 25.8 |: 0.14
ee ee me Bie Ss ee: SA SE 25.6| 0.18
Oe ee eh ee fe a 26.4| 0.22
We i i ee ce ea es ee ee | ee 26.6| 0.11
a a ee Fs i: epee 26.6} 0.09
Se eet rei LER ohn cca 26.7| 0.16
OB re eS ae we ee NS Bo A oat ce 26.9} 0.09
OG ee a ee ret ot ee ee er ea es 27.5| 0.35
Co ee Rao ta Pa 27.8| 0.06
Me a ee ee eee Segacings pao 29.8| 0.18
=. Se ee es tee Bae ee 29.4| 0.09
MG ig Fea oes Saee| elses ee eens 29.5| 0.29
Pn eee ea eet te ae oe CE Santee 0.14 0,15
Noeard 10. cl066 60053 ocd. cuhascesies 5 Se een 8 eA 67

324 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

TABLE IV.—Annual diameter growth of Podocarpus imbricatus at top of
Mount Banahao, Luzon, P. I—Altitude, about 2,100 meters—Continued.

Diameter class in centimeters.
No. of tree in class. 80-40. 40-50. 50-60.
Diam- | Growth.| Diam | Growth Diam- | Growth
Biot corte ele. Bye cc ores irae = 30.5 0.09 41.0 0.18 50.9| 0.82
Oe es oe ee 80.6 0.06 al S19, 2828
§ eee a: 82.0 0.22 68.1; 0.16
4 EARS SESS ec ae 82.1 A Shee al Uae: 66.1| 0.25
Cee eee 38.0 0.16 Sian EES Eee
6. es 83.2 0.385 =m
| os Sora eee 83.4 0:90 eee
So a Ss ee 33.8 O28 [ee fe eee
SS Se 34.8 UA | a Mies tnGae ioaciinngan abacoetency Sa eet
10. 86.0 G3: ee
Re ee Or eee Ee RAs SSN RIN: deems Big ena
a SS er: Seen Shen ey | ae ea Re cance ee aes
$B os vcrweottuasecuseucncecreshaehsceses = oS
Wo ci uesess race
y | CERES SEs 6.5 nar Se SES
1 ee ee ee eg ote
Ms a a es ok
a ee Ea de ee ee a ce
pS Ss a ee a Ys SSR SS Ss ae es Seg ee oe
Ws ee <2
eae ee eee econ hss eee eee ee
G8 ee oie, Act Wb ds eck bees Se a tc hoe
23
WE ead een cade oks oc. oesl ee a,
Sis AS oS ee See
WSs ie
WRG. SAG. GSA ee eee ee ce es ee
Wa ee ee ee ee
Co RE Se ss See Sal he Seen Fas Moen
is ee a i Sot ees Ens Sea Se
Fg) RSENS SWE Pape etieene a SORE? a ran OG se 028s 0.21
Seite Oe ee , E Reener The 58

This curve is shown in fig. 1. The curve indicates that the
trees undergo a suppression period before they reach diameters
of 10 centimeters. According to this curve a tree 60 centimeters
in diameter has an age of 497 years.

The method used in estimating the age of Podocarpus is open
to the following objections. All of the trees in the 0- to 10-
centimeter diameter class were more than 5 centimeters in diam-
eter, and it is to be expected that they would show a faster
rate of growth than smaller and more suppressed individuals.
On the other hand some of the trees in the 0- to 10-centimeter
diameter classes may be shaded to such an extent that they
will die before reaching larger sized diameter classes. Such

Ww

xu,¢,6 Brown: Mount Banahao’s Podocarpus Imbricatus 395

trees, would be expected to grow slower than trees, which are
now larger, did when they were 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter.
It will be seen, therefore, that the age of a 10-centimeter tree
cannot be calculated with any considerable degree of accuracy
from the present figures. Most of the trees with diameters
greater than 10 centimeters are in the main canopy so that any
error, due to the fact that some of these may not reach larger
sized classes, is probably very small.

Age in years.
60 (20 180 240 300 360 » 420 480

3
ne oh
me &

28
Ef
S,
%, &
.

$s

Diameter in centimeters.

RIS Ya
PYRE : oe 2
w/ \2 \ 7.
OS (Pres
g A
? oF ot

10 ]} t RY al 8

nh
S

-

/ Vv ~

Fic. 1. Rates of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus on Mount Banahao and of pines in the
United States.

In fig. 1 are also shown curves for loblolly pine* in South
Carolina, white pine* in New York, long-leaf pine* in South
Carolina, and yellow pine ‘ at an altitude of 2,650 meters in New
Mexico. It will be seen at a glance that the growth of all of these
species is very much more rapid than that of Podocarpus imbri-
catus and that the difference between the rates of growth of the
fastest and the slowest growing of these temperate zone species
is very much less than the difference between the rate of growth
of yellow pine, which shows the slowest growth, and that of
Podocarpus imbricatus. Podocarpus imbricatus when 50 centi-
meters in diameter appears to be 2.4 times as old as yellow pine

* Graves, H. S., and Ziegler, E. A., The woodman’s hand book, Bull. U. S.

Forestry Service 36 (1910) 189-190.
*From data collected by Mr. O. F. Bishop in the Carson National Forest

in 1911.

826 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

with the same diameter and 5.3 times as old as loblolly pine.
These figures would indicate that Podocarpus imbricatus on
Mount Banahao is growing under much less favorable conditions
than these different species of pine in the United States.

The moisture conditions on Mount Banahao would appear to
be favorable throughout the year, as the humidity is constantly
high and the soil is moist.

Unfortunately we have no exact method of comparing the ef-
fects of various climatic factors in different regions. A means
of estimating the effect of temperature on growth in different
localities has been suggested by Livingston and Livingston.®
They assume that the rate of growth is unity at 40° F. and that
it doubles for every rise of 10°C. In other words that the
effect of temperature on growth follows the well-known van’t .
Hoff principle. If ¢ is taken as the normal daily mean tempera-
ture on the Fahrenheit scale and if w is the corresponding tem-
perature efficiency for growth, then according to the assumption

t—40
Uu=2 3°

The indices obtained in this manner are called exponential
indices. The time element is taken into account by adding
together the efficiency indtces for all of the days of the frostless
season. The results are summation indices. Following this
method, Livingston and Livingston have prepared a chart of
the temperature efficiencies for the United States. Livingston *
has devised another series of indices, based on Lehenbauer’s
work on the relation of temperature to the rate of growth of
maize seedlings.

In Table V are given the summation indices for the period of
an average frostless season, according to both systems, for New
York and South Carolina; also summation indices for a whole _
year for the top of Mount Banahao. The figures for New York
TABLE V.—Summation indices of temperature efficiency for plant growth,

according to the physiological and exponential systems, for New York,
South Carolina, and the top of Mount Banahao.

fees = — , | South | Mount |

New South
York. |Carolina.

en ee Bes atinte oe soe leeds ents el OB E36 OO E018
Siprewethakewanskhasohebien «2h sii oe aa aeg 447 884 736

* Livingston, B. E., and Livingston, G. L., Temperature coefficients in
plant geography and climatology, Bot. Gaz. 56 (1918) 349-375. :
Livingston, B. E., Physiological temperature indices for the study of

plant growth in relation to climatic conditions, Physiologi.
(1916) 899-420. : y Eapstelegion! Resuarshes 1

xu,¢,¢ Brown: Mount Banahao’s Podocarpus Imbricatus 327

and South Carolina are averages of the figures given by Living-
ston for stations in these states.

The figures in Table V would not indicate that the temperature
at the top of Mount Banahao is more unfavorable for growth
than that in the northern United States. Such a conclusion
must, however, be regarded as tentative.

Owing to the prevalence of clouds the light conditions at the
top of Mount Banahao are very unfavorable. It is usual for
mountains on tropical islands to be frequently capped with clouds
and the decrease in the intensity of light, due to this, is probably
responsible, in a considerable measure, for the rapid dwarfing
of vegetation as high altitudes are reached on such mountains.
According to Wiesner’ sunless days are much more frequent
at the tops of mountains than at lower altitudes. At the top of
Mount Banahao the sun is obscured for a large part of most days,
and this is probably a very important factor in causing a slow
rate of growth.

In fig. 1 is also shown a curve of growth of Parashorea
plicata*® at an altitude of 300 meters on Mount Maquiling. This
curve shows that the small individuals of Parashorea undergo
a suppression period, but that after this period is passed Para-
shorea grows much more rapidly than any of the four species
of pines whose growth curves are given in the same figure, and
very much more rapidly than Podocarpus imbricatus.

In Table VI the rate of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus is
compared with the rates of growth of some species of diptero-
carps growing at low altitudes in the Philippines. This relation

. TABLE VI.—Rates of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus on Mount Banahao

as compared with rates of other species in the Philippines.
[Figures represent annual diameter growth in centimeters.]

fr Se Alti Diameter class in centimeters.
anions Location. ‘2
sie tude. | 5-10. |10-20, |20-30. '30-40, |40-50. |50-60.
i oe ates es
Meters.
Parashorea plicata _______- Mount Maquiling-_.--- 300 | 0.28 0.40 | 0.62 | 0.92 | 0.83 |0.88 :
| Shorea teysmanniana __..- Northern Laguna_-__-} 600 | 0.27 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.54 |0. 43
Shorea polysperma.......-|----- * oe Te Se Bee 500 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.55 |0.34
Shorea squamata .......---|----- Oe ee ee 500 | 0.82 ; 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.42 [0.26
Shorea polysperma ____..-- Mount Mariveles -.--. 400-500 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.36 0.52 | 0.41 |..----
Dipterocarpus grandiflo- |... - pS eg eee ny ee 400-500 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 0.22
rus. |
Podocarpus imbricatus....| Mount Banahao ------ | 2,100 | 0.06 0,14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.18 ‘ies
: : wis

* Wiesner, J. Der Lichtgenuss der Pflanzen (1907).

* Brown, W. H., and Matthews, D. M., Philippine dipterocarp Forests,
Philip. Journ. Sci. A, 9 (1914) 413-561.

° Brown, W. H. and Matthews, D. M., loc. cit.

328 The Philippine Journal of Science

is shown graphically in fig. 2. The dipterocarps, like Podocarpus
imbricatus, are dominant trees. It will be seen at once that
five of the different species of dipterocarps show rates of growth
which are very much more rapid than that of Podocarpus
imbricatus. The sixth, Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, also shows
a faster rate of growth than Podocarpus imbricatus. Fig. 2
would seem to indicate that the rate of growth of the average
dipterocarp is about 2.5 times as rapid as that of Podocarpus
imbricatus at the top of Mount Banahao, which is not surprising

Years necessary for growth from a diameter of 5 centimeters to larger diameters.
. 60 120 180 240 300 360

m4

50

Diameter in centimeters.
138

20

ye iy

Fia. 2. Rates of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus on Mount Banahao and of dipterocarp
species in other parts of the Philippines.
in view of the fact that Podocarpus is subjected to conditions of
temperature and light that are very unfavorable as compared
with those under which the dipterocarp species are found.

CONCLUSIONS

Podocarpus imbricatus at the top of Mount Banahao shows
a very slow rate of growth, a tree 60 centimeters in diameter
being about 500 years old. The rate of growth of Podocarpus
is very much slower than that of dominant trees at lower eleva-
tions in the Philippines and of pines in the United States. _

ILLUSTRATIONS
Pate XVII

Fic. 1. A view in the forest near the top of Mount Banahao. The prom- .
inent trees are Podocarpus imbricatus. Note the slant of the
trees. Some epiphytes are seen on the trunks but they are much
less prominent than is usual on mountain tops in the Philippines.

2. Another view in the forest near the top of Mount Banahao. The
large trees are Podocarpus imbricatus. The undergrowth appears
denser than it really is, due to the fact that the picture was
taken on. a foggy day and that the perspective is poor.

TEXT FIGURES

Fig. 1. The rates of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus on Mount Banahao
and of pines in the United States.
2. The rates of growth of Podocarpus imbricatus on Mount Banahao
and of dipterocarp species in other localities in the Philippine
Islands. :
; 329

BROWN: PODOCARPUS IMBRICATUS. ] [PuHIL. Journ. Sct., XII, C, No. 6

Fig. 2. Forest of Podocarpus imbricatus.

PLATE XVII.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. Botany.
Vol. XII, No. 6, November, 1917.

THE GENUS CHRISTIOPTERIS
By EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND

This genus was described by me in 1915.:. The original de-
scription is in error in the spelling of the generic name, which
was written Christiopteris, and in the statement that there are
no paraphyses. In reality, there are present few and small
paraphyses, sometimes branched near the head. The type spe-
cies, Christiopteris Sagitta Copel., was originally described by
Christ from sterile material, as a Polypodium of the section
Phymatodes. Superficially, this sterile frond certainly suggests
relationship to Phymatodes so strongly that its reference to that
group is easily understood. On the basis of its fruiting charac-
ters, I first ascribed to the fern a position in the subtribe
Taenitideae, next to Drymoglossum.

A little later, I was fortunate enough to find fruiting material
in the neighborhood from which Christ’s sterile specimens had
come, and published a photograph of this.2. At about the same
time, sterile material from Rizal Province, Luzon, was sent to
Christ, who was disposed to regard it as a distinct species;
similar fronds from Mount Apo, Mindanao, have the same form.
It has never been found fertile in Mindanao, although I have
since found it sterile on Mount Matutum also. Mindanao speci-
mens are characterized by short, relatively rounded lobes of
the sterile frond; but as the sterile fronds of Luzon plants which
are not yet adult pass through such a stage, it is safer for the
present to regard all Philippine specimens as belonging to the
one species.

The genus is characterized by dimorphous fronds, the fertile
strongly contracted, the fructification acrostichoid but not reach-
ing to midrib or margin. The sporangium-bearing region, which
may properly be called a hymenium, is rather more vigorous
over the veinlets, but extends without a break over the pa-
-renchyma. The veinlets of the sterile frond anastomose freely,
in the manner very familiar in Phymatodes, Drynaria, etc., with
the characteristic branched included free veinlets. The annulus
is of about 14 cells, and the spores are reniform or bilateral,
never tetrahedral.

The next publication on this genus was by Christ.* Christ

+Perkins, J., Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905) 188. °
? Philip. Journ. Sci. 1, (1906) Suppl. pl. 13.

“ . Bot. Il 1 (1908) 24.
Journ. de Bo ( ) ast

399 The Philippine Journal of Science i018

here recognizes four species which in the order of their vegeta-
tive development, the most amply developed first, are:

1. C. Eberhardtii Christ.

2. C. tricuspis (Hooker) Christ.

3. C. Sagitta (Christ) Copel.

4. C. cantoniensis (Baker) Christ.

The sterile frond of C. Eberhardtii is large and five lobed.
The fertile frond is unknown. In this paper, Christ suggests
the relationship of Christiopteris and Cheiropleuria.

Bower‘ has recently made a very careful anatomical study
of the fern hitherto best known as Leptochilus tricuspis (Hooker)
C. Chr. but which he calls “Gymnopteris (Leptochilus) tricuspis
(Hook.), C. Chr.,” a name which may surprise Christensen.
From his summary, I quote:

8. L. tricuspis stands alone in the latter genus (Leptochilus) in various
features, but especially in the diplodesmic character. It should, therefore,
be removed, and by reviving its old generic name, now merged in Leptochilus,
it may be styled Gymnopteris tricuspis (Hook.), Bedd. Of that genus it
will be at present the only species.

The name which Bower attempts to revive could not possibly
stand as valid; but there is stil! no necessity for a new name,
as that already cited, given by Christ and listed in the Supple-
ment to Christensen’s Index, is certainly correct.

As noted by Bower, Mrs. Schumann’ has grouped together
Leptochilus tricuspis and L. varians (Mett.) Fournier, a fern
known only in New Caledonia, noting that both have bilateral
spores. The herbarium of the Bureau of Science has a number
of specimens of the latter species, which struck me several years
ago as by no possibility belonging in Leptochilus, and as probable
relatives of Christiopteris. Bower’s paper has stimulated me to
investigate this more carefully. There is a special bundle system
underlying the sporangia, but this is not at all sharply distin-
guished, in the fronds studied, from the general bundle system
nearer the upper surface of the frond, which is homologous to
the bundle system of the sterile frond. There are many small
paraphyses which are always or nearly always simple. The
paleae of the rhizome are ovate, with many or several border
cells with thin walls, without trichome-like outgrowths, and not
at all reddish in color.

A similar examination of Christiopteris Sagitta has shown

. Studies | in the Phylogeny of the Filicales, VI. Ferns showing the
Acrostochoid’ condition, with special reference to dipteroid derivatives,
Ann. Bot. 21 (1917) 1-39.

“Die Acrosticheen und ihre Stellung im System der F Fl 108
(1915) 201-260. ystem der Farne, Flora

XI, C, 6 Copeland: The Genus Christiopteris 333

that, as already stated, there are small paraphyses, simple or
branched. A special bundle system is present under the hymen-
ium, apparently less developed and distinct than in C. tricuspis,
but more distinct than in Leptochilus varians. The paleae are
peltate at the base but drawn out until they have the appearance
of harsh hairs, reddish-brown in color, with only the marginal
walls of the marginal cells distinctly thin, and with many short
marginal hairs, which are not cut off by a wall. The agreement
in these anatomical details with those of C. tricuspis, as described
by Bower, is so perfect that Christ’s judgment in uniting the
species under one genus is completely vindicated.

The case of the New Caledonia plant is not quite so clear.
The paleae are decidely distinct, the only real suggestion of
similarity being that the cells near the margin are thinner walled
than those at the base and axis of the paleae; and in this respect,
they are like the paleae of a considerable number of ferns in
genera probably belonging to the same phylogenetic group.
Since it most certainly should not be left in Leptochilus, and
I do not.care to distinguish it as a genus characterized by the
paleae alone but otherwise like Christiopteris, it may be known
as CHRISTIOPTERIS VARIANS (Acrostichum varians Mett. in
Ann. Sci. Nat. IV 15 (1861) 56.)

The genus Christiopteris, as now constituted, includes one
species in the Himalayas, one in Siam, one in southern China,
one in the Philippines, and one in New Caledonia, a discontinuous
distribution extending over practically the whole extent of the
Malay-Asiatic fern region and indicating, with a high meas-
ure of probability, a very considerable antiquity. As the ferns
of the intervening regions become better known, it will almost
certainly develop that the distribution is by no means as dis-
continuous as it now appears. In the Philippines, in the course
of more than a decade of steady work by a number of good
fern collectors, sterile fronds have been found once each on
five different mountains, while fertile fronds are still known only
from one spot on Mount Mariveles and one collection on Mount
Data. A group which has eluded collectors so successfully in
the Philippines may be widespread in such little-known regions
as New Guinea, Celebes, Borneo, and Sumatra, and have been
overlooked in the past.

Bower’s previous note *® had already suggested a likely origin
of Christiopteris, Photinopteris, Cheiropleuria, and- various
groups recognized as Polypodium or its relatives, all as probable
descendants of the ancient group, the characteristics of which

* Studies in the Phylogeny of the Filicales, V, Ann. Bot. 19 (1915) 475.
152224——#

334 | The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

are more perfectly preserved today by Matonia and Dipteris.
His last paper goes into this subject more thoroughly and more
conclusively. In field work, during all my years in this part.
of the world, I have been constantly struck by the common oc-
currence of dichotomy as a sort of monstrosity of the fronds
of Polypodium, using the name now in the broad sense in which
it is used, for example, in the Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien.
While occasional forked fronds are found in the ferns of almost
every group, they are rare in most groups, and relatively very
common in this one. If I were to go over the very large collec-
tions in Manila, mounted and unmounted, I do not believe that I
would find dichotomous fronds of less than 75 species which at
present bear the generic name Polypodiwm. In some of these it
is common enough to be characteristic, as in P. ceratophyllum
Copel. of Borneo, and P. Curranii Copel. of Luzon. Now that the
probability has been established, on wholy different grounds,
that these ferns are descendants from a group characterized by
dichotomy, the occurrence of such fronds in many different ©
species should be regarded as valid contributary evidence.

In search of further points of connection and possible prim-
itive groups, I have examined a number of ferns with regard
to the characters emphasized by Bower. Polypodium incurva-
tum Blume is strikingly suggestive of Christiopteris in form of
sterile fronds and is somewhat dimorphous. Its annulus has
14 or 15 cells. The spores are bilateral and tuberculate. It
has a distinct hypodermis, but this is by no means as sharply
and conspicuously developed as is true of most species of the
Phymatodes group. In Christiopteris it is still less developed,
although the layer immediately under the upper epidermis is
somewhat different from the deeper-lying cells of the mesophyll.
The paleae of Polypodium incurvatum are stout and peltate, not
much drawn out to a point, with apparently entire margin (my
material is old), almost all walls thin and not colored, except
near the base, where the paleae are several cells thick. The
points of resemblance to Christiopteris are not very significant.

Polypodium Curranii Copel. is a member of the group of P.
myriocarpum Mett., distinguished by Fée under the generic name
Microsorium. The paleae are acuminate with the marginal
cells alone thin; they are entire. or with obscure teeth formed
by projections of the walls between cells.

Drymoglossum carnosum J. Sm. has reniform spores and an
annulus of 14 cells. The elongate sorus is supplied by a single
bundle which is nearer the nether surface of the leaf than are ~
the other bundles of the same frond. The paleae are peltate

XI, C, 6 Copeland: The Genus Christiopteris 835

or sagittate, caudate, with the marginal walls alone thin and
with small teeth, which, however, have thick middle walls, being
formed by the joint projection of two marginal cells and the
wall between them.

Cyclophorus angustatus Desv., a species notable for its elon-
gated sori, has a single bundle layer under the sorus. The spores
are bilateral and the annulus is of 14 or 15 cells. The paleae
are long and slender, but not caudate, entire and without very
thin walls, although colorless except near the base. The hypo-
dermis is of very large cells which are not very irregular.

Photinopteris speciosa J. Sm. has an obvious and irregular
hypodermis not essentially different from that characteristic of
the Phymatodes group. Its spores are bilateral and the annulus
is of about 13 cells. The leaf is much compressed under the
sorus, without room for more than one bundle in a layer. The
paleae are peltate, but immediately narrowed to a long, harsh,
hair-like point. The marginal wall is usually thin, with very
peculiar teeth. The smaller of these are like those of Drymo-
glossum and Hymenolepis; but there are present also others in
which the teeth elongate, one of the cells sometimes outgrowing
the other; or both cells may elongate, and separate in the outer
part. Photinopteris has enough characters in common with
Christiopteris so that their general affinity is unmistakable;
although, as Bower has 2lready shown, Christ’s suggestion that
they may have eventually to be united is untenable. On the
_ other hand, Photinopteris is likewise unmistakably a relative
of the Phymatodes group; this is the only construction which
I can place on the presence in both of the peculiar layer of cells
under the upper epidermis.

Aglaomorpha pilosa Copel. (Dryostachyum pilosum J. Sm.) has
reniform spores and setose sporangia with an annulus of
14 or 15 cells. The lamina under the hymenium is very thin,
without room for a diplodesmic vascular supply. The paleae
are peltate at the base, and lanceolate, with the walls gradually
becoming thinner toward the margin. The margin itself is
lacerate-ciliate by separation from the body of the scale of the
upper ends of the marginal cells. The hypodermis, already
figured in my paper on comparative ecology,’ has the Phyma-
todes characteristics,

The affinity of Photinopteris speciosa J. Sm. and Aglaomorpha
pilosa Copel. is unmistakable. The most peculiar characteristic
of Photinopteris is probably the isolated gland below the base
of each pinna. Aglaomorpha pilosa has likewise a glandular

* Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 3, fig. 36.

336 The Philippine Journal of Science

spot on the lamina, immediately below the insertion on the main
rib of the rib of each segment. The glands of the two ferns are
unmistakably homologous. The two are alike also in being
pubescent, although the pubescence itself is not identical. Both
also commonly bear lime-dots on the upper surface of young
fronds. Aglaomorpha pilosa, however, is still more nearly re-
lated to A. splendens Copel. (Dryostachyum splendens J. Sm.) ;
I do not doubt at all the propriety of keeping these two species
in one genus and maintaining Photinopteris as a separate genus.
Aglaomorpha as a whole is likewise an unmistakable member
of the Drynaria group of genera and nearly related to individual
species currently regarded as belonging in Polypodium. It is
interesting, in this connection, to note that the fern originally
described by Hooker as Acrostichum drynarioides, for which
I have created the genus Merinthosorus, has been included in
Dryostachyum (which I consider inseparable from Aglao-
morpha) by Kuhn, and in Photinopteris by Beddome.

In conclusion, it may be observed that we are dealing with
a considerable number of ferns, all of which can be regarded
almost with certainty as descendants of a common group less
remote than their common ancestor with other Polypodiaceae,
a group to which Bower has given the name of Dipterideae, but
which I would prefer to call Matonieae. Different members of
this group share such characters as the tendency to dichotomy;
drynarioid venation; harsh hair-like paleae; thin, marginal walls
of paleae; reddish color of paleae; peculiar teeth on the paleae;
round, elongate or indefinite collections of sporangia not reaching
the margin; annulus of about 14 cells; bilateral spores; diplodes-
mic venation beneath the hymenium; and a peculiar hypodermis
underlying the upper epidermis. Different groups of species -
and of genera have maintained different collections of these
characters. Unless one character be very distinctive and re-
stricted to few species, as in the case of the peculiar gland of
Photinopteris, single characters can hardly be trusted to show
particular affinities within this great group. It seems to me,
however, that the number of characters exhibited by Platycerium,
Cheiropleuria, Christiopteris, Hymenolepis, Drymoglossum,
Cyclophorus, Photinopteris, Aglaomorpha, Merinthosorus, Den-
droconche, and the paleotropic Polypodia with anastomosing
veins, and Dipteris, Matonia, and Phanerosorus amply justifies
regarding these as a group distinct from the other very large
group of, Polypodiaceae which are descendants of an old group

now best represented by Balantium, Dicksonia, Dennstaedtia,
Cystodium, and Cyathea.

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BOTANY. —
Vol. XII, No. 6, November, 1917.

NEW PHILIPPINE MELASTOMATACEAE

By E. D. MERRILL *

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila)

At the commencement of our botanical exploration of the
Philippines in 1902, but a few representatives of this charac-
teristic family were known from the Archipelago. The number
of genera is not large, representatives of but about twenty-one
being now known from the Philippines; by far the largest genus
is Medinilla, while Astronia and Memecylon are both represented
by a fair number of species. With the exception of a few of
the more common and widely distributed species most of the
representatives of this family are confined to the forested areas,
and a very high percentage of them are not only endemic, but
are also very local. I have previously published two papers’
devoted entirely to representatives of this family, chiefly to
the genera Astronia, Memecylon, and Medinilla. The present
paper is in the nature of a continuation of the former ones and
consists chiefly of the descriptions of twenty-eight new species
in the genera Anerincleistus, Astronia, Medinilla, Melastoma,
Otanthera, and Memecylon, with a new variety of Beccarianthus
ickisit Merr.; the genus Anerincleistus is new to the Philippines.

ANERINCLEISTUS Korth

ANERINCLEISTUS PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m altus; ramulis dense pilosis; foliis oppositis,
in eisdem paribus inaequalibus sed similimis, ovatis, chartaceis,
acuminatis, denticulatis, basi cordatis, 7- vel 9-nerviis usque ad
20 cm longis, utrinque plus minusve hirsutis vel hispido-pilosis ;
floribus axillaribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, pedicellatis, petalis
circiter 1.5 longis. :

An erect, branched shrub 2 to 3 m high, most parts more
or less densely pubescent. Branches terete, rather slender,
densely pilose with short, spreading, brownish or purplish hairs.
Leaves in pairs, unequal but similar in shape, ovate, 10 to 20

* Professor of botany, University of the Philippines.
* Merrill, E. D., Studies on Philippine Melastomataceae, I, Philip. Journ.

Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 207-250; II, op. cit. 335-361, pl. 11, 12. ae

338 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917 °

cm long, 6 to 15 cm wide, base broad, cordate, apex rather sharply
acuminate, margins denticulate, the upper surface somewhat
hispid-pubescent, the hairs dense on the nerves, otherwise scat-
tered, short, the lower surface paler, more densely and softly
pubescent; nerves 7 to_9 from the base, the inner 5 more prom-
inent than the others and reaching to the apex, often reddish;
transverse veinlets subparallel, prominent, distant, the reticula-
tions lax; petioles densely pubescent, 2.5 to 9 cm long. Flowers
pink-purple, axillary, solitary or fascicled, their pedicels densely
pubescent, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Calyx ovoid, densely hirsute with
spreading hairs, about 1 ecm long; 8 mm thick, the lobes 4,
- oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about 9 mm long, 4 mm wide,
hirsute on both surfaces, ultimately deciduous. Petals elliptic-
oblong or oblong, equilateral, glabrous, shortly and slenderly
apiculate-acuminate, base somewhat narrowed, about 1.5 cm long,
11mm wide. Stamens 8, subequal; filaments 1 cm long; anthers
inflexed in bud, lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat curved, 9 to
10 mm long, opening by a terminal pore, the connective not
preduced, not appendaged in front, the posterior appendage at
the base very short, stout, obtuse, less than 0.3 mm long. Ovary
glabrous, somewhat urceolate, nearly or at least one-half free,
4-celled, apex with a somewhat produced, irregularly denticulate
but scarcely lobed margin; style about 2 cm long, slender; stigma
punctiform. Capsule about 6 mm long, glabrous, but surrounded
at the base by the densely hirsute, persistent calyx-tube, 4-valved,
concave at the apex, the valves somewhat thickened upward,
their apices obliquely truncate, about 2mm broad. Seeds numer-

ous, oblong-obovate, 0.5 mm long, apex truncate, minutely
verruculose.

PALAWAN, Malampaya Bay, in thin forests at an altitude of from 2 to 5 —
meters, on hillsides near the sea, Merrill 7241 (Phil. Pl. 408), September 18,
1910, Merrill 9412, May, 19138; Mount Capoas, Merrill 9552 April 21, 1913.

The first representative of the genus to be found in the Philippines,
differing from all described ones especially in its large flowers. The type
of the genus, Anerincleistus hirsutus Korth., and most of the known species
have very small flowers, but in A. macranthus King, of the Malay Peninsula,
the flowers are nearly as large as in the present species. The genus has
about ten known species, other than the one above described, in Borneo,
Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and Burma.

ASTRONIA Noronha

ASTRONIA CONSANGUINEA sp. nov. § Euastronia.

Species A. verruculosae affinis, differt foliis multo majoribus,
usque ad 25 cm longis. Arbor parva, circiter 6 m alta, novellis
ferrugineo-furfuraceis exceptis glabra; bracteis magnis, oblongis

once Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 839

ad oblongo-ovatis, 12 ad 15 mm longis; floribus infundibulifor-
mibus, 5-meris, calycis glabris vel obscurissime furfuraceis, cir-
citer 4 mm longis, 6 mm diametro. .

A tree about 6 m high, ultimately glabrous, the very young
growing parts prominently ferrugineous-furfuraceous. Branch-
es brown, terete, rugose, about 6 mm in diameter. Leaves

. subcoriaceous, green and of about the same color on both surfaces

when dry, minutely and densely verruculose, dull or slightly shin-
ing, oblong-elliptic, 20 to 25 cm long, 7 to 10 cm wide, narrowed
below to the very prominently 3-nerved cuneate base, the apex
rather abruptly and slenderly acuminate, the acumen obtuse,
about 1 cm long, glabrous on both surfaces, or the nerves on

‘the lower surface minutely and obscurely lepidote; lateral longi-

tudinal nerves about as prominent as the midrib, the marginal
pair about as distinct as are the transverse nerves and 2 to
4 mm from the edge of the leaf; petioles stout, 5 to 6 mm long,
narrowly winged, when very young somewhat furfuraceous, be-
coming glabrous. Panicles terminal, peduncled, many fiowered, .
about 8 cm long, sometimes branched from the base, sparingly
appressed furfuraceous-lepidote. Flowers white or pink, crowd-
ed at the apices of the branchlets, 5-merous, the subtending bracts
conspicuous, oblong to oblong-ovate, 12 to 15 mm long, concave,
subcoriaceous, dark-colored when dry, slightly lepidote or nearly
glabrous. Staminate flowers funnel-shaped, the calyx-tube about
4mm long, 6 mm in diameter, glabrous or very obscurely lepidote,
the teeth 5, broad, blunt. Petals 5, orbicular-obovate, 5 to 6
mm in diameter.

- Luzon, Tayabas Province, Infanta-Siniloan trail, Bur. Sci. 29215 Ramos

& Edano, June 12, 1917, in forests along small streams.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Astronia verruculosa Merr.,
from which it is readily distinguished by its very much larger leaves and
smaller, glabrous or nearly glabrous flowers.

ASTRONIA PACHYPHYLLA sp. nov. § Euastronia.

Frutex 2 ad 4 m altus, glaber vel subglaber, ramis ramulisque
incrassatis, obscure 4-angulatis vel subteretibus; foliis crasse
coriaceis, ellipticis ad obovato-ellipticis, usque ad 9 cm longis, in
siccitate utrinque minutissime verruculosis, olivaceis vel brunneo-
olivaceis, concoloribus, basi cuneatis, prominente 3-nerviis, apice
abrupte et brevissime apiculatis; paniculis terminalibus, usque
ad 8 cm longis, pedunculatis; floribus plus minusve confertis,
4-meris; bracteis oblongo-ovatis, obtusis, usque ad 9 mm longis;
calycis circiter 4 mm longis et 5 mm diametro, glabris vel sub-
glabris, dentibus late triangularibus, circiter 1.5 mm longis.

A shrub 2 to 4 m high, nearly glabrous. Branches and branch-

340 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

lets thickened, obscurely 4-angled or subterete, the branches 5
to 8 mm in diameter, brown, glabrous, somewhat rugose when
dry, the internodes 7 to 20 mm long. Leaves thickly coriaceous,
olivaceous or brownish-olivaceous when dry, of about the same
color on both surfaces, minutely and densely verruculose, gla-
brous, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 5 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm
wide, base cuneate, prominently 3-nerved, the apex abruptly and
shortly apiculate, the apiculus stout, blunt; the lateral pair of
longitudinal nerves about as prominent as the midrib, extending
from the base to the apex, a faint marginal pair at about 1 mm
from the edge of the leaf, the transverse nerves numerous, dis-
tinct; petioles dark-brown, 1.5 to 2.5 mm long. Panicles ter-

minal, peduncled, up to 8 cm in length, glabrous, or when young

very sparingly furfuraceous, soon becoming glabrous, the scales
thin, appressed, scattered. Flowers white, 4-merous, crowded
at the apices of the branchlets, the subtending bracts oblong-
ovate, obtuse, up to 9 mm in length, coriaceous, glabrous or
obscurely furfuraceous, the bracteoles linear. Calyx-tube cup-
shaped, at anthesis about 4 mm long and 5 mm in diameter,
the teeth broadly triangular, about 1.5 mm long, glabrous or
nearly so. Petals 4, obovate, 4 to 5 mm long.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Binuang, back of Infanta, Bur. Sci.

28558 (type), 28695 Ramos & Edafio, May, 1917, in forests near the summit,
altitude about 1,000 meters.

This characteristic species strongly resembles Astronia verruculosa Merr.,
from which it is readily distinguished by its smaller 4-merous flowers and
glabrous calyces; the leaves are also somewhat smaller and are abruptly
and shortly apiculate at the apex, not acuminate. A single specimen from
Mount Calinigan, Camarines Province, Luzon, collected by D. P. Miranda,
April 24, 1914, greatly resembles the present species but differs in having

shorter petioles, prominently 5-nerved leaves, and conspicuously setose-
furfuraceous inflorescences.

ASTRONIA PAUCIFLORA sp. nov. § Euastronia.

Species A. subcaudatae similis et ut videtur affinis, differt
ramis ramulisque laevis, castaneis, foliis crassioribus, basi 3-
nerviis, utrinque minutissime verruculosis, reticulis ultimis ob-
scuris, paniculis brevioribus, floribus confertis. Frutex 2 ad
3 m altus, partibus junioribus et inflorescentiis castaneo-lepidotis
vel furfuraceo-lepidotis ; foliis coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, ellipticis,
usque ad 8 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, acumi-
natis, basi acutis, 3-nerviis; paniculis terminalibus, circiter 3
em longis, paucifloris, floribus confertis, 5-meris.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, the younger parts and inflorescences
castaneous-lepidote or furfuraceous-lepidote, otherwise nearly
glabrous. Branches and branchlets slender, terete, castaneous,

1 lag teary

aie ne
Se sa

xu, C,6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 841

smooth, glabrous, the ultimate ones 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter.
Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, elliptic, equally narrowed
to the acute base and acuminate apex, 6 to 8 cm long, 2.5 to
3 cm wide, greenish or brownish when dry, dull or slightly
shining, of about the same color and minutely verruculose on both
surfaces, glabrous or very sparingly lepidote along the nerves
on the lower surface, the base acute or decurrent-acuminate,
prominently 3-nerved, the nerves extending to the apex, the apex
rather prominently acuminate; transverse nerves slender, the
ultimate reticulations indistinct; petioles glabrous, 1 to 1.5 em
long. Panicles terminal, about 3 cm long, castaneous-lepidote
or furfuraceous, few-flowered, the flowers crowded on the ulti-
mate branchlets, 5-merous. Bracts membranaceous, sparingly
lepidote, oblong to oblong-ovate, 3 to 4 mm long. Calyx-tube
about 3 mm long, sparingly furfuraceous, cup-shaped, the lobes
somewhat reniform, about 1 mm long. Petals orbicular, pink
to white, 3 mm in diameter.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Binuang, back of Infanta, Bur. Sci.
28646 (type), 28780 Ramos & Edaito, May, 1917, in forests, altitude appa-
rently about 1,000 meters.

This species is manifestly allied to Astronia subcaudata Merr., the type of
which was from the same locality. It is distinguished from that species
especially in its thicker and verruculose leaves which are 3-nerved rather
than 3-plinerved; by its castaneous, smooth branchlets; and by the ultimate
reticulations of the leaves being very obscure, not conspicuous as is A.
subcaudata.

ASTRONIA TETRAGONA sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, ramulis ultimis crassis, circiter 1
cm diametro, distincte 4-angulatis vel junioribus anguste 4-alatis,
dense minuteque cupreo-lepidotis; foliis ellipticis, usque ad 28
cm longis, acuminatis, basi acutis, perspicue triplinerviis, supra
glabris, pallide viridis, subtus uniformiter et dense lepidotis,
pallide brunneis; paniculis circiter 15 cm longis, pyramidatis, e
basi ramosis, floribus in ramulis ultimis subglomeratim confertis.
_ A tree about 10 m high, the branches stout, distinctly 4-angled,
the ultimate ones about 1 cm in diameter, the younger ones
sometimes distinctly 4-winged, all parts densely and minutely
cupreous-lepidote. Leaves firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous,
brittle when dry, elliptic, 20 to 28 cm long, 12 to 18 cm wide,
acuminate, base acute, prominently 3-plinerved, the upper sur-
face pale greenish when dry, shining, glabrous, without cysto-
liths, the lower surface densely and uniformly lepidote with
small, pale-brownish scales; basal nerves leaving the midrib at
from 1 to 1.5 cm above the base, very prominent, extending
quite or nearly to the apex, a faint secondary pair present close

342 The Philippine Journal of Science 1yi7

to the margin, but these marginal nerves not more prominent
than the reticulations; lateral nerves spreading, about 25 on each
side, prominent; petioles densely lepidote, 5 to 7 cm long. Pani-
cles terminal, pyramidal, about 15 cm long, branched from the
base, the branches few, stout, spreading, the lower ones some-
times 12 cm in length, the others shorter,.all parts densely
lepidote. Flowers rather densely crowded on the ultimate
branchlets, subglomerate, 5-merous, cup-shaped, their pedicels
about 2.5 mm long. Calyx about 4 mm in diameter, the teeth
very short, broad.

MINDANAO, Lanao District, Lanao-Cotabato trail, For. Bur. 25204 Al-
varez (type) March 21, 1916, in dipterocarp forests, altitude about 1,000
meters, locally known as paera. LuzON, Benguet Subprovince, Baguio,
Sandkuhl 240, July and January, 1915, For Bur. 26104 Garcia, June, 1914:
Abra Province, Mount Posuey, Bur. Sci. 26993 Ramos, February, 1917.

A characteristic species allied to Astronia platyphylla Merr., from
which it is easily distinguished by its prominently 4-angled branches and
branchlets.

ASTRONIA VERRUCULOSA sp. nov. § Euastronia.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque exceptis
glabra vel subglabra; foliis coriaceis, in siccitate utrinque min-
ute et dense verruculosis, glabris vel subtus parcissime lepidotis,
oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 15 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter
angustatis, apice acuminatis, basi acutis, 3-nerviis; paniculis
circiter 7 cm longis, furfuraceis; floribus magnis, 5-meris, cir-
citer 6.5 mm longis, calycis urceolatis, circiter 6 mm diametro,
extus lepidotis vel furfuraceo-lepidotis.

A tree about 7 m high, glabrous except the younger parts, the
petioles and the inflorescences. Branches glabrous, wrinkled
when dry, somewhat brownish-red, the branchlets more: or less
brown-furfuraceous. Leaves rather thickly coriaceous, dull, of
about the same color, and pale yellowish-green on both surfaces
when dry, oblong-elliptic, 10 to 15 cm long, 8 to 6 cm wide,
when dry both surfaces minutely and densely verruculose, en-
tirely glabrous, or the lower surface, when young, with few,
rather large, scattered, brown, lepidote scales, about equally
narrowed to the somewhat acuminate apex and to the acute base,
distinctly 3-nerved, the lateral nerves extending to the apex;
petioles about 3 cm long, somewhat furfuraceous on their mar-
gins, or quite glabrous. Panicles terminal, pyramidal, brown-
furfuraceous, about 7 cm long, the branches few, spreading,
the flowers white and pink, rather congested, the subtending
bracts deciduous, oblong, 6 to 8 mm long. Calyx urceolate,
brown-lepidote, about 6.5 mm long and wide, 5-toothed, the teeth

ee me
tts

‘, . pont ‘
uu Sam

XM, ©, 6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 343

broad, blunt or acute. Petals 5, orbicular-reniform, about 5
mm in diameter.

Luzon, Camarines Province, Mount Isarog, Phil. Pl. 1569 Ramos (type),
November 23, 1913, in the mossy forest near the summit, altitude about.
1,900 meters: Sorsogon Province, Mounts Pacdal and Kililibong, Bur. Sci.
28371, 23568, 23501 Ramos, August, 1915.

A species allied to Astronia viridifolia Elm., A. megalantha Merr., and
A. negrosensis Merr., but distinguished from all by its coriaceous leaves
being finely and densely verruculose on both surfaces. The flowers are
unusually large for the genus, as in A. megalantha Merr.

BECCARIANTHUS Cogniaux

.

BECCARIANTHUS ICKISII Merr. var. PUBERULA var. nov.
A typo differt ramulis et petiolis perspicue setosis, foliis sub-
tus minutissime et densissime puberulis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Infanta-Siniloan trail, Bur. Sci. 29280 Ra-
mos & Edato, June 12, 1917, on forested ridges.

This form differs from the type in its prominently setose branchlets and
petioles, the soft setae attaining a length of 12 mm; on the petioles they are
confined to the lower inner one-third to one-half, and are distinctly longer
than those in the var. setosa Merr. The diagnosis of the latter variety,
Philip. Journ. Sci., 10 (1915) Bot. 278 should be corrected by the addition
of the figure 9 before the word “nerviis.” The present variety, like the

' type, has 7-nerved leaves but differs from it and the variety setosa in its

leaves being uniformly and densely puberulent on the lower surface, the ~
indumentum being pale-brownish in color.

MEDINILLA Gaudichaud

_ MEDINILLA APAYAOENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, circiter 2 m altus, ramis ramulisque teretibus
vel subteretibus; foliis oppositis, coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis,
usque ad 18 cm longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, apice
obtusis vel latissime et breviter acuminatis, basi acutis vel
decurrento-acuminatis, 5-plinerviis, nervis transversis reticulis-
que subobsoletis; petiolo 1 ad 2 cm longo; paniculis terminalibus,
pedunculatis, usque ad 25 cm longis, multifloris, ramis primariis
verticillatis, inferioribus circiter 10 cm longis; bracteis mem-
branaceis, lanceolatis ad oblanceolatis, 1 ad 1.4 cm longis; flori-
bus 5-meris, petalis circiter 9 mm longis. |

An erect glabrous shrub about 2 m high, the branches and
branchlets terete or subterete, pale, the latter about 4 mm in
diameter, the nodes sparingly setose. Leaves opposite, coria-
ceous, rather pale when dry, slightly shining, of about the same
color on both surfaces, oblong-elliptic, 13 to 18 cm long, 6 to
8 cm wide, subequally narrowed to the blunt or very broadly
blunt-acuminate apex and to the acute or decurrent-acuminate
base, prominently 5-plinerved, in larger leaves sometimes 7-

344 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

plinerved, the inner pair of nerves more prominent than the
outer ones and anastomosing with the midrib just below the
apex, the transverse nerves and reticulations obsolete or nearly
so; petioles stout, 1 to2cm long. Panicles terminal, pyramidal,
peduncled, up to 25 cm long, the branches verticillate, the lower
ones about 10 cm long, the bracts subtending the branches sub-
persistent, membranaceous, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 10 to 14
mm long. Flowers pale-purplish, 5-merous. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, about 4mm long. Petals about 9 mm long. Stamens
10, equal, the filaments and anthers each about 7 mm in length.

Luzon, Apayao Subprovince, Ngagan, Bur. Sci. 28142 Fénix, May 10,
1917, an epiphyte on large trees in damp forests.

The alliance of this species is with Medinilla apoensis C. B. Rob. (M. con-
fluentinervia Elm.), of ‘southeastern Mindanao, from which it is readily
distinguished by its prominently petioled leaves, those of M. apoensis being
sessile or subsessile.

MEDINILLA FENICIS sp. nov.

Arbor parva usque ad 8 m alta, ramis ramulisque teretibus,
partibus junioribus et subtus foliis ad costa nervisque, et in-
florescentiis plus minusve plumoso-tomentosis; foliis oppositis,
coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis,
basi acutis, 3-plinerviis, apice breviter obtuseque acuminatis,
usque ad 8 cm longis; inflorescentiis terminalibus, paniculatis,
laxis, usque ad 13 cm longis; bracteis membranaceis, oblongis
ad obovatis, 8 ad 11 mm longis; floribus 4-meris, petalis circiter
8 mm longis.

A small tree attaining a height of about 8 m, the younger
branchlets, lower surface of the leaves on the costa and nerves,
and the inflorescences more or less plumose-tomentose with pale-
brownish hairs, the indumentum sometimes dense, more or less
deciduous, the older parts eventually becoming glabrous or
nearly so. Branches and branchlets terete, pale, the former
smooth, the latter 2 to 8 mm in diameter. Leaves coriaceous,
oblong-elliptic, 6 to 8 cm long, 2.3 to 3 em wide, pale-brownish,
of about the same color on both surfaces, and slightly shining
when dry, brittle, subequally narrowed to the acute, prominently
3-plinerved base and to the shortly and bluntly acuminate apex,
the lateral nerves leaving the midrib in the lower 3 mm and
extending to the apex, the transverse nerves and reticulations
obsolete; petioles pubescent when young, eventually glabrous,
7 to 14 mm long. Panicles terminal, peduncled, up to 13 cm
long, lax, the branches opposite. Bracts conspicuous, mem-
branaceous, apparently pink, oblong to obovate, sparingly pubes-

xu,c,¢ . Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 345

cent to glabrous, obtuse, 8 to 11 mm long. Flowers pedicelled,
in threes at the tip of each ultimate branchlet, 4-merous. Calyx
cup-shaped, truncate, about 4 mm long. Petals dark-purple,
about 8 mm long.

Luzon, Apayao Subprovince, Mount Sulu, Bur. Sci. 28426 Fénix,-May,
1917, on damp rocky slopes near the summit of the mountain, altitude not
indicated.

A strongly marked species among those with pubescent vegetative parts,
not very similar to any described form, but most closely allied to Medinilla
cordata Merr. It is distinguised from Medinilla cordata by numerous char-
acters, especially in its entirely differently shaped, prominently petioled
leaves which are gradually narrowed to the acute base.

MEDINILLA LONGIDENS sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 1 m altus, perspicue plumoso-tomentosus;
ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis oppositis, valde inaequalibus,
chartaceis, ovato-ellipticis ad oblongo-ovatis, minoribus usque
ad 4 cm longis, majoribus usque ad 8 cm longis, acute acuminatis,
basi angustatis, obtusis ad leviter cordatis, 5-plinerviis, petio-
latis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, breviter pedunculatis, plerum-
que bifloris; bracteis conspicuis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, circiter
15 mm longis, utrinque pubescentibus; floribus 4-meris, brevis-
sime pedicellatis, calycis lobis lanceolatis, acuminatis, 4 ad 5
mm longis.

An erect shrub about 1 m high, the branchlets, petioles, lower
surface of the leaves, and inflorescences densely plumose-
tomentose, the indumentum dirty brown or pale, the branches
and branchlets terete, the former glabrous, pale, the latter about
2mm in diameter. Leaves opposite, petioled, those of each pair
very unequal in size, the larger ones 6 to 8 cm long and 2.5 to
3.5 em wide, the smaller ones 3 to 4 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm >
wide, chartaceous, pale-grayish when dry, acuminate or acute,
base narrowed, obtuse to slightly cordate, 5-plinerved, the trans-
verse nerves and reticulations obsolete, the upper surface gla-
brous; petioles of the larger leaves 8 to 12 mm long, of the smaller
ones 2 to 4 mm in length. Inflorescences axillary, solitary,
mostly 2-flowered, the peduncles 5 mm long or less, the flowers
subtended by an involucre of pink, lanceolate, acuminate, pubes-
cent bracts about 15 mm in length. Flowers 4-merous. Young
fruit ovoid, 4-celled, pubescent, about 6 mm long, the persistent
calyx-teeth lanceolate, pubescent, acuminate, 4 to 5 mm long.

Luzon, Apayao Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 28422 Fénix, May 23, 1917, in
damp forests near the base of Mount Sulu, altitude about 800 meters.

A characteristic species strongly marked among the plumose-tomentose
species by its very unequal leaves, its axillary mostly 2-flowered, conspi-

246 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

cuously bracteate inflorescences, and its 4-merous flowers with long calyx-
teeth. It somewhat resembles Medinilla microphylla Merr. and M. parva
Merr., but is not very closely allied to either. :

MEDINILLA MACGREGORII sp. nov.

Frutex erectus gemmis exceptis glaber, ramis ramulisque tere-
tibus; foliis oppositis, petiolatis, oblongo-ellipticis, coriaceis,
utrinque acuminatis vel basi acutis, usque ad 7 cm longis, tripli-
nerviis, in siccitate pallidis; inflorescentiis lateralibus, laxis,
paucifloris, divaricato-ramosis, usque ad 8 cm longis, bracteis
suborbicularibus, prominentibus; floribus 4-meris.

An erect, slender, shrub, quite glabrous except the young buds
which are densely ferruginous-setose, the very youngest branch-
lets also sometimes setose. Branches and branchlets slender,
light-gray, terete. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptic, 5 to 7 cm
long, 2.5 to 3 cm wide, about equally narrowed at both ends,
apex blunt-acuminate, base acute or acuminate, pale and some-
what shining when dry, coriaceous, 3-plinerved, the two lateral
nerves leaving the midrib about 5 mm above the base and reach-
ing the apex, there anastomosing with the midrib, the lateral
nerves and reticulations obsolete; petioles 5to 7mm long. Infior-
escence lateral, from the axils of fallen leaves, mostly solitary,
slender, up to 8 cm in length, the few branches divaricately
spreading, each bearing few bracteate flowers at their apices.
Bracts orbicular to reniform, apparently pink, concave, submem-
branaceous, 5 to 6 mm long, 6 to 7 mm wide, in pairs at the
nodes, the bracteoles closely enveloping the flowers, similar to the
bracts but smaller. Pedicels very short. Flowers apparently
pink, 4-merous. Petals 4, 5 mm long. Stamens 8; anthers
oblong, about 2 mm long. Young fruits cup-shaped, 3.5 mm in
diameter, truncate.

Luzon, Ifugao Subprovince, Mount Polis, Bur. Sci. 19863 McGregor.
February 11, 1918, in the mossy forest.

A very characteristic species, distinguished by its comparatively small,
pale, 3-plinerved leaves and its very lax, divaricately and slenderly

branched, few-fiowered, bracteate, lateral inflorescences. It is not at all

closely allied to any of the known Philippine forms having opposite leaves,
lateral inflorescences, and 4-merous flowers.

MEDINILLA MEMBRANACEA sp. nov. _
Frutex erectus, glaber, circiter 1 m altus, ramis ramulisque

teretibus; foliis ternatis, petiolatis, membranaceis, oblongis, -

usque ad 5 cm longis, nervis lateralibus obsoletis, basi acutis,
apice acuminatis; inflorescentiis lateralibus, brevibus, .subumbel-

latim 3-floris vel unifloris; floribus tenuiter pedicellatis, 5-meris;
petalis circiter 8 mm longis.

2
-

XII, C, 6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 847

An erect entirely glabrous shrub about 1 m high, the branches
pale, terete, the branchlets very slender, 1 to 2 mm in diameter.
Leaves ternate, membranaceous, olivaceous and somewhat shin-
ing when dry, oblong, 3 to 5 cm long, 1.2 to 1.8 cm wide, nar-
rowed below to the acute base and above to the blunt-acuminate
apex, the midrib distinct, the lateral nerves and reticulations
entirely obsolete; petioles slender, 2 to 4 mm long. Inflores-
cences lateral, axillary, solitary, few, the peduncles about 8 mm
long, with up to three subumbellately arranged flowers, or the
flowers sometimes solitary, the slender pedicels about as long
as the peduncles. Flowers white, 5-merous. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, about 4mm long. Petals about 8 mm long.

Luzon, Apayao Subprovince, Mount Sulu, Bur. Sci. 28861 Fénix, May 22,
1917, in damp forests on rocky slopes, altitude apparently about 800
meters. ee

A most characteristic species not at all closely allied to any other described

Philippine forms, although in texture of its leaves and in the nerves and
reticulations being entirely obsolete it resembles Medinilla benguetensis Elm.

-MEDINILLA PANAYENSIS sp. nov.

Frutex glaber, 2 m altus; ramulis 4-angulatis, nodis barbatis;
foliis elliptico-ovatis, oppositis, petiolatis, chartaceis, 5-pliner-
viis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, usque ad 20 cm longis; inflo-
rescentiis terminalibus, amplis, pedunculatis, paniculatis, folia
subaequantibus, bracteis bracteolisque nullis; floribus 5-meris.

An erect shrub about 2 m high, glabrous except the densely
setose-barbate nodes. Branches obscurely 4-angled, stout, the
branchlets rather sharply 4-angled and sometimes very narrowly
4-winged. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic-ovate, opposite, about -
equally narrowed at both ends, the base acute, the apex acumi-
nate, 15 to 20 cm leng, 8 to 10 cm wide, somewhat brown when
dry, slightly shining, the lower surface very slightly paler than
the upper, with two pairs of prominent nerves, the outer pair
leaving the midrib 1 to 1.5 cm above the base, evanescent at
the middle or above, the inner pair leaving the midrib at from
2.5 to 3 em above the base, anastomosing with the midrib at
the apex, the transverse veinlets slender, distant, obsolete or
nearly so on the lower surface, evident on the upper surface;
petioles stout, 2 to 4cm long. Inflorescence terminal, peduncled,
ample, paniculate, about as long as the leaves, the rachis and
branches, when fresh, waxy-white, the bracts and bracteoles
wanting, or small and very early deciduous. Flowers 5-merous,
pink. Calyx cup-shaped, about 5 mm long and wide, truncate.
Petals 5, 10 mm long. Stamens 10, 5 slightly shorter than the
others; filaments 4 to 5 mm long; anthers narrowly lanceolate,

348 The Philippine Journal of Science - 1917

acuminate, 5 and 6.5 mm long, dorsal appendages short, the
anterior one very small or nearly obsolete.

PANAY, Iloilo Province, Ulian River, Bur. Sci. 18253 Robinson, January
11, 1913, altitude 250 meters.

This is more closely allied to Medinilla apoensis C. B. Rob. (M. con-
fluentinervia Elm.), than to any other Philippine form, but is very different
from that species, being distinguished by its rather long-petioled leaves
which have fewer nerves, and by its distinctly 4-angled, not terete branchlets.

MEDINILLA PARVIBRACTEA sp. nov.

Species M. magnificae affinis, differt floribus minoribus, brac-
teis multo minoribus, 1.5 ad 2.5 cm longis, nodis vix setosis.

An erect shrub or small tree 4 to 7 m high, quite glabrous.
Branches stout, terete or obscurely 4-angled, the ultimate branch-
lets with 4, thick, narrow wings. Leaves opposite elliptic-ovate
to somewhat obovate-elliptic, sessile, 20 to 30 cm long, 10 to 16
em wide, coriaceous, somewhat shining, the apex shortly and
abruptly acuminate, the base somewhat narrowed, prominently
11-plinerved, the interior two pairs of nerves reaching the apex,
the others evanescent, the transverse. nervules very slender,
nearly obsolete on the lower surface. Panicles solitary, ter-
minal and lateral, peduncled, 14 to 25 cm long, the peduncles
7 to 9 cm long, the branches in whorls of 4, spreading, the lower
ones 5 to 9 cm long, each whorl subtended by 4, membranaceous,
broadly ovate to oblong-obovate, obtuse to subacute, apparently
colored bracts 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers pink, 5-merous.
Calyx urceolate, about 4mm long, the limb somewhat spreading,
truncate, the mouth 4 mm in diameter. Petals 5, obliquely ob-
- ovate, 8 mm long. Stamens 10, subequal; filaments about 5 mm
long; anthers as long as the filaments, somewhat curved, acumi-
nate, lanceolate, the dorsal spur very short, the anterior two
‘stout, curved, about 1 mm long. Ovary 5-celled.

BaBUYAN ISLANDS, Camiguin, summit of the voleano, Bur. Sci. 4151
Fénix (type), July 7, 1907, the inflorescence terminal. BATAN ISLANDS,
Batan, Mount Iraya, Bur. Sci. 3820 Féniz, June 12, 1907, in forests near
the summit of the mountain, inflorescence lateral. Luzon, Cagayan Prov-
ince, Caua Voleano, R. N. Clark, August, 1908, in forests, altitude 1000 m,
.inflorescence terminal. é

This is manifestly very closely allied to Medinilla magnifica Lindl., from
which it differs in its smaller flowers and very much smaller bracts. The
— with terminal inflorescence manifestly represent the same species
ae : . one with a lateral inflorescence. In this genus it is not uncommon

nd both lateral and terminal inflorescences on the same specimen, a
character that is not always shown by ordinary herbarium material.
MEDINILLA PELTATA sp. nov.

f hig glaber, ramulis 4-angulatis, crasse et anguste 4-alatis;
oMls oppositis, petiolatis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, coriaceis,

-

XII, C, 6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 849

acuminatis, base late rotundatis, distincte peltatis, 3- vel 5-
nerviis; cymis usque ad 6 cm longis, caulifloris vel e ramis
vetustioribus; floribus 5-meris, minutissime bracteolatis, stami-
nibus aequalibus.

A glabrous shrub, the branches prominently 4-angled, each
angle with a thick but narrow wing, pale-brownish, about 5 mm
in diameter. Leaves opposite, distinctly peltate, coriaceous,
ovate to oblong-ovate 10 to 13 cm long, 4.5 to 8 em wide, the
apex sharply acuminate, base broadly rounded, 3- or 5-nerved,
the inner. pair of nerves prominent, reaching the apex, the outer
pair, when present, submarginal, evanescent below the apex;
lateral nerves nearly obsolete on the lower surface, rather dis-

- tinct on the upper; petioles 2 to 3.5 cm long attached to the

leaf about.5 mm from its margin. Cymes up to 6 cm long, few-
flowered, from the trunk or the larger branches, the minute
bracteoles linear, 2 mm long or less, deciduous. Calyx cup-
shaped or somewhat urceolate, about 8 mm long, the tube extend-
ing about 2.5 mm above the ovary, truncate, undulate, 5-
glandular. Petals 5, obliquely oblong-obovate, about 1.4 cm
long and 7 mm wide. Stamens 10, equal; filaments 8 mm long;
anthers lanceolate, acuminate, curved, 8 to 9 mm long, the dorsal
appendage curved, blunt, about 1.7 mm long the two anterior
appendages stout, yellow, curved, about 1.5 in diameter.

BILIRAN, Mount Suiro, Bur. Sci. 18953 McGregor, June 10, 1914, in the
mossy forest, altitude 600 to 900 meters, the flowers transparent, light phlox-

urple,

: A most characteristic species, at once distinguishable in the genus by its
peltate leaves. According to Cogniaux’s arrangement of the species it falls
in the group with Medinilla laurifolia Blume but is not closely allied to that
species or to any other form known to me.

MEDINILLA POLISENSIS sp. nov.

Species M. clementis affinis, differt foliis multo minoribus,
usque ad 13 cm longis, basi rotundatis, 5-plinerviis, antheris
majoribus.

A stout vine climbing in trees, glabrous except the setose
nodes. Branches terete, somewhat reddish-brown, the younger
branchlets obscurely 4-angled to prominently 4-winged, the in-
ternodes 2 to 5 cm long. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong
to oblong-elliptic, 8 to 13 em long, 2 to 4 cm wide, base rounded
or obtuse, apex acuminate, the upper surface pale when dry,
shining, the lower somewhat brownish, the base prominently 5-
plinerved, sometimes with an additional fainter basal pair, the
inner pair leaving the midrib at from 2 to 3 cm above the base
and reaching the apex where they anastomose with the midrib,

152224——-3

350 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

the transverse nerves obsolete or barely visible on the upper
surface; petioles about 1 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, red,
long-peduncled, paniculate, the peduncle about 14 cm long, the
panicle as long as the peduncle, the branches in distant whorls,
the lower ones about 4 cm long. Flowers pink or pale violet,
5-merous, the bracts and bracteoles, if any, small and very early
deciduous. Calyx about 6 mm long, cup-shaped, truncate.
Petals 5, about 10 mm long, obliquely obovate. Stamens 10,
subequal ; filaments 6 to 7 mm long; anthers narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 8 mm long, the dorsal appendage reduced to a very
minute, 0.2 mm long tubercle, the anterior ones produced about
1.5 mm below the insertion of the filament, somewhat curved,
oblong.

Luzon, Ifugao Subprovince, Mount Polis, Bur. Sci. 19870 McGregor, Feb-
ruary 10, 1913.

Manifestly a close ally of Medinilla clementis Merr., differing in the
characters indicated in the diagnosis,

MEDINILLA STENOBOTRYS sp. nov.

Frutex epiphyticus, glaber, circiter 2 m aitus, ramulis incras-
satis, 4-angulatis, 4-alatis, circiter 1 cm diametro; foliis coria-
ceis, oppositis, sessilis, usque ad 30 cm longis, elliptico-ovatis,
acuminatis, perspicue 9-plinerviis; inflorescentiis terminalibus,
trinis, angustis, multifloris, 25 ad 30 cm longis et 4 cm latis,
rhachibus valde incrassatis, alatis; floribus numerosissimis, 4-
meris, secus rhachin fasciculatis vel cymosis, cymis fasciculatis.

A stout, glabrous, epiphytic shrub about 2 m high, the ultimate
branches 4-angled, 4-winged, about 1 cm in diameter. Leaves
opposite, coriaceous, rather pale when dry, somewhat shining,
sessile, elliptic-ovate, 24 to 30 cm long, 17 to 22 cm wide, apex
acuminate, the acumen rather stout, about 1 em long, the base
somewhat narrowed and more or less clasping the stem, prom-
inently 9-plinerved, lateral nerves leaving the midrib in the
lower 9 to 11 cm, the inner two pairs reaching the tip of the
leaf, the transverse nerves and reticulations lax, obscure. Inflor-
escences terminal, each branchlet terminated by three stout, .
narrow, racemose panicles 25 to 30 cm in length and about 4
cm in diameter, the rachis stout, about 1 em in diameter when
dry, the membranaceous wings 2 to 4 mm in width, the peduncles
8 to 10 cm long. Flowers 4-merous, dark-pink, very numerous,
fascicled or cymose and the cymes fascicled at the nodes of the
rachis, often crowded. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, about 4 mm
long. Petals 4, oblong-obovate, somewhat oblique, 7 to 8 mm
long. Stamens 8, equal, the filaments and anthers each about

XI, C,6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 159 |

4 mm long; pedicels about 5 mni long; bracts membranaceous,
oblong-ovate, rather deciduous, up to 9 mm in length.

Luzon, Apayao Subprovince, Mount Sulu, Bur. Sci. 28355 Fénix, May
23, 1917, on trees along streams in damp forests, altitude about 800 meters,
known to the Ibanags as lalannug.

Among all the Philippine species with very large, opposite, sessile or
nearly sessile leaves this is the most strongly characterized one. It is readily
recognized by its narrow, rather dense, raceme-like inflorescences which are
borne in threes at the tips of the branchlets, a type of inflorescence other-
wise not known among the numerous Philippine representatives of the

genus.

MEDINILLA TAYABENSIS sp. nov.

' Frutex epiphyticus, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus vel
-ramulis plus minusve 4-angulatis; foliis oppositis, petiolatis,
crasse coriaceis, ellipticis ad late elliptico-ovatis, in siccitate
brunneo-olivaceis, usque ad 17 cm longis, basi late acutis ad
rotundatis, perspicue 7- vel 9-plinerviis, apice abrupte et bre-
-vissime rostrato-acuminatis; paniculis terminalibus, 20 ad 30
em longis, crasse pedunculatis, pyramidatis, ramis ramulisque
verticillatis, incrassatis et cum pedunculo rhachibusque tenuiter
4-alatis, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis, inconspicuis, 2 ad 3 mm
longis; fioribus 4-meris, petalis circiter 8 mm longis.

An epiphytic glabrous shrub, the branches and branchlets
terete, or the latter inconspicuously 4-angled and 4 to 5 mm in
diameter, the nodes more or less setose. Leaves opposite, thickly
coriaceous, brownish-olivaceous, of about the same color on both
surfaces, and somewhat shining when dry, elliptic to broadly
elliptic-ovate, 12 to 17 cm long, 7 to 12 cm wide, base broadly
acute to rounded, conspicuously 7- or 9-plinerved, the inner
pair of nerves anastomosing with the midrib near the apex, the
transverse reticulations lax, obsolete on the lower surface, ob-
secure on the upper surface, the apex very shortly and abruptly
rostrate-acuminate, the acumen blunt, 2 to 3 mm long and as
wide as long; petioles stout, 1 cm long or less. Panicles terminal,
peduncled, pyramidal, 20 to 30 cm long, the peduncle and rachis
stout, when dry and more or less flattened nearly 1 cm wide,
narrowly 4-winged, the wings 1 to 2 mm wide, membranaceous,
the branches and branchlets stout and similarly winged;
branches verticillate, the lower ones up to 10 cm in length, the
- secondary and tertiary branchlets also verticillate. Flowers
numerous, 4-merous, pink, their pedicels about 5 mm long, the
bracts inconspicuous, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3 mm long. ‘Calyx
cup-shaped, truncate, about 4mm long. Petals 4, about 8 mm
long. Stamens 8, equal, the filaments and anthers each about

352 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

4 mm long. Fruits ovoid-globose, truncate, 5 to 6 mm in
diameter.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Binuang, Bur. Sci. 28605 (type), 28687
Ramos & Edaiio, May 7, 1917, on trees in the mossy forest.

The alliance of this species is apparently with Medinilla negrosensis
Merr., from which is distinguished by its differently shaped, much thicker
leaves which are abruptly and very shortly blunt-acuminate; and the stout

peduncles, branches, and branchlets of its inflorescences which are narrowly
4-winged,

MEDINILLA TRIANAE sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis
verticillatis, petiolatis, oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongo-obovatis,
chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, nitidis, 5 ad 9 cm longis, apice brevi-

ter abrupteque acuminatis, basi angustatis, acutis vel acumina- —

tis, tenuiter trinerviis ; inflorescentiis e ramis defoliatis, brevibus,
paucifloris, 2 ad 3 cm longis; fructibus 4-locellatis.

A scandent glabrous shrub, the branches and branchlets terete,
the latter slender, nodes not bearded. Leaves verticillate, 3 to
5 at each node, oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, 5 to 9 cm long,
2 to 4.5 cm wide, shining and of about the same color on both
surfaces: when dry, slightly pustulate, the apex very abruptly
and shortly acuminate or obtuse, the base narrowed and acute
or somewhat decurrent-acuminate, slenderly 3-nerved, the lateral
pair nearly or quite reaching the apex, transverse nerves and
reticulations obsolete or very obscure; petioles 1 to 2.5 cm
long. Inflorescences from the nodes on the branches below the
leaves, short, few-flowered, 2 to 3 cm long. Flowers not seen.
Fruit red, 4-celled, fleshy when fresh, urceolate, about 1 cm
long, the ovoid portion crowned by the short, cylindric, truncate
calyx-rim.

Luzon, Laguna Province, Dahican, Phil. Pl. 1131 Ramos, September, 1912,
in forests along the river.

A species manifestly allied to Medinilla subumbellata Merr., which it

resembles in vegetative characters, although differing in size and other
details of the leaves.

MEDINILLA VULCANICA sp. nov.

Frutex erectus, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis
oppositis, ellipticis ad ovato-ellipticis, subcoriaceis, usque ad 20
cm longis, brevissime acuminatis, basi rotundatis vel subacutis,
sessilis, 7-plinerviis, reticulis obsoletis; paniculis terminalibus,
multifioris, pedunculatis, ramis ramulisque verticillatis, folia
aequantibus vel longioribus; floribus parvis, 4-meris.

An erect, entirely glabrous shrub or small tree (5 m high,
fide Ramos). Branches and branchlets terete, the nodes not at

Se aia

XII, C, ¢ Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 353

all setose. Leaves subsessile, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, subco-
riaceous, somewhat shining when dry, the lower surface a little
paler then the upper one, 9 to 20 cm long, 5.5 to 11 cm wide,
the base rounded or subacute, the apex abruptly and very shortly
acuminate; petiole none or very short and stout; base 7- rarely
9-plinerved, the inner two pairs reaching to the apex or nearly
so, prominent, the reticulations obsolete. Panicles terminal,
peduncled, the peduncles about 8 em long, the panicles ovoid,
up to 15 cm long, the branches and branchlets whorled, the
lower branches up to 7 cm in length, the upper ones gradually
shorter. Flowers pink, 4-merous, their pedicels 4 to 7 mm
long, the bracteoles linear or filiform, short, deciduous. Calyx
somewhat urceolate-campanulate, about 3.5 mm long, truncate.
Petals 4, obliquely obovate, 7 mm long, about 4 mm wide.
Stamens 8, equal or subequal; filaments 4 mm long; anthers as
long as the filaments, lanceolate, acuminate, the dorsal spur less
than 0.5 mm long, the anterior basal appendages short, blunt,
rather broad.

CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, in forests on slopes of the volcano, Phil. Pl.
1164 Ramos, March 24, 1912.

A species closely allied to Medinilla myriantha Merr. M. confusa Merr.
and allied forms, distinguished by its 7-plinerved leaves, small flowers, etc.

MEDINILLA TENUIPES nom. nov.

Medinilla gracilipes Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 249,
non M. gracilipes Merr. op. cit. 236.

Inadvertently the same specific name was ued for two entirely distinct
and unrelated species, both of which were published in the same paper. The
second species published under the name Medinilla gracilipes is here renamed
Medinilla tenuipes Merr.

MELASTOMA Linnaeus

MELASTOMA CULIONENSE sp. nov. .

Frutex erectus, ramulis et foliis et calycis adpresse strigosis;
foliis chartaceis, oblongo-lanceolatis, acuminatis, basi acutis, 5-
nerviis, usque ad 9 cm longis, supra adpresse strigosis, subtus
leviter strigoso-setulosis; floribus 5-meris, bracteatis, calycibus
haud dense strigosis, tubo quam lobis paulo brevioribus, denticu-
lis alternantibus ad setis reductis; antherarum majorum connec-
tivum basi longe productum.

An erect shrub, the branches brown, terete or nearly so,
glabrous, the younger branchlets appressed-strigose, the scales
not dense and 1 mm long or less. Leaves chartaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, 6 to 9 cm long, 1.5 to 2.3 em wide, apex rather slen-
derly and sharply acuminate, base acute, the upper surface
olivaceous when dry, appressed strigose with scattered, very

: 354 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

short scales, the lower surface paler, sparingly strigose-setulose
on the midrib, nerves, and reticulations; nerves 5 from the base,
distinct; petioles appressed hirsute-strigose, 5 to 10 mm long.
Flowers solitary in the uppermost axils or in few flowered ter-
minal cymes, each young flower subtended by a pair of oblong-
lanceolate, strigose, acuminate bracts about 8 mm long, these
bracts somewhat penicillate at the apex, deciduous, more or
less enclosing the young buds. Calyx-tube 6 to 7 mm long,

sparingly appressed-strigose with entire, sharp scales less than”

1 mm in length, these scales-scattered, not at all obscuring or
covering the surface of the tube, the lobes 5, lanceolate, acum-
inate, about 8 mm long, appressed strigose, apex slightly pen-
icillate, the alternating teeth reduced to mere bristles 2 mm
long or less. Petals 5, oblong-obovate, about 2 cm long, 11 mm
wide, apex obtuse or rounded and a little penicillate. Stamens
10, very unequal; the five longer ones with anthers about 7 mm
long, lanceolate, acuminate, the connective produced about 12
mm below the anther, with small anterior appendages, the fila-
ments proper 8 to 10 mm long; the five shorter stamens with
anthers equaling those of the longer stamens, but the connectives
produced but about 1 mm, the filaments about 8 mm long.

CuLION, Halsey Harbor, Bur. Sci. 21647 Escritor, August 25, 1913.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Melastoma malabathricum
Linn. as interpreted by Cogniaux, but is so distinct that it cannot properly
be referred to that species nor to any of the forms that have been reduced
to it. It is strongly characterized by its slightly strigose calyx, the strigose
scales scattered, not at all imbricate or overlapping and not nearly covering
the surface of the calyx tube; its lobes a little longer than the tube; and the
alternating teeth reduced to mere bristles 2 mm long or less which are not
at all penicillate or hairy in any respect.

MELASTOMA SUBALBIDUM sp. nov.

Frutex erectus 1 ad 1.5 m altus, ramulis et foliis et calycis
brevissime adpresse strigosis; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-
lanceolatis, usque ad 5 cm longis, 5-nerviis, acute acuminatis,
subtus pallidis; floribus 5- vel 6-meris, parvis, albidis vel subal-

bidis, petalis circiter 1.3 cm longis, staminibus subaequalibus, —

connectivo basi brevissime producto.

An erect shrub 1 to 1.5 m. high, the branches terete, pale
grayish-brown, glabrous, the branchlets very slender, densely
strigose with short, strictly appressed lanceolate, acuminate,
usually purplish scales hardly exceeding 1 mm in length. Leaves
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, 3 to 5 cm long, 1 to
1.5 cm wide, the upper surface green when dry, sparingly
appressed-strigose with scattered, appressed, short, sharp scales,

XU, ©, 6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 855

the lower surface much paler than the upper, glabrous except
for the sparingly appressed-strigose nerves and reticulations,
the apex rather sharply acuminate, the base obtuse or rounded,
5-nerved; petioles densely strigose, 5 mm long or less. Flowers
white or very pale-pink, in few-flowered, terminal, ebracteate
cymes, the cymes 2 to 3 cm long, the flowers rarely or never ex-
ceeding 9 in each. Calyx ovoid, including the lobes about 1 cm
long, outside very densely strigose with simple, closely ap-
pressed, narrowly ovate, acuminate, usually purplish scales, the
tube ovoid, about 6 mm long and 5.5 mm in diameter, the lobes
5 or 6, lanceolate, about 4 mm [Iong, densely strigose, alter-
nating with very small, 1.5 mm long scales scarcely larger than
those on the tube. Petals 5 or 6, obovate, nearly equilateral,
about 1.3 cm long, 9 mm wide, apex broadly rounded-truncate,
margins more or less ciliate. Stamens 10 or 12, slightly un-
equal, the longer filaments 7 mm long, the shorter 6 mm, the
anthers oblong, obtuse, straight, the longer ones 3 mm long,
connectives produced 1 mm, the shorter ones 2.5 mm long, the
connectives produced 0.5 mm, the anterior appendages in both
curved, 0.6 mm long. Ovary 5- or 6-celled, the apex subconical,
densely hirsute.

Luzon, Ifugao Subprovince, Mount Polis, Bur. Sci. 19835 McGregor,
February, 1913.

A very characteristic species, belonging in the third group, as outlined
by Cogniaux, with Melastoma denticulatum Bl., M. mariannum Naud., M.
sylvaticum Bl., and M. francavillanum Cogn. Striking characters are its
small leaves, somewhat glaucous beneath and glabrous on the lower surface
except for the nerves and reticulations, its small, nearly white flowers, and
its short anthers which are slightly unequal in length, the connectives pro-
duced but 0.5 to 1 mm.

: OTANTHERA Blume
OTAN@HERA PARVIFLORA sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 1 m altus omnibus partibus longe penicillato-
setosis; foliis chartaceis, oblongis, acuminatis, usque ad 9 cm

‘longis, basi acutis, 5-nerviis; paniculis terminalibus, paucifloris ;
floribus 5-meris, circiter 1 cm diametro.

A shrub about 1 m high, all parts supplied with spreading,
slender, setose hairs 3 to 4 mm in length, those on the leaves
usually pale, those on the branchlets and inflorescence purplish.
Branches gray, terete, slender, setose-penicillate. Leaves oblong,
chartaceous, green and of about the same color on both sur-
faces when dry, 5 to 9 cm long, 1.5 to 8 cm wide, apex acumi-
nate, base acute, rarely somewhat rounded, 5-nerved, the outer
pair of nerves more slender than the inner ones, both surfaces
setose-penicillate; petioles 8 to 10 mm long. Panicles terminal,

356 The Philippine Journal of Science 4947

few-flowered, the bracts green, sessile, reniform-ovate, acumi-
nate, 3 to 4 mm long, the pedicels about 3 mm long. Flowers
5-merous, pink. Calyx cup-shaped, 4 to 5 mm long, densely
covered with spreading purplish hairs 3 to 4 mm in length,
the lobes linear-lanceolate, 3 mm long, setose-penicillate. Petals
(from nearly mature buds) orbicular-ovate, 4 to 5 mm long,
margins ciliate, apex penicillate. Stamens 10, equal; anthers
oblong, 2mm long. Fruit globose, about 5 mm in diameter.

MINDANAO, Zamboanga District, Sax River Mountains back of San Ra-
mon, Merrill 8082, November 28, 1911, in damp shaded ravines on talus
slopes, and on ridges, altitude 800 to 1100 m, rare.

A species well characterized by its small flowers, in this readily dis-
tinguishable from the other species of the genus.

OTANTHERA MACGREGORII sp. nov.

Frutex 1.5 ad 2 m altus, erectus, ramis ramulisque gracilis,
teretibus vel obscure tetragonis; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-
ovatis, acuminatis, basi 5-nerviis, supra adpresse strigosis, sub-
tus ad nervis nervulisque setoso-strigosis ; floribus 5-meris calycis
setis simplicibus, curvato-adpressis, strigosis, lobis lanceolatis,
5 mm longis; petalis roseis, 6 mm longis.

An erect shrub, 1.5 to 2 m high, the branches and branchlets
terete or obscurely 4-angled, very slender, uniformly and rather
densely appressed-strigose, brownish when dry. Leaves oblong
to oblong-ovate, chartaceous, 5 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide,
the apex acuminate, base acute, 5-nerved, the upper surface
uniformly appressed-strigose, the setae 1 to 2 mm long, the lower
surface setose-strigose with somewhat curved setae on the nerves
and reticulations; petioles about 5 mm long, strigose. Panicles
terminal and axillary, few-flowered, usually about 2 cm long,
sessile or peduncled, the bracts narrowly ovate, acuminate, setose,
about 3 mm long. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube gfobose,
about 5 mm in diameter, covered with curved-appressed simple

setae about 1 mm in length, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, as :

long as the tube, ciliate-setose. Petals pink, broadly obovate,
6 mm long, 7-nerved, reticulate, equilateral, the apex broad, sub-
truncate, the margins slightly ciliate-setose. Stamens 10, equal;
filaments about 2.5 mm long: anthers as long as the filaments,
narrowly oblong, obtuse, the connective not at all produced, the
anterior basal appendages two, very short. Style 5 mm long.

Luzon, Nueva Vizeaya Province, Imu: i
Agen 90 SS ‘ gan, Bur. Sci. 14408 McGregor,
: This species is manifestly allied to Otanthera celebica Blume, differing
siete in many characters, but especially in its calyx-lobes being more
an twice as long as in Blume’s species and equaling the tube in length.

a oe

XII, C, 6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 357

MEMECYLON Linnaeus

MEMECYLON OBSCURINERVE sp. nov. § Humemecylon.

Frutex glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis oblongis ad
oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 6 cm longis, coriaceis, brevissime petio-
latis, crasse coriaceis, acuminatis, basi acutis ad obtusis, supra
olivaceis, subtus flavo-viridis, nervis lateralibus et transversa-
bus subobsoletis; inflorescentiis axillaribus, fasciculatis, circiter
2.5 cm longis, floribus numerosis, albidis, calycis circiter 2 mm
diametro.

A glabrous shrub about 3 m high, the branches and branchlets
brownish, terete, the latter smooth, about 1.5 mm in diameter.
Leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong to oblong-ovate, 4 to 6 cm
long, 1.5 to 3 em wide, apex acuminate, base acute to obtuse,
the upper surface olivaceous when dry, the lower yellowish-
green; lateral longitudinal nerves very obscure, scarcely visible,
becoming obsolete in the upper part of the leaf, the transverse
ones no more distinct than the longitudinal ones, about 6 on
each side of the midrib, reticulations obsolete; petioles stout,
1 to 2 mm long. Inflorescences mostly in the axils of fallen
leaves, fascicled, peduncled, about 1.5 cm long, the peduncles
4 to 7 mm long, mostly reduced to simple umbels, the larger
ones with short secondary branches. Flowers numerous, white,
their pedicels about 2 mm long, the calyces about 2 mm in
diameter.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umingan, Bur. Sci. 26401 Ramos
& Edatio, August 20, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude about 400 meters.

A species well characterized by its obscurely nerved leaves, the trans-
verse and lateral nerves present but scarcely more than visible, the reticu-
lations obsolete. Its alliance is: apparently with Memecylon lanceolatum
Blanco, but it is entirely different from Blanco’s species.

MEMECYLON OLIGOPHLEBIUM sp. nov. § Humemecylon.

Frutex glaber circiter 3 m altus, ramis ramulisque tenuibus,
teretibus, vel ramulis ultimis obscurissime sulcatis; foliis ellip-
ticis, coriaceis, usque ad 5 cm longis, abrupte et breviter acumi-
natis, basi acutis vel decurrento-acuminatis, obscure triplinervis,
nervis lateralibus patulis, utrinque circiter 6, supra impressis, -
subtus magis indistinctis, anastomosantibus, nervis secundariis
reticulisque obsoletis; infructescentiis 1 ad 2 cm longis, pedun-
culatis vel e basi ramosis; fructibus globosis, circiter 5 mm
diametro.

A glabrous erect shrub about 3 m high, the branches and
branchlets slender, terete, dark reddish-brown, smooth, or the
ultimate branchlets sometimes very obscurely sulcate. Leaves
elliptic, thickly coriaceous, 3.5 to 5 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide,

358 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

apex abruptly and shortly acuminate, base acute or decurrent-
acuminate, the upper surface strongly shining, brownish-
olivaceous, the lower somewhat paler, the midrib very prominent
on the lower surface; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of
the midrib, spreading, straight, anastomosing with the arcuate
longitudinal pair of nerves at from 3 to 5 mm from the margin,
the base obscurely triplinerved, all nerves impressed on the
upper surface, less distinct on the lower surface than on the
upper, the secondary ones and reticulations obsolete; petioles
4 to 5 mm long. Infructescences axillary, solitary, 1 to 2 cm
long, peduncled or branched from the base, the fruits somewhat
crowded at the ends. of the primary branches, globose or
depressed-globose, about 5 mm in diameter, subsessile or very
shortly pedicelled.

MINDANAO, Surigao Province, Managas, Carrascal, For. Bur. 26475 Mal-
longa, December 18, 1916, on dry slopes, altitude about 50 meters.

This species is well characterized by its small, elliptic, thickly coriaceous,
abruptly and shartly acuminate leaves, with the slender nerves impressed
on the upper surface, the lateral spreading ones straight, and the longi-
tudinal connecting nerves arcuate and distant from the margin, of the leaf.

MEMECYLON PAGHYPHYLLUM sp. nov. § Eumemecylon.

Frutex 3 ad 4 m altus, glaber, ramis ramulisque teretibus;
foliis crassissime coriaceis, sessilis, ovatis ad elliptico-ovatis,
vel oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 12 cm longis, basi late rotundatis
vel obscurissime cordatis, apice obtusis ad rotundatis, nervis

transversalibus circiter 10, tenuibus, lateralibus obscuris, leviter

arcuatis; paniculis axillaribus vel e axillis defoliatis, usque ad 3
cm longis, ramis brevibus, patulis; fructibus ovoideis, circiter
6 mm longis.

A glabrous shrub 3 to 4 m high, the branches and branchlets
rather stout, terete, the latter smooth, reddish-brown, shining.
Leaves very thickly coriaceous, stiff, sessile, ovate, elliptic-ovate,
or oblong-ovate, brownish-olivaceous, shining, of the same color
on both surfaces when dry, 7 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 6.5 cm wide,
base very broadly rounded or sometimes obscurely cordate, apex
broadly rounded to obtuse, margins somewhat revolute; trans-
verse nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, not
prominent, rather more distinct than are the longitudinal lateral
nerves which are slightly arched between the ends of the trans-
verse ones. Inflorescences axillary and from the axils of fallen
leaves, solitary or sometimes two: in an axil, up to 3 cm long,
the branches spreading. Fruits ovoid, about 6 mm long.

Luzon, Nueva Ecija Province, Mount Umin i
; ij gan, Bur. Sci. 26475 (type),
26464 Ramos & Edato, August, 1914, altitude 250 to 350 meters: Tayabas

a

XII, C, 6 Merrill: New Philippine Melastomataceae 359

Province, Mount Binuang, near Infanta, Bur. Sci. 9383 Robinson, August,
1909, altitude 875 meters, Bur. Sci. 28666 Ramos & Edaiio, May 27, 1917.

A species characterized by its very thick, round to broadly obtuse, sessile
leaves. It is perhaps as closely allied to Memecylon diversifolium Presl,
as any other species, but cannot be referred to Presl’s species, the type of
which was from Malacca, not from the Philippines, and which proves to
be a synonym of Memecylon coeruleum Jack.

MEMECYLON SYMPLOCIFORME sp. nov. § Humemecylon.

Frutex glaber, circiter 5 m altus, ramis ramulisque teretibus,
tenuibus ; foliis coriaceis, oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongo-lanceolatis,
usque ad 8 cm longis, petiolatis, utrinque subaequaliter angus-
tatis acuminatisque, nervis reticulisque obsoletis; infructescentiis
axillaribus, brevibus, fructibus ellipsoideis vel oblongo-ovoideis,
circiter 1 cm longis, basi distincte inaequilateralibus.

A glabrous shrub about 5 m high, the branches and branchlets
slender, terete, the ultimate branchlets less than 1 mm in diam-
eter, brownish or pale. Leaves greenish-olivaceous, slightly
shining, the midrib prominent, the lateral nerves and reticula-
tions obsolete on both surfaces, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to
oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 8 em long, 1.8 to 3 em wide, subequally
narrowed to the acuminate base and to the rather slenderly
‘acuminate apex; petioles 2 to 8 mm long. Infructescences axil-
lary and from the axils of fallen leaves, the peduncles about 5
mm long, simple or with two short branches at the apex, each
bearing one or two fruits. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid,
about 1 cm long, brown and smooth when dry, the base distinctly
inequilateral, rounded on one side, acute on the other.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Pacific coast, vicinity of Mount Dingalan,
Bur. Sci. 26598 Ramos & Edaiio, August 27, 1916, on slopes, altitude about
195 meters, the fruits deacttbed as white when fresh, the local (Bulugo)
name ambatiki.

A species well characterized by its acuminate, nerveless leaves and its
somewhat elongated fruits which are distinctly inequilateral at the base.
In aspect it rather strongly resembles some species of Symplocos. Its
alliance is apparently with Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco and M. gitingense
Elm., from both of which it is at once distinguished by its fruit characters.

MEMECYLON TAYABENSE sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m alta, glabra, ramis ‘Aanewlatis. ramulis
prominente 4-alatis; foliis oblongis, coriaceis, nitidis, in siccitate
utrinque pallide viridis, usque ad 22 cm longis, acuminatis, basi
late rotundatis cordatisque, brevissime petiolatis, nervis supra
impressis, subtus valde prominentibus, transversalibus utrinque
12 ad 15, rectis, cum lateralibus valde prominentis leviter arcua-
tis anastomosantibus; inflorescentiis terminalibus, e basi ramosis,
circiter 7 cm longis, paniculatis, ramis oppositis, ramulis sub-

360 The Philippine Journal of Science

verticillatis, ramulis 4-angulatis; floribus breviter pedicellatis,
in ramulis ultimis subcapitato confertis.

A tree about 10 m high, entirely glabrous. Branches dark-
brown, distinctly 4-angied, the branchlets paler, 4-angled and
narrowly 4-winged, the wings about 1 mm wide. Leaves op-

posite, coriaceous, pale-greenish when dry, of the same color

and shining on both surfaces, 18 to 22 cm long, 5.5 to 7 cm
wide, somewhat narrowed upward to the acuminate apex, the
base broadly rounded, cordate, subsessile, the petioles at most
1.5 mm long; nerves impressed on the upper surface, very prom-
inent on the lower, the transverse ones straight or nearly so,
12 to 15 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing at from 5 to
8 mm from the margin with the slightly arched, equally prom-
inent, longitudinal nerves which extend from the base nearly
or quite to the apex; primary reticulations lax, faint, the others
obsolete. Panicles terminal, about 7 cm long, paniculate,
branched from the base, the branches opposite, the branchlets
verticillate, the lower primary branches up to 6 cm in length,
all distinctly 4-angled, dark-brown when dry. Flowers nu-
merous, shortly pedicelled, densely crowded in globose, sub-

capitate, partial inflorescences about 1 cm in diameter at the.

tips of the ultimate branchlets.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Atimonan, For. Bur. 24932 Bawan, December
12, 1915, on forested ridges, altitude about 200 meters, locally known as
guis-guis. : :

A characteristic species in the alliance with Memecylon terminaliflorum
Elm. and M. pteropus Merr., differing from the latter in its sessile, much
shorter inflorescences and larger leaves, and from the former especially in
its globose, subcapitate partial inflorescences, its differently shaped, thicker
leaves, its prominently 4-winged branchlets, and its sessile inflorescences.

th. :
‘ne pee 2

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, C. BoTANY.
Vol. XII, No. 6, November, 1917.

SOME RECENTLY COLLECTED PHILIPPINE FUNGI

By Harry S. YATES

(From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of
Science, Manila)

The partial results of a study of some of the more recent
collections of Philippine fungi are presented in the present
paper. Some apparently new forms are described, and a con-
siderable number of previously described ‘species are listed.

Within the past two or three years many specimens of fungi
have been sent to European specialists for study, but on account
of the unsettled conditions due to the present war no reports
on these specimens have been received. However, none of the
material of which duplicates have been sent to specialists has
been discussed by me in the present paper. None of the
Basidiomycetes are reported in this contribution although a
number of forms, especially in the Uredinaceae, have been deter-
mined and several apparently undescribed species have been
located. No attempt has been made to determine the recently
collected Polyporaceae. The Philippine forms of this group are
now in a most chaotic condition and the study of them could
best be made by some specialist who has comprehensive collec-
tions from all parts of the world with access to types and authen-
tically named specimens.

It is of interest to note that in all of our recently collected
material forms referable to the genera Meliola and Asterina
are especially numerous. This may in part be explained by
the fact that the representatives of these genera are for the
most part inconspicuous forms which may have been overlooked
by previous collectors. The genus Meliola has by far more
known species in the Philippines than any other genus of the
Ascomycetes, while Asterina is second in this respect.

The host relations of our species of Meliola and Asterina are
in great need of careful field and laboratory study. Many of
the species of the former genus appear to be restricted to a
single host, or at most to representatives of the same genus or
family; but a few species have been reported on hosts belonging

in more than one family of higher plants.
361

362 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
’ CENANGIACEAE

TRYBLIDIELLA Saccardo

TRYBLIDIELLA MINDANAENSIS P. Henn. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 =
Bot. 53.
ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10529, December 25, 1916. On dead
stems of Premna.

PHACIDIACEAE
RHYTISMA Fries

RHYTISMA LAGERSTROEMIAE Rabh. in Hedw. 17 (1878) 31.
Rhytisma pongamiae Berk. & Br. ex Cooke in Grev. 6 (1877) 110.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 26753 Ramos, October-November, 1916;
Antipolo, Bur. Sci. 17382 Ramos, January, 1914: Bataan Province, Mount
- Mariveles, Bur. Sci. 16763 Graff, April, 1912. On the leaves of Lager-
stroemia speciosa.

PERISPORIACEAE
MELIOLA Fries

MELIOLA AFFINIS Syd. in Leafi. Philip. Bot. 6 (1913) 192.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25699 Yates, December, 1916.
On leaves of Memecylon sp.

MELIOLA DESMODI! Karst. et Roum. in Revue Myc. (1890) 177.

Luzon, Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21785 Ramos, September,
1918. On the leaves of Desmodium latifolium. |
MELIOLA HAMATA Syd. in Ann. Myc. 12 (1914) 548.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25659 Yates, December, 1916.
On the leaves of Buchanania arborea.

MELIOLA HEWITTIAE Rehm in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 253.

Luzon, Cavite Province, Talisay Ridge, Merrill 10632, January 21, 1917:
Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21847 ees; September, 1918. On the
leaves of Hewittia sublobata.

MELIOLA ARTOCARPIAE sp. nov.

Mycelio epiphyllo, piagulas atras, orbiculares, 3-5 mm diam.,
ex hyphis sparsis brunneis septatis 8-10 » crassis composito,
ramis irregularibus; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, alternan-
tibus vel irregularibus, celilula superiore globosa, 15 ,» lata,
vel elongata et 24 » longa, 18 » lata, cellula inferiore 10-12 »
longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis, paucis, irregularibus, ampulli-
formibus, 15-20 » longis; setis mycelicis numerosis, 350-500 p»
longis, erectis, ad basim abrupte geniculatis et 10 » crassis, in-
ferne atris et opacis, superne obscure brunneis, acutis vel obtu-
sis; peritheciis numerosis, 100-200 » diam., globosis, atris, opacis,
tuberculatis; ascis 2-4-sporis, 70-80 x 20-35 »; sporidiis brun-

a

ne ey
iikiene cm:

XI, C, 6 Yates: Philippine Fungi 363

neis, 4-septatis, cylindraceis, ad septa constrictis, utrinque late
rotundatis 50-55 » longis, 20-25 » latis.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24692 Ramos, February 7, 1916. On
leaves of Artocarpus sp.

The specimens are parasitized by Spegazzinia meliolae A. Zimm.
MELIOLA BARRINGTONIAE sp. nov.

Epiphylla, maculas orbiculares 2-4 mm diam., saepe conflu-
entes, atras; mycelio ex hyphis paucis flexuosis radiantibus
irregulariter ramosis brunneis septatis 10 ,» latis composito;
hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, plerumque oppositis, vel alter-
nantibus, cellula superiore globosa 12-14 » lata; cellula inferiore
5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis, ampulliformibus, us-
que ad 20 uw longis, 12 » latis; setis mycelicis numerosis, atris,
opacis, validis, 200-300 y» longis, 12-18 ,» latis, erectis, rectis
vel leviter curvatis, acutis; peritheciis globosis, atris, opacis,
tuberculatis, 140-200 » diam.; ascis ellipsoideis, 4-sporis, evanes-
centibus, 50-60 ,» longis, 18-22 » latis; sporidiis cylindraceis,
utrinque late rotundatis, 4-septatis; ad septa constrictis, brun-
neis, 40-45 » longis, 14-18 » latis.

Luzon, Cavite Province, Bur. Sci. 22600 Ramos & Deroy, April 18, 1916.
On leaves of Barringtonia luzonensis.

The rather short, thick setae are characteristic. |
MELIOLA CADIGENSIS sp. nov.

Hypophylla, maculas atras 5-8 mm diam., dein confluentes et
plus minusve effusa formans; mycelio ex hyphis septatis 6-7 »
diam. obscure brunneis composito, ramis oppositis vel irregula-
ribus; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, oppositis vel irregula-
ribus, cellula superiore rotundata, 12-14 ,» longa, 10 4» lata,
inferiore 5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis numerosis, ampul-
liformibus, usque ad 20 » longis; setis mycelicis numerosissimis, -
erectis, ad basim geniculatis, 450-550 » longis, 10 » crassis, atris,
opacis; peritheciis numerosis in quaque macula, globosis, tuber-
culatis, 130-170 » diam.; ascis non visis; sporidiis cylindraceis,
utrinque late rotundatis, 4-septatis, ad septa constrictis, obscure
brunneis, 35-40 » longis, 14-16 » latis.

LUZON, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25822 Yates, December
16, 1916. On leaves of Glycosmis cochinchinensis.

MELIOLA CATUBIGENSIS sp. nov. __

Amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, maculas atras, orbiculares,
5-10 mm diam., vel confluentes et folium superficium plus minusve
continua obtecta, mycelio ex hyphis brunneis septatis ramosis
- 8-10 » crassis composito; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, alter-
nantibus, cellula superiore globosa vel ovata, 12 » diam., inferiore

364 _ The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis, plerumque oppositis,
‘ampulliformibus, usque ad 15 » longis; setis mycelicis 250 p
longis, 8-10 » latis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis, inferne
atris, opacis, apicem versus septatis, obscure brunneis, obtusis;
peritheciis paucis, minutis, 60-80 » diam., globosis, obscure brun-
neis, subopacis, tuberculatis; ascis non visis; sporidiis 4-septatis,
ad septa constrictis, cylindraceis, utrinque late rotundatis, brun-
neis, 30-34 p» longis, 12-15 » latis.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24624 Ramos, February 17, 1916. On_

leaves of Loranthus.

Meliola loranthi Gaill. the only other species of Meliola recorded as occur-
ring on Loranthus is described as having the mycelial setae forked. The
perithecia in M. loranthi are described as 150-200 » in diameter, and the
spores 62-68 x 24-26 wu.

MELIOLA CONNARIAE sp. nov.

Amphigena, maculas orbiculares vel irregulares 1-2 cm latas
atras velutinas formans, saepe confluentes et magnam partem
folium occupantes; mycelio ex hyphis septatis brunneis radian-
tibus ramosis 8-10 ,» latis composito; hyphopodiis capitatis alter-
nantibus vel irregularibus, cellula superiore oblonga 15-20 »
longa, 18-22 » lata, cellula basali 8-10 » longa; hyphopodiis
mucronatis paucis, alternantibus vel oppositis, ampulliformibus,
usque ad 25-30 » longis; setis mycelicis numerosis, saepe prope
basim peritheciis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis, 600-700 »
longis, 12-15 » latis, atris, opacis, simplicibus, acutis vel obtusis;
peritheciis numerosis, globosis, atris, tuberculatis, 150-170 »
diam.; ascis oblongo-ovatis, 60-70 » longis, 35-40 , latis, 2-4-
sporis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque late rotundatis, 4-septatis,

Beh ge constrictis, obscure brunneis, 50-55 ,» longis, 20-25
p» latis.

LuzoN, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25622 Yates, December 20,
1916. On leaves of Connarus.

The Meliola is associated with a species of Helminthosporium. Some of
the spores are only 10 to 12 » in diameter.
MELIOLA DIOSPYRIAE sp. nov. :

Amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, maculas atras, velutinas,
orbiculares vel irregulares formans; mycelio abundante, ex
hyphis obscure brunneis 8 » crassis composito; hyphis matrici
adpresso ; ramis oppositis vel irregularibus; hyphopodiis capita-
tis numerosis, oppositis, cellula superiore subglobosa, 12-15 »
lata, cellula inferiore 4-5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis,
ampulliformibus, usque ad 20 » longis; setis mycelicis numerosis,
erectis, rectis, vel leviter curvatis, 500-650 » longis, 10 » latis,

er serine

XII, C, 6 Yates: Philippine Fungi 865

atris, opacis, simplicibus, acutis; peritheciis paucis in quaque
macula, globosis, atris, tuberculatis, 80-120 » diam., ascis non
visis; sporidiis cylindraceis, utrinque late rotundatis, 4-septatis,
ad septa leviter constrictis, brunneis, 45-55 p» longis, 20-22 p latis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25711 Yates, December 8,
1916. On leaves of Diospyros discolor.

MELIOLA ELAEOCARPEAE sp. nov.

Amphigena, plagulas atras, pelliculosas, orbiculares, 1-6 mm
diam., saepe confluentes, mycelio ex hyphis ad basim peritheciis
centrifugis ramosis oppositis brunneis septatis 6-10 » latis com-
posito; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, ‘oppositis, cellula sup-
eriore Ovoidea, 10-12 » diam., cellula basali 5-6 » longa; hyphopo-
diis mucronatis paucis, irregularibus vel oppositis, ampullifor-
mibus, 15-18 » longis, 6-8 » latis; setis mycelicis erectis, rectis
vel ad basim geniculatis, simplicibus, 300 » longis, 10-12 yp latis,
atris, opacis, apicem versus brunneis, acutis vel obtusis; perithe-
ciis paucis in quaque macula, subglobosis, obscure brunneis,
tuberculatis, 100-120 » diam., ascis evanescentibus; sporidiis
4-septatis, brunneis, ad septa constrictis, utrinque late rotun-
datis, 55 » longis, 22 yp latis.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25175 Yates, May 3, 1916. On

-leaves of Elaeocarpus.
The very numerous, opposite, capitate hyphopodia together with the
comparatively short thick setae are characteristic.

MELIOLA I[XORIAE sp. nov..

Amphigena, maculas atro-griseas, orbiculares vel irregulares,
5-15 mm diam., saepe confluentes; mycelio abundante, ex hyphis
septatis flexuosis brunneis 5-8 » crassis composito; ramis op-
positis vel irregularibus; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, alter-
nantibus vel unilateralibus, cellula superiore lobata vel rotundata
12-16 » longa, 10-15 » lata; inferiore 5-12 » longa, 6 » lata;
hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis, oppositis vel irregularibus, am-
pulliformibus, 12-14 ,» longis; setis mycelicis 600-750 ,» longis,
8-10 » latis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis, saepe ad basim
geniculatis, inferne opacis, atris, simplicibus, acutis; setis
peritheciis circiter 8 ad basim quaque perithecium; peritheciis
globosis,. atris, opacis, tuberculatis, 100-125 » diam.; ascis 2-4-
sporis 55-65 p» longis, 20-26 » latis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque
rotundatis, 4-septatis, ad septa nén constrictis, saepe leviter
curvatis, 40 » longis, 14 » latis.

Luzon, Manila and vicinity, Bur. Sci. 25841 Yates, February, 1917. On

leaves of Ixora philippinensis.
; 1522244

366 ‘The Philippine Journal of Science 3 1917

MELIOLA LEUCOSYKEAE sp. nov.

Epiphylla, plagulas atras, orbiculares, 4-8 mm diam., mycelio
sparso, ramis oppositis vel irregularibus, ex hyphis brunneis
septatis 7-8 » latis composito; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis,
alternantibus, cellula superiore subglobosa, 10 » longa, 12-14 »
lata; cellula inferiore 5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis,
ampulliformibus, 10-15 x 4-7 »; setis mycelicis numerosis, 300
p» longis, ad basim ad 8 ,» latis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis;
inferne atris, opacis, apicem versus dilutiore brunneis, obtusis,
peritheciis globosis, 230-260 » diam., tuberculatis; ascis oblongis,
60-70 x 25-30 p», 6-8-sporis; sporidiis 3-septatis, ad septa non
constrictis, utrinque late rotundatis, fuscis, 35-40 » longis, 14-16

\p latis. :

SaMAaR, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24621 Ramos, February 17, 1916. On
leaves of Leucosyke capitellata.

The 3-septate spores is the most characteristic feature of this species; no

other species of Meliola with 3-septate spores has been reported on any of
the Urticaceae. : ;

MELIOLA LITSEAE sp. nov.

Mycelio amphigeno, plerumque hypophyllo, maculas atras, or-
biculares 2-6 mm diam., saepe confluentes, mycelio ex hyphis
paucis ramosis flexuosis irregularibus brunneis septatis 6-8 »
latis composito; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, alternantibus
vel irregularibus, cellula superiore subglobosa, 15-18 ,» diam.;
cellula inferiore 6-8 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis,
irregularibus, ampulliformibus, usque ad 20 » longis; setis peri-
theciis et mycelicis circiter 800 » longis, 12 » latis, numerosissi-
mis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis, atris, opacis, simplicibus,
acutis, vel ad apicem bi-tridentatis, iterum in ramulos duos divi-
sis et ramulis bis ad apicem breviter bi-tridentatis; peritheciis
numerosis, globosis, atris, opacis, tuberculatis, 170-200 » diam.,
in sicco collapsis ; ascis ovatis, 2-4-sporis, 60-65 » longis, 38-40 p»
latis; sporidiis oblongo-ovatis vel cylindraceis, utrinque late
rotundatis, 4-septatis, ad septa constrictis, brunneis, 50-55 p
longis, 18-28 » latis.

SAMAR, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24677 Ramos, March 1, 1916. On leaves
of Litsea.

This Meliola is distinguished by the long, forked setae, which.appear to
arise both from the mycelium and from the base of the perithecium.
MELIOLA LIVISTONIAE sp. nof.

Hypophylla, plagulas aterrimas, velutinas, orbiculares, 3-5 cm

o mycelio laxo, ex hyphis irregulariter ramosis obscure
runnels septatis 6-7 » crassis ex peritheciis radiantibus com-

XII, C, 6 Yates: Philippine Fungi 867

posito; hyphopodiis capitatis paucis, alternantibus vel irregular-
ibus, numquam oppositis, cellula superiore irregulariter lobata,
circiter 15-25 » diam., cellula inferiore saepe curvata 20-25 »
longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis, ampulliformibus, usque
ad 20 » longis; setis mycelicis numerosissimis, 300-350 , longis,
8-9 » latis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis, opacis, acutis vel
2-3-denticulatis, dentibus 5-6 » longis; peritheciis globosis, opa-
cis, atris, tuberculatis, 175-250 » diam.; ascis evanescentibus;
sporidiis oblongis, 4-septatis, ad septa leviter constrictis, brun-
neis, utrinque late rotundatis, 50-55 x 12-22 pn.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25632 Yates, ceemine 19,
1916. On leaves of Livistona.

Meliola livistoniae is distinguished by the forked setae and the lesuaiiaek:
lobed capitate hyphopodia. There is great variation in the shape of the
spores of this species; some of the spores are cylindric and slender, 12 u
diam., others are 20-22 » diam. :

MELIOLA MACARANGAE sp. nov.

Mycelio epiphyllo, plagulas orbiculares, atras, 2-5 mm diam.,
ex hyphis brunneis ramosis 7 » crassis composito; hyphopodiis
capitatis numerosis, plerumque oppositis, cellula superiore sub-
globosa, 8-10 » diam.; cellula inferiore 4 » longa; hyphopodiis
mucronatis numerosis, ampulliformibus, usque ad 15 » longis;
setis mycelicis erectis, rectis, 170-220 » longis, 10 » latis, septatis,
acutis vel apicem versus dilutioribus et obtusis; peritheciis globo-
sis, subopacis, obscure brunneis, 120-150 ,» diam., ostiolatis,
tuberculatis; ascis oblongo-ovatis, 50 x 20 », 2-4-sporis; sporidiis
4-septatis, ad septa constrictis, oblongo-cylindraceis, utrinque
late rotundatis 34-36 » longis, 10-15 ,» latis, fuscis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25621 Yates, December 20,
1916. On leaves of Macaranga tanarius..

The setae are especially numerous in the vicinity of the perithecia. The
ostiole is formed by a plate of thin-walled cells. This Meliola is associated
with a species of Helminthosporium.

MELIOLA MAPANIAE sp. nov.

Amphigena, maculas atras, orbiculares, 1-5 mm diam., saepe
confluentes; mycelio ex hyphis brunneis septatis e peritheciis
radiantis 8-12 » crassis composito; ramis oppositis ; hyphopodiis
capitatis numerosis, alternantibus, cellula superiore globosa vel
subglobosa, 15-17 » diam., cellula inferiore 10-14 » longa; hypho-
- podiis mucronatis numerosis, plerumque alternantibus, ampulli-

formibus, usque ad 20-30 » longis; setis mycelicis numerosis,
erectis, rectis, atris, opacis, 500-800 » longis, 15 » crassis, simpli-
cibus, acutis; ascis non visis; sporidiis oblongis, 4-septatis, ad

368 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

septa constrictis, brunneis, utrinque late rotundatis, 52-56 »
longis, 22-26 y latis.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24640 Ramos, February 20, 1916. On
leaves of Mapania.

MELIOLA SAMARENSIS sp. nov.

Plagulas atras, velutinas, confiuentes et superficiem petioliorum
obtecta, mycelio denso, ex hyphis obscure brunneis septatis 7-8
» latis composito, ramis irregularibus; hyphopodiis capitatis
paucis, alternantibus vel irregularibus, cellula superiore globosa,
15 » diam., vel elongata et 10-15 x 15-20 »; cellula inferiore,
4-5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis paucis; setis mycelicis
numerosissimis, validis, 300 » longis, 16 » latis, erectis, leviter
curvatis, opacis, atris, apice simplicibus, acutis; peritheciis
numerosis, 150-250 » diam., atris, opacis, tuberculatis, eostio-
latis; ascis evanescentibus, 60-70 x 35-40 p», 2-4-sporis; sporidiis
4-septatis, brunneis, oblongis, ad septa leviter constrictis, utrin-
que late rotundatis, 45-48 » longis, 18-20 » latis.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24919 Ramos, March 12, 1916. On the
petioles of an unknown host. st

Meliola samarensis seems to be most closely related to M. aliena from
which it differs by the larger perithecia and more slender spores. The
‘very numerous, short, thick setae completely obscure the mycelium and
the perithecia, covering them with a tough plush-like growth.

MELIOLA SAUROPICOLA sp. nov.

Epiphylla, rariter caulicola, maculas dispersas, atras, orbi-
culares, 2-4 mm diam., saepe confluentes; mycelio ex hyphis ad
basim perithecii centrifugis rectis septatis ramosis 6-8 ,» latis
composito; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis, alternantibus vel
irregularibus, bicellularibus, cellula superiore 15-20 » longa,
10-12 » lata, inferiore 8-10 ,» longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis
numerosis, alternantibus vel irregularibus, ampulliformibus, us-
que ad 20 » longis; setis mycelicis erectis, rectis vel leviter
curvatis, 500-650 » longis, 12-15 » latis, inferne opacis, atris,
apicem versus obscure brunneis, obtusis, simplicibus; peritheciis
rotundatis, applanatis, 110-160 » diam., contextu ex cellulis plus
minus radiantibus 6-8 » diam. composito, in sicco collapsis; ascis
evanescentibus, circiter 2-4-sporis; sporidiis cylindraceis, utrin-
que rotundatis, 4-septatis, ad septa leviter constrictis, fuscis,
42-45 » longis, 15-17 yp latis.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24705 Ramos, February 15, 1916. On
leaves of Sawropus.

oman

XI, C, 6 Yates: Philippine Fungi 369

The capitate hyphopodia are mostly alternate and are often 50 & apart.
The ostiole is formed by a plate of thin-walled cells,

MELIOLA TAYABENSIS sp. nov.

Hypophylla, maculas atras, orbiculares 1-2 cm diam., saepe
confiuentes et irregulares, dein plus minusve totum superficiem
folium obtecta; mycelio ex hyphis obscure brunneis rectis sep-
tatis irregulariter ramosis 6 » latis composito; hyphopodiis capi-
tatis numerosis, alternantibus, cellula superiore subglobosa, cir-
citer 10 » lata, inferiore 6-7 » longa; hyphopodiis mucronatis
irregularibus, ampulliformibus, usque ad 17-20 , longis, setis
mycelicis numerosis, 250-300 » longis, 8-10 , latis, erectis, rectis
vel leviter curvatis, atris, opacis, apice simplicibus, acutis vel
obtusis; peritheciis paucis, globosis, glabris, atris, opacis, 150-
200 » diam., in sicco collapsis; ascis evanescentibus; sporidiis
4-septatis, fuscis, cylindraceis, utrinque late rotundatis, ad septa
leviter constrictis, 40-50 » longis, 14-16 , latis. |

LuzON, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25649 Yates, December, 1916.

On leaves of Linociera,
This species is distinguished from Meliola Ricidivas. Syd. by its somewhat

larger spores, shorter mucronate hyphopodia, and longer setae.

' MELIOLA TERAMNIAE sp. nov.

Amphigena, maculas atras, sibeddealaees: 2-4 mm diam.;
mycelio ex hyphis brunneis anastomosantibus 4-5 » crassis
composito, ramis irregularibus ; hyphopodiis capitatis numerosis,
alternantibus vel oppositis, cellula superiore ovoidea vel sub-
globosa, 10-12 » lata, inferiore 4-5 » longa; hyphopodiis mucrona-
tis paucis, ampulliformibus, usque ad 20 » longis; setis mycelicis
numerosissimis, erectis, rectis vel leviter curvatis, 400-850 »
longis, 10 » latis, septatis, inferne subopacis vel obscure brunneis,
superne brunneis, plus minusve dilutioribus, simplicibus, acutis
vel obtusis vel 2-3-furcatis, ramis 8 ad 15 » longis; peritheciis
paucis in quaque macula, globosis, tuberculatis, obscure brunneis,.
90-120 » diam.; ascis ovatis, 45-50 x 25 », 2-4-sporis; sporidiis
elongatis, utrinque late rotundatis, 4-septatis, ad septa constric-
tis, fuscis, 40-44 » longis, 15-17 » latis.

Luzon, Kalinga Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25344 Yates, March 27, 1916.
On leaves of Teramnus labialis.

This Meliola appears to be quite close to M. bicornis Winter, differing
from it mainly in mycelial characters. In the latter species the capitate
hyphopodia are said to be opposite; in ours the perithecia and asci are
somewhat smaller and the spores slightly larger than in M. bicornis.
Comparison with material of M. bicornis might show this to be a variety

of it rather than a distinct species.

370 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917

PARODIELLA Spegazzini
PARODIELLA PERISPORIOIDES Speg. in Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 9 (1880)
178.

Luzon, Manila and vicinity, Merrill 8393, September-October, 1912. On
leaves of Desmodium triflorum.

_ MICROTHYRIACEAE
ASTERINA Léveillé

ASTERINA CAPPARIDIS Syd. et Butl. in Ann. Myc. 9 (1911) 390.
Luzon, Manila and vicinity, Bur. Sci. 25384 Yates, August, 1916. On

leaves of Capparis micracantha. ;

ASTERINA COLLICULOSA Speg. in Fung. Puigg. No. 347.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 21902 Ramos, August, 1918. On leaves
of Eugenia jambolana,

ASTERINA ELMERI Syd. in Leafl. Philip. Bot. 4 (1911) 1156.

Luzon, Cavite Province, Bur. Sci. 22610 Ramos & Deroy, April-May,
1915. On the leaves of Champereia manillana.
ASTERINA SPONIAE Rac. Paras. Alg. Pilze Jav. 3 (1900) 34.

Luzon, Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21845 Ramos, September,
1913. ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10522, Decembes 21-30, 1916. On
leaves of Trema orientalis.

ASTERINA ASTRONIAE sp. nov.

Epiphylla, plagulis suborbicularibus vel irregularibus, 4-8
mm diam., saepe confluentibus, atris, mycelio ex hyphis paucis
brunneis septatis anastomosantibus irregulariter ramosis 3-4 p»
latis composito; hyphopodiis unicellularibus, paucis, irregulari-
ter distributis, ovoideis, elongatis integris vel lobatis, 5-6 »
longis, 4-6 ,» latis, peritheciis numerosis in quaque macula, subor-
bicularibus, applanatis, 160-200 » diam., irregulariter dehiscen-
tibus, contextu radiatim, ex hypis obscure brunneis 2-4 » diam.
composito, ambitu vix fimbriatus; ascis subglobosis vel ovoideis,
45-55 x 28-35 », octosporis, paraphysatis; sporidiis conglobatis,
oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, ad medio 1-septatis, constrictis,
fuscis, 18-28 » longis, 10-12 » latis.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci.'24695 Ramos, March 21, 1916. On leaves
of Astronia sp.

ASTERINA BREYNIAE sp. nov.

Epiphylla, maculas orbiculares vel irregulares, atras 1-38 mm
diam., vel confluentes et plus minus totam folii superficiem ob-
tecta; mycelio ex hyphis ramosis anastomosantibus obscure
brunneis septatis 4-5 » crassis composito; hyphopodiis paucis,
alternantibus vel irregularibus, rotundatis, lobatis, vel angulatis,
10-15 » longis, 7-8 » latis; peritheciis numerosis, rotundatis,

XII, C, 6 ; Yates: Philippine Fungi 371

obscure brunneis, subopacis, 40-50 » diam., irregulariter dehis-
centibus, contextu ex hyphis radiatis 3-4 » latis composito, mox
pseudo-parenchymatibus; ascis ovatis, 25-30 » longis, 15 yp» latis,
octosporis, aparaphysatis; sporidiis elongatis, utrinque rotunda-
tis, constrictis, fuscis, laevis, 12-15 » longis, 4-5 p latis, loculo
superiore majore. :

Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bur. Set 25257 Yates, April 14, 1916. On

leaves of Breynia acuminata,
The peculiar angular or lobed fate are characteristic of this

species,

ASTERINA CIPADESSAE sp. nov.

Epiphylla, maculas atras, primo orbiculares, 2-4 mm diam.,
mox confluentes et plus minusve totam superficiem folia obtecta;
mycelio ex hyphis brunneis ramosis anastomosantibus 3-4
crassis composito; hyphopodiis numerosis, plerumque oppositis
vel etiam alternantibus, irregulariter 2-4-lobatis, 7-10 » longis;
peritheciis numerosis, 150-250 diam., obscure brunneis, sub-
opacis vel opacis, rotundatis vel ellipsoideis, irregulariter dehis- .
centibus, contextu ex hyphis septatis radiatis 5-7 » latis compo-
sito, margine vix fimbriatis; ascis ovatis, 35-45 » longis, 22-27 »
latis, octosporis, paraphysatis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque ro-
- tundatis, ad medio 1-septatis, constrictis, obscure brunneis,
papillatis, 28-32 » longis, 10-12 » latis

Luzon, Kalinga Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25807 Yates, March 30, 1916.
On leaves of Cipadessa.

ASTERINA EUGENIAE sp. nov.

Hypophylla, maculas saepe marginales, usque 10 mm diam.,
orbiculares vel irregulares; mycelio ex hyphis paucis effusis
laxis septatis obscure brunneis ramosis anastomosantibus 4-6
» crassis composito; hyphopodiis paucis, alternantibus vel ir-
regularibus, cylindraceis, rotundatis, 10-12 » longis, 6 » latis;
peritheciis numerosis, applanatis, atris, opacis, 225-275 » diam.,
centro perforatis, contextu ex hyphis radiantibus 3-5 » latis
composito; ascis oblongo-ovatis, paraphysatis, octosporis, 50-60
» longis, 20-22 » latis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque rotundatis,
1-septatis, ad septa constrictis, hyalinis, 20 » longis, 5 » latis
(immaturis), loculo superiore majore.

Luzon, Batangas Province, Bur. Sci. 22678 Ramos & Deroy, April 29,
1915. On leaves of Eugenia.
ASTERINA NYCTICALIAE sp. nov.

Maculis plerumque epiphyllis, orbicularibus vel irregularibus, |
atris, 3-5 mm diam., mycelio ex hyphis paucis septatis obscure
brunneis composito, ramis plerumque oppositis, anastomosanti-

372 The Philippine Journal of Science © 1917

bus, 5-6 » latis; hyphopodiis numerosis, plerumque alternantibus
vel irregularibus, dichotomo-lobatis, 10-11 » longis, 12-15 , latis,
1-cellularibus; peritheciis numerosis, rotundatis, applanatis,
minutis, 90-110 » diam., obscure brunneis, sub-opacis, stellatim
dehiscentibus; contextu radiatim, hyphis septatis 4-5 ,» latis;
ascis ovatis vel subglobosis, 26-28 x 18-20 », octosporis, paraphy-
satis; sporidiis oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, ad medio 1-
septatis, constrictis, brunneis, laevis, 15-18 » longis, 7-8 » latis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25669 Yates, Dec., 1916.
On leaves of Nycticalos cuspidatum.

ASTERINA TAYABENSIS sp. nov.

Plagulis epiphyllis, atris, primo orbicularibus 3-4 mm diam.,
mox confluentibus, et magnam partem folii obtecta; mycelio
abundante, ex hyphis brunneis septatis anastomosantibus ramo-
sis irregularibus 4-6 ,» latis composito; hyphopodiis paucis, dis-
persis, irregulariter distributis, breviter cylindraceis, rotundatis,
10-12. » longis, 5-7 yw latis; peritheciis numerosis, globosis, 130-
200 » diam., tenuis, stellatim dehiscentibus, radiatim contextis
ex hyphis 2-6 » crassis; ascis subglobosis, octosporis, 25 x 30 p;
paraphysatis; sporidiis. oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, ad medio -
1-septatis, constrictis, echinatis, 22 » longis, 10 , latis.

LUZON, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25635 Yates, December 19,
1916. On the leaves of an unknown host. ~

ASTERINELLA Theissen

ASTERINELLA HYDNOCARPIAE sp. nov.

_ Epiphylla, maculas irregulares, 5-8 mm diam., vel confluentes
et superficiem foliorum plus minusve obtecta; mycelio laxo ex
hyphis radiantis 8 » crassis brunneis composito, ramis irregu-
laribus; hyphopodiis nullis; peritheciis numerosis in quaque
macula, rotundatis et 300-400 » diam., obscure brunneis, sub-
opacis, contextu radiato, ex hyphis réctia brunneis 5 » diam.
composito, ambitu fimbriatis, poro centrali dehiscentibus; ascis
globosis, 70 » diam., octosporis, paraphysatis, sporidiis oblongo-
ovoideis, ad medio 1-septatis, constrictis, fuscis, loculo supero
parum latiore, 40-50 » longis, 25-28 w latis.

Samar, Catubig-River, Bur. Sci. 24683 Ramos, Feb.-Mar., 1916. On leaves
of Hydnocarpus falcatus.

MORENOELLA Spegazzini

MORENOELLA MEMECYLI Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9 (1914) Bot. 183.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 22701 Ramos, June, 1915. On leaves
of Memecylon lanceolatum.

X0,C,6 - Yates: ) Philippine Fungi 373

MORENOELLA BEILSCHMIEDIAE sp. nov.

Hyphophylla, plagulas totum folium plus minusve occupans;
mycelio parcissime evoluto, ex hyphis radiantibus ramosis anas-
tomosantibus brunneis 3-5 » crassis composito; peritheciis
numerosis, primitus orbicularibus, tandem elongatis, 400-600 .
longis, 100-150 » latis, rima latiuscula dehiscentibus, contextu
ex hyphis radiantibus obscure brunneis 3-5 ,» latis composito;
ascis ovatis, 36-45 » longis, 25-30 » latis, octosporis; sporidiis
oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, ad medio 1-septatis, vix constric-
tis, laevis, hyalino-fuscis, 25-30 » longis, 6-7 » latis, cellula
superiore parum latiore quam. inferiore.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24687 Ramos, February 27, 1916. On
the leaves of Beilschmiedia nervosa.

CAPNODIACEAE
-AITHALODERMA Sydow

AITHALODERMA CLAVATISPORUM Syd. in Ann. Mye. 11 (1913) 888.
Luzon, Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21798 Ramos, September,
1913. On leaves of Antidesma bunius.°

= HYPOCREACEAE
NECTRIA Fries

NECTRIA STRIATULA sp. nov.

Stromatibus corticalis, sanguineis, suborbicularibus, erumpen-
tibus, 0.5-1 mm diam., contextu aurantiaceis, parenchymaticis;
peritheciis 3-12 in quaque stromata, subglobosis, 150-300 2»
diam., ostiolis papillatis; ascis cylindraceis, 100 x 8 », octosporis,
evanescentibus, aparaphysatis; sporis monostichis, ellipsoideis,
utrinque obtusis, ad medio 1-septatis, non constrictis, olivaceis,
membrana longitudinaliter striolata.

ALaBAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10519, December 21-30, 1916. On a

dead tree in forest. :
‘The finely striated spores are characteristic of this species of Nectria.

POLYSTOMELLACEAE
INOCYCLUS Theissen et Sydow

INOCYCLUS PSYCHOTRIAE Syd. in Ann. Myce. 8 (1915) 211.
Hysterostomella psychotriae Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot.

275.
Luzon, Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21804 Ramos, September,

1913. On leaves of Psychotria luzoniensis.

374 The Philippine Journal of Science 1917
ACTINODOTHIS Sydow

ACTINODOTHIS PIPERIS Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 9° (1914) Bot. 175.

Luzon, Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21843 Ramos, September, 1913,
on leaves of Piper retrofractum: Rizal Province, Bur. Sci. 21928 Ramos,
August, 1913, on leaves of Piper sp.: Manila and vicinity, Bur. Sci. 25880
Yates, August, 1916, on leaves of Piper sp.

A very common fungus on Piper in the Philippines; in some localities
almost all plants are affected. It does not appear to cause any particular
harm to the plants.

PHYLLACHORACEAE
TRABUTIA Saccardo et Roumeguere

TRABUTIA BENGUETENSIS sp. nov.

Stromatibus hypophyllis, irregulariter ainperate. 1 mm ” dla
vel congregatis, 3-6 mm diam., rotundatis, atris; loculis ap-
planatis, 450-500 » diam., 60-70 » altis; stroma opaca 30-35 p»
crassa, interiore obscure brunneis, ex hyphis 3-4 » crassis for-
mato; ascis oblongo-ovatis 40 x 15 », octosporis, paraphysatis;
sporidiis distichis, erhgrapone, 1-cellularibus, hyalinis, 6 » longis,
5 p latis.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Bur. Sci. £5173 Yates, May 8, 1916. On
the leaves of Ficus benguetensis.

Trabutia benguetensis is distinguished from other species of Trabutia
occurring on Ficus by its small spores. ~

CATACAUMA Theissen et Sydow

CATACAUMA ASPIDIUM (Berk.) Theiss. et Syd. in Ann. Myc. 13 (1915)
380.

Phyllachora ficium Niessl. var. spinifera Karst. et Har. in Rev. Myc.
12 (1890) 172.

Samar, Catubig River, Bur. Sei. 24676 Ramos, February-March, 1916.
On leaves of Ficus sp.

CATACAUMA ASPIDIUM (Berk.) Theiss. et Sydow, forma FICI-FULVAE
Theiss. et Syd. in Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) 381.

Phyllachora fici-fulvae Koord. in Verh. K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam 2
(1907) 182.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25710 Yates, December, 1916.
On leaves of Ficus sp.
CATACAUMA LAGUNENSE Syd. in Ann. Myce. 13 (1915) 3878.
Phyllachora lagunensis Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) 278.

Luzon,. Bontoe Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25262 Yates, April-May, 1916. On
leaves of Ficus -..

eee

oe ann

*

xU,C,6 . Yates: Philippine Fungi 375

CATACAUMA ELMERI Syd. in Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) 378.
Phyllachora elmeri Syd. in Leafi. Philip. Bot. 4 (1911), 1157.
LUZON, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sei. 25698 Yates, December, 1916,

~ On leaves of Ficus sp.

The spores of this specimen are somewhat immature. They are mostly
7~8 x 4-5 u, while in the type they are 10-12 x 5.5-7 xu,

PHYLLACHORA Nitschke

PHYLLACHORA CANARI P. Henn. in Hedw. 47 (1908) 254.

Luzon, Rizal Province, Bur. Sci, 21924 Ramos, August, 1913: Bulacan
Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21791 Ramos, September, 1913. On leaves of
Canarium villosum.

PHYLLACHORA COICIS P. Henn. in Hedw. 34 (1895) 12.
Luzon, Ifugao Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25280 Yates, April, 1916. On
leaves of Coix lachryma-jobi,

PHYLLACHORA DALBERGIAE Niessl. in Hedw. 20 (1881) 99.
ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10554, December 21-30, 1916. On
leaves of Dalbergia sp.

PHYLLACHORA LUZONENSIS P. Henn. in Hedw. 47 (1908) 255.
Luzon,. Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25667, 25700 Yates, De-
cember, 1916. On leaves of Millettia sp.

PHYLLACHORA PONGAMIAE P. Henn. in Hedw. 47 (1908) 255; Petch in.
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 5 (1912) 291. _
Rhytisma pongamiae Berk. et Br. Fungi of Ceylon No. 1128.
Cryptomyces pongamiae Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 8 (1889) 708.
ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10518, December 21-30, 1916. On
leaves of Pongamia pinnata (P. glabra).

PHYLLACHORA YAPENSIS (P. Henn.) Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8
(1918) Bot. 278. ;
Dothidella yapensis P. Henn. in Hedw. 41 (1902) 64.
Auerswaldia derridis P. Henn. in Hedw. 47 (1908) 255.
Phyllachora lagunae Rehm in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 396.
Luzon, Camarines Province, Mount Isarog, Bur. Sci. 22128 Ramos, No-
vember-December, 1913: Ifugao epee Bur. Sci. 25300 Yates, April,
1916. On leaves of Derris elliptica.

SPHAERODOTHIS Shear

SPHAERODOTHIS ARENGAE (Racib.) Shear in Mycologia 1 (1909) 162.
Auerswaldia arengae Rac. in Parasit. Algen Pilze Jav. 3 (1900) 27.
Auerswaldia copelandi Syd. in Ann. Myc. 4 (1906) 343.

Luzon, Camarines Province, Mount Isarog, Bur. Sci. 22127 Ramos, No-
vember-December, 1916. On leaves of Caryota cumingii.

376 - The Philippine Journal of Science . Pega
SPHAERIACEAE

MELANOPSAMMA Niessl.

MELANOPSAMMA MERRILLII sp. nov.

Peritheciis paucis, superficialibus, globosis, atris, carbonaceis,
200-500 » diam., ostiolis papillatis; ascis cylindraceis, 120-130 p
longis, 8-10 latis, 4-sporis, paraphysatis, paraphysis filiformibus ;
sporidiis monostichis, ellipticis, ad medio 1-septatis et levissime
constrictis, utrinque obtusis, hyalinis, 22-24 » longis, 6-8 » latis.

Avasat, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10554, Decémber 25, 1916. On trees in
the virgin forest.

MYCOSPHAERELLACEAE
GUIGNARDIA Viala et Ravaz

GUIGNARDIA CREBERRIMA Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 482.
Luzon, Bulacan Province, Angat, Bur. Sci. 21788 Ramos, September,

1913, on living Capparis horrida; it is very common and abundant on this

host. 3

GUIGNARDIA ARISTOLOCHIAE Syd. in Ann. Myc. 12 (1914) 555.

Luzon, Laguna Province, Calamba, Merrill 9116: Rizal Province, Bur. Sci.
21959 Ramos, August, 1913. On the living leaves of Aristolochia tagala.

MYCOSPHAERELLA Johanson

MYCOSPHAERELLA MERRILLI! sp. nov.

Maculis definitis, orbicularibus, 1-2 cm diam., centro palles-
cente, margine luteus; peritheciis numerosis in quaque ‘macula,
atris, globosis, minutis, 70-100 » diam., immersis, Odstiolis
epiphyllis, 5-8 » latis, pertusis; contextu subopaco, fusco, ex
cellulis 4-6 » diam. composito; ascis cylindraceis, octosporis,
45-55 x 7-10 », aparaphysatis; sporidiis plerumque distichis,
oblongis, utrinque rotundatis, ad medio 1-septatis, non constric-
tis, brunneis, 8-11 » longis, 2.5-3.5 » latis.

ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10542, December 26, 1916. On the
leaves of Erythropalum.

STIGMATEA Fries
STIGMATEA PHILIPPINENSIS sp. nov.

Maculis albo-griseis, orbicularibus vel elongatis, 5 mm diam.
vel usque ad 3 cm longis et 1 em latis; peritheciis immersis.
ostiolis numerosis, epiphyllis, hemisphaericeis, 75-100 » diam.;
ostiolis orbicularibus; ascis elongatis, 26-30 » longis, 10 » latis,
octosporis; sporidiis oblongo-ellipsoideis, ad medio 1-septatis,
laevis, 12-13 » longis, 3-4 » latis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25662 Yates, December 19,
1916. On leaves of Homalium sp.

XII, C, 6 Yates: Philippine Fungi 77

PLEOSPORACEAE
MERRILLIOPELTIS P. Hennings

MERRILLIOPELTIS CALAMI P. Henn. in Hedw. 47 (1908) 262.

ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10530, December 21-30, 1916. On dead
stems of Calamus. ;
MERRILLIOPELTIS TAYABENSIS sp. nov.

Peritheciis solitariis vel plus minusve dense maculiformiter
dispositis, subcortice positis dein epidermide elevata et pertusa;
pseudostromata atra, effusa, saepe conjuncta, sublenticularis,
350-500 » lata, 100-150 » alta; ostiolo minutissimo, vix perspicuo,
contextu opaco; ascis elongato-clavatis, apice valde incrassatis,
stipitatis, 210-230 » longis, 12-14 » latis in perithecio fere
horizontaliter dispositis; paraphysibus paucis; sporidiis plerum-
- que distichis, fusiformibus, ad medio 1-septatis, non constrictis,
hyalinis, utrinque longe et acutissime attenuatis, 90-100 » longis
5-7 be latis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25607 Yates, December 19,

1916. On dead stems of Calamus.

This species is very near Merrilliopeltis hoehnelii Rehm, differing from
-it in the size of spores and asci and in the superficial appearance of the
perithecia which are covered by the cortical layer of the host and are
exposed only through cracks in the latter. It agrees with Rehm’s species
in the peculiar arrangement of the asci.

PLEOSPORA Rabenhorst

PLEOSPORA MISCANTHIAE sp. nov.
Culmicola, superficium culmis obtecta, velutinas, atras; myce-
lio ex hyphis obscure brunneis 6-10 » crassis composito; perithe-
ciis paucis, atris, laevis, 100-200 » diam.; ascis clavatis, 140
» longis, 26-32 » crassis, octosporis, paraphysatis; paraphysis
filiformibus, hyalinis; sporidiis muriformibus, oblongo-fusoideis,
hyalinis, 16-20-septatis, 60-75 p» longis, 10-12 » latis; conidiopho-
ris erectis, 350-400 » altis, 6-8 » latis; conidiis brunneis, 9-11-
septatis, 75-90 x 10-12 u. Si
“Luzon, Bontoc Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25281 Yates, April 19, 1916. On

the culms of Miscanthus japonicus.
' This fungus presents a very characteristic appearance. The dead culms

are covered by a dense velvety coating formed by the erect conidiophores.
‘The perithecia are buried among and completely hidden by the conidiophores.

VALSACEAE
EUTYPA Tulasne

- EUTYPA BAMBUSINA Penz. et Sacc. in Icones Fung. Java. (1904) 382.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25625 Yates, December,
1916. On dead culms of bamboo. Also Bur. Sci. 25599, 25640 Yates, from

the same locality.

378 Thé Philippine Journal of Science 1917

This is one of the commonest of our Philippine fungi occurring every-
where upon dead culms of bamboo.

DIATRYPACEAE
DIATRYPE Fries

DIATRYPE CHLOROSARCA B. et Br.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. " Sci. 25643 Yates, December,
1916. On dead sticks lying on the ground in the forest.

XYLARIACEAE
HYPOXYLON Bulliard

HYPOXYLON EFFUSUM Nitsch. in Pyren. Germ. (1867-1870) 48.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25653 Yates, December,
1916. On bark of dead trees in the forest.

HYPOXYLON MARGINATUM (Schw.) Berk. Cuban Fungi No. 830.
Sphaeria marginata Schw. in Syn. Am. Bor. No. 1176.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25653, 25623 Yates, Decem-
ber, 1916. On bark of dead trees in the forest.

HYPOXYLON CADIGENSIS sp. nov.

Stromatibus superficialibus, hemisphaericeis, atris, gregariis,
7-10 mm diam.; peridium atrum, 150-180 ,» crassum, intus
albidus; peritheciis numerosis, globosis, circiter 1 mm crassis;
-ascis cylindraceis, 150-160 » longis, 12-15 » latis, pedicellatis,
aparaphysatis; sporidiis monostichis, ellipsoideis, inaequilatera-
libus, utrinque acutis, fuligineis, 20-23 » longis, 8-10 p latis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount. Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25807 isis cs Decem-
ber, 1916. On dead logs in the forest.

NUMMULARIA Tulasne
NUMMULARIA ALABATENSIS sp. nov.
Stromatibus primo subcutaneis, mox erumpentibus, applana-

tis, carbonaceis, intus et extus nigris, oblongis vel irregularibus, .

1-2.5 x 3-10 cm; peritheciis monostichis, subglobosis, 200-300
p diam.; ascis cylindraceis, evanescentibus, 75-85 » longis, 7
» latis, octosporis; sporidiis monostichis, ellipsoideis, utrinque
rotundatis, non septatis, fuligineis, 10-11 » longis, 5 » latis.

AuaBaT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10515, December 25, 1915. On dead
trunks in the forest.

NUMMULARIA REYESIANA Rehm in Leaf. Philip. Bot. 8 (1916) 2960.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. s5760 Yates, December,
1916. On dead stems of bamboo,

e

oR ie a a

XII, C, 6 Yates: Philippine Fungi 379

KRETZMARIA Fries

KRETZMARIA GHOMPHOIDEA Penz. et Sacc. in Icones Fung. Jav. (1904)
Zt.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci., 25678 Yates December,
1916; Mount Cadig, Bur. Sci. 25794 Yates, December, 1916. On rotten
wood: in forests.

The spores in the above specimen are 7-8 x 4-5 u, nate slightly smaller
than those of the type from Java which is described as having spores
8-10 x 5-6 wu. This species has not been previously reported from the
Philippines.

XYLARIA Hill

XYLARIA CONIFORMIS Fr. in Summ. Veg. Scand. (1846-1849). 381.
' ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10549, December 21-30, 1916. On
rotten logs.

XYLARIA LUZONENSIS Henn. in Hedw. 32 (1898) 225.
Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25594 Yates, December,
1916. On dead pods of Bauhinia lying on the ground in dense forests.
This species of Xylaria seems to occur only on the pods of Bauhinia.
‘It has been —— several times, but always occurs on the same sub-
stratum.

'* XYLARIA SETOCEPHALA sp. nov.

Stipitata, gregaria, minuta, stipitis 12-14 mm longis, 0.25-0.5
mm diam. ; peritheciis paucis, ad 30-40, capitulis atris, subglobosis
vel ellipsoideis, 1-5 mm longis et 1-2.5 mm latis; ostiolis punctato-
asperulis, seta apicalis 5-8 mm longis; ascis cylindraceis, apice
rotundatis, stipitatis, paraphysatis, 89-100 x 7-8 ,», octosporis;
sporidiis monostichis, ellipsoideis, 13-15 x 6-8 », fuligineis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25647 Yates, December,
19, 1916. On fallen leaves of Garcinia sp.

This species is distinguished by the long terminal seta. In general
habit it resembles Xylaria oocephala Penz, et Sacc. as figured in Icon. Fung.
Jav. (1904) ¢.-22, f. l.

- SPHAERIOIDACEAE
PIROSTOMA Fries

PIROSTOMA ARENGAE sp. nov.
Pycnideis numerosis, superficialibus, punctiformibus, atris,
0.25-0.5 mm diam., ostiolis minutis, 20-30 » diam.; 1-locularibus;
basidiis non visis; sporidiis brunneis, ellipsoideis 9-11 “ longis,
5-7 » latis.
Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sct. 25612 Yates, December 20,
1916. On the dead petioles of Arenga sp.

380 The Philippine Journal of Science

°

PHYLLOSTICTA Persoon

PHYLLOSTICTA ALLOPHYLAE sp. nov.

Maculis amphigeneis pallescentis, orbicularibus vel suborbicu-
laribus, 2-4 cm diam.; pycnidiis gregariis, epiphyllis, erumpen-
tibus, punctiformibus, atris, lenticularibus, 100-150 » diam.,
pertusis; ostiolis orbicularibus, 5-7 » diam.; contextu brunneo;
sporidiis subglobosis, laevis, 3 » longis, 2 p» latis. ©

ALABAT, back of Sangirin, Merrill 10535, December 25, 1916. On the
leaves of Allophylus timorensis.

This Phyllosticta grows on the living leaves, apparently starting near
the margin or tip and advancing inward and killing the leaf in more or

less concentric circles. The dead leaf surface is dotted with the small
black pycnidia. 2

MELANCONIACEAE
MELANCONIUM Link
MELANCONIUM CALAMI sp. nov.

Acevulis orbicularibus, atris, primo subcutaneis, mox erum-
pentibus, 0.5-1.0 mm diam.; conidiis obscure brunneis, ovatis,
subglobosis vel angulatis, 8-10 » longis, 5-7 ,» latis; basidiis.
non visis.

Luzon, Tayabas Province, Basiad, Bur. Sci. 25696 Yates, December 19, .:
1916, On dead leaf rachis of Calamus.

DEMATIACEAE
CERCOSPORA Fresenius

CERCOSPORA GLIRICIDIAE Syd. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 283.

_ Luzon, Manila and vicinity, Bur. Sci. 25883 Yates, August, 1916. On
the leaves of Gliricidia sepium.

CERCOSPORA PERSONATA (Berk et Curt.) Ellis in Journ. Myc. 1 (1885)
63.

Cladosporium personatum Berk et Curt. in Grev. 3 (1875) 106.

Luzon, Manila and vicinity, Merrill 7417, November-December, 1910. On
leaves of Arachis hypogaea,

HADRONEMA Sydow
HADRONEMA ORBICULARE Sydow in Ann. Myc. 7 (1909) 172.

Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Bur. Sci. 25166 Yates, March-May, 1916:
Ifugao Subprovince, Bur, Sci. 25267 Yates, April, 1916. On living leaves
of Quercus sp.

This species was originally: described from Japanese: material where
it grows on the leaves of Quercus. In 1910 Sydow referred Bur. Sci.
8711 McGregor to this species. This specimen was collected on Quercus
at Pauai, Benguet. I found it to be quite common on the leaves of Quercus
at higher elevations in the Mountain Province in northern Luzon. It is

interesting as one of the few species known to occur only in Japan and
the Philippines.

eget

INDEX

{New generic and specific names and new combinations are indicated by black-faced type;
synonyms and names of species incidentally mentioned in the text are in italics. }

A

Abrus precatorius Linn., 234,
Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd., 234.

_ Acanthaceae, 109, 241,

Acer niveum Bl., 307.
Aceraceae, 307.
Acriopsis javanica Blume, 258.

- Acronychia obovata Merr., 274.

Acrostichum aureum Linn., 228.
varians Mett., 333.

Actinodothis piperis Syd., 874.

Adenosma glutinosum (Linn.) Merr., 109.
grandiflorum Benth., 109.
polyspermum Spreng., 109.

Adiantum caudatum Linn., 228.

; philippense Linn., 228.

Aérobryopsis longissima (Doz. & Molk.)

Fleisch., 76.
Aérobryum speciosum Doz. & Molk., 76.

- Aerua lanata (Linn.) Juss., 233.

Aganosma acuminata G. Don, 239.
Ageratum conyzoides Linn., 242.
Aglaomorpha pilosa Copel., 335.
splendens Copel., 336.
Ainsliaea henryi Diels, 111.
parvifolia Merr., 110.
walkeri Hook. f., 111.
Aithaloderma clavatisporum Syd., 373.
Aizoaceae, 233.
Albizzia procera (Roxb) Benth., 234.
Alectra arvensis (Benth.) Merr., 109.
dentata O. Kuntze, 109.
‘indica Benth., 109. _
Alaeanthus luzonicus (Blanco) F.-Vill., 232.
Alsodeia dubia Elm., 286.
fasciculata F.-Vill., 286.
formicaria Elm., 286.
Alsophila burbidgei Baker, 52.
Alstonia macrophylla Wall., 239.
scholaris (Linn.) R. Br., 289.
Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br., 233.
Alysicarpus vaginalis DC., 234.
Amaracarpus longifolius Elm., 174.
Amaranthaceae, 233.
Amaranthus spinosus Linn., 233.
Amorphophallus campanulatus Roxb., 231.
Amphibromus neesii Steud., 69.
Andropogon apricus Trin., 101,
apricus Trin. var. chinensis
Hack., 101.
chinensé (Nees) Merr., 101.
fastigiatus Sw., 101.
fragilis R. Br., 229.
hirtifiorus Kunth., 102.
pseudograya Steud., 101.
sanguineus (Retz.) Merr., 101.

15622245

Aneilema malabaricum (Linn.) Merr., 282.
Anerincleistus hirsutus Korth., 338,
philippinensis Merr., 337.
Angraecum album majus Rumph., 259.
album minus Rumph., 256.
crumenatum Rumph.,: 256.
flavum decimum Rumph., 261.
_nervosum Rumph., 255,
purpureum silvestre Rumph., 257.
rubrum Rumph., 261.
scriptum Rumph., 258.
terrestre alterum Rumph., 255.
terrestve primum purpureum
Rumph., 255.
Anisomelis indica (Linn.) O. Kuntze, 240.
Annonaceae, 234,
Annona reticulata Linn., 234.
Anoectochilus reinwardtii Blume, 253.
Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng., 236.
ghaesembilla Gaertn., 236.
rostratum Tul., 236.

| Apersis reticulata Blume, 140.

| | Appendiculata reflexa Blume, 258.
| Apocynaceae, 239.

Araceae, 231.

Arachis hypogaea Linn., 234.

| Ardisia basilanensis Merr., 153.

disticha A. DC., 156.
fragrans Elm., 152.
lanceolata Roxb., 158.
laxiflora Merr., 153.
leytensis Merr., 154.
loheri Merr., 152.
mirandae Merr., 154.
pachyphylla Merr., 157.
philippinensis A. DC., 156.
samarensis Merr., 151.
tayabensis Merr., 156.
whitfordit Mez, 157.
yatesii Merr., 155.
Arecastrum Becc., 29.
Arenga saccharifera Labill., 231.
Aristolochiaceae, 233.
Aristolochia tagala Cham., 233.
Artemisia japonica Thunb., 122,
Arthroclinanthus Baill., 270.
Artocarpus lamellata Blanco, 232.
nitida Tréc., 232.
Arytera littoralis Blume, 237.
Ascarina philippinensis C. B. Rob., 264.
reticulata Merr., 263.
Asclepiadaceae, 239.

| Asplenium promorsum Sw., 100.

381

389 Index

’ Asterina astroniae Yates, 370.
breyniae Yates, 370.
eapparidis Syd. et Butl., 370.
cipadessae Yates, 371.
colliculosa Speg., 370.
elmeri Syd., 370.
eugeniae Yates, 371.
nycticaliae Yates, 371.
sponiae Rac., 370.
tayabensis Yates, 372.

Asterinella hydnocarpiae Yates, 372.

Astronia consanguinea Merr., 338.
megalantha Merr., 343.
negrosensis Merr., 343.
pachyphylla Merr., 339.
paucifiora Merr., 340,
platyphylla Merr., 342.
-subcaudata Merr., 341.
tetragona Merr., 341.
verruculosa Merr., 342.
viridifolia Elm., 343.

Athyrium atropurpureum Copel., 59
atrosquamosum Copel., 59.
clemensiae Copel., 58.

Auerswaldia arengae Rac., 375.

copelandi Syd., 375.
derridig P. Henn., 375.

B
Bacteriaceae, 3138.
Bambusa blumeana Schultes f., 229.
vulgaris Schrad., 230.
Barbula comosa Doz. & Molk., 75.
orientalis (Willd.) Broth., 75.
Beccarianthus ickisii Merr., 337.
ickisii Merr. var. puberula
Merr., 343.
Bignoniaceae, 241.
Blumea balsamifera (Linn.) DC., 242.
glomerata DC., 242. =
lacera DC., 242,
mollis (Don) Merr., 242.
Blechnum orientale Linn., 228.
Blechum brownei Nees, 241.
Boehmeria blumei Wedd., 233.
Bombacaceae, 237.
Bonnaya brachiata L. & O., 241.
Boraginaceae, 240.
Brachymenium indicum (Doz. & Moik.) Bryol.
jav., 75.
Bridelia stipularis (Linn.) Blume, 236.
Breynia acuminata Muell.-Arg., 236.
cernua (Poir.) Muell.-Arg., 236.
rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg., —_
Brucea luzoniensis Vid., 275.
membranacea Merr., 275.
mollis Wall., 275.
is stenophylla Merr., 274.
Bryonopsis laciniosa Naud., 241.
Bryum coronatum Schwaegr., 75.
Buddleia asiatica Lour., 239.
Bulbostylis barbata Kunth, 231.
Butia Becc., 29.

Cc

Caesalpinia crista Linn., 234.

Calamus robinsonianus Becc., 81.
Calanthe veratrifolia R. Br., 255.
Callicarpa albido-tomentella Merr., 300.
angusta Schauer, 299.
arborea Roxb., 298.
blancoi Rolfe, 240.
dolichophylla Merr., 108, 301.
longifolia Lam. var. longissima
Hemsl., 108.
longissima (Hemsl.) Merr., 108.
magna Schauer, 298.
phanerophlebia Merr., 301.
subintegra Merr., 299.
subintegra Merr., var. parva Merr.,
300.
weberi Merr., 298.
Callicostella beceariana (Hamp.) Jaeg., 77.
Calonyction album (Linn.) House, 239.
Calotropis gigantea R. Br., 239.
Calymperaceae, 74.
Calymperes pandani C. Miill., 75.
pungens C. Miill., 75.
semimarginatum C. Miill., 75.
Canavalia ensiformis (Linn.) DC., 234.
lineata DC., 234.
Cantharospermum scarabaeoides (Linn.)
Baill., 234.
Capnodiaceae, 373.

‘| Capparidaceae, 234.

Capparis horrida Linn., 234.
’ micracantha DC., 234.
Capsicum fruticosum Linn., 240.
Carex breviculmis R. Br. var. — ches
& Van.) Kiik., 104. >
filicina Nees, 104.
Caricaceae, 238. :
Carica papaya Linn., 238,
Casearia cinerea Turcz., 238,
Cassia alata Linn., 234.
tora Linn., 235.
Cassytha filiformis Linn., 234.
Catacauma aspidium (Berk) Theiss. et Syd.,
374.
aspidium (Berk.) Theiss. et
Sydow, forma fici-fulvae Theiss.
et Syd., 374.
elmeri Syd., 375.
lagunense Yates, 374.
Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn., 237.
Celastraceae, 287, 277.
Celastrus paniculata Willd., 237.
Cenangiaceae, 362.
Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urb, 238.
Ceropteris calomelanos (Linn.) Und., 228
Cercospora gliricidiae Syd., 380.
_ personata Ellis, 315.
personata (Berk et Curt.) Ellis,
380.
Ceratophyllaceae, 233.
Ceratophyllum demersum Linn., 233.
Chaetomitrium torquescens Bryol. jav., 77.

=

Index

we

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw., 228.
Chloranthaceae, 263.
Christiopteris cantoniensis (Baker) Christ,
332.
eberhardtii Christ, 382.
tricuspis (Hooker) Christ, 332,
sagitta (Christ) Copel., 332.
_ Varians (Mett.) Copel., 333.
Cinnamomum mollissimwm Hook. f., 127.
myrianthum Merr., 125.
sandkuhlii Merr., 126.
zeylanicum Nees, 126.
Cissampelos pareira Linn., 233.
Cissus repens Lam, 237.
Citrullus vulgaris (Linn.) Schrad., 241.
Cladosporium personatum B. & C., 315, 380.
Clematis benthamiana Hemsl., 104.
chinensis Osbeck, 104.
meyeniana Walp., 105.
terniflora Benth., 105.
Clerodendron mabesaze Merr., 302.
minahassae Mig., 240, 303.
Clethra lancifolia Turcz., 318.
Clitoria ternatea Linn., 235.
Cnestis diffusa (Blanco) Merr., 234.
Cocos nucifera Linn., 27.
Coelogyne rumphii Lindl., 255.
Columella trifolia (Linn.) Merr., 237.
Combretaceae, 238, 287.
Commelinaceae, 232.
Commelina benghalensis Linn., 232. .
_ nudifiora Linn., 232.
Compositae, 110, 117, 242.
Connaraceae, 234,
Convolvulaceae, 239.
’ Conyza redolens Wiilld., 122.
Corchorus acutangulus Lam., 237.
Cordia blancoi Vid., 240.
myxa Linn., 240.
Cornutia quinata Lour., 108.
_ Crataeva religiosa Forst., 234.
Cratoxylon blancoi Blume, 238.
Crotalaria albida Heyne, 235.
acicularis Ham., 235.
stenophylla Vog., 235.
verrucosa Linn., 235.
Cryptocarya cinnamomifolia Merr., 128.
glauciphylla Elm., 130.
erifithiana Wight, 131,
lanceolata Merr., 127.
oligophlebia Merr., 128.
oblongata Merr., 129.
palawanensis Merr., 131.
’ samarensis Merr., 130.
vidalii (Elm.) Merr., 130.
zamboangensis Merr., 130.
Cryptomyces pongamiae Sacc., 375.
Cucurbitaceae, 241.
Cucurbita maxima Duch., 241. |
Cunoniaceae, 268,
Cyanotis cristata (Linn.) Be & §S., 282.
Cyatheaceae, 49.

‘ 383

Cyathea brunonis Wall., 50.
burbidgei Baker, 52.
capitata Copel., 49.
crinita (Hooker) Copel., 55.
dimorpha Christ, 51.
dulitensis Baker, 53.
elliptica Copel., 51.
extensa Swtz., 51.
fuscopaleata Copel., 50.
havilandii Baker, 54.
hewittit Copel., 51.
kemberangana Copel., 52.
kinabaluensis Copel., 51.
_ longipes Copel., 54.
megalosora Copel., 54,
mollis Copel., 62.
moluccana R. Br., 50.
paleacea Copel., 53.
philippinensis Baker, 53.
pseudobrunonis Copel., 50.
ridleyi (Baker), 53.
Tigida Copel., 53.
toppingii Copel., 51.
Caaateees angustatus Desv., 335.
borneensis Copel., 64.
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers., 230.
Cynometra. bifoliolata Merr., 272.
ramifiora Linn., 278.
Cyperaceae, 104, 231.
Cyperus compressus Linn., 231.
diffusus Vahl, 231. ~
distans Linn., 231.
radiatus Vahl, 231.
rotundus Linn., 231.
_uncinatus Poir., 231.
D
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linn.) Richt.,
230. :
Datura alba Nees, 240.
Deeringia baccata (Retz.) Moa., 238.
Demetiaceae, 315, 380.
Dendrobium inatissi Lindl., 256.
_ atropurpureum J. J. Sm., 256.
consanguineum J. J. Sm., 256.
ephemerum J. J. Sm., 256.
foliosum Brongn., 256.
insigne Reichb. f., 257.
lancifolium A. Rich., 258.
moluecense J. J. Sm., 256.
papilioniferum J. J. Sm., 256.
' papilioniferum J. J. Sm., var.
ephemerum J. J. Sm., 256.
purpureum Roxb., 257.
Dendrochilum venustulum Pfitz., 318.
Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall.) Moore, 101.
Derris polyantha Perk., 235.
Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC., 235.
procumbens Hitche,, 235.
pulchellum Benth., 235.
triflorum (Linn.) DC., 235.
scorpiurus ({Sw.) Desf., 235.

| Desmotheca apiculata (Doz. & Molk.) Lindb.,

76.
Deutzia acuminata Merr., 266.
pulchra Vid., 267.
Diatrypaceae, 378.

294 Index »

Diatrype chlorosarea B. et Br., 378.
Didymoplexis minor J. J. Sm., var. amboinen-
sis J. J. Sm., 253.
Digitalis sinensis Lour., 109,
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Pers., 280.
consanguinea Gaudich., 230.
longiflora Pers., 102,
violaseens Link, 102,
Dioscoreaceae, 232.
Dioscorea aculeata Linn., 232,
bulbifera Linn., 232.
daemona Roxb., 232.
luzoniensis Schauer., 232.
myriantha Kunth, 232.
triphylla Linn., 232.
Diospyros fasciculiflora Merr., 286. «
pulgarensis Merr., 286.
Discocalyx angustifolia Mez, 149.
angustissima Merr., 143.
congestifiora Elm., 145.
cybianthoides Mez, 146.
euphlebia Merr., 144.
insignis Merr., 145.
longifolia Merr., 145.
luzoniensis Merr., 145.
macrophylia Merr., 145..
maculata Merr., 145.
merrilliit Mez, 150.
micrantha Merr., 146.
montana Elm., 145.
pachyphylla Merr., 146.
palawanensis Elm., 150.
samarensis Merr., 147.
sessilifolia Merr., 149.
stenophylla Merr., 148.
tecsonii Merr., 150.
Dothidella yapensis P. Henn., 375.
Dracontomelum cumingianum Baill., 236.
Drymoglossum carnosum J. Sm., 334.
Dryopteris extensa O. Kuntze, 57.
gymmnopoda (Baker) C. Chr., 56.
inconspicua Copel., 55.
kinabaluensis Copel., 55.
linearis Copel., 56.
lithophylla Copel., 57.
parasitica (Linn.) O. Kuntze, 228.
toppingii Copel., 56.
Dryostachyum pilosum J. Sm., 335.
splendens J. Sm., 336.
Dysoxylum alliaceum Bl., 307.

E
Ebenaceae, 295.
Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk., 242,
zippeliana Blume, 242.
Ectropotheciella distichophylla (Hamp.)
Fleisch., 79. :
Ectropothecium buitenzorgii (Bel.) Jaeg., 78.
ichnotocladum (C. Mii.)
Jaeg., 78.
manii Broth., 78.
verrucosum (Hamp.) Jaeg.,
zollingeri (C. Miill.) Jaeg.,

Elaeagnaceae, 238.

Elaeagnus philippensis Perr., 238.
Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 28.

madagascariensis Bece., 28.
EBlaeocarpaceae, 287, 282, 307.
Elaeocarpus burebidensis Elm., 283.

forbesii Merr., 282.
pierrei Kds. et Val., 307.

Elaeodendron glaucum Pers., 277.

: mindanaense Merr., 277.
Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn., 230.
Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC., 242.
Endiandra vidalii Elm., 130. —
Endotrichelia alaris Broth., 76.

compressa (Mitt.) Broth., 76.
robinsonii Broth., 76.
Englehardtia colebrookeana Lindl., 264.
villosa Kurz, 264.
Eragrostis amabilis (Linn.) W. & A., 230.
distans Hack., 230.
tenella R. & S., 230.
Eria bractescens Lindl., 258.
littoralis T. & B., 258. —

Ericaceae, 293.

Erigeron linifelius Willd., 242.

Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Blume, 237.

Erythrina indica Lam., 235.

Eugenia cuprea Kds. et Val., 307.
densiflora (DC.) Duthie, 307.
jambolana Lam., 238.
‘operculata Roxb., 307.

Eulophia squalida Lindl., 232.

_Euonymus alatus Elm., 281.

elmeri Merr., 281.
viburnifolius Merr., 279.

Euphorbiaceae, 236, 307.

Euphorbia hirta Linn., 236.

Eurya acuminata DC., 307.
amplexifolia Dunn., 107.
distichophylla Hemsl., 107.
glandulosa Merr., 107.
obligua Hemsl., 107.
swinglei Merr., 106.

Eutypa bambusina Penz. et Sacc., 377.

F

Fenixia pauciflora Merr., 119,

Ficus concinna Mig., 232.
cumingii Miq., 232,
hauili Blanco, 232.
indica Linn., 232.
ulmifolia Lam., 232.
nervosa Heyne, 232.
nota (Blanco) Merr., 233.
odorata (Blanco) Merr., 233.
retusa Linn., 232.
stipulosa Miq., 233.
tinctoria Forst., 233.
ulmifolia Lam., 233.

Fimbristylis merrillii Palla, 231.

polytrichoides R. Br., 231.

squarrosa Vahl, 231.

se

Fissidens crassinervis Lac., 73. }

zippelianus Doz, & Molk., 73
Flacourtiaceae, 238.
Flacourtia rukam Z. & M., 238.
Flemingia philippinensis Merr. & Rolfe, 105.
yunnanensis Franch., 106. ‘
Flos susannae Rumph., 250. :
susannae minor Rumph., 251.
triplicatus Rumph., 255.
Fluggea virosa (Willd.) Baill., 236.
Folium petiolatum mas Rumph., 253.
petiolatum II femina Rumph., 253.
Fungi, 313, 361.
G
Garcinia cordata Merr., 285.
heterophylla Merr., 285.
moselleyana Pierre, 285.
multibracteolata Merr., 284,
Gelonium glandulosum Elm., 286.
Geniostoma batanense Merr., 297.
longipes Merr., 296.
Gerardia glutinosa Linn., 109.
Glaziova Becc., 29.
Gleicheniaceae, 229.
Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) Bedd., 229.
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud., 235.
Glochidion cyrtostylum Mia., 307.
rubrum Blume, 236.
triandrum (Blanco) C.
236.
Glossostylis arvensis Benth., 109.
Glycosmis cochinchinensis Pierre, 273.
platyphylla Merr., 273.
Glyptopetalum euonymoides Merr., 278.
euphlebium Merr., 280.
glandulosum Merr., 279.
marivelense Merr., 278.
marivelense Merr. var. euphle-
bium Merr., 280.
remotinervium Merr., 280.
veticulatum Merr., 277.
Gmelina philippensis Cham., 240.
Gnaphalium cylindrostachyum Wall., 122.
redolens Forst., 122.
Gonystylaceae, 283.
Gonystylus obovatus Merr., 283.
' philippinensis Elm., 284.
reticulatus Merr., 284.
Goodyera rubicunda Lindl., var. amboinensis
J. J. Sm., 254.
Graminege, 67, 101, 229.
Grammatophyllum scriptum Blume, 258.
Grammitis nana Fée, 61.
Greenia macrophylla Teysm. & Binn., 165.
Greeniopsis discolor Merr., 163.
megalantha Merr., 164.
_ Grumilea brachybotrys Merr., 172.
fusca Merr., 171.
ilocana Merr., 173.
lagunensis Merr., 169.
luconiensis (Cham.) F.-Vill., 173.
propinqua Merr., 170.
rubiginosa (Elm.) Merr., 171.
subalpina (Elm.) Merr., 178.
velutina Merr., 170.
yatesii Merr., 172.

B. Rob.,

Index

385

Guerreroia monocephala Merr., 118.
Guignardia aristolochiae Syd., 376.
creberrima Syd., 376.

‘| Guioa multipunctata Radlk., 83.

obtusa Merr., 276.
villosa Radlk., 276.

+ Guttiferae, 288, 284.

Gymnacranthera acuminata Merr., 265.
paniculata Warb., 265.
Gymnema pachyglossum Schltr., 239.
tingens W. & A., 239.
Gymnopteris tricuspis (Hook.) C. Chr., 332.
Gymnostomiella vernicosa (Hook.) Fleisch.,
75.
Gynura acuminatissima Merr., 121.
angulosa DC,, 121.
bicolor DC., 121.
subglabra Merr., 120.

H

Habenaria amboinensis J. J. Sm., 251.
bantamensis J. J. Sm., 252.
dracenifolia Schitr., 252.
keyensis Schltr., 252.

-rumphii Lindl., 251.
Hadronema orbiculare Syd., 380.
Hedyotis elmeri Merr., 160.

luzoniensis Merr., 160.
macgregorit Merr., 160.
tenellifiora Blume, 241.

Heliotropium indicum Linn., 240.

Hel porium ravenelii Curt., 316.

Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees, 109.

Hemigraphis rapifera Hallier f., 241. ;

Hemionitis arifolia (Burm. f.) Moore, 228.

Herba supplex minor Rumph., 256.

Hetaeria oblongifolia Blume, 232, 254.

Hewittia sublobata (Linn. f.) O. Kuntze, 239.

ef

Hibiscus surattensis Linn., 237,

Homalanthus alpinus Elm., 318.
Homaliodendron sealpellifolium
Fleisch., 77.
Homoeatherum chinense Nees, 101.
Hookeriaceae, 77.
Horsfieldia obscurinervia Merr., 265.
Humata kinabaluensis Copel., 48.
repens (Linn. f.) Diels, 100.
Hydrangea lobbiana Maxim., 267.
pubiramea Merr., 267.
pubiramea Merr. var. parvifolia
Merr., 268.
Hydrocharitaceae, 229.
Hygrophila angustifolia R. Brown, 110, 241.
megalantha Merr., 110.
obovata Nees, 110.
polysperma T. Anders., 109.
quadrivalvis Nees, 110.
salicifolia (Vahl) Nees,

(Mitt. )

110.

386

Hymenophyllum clemensiae Copel., 46.
foxworthyi Copel., 45.
hosei Copel., 46.
perfissum Copel., 47.
Hymenospermum dentatum Benth., 109.
Hyophila commutata Broth., 75.
Hypocreaceae, 373.
Hypnaceae, 78.
Hypopterygiaceae, 77.
Hypopterygium vriesii Bryol. jav.,
Hypoxylon cadigensis Yates, 378.
effusum Nitsch., 378.
marginatum (Schw.) Berk., 378.
Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poir., 240.
Hysterostomella psychotriae Syd., 373.

I

77

Ilex serrata Thunb., 318.

Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii Benth., 230.

Indigofera benthamiana Hance, 105.

teysmanni Migq., 105.
zollingeriana Mig., 105.
Inocyclus psychotriae Syd., 373.
Ipomoea batatas (Linn.) Poir., 239.
obscura (Linn.) Ker., 239.

. paniculata R. Br., 239.
pescaprae (Linn.) Roth., 239.
pestigridis Linn., 239,
reptans (Linn.) Poir., 239.
triloba Linn., 240.

Isachne altissima Debeaux, 103.
australis R. Brown, 103.
chinensis Merr., 102.
globosa O. Kuntze, 103. _

lsopterygium aquifolium (Bryol. jav.) Jaeg.,

ee d *

Ixora gracilipes Merr., 169.

ilocana Merr., 168.

J

Jubaeopsis caffra Bece., 29.

Juglandaceae, 264.

Juglans villosa Wall., 264.

Juncellus pygmaeus. (Nees) C. B. Clarke, 104.

Jussiaea linifolia Vahl, 238. E
repens Linn., 238.

Justicia polysperma Roxb., 109.

K

Kayea megalocarpa Merr., 285.
Koordersiochloa javanica Merr., 67.
Kretzmaria ghomphoidea Penz. et Sacc., 379.
Kyllinga monocephala (Linn.) Rottb., 231.

L

Labiatae, 240.

Lauraceae, 125, 234, 307.

Leea acuminatissima Merr., 281. _
unifoliolata Merr., 282.

Leguminosae, 105, 284, 269, 307.

Lemnaceae, 101, 231.

Lemna trisulea Hegelm., 231.

Index

Leptochilus tricuspis (Hook.) C. Chr., 332.
varians (Mett.) Fournier, 332.
Leskeaceae, 77.
Leucas javanica Blume, 240.
Leucobryaceae, 74.
Leucobryum aduncum Doz. & Molk., 74.
sanctum Hamp., 74.
sericeum Broth. 74.
Leucomiaceae, 79.
Leucomium aneurodictyon (C. Miill.) Jaeg.,
79.
Leucophanes candidum (Hornsch.) Lindb., 74.
octoblepharioides Broth., 74.
Lindenbergia philippensis (Cham.) Benth.,
241.
Lindera reticulata F.-Vill., 140.
Litsea abraensis Merr., 132.
albayana Vid., 140.
ampla Merr., 133.
anomala Merr., 133.
dolichophylla Merr., 134. :
euphiebia Merr., 135. 4
glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob., 234.
ilocana Merr., 132.
leytensis Merr., 133.
luzonica F,-Vill., 132, 137. —
macgregorii Merr., 136.
mappacea (BI.) Boerl, 307.
micrantha Merr., 136.
myristicaefolia Hook. f., 133.
oblongifolia Merr., 137.
philippinensis Merr., 134,
plateaefolia Elm., 133.
samarensis Merr. 138.
tayabensis Elm., 135.
teysmanni Gamble, 133.
vanoverberghii Merr., 139:
Loganiaceae, 239, 296.
Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem., 242.
Luisia confusa Reichb. f., 261.
teretifolia Blume, 261.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., 240.
Lycopodiaceae, 229.
Lycopodium cernuum Linn., 229.
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw., 229.
seandens (Linn.) Sw., 229.

M

Maba multibracteata Merr., 295.-
punctata Hiern, 296. ©
Macaranga rhizinoides (Bl.) Muell.-Arg., 307.
; tanarius (Linn,) Muell.-Arg., 236.
Machilus rimosa BL, 307. :
Macromitrium angustifolium Bryol. jav., 75.
Macrothamnium macrocarpum (Reinw. &
Hornsch.)- Fleisch., 78.
Maesa cumingii Mez., 158, 238.
laxa Mez., 288.
megaphylla Merr., 158.
Malaisia seandens (Lour.) O. Kuntze, 233.
Mariseus stuppeus (Forst.) Merr., 231.
Matoniaceae, 49.

Medinilla apayaoensis Merr., 343.
apoensis C. B. Rob., 344, 348.

benguetensis Elm., 347.
clementis Merr., 350.
confluentinervia Elm., 348.
confusa Merr., 353.
cordata Merr., 345.

fenicis Merr., 344,
gracilipes Merr., 353.
laurifolia Blume, 349.

* longidens Merr., 345.
negrosensis Merr., 352.
macgregorii Merr., 346.
magnifica Lindl., 348. Z
membranacea Merr., 346.
microphylla Merr., 346.
myriantha Merr., 853.
panayensis Merr., 347.
parva Merr., 346.
parvibractea Merr., 348.
peltata Merr., 348.
polisensis Merr., 349,
stenobotrys Merr., 350.
subumbellata Merr., 352.
tayabensis Merr., 351.

~ tennipes Merr., 353.
trianae Merr., 352.
vulcanica Merr., 352.

Melanconiaceae, 380.

Melaconium calami Yates, 380.

Melanopsama merrillii Yates, 376.

Melastomataceae, 337.

Melastoma culionense Merr., 353.
denticulatum Bl., 355.
francavillanum Cogn., 355.
malabathricum Linn., 854.
mariannum Naud., 355.
subalbidum Merr., 354.
sylvaticum BI., 355.

Mallotus moluccanus Muell.-Arg., 236,

Manihot utilissima Pohl, 236.

Malvaceae, 106, 237.

Meliaceae, 307.

Meliola affinis Syd., 362. :
artocarpiae Yates, 362.
barringtoniae Yates, 363.
bicornis Winter, 369.
cadigensis Yates, 363.
catubigensis Yates, 363.
connariae Yates, 364.
desmodi Karst. et Roum., 362.
diospyriae Yates, 364,
elaeocarpeae Yates, 365.
hamata Syd., 362.
hewittiae Rehm, 362.
ixoriae Yates, 365.
leucosykeae Yates, 366.
linoecierae Syd., 369.

S litseae Yates, 366.

livistoniae Yates, 366.
Toranthi Guill., 364.
macarangae Yates, 367.
mapaniae Yates, 367.
samarensis Yates, 368.
sauropicola Yates, 368.
tayabensis Yates, 369.
teramniae Yates, 369.
%

Index : : 387

Meliosma brachybotrys Merr., 275.
sylvatica Elm., 276.
Melothria mucronata (Blume) Cogn., 242.
Memecylon coeruleum Jack, 359.
diversifolium Presl, 359.
gitingense Elm., 359.
lanceolatum Blanco, $57, 359.
obscurinerve Merr., 357.
oligophlebium Merr., 357.
pachyphyllum Merr., 358.
pteropus Merr., 360.
symplociforme Merr., 359.
tayabense Merr., 359.
terminaflorum Elm., 360.
Menispermaceae, 233,
Merrilliopeltis calami P. Henn., 377.
hoehnelii Rehm, 377,
tayabensis Yates, 377.
Merinthosorus Copel., 336.
Mesochlaena toppingii Copel., 57.
Mezoneurum latisiliquum (Cav.) Merr., 235.
Microlepia speluncae (Linn.) Moore, 229.
Microstylis ventilabrum Reichb., 255.
Microthyriaceae, 370.
Miscanthus sinensis Anders., 230.
Mischocarpus fuscescens B]., 307.
Mitrasaecme alsinoides R. Br., 239.
Momordica charantia Linn., 242,
cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.,
242.
ovata Cogn., 242,

| Monachosorum subdigitatum (Blume) Kuhn,

101,

Moneteles redolens DC., 122.

spicatus Labill., 122.
Moraceae, 232.
Morenoella beilschmiediae Yates, 373.

memecyli Yates, 372.
Morinda bracteata Roxb., 241.
Moringaceae, 234.
Moringa oleifera Lam., 234.
Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud,, 235.
Muntingia calabura Linn., 237.
Musaceae, 232.
Musa sapientum Linn., 232.
Musci, 73.
Mussaenda philippica L, C. Rich., 241. .
h Ne ama. 376.

My
| Mycosphaerella merrillii Yates, 376.

Myristicaceae, 265.
Myrsinaceae, 143, 238, 307.
Myrtaceae, 238, 288, 307.
Myuriaceae, 76.
Myurium rufescens (Reinw. & Hornsch.)
Fleisch., 76.
N

Nauclea lanceolata B)., 307.
Neckeropsis gracilenta’ (Bryol. jav.) Fleisch.,

77.

| Nectria striatula Yates, 373.

Neonaucelea bartlingii (DC.) Merr., 241.
gracilis (Vid.) Merr., 160.
oligophlebia Merr., 159.
philippinensis (Vid.) Merr., 160.

388 : :

Nephrolepis biserrata Schott., 229.
marginalis Copel., 49.
N€riera depressa Banks, 318. ‘
Notholaena densa J. Sm., 229.
Nummularia alabatensis Yates, 378.
reyesiana Rehm, 378.

9°

Octoblepharum albidum (Linn.) Hedw., 74.
QOdontosoria chinensis (Linn.) J. Sm., 229.
Oenotheraceae, 238.

Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn., 241. :

QOnychium siliquosum (Desv.) C. Chr., 229.

Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Manso, 240.

Oplismenus compositus (Linn.) Beauv. 230.

Ophiorrhiza oblongilimba Merr., 164. ~

oblongifolia DC., 165.

Orchidaceae, 232, 249.

Orchis amboinica minor Rumph., 251.

Oreogrammitis clemensiae Copel., 64.

Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) -Vent., 241.

Orthotrichaceae, 75.

. Oryza sativa Linn., 103, 230.

Ostodes paniculata BI., 307.

Otanthera celebica Blume, 356.
macgregorii Merr., 356.
parviflora Merr., 355.

Otophora fruticosa Blume, 237.

Ottelia alisnoides (Linn.) Pers., 229.

bs

Pachyrrhizus erosus (Linn.) Urb., 235.
Palmae, 81, 231.
Pandanaceae, 229.
Pandanus tectorius Soland, 229.
Panicum auritum Presl, 102.
carinatum Presl, 230.
caudiglume Hack., 230.
dichotomifiorum Michx., 102.
distachyum Linn., 230.
miliare Lam., 102.
myosuroides R, Br., 102.
paludosum Roxb., 102.
proliferum Lam., 102.
repens Linn., 230.
Paphiopedilum mastersianum Pfitz., 250.
Parodiella perisporioides Sper., 313, 370.
Paspalum distichum Linn., 230.
serobiculatum Linn., 230.
Pelekium fissicalyx C. Miill., 77.
velatum Mitt., 77.
Pentaloba fasciculata Turcz., 286.
Pericampylus incanus Miers., 233.
Perisporiaceae, 313, 362.
Peristylus candidus J. J. Sm., 251.
Phacidiaceae, 362.
Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume, 259.
amboinensis J. J. Sm., 260.
hebe Reichb. f., 260.
hebe Reichb. f. var. amboinensis
J. J. Sm., 260.
hombronii Finet, 260.
robinsonii J. J. Sm., 259.

Index

Phaleria cumingii F.-Vill., 238.
Phaseolus adenanthus Mey., 235.
Phoebe cuneata Blume, 141.
excelsa Nees, 307.
glabrifolia Merr., 140.
Photinia benthamiana Hance, 105.
Photinopteris speciosa J. Sm., 335. :
Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Trin., 280.
Phreatia potamophila Schltr., 258.
Phyllachoraceae, 314, 374.
Phyllachora canari P. Henn., 375.
eoicis P. Henn., 314, 375.
cynodontis Niessl., 314.
dalbergiae Niessl., 375.
elmeri Syd., 375.
fici-fulvae Koord., 374.
ficium Niessl. var. spinifera Karst.
et Har., 374.
lagunae Rehm, 375.
lagunensis Syd., 374.
luzonensis P. Henn., 375.
orbicula Rehm, 314.
pongamiae P. Henn., 375.
yapensis (P. Henn.) Syd., 375.
Phyllanthus erythrotrichus C. B. Rob.,: 236.
Phyllosticta allophylae Yates, 380.
Physalis minima Linn., 240.
Pipturus arborescens (Link.) C. B, Rob., 233.
Pirostoma arengae Yates, 379.
Pistia stratiotes Linn., 231.
Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., 235.
montanum Benth., 307.
saman Benth., 235.
Platanthera halconensis Schitr., 251.
Platanthera robinsonii J. J. Sm., 250.
: susannae Lindl., 250.
Plectronia cordata Merr., 166.
elliptica Merr., 165.
gynochthodes Baill., 168.
obovatifolia Merr., 167.
subsessilifolia Merr., 168.
umbellata K. Seh., 168.
Pleosporaceae, 377.
Pleospora miscanthiae Yates, 377.
Pleurostylia wightii W. & A. var. neocaledo-
nica Loesen., 281.
Plocoglottis lowii Reichb. f., 255.
Podocarpus costalig Pres], 318.
imbricatus Blume, 317.
Pogonatherum paniculatum (Lam.) Hack.,
230.
Pogonatum cirratum (Sw:) Brid., 80.
teysmannianum (Doz. & Molk.,)
Bryol., jav., 80.
Polanisia viscosa DC., 234.
Polygonaceae, 105, 283.
Polygonum barbatum Linn., 233.
longifiorum Courchet, 105.
Polyphragmon amboinicum Migq., 165.
Polypodiaceae, 49, 100, 228, 381.

a ei

Index

Polypodium albido-paleatum Copel., 638.
brachypodium Copel., 62.
brooksii Copel., 60.
calcipunctatum Copel., 61
cesatianum Baker, 62.
ceratophyllum Copel.,
curraniit Copel., 334.
hirtellum BI., 60.
hirtellum Brooks, 60.
incurvatum Blume, 334.
ithycarpum Copel., 64.
kinabaluense Copel., 60
lasiosorum Hook., 60.
longissimum Bl., 64.
multisorum Copel., 61.
murudense Copel., 61
myriocarpum Nett., 334.
nigrescens BI., 64.
occultivenium Copel., 63.
papillosum Cesati, 62.
punctatum (L.) Sw., 64.
rupestre Bl., 63.
triquetrum BI., 63.
Polystomellaceae, 373.
Polytrichaceae, 80.
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr., 235.
Portulacaceae, 233.
Portulaca oleracea Linn., 233.
Pottiaceae, 75.
Pouzolzia zeylanica (Linn.) Benn., 233.
Premna integrifolia Linn. f., 302.
leytensis Merr., 302.
nauseosa Blanco, 240.
odorata Blanco, 240.
Pseuderia foliosa Cchltr., 256.

334.

Pseudoleskeopsis zippelli (Doz. & Molk.) Broth.,

fer
Pseudomonas citri Hasse, 313.
Psidium guajava Linn., 238.
Psychotria cadigensis Merr., 175.
diffusa Merr., 175.
depauperata Merr., 174.
linearis Bartl., 174.
mindorensis Elm., 176.
paucinervia Merr., 176.
plumierifolia Elm., 172.
samarensis Merr., 174.
Pteris clemensiae Copel., 47.
purpureorhachis\Copel., 48.
quadriaurita Retz., 229.
toppingii Copel., 47.
vittata Linn., 229.
Pterocarpus echinatus Pers., 272.
pubescens Merr., 271.
vidalianus Rolfe, 272.
Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum C. B. Clarke,
122, 242. :
redolens (Forst.) F.-Vill., 122.
Pterostigma grandiflorum Benth., 109.
rubiginosum Walp., 109.
Pucciniaceae, 314.
Puccinia cynodontis Desm., 314.
Puccinia heterospora B. & C., 314,
Pueraria phaseoloides Benth., 285.

389

Pycreus holosericeus (Link.) Merr., 281.
nitens (Vahl) Nees, 231.
odoratus (Linn.) Urb., 281.

Pyxidaria crustacea (Linn,) F.-Muell., 241.

pusilla (Thunb.) Merr., 241.

Q

Quisqualis indica Linn., 238.
R

Ranunculaceae, 104.
Rapanea hasseltii (BI.) Mez, 307,
Renanthera moluccana Blume, 261.
Rhacelopus pilifer Doz. & Molk., 80.
Rhacopilaceae, 79.
Rhacopilum amboinense Broth., 79.
Rhododendron kochii Stein, 318.
quadrasianum Vid., 318-319.
Rhytisma lagerstroemiae Rabh., 362.
pongamiae Berk, et Br., 362, 375.

Ricinus communis Linn., 236.
Rinorea fasciculata Merr., 286.

fasciculata Merr. var. minor Elm.,

286.

formicaria Merr., 286.

glandulosa Merr., 286.

pulgarensis Elm., 286.
Robiquetia amboinensis J. J. Sm., 261.
Rosaceae, 105.
Rottboellia exaltata Linn., 230.

sanguinea Retz., 101.

Rourea erecta (Blanco) Merr., 234.
Rubiaceae, 159, 241, 807.
Ruellia polysperma Roth, 109,
Rutaceae, 273.

Sabiaceae, 275.

Saccharum spontaneum Linn., subsp, indicum
Hack., 230.

Saccolabium rumphii J. J. Sm., 259.

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., 2365.

Sapindaceae, 88, 237, 276, 307.

Sareochilus zollingeri Reichb. f., 258.

Saxifragaceae, 266. ~

Schima noronhae Reinw., 307.

Schizaeaceae, 229.

Scleroglossum angustissimum Copel., 65.

Scoparia dulcis Linn., 241.

Serophulariaceae, 109, 241.

Sematophyllum hybiicidins (Reinw.) Jaeg.,
warburgii Broth., 79.
Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco, 236.
Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers., 235.
Sida acuta Burm. f., 237.
glutinosa Cav., 106.
mysorensis W. & A., 106.
rhombifolia Linn., 237.
Simarubaceae, 274.
Sloanea sigun Szysz., 307.
Solanaceae, 240.
Solanum cumingii Dunal, 241.
nigrum Linn., 241.
verbascifolium Linn., 241.

390

Solidago cantoniensis Lour., 111.

chinensis Osbeck, 111.

virgaurea Linn., 111.
Sophora longipes Merr., 270.
Spegazzinia meliolae A. Zimm., 363.
Spermacoce hispida Blume, 241.
Sphaeranthus africanus Linn., 242.

elongatus Blanco, 122.

Sphaeriaceae, 376.
Sphaeria marginata Schw., 378.
Sphaerioidaceae, 379.
Sphaerodothis arengae (Racib.) Shear, 375.
Spirodela polyrrhiza (Linn.) Schleid., 231.

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd., 229.

Sterculiaceae, 237.

Sterculia foetida Linn., 237.

Stictocardia campanulata (Linn.) Merr., 240.
Stigmatea philippinensis Yates, 376.

Stranvaesia benthamiana (Hance) Merr., 105.

calleryana Decne., 105.
Streblus asper Lour., 233.
Streptocaulon baumii Dene., 239.
Strobilanthes pluriformis C. B. Clarke, 318.
Symplocaceae, 107, 290, 307.
Symplocos adenopus Hance, 108.
ahernii Brand, 298.
costata (Bl.) Choisy, 307.
elliptifolia Merr., 292.
fasciculata Zoll., 307.
glandulifera Brand, 108.
groffil Merr., 107.
inconspicua Brand, 292.
luzonensis Rolfe, 318.
luzoniensia Brand, 292,
obovatifolia Merr., 290.
ramosii Merr., 293.
trisepala Merr., 291.
vidalii Rolfe, 292.
whitfordiit Brand, 318.
Synedrella nodiflora (Linn.) Gaertn., 242.
Syrrhopodon albovaginatus Schwaegr., 74.
borneensis (Hamp.) Jaeg., 74.
ciliatus (Hook.) Schwaegr., 74.
croceus Mitt., 74,
fasciculatus Hook. & Grev., 75.
manii C. Miill., 75.

miilleri (Doz. & Molk.) Lac., 74.

uy
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir., 239.
subglobosa Merr., 2389.
Taeniophyllum filiforme J, J. Sm., 262.
minutiflorum J. J. Sm., 261.
Taxaceae, 317.
Taxithelium nepalense (HehWieee, ) Broth., 79.
turgidellum (C. Miill.) Par., 79.
Tectaria murudensis Copel., 58.
f subcaudata (vy, A. v. R.), 58.
Tephrosia dichotoma Desf., 236.
Terminalia catappa Linn., 238.
crassiramea Merr., 287.
Tessaria redolens Less., 122.
Tetrastigma harmandii Planch., 237.

Thamnium ellipticum (Bryol. jav.) Kinb., 77.

Theaceae, 106, 307.
Thea reticulata Elm., 284.
Thelepogon sanguineus Spreng., 101.

|
| Urophyllum arboreum (Blume) Korth.,

Index

Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack., 230.
Thibaudia myrtoides Blume, 293.
Thrixspermum amplexicaule Reichb. f., 259.
Thuidium bifarium Bryol. jav., 77. :
ecymbifolium (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol.
jav., 77
glaucinoides Broth., 77.
plumulosum (Doz. & Molk.) Bryol.
jav., 77.

| Thymelaeaceae, 238, 297.

Tiliaceae, 287.

Tt ius amboi (Miq.) Boerl.,
macrophyllus Merr., 165.
macrophyllus Valeton, 165.
samarensis Merr., 165.

Toona febrifuga Bl., 307.

Torenia peduncularis Benth., 241.

Torulinium ferax L. C. Rich., 231.

Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam., 240.

165.

—— benguetensis Yates, 374.

chinensis Yates, 314.

| Trema orientalis Blume, 232.
| Trianthema monogyna Linn., 233.

Trichodesma zeylanicum R. Br., 240.
Trichomanes brooksii Copel., 45.
Trichosteleum hamatum (Doz. & Molk.) Jaeg.,
79.
Trifidacanthus unifoliolatus Merr., 269.
Trigonopleura dubia Merr., 286.
philippinensis Merr., 286,
Trismegistia lancifolia (Harv.) Broth., 78.
Tristania decorticata Merr., 288.
micrantha Merr., 288.
Triumfetta. bartramia Linn., 237.
Tryblidiella mindanaensis P. Henn., 362.
Tylophora perrottetiana Dene., 239.

232. *
iy 4

| Ulmaceae,
| Umbelliferae, 238.

Uredo cantonensis Yates, 315.
philippinensis Syd., 315.

Urena lobata Linn., 237,

Uromyces hellerianus Arth., 315.
linearis B. & Br., 315.
melothriae P. Henn., 315.

163.

batanense Elm., 161.
glabrum Wall., 163.
luzoniense Merr., 161.
microphyllum Merr., 161.
subglabrum Merr., 162.

Urticaceae, 233.

Ustilaginaceae, 315.

Ustilago cynodontis P. Henn., 315.

koordersiana Bref., $15.

Vv

Vaccinium angustilimbum Merr., 294.
jagori Warb., 295.
myrtoides Migq., 293.
perrigidum Elm., 294.
platyphyllum Merr., 294,
villarii Vid., 293.

Vallisneria gigantea Graebn., 229.

| Valsaceae, 377.
| Verbenacese, 108, 240, 298.

Verbesina calendulacea Linn., 111.

Vernonia cinerea {Linn.) Less., 242.
patula (Ait.) Merr., 242.

Vesicularia amboinensis Broth., 78.

dubyana (C. Mill.) Broth., 78.

montagnei (Bel.) Broth., 78.

scaturiginum (Brid.) Broth., 79.

Vigna lutea A. Gray., 236.

Violaceae, 286.

Vitaceae, 237, 281.

Vitex heterophylla Wall., 108.
loureiriit Hook. & Arn., 108.
parviflora Juss., 240. :

quinata (Lour.) F, N. Williams, 108.

trifolia Linn., 240.
Ww

Waltheria americana Linn., 237.
Wedelia bifflora (Linn.) R. Br., 242.
calendulaca Less., 111.
calendulacea Pers., 111,
chinensis (Osbeck) Merr., 111.
hispida HBK., 111.

Index

Weinmannia luzoniensis Vid., 268.
simplicifolia Merr., 263.
Wendlandia luzonensis DC., 241.
Wikstroemia pachyphylla Merr., 297.
viridifolia Meissn., 297.
Wolffia arrhiza Wimm., 101.
Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr., 239.

x

Xanthostemon bracteatus Merr., 289.
| philippinensis Merr., 289.

391

} verdugonianus Naves, 289.

Xylariaceae, 878.

| Xylaria coniformis Fr., 879.

| luzonensis Henn., 379.
oocephala Penz., 379.
setocephala Yates, 379.

Zeuxine amboinensis J. J. Sm., 253.
Zornia diphylla Pers., 286.

O