Kienibill oe Roge Shore.
Brady, Andrew John, Lic. K. & Q. Coll. Phys. Jrel., Liz. R.
Col rel. errace
Brazier, John, C.M.Z.8., Corr. M.R.S., Tas., 82, Windmill-street.
Brereton, John Le Gay, M. D. St. Andrew's, L.R.C.8. Edin.,
Domair. Terrace
Brindley, Thomas, St. Stephen’s House, Bligh-street, Newtown.
Bro a9 me W. A., The Hon., M.L.C, F.R.G.S8., 133, Macquarie-
Brooks, a tar F.R.G.S8., —— Bank,” Nelson-st., Woollahra.
Brown, Henry a Neweas
Bro sian: John mgeytae
Brown, Thom: « Rockleigh,” Edward-street, North Shore.
Bullock, ay Gyrus, 2, Eu roka Terrace, St. Leo nards,
Bundock, W. C., ‘“‘ Wyangarie,” Cas
Burnell, ‘Arthur, “ Clapton,” Portes
Burton, Edmund, Land Titles Office, Blizabeth- street North.
Busby, The Hon. ‘Wiliam, M.L.C., “ Redleaf,” South Head
Roa
Bush, Thoin rss Engineer’s Office, Gas Works, Sydney.
Jadell, Alfred, ‘petals Sek: New England.
Jadell, Hon. Thomas, M.L ustralian Club.
Yaird, George S., Tallin rice Ocean-street, Woollahra,
Jampbell, Senet "L.R.C. rj a Yass.
Jampbell, The on. Alexander, M -L.C., “ Rosemont,” Woollahra.
AAMRA20
Jampbell, The Hom Charles, M.L.C., “Clunes,” South Kingston,
XXXVI
ss i oy > teers, Surveyor, Trig. Branch, Phe
ral’s
Case Revd. Seas, M.A., “The Parsonage,” Glen Innes.
Cane, Alfred, 110, Victoria- street.
Cape, Alfre “ Karoola,” Edgecliff Road.
Carruthers Chas. “ali ‘4 z Q.C.P., L.R.C.8., Irel., Montazue-
Balmai
Chadwick, Robert, ' * Arlington,” pent Road, Woollahra.
Chandler, Alfred, “Wam 5% Homebush.
Chambers, Thos., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. Rain. 1. Lyons’ Terrace.
1 |tChard, J. 8., District Barceher r, Armi
Chatfield, Captn. Willia: m, Smith-street, Parra
Chesterman, Alfd. Hy., LS., Surveyor Gen pain Office
Chisholm, Edwin, MRCS 52S DBAS beg. © Abergeldie,”
Ashfield.
Chisholm, William, M.1I)., Zond., 199, Macquarie-street North.
Codrington, John Fre dk., M. eng . E.; Lic. B.C. Phys., L. ;
C. Phys., Edin., Ora
Collie, Reva. Robert, F.L. ’8., “The Manse,” Wellington-street,
Ne
ry
ip eg George, * Rossdhu,” Darlinghurst Roa
py, ae enry Cox, M.A., “ Clinton,” Liverpool-street, Darling-
Colyer Toh ohn Ussher Cox, A.S.N. Company, Sydney.
Comrie, sae, - — cares y ” Kurrajong Heights.
Conder, Wm , Cha irman, Local Land Board, Cooma.
Conlan, George Nugenk, FR. G.S., care of Mr. C. E. Riddell,
Union Clu
Copelan ad Hz. i S.W.S. Camp, Narellan.
Cornwell, ewe] junr., Kent Brewery, Sydney.
Cottee, Wm. Alfred * a! ai g-street.
Cox, The mer n. George Henry, M.L.C., “ Winbourn,” Penrith.
sae Cox, James, s, M. D. Edin. O.M.ZS., FL. S8., 73, Hunter-street.
P 1| Cox, Sant. plage F. C. i GS., i Victoria Terrace, Miller-
street, Nort
is Cracknell, E. C. dy pentaneision of Telegraphs, Telegraph Office,
George-street.
ee
Creed, The Hon. J. Mildred, M.L.C., M.R.C.8. Zng., L.R.C.P.,
in., Wool oes
Croudace, Thomas
Crummer, Henry, 4 Rialto “Terrace, ~_ae
Cunningham, Andrew, Lanyon, Quea
teen James Neale, Head Master, The Queen’s School, Sydney.
Daintrey, Edwin, “ olia,” Randwick.
etary». Pinal Frederi ck, M.R.C.S. London, 329, Cleveland-
stre dfern.
ianee: "Prederic k H., “ Grantham,” Potts’s y Ron
Darley, Cecil West, “ ctnaeha” Elizabeth Ba
Darley, Hon = M., M.L.C., B.A., Wattworth Court, Eliza-
h-stree
Bape ty Sir Samuel, K.C.M.G., “Beaumont,” Adelaide,
South Australia.
P9
XXXvVil
od et J.P., 54 Castlereagh-street.
esville.
Dean
Deck, ys eld, 2 M.D., Ashfield
Deffell, cat , Chief Commissioner, Insolvency Court,
Philli
p-st
agg eopol H., 378, George-street.
De he Hon. Le eopold Fane, M.L.C., ‘Tharwa,”
Que te
Dight, rere Richmond.
cae W. A., F.C.S., Fellow and atone Inst. of Chemistry
of Gt. Britain and Irel., Lecturer on Chemistry, The Tech-
nical College, School of ‘Arts, Pitt-street, Sydney
Dixon, Fletcher, ha Oe Scottish, and pn sac Chartered
ank, Georg :
Dixson, Craig, MB. ‘CM, os oer Eng., M.D. Syd.,
2 don Terrace, Misecbesieatals
, Claren
Dixson, Thomas, M.B., Mast. Surg., Edin., es Were oe
Docker, Ernest B., M qv Sydn., “ Carhullen,” tres
Docker, Wilfred hi, “‘ Nyrambla,”’ Paes ry
Donkin, J. B., The Exchange, seg g
Douglas, Temnne; L.R.C.S. Edi Hope T errace, Glebe sae
; : fae
Wi ” BI
illiam Hedin, Fellow of Ad Inst. of Bankers rs, Lond.,
Colonial Bank of New Zealand, Napier, N.Z.
Du Faur, Eccleston, F.R.G.S., “ Marfa, i Croydon.
Eales, Hon. John, M.L.C., Duckenfield Park, prorpeth.
Egan, Myles, M.R.CS. Eng., 136, Elizabet h-stree
Eichler, Charles F., M.D. Ficidelberg, M.R.C.S. Eng, Bridge-
Eldred, W. H., 62, a
Elliott, F. me ’Elizabeth
Ellis, st ., M.B., Ch. B. B. Univ. Dub., 3, Bayswater Houses,
Eyans, te Ba, Como,” Darling Poin
Evans, a M.R.C.S., #., 211, meee -street North.
Ewan, Jol John Frazer, M. B, Mast. ’Surg. Univ. ZEdin., Carlton
e, Wynyard Square.
Fairfax, Edward R., 145, Macquarie-street.
Fairfax, James R., Herald Office, Hunter-street.
Ferguson, J. W., 70, Darlinghurst
Fiaschi, Thos., M.D., M. Ch., Univ. Pisa, 39, Phillip-street.
Firth, Rey. Frank, Wesleyan 'Parso ‘arsonage, Wave rley
‘ -R. L. 2OP, Lond.;
G.S8.; F.LS.; F.R.MS.; Member Imp. Botanical and
———s Society, Vienna; Corr. Member Imp. Geographica
Hf Vi
| Fitzgerald, R D., F.LS8., Deputy-Surveyor-General, Sydney. _
1881
rag’ |
P|
P2
XxXxviil
Flavelle, John, 340, George-street
Forbes, Alexr. Leith, M.A., Dept. of Public Instruction.
{Foreman, Joseph, M.R.C.S ., L.R.C.P., Edin., 161, Macquarie-
Foster, W. J., M.L.A., Temple Court, King-street.
Fraser, Robert, Vickery’s E Buildings ay rere
Fraser, Rev. John G., M.A., Ward of Camden Colle
Fraser, John, B.A., Edin, “Délégué. Gé néral noid POoéanie ),
de iInstitati ion n Ethno graphique de Paris, Associate of the
‘Vict - — pica!) Institute a “Great Britain, ¢/o
Rov. nvie, Manse, West Mai
Furber, = P, if Ciitton, ” Burwood.
Gardiner, Rey. Andrew, M.A., Glebe
Gardiner, bore one Examiner, Department of Public Instrue-
Har tanmor
Garnsey, Rev. 7 O r Christ Chur sh P arsona ans Sydney.
weer Andrew, LL.D. , Sydney Morning Herald Office, Hunter-
reet.
Garret, H. Edwd., M.R.C.S.E., 37, egg Square West.
a eg M.L. hs East St. Leo ards.
Gade, Charles omen ‘ Eastbou enter ’ Darling Point.
George, Hugh, ers % Morning 2 feos ld Office.
orge-st
George, oer
Gerard, cis, Cro nds Office.
Gibbs, 3: ed 70, P iota rth.
rates W. O., “ Greenkn rie Potts’s
Gill, Rev. Wm. Wyatt, 3. sh Lond., Pees: ” ‘Taw arra Road,
Merriokril mp
Gipps, F. B., C ** Maic ou Chandos-street, Ashfield.
nomenig siaise oe The Exchange, New Pitt-street
Goergs, Karl W., Riviere Cation Woollahra.
Go ode, George, A M.D:, M. Ch. , Trin. Coll., Dub., Enfield
Hou en
Goode, Wa. 1 M.A., M.D., Ch.M., Diplomate in State
Medicine, Dub., Surgeon Royal Navy, Corres. Mem. Royal
Dublin Society, Mem. Brit. Med. Assoc., Lecturer on
Medical Turispradenee, University of Sydney, 159, Mac-
et Nort.
quarie-stre
Goodlet, - oh. te “arta -street.
Graham m., .C., Stratheam House,
Waverl
Griffin, Gilderoy Wells, Consul for the United ae of t Anson,
12, Beresford Cha ae Castlereagh-st
Griffin, T. H. F., Com ercial Bank, Ri oretees
Griffiths, Frederick C., - palagattent;* ‘Greenknowe,” 56, Mac-
Griffiths, G. G. Neville, The Domain,
Sydney.
i p. ae” ‘‘ Cantab., late Fellow of St. John’s College
cee, AF Sone? of Mathematics and N. Natural Phi-
losophy, University of Sydney.
P2
ae
P2
XXXIX
Haege, Hermann, 93, Pitt-stree
Hall, Richard T., “Thornto age r William
Halligan, Gerald. BS AES OR iii aa Hunters Bi 8 Hill.
3 h
Hankins, Geo. Thos, M.R.C.S.E., treet, Hyde Park..
Hargray nO aN a; it Villas, cate 8 om Roa d.
tHarris, Toh, = A., ‘ Bulw ;’ Jones-street, Ultimo
5 a acquarie Place
Hart, Tova, elo a essrs. Hart & Curtis, ‘ Avenel,” High-
street, St.
Haswell, Wil a eC As n, M.A., B.Sc., Demonstrator of
Com oat ome and Physiology, University of Sydney:
ye n Club.
Hawkins, HS gs aay:
Hay, Th e Hon. Sir J K.C.M.G., M.L.C., A.M. Aberdeen,
weatgg of the Legis moms Council, Rose Bay, Woollahra.
Heaton, J. H., M.P., St. Stephen’s Club, Westminster, London.
Hein "Albert, Ph. D., — — ey University.
Henry, James, sat orge-s
Henson, Joshua B ox E., Antal City Engineer, Town Hall,
y' oe,
Herborn, E. W. L., ‘ Flinton,”’ Burwood.
Herborm Eugen ne, Licensed gg: ee std Bathurst.
Heron, Henry, solicitor, 53,
Hewett, Wee Edward, ‘tech ers Coleg, Sydney.
Higgins, R. G « Clifford, ” Potts’s
Hills, Robert, “Blizabet h Ba
sida scam neo Lytton, “ Florence,” Victoria-street North,
Dar
Hirst, a D “377, George-street.
Hoff, ‘August (changed name from Duckershoff) M.D. Univ.
e, Woollahra.
Houison, ee B.A., a OMe, ae 128, Phillip-street.
> Cam pbellto
bowen Robert, Fe ic 8. , Deputy Masterct: of the Royal Mint, Sydney,
reas
io een MB , Univ. Lond., Mast. Surg. Univ. Edin.,
28, Gallows “street, "Hyde Park.
Inglis, James, M.L.A., “ Craigo,” Redmyre.
Tredale, Lancelot, A.F., Goolhi, Gunnedah.
Jackson, Arthur Levett, Government Printing Office
Jackson, Henry Willan, M.R.C.S. Eng., Lic. R. C. Phys., Edin.,
146, Phillip-street.
ackson, Rev. H. L., M.A. (Cantab.), St. James’s Parsonage,
Jarvie, Rev. A. Milne, Univ. Council, Edin., Manse, Jamieson-
street... : |
P2
xl
Jefferis, Rev. James, LL. ae “The Retreat,’ mie
Jenkins, Edward Johnsto , M.A., M.B on, M.R.C.P.,
M.R.C.S., L.8.A., Boal, Delis Alfred ‘Hoepital
Johnson, James W., “ Brooks sby,” Double Bay.
Jones, James Aberdeen, Lic. B.C. Phys. Edin., Booth-street
Balm
Jones, Richard ‘Sor. pam M.D. Sydn., L.R.C.P. Edin., “ Caer
Idyis,” Ashfield
Jones, P. Sydney, M.D. Z , E.R.C.S. Eng., ee
Jones, award Lloyd, 349, grocer street, Sydney
Jones, James, Bathurst-streot
Tre
North Shor
Jones, Llewellyn h Ohad Russell, 33, Cashiieiegs- -street.
Josephson, Joshua Frey, F.G.S., Bellevue Hill, Double Bay
Josephson, a.P ., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E. , George-street, Macsiiks
ville.
J peter Numa, Hunter’s Hill.
r, H. E., “ Mount Broughton,” Moss Vale.
Keele, Sowa .Wm., Harbours and Rivers Department, Phillip-
ioe John, a rae rg eee
Kendall, Theod B.A., F.B.C.S., F.R.C.P., F.M., 36,
College- ~itenil, Hyde P ark.
King, Hon. Philip G, ML. L.C., “ Banksia,” William-street,
Double Bay.
Knaggs, Saml. T., M.D., 16, College-str
Knibbs, G. H., Trig. Branch Susrepit inal Ws Office.
Knox, Geor rge, "M.A., Cantab., Phillip-street
x
Kopsch, G., 8, Boulevard, Petersham.
Kyngdon, F. B., 221, Darlinghurst Road.
rile he H., M.D. Aberde im L.; M.B.CS., #3
+» Aberdeen, “ Altona,” North Sho
Se n, eran: L.S.A., Medl. ais ‘King’s Coll. Lond.,
69, Darlinghurst Road.
Lackey, had Hon. John, M.L.C., bpp Club.
Lane, Willm. H. H., 6, Bligh-stre
Latta, G. J., “ Tawthorea” Crvstehichvent Petersham »
Laure, Sa Thos., M.D. Surg. Univ. Paris, 138, Castiaienghe
tLeibins, ‘Adolph, Ph.D., Heidelberg, M.A., F.C.S.; Senior
rani the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint, Hon.
&
Lendenfel 1d. Dr. R. aes “Glenburn,” High-street, North Shore.
Tolan Phe k, B. ni deies ir Pri Waverley.
‘Alfred, Observa’
Sains. sae ee pee tol, Elizabeth-street.
Elected.
1
1872
1874
1881
1879
1876
1882
1878
1880
1881
883
Pu
P4
xli
Little, Wm., L.R.C. ng L. — i Burwood.
tLiversidge, Archibald, F soc. Roy. Sch. Mines, Zond.;
F.C.S, 1. Inst. ciamiase re “Gt. Brit. and Irl. ; F.G.S.;
F.LS.; TR .G.8.; Mem. Phy. Soc. London ; Mem. Minera
logical Soc. Gt. Brit. a nd Irel. ; Cor. Mem . Roy. Soc. Tas. ;
or. Mem. Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt ; Cow. Mem. See.
d’ Acclimat. a serene el. pe
oe m. Min. Soc nee; Professor of Chem mistry ond
Mineralogy 4 the. Mininenity of re President. The
University, G
lebe.
Lloyd, wees rge Alfred, F.R.G.S., M.L.A., ‘“Scottforth,” Eliza-
Lloyd, tans ot T., “ Eurotah,”’ William-street Eas
Loftus, His Txelioney The Right Hon. Lord Pama G.C.B,
es — a iden
Lord is rancis, M.L. C. North Sho
Lovell, % Haynes, M.R. nen L.R.C. Ps rey , 26 , Wynward Sq.
Low, Hamilton, H.M. Cus
Low, Andrew S., = Merrylands, ’ Granville.
Lowe, Edwin, Wilgar Downs Station, via Girilambone.
MacCormick Alexr., M.D., M.B., Ch.M. Xdin., Dy R.CS.E.,
Demonstrator of ’ Anatomy, University of Sydne
M‘Culloch, A. H., jun., M.L.A., 121, Pitt-street.
M‘ Cutcheon, _ Warner, Assayer to the Sydney Branch of the
MacDonald, asta ** Woerden,” Cambridge-street, Stanmore.
MacDonnell William J., F.R.A.S., Bank of New South Wales,
acquarie.
MacDonnell, aaiineal 312, George-street, Sydney.
MacGillivray, P. H., M.A..M.R.C.S — = Sandhurst, Victoria.
M‘Kay, Dr., Belmont House, Wyny: uare.
M‘ Kinney; Hugh G, Assoc. Mem. “leak C. E., Atheneum Club,
Hunte
MacLaurin, Hen nr ry coerrn M.A., ee —_ Edin., Lic, R.
Coll. Sur. Edin., No. 155 ? Macquari
‘tMacPherson, Rev. Pete ter, M. We 187, Aibeob-aareake Sydney.
Mac anes "John, F.G.S., Risminer of Coal Fields, Newcastle.
Mackenzie, W. F., M.B.CS., L.R.C.P. Edin., Eng., Lyons’
Terra
Mac sedi Rev. P. F., “Sydenham,” Reserve-street, North
Annan .
Mackenzie, R. M., Bond-st
Mackenzie, John "Bower, MI rs C. E., Engineer's Office, Govern-
ment Doe kyard, Biloela, Sydney.
+Mackellar, The Hon. Chas. Kinnard, M.L.C., A.M., M.B., C.M.,
Glas , Macquarie-street.
Madsen, Hans. tae ere House, Queen-street, Newtown.
Maher, W. Co M.D., Queen’s Univ. Jrel., 20, College-
street, H
e Park.
Maiden, cake ie .y Technological Museum, Sydney.
xlir
Elected.
1878 Maitland, ee — “ Afreba,” Stanmore Road.
1873 Makin, G. E.,
1880 Manfred, Edmund ac, or nta greeny —
1877 Mann, John F., « Kere punu,” Neu
1881 Manning, Sir Ww. M . eee Judge, * Walleroy,”
dgecliff Road, Woo
1873.|P 6) Manning, James, pBgiericre 4 Milson’ 8 Point, North Shore.
1876 Manning, Frederic Norton, M.D. Univ. St. An d.. M.R.C.S.
Eng., Lic. 8oc. Apoth. Lond., Waders Hill.
1869 Mansfield, G.A., 121, Pitt streak,
1880 —, G. V.,M.D. Univ. Naples, Clarendon Terrace, Elizabeth-
1878 Markey, 5 ames, L.R.C.S., Irel., L.R.C. Phys., Edin., Regent-
: reet.
1885 ser James Surfleet, The City Bank, Sydne
1872 a The rece Rev. Dr., Bishop ‘of Bathurst, Bathurst.
1876 —_ a M.D. Univ. Glas., Lic BR. Coll. 8. Edin.,
1879 Masters, Pag « Lurlei,’’ Marrickville.
1875 Mathews, R. H., TP , L.S., Singleton.
1879 ope pee Robert, Tu mut- rect, Adelor
1879 Meslée, E. Marin de la, Surveyor On Office
1873 Milford, ¥., . D. He rests M.R.C.S. Eng., 8 Clarendon
errace, ‘Hyde e Par
1876 Millard, Rev. Henry Shaw, Newcastle Grammar School.
1885 Miller, Wm. Ene AR C.E., Bach. Eng. Q.U.I, Box 923,
i¢
1884 | Mills, Waiter Wallace, East-street, Marrickville.
1882 Mi Ison, Alfred G., East St. Leonards.
Milson, James, ‘‘ Elamang,” _— Shore.
1875 Moir, James, 58, Margaret-stree
1875 Montefiore, E. ey arlinghurst
1850 | P 5 |+Moore, Charles, Fr, <7 8., Director of the Botanic Gardena,
Botanic os
1879 Moore, Fred. H sitiolanes Buildings.
1883 Morley, Frederick, 47, Surry-street, Darlinghurst.
1865 | P 1] Morrell, G. A., C.E., 156, Pitt-street.
1877 |P 1 a William, Fel. Fac. Phys. and Surg. tbe F.R.M.S.
Lond., 53, Soper sienna ge Vice-President
1880 — David, Rie erfield.
1882 Moss, ri nig. scorer t.
1879 Mou Adrian Cs —_ Surveyor, Town Hall.
1877 tMullens, ek ¥.R.G-S., Eldon Chambers, Pitt-street.
er John Francis Lane, M.A., 2 Macleay Heights, Potts’s
oint.
1885, Munro, Andrew Watson, M.B., C.M., 5 Carlton Terrace,
Wynyard Square.
1865 Mecaie. M. E.,* nay wr i“ ripragae
1876 tMurray, W. G., 93, Pitt
1876 Myles, had. Henry, «Di coal Burwood.
et
a]
a
xlili =
Neill, William, City Bank, Pit
na A. L. P., City Bank, Pitt-st
ewbery, William, oa A. (Cantab. ys ‘Sydney Grammar School. -
Newton Dr. J. L., Mudgee.
Norrie, ’ Andrew, "M. D., Mast. Surg., Aberdeen Univ., 171,
Liverpoo ol-street, Hyde P ark.
Norton, James, Hon. . M.L. C. ., solicitor, O’Connell-street.
Nott, Thom , M.D. Aberdeen, M.R.C.S. Eng., Ocean-street,
Woo
Nowien, Pn i “ Kelah,”’ West Maitland.
O’Connor, Dr. Maurice, 26, College-street, Hyde Park.
Oo’ Connor, Richd. Edwd., M.A., Wentworth Court, Elizabeth-
Ori, Fames i. Commercial Bank of Australia, Pitt-street,
Syd
ia Ant Murray, M.D., Univ. Zdin., Liverpool-street,
O'Reilly, Ww. W. _ M.D., M.C., Q. Univ. Irel., M.R.C.S., Eng.,
Liverpool-str
O’ Reilly, Rev. Alex: cog = re a , Hayfield, Parramatta.
Osborne, Benjn. M., J.P.
Park, Archd. eon Saban — Land Board, Hay.
aling, W. H., 356, Geor,
Palmer, J. H., aa ‘slative. Assembly
Palmer, Joseph, 133, Pitt-stree
Palmer, Edward (M.L.A., Goneiihleatl c/o Messrs. B. D.
Morehead & Co., Brisbane.
Parrott, Major Tho: — 8., C.E., 56, oo King-street.
Paterson, Hugh, 2 9, Macquarie-stree
Paterson, James x Union aT Pit tte -stree
Patel n, Alexander, M.D., M.A., “ Hillerest, ” Stanmore Road.
edley, “Deseseal R., Carlton Terrace, bal iocomgs Square.
Perdriau, Stephen i S — emont,’’ Balmai
Perkins, an As,
Philip, Alexr., L.K. ‘tod 1 QCP., Trel., U.R.C.S., Irel., 540, Park
View Terrace, Crown-street, Surry Hills.
Pickburn, Thomas, M.D. Aberdeen, Ch. M., M.R.C.S. Eng., 40,
College-street.
os Edwd. Fisher, L.S., Department of ee Sydney.
Poate, Frederi e, Government Surveyor, Sum ill.
Pockley, Thos. p. G., Commercial Bank, Singleton
oolman, F., “ Restdown,” inhatiat, ’ Melbourne.
a) > Dooald, Tamworth.
Potts, F. H., “ ‘Hydebrae,” Coventry Road, Homebush.
re
P2
P3
P 32
xliv
| Quaife, Fredk. Harrison, M.D., Mast. Surg. Univ. Glas.,
‘** Hughenden,” Queen-street, Woollahra.
Quodling, W. H., “ Couranga,’’ Redmyre Road, Burwood.
tRamsay, Edward, LL.D. (Univ. St. And.), ¥.L.S., Curator
of the Au stralian Museum, College-street.
tRatte, A. Felix, “Ingen. Arts et ‘Ma nut,’ igsine “ Officier
d’ Acad. i
Readi , 33, pclae street.
Reid, Wiliam Peace Jot oe Bank, Sydne
Rennie, Edwd, H., M.A D.Se. deat Protons of
Chem istry, University, Adelaide
Renwick, The Hon. Arthur, B A. Sydn. M.D. Edin., F.R.C.S,
din., M. L.A., 295, Elizabeth-stree
Roberts, Sir Alfred, M.R.C.S. Eng., Hon. Mem. Zool. and Bot.
Soc. Vienna, Bridge-street.
ee che C. J., C.M.G., M.L.A. Lage icra ” Potts’s Point.
Robertson, Thomas, solicits; 85, Pitt-st
{Rolleston, Chratophe oa M.G., Palmer- sche St. Leonards East.
Rolleston, John C., 4 Northelif, ” Milson’s Point.
Ross, J. Graft ton, oO’ Emad
atts eal ABM, Hospital for the Insane, Glades-
. Elsey Fairfax, M.D. Brux., 145, Macquarie-street North.
Roth, Reuter Emerich, M.R.C.S. Hng., 42, College-street, Hyde
ar
Rothe, Ww. H., Union Club.
Rowlin ng, Dr., Cox, , Parainatta
tRussell, Henry C., Syd., F.R.A.S., F.M.S., Hon. Mem.
S. Aust . Inst., Ea Astronomer, Sydney Observa-
ory.
Sahl, Charles L., German Consul, Consulate of the German
s, Rob rt, 374, Ge eorge- -stre
cme Rud = M. D., Univ. ieetddagas: Lic. Soc. Apoth. Zond.,
10, Coll
Schulze, spnsthige 1, George- -street
{Scott, ool ei ees = A. Cantab., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soe. Vic.,
wil aed
| Selfe, Norman, C.E., MI. OB. © ea Balnain.
ames Burleigh, ifton Wood, Yass.
Sharp, Henry, Green Hills, Adelong.
Pi
Pt
xiv
Revd.
lle Univer is
gegen Walter, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., “ Lauraville,”’
‘am
rd, Rev. G., B.A.
Shewen, Alfred, M.B., a Cele London, M.R.C.S.E,
ive
Sinclair, ‘Eric, M.B., CM. Univ. Glasgow, Lunacy Dept.,
Glades ville Hospital for the Insane
Sinclair, Sutherland, Secretary , Australian M
Skirving, Ro
Park.
ttery, Thomas, M.L.A., Premier Terrace, 169, William-street,
oomooloo.
Sloper, Fredk. Eva’ eg Liv st a ay
‘Gary
1 Olytie, 7 Daningire
Smith, Robt. Burdett, M.L.A., 203, actuert e-street North.
Sm “es Fredc. Moore, M.D., M. R.CS., Coast Hospital, Little
it x a Monsell, Union Club.
ae see Thos., ae Castlereagh -street.
, John, L.R.C.P., C.8., Edin., 149 Elizabeth- street,
are yde Pa ark,
Stephen, George Milner, B.A., F.G.S., Mem. Geol. Soc. of Ger-
vide g Mem ge . Hist. Soc., Dresden; F.R.GS. of
“ Almavi le,’ * Pyrmont Bridge e Roa
eps. grad lo ~ South o ae
F. 0
Stephen, Alfred Glebe
seg, mee yey J ohn, M bie _, Professor of Natural His-
t he University of Sydn = " l; tape rties Road.
Stephen, Cec DB. M. one 101, Elizabeth-stree
Strange, F k. R.,
t, J hin! Rendall, “ ‘Birtley,” Elizabeth Bay Road.
Strouse Wm. Edmund, M.D., Aberdeen, M.R.C.S., Eng., Liver-
Stuart, § Sir Alexander, K.C.M.G., Sydney.
Stuart, aoa , MI. = Cross- eed, Double Bay.
Stuart. m8 r. nde D., Univ. Edin., Professor of
Anato’ my and Physio doad 3 in the eo of Sydney.
Styles, G. Mildi ahall, semen ercial Bank, George-street.
Sunderland, Rev. J. P., 19, Wentworth Court, Elizabeth-street.
Suttor, The Hon. Wm. Hen nry, M. “ey o;* Cangoura,” Bathurst.
Syer, Frank Weston, 89, Pitt-stree'
arrant, fetes Sy M.R.C.S., M.L.A., a
of R. Harper + & Co, 100; Creorge-stteet.
Thom manos H. A, tales ston, Tasmania.
Thompson, Joseph, = Trahlee,” Bellevue Hill, "ogee Bay.
Tho: James, 139, Pitt-street, Sydne
1883
-xlvi
Thompson, John Ashburton, M.D. Brux., Health Department,
ie ne
Thomas, i F. J., Hunter River, _ S.N , Sussex-street.
ora Hon. Geo eorge, M.L , 377, Gare -street.
Tibbits, Walter Hugh, M.R. C. x Eng nly.
Toohey, J. T., ‘‘ Moira,” Burwood.
Townsend, G. , C.E., Rooty Hill
Traill, Mark W., "LR.OP. Lond., M.B.C.S.E., Burwood.
mTrebeck, Prosper N., Hunter-street
Trebeck, P. C., Hunter- ioe _ t.
Trebeck, Tom B, M.A , Univ., “Leyton” 72, Elizabeth Bay.
Trickett, W.J ,M. Li. As; 3 airlight, ” Edgecliff oad, Woollahra.
routo FB. oy ; wee Co omp' any’s O ces, Sydn
t{Tucker, G. A., P Minnesota,” Johnston- posits Annandale.
Tucker, Se bi “« ‘cuiee ?? North Shore
Tulloh, W. H., “‘ Airlee,” pr Scare Point Road, North Shore.
Tuxen, Peter Wilhelm, i. S., Survey Office, Sydney.
Twynam, George Edwd., L.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S.E., “ Cleone,”
West-street, Petersha
Vause, Arthur J., M.B., C.M., Hdin., Bay View House, Tempe.
ne Felice, 16, Puides Spezia, Italy.
Vern ese ter N., M.S.A., “ Clytha ” House, Neutral Bay,
St.
Voss, Houlton Hi, J.P., Goulburn.
olor, H. O., Australian General Assurance Co., 97, Pitt-
Walker, Philip B., ee Office, Geor e-street
ant, Sydney A., “© Cara ma,’ Mi — = Point, North Shore.
a "MRS. Tar, , Nort
Wardell, W. W., Fellow Bosal ae of British Architects,
Lond., Member ae Civil Engineers, Lond., “ Upton
Grange,” St. Leonar
Warren, William Ripert: a and M.Ch., Queen’s Univ.
aa 243, Elizabeth street, Sydney
Warren, Ww. ‘HL, C.E., Professor of Engi meceint University of
Sydney, _ Madeley,” London-street, Enmore.
os , John Leo, B.A. Cantab., M.A. “Syd., 121, Elizabeth-
Wasa, J.,M.A., Syd., “Sauchie House,” Church-street,
West Maitland.
ai
Watson, C. Russell, M.R.C.S., Eng., “ Morevale,” Newtown.
Watt, Alfred Joseph, 528, Geo
Watt, Charles, sina t, Treasury Buildings.
Waugh, Isaac, M.B., M.C., sc Sam aoesesag
8., Gresham Chambers.:
| Webster, AS.
1884.
1879
1875
1884
Pl
xlvii
Weigall, Albert Bythesea, B.A. Oxon., oe i ee
of the Byiney oie ieee School, ol, College-stree
a sdlieitor, os Tesco, E ’ Blizabeth Bay.
Weston, W. %; pring-stre
tWhitfeld, ie, "B.A. parson ‘The Grammar School, ee
White, Rev. James 8., M.A., LL.D Syd., “Gowrie,” Bay
White, Hon. J saa M. om a «Cranbrook, ” Double
tw STW
Moo
"Whitelegge, "Thomas, a oarurne Museu, “College- -street.
Wiesener, T. F., 334, George-stree
+ Wilkinson ae 8., F. G. S., P.LS., swsmaslices Geologist, Depart-
— of 3 pee
Wilkinson t. Bliss, M.L.A., 12, Spring-stree
Wilkinson, iter Sa — weg House, Regent- ie Petersham.
FWilkin th Camac, M.D., M.R.C.P. Lond, , MROS.E.,
rz con Dy Manquanib- -street North, Hon. Secretary.
Williams, oom ward, Treasury.
Williamson, a a Collir, M.D., Hospital for the Insane,
‘ea
Wilshir eo M., Berr
Wilshire cf! aon > ?,, 3 rt »” Burwood.
Wilson, F. A. A, Mercantile Bank, 8 ydn
Windeyer, W. C. -A., Syd., Puisne J aioe King-street.
i , Hyde Park.
Club.
e, Campbellto
a he eo Ten nison-, 110, Fitzroy- street, pati Park,
Woo B. Wa 1, Hill a edhe
Waeke, oe es eric, M. PS ett-s
tWright, a Gees M. E c. 8. ng, Se ee Square, Vice-
Presid
Wright, Rew. “Edwin H., St. Stephen’s, Bourke.
oe
Q
2s
3.5
ned
Yeomans, Allan, Gilgoin, vid Byrock.
Young, John, Young's Buildings, corner of Pitt & Park Streets.
Honorary Members.
Limited to Twenty.
M., recipients of the oar Medal.
Cantah. et Edin, F-RS., Baca Be House, Croom’s
Hill, Greenwich hak S.E. : Re
rt
nga |
M
P3
P14
ai
Bernays, Lewis A., F.L.S., F.R.G-S.,
Cockle, His Honor Sir J ames, ay Chior a oT ‘of Queensland,
.S., Ealing, Lon
De Kéninck, Prof., M.D., » Libge, Belgium
Ellery sbert By F. pte FE.R.AS., Government Astronomer of
Viet a, Melbou:
Grogors ‘Acgostus Chasse, C.M.G., F.R.G.S., Geological Sur-
Haast De. Saline von,O.M M.G., Ph. D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professo:
of Geology, Canterbury Colle ege, and Director of the Caribe
ury Museum, Sgorage: ge New Zealand.
Hector, — s, C.M.G., FE. RSs rece of the Colonial
Museum and Golan Sis of et Zealand, Wellington.
Ae Geom ‘Sir — ph Dalton, K.C.S.I., M.D., C.B., , &
Director of the oe Gardens, Kew
Huxley, Professor, F.R.S ere D., F.G. he F.Z.8., F.LS.,
r of Natural History in the Royal School of
on
M‘Coy, Frederick, F.R.S., F.G.S., Hon . FOL S. OCMLZSs
Professor of Natural Science in Melbourne University,
A bias Palwontolog ist, eo Diwotes of the National
Melbou
co faca Picdiaked von, K.C.M.G., * D., Ph.D., F.B.S.,
overnment Botanist, Melbourn
Owen, Professor Sir R., K.0.B., MoD. DO. L.; LG.D., PES
PGS, V.E28. &e., &e., The British Museum, “London,
W.C.
Pasteur, Louis, M.D , Pari
yer eat Dra Direolos ‘of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide,
South A
Tyndall, en DOL, , LL.D., Cantab., F.G.S., &.,
Professor of Natural ‘Philotophy in the Royal Institution,
- , Lond
Walker, Thomas, aralla, Osneeed.
Waterhouse, F. G., - ot am a M.Z.S., Curator of the Museum,
‘Adelai
Woods, Rev. at i “Tenis F.G.S., F.L.8., Hon. Mem. ae
y- Soc A — nia, Hon.
Soc., Victoria, Hon
Adelaide Phil Soc., Hon. ies tact ueeiee
. Mem. Linnean Soc., N.8.W., “ke. “Tion Club, Sydney.
CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Limited to Twenty-five.
— Hyde, V.P. Anthropological Institute, 32, St. George’s
Square, London, S.W.
Etheridge, Robert, ; junr., F.G.S., &e., The British Museum.
Feistmantel, Ottokar, M. Dy Geo. logical Survey, Calcutta.
Miller, F. B., F.C.S., Melbourne Mint
Ward, Sir Edward, K.C.M.G., hbajoe.checunel, R.E., Cannes,
France,
xlix
Oxitvary, 1885.
Ordinary Members.
ens ves Dre. Wigram.
Fort
Renwick, Dr. G. I
Smith, —— “Profesor, C. M.G., M.L.C.
Wallis, W
West, Dr. 3 ots
AWARDS or tHe CLARKE MEDAL.
Established in memory of
Tur tate Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.B.S., F.G.S., &.,
To be
logy,
Vice-President from 1866 to 1878.
en from time to time for meritorious contributions to the
ralogy, or Natural a of Australia, to men of science,
Geo Mineral
whether eaidaath i in Australia or elsewhere
1878.
1879.
1
1884.
1885.
1886.
Professor Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., F.R.S., Hampton Court,
Mr. George Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Royal Gardens, Kew.
Professor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London.
Professor F. M‘Coy, F.R.S., F.G.S., The University of Melbourne.
Professor James Dwight Dana, LL.D., Yale College, New Haven,
Conn., United States of America
Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, KOMG, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
F.L.S., Government Botanist, Melbourne.
Dr. Alfred R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the
Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I.,C.M., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D.,
&e., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew
Professor L. G. De Koninck, M.D., University of Liege, Belgium.
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
By H. C. Russett, B.A., F.R.A.S., &c., President.
[Delivered to the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 May, 1885.]
GENTLEMEN, —
The Report of the Council places you in possession of
all the particulars of the general progress and work of the
Society during the past year, and there is but little that I have
to add to what has been there said. During the year the
following papers were read :—1884, May 7—President’s Address,
by the Hon. Prof. Smith, C.M.G., M.D., LL.D. June 4—“ On
the Removal of Bars from the entrances to our Rivers,” by
Walter Shellshear, Assoc. Mem. Inst. O.E. July 2—“ Notes on
Gold,” by Dr. Leibius, M.A., F.C.S. ; “Some Minerals new to
New South Wales,” by Professor Liversidge, F.R.S. ; “On the
Oven-mounds of Aborigines in Victoria,” by Rev. Peter Macpher-
son, M.A. August 6—‘ Notes on the Trochoided Plane,” by
Lawrence Hargrave. September 3—‘‘A new Form of Actino-
meter, by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. November 5—“ Notes
on some Mineral Localities in the Northern Districts of New
South Wales,” by D. A. Porter. December 3—‘“ Notes on
Doryanthus,” by Charles Moore, F.L.S. ; “ Water Supply in the
Interior of New South Wales,” by W. E. Abbott; ‘ Notes on
a new Self-registering Anemometer,” by H. C. Russell, B.A.,
F.R.A.S. December 17—“Embryology of the Marsupialia,
Monotremata and Ceratodus,” by W. H. Caldwell, M.A.
The Council regret that they have to record the loss by death of
two honorary and seven ordinary members. The honorary members
are—Sir F. P. Barlee, K.C.M.G., elected 1875 ; George Bentham,
C.M.G., F.R.S., elected 1879. Ordinary members—Hon. John
Frazer, M.L.C., elected 1875; V. W. Giblin, elected 1878, Dr.
2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
L. H. J. Maclean, elected 1881; R. A. A. Morehead, elected
1850 ; H. Phillips, elected 1856 ; T. W. Shepherd, elected 1881 ;
H. Arding Thomas, elected 1876.
George Bentham is a name which can never be forgotten so long:
as Australian botany is studied, and some short notes of his life
will be interesting. He was born at Stoke, near Portsmouth, on
September 22, 1800, and in 1805 his father, General Bentham, was
sent to St. Petersburgh by the English Government, and there
the family resided until 1807, during which time the future
botanist acquired some knowledge of the Russian language.
Returning to England with his family, General Bentham thought
it best to educate his family by tutors, and hence George Bentham
never went to any school. After some years the family removed
to France, and had a large farm, where everything was done to
improve the methods of cultivation, and for a number of years
George Bentham had to give his undivided attention to the
management of the farm ; nevertheless it was here that he acquired
a taste forthe study of botany, which later on was to absorb all
his attention. Taking up one day a book on botany, belonging to
his mother, he was looking through it, and became very much
interested in the methodical arrangement of plants, and was
induced to try if, by the aid of the book, he could find out what
the first plant he met with was. Succeeding in this after some
difficulty, his interest was aroused, and he worked steadily on in his
spare hours until he was induced to devote his life to the study of
botany. In 1826 he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society,
and ever after took an active part in it, and was made President
in 1863, and resigned in 1877. By the publication of his first
important work, on the “ Labiatarum Genera et Species, 1832 to
1836,” he made his mark in the scientific world. In 1854 he
went to live in London, for the purpose of devoting himself to
systematic work at Kew, and this work he continued until his
death. Here he undertook the Flora of Hong Kong, which was
the inauguration of the Colonial Floras which have from time to
time a issued under the auspices of the authorities at Kew.
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 3
These finished, he began and completed the description of the
plants of Australia,—perhaps the most extensive local exotic flora
ever published.
The most important work of his life was carried out in conjune-
tion with Sir Joseph Hooker, being a revision after examination
of the known “Genera of Phanerogams.” This work was begun in
1860, and not finished until 1883. The strain of this great work
over, and his aim accomplished, his health seems to have failed,
and after a few months of weakness he died, September 20, 1884.
Had I consulted my own inclination, and perhaps ease, I should
in what follows have prepared a résumé of the science of the past
twelve months ; but when I came to consider such a course, I found
that the harvest in Europe had been well gathered, and that here
the President of another Society had not only harvested first all
that was of interest in the Colony, but had gathered in even our
own little contributions to the general stock of human knowledge;
and in reading to you the list of papers read before our Society
last year, I felt that I was but repeating what had already been
published. I have therefore turned to some unpublished items
of scientific news, in the hope that they may prove interesting to
you. The telegraphic determination of the longitude of Australia
was, so far as the observations are concerned, completed some time
since; but there were several links in the chain incomplete when
Mr. Todd published the first statement of results, and, since the
values for these sections now accepted differ from those used by
Mr. Todd, his statement was incorrect. It may seem strange to
some of the members that there should be any question about
what is determined accurately ; but no determinations of longi-
tude are absolute—they are only relatively accurate, and where
the observations are few in number and disagree it is necessary
to determine, or perhaps it is better to say “agree,” which shall
be accepted. For instance, the longitude of Singapore, one of the
links in the chain, has been determined twice, and the values
differ by 0-78s., and it was impossible to get a new determination.
Now one of the two had been obtained by using the telegraph line
4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
so far as it went, and then transporting chronometers the rest of the
way, and no determination of personal equation was thought neces-
sary. The second value was obtained since the telegraph line was
completed, by good observers, good instruments, and every precaution,
including a careful determination of personal equation. It was at
first proposed to take a mean of these values, but ultimately the
later value was taken. I merely mention this to show what the
difficulties are like, and that there is some uncertainty even in
telegraphic determinations of longitude. As the report on the
determination has been agreed to ready for publication, I will not
detain you about it now, except to say that the resulting longitude
of Sydney is 10h. 4m. 49°55s., which is 1:26s. less than the value
derived from my observations of the moon, which were affected
by uncertainty in the moon’s place and the possible personal
equation in observing the moon between the observers at Green-
wich and Sydney. Any error of this sort would be magnified about
twenty-five times in the resulting longitude, and therefore the above
difference would represent a difference caused in this way of 005s.
There is a very general impression, borne out by the evidence
which geology has furnished, that at least the east coast, if not all
Australia, is rising in relation to the mean level of the sea. The
late Rey. W. B. Clarke, in a report to the Port Jackson Harbour
Commission, said “that the coast has risen in former geological
epochs, and that it has risen during the present epoch is capable
of distinct proof.” ‘Raised beaches of shells, which are not
kitchen middens, may be seen about 25 feet above the sea, near
Ryde on the Parramatta estuary, and at Mossman’s Bay, in Port
Jackson, at a height of 132 feet above high-water.” Again—
“ Regarding the whole coast from Broken Bay to Botany Bay as
mere peninsulated fragments, united only by low isthmuses, bare
or covered with sand, as they actually are, one may still see that
there must have been oscillations of level, and finally elevation.”
Speaking of other portions of the coast, Mr. Clarke says :—* At
Adelaide, in 1855, the railway between the city and the port was
a and Mr. austere eon that in four
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 5
years a difference of 4 inches of rise between the levels of those
places has taken place.” And again—‘“ According to Mr. Ellery—
the accomplished and accurate Williamstown observer, the self-
registering tide-gauge at that place indicated a rise of the bottom
of Hobson’s Bay of 4 inches in twelve months, and a deposit of
recent shells and imbedded bones of sheep and bullocks which had
been thrown into the bay is now seen at a level above the reach
of the tides.” Again, quoting from a letter by the late Mr. John
Kent, of Brisbane :—“ A survey was made of a shelf of rocks in
Brisbane River in 1842, by Captain Gilmore, Mr. Petrie, and
myself; and in making a re-survey in 1858 Mr. Roberts found the
relative depths were singularly correct, but that the general depth
of water over the shelf of rock had decreased 18 inches in 1 sixteen
years since the first survey was made.”
Sir Roderick J. Murchison, in the Proceedings of the Royal
~Geographical Society of London, vol. vii., page 42, quotes from
a letter he had received from the late Mr. Kent, of Brisbane :—
“T have lately drawn the attention of the Rev. W. B. Clarke to
the fact that the eastern coast of New Holland is rising, at the
rate of (say) 1 inch per annum, as ascertained by the height of
rocks in the river Brisbane above tide-levels, through a period of
twenty years ; and he assures me that to the south the same result
has been inferred, though the observations have not extended over
so longa period. At what rate the rise is now going on there
are no data to establish, Till a series of mean tidal levels are
marked on the rocks of the harbour, and the alteration made as
distinct as that in Hobson’s Bay, any deduction as to the rate of |
rise must be conjectural and unreliable.” I have but taken a few
extracts from a great mass of evidence which Mr. Clarke brought
forward in proof of the rapid elevation of the coast of Australia.
I was deeply interested in this report when it was published in
1866, and as soon as I had opportunity determined to make such
observations with a self-registering i as would determine
the rate of rise (if any) ; and, in collecti ti
this subject during the past thirteen years, I wrote to Mr. Ellery
bearing g upon
6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
and asked him for futher particulars of the rise going on in Vic-
toria ; and in reply he said that Mr. Clarke had in some way mis-
understood his remarks, which had reference to the silting up of the
harbour—not the elevaticn of the land ; and he at the same time
sent me a copy of his paper on “ The Tidal Datum of Hobson’s
Bay,” read before the Royal Society of Victoria, August 14, 1879.
After givingthe history of the tide-gauge, which wasstarted in 1858,
under the Harbour Department, and was not under his control
until 1874, Mr. Ellery says :—‘“ It is to be regretted that no pre-
cise references to mean tide-level in the earlier days can be found.
Where measurements do exist in Hobson’s Bay, they are lacking
in accurate information as to the state of the tides, and I find
nothing trustworthy upon which to base any statements as to
change of sea level since surveys have been made, I think it
desirable that permanent bench-marks on the natural faces of the
rock in sitw should be established around our bay, carefully con-
nected by accurate levelling with one another and with the tide-
gauge, for it is very doubtful if bench-marks on buildings can be
assumed to afford a permanent datum.”
The first self-registering tide-gauge in Sydney was erected on
Fort Denison, by the late Mr. Smalley, in 1867. Unfortunately
the design was so faulty that all the records of the heights of
tides made by it are of no value, although the times of high and
low water are correct. The reason for this fault in its records was
that an ordinary hempen cord was used to connect the float and
the pencil, and this gradually got longer by use, and also varied
with the weather. Finding it impossible to remedy this fault
satisfactorily, in view of the necessity for exact records of the
heights of the tides, in 1872 I had anew gauge made, which,
without losing the accuracy of the time record which the old one
possessed, ensured the correct record of the height of the tides.
This instrument is figured and described in the “Sydney Meteoro-
logical Volume for 1878,” and to that work I must refer you for
particulars. The record by the new gauge was begun on June 27,
1872, and at that time the precaution was taken of measuring the
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. rf
length of the chain connecting the float and the wheel, so that
should any change take place its exact amount could be ascer-
tained. The wisdom of this has been evident on several occasions
when the chain was broken by accident and the exact length
restored. The well made for the tide-gauge is in part cut in the
solid rock, and from the rock to the surface of the ground the
sides of the well are built up (round) with solid masonry, so that
the top ring of the well is practically part of the solid rock, and
cannot move unless the rock does so. On this ring the frame of
the tide-gauge stands, and the instrument, therefore, has a per-
manent relation to the rock, and there can be no change in its
parts which might be mistaken for a change in sea-level.
I have been particular in detailing the conditions under which
the tide measurements have been made, to show you that sufficient
precautions to ensure accuracy have been taken. In each year
the mean of all the tides is taken as the mean sea-level for that
year, and when these results for the past twelve years are placed
side by side, it is at first sight rather puzzling; for although the
greatest departure from the mean of all is only 1 inch, yet within
this small range the land seems to rise and fall in an erratic way.
The cause of these variations, however, was found in the varying
relative positions of sun, moon, and earth, and perhaps to some
extent in the effects of heavy gales. Taken as a whole, these
results seem to prove conclusively that no change whatever has
taken place in the relations of land and sea during the past twelve
years. Of course the question is not settled—a slow change that
would be visible in centuries might be altogether hidden in the
results before us; but so far as they go these results will be
interesting to scientific men, for they are the first that have been
taken with such accuracy as the investigation demands.
Mean sea-levels :—
1873... ws 2 feet 59 inches
Mihi ke ek ae
1875. Da ee
1876... 6 a Bes
S ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
1877 «i it eid ... 2 feet 6-7 inches
1878. ve Daye BR
1879. ‘ ee ee re
1880. bo 52 capt oy
1881. sence Dicgy OD aigy
1882 E ayy Oy
1883. See te gee ae
elas | in
2: 45 BAB
In examining this question, I looked for some mark of old sur-
veys which might show what the evidence of a longer period would
be, but I have failed to find any mark put in with such care as the
investigation demands. There is, however, one mark on the
north-east face of the round tower on Fort Denison, which was
put in by H.M.S. “Herald,” during her survey of Sydney harbour.
It is cut in the stone, 3 feet above mean sea-level, and is marked
with the broad-arrow under it. I have been at some trouble to
find out on what observations this mark was based ; but although
Ihave learned that the survey was made in 1857, and that the
“Herald” was in port from February 26 to December 21, 1857,
TI cannot learn how long the tide observations were continued, but
I hope still to do so. The time and method of taking mean sea-
level might account for a difference from the true mean of 4 or 5
inches, as is shown by the different monthly means from the
recording tide-gauge, and until I can learn on what observation
the “ Herald’s” mark depends, it cannot be used as evidence of
change of level of the land. I have, however, connected it care-
fully with the zero of the tide-gauge, and if it exactly represents
mean sea-level in 1857, it proves that the land has risen 5 inches
in twenty-seven years; but since the tide-gauge shows no change
whatever during twelve of these years, there can I think be no
doubt that the mark was put in upon insufficient data ; persis
only day-tides were observed.
In the course of conversation. with ae late Rev... W. B.
Clarke on the question of the elevation of. the coast, he
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 9
pointed out to me evidence not only of the elevation of this
coast, but also of its subsidence, and expressed his convic-
tion that Port Jackson, Hawkesbury River, and other places
on the coast, had been cut out by the action of fresh water, when
the coast was much higher than it is at present—in fact, that
these inlets had been at one time gullies exactly similar in cha-
racter to those which now exist in the Blue Mountains, and which
have been so obviously cut out by fresh water. Since that time
many bridges have been made along the coast, and the borings
made for foundations for these bridges have special significance in
connection with Mr. Clarke’s opinion ; and by the kindness of the
Engineer-in-Chief for Railways and the Engineer-in-Chief for
Roads and Bridges I am able to quote here some of these mea-
sures, which prove conclusively that the sea was at one time much
lower than it is at present. The soundings taken for the Parra-
matta railway bridge show 26 feet water, 32 feet mud and silt, 8
feet loose sand, 12 feet hard sand, 10 feet loose sand ; total, 88
feet. George’s River bridge—8 feet water, 87 feet mud and sand,
9 feet black clay, 16 feet sand, 4 feet hard sand ; total, 121 feet.
Hawkesbury River bridge—44 feet water, 31 feet light mud, 87
feet black mud, 8 feet very hard sand; total, 170 feet. In the
road bridge over the Parramatta River—41 feet water, 16 feet
shells and mud, 15 feet sand, 9 feet blue clay, 6 feet clays and
shells ; total, 87 feet. Ironstone Cove road-bridge—26 feet water,
7 feet stiff blue clay, 36 feet very stiff blue clay, 15 feet yellow
clay, 5 feet stiff black clay, 11 feet sand and clay, 2 feet clean
sand, 3 feet gravel and wood ; total 105 feet. Shoalhaven River
road-bridge—14 feet water, 103 feet mud and silt ; total, 117 feet.
The bottom of the Hawkesbury, therefore, where the railway
bridge is to be, is 170 feet below the level of the sea to-day ; and
when the rocks were washed away to form the river-bed to that
depth the sea must have been at least 170 feet below its present
level, and the borings in Sydney Harbour and George’s River
indicate a similar fact, if not to the same extent.
Without going further into this question, which is foreign to
my present purpose, I think I have said enough to show that the
10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
evidence for elevation and subsidence of the land are about equal,
the question before us being in which direction is the change
going on now. In estimating the value of the evidence quoted as
to the rate of rise in Queensland and South Australia, we must
not forget that when engineers adopt the usual rule as to mean
-sea-level—that is, as to the mean of high and low water at any
time of the year—they assume that all such means are equal or
represent a constant level, when in point of fact two such deter-
minations of sea-level may differ by 8 inches or even more ;
and, in the absence of a self-registering tide-gauge, or constant
observations extending over a year, no levelling referred to the
sea in the usual way is of any value whatever in such an investi-
-gation as that required to determine whether the relative level of
land and water varies. I have already shown that Mr. Ellery
thinks there is no evidence of present rising in Hobson’s Bay; and
the fact that at the time the engineering levels referred to were
taken in South Australia and Queensland there were no self-
registering tide-gauges to determine accurately mean sea-level,
is sufficient to warrant us in hesitating before we receive the
evidence as to the rate of elevation furnished from these Colonies
which I quoted from Mr. Clarke’s report. In fact, it seems
that the only observations of the relative level of land and sea in
Australia taken with the accuracy which the investigation demands
are those made with the Sydney tide-gauge, during the past twelve
years, and they show conclusively that during that period there
has been no appreciable change, and therefore we cannot say that
the east coast at Sydney is either rising or falling.
Every year now is adding some facts towards the better under-
standing of the laws which regulate our rainfall, and every now
and then some departure from the common course of things
appears like a finger-post to indicate what is going on. You may
remember that in 1882 I described a rain-storm that passed over
the northern part of this Colony, travelling about ES.E, at
the rate of 12 miles per hour. In 1883, the Fe rain-
storm passed over Lerida Station, which is in Queensland 8° north
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7.
of Bourke, or in latitude 22°. The station is a large one, and the
storm came on to the station from the north-east. It was 4 miles
wide at entry and 6 miles wide leaving the station, thence it
spread out towards South Australia, and watered a large tract of
country. In January of this year another of these storms crossed
this Colony from Milparinka to Jervis Bay, or from latitude 30°
to 34°. There was no barometric disturbance at the time, yet the
storm was very well marked; I mean that the central portions
from which the heavy rain fell, and which was about 200 miles wide,
could be traced right across country, that is, for 700 miles, travelling
at the rate of 7 miles per hour. Along the southern side of its track
the rain fell off abruptly, leaving a well-defined line between the
wet and the dry country, but on the northern side, just like the 1882
storm, the rainshadedoff gradually, watering alarge tractof country.
Closely allied to these rain-storms, although in appearance so
utterly different, are the great dust-storms which often pass over
the western plains: generally more circumscribed, they nevertheless
are of great extent, follow the same south-east course, and change
their latitude with the peculiarities of the season. One of the best
marked of which I have any particulars followed just the same
track as the January rain-storm, right across the Colony, and all
that Ihave been able to trace follow a nearly parallel course.
At times the dust carried by these great storms is so thick and
extensive that it blots out entirely the light of the sun and makes
total darkness at mid-day, and often it renders the sun invisible
and artificial light necessary indoors. Such a storm passed over
Bourke on 12th December, 1883; the wind and dust were
terrible for ten hours, and the oldest inhabitant had never seen
anything like it before. This storm produced the remarkable dry
fog noted in New England and Paterson Districts at that time, but in
no account of it that I have received had the dust the intensity
which marked a recent storm of the same character that passed over
Narrandera on Feb. 6th. At Hay this storm appeared as a severe
ordinary dust-storm; 40 miles east of Hay it made total darkness
for a few seconds; 40 miles further east it was dark as the blackest
12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
night for five minutes; and 40 milesstill furthereast, on Buckingbong
Station, it blotted out every trace of daylight for fifteen minutes,
although it was nearly mid-day in the summer. At 2-15 p.m., three
persons caught in the bush had to sit behind a stump for shelter
and could not see their hands before them; at the same time they
endured a sensation as if choking with dust; and when the thick of
the storm was past, the sun was acrimson ball of fire, the strange
light causing people to run out of their houses, thinking the world
was on fire and the end of all things had come.
The storm is said to have reached Albury at 2°30 p.m.; a dense
cloud suddenly rose in the west, and seemed to be on the town in
a moment, and almost as suddenly there was total darkness which |
lasted twenty minutes, black as the blackest night without ray from
moon or star. Everything moving had to stand still till it was
over; even fowls were found, when the light returned, asleep on the
ground, Near Narrandera, on Columbo Plain, the force of the
wind was terrific, blowing down trees in all directions; one man
caught in it could not sit on his horse and had to get off and hold
the horse round the neck to keep himself from being blown away.
At Buckingbong, Mr. Bryan Blair, who reported the storm to me,
says that it had looked like a storm all the morning, but at 2 p.m. the
appearance was appalling; the clouds seemed to be rolling up into
and over one another in the wildest confusion, and every one
feared that something dreadful was going tohappen. The forward
motion of this storm was much more rapid than the rain-storm,
but its character is the same—an off-set from the trades, the one
being a very large storm carrying rain, the other a violent wind
vortex carrying clouds of dust. It travelled from Hay to
Narrandera, 100 miles, in 1} hour, and thence to Wagga Wagga,
50 miles, in an hour. As the rate of progress was 50 to 60
miles per hour, and it produced total darkness for a quarter of
an hour, the dust cloud must have been about 15 miles wide in its
densest part, and in the following dust cloud wider still. It is
impossible to say how high it was; but a dense cumulous cloud
er shuts out the light entirely, and they are sometimes fully
3 miles thick. .
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. a
I may be excused for mentioning here a fact of much interest,
but somewhat disconnected from the others which surround it.
When in the Bourke district a few weeks since, I learned one fact
which has a bearing upon the doctrine of the survival of the fittest.
For part of 1884 and the first three weeks of 1885 the western
districts suffered from adrought which left the plain country without
a sign of grass—it was literally “as bare as any road.” Between the
24th January and the end ofthe month abundant rains fell, and
the grass grew very rapidly. I passed over some of these plains
on the 16th March, say six weeks after the rain, and they were
covered like wheat-tields with barley grass 18 to 24 inches high,
and the seed had all been ripened and shed in that short time. Upon
expressing my surprise I was told that it had been known to grow
up and do the same in four weeks. As itis a common thing in that
district for the rain to come in February or March, leaving only
six or eight weeks before winter, it is obvious that the grass which
would seed in the shortest time would be most likely to survive.
Some few months since, it occurred to me that it would be
desirable to put a self-recording gauge on Lake George, with a
view of keeping a continuous record of evaporation, and other
changes of level in it; and as soon as the instrument could be
got ready I put it up on the west side of the lake, in front of
Douglas House, which is about a mile from the present southern
end. The instrument is essentially the same as the tide-gauge
referred to in the earlier part of this paper; but it differs
in giving 4 inches of paper to the foot of water, and only 3
inches in the day for the time scale, instead of 24 inches as
the tide-gauge. The float also is of glass instead of copper. To
ensure the stability of the base of this instrument, six piles
6 inches in diameter were driven as far as possible into the
lake, and then cut off 3 feet above the water; the tops were
secured together by a strong frame covered with 2-inch plank-
ing, and then strong diagonal bracing was fixed between the
posts, which makes them into one compact frame, quite strong
enough to withstand any waves or wind known on the lake.
14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
This stage is 6 feet square, and on the top of it a small iron
house, 6 feet x 5 feet, was put up to cover the recording gauge.
A hole was then cut through the floor, and the iron well for the
float let down. This is 18 inches in diameter, and is bolted to
the floor, and by cross-bracing to the posts below. In the bottom
of it, six holes, an inch in diameter, were made; these allow the
water to go in and out with sufficient freedom to show ordinary
waves without knocking the float about. The house is built at
the end of the jetty in front of Douglas House, and is 60 feet
from the shore, the water at that distance from the edge being
only 4 feet deep.
The work of erecting the instrument was completed on the
afternoon of February 18th, and the pencil was put down on the
paper to begin its curious record at 7 p.m. on that day. At the
time the lake seemed calm as a millpond, and looking at its
smooth surface no one would have dreamed that such changes
were going on in it as began to reveal themselves so soon as the
pencil touched the paper, and in two hours the pencil had re-
corded arise and fall of about 2 inches. This is not a motion
like the ordinary wind-made waves, which pass by in two or
three seconds, but a slow and gradual rise, occupying an hour,
and then a corresponding fall in about the same time, to do which
a current must first have set from north to south for an
hour, and then reversed; and if we consider for a moment the
force necessary to put a body of water 18 miles long, 5 wide, and
15 or 20 feet deep, in such motion, we shall get some idea of the
magnitude of the forces at work. The record had not been going
twenty-four hours when it became obvious that these periodic
motions in the level of the water had a period of about two hours ;
and on the afternoon of the second day a heavy thunder-storm
passed over the south end of the lake, and threw a little light on
the cause of the pulsations. The storm rain was very heavy, and
much of it must have run into the lake, tending to raise the
waters there. With the storm there came a violent squall of
wind from the south, on to the south end of the lake; in a few
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. ~ af
minutes great foam-crested waves could be seen in the middle,
and the recording-gauge at once showed what was the matter;
the wind had blown the water away from the south end and re-
duced the general level 3 inches. In ten minutes the squall was
over, and the water began to recover its level, in doing which the
current set towards the south end of the lake, and could be seen
running past the jetty at the rate of about 2 miles per hour;
but it did not stop when the old level was reached—the momentum
carried it beyond that point, and raised the water up at the south
end of the lake. Then it turned and ran back again, repeating
this process time after time at intervals of about two hours, the
rise and fall getting gradually less, until in about eight hours,
the water was almost still, when suddenly, at 11°30 p.m., the
water began to rise faster than ever, and in thirty minutes had
risen 4 inches ; it then turned and fell nearly as fast as it had risen,
and reached its lowest point in one hour forty-one minutes, having
fallen exactly 6 inches. At Douglas House the night was fine and
calm, without the sign of a storm ; yet it seems probable that a
storm passed over the north end of the lake, and started the
motion, which kept on at intervals of about two hours for fourteen
hours, the rise and fall gradually getting less. I was fortunate
enough to be present and see so much of the record and the
corresponding weather. You have no doubt noticed that one set
of pulsations was started by a sudden fall and the other by a
sudden rise in the lake, and that the impulse which caused the
water to rise was greater than the other. Similar impulses have
kept the lake in almost constant motion ever since, and when once
under way, they will go on throughout a gale of wind with just
as much regularity as in a calm. Ordinarily such a set of
motions lasts ten or twelve hours, decreasing gradually as if the
friction of the water stopped it, but on several occasions they
have kept on for days together.
The most remarkable impulse yet recorded was on the 14th of
April, when the water was remarkably still, and had been so
during the 11th, 12th, and 13th. At 11 am. on that day Mr,
- E :
16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
Glover, who has charge of the gauge, saw a thunder-storm coming
down from the north, and went into the recording-house to see its
effect. The lake was rising fast, and in thirty minutes rose 4 inches.
As the storm passed overhead the rising ceased, and the lake at once
began to fall, getting back to its previous level in fifteen minutes;
passing this point it fell 2 inches more—in all 6 inches—and then
began to rise again, so starting a series of pulsations that lasted
five days. Rain came with the storm, and on the 14th and 15th,
measured by gauges at each end of the lake, 1:10 inch rain fell, and
this caused a rise of 14 inch in the lake, which can be distinctly
seen in the record as something independent of the pulsations.
With the rain there was a strong breeze of wind, and, by the third
day after, the water had returned to its old level, all the rain
,having evaporated in three days. In each of the cases I have
mentioned so far the impulses seem to have been given by a
sudden storm breaking over the lake, but there are other instances
in which the impulse was of a totally different character, and it
seems as if a small force properly managed was made to do duty
for a large one, just as we set a heavy weight suspended by a
string in motion by giving it first a little push, and then adding
impulse to each swing. So the force, whatever it be, which in
these cases acts on the water in the lake, gives it a little start and
gradually gets itin motion. The best instance of this occurred on
the afternoon of April 5th. At the time the lake was very quiet,
and suddenly the water rose an inch, and fell again within thirty
minutes ; next time it rose an inch and a half, and fell 2 inches in
three-quarters of an hour ; the next time it rose 2 inches, and fell
34 inches in an hour ; it then rose 3? inches in forty minutes, and
so started a series of pulsations which settled down to two-hour
intervals, and lasted twenty hours. Usually the rise and fall take
about equal times, but now and then the whole fall will take place
in fourteen or fifteen minutes and the corresponding rise take 116
minutes, and it is not very unusual to find one in a set of twice
the period of the others, as if one had been left out; in fact the
variations in the conditions of vibration are very puzzling. With
a view of finding out the most common period, I have measured
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17
fifty-four of the best defined amongst those already recorded. Of
these, thirty-three have a period of two hours eleven minutes, five
a period of two hours five minutes, six a period of two hours
seventeen minutes, and ten a period of one hour twelve minutes.
The periods of those on the Lake of Geneva are seventy-two
minutes and thirty-five minutes. Of those in Lake George which
have a period of two hours eleven minutes, some are the largest yet
recorded, and others only half or a quarter of an inch rise and fall ;
so that there must be something which makes or tends to make
the period two hours eleven minutes. It is noteworthy that at
Lake George as well as the Lake of Geneva the short seich is not
half the long one, but they bear about the same proportion one
to the other in each case.
As to the cause of these motions in the lake I am not prepared to
say much at present. Further investigation is needed, and I hope,
by the aid of a recording aneroid already there and a recording
anemometer to be erected shortly, to be able to compare the changes
of wind and pressure with the changes in the lake; but I do not
expect to find everything explained thus. Changes of level, &e.,
are going on in the earth-surface which, from an astronomical point
of view, are intensely interesting, because they affect the instru-
ments, and therefore the measures. They are very minute, and we
have no means of keeping a continuous record of them; but it is
possible that if such changes affect the lake, they will be so mag-
nified by its comparatively enormous extent as to show themselves
on the recording instruments there. The baragraph at Sydney has
shown long since that thunder-storms come on with a sudden rise
of the barometer, which at times amounts to a tenth of aninch. If
such a change could affect one end of the lake for afew minutes it
would be equivalent to putting suddenly on to it an inch of water,
which would make itself known at once by a rush to the other end ;
but although such changes must have some effect, I do not think
it can be considerable, because, as I have elsewhere shown, these
storms move at the rate of about 60 miles per hour, and are often
70 miles wide, so that such a storm coming on to the lake would
spread all over it too rapidly to cause much motion in the water.
18 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
I am here assuming that the storms there are of the same
character as those which pass over Sydney, but they may be
smaller when passing the lake, and travel more slowly. Certainly
the storm which I saw coming down the lake did not travel with
anything like such velocity. M. Vaucher, who studied for years
motions of the same kind which take place in the Lake of Geneva,
considered himself justified in saying—‘The lake is disturbed
when the barometer is unsteady; and because of the varying pres-
sure.” From what I have seen so far, the first part of this is true
of Lake George, but it is not because the barometer is unsteady,
but because at such times the wind is puffy and variable, and
imparts to the water its own peculiarity. Of the power of the
wind to set the water in motion I have mentioned several instances
to-night, which I need not repeat, but I may add that the large
impulses come from the north because, as it seems to me, the wind
from that direction acting on the water the whole length of the
lake has greater power than when blowing from the south over a
mile of water. The gauge is fixed about a mile from the south end.
But although the wind is such an obvious cause of the phenomena
under discussion, I think the barometric changes have some share
in it, and there are some changes recorded which, so far, I am
unable to refer to any cause.
In the European lakes, in addition to the changes of level due
to rain and evaporation, there are other changes of level indepen-
dent of these causes, and which resemble tides in their rhythmic
periods. These have long been known and observed in Switzer-
land, and especially on the Lake of Geneva, where they are known
by the name of “seiches.” When they affect the lake its level is
observed to rise slowly during thirty orforty minutestoa height that
varies from a few inches to as many feet ; it then falls again slowly
to a corresponding depth, and so on. These seiches have been
studied for many years, and M. Vaucher said that he had observed
that “ when the barometer was at rest the seiches were small, are
greater when the barometer is variable, and greatest when the
pressure is falling.” A seich is defined as a complete motion of
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 19
the water in rising and falling, and its “period” as the time it
takes to complete the motion. Their amplitude is very variable,
but at the same place and on the same day they are all alike:
when large all are large, and when small all are small. Sometimes,
as on August 3, 1763, they have been measured 4 feet 10 inches
rise and fall; and on 2nd and 3rd October, 1841, some were
measured 6 feet 7 inches, They are greater at the ends of the
ake than in the middle, and the period varies very much with the
size of the lake ; but in the Lake of Geneva, which is 45 miles
longand 2 —_ the longer ones ee of seventy-two minutes,
and tl f thirty inutes. Dr. Forel, whohas studied
those of the Lake of Geneva, very carefully attributes the ordinary
seiches to local variations of atmospheric pressure, giving an im-
pulse, the effect of which lasts a long time in the oscillations of
the lake; but those of from 4 to 5 feet he attributed at one time
to earthquake shocks, but now thinks they are due to violent gusts
of wind, for at least one earthquake passed the lake without pro-
ducing such motions. Mr, Plantamour, who was watching at the
end of the lake, while Dr. Forel was in the middle, said, after long
and careful study he was quite at a loss for an explanation of
these curious motions.
Some of the surroundings of Lake George are of very great in-
terest, viewed in the light of discussions as to the possible change
in the amount of rainfall in the Colony during long periods; and
although I cannot now stay to discuss them at length, I cannot
pass them without a short reference to their bearing on the ques-
tion. The lake itself is situated in a depression between two
ranges of hills, some of which, on the western side, rise to 800
feet above the lake. On the eastern side the hills generally stand
some little distance from the water, but on the western side, at
least in a part of it, the hills seem to rise abruptly out of the water
at an angle of from 30° to 45°, The hills are composed of hard
metamorphic rocks, the fragments of which are carried down into
the lake by every shower, and are very soon polished into gravel
by the action of the waves; and the enormous deposits of gravel at
90 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
both ends of the lake, where the ground is flat, as well as along the
sides, point to a duration of present conditions which is very hard
to reaiize. At the present time there is a gravel ridge a short
distance from the water atthe south end. It is 1} mile long, has
been tested for ballast for the railway, and found to beat least 15
feet thick where deepest, and has a base of about 100 yards. This
is one of a number of such deposits at the south end of the lake.
At the railway works, Bungendore (south end), a well was sunk
for water about 14 mile from the lake, in ground the surface of
which would, I should think, be about 20 feet above the present
level. There was 4 feet of earth on top ; then clean gravel to 28
feet deep. There the abundance of water stopped the sinking;
and 6 miles from the lake, though still on the flat land, which
evidently is part of its ancient bed, a well was sunk, andnear the
top of it gravel was found, and carried down to 18 feet, where it
contained so much water that they could not sink any deeper. At
the north end of the lake these conditions are found in duplicate
almost exactly, only there the gravel ridges seem to be higher.
The most recent of these gravel deposits at both ends of the lake
abut on to the western mountains, and extend thence obliquely
across the old lake bed, thus cutting off from the main body por-
tions of it which are now swamps. The southern one, however,
does not hold water well, while the northern one has always been
known as the wet lagoon, because it always contained water until
last year, when Mr. Beit succeeded in draining it.
With reference to the height of these ridges above the water
now, I was unable to take any levels at the northern end of the
lake ; but at the south end I ran the level from the 1871 flood
level to the top of the gravel ridge 197 feet, the rise being 22
feet 8 inches ; thence down the other side of the ridge to the bed -
of the swamp, descending 18 feet 8 inches in 93 feet; the old
swamp bed is therefore only 4 feet above the 1871 level of the
lake. I then took in eight places the difference in level between
the present water and the 1871 level, and found the mean to be 11
feet 11 inches on February 20 this year. The extremes of these
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.. 21.
measures differed 4 inches. Some were taken to the edge of the
1871 gravel as nearly as it could be determined, and others to the
high-water-mark on the old dead trees. During the day the regis-
ter shows a variation of level in the water of 2 inches, which, as it
was rising and falling, was probably eliminated in the mean. If,
therefore, we add together the differences between the present water
level and that of 1871, between that and the top of the gravel ridge,
we find it is 34} feet, and at one time the lake must have been as
high or nearly as high as that in order to pile up the gravel. At
first it is difficult to see any reason for the formation of the gravel
deposit where it is; but looking at the 1871 level, one sees the
nucleus of another in a thin line of gravel about 1 foot thick. Such
a deposit on flat ground would grow, if the level of the water was
at all constant, and gradually a ridge would be formed. The di-
rection of these ridges at right angles to N.E. and S.E. winds
points to a probable past when the winds were alternately from
these directions during long periods; and as the gravel is made at
the western edge of the lake and not at the ends, it musthave been
transported along the margin and thence out on to the flat country
by the action of the waves.
In the absence of levels it is impossible to say what was the
extreme size of the lake in its wet period, but, I should think, at
least 40 miles long and 10 or 12 wide. The steep hills which
bound the lake on the west side are deeply furrowed by water,
and afford striking evidence of a time when rain must have fallen
in vastly greater abundance than it does at the present day. Each
of these gullies when examined is found to have a more or less
extensive delta, which has spread out laterally and into the lake,
forming there a projecting point opposite the gully. These are
now covered with trees, and add very much to the beauty of the
lake by their picturesque effect. In many cases, especially at
the south end of the lake—that is, near Douglas House—these
deltas are cut through by the watercourse which serves to carry
off the rains of the present day ; and these reveal distinctly the
character of the deposit through which they run, showing that it
22 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
is made up entirely of loose stones scarcely rounded at all, lying
now just as they were washed off the hills and down the gully
thousands of years since. I will not attempt to say how many
thousands ; but when we find from the evideuce of the lake dwel-
lings in Europe how little change has taken place in the level of
the European lakes during the historic period, the change which
is manifest in Lake George points to a very remote period.
Herodotus, B.c. 500, speaks of the lake dwellings ; and the modern
antiquary assigns to those of Switzerland a date 1500 B.c. Yet
so little has the level of the Lake of Zurich changed in that time
that the dry winter of 1853-54, by lowering the water in the lake
one foot below previous levels, revealed to Dr. F. Kellor the arti-
ficial arrangement of some of the pieces of wood laid bare by the
receding water, and thus led to his remarkable discoveries. This
persistence of level is very strong evidence in favour of the view
that there has been no great change in the rainfall there for thou-
sands of years, and probably the same may be said of Australia.
But to return. Some of these watercourses are 10 to 12 feet
deep, and the gravel that is moved in them by rain now is very
small indeed compared with some of the stones which appear
embedded in the delta they have cut through. One of the largest
of these deposits is at Douglas House, and as you stand on the
side of the hill you can see its rounded form starting at something
like 50 feet above the level of the lake. Jt spreads out some 400
yards to the lake, and about as much laterally. It is now covered
with large trees 2 to 3 feet thick, but its form shows clearly
that it is a deposit from the gully above, which extends only half-
a mile, and does not seem to drain more than a square mile of the
hills. All about the surface of the delta, as well as in the section
referred to above, are indications of the loose and stony character
of the Geposit, while the gully, cut as it has been out of hard
metamorphic rocks, bears witness to the tremendous power of
water. In January this year 7 inches of rain fell here in two
days, yet the water scarcely ran at all through the delta, what
did come down finding its way to the lake by soaking through the
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 23
gravel; in fact, the heaviest rain now only makes a little stream
3 or 4 feet wide and a few inches deep. The greater level of the lake
in that long past period is not difficult to understand when looking
at the evidence of tropical rains which the gullies afford. At the
same time, the obvious insignificance of the present rainfall as com-
pared with that which formed the deltas and filled up the lake, and
the enormous duration of the present order and condition of things,
as proved by the discoveries in the European lakes, show how
groundless were the fears gravely expressed in 1871 that the lake
would rise up and cover Bungendore and Collector. The rainfall
on the lake in 1870 was 50 inches, double the average rainfall,
which is 25 inches, and it is not to be wondered at that the lake
rose at an unusual rate. Still this rain, heavy as it was, only
served to cut little gutters in the older deposits which had been
brought down the gullies.
The primary object in placing the recording gauge on Lake
George was to ascertain the rate of evaporation from such a large
body of water, the conditions at the lake being very favourable
for such an investigation. The record began on February 18, and
the time since is too short to justify any assumption of the rate
of evaporation there; but I may mention some of the facts that
have been recorded bearing upon this question. In sixty-eight
days the level of the lake has fallen 7 inches by evaporation ; in
this interval, according to the records of rain-gauges at each
end of the lake, 3:55 inches of rain has fallen ; so that ignoring
the water which may have run from the hills during these rains,
the lake has lost all the rain falling into it and 7 inches more,
that is 10} inches. During the past fourteen years the lake has
lost by evaporation 12 feet ; and in May, 1878, the railway survey
carried down the western side showed that the lake was then 6
feet below its 1871 level, or 2,225 feet above the sea. It appears
therefore, that in seven years, 1871 to 1878, the lake lost 6 feet,
and again, from May, 1878, to February, 1885, say seven years, the
lake again lost 6 feet. by evaporation, and this of course in addition
to all the rain which fell during that period, Taking the records
24 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
at Goulburn and Gungahleen, near the lake, the average rainfall
for the first seven years was 27-95 inches, and during the next
seven years 23°68 inches. One would expect to find more evapora-
tion during the drier years, but this is not borne out by obser-
vations. From the rainfall and recorded evaporation the lake,
therefore, lost by evaporation at least 3 feet per annum. I say
at least, because some rain-water must have run into the lake
in addition to that which fell into it directly, but its amount
cannot be determined. In the heavy rains, January 24-5-6, 1885,
Lake George rose, by measures taken at the jetty, 114 inches,
and there had been 6} inches rainfall at Bungendore, 94 inches
at Collector end, and 8 inches at Gundaroo, say 8 inches over
basin of Lake George. In 1870 about 50 inches rain fell,
and the lake rose 14 feet—168 inches, «e¢., about 3 to 1, and
in a recent case it was only 14 to 1, yet this rain fell in
about forty hours. In future the recording gauge will determine
this, and perhaps then we may apply the experience gained to
estimating how much ran in during the past fourteen years.
That the gauge will serve this purpose is proved by what it has
already done. On March the 11th a strong northerly wind came
on, and in three days the lake lost by evaporation 14 inch. On
April 14 and 15 1°10 inch rain fell, with a strong wind, and by
the 17th the lake had lost ali the rain by evaporation, and was at
the same level as on the 13th. On the other hand, in calm or
almost calm weather, three, and even four days pass without any
visible loss by evaporation. It should be stated, with regard to
the rain on 14th and 15th April, that though 1-70 inch fell at
Douglas, only 0°77 inch fell at the north end of the lake, and
the rise in the water due to it was 1} inch, so that it would appear
but little of that rain-water came down the hills into the lake.
The evaporation on the lake on a windy day shows to what extent
the wind affects it. No doubt its effect on a large body of water
is much greater than on a small one, because on the lake in calm
weather the lower air must get to a certain extent saturated with
moisture, and there being no wind to carry it away, evaporation
practically ceases ; but where small quantities of water are placed
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 25.
to test evaporation, there is abundant means for th evaporated
water to get away in the surrounding air which is not saturated.
Evidence is accumulating that the evaporation from large tanks
is not so great as has been supposed. ‘The heat is, no doubt, very
great in the inland plains, but the total absence of wind in the
interior for considerable periods is obviously, from what has been
shown to-night, an important condition for the saving of water.
At Bourke, recently, I was very much struck with the absence of
wind, especially on the surface of the ground, and the self-register-
ing anemometer which I erected there in March last bears impor-
tant and measurable testimony on this point. The recording
parts are so easily moved that they work satisfactorily with a
velocity of 1 mile per hour. Taking the total number of miles of
wind recorded at Bourke by an anemometer placed 25 feet above
the ground during thirty days, I find it is 2,350 miles, or about
78 miles a day only. The strongest wind in that period shows 50
miles of wind in five and a half hours, and the smallest record for
a day is 25 miles—little more than a mile per hour. In Sydney
during the same period 7,050 of wind miles were recorded, and it
is not uncommon to record in Sydney in three days as much wind
as was recorded at Bourke in thirty days.
Lake George is called a fresh-water lake, and sume have even
gone so far as to propose to use it as a reservoir for the supply of
towns. When there I ascertained that no one could use the water
on account of its purgative properties, one glassful being quite
enough to satisfy those who made use of it; and it is there said
that the water running into the lake from the Currawang copper
mine had poisoned all the fish. This is not literally true, for
there are still fish in the lake ; but very many were killed some
years since, presumably by the cause mentioned. I obtained some
of the water, and am indebted to Mr. Dixon, of the Technical
College Laboratory, for the following interesting information as
to what the water contains :—It is quite evident that with 187°5
grains of mineral matter per gallon the water cannot be used for
domestic purposes ; and from the fact that this matter is constan
26 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
being added to, it cannot improve, unless it were possible to with-
draw large quantities of the water, and supply its place with rain-
water ; but during by far the greater number of years during
which the lake has been known, viz., sixty-four years, the supply
of rain-water going into it annually has not been equal to the
evaporation, and there is no other outlet. After the great flood
of 1870 the lake, during the last fourteen years, has gradually
decreased by nearly a foot per annum, and similar conditions
existed before ; and it is therefore obvious that it would not be
possible to wash out the salts with rain-water and artificial
drainage except in wet years—perhaps once in twenty years.
Extract Mining Department’s report, 1880 :—“ Three samples.
of water from the Currawang Copper Mines were sent for analysis,
with special reference to their poisonous action on the fish in
Lake George, and were therefore only examined with regard to
the metals in solution. The metals were present as sulphates,
and are stated below :—Water from the creek contains : Sulphate
of copper, 1:12 grains per gallon ; sulphate of zinc, 16°78 grains
per gallon ; sulphate of iron, 0:43 grains per gallon, Water from
the working shaft: Sulphate of copper, 17°67 grains per gallon ;
sulphate of zinc, 53-54 grains per gallon; sulphate of iron, 1°42
grains per gallon. Water from the old shaft: Sulphate of copper,
6°42 grains per gallon ; sulphate of zinc, 7°20 grains per gallon ;
sulphate of iron, 0°98 grains per gallon.” This water would
necessarily be poisonous to fish, and flowing into a lake without
outlet, would ultimately render the whole water poisonous.
Technical College Laboratory, Sydney, 2 May, 1885.
My dear Mr. Russell,
The water raed Lake G contains 187°5 grains per gallon of solid
sae at 212° F, The re veh — . wey ee alkaline reaction, effer-
acid, blackens sina on ignition, but does not show the presence
of n yeen in doing so. e me s present _ aluminium, calcein =
the renege of magnesia. It should be bornein mind, however, that
g tter frequently have a purgative
P.S.—Zine sind copper are entirely absent.
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 27
Some, if not all, the dead timber now standing along the shore of
- the lake was killed by the great flood of 1871. The opinion of the
present residents is that all the trees were killed then, but Sir
Thomas Mitchell, in his account of a visit to the lake in 1828,
says—It was a sheet of water 17 miles in length and 7 in breadth.
The water is slightly brackish, but quite fit for use, and the lake
was surrounded by dead trees, measuring about 2 feet in diameter,
which also extended into it until wholly covered by the water.
An old ‘native told us she remembered when the whole was a
forest,—a statement supported by the dead trees in its bed.” And
Mr. John King, who from 1834 to 1841 resided at the lake, says
that “in 1840 dead trees were still standing at the margin of the
lake” ; and it seems probable that some of the dead trees seen by
Sir Thomas Mitchell are still standing, although the gum which
grows there appears to rot away rapidly. I saw one tree, 4 feet
in diameter, just inside the 1871 line, partly dead, but evidently
depending for its little remaining life on some surface roots that
ran uphill. With reference to the age of these dead trees, I may
mention that a number of young gum-trees have come up within
the 1871 line, and are evidently growing very fast. The largest
of four, standing near the jetty, measures 23 inches round 3 feet
from the ground, and is something like 25 feet high, or about half
the height of the older trees near it. I could not ascertain how
soon it appeared after the 1871 flood, but the opinion of persons
living there is that it is not more than eight years old; and from
the fact that it is some 4 or 5 feet nearer the lake than the 1871
line, it must, I think, have been at least three or four years after
that flood before it began to grow.
In reviewing the results of such investigations as I have brought
before you this evening, one is impressed by the slowness of the
changes going on around us, and the immense periods over which
they extend, compared with which the span of human life sinks
into insignificance. To the scientific worker it seems to say, “You
must be patient in investigation, accurate in measurement, cautious
in accepting results, content to stand one in a long series who, for
the good of humanity, are striving to interpret the laws of Nature.”
eer
A System of Accurate Measurement by means of
long Steel Ribands.
By G. H. Kyrsss, L.8.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 3 June, 1885.]
WHueEN measuring in precipitous, or even undulating country, great
difficulty has hitherto been experienced by surveyors, in obtaining,
with any degree i accuracy, the horizontal values of the distances
between any g given points
In the wHarrayar Pocket-book, ” published by the yooh ot
General of the Colony, Mr. Surveyor Sheaffe, in an article
‘*‘ Hypotenusal Measurement,” bearing the date August, 1878,
Seeger eae the use of long steel ribands in rugged. country in
u of the one-chain tapes, then generally used. The results by
fis ts ethod suggested were incomparably better than those given
by previous methods,
em of measurement, when properly developed, is
capable of yielding ‘inches scarcely inferior to the most careful
trigonometrical surveys, and with comparatively little expenditure
of time. The precision attained by its means in all classes of
country is such as surpas the most sanguine expectations of
surveyors eight or ten years ago.
The novelty of the method is attested by the fact of its recent
origination in this Colony, the credit of which belongs, I believe,
to Mr. Sheaffe, of its still more recent theoretical development
and subsequent practical testing by the writer, and by its absence
from the standard works on surveying.
The accurate system of hypotenusal measurement may thus be
briefly described :—
The distance between two given points is indicated upon a steel
riband stretched between them, at a tension such that the result
given is, in all cases, the same as that given when the riband is
resting throughout its length, upon a smooth plane surface at a
tension which makes it equal to an absolute standard at some
given temperature. To this indicated distance corrections are
applied for the variation from standard temperature and inclina-
tion with the horizon.
In practice, when the country to be surveyed approximates toa
plane surface, the riband may lie wholly upon it ; the angle of its
inclination with the horizon being ascertai ned. by observing a a
30 A SYSTEM OF ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
int above the distant end equal in height to the height of the
axis of the ae a above the near end, which should
be underneath it. en, on the other hand, it is undulating
or precipitous, necessitating sth suspension of the riband, it is
obviously more convenient to hold one end to the axis of the
telescope. The effect on the length of the Aone arising from
this suspension is eliminated by an increase of te
The ribands are of steel, of uniform area in thet transverse
sections, and are to be had, I believe, in sizes from ‘045 inch wide
and ‘015 thick occas and weighing from about ‘2 tb per chain,
to about 1:5 Ib per chain. Riband weighing -3 ib per chain, about
075 inch wide, in a 5-chain length, marked at every tenth
link, has been found very convenient Sand satisfactory.
These ribands are elastic, and if stretched by the application of
any moderate tension, return upon its removal to their origina
lengths. tension sufficient to cause a permanent change in
length i is never required in practice, hence eniaiat comparisons
with a standard are unnecessary.
y experiment it has been found that, through a very great
range of tension, the change in length varies as the product of the
tension and the length of the riband. The change in different
ribands, of the same length and material, varies inversely as the
areas of their transverse sections, or what is equivalent, as their
weights.
This change in a soft steel riband, one chain of which weighs
e pound avoirdupois, is ‘00000779 chain for each pound o
pent a and for each chain in its length. (Vide Appendix I.)
The weight of the riband should form the basis of computations,
in preference to the area of the transverse section ; it being im-
possible to measure the latter with any degree of precision.
The variations in length arising from the ef ae mee of any
tension may be found by means of the following form
l, L = Original and stretched lengths (unit 1 eee
D == Weight of unit of riband (unit 1 lb.)
# = tension applie
k = 00000779 shake
7. =1(1+4), or Z-1=1(4).
The elasticity of steel riband is constant or nearly so, at
ordinary temperatures. Its value has been given for 60° Fahren-
heit, and may be accepted for all temperatures occurring in_ the
practice of surveying, without involving appreciable error. It is
probable, however, that the elasticity increases with the tempera-
ture. It varies also in different kinds of steel, but only slightly.
Ata dull red heat a sited will be je permanently lengthened by
the — of even a moderate
_BY MEANS OF LONG STEEL RIBANDS. si.
It is a this elastic —. se the ribands that the
in the length between their ends, arising from their
paspeiinion, 1 may be eliminated by increase of tension ; the increase
diminishing the ordinates, and at the same time lengthening the
chords of the curves in which the hang. In other words, the
tensiéns applied to the suspended ribands may be so increased that
the chords of the lengthened ribands will equal their normal
lengths ; that is, their lengths at standard tension. A fuller con-
sideration of this part of the subject will appear in ri Appendices.
In order to avoid errors arising from slight bends or curves in
- ribands, it is gr oman to apply a considerable Leica to them,
n when using them upon a plane surface, or when testing at a
Pandard This tension will hereafter be called the standard
tension.
The suspended riband hangs in a curve, which, unless acted
u by wind, lies wholly in a vertical plane. This curve is
approximately the common eatenary, and from its equations the
When the ends of the suspended riband are in tha same
horizontal plane, and,
= tension at the lowest point in curved riband,
¢ =the standard tension,
w= Weight of 1 chain of riband,
Pw
2
i - thé — — DAR =O.
From this equation # may be readily found with the aid of a
table of squares and ee and / will be the — to apply at
either end of the nd; for conditions of accuracy render it
imperative that ¢ should be large compared with w; and when
hi ;
not appreciably _— from the tangential tension at the end.
The proportion ~ — = 30 to 35 has been found suitable to the
necessities - satis
ends of the riband are not in the same horizontal
plane, and {- the angle between the chord of the riband and the
zenith.
7" =the tension to be applied to the upper end.
7’ =the tension to be applied at the lower end and r=
aA hoe g es
1+T
2
P—tr—
jw cost
Pet
Tere
Scent
2
F
32 A SYSTEM OF ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
hen the values for 4 have been computed for the various
inks of the riband used, T’ and T may be found very approxi-
mately by the equations
T =t+(h-t) cin ¢ 4 Coe
oie sin wig eee
ese equations, though empirical, are very accurate for values
of 3 between 60° and 90° ; and as these angles most ote es
occur in practice, will be found as a rule sufficiently ace
By means of the foregoing formule, surveyors are donde to
construct for the ribands used by them tables of tensions for use
in the field.
When the tension applied to the riband is large compared with
its weight, the curve in which it hangs has a small ordinate ; and
consequently a slight error in the amount of the tensions does not
materially affect ‘the difference in the length between the curve
and its chord. Owing to the difficulty, however, of holding the
ends of the riband at any desired points when it is under ‘great
tension, there is a practical limit to the amount that may be applied.
This limit is between 20 and 25 Ib. for men of ordinary strength.
For obvious reasons, there is a limit also to the length of riband
that may be used. This s may be said to be about 5 chains in rough
and undulating country, and about 10 chains in level country.
A 5-¢ riband weighing 1°5 lb., if standard length, at a tension
of 10 a squines a tension of 19-5 Ib. when the whole length is
suspended ; ; it is therefore eminently adapted for use in precipitous
country,—a fact which has been verified by considerable experience.
If it be preferred a use a constant tension, and to apply
corrections for the defects in length arising from the suspension of
ante lengths of riband, these may be ‘found by means of the
ollowing formule :—
i= angle eroeing the chord of riband and the zenith
Pw*
we when = 90°
and when os cgi from 90°
in *¢
og 4 ( S mS cos =)
end of the riband, or
Pw? sin * Z
lw cos &
Hine)
Ps
if the tension be applied to the lower
ym if the tension be applied to the upper
BY MEANS OF LONG STEEL RIBANDS. 33
If r’ represent the corrections reduced to their aw pa value
in®
the last two equations are converted into 7’ =
24 («+ Eee
a - > hee oo, ee
nly i ply ing the ten
is the spring Satine With a view to the autaiciners ‘of andiibatly ‘the
balance should be tested, and when in use the freedom of the
attached to the spring must be ensured. If it touch the sides of the
slot through which it passes the registered tension w ill be erroneous.
g
150° Fahrenheit. A difference of 50° temperature and 20 Ib.
tension would cause a variation of °135 Ib. tension, which in a
5-chain riband of the weight previously recommended would
represent less than ‘002 link. And as the effect of increase of
ultimatum of accuracy be desired. tp correction may be
ein of a anit of sueeabered steel fora change in temperature
from 32° to 212° Fahrenheit. In a table of expansions for thirteen
kinds of steel this is the least, and there is a very considerable
range in the amounts. ence, for measurements of the most
refined Elasasipos, the coeflicient of expansion for each riband
must be determined. In ordinary practice no error of any conse-
quence will be introduced if 100115 be accepted as the coefficient
for the range of temperature before mentioned. From this may be
deduced the following simple but very accurate formula :—
If 2d =the variation in temperature (unit 1° Fabr.)
t= length of riband
# = correction in hundredths of links
dl
R=—
8
and for a difference of 60° Fahrenheit, and a length of 10 chains,
01 link.
this formula is in error less than
e ascertainment of the temperature of the riband in the field
r, and even its approximate determination she —
is no easy matte
considerable experience.
34 A SYSTEM OF ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
The precision with which the theodolite observation of the
altitude of the chord of the riband must be observed will depend
upon the requirements of the case. ‘These will be limited by .
rapidity with which the cosine of the angle changes, and b
accuracy of the instrument available. A properly-fitted 5” fren
dolite may be depended upon to give angles within 15” of their
absolute value.
Some general remarks in regard to the details of this system of
measurement will not here be out of place.
The friction of a Ticht riband, when under a moderate tension
upon ordinary ground may, in general practice, be neglected without
appreciable error. When the surface is slightly uneven and the
riband lying in a succession of little curves, a small inerease of
tension, the amount of which may be determined by a few simple
experiments, will sufficiently correct the consequent defect.
Chaining upon the aaa is most convenient when it closely
approximates a plane surfac
_ The terminal marks ‘eal the riband should be two or three
inches short of the ends, so as to permit their easy and accurate
adjustment to any given points.
The spring balance should be as close as possible to one of these
marks, or may be so attached that its index-point will define the
end of the chain. he latter method has the advantage of indi-
cating the register of the tension, and the a to mark at
together, so that they may be observed simultaneously.
teel ribands marked at hundredth links are now obtainable,
and by means of them the fractions of the chain may be recorded
to almost any assigned practical degree of accuracy.
For facility in Sah ae computation, whole chains should
laid out when pos
The sane in the Ficld-book may be conveniently made thus:—
50000 links D 20°12'15” F 72/30=469°357
22°105 E_ 1° 30’ F 74/30= 22-103
ifies depression, E elevation, F Fahrenheit, the subscribed
30 the temperature of the riband when at standard length.
Tn conclusion, it may be observed that the time occupied by the
adoption of the system in practice is inconsiderable. If the strict
ment yet adopted, and under all circumstances
gives results diduadiin g in accuracy any of the methods preceding it.
the Appendices will be found a mathematical discussion of the
whole problem, and also tables for computing the Se for any
ri ith a considerable variation of standard te
= Nore —1 desire to express my indebtedness to Mr Mr. F. B. W.
Tigi District beh and to H, 8. Hawkins, MA., of the
of this subject.
BY MEANS OF LONG STEEL RIBANDS. . 35
APPENDICES.
I.— Determination of Constant ‘00000779 Chain.
Three steel ribands, each 5 chains long, and each in one piege,
weighing 140625 tb., 1:25 b., sf ‘984375 tb., tested through a
range of 15 %b., viz., from o 25, gave as the extension in
1 chain, produced by a tension of 1 bb. ‘02200 inch, 02480 inch,
vely.
Multiplying these quantities by the weight of 1 chain of each
riband gives the values ‘00618750, 00620000, and -00611625
inch. The mean 00616792, reduced to a decimal of a chain, is
00000779, and this quantity ‘will represent the extension ager
by a tension o in 1 chain of riband weighing 1 Ib. It will be
very approximately true for the light steel ribands now in use.
The area of the transverse section of the riband, which is
directly ah eet to its weight; is that upon which the tension
ted, and the effect of the latter a aga sare
decreases in the same ratio as the area increas
h e of arriving at the equation L=/ re + 2) is too
obvious ‘i ve illustration.
TI.—Correction for Curved Form of the Suspended Riband.
The Catenary Curve.
If the riband were perfectly flexible, the curve in which it would
hang would be very nearly y the | common sere ice (its elasticity
f that curve). As, however,
the method of using the riband snes the spationgiihs of a great
horizontal tension, as com ared with its weight, the curve, although
the riband is not perfectly flexible, will yet so closely approach the
ordinary catenary that even the exact method of solution, viz., that
which takes into account both the elasticity and the force requisite
to bend the riband, will not give results appreciably differing from
those given by the equations to that curve. Nor indeed will the
as an arc of a circle, differ practically from the exact method.
Notation.
L=\length of curve, unit 1 chain.
Ce teeth of cho
s=length of curve from point «=0, y=c.
h=horizontal tension, unit 1 hb.
c =~ length of riband equal in weight to h.
€= em Napierian Logarithms = 2°71828183 + ke.
2,2’ =any ordinates to curve parallel to axis x reckoned from
the lowest point of curve.
yy =any. ordinates to curve reckoned from the saps c
below the lowest point of curve.
36 A SYSTEM OF ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
w= weight of 1 chain of riband.
, 7” =tensions at any points in curve.
7=mean of any two values of 7’= ote
t= standard tension of riband.
p=radius of curvature at any point of curve.
G= ss measure of any angle.
£,¢ =any angles between axis y and any chord of the curve.
The Pridamental equations to the catenary curve are :
‘<5 ae :) a hs See )
Pw
IT1.—£quation h? - th - a = Q,
Uf -1
x=., therefore L=c (x 2) . By exponential theorem,
ae
l
5
e gi ak ys e
es 2 herefore L=/+
~ 96" BA —T8e * see B5406 Eh See
? ig Pu Put
Met To20e+ & Gao therefore epee es &e,
PB 2
But Z-l=(h- = very approximately, therefore (h - ieee sik
about, the second and omitted term on the right-hand side of
this equation being very small. The effect of this omission is
moreover partly neutralized by the omission of a small quantity
which should be included in the left-hand side. Dividing each
lk wu
side a —and multiplying by h? gives h* — th? — ad =0.
For a “bispik of 10 chains, weighing in all 10 lb, and standard
len at a tenison * Se i Ib, the result given by the above
equation is A = 93° 94 lb. The true tangential tension to
y9
It has been stated that the curve may be taken as an arc o
a circle without aad error. The following solution will
e this manifes
= Des =¢, very approximately, = id
z= Gand = sin 6.
Expanding, 6= OMe wo Se ae + te
- Maliplying by p= net sont se
BY MEANS OF LONG STEEL RIBANDS.. 37
The third term on the right-hand side being nine times as great
as the gonad term in the e sponses of the equation to the
catenary curve. The term is so small, however, that it may be
neglected. The appreciable pa hencfor re, agree exactly, whether
the solution be catenary or cir
Zan? im) 2
IV.— vaca T-tr- oe
The following is a strictly accurate solution of the catenary
curve "a any a angle :—
-s=L;«#-x=Ilsin{g; y'-y=lecosl.
c - — ; er = om 4
I=5 ie 9) so =S (ea. °)
= <) 3 f= (- —e )
—z Ho —z
Therefore, 7 cos f=5 (z te te °)
—€°--€
A)
—2 2 -—2£
and L=$ (i _ eager <)
a
Therefore, by addition Z +1 cos =c (c = »
and by subtraction LZ —/ cos =c C. ee « 2)
—a’+
by multiplication L’ — Pecos’ f=c* ts — . 3)
+ (2-2 —(x'—2
or ¢ f. (S 3) =*) . at
Isin€ --2sin ¢
That is LZ? - P cos’ f=? E = ne 5 ae
Expanding Z*—P cos’ £=P sin® eo oa + Sapa fe
? sin HM sin * sin’ ¢ ee re gg &
12c? 360c* * 50160
So far the solution is strictly accurate ; but asc can only be
Therefore, L* = 7 + + &e.
Jf + be
nearly parallel to the chord 7. Therefore, r sin {= very approxi-
mately ; and tsin¢_« Hence the above equation becomes
_» , fw’ sin f , Mot sin °f r= { S = ts
we as sep But L?= < 1+(r ae
*+ 20 (7-1) hs (e-ap Rejecting the final term of this last 5 =
38 A SYSTEM OF ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
4
equation as inappreciable (ye ha 13 pe aes $4 ke. Therefore,
2
t—tr- ee O very nearly.
It may be observed that when ¢=90° this equation becomes
aw?
r-t’= ou th agreeing with the equation when the ends are in the
same horizontal plane.
With regard to the rejection of the term (r-t#)’ ini it will
Ww
prove upon examination to be of very small value, and further,
the error introduced by omitting it is partly balanced by the
exclusion of the term ial AB
360r*
The equation may also be arrived at by assuming the curve to
be circular. Radius of curvature p= ¥" at middle of curve, about
c
A ——— Therefore p= =6=sin 0 +- ee ae
w'e. w w w sin € 6
tn 5 Sant ean 2
oe + &e. Therefote; vide Appendix IT) L=1+ a .
<%
4 a
et hs ae But L=1+ (r-#) Lf scovabistee ty hea sin 2Z
6407+ 2
very approximately.
IV.—Equations T/T =t+(h—t) sin + — cos ¢.
formule are inexact, but are sufficiently se for
all 5 ib., suspended at an angle of 30° from a horizontal line, and
standard length at a tension of 33} Ib., is only about ‘13 Ib., and
me a 10-chain riband about ‘88 ib, Atan a ngle of 60° the errors
re 1:26 and 1°36 ooanea and as these are the extreme
scien in a very he eavy riband, the As wrap may very safely be
used i in all ordinary circumstances
l’w* sin *f
. Pur
V.—LZquations r= _— “i
quations r 242 eee Ge Ty
L —Tis evidently the correction, and in "ee, ITI this was
shown. to be ae very approximately, and / and ¢ are equivalent.
© Ea Appendix TV, it was shown that (-—0) 222 sin very
BY MEANS OF LONG STEEL RIBANDS. _ 39
approximately. Dividing by 2, (r—#) :- Bei foe But the left-
hand side of this last equation = Z—J, which is the correction in
the direction of the chord. +r=f+ ho cos € according as the tenison
is applied at the lower or the upper end of the riband. Therefore
Pw sin gee Pu? sin *Z
247 24 (ee 2S
zontal value, it must evidently be multiplied by the sine of the
zenith distance or angle. Thus the sin *£ is simply converted into
sin *Z.
To reduce this quantity to its hori-
VI.—Correction for Temperature in steel tapes.
It has been suggested that the correction for agg ates may:
e compensated by varying the tension of t and, when
supported throughout its entire length. Pe 1-00115. as
the coefficient of expansion for 180° Fahr., and -00000779 as the
extension for 1 Ib. tension, the following expression for the com-
pensation may be deduced :—If A¢ and A/f= differences of tension
temperature At = ‘8203w Af From this equation it is
evident that a riband machi 1-2191 tb. per chain would require
a difference of 1%b. in tension for every change in temperature of
* Fahr., and therefore the compensation is practicable with only
the very ‘lightest ribands.
VII.— Table of Tensions to be applied toa Wire Riband weighing
1 1b. per chain, and standard length at a tension of 334 lb.
Length | Angle of chord of Riband from horizontal line.
sus- |
pended. ‘+0-| +10— | +20- | +30— | +40 | +50
ao
Semsomasine
SRS2eS_
“8883
Nore.—The standard tension and the tensions for the different
lengths suspended for riband of any other weight may be found by
proportion, or by multiplying the quantities in the table by the
weight of 1 chain of the riband, expressed as a fraction of a fe
40 A SYSTEM OF ACCURATE MEASUREMENT.
VIII. —Table of Values for r in the Equation 7° — tr’ — ef = 0.
6 1 ie yaee, t = 30. t = 35. jen Ge i
chains Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib.
1 27-22 30°68 34°50 38°59 42°91 47°38
5 58°75 60°97 63°34 65°84 68°50 71-30
10 88-42 90°42 92°51 94°67 96-93 99°27
— TT ee t = 25. t = 30. ic. em 0. fn &
chains Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib.
1 26-97 29°59 33°56 87°81 42°94 46°83
5 54°18 56-46 58°90 61°51 64-28 67-21
10 81-06 83°10 85:23 87°46 89°77 92-20
Nore.—w = 1ib. : k= 00000779 chain :7=1, 5, and 10. €=90°
and 60°.
This table may be peer a interpolating the tensions with any
standard tension from 20 to 45 1b. for riband weighing 1 Ib. per
chain. For riband of ste "oti weight the tension for both the
supported and the suspended ribands will be proportionate, and
may be found by multiplying the quantities in the table by the
weight of 1 chain of the riband, expressed as a fraction of a pound.
Notes on Flying-machines.
By Lawrence HarcGrave.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 3 June, 1885.]
Sryce last reading a paper to this Society, I have been making
urther experiments with trochoided planes, and my attention has
been directed principally to the question whether the speculations
that were made about the flight of birds are correct, and if so,
can a mec contrivance be constructed that would show
what my views on the subject are.
I have been unsuccessful in all attempts at vertical flight, and
am disposed to modify the opinion po sg n that point, as it is
evident that some birds when hovering use the same motion that
they do when flying horizontally. This we can see in the small birds
that suck honey from flowers when on the wing, the body is kept
wards.
With horizontal flight, more success has attended my efforts ;
and experimenting with nearly fifty models has resulted in these
that I hope to show you supporting themselves and moving hori-
zontally in such a way thatif the motion is not that used by birds,
scientific truth is of no further interest, as it only remains for
practical mechanics to step in and adjust the details to suit the
material and motive power they may think best for the purpose
they have in view; or, in other words, that the solution of the
a
x
Mr. Russell suggested to me that trial should be made with
india-rubber as a motive power, or it has thus been possible to
make an engine the weight and power of which approximates
closer proportionally to the large ~— we use than the
clock-work previously experimented w
flyin
the most important point, viz., os were all supported either oe
strings or on wheels, and therefore could not be defined as flying-
machines any more than those machines that depend for their
success on floatation by the aid ks gas.
42 NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES.
The rough workmanship is found to be of comparative unim-
portance compared with the adjustment of the planes, but repeated
failures have brought out a slight improvement in the execution,
and several interesting results.
It is necessary to see clearly that these machines are identical
in principle with the model previously exhibited and described,
that had two vertical planes that were trochoided in water. The
plane of the body and tail represents one of the vertical planes,
and the equivalent plane of the two wings the other. Ata casual
glance they seem totally dissimilar ;.a closer analysis will make it
evident that they are one and the same tegen:
The equivalent plane, as I term it, is an imaginary surface
trochoided by an imaginary crank and connecting rod, that throws
a wave equal in section and pitch to the me n of the infinite
and connecting-rod are embodied in the universal joint of radially
trochoided planes, but for rough experimental work such as this,
it has been found most convenient to put the connecting-rod at a_
distance from the universal joint sufficiently great to ensure toler-
ably exact adjustment of the work that I am “capable of doing.
The experiments show that the greater surface of each plane
For a same reason, if a boat is towed: on an even keel it is
difficult to keep her straight—she will yaw, —_ if not met, will
a greater combined effect than the smaller number of highly
a oe striking the forward part of the boat, and if the
she returns of herself to the course, and keeps it.
pee cert that theafter part of the most efficient trochoided
ane emg the fo paromsde must Shenstone be closely dependent on
es to make the two parts”
this puts a torsional
NOTES QN FLYING-MACHINES. 43
strain on the midrib and a bending strain on the connecting-rod ;
, if the vote of the plane is rectangular and the midrib
is shifted to the forward edge of the rectangular web, the tor-
sional strain on a gna tapering midrib will twist the web
into a portion of the surface connecting two straight lines on
two parallel planes, the two straight lines not being parallel
one of the crossbars is left 8 ojecting forward to act as a strut to
the guys that tauten the we
towed boat. Now, if the body plane is made so large that v9 motion
towards and from the wing plane is very small, it willn
care to get the pressure on both sides alternately, and if this j is not
done the machine will act the same as the flat object.
The machine is more easily adjusted by ges the body plane
in two parts, and much longer than it is wide.
sk off the tail makes a machine that flies ve a into one. that
flies horizontally or upwards, and a piece cut off the head makes
one that flies laboriously upwards into one that flies rapidly hori-
zontally. If the area of the body plane is ercckeee into an equal
Sinipact figure, the machine will sometimes turn head over heels.
—— of these short-tailed ones will palais do so if they don’t _
44 NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES.
strike the wall. I purpose selecting the best of these models, inal
making their mean dimensions a standard from which to take a
fresh departur
Each wing ties been made to have a stroke of 90°, but in short
wings this may be largely increased with advantage, as we see
several kinds of pigeons even striking their wings together ; long-
winged, swift-flying birds use an angle much less than 90°.
At first I stretched the india-rubber from aft forward, but in
upwards at starting, we want the centre of gravity moved forwa
to decrease the angle of elevation as the power of the elastic
decreases.
Another note-worthy point is, that the fore-and-aft members of
the planes are placed underneath the web, and the tranverse ones
above it.
The distance these models fly seems very trifling, but experience
teaches us that in all model-experiments increase > of proportional
size and weight bring universally better results in work done,
It has been found impossible to form even a moderately exact
determination of what distance or height the machines actually
fly ; the pe tena of the air in a room like this causes currents
that tilt the wings or tail so that the action is different at each
trial.* Out of doors accuracy is still more impossible until we aad
the machines much larger, and consequently less fragile. A wi
torn and patched again of course renders all previous trials vattee:
less for comparison: and besides all this, whatever care is taken
not to project the machine in the direction it is wished to go, there
is still probably an involuntary movement of the hand in that
irection which you will perhaps detect.
The speed attained shows us that when we come to deal with
machines weighing tons instead of ounces we shall have also to deal
with air-pressures exceeding hurricane force, with which the edges
of trochoided planes are in my opinion the only things that can
successfully cope.
The steering of flyi ing-machines on this principle requires a
rapidity of aes and action that will at first tax the nerves to
the ost, but in one-man machines practice will reduce the
movements of the body necessary to alter the centre of gravity to
the various requirements to as simple an act of volition as skating
* Nore 7, Ate,
upwards on on reaching th stars it: Repro cer not Seas ar Gain
__ is now seen to to have been that the main ee sie want citealating
NOTES ON FLYING MACHINES. 45
or riding a bicycle. In larger machines this will have to be done
by making the area of the tail variable for ascending or descending,
and tilting one corner up or down for turning to either side.
The ascending and descending may also be managed by making
the framing between the universal joint and the crank shaft vari-
able in length. By increasing this distance, more than half the are
oni which the wings move is brought below the body plane, so
the machine was previously balanced for horizontal flight
the iesbatinis will make it ascend.
Likewise the turning may be effected by making the upper end
of one connecting-rod fast to a sleeve sliding on the midrib. The
position of the sleeve determines the arc of that wing measured
from the body plane, but the two wings will still make equal ares
with the horizon as the body will be rocked from side to side.
Regarding the proportion of weight to area, the models are
comparable more to butterflies than to the majority of ying
area of the waves thrown; or, that a beetle and a mot
weight expend the same amount of strength in flying the same
distance, and the result is produced by throwing the same number
of cubic inches of air in each case
It takes 14 lb. to stretch one ‘of these red elastic bands 10
inches ; that is, when they are looped so that there are four folds
of the india: rubber. ere is one movable sheave introduced, so
that the barrel is turned by about 7 lb. when the machine is
wound up tight.*
The pitch of the equivalent plane when the connecting-rod
equals 24 cranks is about 75 inches when arranged as in that
model with the long tail, which is one of the oldest and least
efficient I have, the proportion now used is the crank equals one-
third the connecting-rod. These results are arrived at by a system
of selection ; those machines that fly at all have been kept till
some slight improvement, suggested by er opt or judgment,
has been embodied in the next ones, the older machines are then
broken up or ateneed. It is found that this renee method is
more fruitful than attempting to make any elaborate calculations,
although differently constituted minds may find the latter way the
best.
* Nore.—A marked cr tp diel has since been made by making the
barrel flat instead of cylindri now a i rotary
motion, and there isa — absence of that jerk that was so icuous as
centres; the motive power is also much
46 NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES.
In making experiments with flying-machines on a large scale, it
is well we should understand that the generation of steeple-jump-
ers has passed away, and that any one at the stage our knowledge
starting must be, as suggested somewhere in Mr. Proctor’s writings,
from a light carriage on a level or falling gradient. If the machine
is correctly Son rene it will leave the carriage at the proper
moment ; if anything is wrong, no accident can ~ happen to the
experiment er.
The carriage will need three wheels on castors, with one upright
bar rove loosely through the machine, so that all mancuvres may
be practised without allowing it to rise higher than the top of the
bar, and with perfect safety to both the machine and the man.
The motive power most suitable for flying-machines is air com-
pressed into spherical or spindled-shaped steel vessels, driving a
direct-acting single-cylinder — engine. (Diagram III. )
t is perhaps premature to spe alighting before we ascend
at all; but we may take a lesson loans birds, and observe how they
turn round and face the wind when coming to the ground, in the
same ad that a yacht picks up her moorings.
e every-day employment of flying-machines as means of
transit ecu be brought much nearer in point of time if our boys
would make and use these models as toys; they require little more
skill in construction than an ordinary kite, and young brains are
so much readier to perceive and grasp an improvement than those
that have already been moulded and set in a particular groove.
I will now wind up the machines and let them speak for them-
selves, and if they do not all break in winding (a not unusual
acci dent), they will perhaps carry conviction to some mechani
minds that by means of a ridiculously simple piece of mechanism
rapid artificial flight is possible.
: one of them threatens to strike any gentleman present,
would he kindly hold up his hands—so—this will stop the flight,
and the machine will fall harmlessly to the ground, and will pro-
sna escape unbroken : if you attempt to hold it, it is sure to be
aged. *
UW
pressed air is to trochoid flat wings,
On a form of Flying-machine.
By L. Harerave,
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 December, 1885.]
of the owing is 378 square inches ; the length of body aa head is
6 feet 1 ; the area of the body and head is 858 square inches ;
the total weight is 1:47 lbs. ; this gives an area of 840 square
inches per
Now as to ‘the motive power. The strut forms the back-bone of
the whole concern ; it is about 11 in. square, and is hollowed out to
about the thickness of cardboard, and you could easily flatten it
between your fingers and thumb ; it is made of clear pine, and at
5,400 lbs. per square inch would stand 3,051 Ibs. end compression
if it did not buckle ; it is tapered slightly towards the tail.
The twenty-four elastic hea weigh 5 ozs., and each is stretched
with a force of 12-6 lbs. to 308 inches ; and in the manner they
are arranged puts a shrcat of 189 Ibs. on the strut.
_ The purchase by which the elastic bands are stretched is a luff
cord is white hem fishing-line, and breaks with 67 Ibs. ; the theo-
retical strain on the fall is 37-8 lbs. but experiment with a Salter’s
balance on the string proves there is only 30 lbs., the rest being
lost in friction at the four sheaves ; this strain —- as the
india-rubber bands contract at the following rate
Ist flap ... bins OO - The: 5th flap... -++, 19:2 Ibs.
e BU ven nc dOS.y, Cthivge 6) ve jenn LED ig
rd = 24. ,, 7th 4 156 ,,
te mae 2 Gy oe 8th ,, : ie -
48 ON A FORM OF FLYING-MACHINE, —
These quantities are measured from fig V with a bastard scale,
30 units of which are equal to AB; their sum multiplied by the
length of cord overhauled at each flap, viz. lfoot, gives 168°8 ft. Ibs.
as the amount of work done during the flight by the bands.
e cord is wound ona flat winder 6 inches long; the crank
shaft is at the centre of the winder, and the cranks are on either
the top or bottom centre when the winder points t6 the last sheave
over which the cord passes, that is, they are not quite at right
angles to the winder. The strain on the crank pins due to the
flat winder, varies as the cosine of the angle the winder makes with |
the line joining the centre of the crank-shaft and the last sheave
The upper end of each connecting rod is fastened to the midrib at
1°61 in. from the socket, and each wing moves throughan arcof 121°
The centre of effort of each wing is 25-5 inches from the socket,
and the length of the arc traversed by it is 53‘8 inches, which is
taken as the height of the equivalent trochoidal wave.
e midrib is 5 inches from the forward edge of the wing, which —
is 9 inches wide, and the.preponderance of the after part of the
wing membrane twists the midrib about 15°; this shortens the
equivalent trochoidal wave to 2208 feet, and makes the pitch
angle 574°.
The distance the machine flew was 98 feet from where I stood,
it took a wide sweep of at least 30 feet versed sine, making 120 ft.
on the curve ; it was stopped by a fence on the top of which it
caught, 8 feet below the starting-point ; the trajectory was slightly
ascending at first, but very little.
e wings are flapped ten times in 7 seconds, which gives a
horizontal speed of 14°6 miles per hour, or 15 feet per stroke.
Using the formula P=0-002288 V? where P=-177 Ibs. per
same time it is translated 120 feet horizontally and 8 feet down-
wards, so that by the parallelogram of forces the india-rubber bands
_ drive the machine upwards at an angle of 19° for a distance of
126°5 feet ; this gives 15-8 feet per stroke, and a slip of 28-4 per
cent. which represents the skin resistance,
The strain on each crank-pin at the centre of the first stroke is
32°15 Ibs., or-2-02 Ibs. on each wing’s centre of effort ; this strain
ecreases to 0 when the crank is on the centre and. the winder
pointing towards the last sheave. The angle of the wing with the
direction of the thrust, and the torsion of the midrib, decrease with
_ A FORM OF FLYING-MACHINE. 49
peer tore the siiieentin: Whointhee are plotted as in fig. I
and resolved into thrust and useless work, which are plotted again.
in the two curves of fig. II, the areas enclosed by the curves will
represent ft. Ibs. for 4 of the first revolution of the crank-shaft
from which is deduced the mean lbs. of thrust of both wings for
the first revolution = 1-075 lbs., and mean lbs. of lost work of both
wings for the first revolution = 2-26 lbs. Multiplying each of these
quantities by 9 feet, the distamie traversed by the centre of effort
of the wing gives 9-675 ft. lbs. of effective work and 20-34 ft. lbs.
of lost work, the sum of which, 30-015 ft. lbs., is the work of the
first stroke.
machine during its flight is shown by fig. IV to be 41: 28 feet,
multiplied by 1:47 Ibs. =60-68 ft. Ibs. ; but the whole work of the ~
first stroke is to the effective work of “the first stroke as the total
work of the elastic bands is to the total thrust of the eight strokes,
that is, as 30015 : 9-675 :: 168°8 : 54-4, giving a difference of ss
6°28 ft. lbs., to which I attach little importance, as it may arise in ue
a number of ways from the graphic method of investigation adopted. ee
The centre of gravity of the machine when wound up is 2 feet
es ; all measured from the forward end of the strut.
Fig. VI refers to the strength of the tissue paper that is used.
for the membrane of the planes ; it took over 28 lbs. to burst the
tried, but it bellies, and is hard to stretch tightly.
There have been so many breakages and ambiguous results due
ait
currents have no effect on the observations. The experiment
described may be taken as considerably under what = twenty-
four india-rubber bands wo o if the machine were more care-
fully made ; and fig. V shows they can be stretched to 38 inches —
with a strain of 20 Ibs., in this experiment they were only
stretched to 303 inches, with 12°6 Ibs. ; but many of the india-
rubber bands would not stand more than one or two of the long
stretches, and accidents sey be frequent.
_ It has occurred to me that the motion of this form of ae
machine will produce sea-sickness, time will show if this is
Mo. Bot. Garder
1007...
50 ON A FORM OF FLYING-MACHINE..
From a consideration of the eo it may be theorized
that the same horizontal flight is produc
Ist. If the area is reduced the Sowa can remain the same,
but the weight must be reduced
2nd. If the area is reduced the weight can remain the same,
ut the power must be increased.
3rd. If " weight is reduced the area can remain the same,.
but the power must be reduced.
= If rs power is reduced the weight can remain the same,
but the area must be increased.
[Seven diagrams. ]
Effective work
Non-effective work
Figil
Figil
(puvg sage UD UIDAS of ona OS
>
a a
© + ——+ {4 - ——
”
$+ = F
q ier =
iy)
one dead osdardaed apes des Cubechorks
% P=
a —
. eee ee ee ‘wteed boca model and i--
& ‘Cog! a a SS Pa agony pags ae
{aa i a
paaeee
a
6 3
Inches the bands, are stretched
Saget: Se
See eS
Fig V.
argraves Paper
on a form of Flying Machine’
a
For LH
For L Hargraves paper on a
Ee
ee iu
Local Variations and Vibrations of the Earth’s Surface.
By H. C. Russet, B.A., F.R.A.S.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 July, 1885.]
As the network of science closes — the phenomena of Nature,
every now and then some new fact is found protruding itself,
attain to that perfection in observations which his science demands.
He must now recognize the fact which the geologist has proved,
that the earth’s crust is in a chronic state of vibration and change,
to an extent probably sufficient to explain some of those trouble-
some errors which have been heretofore ote down to instability in
the instruments or change in the observ
n 1878 a Committee of the British Assooiation was appointed
and Mr. G. H. Darwin, who made the experiments and in whose
name the report is written.
The report is in two parts, vols. for 1881 and 1882 of the
British Association Ae and is of the utmost importance to
astronomers. The Committee at first thought it would be pos-
sible to arrange such saan that the lunar effects could be
seen. Sir William Sa ep suggested the method of testing the
question, viz., by hanging a pendulum on a very firm support, and
52 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE.
providing apparatus to show the win variation in its position
with reference to the vertical. This was done by attaching the
bottom of the pendulum to a small mirror hung on two silk fibres,
the means of connection being a single fibre of silk. The a
experiments showed how exceedingly sensitive this arrangem
ae and that it was useless to attempt anything in the cdeacery
at Glasgow, owing to the emmnie of a busy city, the want of
pene appliances, and the imperfections of the first instrument.
All these difficulties were overcome and the instrument set up at
Cambridge, and finally made so sensitive that it would reveal a
motion in the pendulum equal to an angle of 0°01’, or an inch in
quite capable of doing the work before them ; but most unexpected
difficulties arose. Nothing could be done if any one was in the
room with the apparatus ; if the observer lifted one foot off the
ground the spot of — veg flying on the scale, showing that a
slight change of weight on the surface of the ground near the
instrument affected the senisl of the ground and thence the pen-
dulum. To avoid this a telescope was put through the wall and
the changes observed through it. After this it seemed probable
that they would be able to attain the desired object, and actually
side. But here the city traffic, railways, &c., and other minor
vibrations due probably to earth tremors, became so troublesome
that it was impossible to distinguish certainly the lunar effects
from the others. At times it would be possible to get readings
satisfactorily, and at others the observers saw a distinct diurnal
period, with a maximum about noon when the pendulum stood
init 1 northwards. The path of the pendulum was, however,
interrupted by many minor zigzags, and it would sometimes, when
abrupt change and moved northwards, and the following day the
ce of the image was greater than usual, = then a few days
later it was quite remarkable for its steadine
Still there was hope that with an ileal a the
results of their experience, and an observatory in a deep mine or
at a distance from a sg they might be able still to measure the
moon’s effect. Finally, however, the attempt was given up as
‘hopeless, because Mr. Darwin, by computation, proved that the
variations of atmospheric a in extreme cases, 7.e., where the
difference amounted to 2 inches, would cause a — in the
earth’s on een eee vertical
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE, 53
amounting to 00292” would occur from time to time ; and as this
took place very frequently, and w ag ara than the lunar effect,
‘there was no hope of eliminating the latt
I think this conclusion is to be i: for although there
can be no doubt about the accuracy of the figures, yet had their
spot of light been made to record all its changes, it is probable that
in many cases it would have been possible to separate one effect
from the other as depicted in the automatic record. My experience
at Lake George strengthens this view of the question.
Mr. Darwin has given in the report a most valuable epitome of
the labours of other experimenters in the same field, and I wil
ask your attention to several of the items which have special
significance in reference to what I have to bring before you to-
night.
It states that M. Bouguet zn la Greye made observations on a
free pendulum when he was t Campbell’s Island, in lat. 52° 34’
south, and he found that the “se swell of the ocean breaking on
the island caused a change in the vertical of 1-1” ; and that
d’Abbadie, i in order to test these changes, built in 1863 a very
massive stone cone 26 feet high, ‘which Fested on the solid rock
about 24 feet from the surface of the ground ; in this cone was a
— hole 3 feet in diameter, and this was carried down into the
6 feet 6 inches, making the depth of the well-hole 32 feet 6
that nothing could be seen init. At times he saw sudden changes
of the vertical, amounting to 0-49, and even as much as 0°65,
Do cataean earthquakes were frequently seen, in some of which
the changes were so great that the reflected image was carried out
of the field of view, and as the tide rose and the biases of water
accumulated on the eu 430 yards distant, he could distinctly
see the vertical’ line chan
During the years 1867 * 1872 he found the plumb-line deviate
northwards during the latter months of the year, in every yea
except 1872, when it deviated to the south. The greatest sudden
ie saw amounted to 2-4” in the dination of the vertical in
1 hours
M. Pla antamour, who worked for years in the same field, used a
very delicate level fixed in a cellar, and at right angles to the
ridian. The observations revealed a diurnal oscillation, in
—- the east end of the level was highest about 5°30 p.m., ‘and
the change once ran up to 8:4”, 11:2”, and 15-75” on three successive.
_ days. In addition to these ‘diurnal motions, he noted a gradual
_ rise in the east end, and he remarks that the east piers of transit
instruments rise in the same way, but not to so great an extent. .
‘54 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE.
In observing other levels placed north and south, he found a
diurnal motion with a maximum about noon, the north ends
rising ; no annual change in these levels only amounted to 4°89”
t and west it amounted to 28-08”. He mentions one
transit nancial in which the east pier rose 23” and had an
azimuthal change of 75”, and cn similar changes were observed
he transit instrum ent at Bern
At Polkova, on May 10th, 1877, at 4h. 16min. a.m., when M.
Nyren was observing the level of the transit instrument, he saw it
to move, and every 20sec. for three minutes the bubble
fact - lh. 14m. earlier the great earthquake at Iquique took
lac
Mr. Darwin adds—“Our experiments with the plumb-bob, as far
as they go, confirm the results of M. d’Abbadie and M. Plantamour,
and we think there can be little doubt that the surface of the eart
is in incessant movement, with oscillations extending from a fractal
of a second to a year.
“M. Plantamour speaks as though it were generally recognised
that one pier of a transit circle rises during one part of the year
and falls at another ; but if this be so throughout Europe, we must
suppose that there is a kind of tide in the solid earth produced by
climatic changes, the rise and fall of the central parts of continents
must then amount to — vase: in ve rtical — =
the changes of level on the easterly and west
must be exactly opposite to one another. We are not aware that
any comparison of this kind has een undertaken. The idea
seems of course exceedingly improbable, but we understand it to
Europe which rise during the warmer parts of the year. Now if
this be generally true for Europe, which has no easterly coast, it
it is not easy to see how the change can be brought about except
by a swelling of the whole continent.”
A subsequent part of the report refers to the work done in
Italy in the investigation of earth tremors, where it has been
proved that there are periods lasting from a few days to a week
or even more, in which the soil is in incessant movement, followed
by a comparative cessation of such movement ; this he calls a
seismic period. In the rset or — the end of one of these periods
there is frequently an earthqu
These periodic motions are ialbnenoad by the state of the atmo-
spheric pressure. M. Po — sn tributed the variations of the vertical
to this course, and M. Rossi says—“During thre e years no mark
depression of the hassles has occurred without having been
immediately y preceded, — or followed by marked seismic
move
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE. 55
Cavallere used ten pendulums of graduate lengths, and found
that sometimes one of the 2 coca and sometimes another was
The position of the sun and moon n hav ve some influence, but the
seismic motions are ee frequent when the barometer is low.
he maximum disturbance occurs near the winter solstice, and the
minimum near Sie summer solstic
r. Darwin continues—“ I Save seen nothing which shows that
M. Fimaiaeices takes any special precautions with re gard to the
weight of the observer’s body, and it would be interesting to learn
perature of the level itself. The slow molecular changes in glass
render levels untrustworthy for comparison at considerable inter-
vals of time. Although we must admire M. Plantamour’s indomi-
table ——— it is to be regretted that his mode of observa-
tion is by means of levels; and we are compelled to regard, at
least provisionally, these enormous changes of level either as a local
pheno enon, OF as due to systematic error in the mode of obser-
vatio
I ‘ae quoted a few of the results already obtained, by way of
introduction to what I have to say this evening, and indicate
the importance of such investigations in reference to astro cal
work ; for if the astronomer must recognize the fact oneitih by the
geologist and his own observations that the earth’s surface is no
longer to be trusted when he requires a foundation for his instru-
delay, ascertain the character and amount of these small changes,
and in this way eliminate another disturbing element from hi
investigations ; and I have therefore determined to bring before
You may remember that in my address to the Society two
months since I expressed the hope that the ate record of the
height of the water in Lake George would reveal the effects of
some of these terrestrial motions. e Seittuinihal used cannot
have the extreme sensitiveness to minute vibrations which
Darwin’s reflecting mirror and other instruments for the like pur-
se have; but then it is so placed that all such changes
magnified by the relatively enormous extent over which it extends
its sensitive part, if I may so express what I mean ; for any change
in gravity, or the direction of the vertical, is not seen as it affects
the base of a small instrument a few feet square, but as it affects
a surface 20 miles long and 5 to 6 miles wide. Barometric and
wind chan, too, so difficult to see in other instruments, at once
become evident here by their effects on such a large body of water,
56 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH'S SURFACE.
and the lake gauge for these reasons is not only capable of showing
changes quite as minute as the Cambridge pendulum apparatus,
but also of keeping a perfectly satisfactory record of these changes,
so written that many, if not all, the causes can be traced in the
curves se they produce.
months since I had not looked for any diurnal effect, and
Fre did not see it, although it was clearly marked in almost
very sheet that had been taken off up to that time. These curves
are small, but there can be no question as to their existence; they
are shown as clearly as the larger — although, of course, ona
small scale. In Europe the pendulum was seen to swing north-
wards, or away from the equator during + the day and towards it at
ht ; and so the water of Lake George runs away from the
equator during the day and towards it at night, and this curve can
be traced as something added on to all others, (see photoliths of
sheets attached), except of course when a strong wind takes entire
control of the lake. The diurnal change of level seldom exceeds
half an inch, but a tenth of an inch can easily be seen, and this
corresponds toa change in the vertical at the lake of 0: 016", an
angle so small that even lunar effects may produce double that
M d’Abbadie, namely, 2:4”, it would mean a change of 15 inches,
or toes times as much as can be easily seen in the records at Lake
Geo
The. reference here is to slow changes extending over five or s
hours or days, and no such change in the level “of mn lake hai
appeared during the four months the gauge has been at wor.
Nor can I hear that any such changes of level rat ever been
seen by those who have resided at the lake for ll
changes of this kind do occur at long intervals, but they are so
small that it would seem the earth’s surface at the lake is more
rigid than it is in Europe; or that some of the observations
ni ae there do not — changes in the earth’s surface, but
in the instruments used. of these small changes i - shown in
the photolith of the sheet Jae 27 to August 3. On July 27th
_ the water in the lake was rough, owing to a northerly wind.
About 8 a.m. of 28th the north wind ceased, and the weather
became remarkably calm; yet the water fell 6} inches in two
hours, and a series of periodic waves, much larger than those
caused by the wind, was set up, and the mean level of the water
during all day of 28th was 14 inch lower than during the 27th.
‘This weer i in level might be accounted for by the falling of the
north wind the water recovering its normal peenene but for
the fact that at 9 am. on July 29th the water sudd rose
_. again while the weather was quite calm. I have not drawn
_ mean line through these waves; its position is so obvious that
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE. 57
that did not seem n A self-recording aneroid works
with the lake register to show any variation in barometric pres-
sure, and there is nothing in its record on July 28th to justify
this ‘change. The barometer was 0200 inch below the average
to the mean. Its changes, therefore, do not accord with those in
the lake on that day, and I am unable to offer any solution of the
difficulty, except a change in the vertical. The recording machine
is fixed on six piles driven into the bed of the lake, and then
braced together so as to make the support as firm as possible.
No change can take place in the relation of the pencil and the
paper except by a change in level of the water, or a change in the
length of 6 feet of brass chain connecting the float and the wheel,
ny chan
inappreciable. I mention this to show that the change in the
level of the water cannot have been due to instrumental changes,
and there was no wind to produce it, nor any sufficient change in
the barometer to account for it.
The diurnal change can be seen in the photoliths ere on
July 30, 31, fat 1 and 2, and still more on March 14 and 15.
of registration. Mare and 15 also show this curve as super-
added on to other curves or waves, and as the observer expressly
states that there was no wind on these dates, the curve cannot be
of recording such complicated phenomena. An observer watching
such changes in a level or pendulum would naturally take the
observations at intervals, and these photoliths show clearly that he
might determine to do it at such oP say every half-hour, as
would give him a very imperfect representation of what was going
on, whereas the ert SRE — ens clearly all the changes.
On the record ies July 28 a good example will be seen of the
periodic waves, whose vod is about two hours and eleven
minutes ; the greatest a of level yet recorded in these waves
is 13 inches, The first wave of a set is nearly always the largest,
and it often happens fabs a wave is left out, or its period altered
by a small or secondary wave. At A, for instance, the interval
between the crests is nearly double that of subsequent waves, and
at B a small wave seems to cut off the crest of the larger, one.
These are common features, both in calm and windy weather, and
are very perplexing unless they represent changes in the vertical.
As I pointed out just now, two hours after the northerly wind
ceased on _ July the water began to fall at the south end of
the lake, and fell 54 inches, when there was not a breath of wind -
58 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE.
at the gauge ; and to make such a change, a strong southerly gale
of wind would be required blowing on the south end of the lake,
near where the gauge is, whi ch could not have been the case
without ot i knowing g it.
There n the instrumental corrections of the
Sydney Pieter pase uibk this lake change on July 28, nor
any circumstances of lunar position which might be suppos
be connected with it. Here, for the present, I must leave these
lake changes, only remarking that the record referred to above
was made subsequent to the reading of this paper, but before the
proof was corrected, and I have used it as a better example than
that “i at the meeting.
e I leave this part of my subject I would like to call your
Sitenkicn to the fact that the lake is most disturbed when the
barometer is low, which accords with the results of seismic obser-
vations in Italy and other places. You may remember that in my
address, read in May, I expressed the opinion that the greater dis
turbance with a low barometer was not because the barometer was
on the earth which sets it into vibration in the same way as it
does the sea.
The statement made by M. Plantamour that in Europe the
eastern piers of transit instruments rise in summer and fall in
view that it should be proved or disproved at once, and I
therefore wish to contribute the results = our experience towards
the discussion of this question, for it is only by collecting the
results from a great number of vteealoren that this can be
late Mr, Smalley, all the then existing azimuth observations in
Sydney, and four years of Greenwich results, for a paper which
he read to this Society on “the azimuthal changes of hills.” Ever
since I have been very much a ong in the question. At
the time I refer to, and for some years after, we had at
Sydney one of those ola fashioned inten sisbies with the telescope
circle near one pier; an example of the gradual change
by which we got from the old mural circle to the symmetrical
modern transit instrument. Ours was made up of cast and ham-
mered brass, in just so many pieces as suited the workman’s con-
venience, and these, put together under the then existing idea of
what was best or most convenient to make, resulted in an instru-
ment which, viewed in the light of present practice, seems to have
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE. 59
been designed not to give correct results, but the greatest uncer-
tainty in working. Certainly ours justified such a view, and was
most unsatisfactory in every way. owever, in the results of
azimuth, Mr. Smalley thought he could trace the annual curve
which had been found in the Greenwich and two or three other
Observatory on a large hill of sandstone rock of which the north
and west sides are cut down about 40 feet, exposing bare rock
faces to the sun and weather. And it is interesting, now that we
sandstone 8 feet 6 inches long, 3 feet wide, 18 inches thick, which
rests on a mass of masonry 16 feet long, 5 feet wide, and has for
foundation the solid sandstone of which the hill is composed.
You will see that although the hill is not the place an astronomer
would choose to put an observatory, it is yet far more stable than
it was supposed to be, in fact it is quite evident that the faults of
the old instrument were unjustly laid on the hill. If we could only
stop the production of smoke, which seems to me to be increasing
ina geometrical ins the site would do for many years to come.
wing the annual variations of the level and
azimuth of the new roel ardneat will show you that the level
goes through a regular annual variation, the eastern pier rising in
June to its highest point the same as it ‘does at Greenwich, and at
least some other European Observatories. The range in our level
is a small one, only about 10”, and so regular that the level errors
increase of level, probably due to the settling of the pier, which
had been in part rebuilt for the new instrument, and a subsequent
fall, as will be seen in the following table.
Level errors of the Sydney Transit Instrument :—
Highest reading. Lowest. Mean,
SOT vives, are vee PU’ slice Lda! eee 5
TORS a ereceres ce ROU vrecss ae deli 10:3
ROTO Asoecestess IDS © cues TO = tee 13-0
POOR. cue vegies AGO Saree OO An 5
FOOL oo vaasisers i! aaa re 100 cs 15-0
BORE tcriy cs pete ISO ca gs ee en
BOOS ii cesctvess TOU ace oO i 135
BOOE oocsce vues 190 ie (Signe
60 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE.
Falling means that the western pier, which is the higher of the
two, is getting lower; and, in connection with this, it is interesting
to remark that during the past three years men have been at work
cutting off irregularities in the cliffs on the western side of the
hill and trimming the face to a perpendicular line ; a large quantity
of stone, amounting to about 5,000 tons weight, has been gradually
moved, and one would expect the removal ‘of such a mass of
the instrument shows a fall on the west side; I think we must,
therefore, conclude that no appreciable effect on the instrument
been caused by the removal of the stone. The sandstone of
which the hill j is composed possesses nes ichiataa marked strati-
fication in beds which are nearly horizontal, but t rough these
there are vertical joints running in ‘ies about N.N.E. .-» So that
the rock which was cut away was separated from the part on
which the Observatory stands by several of these joints. There is
one other point I wish to draw your attention to in the level curves,
of the instrument, and in many observatories such deviations are
d as errors, ‘and corrected to the mean line or probable error ;
hes in face of theo served changes in the earth’s surface which
affecting the instrument for some hours only, or during the time
the observations were made. I was very much interested by
what Mr. Darwin says at the end of gs careful examination into
the Gadinte on this point, viz.— enture to predict that at
but will regard corrections derived from apetiak instruments as
necessary to each astronomical observation.”
Looking at the curves ——- the azimuth, you will see’
that there is little or no sign of any annual variation. Since the ~
instrument was set up, the scitatiih has gradually increased each
year at the rate of 5” per annum for the two first years and 3” per
annum during the four last years. The more rapid change of
azimuth during the first years was probably due to the same cause
_ which made the level change, but whether the gradual increase in
the azimuth, the instrument turning towards the east, is to go on
remains to be seen. I remember when I first jo oined the Obser-
vatory the Rev. Mr. Scott was then watching a since te change
in level of the same character, which went on for many months, and
so se that he computed the Observatory would in 260 years, if
the ra ; 1, topple over into Darlin g Harbour. the
ities of the transit instrument foundations mf been but recently
built, this change was perhaps not surprising: bat ceased in due
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE. 6]
time, and Iam waiting patiently to see when the easterly excursion
of our transit a is to cease and the return take place.
You will observe in the azimuth curves that there are some con-.
siderable Govtations from the mean line, but the determination of
azimuth cannot be so accurate as the level, because it depends
upon the positions of stars which are not all accurately known,.
and the state of the atmosphere at the time of observation, which
wa us en odin and one is =. to ask was it due to the
imperections of the instrumen The new instrument is so
it in azimuth. The instrument was fitted with a screw adjustment
for azimuth, so that when the error became large the screw was
used to set it right, and this facility of motion may have been the
cause of the annual change in azimuth, the changing in tempera-
;
change appearing in the corrections is due to an actual change of
position of the whole instrument. I cannot, aii ie help think-
ing that perhaps some saieceiiel changes in hills are caused by
imperfect instruments. In speaking so far of the changes in the
change which a second of are represents, I ma say that it is
aves of an inch or 00002. This will serve also to give some idea
of the delicacy ve the eS and I may add that a change of
all our idathimente se a rest give rise to many - dba, and show:
the need for a full investigation of this subject, and it is to
be hoped that the laws (if any) of these changes will soon be
determined.
Sydney Observatory is situated on a sandstone hill which
forms one of the headlands in the harbour, and on the west side, at
a distance of 165 feet from the transit instrument, the roe rock has
bee 4 : i
the
sun, but only for part of the afternoon, as the houses
62 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE.
protect it. This rock face must be much warmer in summer
than in winter, the extreme range probably being from 40° to 120°,
and the difference would make an appreciable expansion of the
surface stone, but this would not extend to any considerable depth,
for I have earth theses in this rock to 19 feet, and the summer
effe
safely assume that the poem: temperature does not affect the
western face of the rocks deeper than 20 feet ; and this expansion
cannot affect the transit instrument, because there are vertical
joints in the stone running N. and S., and these would prevent
any expansion in the western section ‘affecting the others. I am
satisfied, after careful examination of the conditions, that the sun’s
heat cannot, through this western rock face, affect the transit
instrument, but in in pec 3 facts before you it was necessary to
mention the local conditio
The suggestion t en special instrument for recording all
these motions will aastaons give rise to many suggestions how
best todo it. The record must be continuous, and, from the minute-
ness of some of a motions, photography anne seem to be the
best means of registration, although the expense and trouble of it
stand very much in the way of its general adoption. The best
form of the Taco apparatus seems at first sight to be an iron
one buried in the ground, and carrying a telescope so mounted
to the mercury and thence up again on to a sensitive surface
could be done in the way of investigation, and one naturally
turns to see if the records slide collected contain any useful
data.
The ocean freely receives and transmits impulses, and we
may find some records of these on the tide sheets. Every one
knows how the sea sometimes rises without visible cause, and
from a distant gale, but there are so hich come from other
causes and have distinct characteristics as they record them-
selves on the tide-gauge. metimes a single wave of this kind
comes in and often many of them together, and we call them
earthquake waves, but fail often to hear of any earthquake to
give rise to them. As the discussion must eventually include these
waves, I append a list ofthe dates when they have been recorded
in Sydney. Some of these, beyond doubt, come from earthquakes.
Most of the members present will remember the terrible earth-
quake at Iquique on the 10th of May, 1877, and the remarkable
waves which followed it, and were recorded on our coast and ti
gauges.
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE. 63
The following list of waves recorded on—
May 17, 1873 | May 8, 1876 | May 15, 1879 | May 27, 1882
$s 1874 * 11, 1877 », 14, 1880 » 14, 1883
9 12, 1875 » 10, 1878 Oe Fee bo | » 13, 1884
May 18, 1885
will show you that May never passes without some disturbance in
the ocean of the same character as csi which we attribute to
earthquakes; that is, periodic waves, whose interval is about
twenty-five minutes. With the diskaietetisies which usually comes
fro
which came that enormous sea wave that was still 36 feet high
when it got to Hawaii, and, as recorded on our tide-gauge, was the
greatest ever known here. Not every August have we earth-
quakes, but that month always takes the earth through a meteor
stream on the 10th, and gives us more or less of disturbance on
the tide register. In the diagram attached the barometer curves
for that month for the past eighteen years are reproduced. _—
curve is marked by great barometric disturbances, very many of
them between the 6th and 10th of the month. In 1868, when the
There were five of them betwe P 7°30 p.m., and
the interval between the c of these waves was twenty-five
ata which is the same period as the so-called earthquake
The greatest marked a change in barometer of 0-045 in.,
aiid it took place at 7°30 p.m., just eight hours before the largest
wave was recorded on the tide-gauge. On the following night a
grand display of meteors was seen off this coas
It is not my intention to detain you with references to the various
periods of wave disturbances that appear year after year in the tide
register, but rather to publish the list of dates so that they may be
compared with other records, which at present I have no means
doing, for want of such records from other observatories.
Referring to the delicacy of astronomical instruments, it is on
record that | Sir George Airy said he could see the vibrations in the
earth caused by children running round the Observatory as he
looked into the quicksilver, and see the passage of a train a mile
off. Ihave myself often seen the mercury start suddenly into
vibration, and then shortly after I would hear the sound of wheels
in the streets near the Observatory, and I had to wait till eis
were ea before I could go on with the observations, Vehicles
64 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE.
travelling fast, such as carriages and cabs, produced far more de-
cided effects than carts. The only good method of avoiding these
was to wait till the city had gone to bed.
ese and many other facts show us that there can no longer
be any question about the condition of the earth taken as a whole.
It acts under all the forces affecting it as an elastic ball, yielding
Patina to increased atmospheric pressure and rising up when that
is removed, and vibrating readily under volcanic or other impulses.
The effect of a fall of 1 inch in the barometer, or rather in the pressure
of the atmosphere, is, however, no small change; it is equal to
Europe rise during the summer ; and, by reference to the "
you will see that in our winter (that is European summ
eastern pier of the Sydney transit also rises , then, several
observatories in the northern hemisphere taken at random an
one in the southern hemisphere all find the eastern pier of their .
transit instruments rising up at the same time of year, the pre-
sumption that it affects all transit instruments is very strong
then comes the question, why isit so? It seems hardly worth ‘while
to discuss the probability of its being due to temperature, for if an
increase of temperature be the cause of it in the north a decrease
of temperature can hardly be the cause in the southern hemisphere
It is evidently something affecting both hemispheres of the earth
at the same time of year in the same way. Such at least is the
state of the case as far as the evidence goes. When observatories
generally have published the sarhiaelien “of their transit instrument
corrections we shall be in a better position to form an opinion.
eanwhile, it should be borne in mind that the maxima and
minima of the curves coincide with the summer and winter
solstices, and that at these times the sun’s attraction has the great-
est effect upon the equatorial protuberance of the earth, producing
a deflection in the direction of the earth’s axis, or in ot ther words,
a great strain upon the surface generally, and hence possibly a change
sufficient to be noted in the corrections of a transit instrument,
The published information is, however, too meagre to justify
any further speculation in this direction at present ; but if it be
true that the moon can produce a diurnal strain sufficient to affect
our instruments, then it is pt reasonable to suppose that the
sun may annually produce a strai
In the following diagrams will be found phatolienes eer copies
ft e; Sydney -
level ates 1877 to Iason inclusive ; ; level curves < Consaith
1880 and 1881, for comparison ; temperature curves at Sydne 188
ried "83, and 84; sis the azimuth curves at a = to 1 °
inclusive ; also August t barometer eearen, SOHE 884 inclusi
}
LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH’S SURFACE. 63
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80 LOCAL VARIATIONS AND VIBRATIONS OF EARTH'S SURFACE.
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as to the cause of the decay in the timber. His reply was con-
clusive that the cause was not-the white ant. His observations
led him to ascribe the decay, which so many people were pee
to a blight, which was destroying the leaves. Clearly, the whi
ant did not supply the oe sought. As to the “ biighee.
more will transpire regarding it in the sequel.
86 SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS.
7. Caterpillars destroying the bark.—There are some caterpillars
which grow several inches in length whose destructive powers are
considerable. whole colony of them, making parallel roads as
they eat their way round the barrel of a tree, devouring both bark
and sap-wood, are quite sufficient to killthe tree. But the number
of trees actually killed in this way, so far as the writer’s observa-
tions extended in the Meredith district, was very small. On the
other hand, there were thousands of young trees dying, and when
the bark peeled off them, leaving the white stems, there was often
not a caterpillar track to be seen.
The foregoing are some of the explanations which were put forth
tion. But while the white man was making his guesses in the
matter some one had put the question to the black man, and
received an answer which may take its turn for investigation.
8. Ravages of opossums.—The ase of the abor iginal _ con-
tedonthe matter was “too many big one ’possum.” The meaning
of this oracle was, in effect, that owing to the multiplication “of the
opossums, their ravages amongst the leaves of the trees were
extensive enough to account for the destruction of the trees. So
proportions between ranches counted and all the remainder
of the tree, a rough estimate was formed of the number of leaves
on the who The smaller trees gave a result of about
70,000 leaves, while the adi gave 130,000. The mean between
,000. Then, as to the amount of destruction which
an opossum could do in one night, it was in the first instance
assumed as a guess that fifty leaves would not be too high an
estimate for each opossum. According to this calculation
: opossums would destroy one tree per night, or 365 in
‘the year. Allowing eighteen trees to an acre, the Posse
figures would involve the destruction of every leaf on
the trees on a space of 20 acres. As to the numbers of the
opossums in the district under consideration as well as generally
there were sundry sources of information. During 1865 an
active man was engaged in a profitable i see shooting
SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS. 87
opossums in the Meredith district for the sake of the skins, in
order to make rugs. In the Woodbourne Forest he would shoot
seventy or eighty per night in the course we three or four hours.
soon mentioned and credited with the results. But going
moonlight night about 10 o’clock to visit his field, he fea the
ground. before him darkened with the multitude of opossums
which his visit disturbed. There must have been 200 hurrying
away before him. About a score ran up the first stump, and he
succeeded in killing some of them. These depredators, in the
course of a fortnight, had destroyed about 30 bushels of wheat.
Generally, as to the numbers of opossums in the Australian
forests, some idea may be formed from poe advertisements which
were appearing at the time in the newspapers, for a thousand
dozen skins ata time. So far, then, no six pushes barrier obtrudes
itself in the way of the aboriginal explanation. Let it therefore
be followed out still further
opossums and the dy ying trees.—But now, coming more
were dying, of the presence of opossums in numbers sufficient to
account for the work of destruction done? It became a point of
importance systematically to examine the trunk of every tree
which appeared to be smitten with the agent which was produci
the results under examination. The multitudinous scratches on
the bark of the tree was proof instantaneous that hosts of opos-
sums had found their way up the tree, whether they had or had
not done any work of destruction on the leaves. The scratches
the bark, sometimes for an inch or two, deepening gradually till
they sank into the bark and afforded sufficient hold for the animal
to rest his weight and give another spring upwards. While the
whole surface of the bark of the tree at its lower extremity was
thus marked with — of scratches, it is to be remembered
that the thin outer bark on which the marks are made sdisioesand
by peeling off every season. Hence the numbers of scratches
observed are not a accumulations of years. That accumulation,
however, can be seen on the hard barrels of trees which have died,
and from which the] net has fallen. In such a case there is a net-
work of minute oe in countless isiiinns covering square _
yards of surface. spaces which had been charred by —
bush fires have become sania white, the fact — that almost
88 SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS,
every particle of the charred bare surface had been scraped off
by the frequency of the operation of the claws of the opossum.
e
the opossums took shelter during the day-time. Even in the case
of trees which have rough bark—as those called “ mess-mate” and
“ stringy-bark,” the effects of the opossum claws become quite
visible. The more dull-coloured outer shaggy bark is more or
less torn off during the numerous ascents of the opossums, and
the brighter waoueed bark beneath is revealed, so that the high-
way of the animals is discernible a hu sta yards away.
The leaves of the dying trees.—As observations were continued,
leaf presented its full outline, but it was quite otherwise with the
leaves of the trees which were dying from the unknown cause. In
this case each individual leaf appeared to be reduced to the mere
skeleton of itself. This thinning process affected the appearance
a “spectral” appearance ; ee mesa single branch would present
this appearance, and generally such ranch would die, —
the whole tree might not ec In almost all cases in which the
“spectral” appearance extended sn ~ whole tree, decay and pH
were the result. In some few cases the pecu liarity was observed
that after all the “spectral” lias had fallen off a few handfuls or
very small tufts of cr es would still remain for a time on the top
of the topmost bra
only too plain evidence that a large, often the larger, part of the
substance of the leaf had been torn awa e midrib generally,
not always, remained throughout its whole length, but the softer
material constituting the expanse of the leaf was nearly all removed.
Such treatment of each leaf on the tree of the most luxuriant growth
was: obviously quite sufficient to produce the “spectral” appearance
already described. Here also, it is pretty clear, that a probable
explanation was obtained of the so-called “blight” to which the
woodman ascribed the decay among the tree
But now we have to face the question amie what a was
destroying the leaves in the manner above described? One ready
suggestion is that caterpillars — do the work. The action of
these a would, of course, be different from that —
“SOME ‘CAUSES oF THE DECAY mei AUSTRALIAN FORESTS. 89
considered in 5 dete the bark inal sap-wood and so effectually
destroying the circulation of the tree as if it had been ringbark
n the case now under notice the fatal operation would take place
in the leaves. There is no doubt about the capacity of legions of
caterpillars to destroy every green thing before them. But asa
matter of fact there was no very unusual development of such
creatures in the locality in question during 1862-74. In the
Lethbridge neighbourhood a small copper-coloured beetle was
committing ravages in the forest, as will be noticed afterwards, but
neither caterpillar, nor beetle, nor even locust, occurred in such
numbers about Meredith as to aeons for the destruction of forest
trees which occurred in that district.
But on still more minute eisai a great difference is found
and the effect produced on the leaves of the “spectral” trees ere
is a general regularity about the —— _ — completely
with the capriciousness of the for rpillars or
pursued between the outer edge and the midrib. While there is
every variety of capriciousness in these cases, it is quite otherwise
with the leaves from the “spectral” tree. There is one pervading
method of procedure, namely, to take as it were a succession of
bites first out of one side of the leaf, then out of the other, leaving
the mere skeleton, consisting of a midrib and small portions of the
leaf, attached thereto. Seven or eight semicircular excavations of
this kind can often be counted on each side of the leaf. In the case
of the caterpillars or insects, the sharp horny siege eat their
n
leaf are left behind as if some far larger and more powerful agent
ad been at work
Leaves bitten by ac opossum present the same appearance as
leaves on “ spectral” trees.—To advance the inquiry a stage further,
th :
opossum and observing the manner in which he dealt ay
leaves on which he was to be fed. Direct comparison could then
be made between the actual — obtained from the opossum
and those exhibited in the leaves taken from “spectral” trees.
or less devoured 200 leaves in a single night instead of the 50
which had been previously allowed him, When a rather scanty :
supply was given he would devour every petioles of the leaf, also
the more tender twigs, wigs, and even some of the bar k of the branch,
90 SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS.
His predilection for different kinds of leaves was easily tested.
He would eat cherry-tree, lightwood, and honeysuckle rather than
starve, but the common gum-tree of the district was plainly his
favourite food. He required water, and could be heard lapping it
up like a cat. When an ample supply was given him, the manner
similar to the manner in which the leaves on the “spectral” trees
had been treated. The marks left as by an animal biting the
leaves with a mouth about the size of the mouth of an opossum
was oases of the same character in both cases.
Exp —Some points which came to the surface during
the revous pian tions may now be shortly considered in the
light of the 4 OO that the opossum has been the operator in
the destruction of trees in the locality already described. e
was the case of the trees from which all the leaves had ied IN
except a few very small tufts on the topmost branches. But
most cases there was not even a topmost tuft of leaves which Aare
not been visited with the lacerating agent which gave the leaves
their “spectral” appearance. The question arises how could
opossums, which are bulky and weighty creatures, reach the to
most of slender branches to nibble the leaves? To this it is to be
_ replied that the very young opossums could secure foothold where
the weight of the older ones would break the branches. But
more than this, the opossum is peculiarly fitted for reaching leaves
he n
bend it towards him. He can i. — the leaves and let go
the oom to return to its former
other apparent difficulty can “ ade well per gms on the
t
opossums to gather in greater numbers at this particular water-
hole in which there was a more ——— supply of water. The
of
considerable size and age in the Woodbourne Forest, keeping its
a while great numbers of apparently healthy young trees were
tten as with some plague and died. A great scar on this tree
SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS. 91
had laid one side bare, while on the opposite side a rectangular
sheet of bark had been taken off by the aborigines for the purpose
-of making a pegging board in order to stretch out opossum skins.
t
kept his place. Yet, not far off, not many hundreds of yards,
large numbers of apparently healthy trees of not more than fifteen
or twenty seasons, were to be seen smitten with decay and dying.
se the bark peels off these young trees not a blemish is to be
en. Neither caterpillar nor white ant has touched them. The
ition spread of foliage on every branch while alive, the absence
of even one single de ad limb, was evidence that there was no
internal weakness till the fatal so-called “blight” began to make
he leav
phenomena is fairly iia by the opossums. ey prefer the
fresh, sappy leaves of the young trees to the leathery leaves of the
ardy veteran already ee
The relationship as of cause and effect between the dis-
appearing of the 2 Sen and rae multiplication of the opossums
may be briefly notice a balance of arrangements had been
reached during previous centuries, it can be very easily believed
that the advent of the white man has disturbed that bala ance. The
aboriginal tribes that roamed the Australian forests were supported
largely by the opossum as an article of food. e animal existed
daily to feed that assemblage. But this would imply the con-
sumption of 18,000 opossums every year. Also it has been seen
at one opossum consumes 200 leaves of a tree in a single night.
Then using the fi gures which have already appeared in the foregoing
pages, the result is reached that these 18,000 opossums wo
destroy upwards of 13,000 trees, and lay bare a space of upwards
of 700 acres, or considerably more than a square mile.
RAVAGES OF COPPER-COLOURED BEETLE AT LETHBRIDGE.
It has been stated already that a small copper-coloured beetle
had made its appearance at someon 9 miles south of Mere-
hn bre en ann ering no oer
po vedire apse scart am the writer visited the locality, —
92 S0ME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS.
uarter of an inch long, and very active. Two of these small
coleopterous insects would place themselves exactly opposite each
other on a tender shoot of new growth, and quite rapidly, with their
small mandibles, would peel off every particle of the bark, leaving
nothing but the woody little stem. This process took place on the
whole of the young shoots of large trees, so that the top of the tree
sented so many bunches, as if of small bare wires sticking up
beetles, there was little, indeed no doubt left, that these depreda-
tors were quite sufficient to destroy whole forests of very large
trees.
“Personal Observations in the central parts of Victoria,” which
were published in the transactions of the Philosophical Society of
the Colony just named, for the year 1855, page 72. His own
words may be quoted, as they give a most singular suggestion by
th
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d he is conducted by three of the leaders of his tribe into the
teeth of his upper front jaw, and on returning to the camp care-
ing a monument of the deceased. Hence we need no longer be
SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS. 93
surprised at so frequently finding groups of dead trees in oe
and verdant forests, and surrounded by luxuriant vegetatio
If Blandowski regarded the aboriginal custom which he
as sufficient to account for the groups of decaying trees to be met
with foie time to time in the Australian forests, he must have
greatly over-estimated the numbers of the aboriginals. About
forty years ago a census was taken of the primitive sable occu-
pants of the “County of Grant, in Victoria, and the Government
return is set down at 200. By the year 1874 that number had
rie down to a very small remnant. Now, supposing that
when the numbers were largest, every man, woman, and child had
been ‘seilsaaa with a sacred tree, there would have been just 200
f such trees. But between 1862 and 1874 the writer saw
thousands of trees dying and dead in the Meredith district.
Quite age the cause is “not sufficient to account for the results
observ ut even in regard to the locality to which Blandowski
refers, ‘his own account leaves one insuperable difficulty in the
way of the explanation suggested by him. For when that power-
ful Goulburn tribe were overwhelmed and massacred, it is plain
that the secret knowledge so closely associated with the destiny of
the different members of the tribe must of necessity have perished.
Then the question ping a tle erformed the office of barking
anied the
lit up the Ricihides of the forest till at last they ceased for ever.
As years roll on some strange fatality seems to overtake the forest
itself. Some blight smites it in the leaves, the trees dwindle into
mere spectres, and at last die. What mysterious links in the chain
of cause and effect have thus associated the disappearance of the
more extensive destruction of the gum-trees. And what dis-
turbed that equipoise of forces which, for unrecorded ages,
reached a certain normal adjustment between all the forces and
factors concerned in the case?’ The new disturbing factor was the
white man, the resistless white man, before whom disappear all
obstacles that come in his way, whether black men, opossums, or —
eucalypt forests.
94 g0ME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS.
Discussion.
Mr. Mitner Stepuen, F.G.8., expressed his general concur-
rence in the opinions of the rev. gentleman, as to the causes of
the decay of large areas of forest trees in the Australian Colonies,
which he (Mr. M. 8.) had often observed in his travels, on circuit
or otherwise, during the last fifty years. In his younger days he
had for several years kept pet opossums, and had observed the
great mass of young gum leaves they nightly consumed, making it
sa
terious effects of their standing often in water covering stiff clay,
with the ravages of bush fires, and the tornadoes, which ne
miles
extent, seemed sufficient to account for the wholesale deotousseioas
of trees, so } carefully noted and described by Mr. MacPherson
He (Mr. M: 8.) remembered, some ten years ago, driving for about
long, and as straight as any street in the world; all of the trees
were inn igen dead, not by ringbarking but by some other
cause. n also mentioned that the beautiful wattle-trees
r. Russert, F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer, said, Tam
sure all the members of the Society are with me in proposing a
vote of thanks to the Rev. Peter MacPherson for the valuable paper
he has read to us this evening. The subject is one of very great
an to the Colony and should be fully investigated, for if
_ our forestssare to die off in the wholesale manner which has been
reported in some parts of this and the Bh, sn Colonies it
will not $s: long before we shall have to go to great outlay in
omen | new trees. Every effort therefore to trace the cause of
death in these trees is a step in the right direction. Mr. MacPher-
son tells us that he has practically confined his investigation to
in]
if ‘not entirely due to the ravages of opossums which have multi-
plied rapidly as the black man man disappeared. ear
SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS. 95
— of investigating this myself, = I ee that about
twenty years since, when the same thing was going on rapidly in
parts of "this Colony, many theories were val ecwede to account
for it. Some thought it due to grubs which got between the bark
and wood and ate out the life of the tree, but all who have been in
the bush know that grubs eat between the bark and woods of trees
cut down or ringbarked, and seem only to do it when the sap has
ceased to circulate. Another theory laid the cause to some disease
in the roots similar to that affecting orange trees at the same time;
this was, I believe, the view held by the late Sir William
M‘Arthur, a very close observer of natural phenomena, and he
had trenches cut between the healthy and dying trees, with a view
to stopping the progress of the disease through the ground, but
without producing the desired effect.
Mr. MacPherson has — us very clearly that where he resided
in Victoria opossums were the cause of death in the gum-trees,
and I trust others sei have observed in other places will publish
the results of their pribnoncnaneet and then we may be able to see
if the cause is the same everywhere. It does not appear to affect.
all the forest at the same time ; Sica patches die off while all
round there is the usual healthy vegetation, and if we are to judge
by the patches of bare country the same ‘thing has gone on at.
fish et & very long time past.
thes e bare patches of country should remain.
sisgaiche some change in the soil which renders it unfit to.
sieges tree life. The subject is, however, a wide one, and I am
not prepared to enter fully into ‘the discussion of it, but I hope-
hat Mr. MacPherson’s example will be followed by many who are
in a position to throw light upon this important matter.
The PRESIDENT Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S.), in conveying the
thanks of the Society to the author for his valuable and suggestive
paper, stated that he thought the decay and death of the trees.
might in some cases be due to the exhaustion of the soil for those
particular trees stg Lined mere the soil might still be able to
support a flourishing grow other forest trees : ; and that
obtain the best growth of omy it is necessary to have a “ rotation
of crops” just as in farming. In fact such a rotation seems to
have arisen naturally over various areas of the earth's surface, the
ge
buried remains of oak forests being met with in the Car
shire Fen district and elsewhere.
It is also known that the present forest vegetation of Sweden
and Norway has been preceded by others which have died out over
large areas; the former forests of beech, oak, &c., having been
successively replaced by pine forests ee
He also mentioned, although a matter not directly connected
with the subject of the paper, that in his opinion the reason why —
a the ears of gum-trees in cond and elsewhere -_ been a
Fe K
96 SOME CAUSES OF THE DECAY OF AUSTRALIAN FORESTS,
to be beneficial in removing malaria from marshy places, is not so
much on account of any essential oil which they may give off, as
to the fact that, while they probably evaporate as much or more
water from their leaves, they, from the vertical or pendant position
of the leaves, unlike other trees, cast but little shade. The ground
underneath a gum-tree is never damp and moist in dry weather as
it is under ordinary European and other shade-giving trees, so that
an area planted with such trees is exposed to the combined drying
influence of the sun and to the ae iota of water by the roots
and subsequent evaporation from the leaves.
t been suggested that the saaniae bluish haze Senay in _
A ealian bush is also due to this essential oil; but from
experiment made in conjunction with Mr. Russell, the spectr casas
gave no indication of its presence in the atmosphere. The matter,
however, is worthy of further investigation.
—
=a Ie
a
———.
ae
_—
EFFECT OF CATERPILLARS & EFFECT oF CATERPILLARS &
ON LEAVES. NAT. SIZE. ON LEAVES. NAT.SIZE.
LEAF FROM DECAYING FOREST. NAT- size.
2. LEAF PARTLY EATEN BY OPOSSUM. NATS
TWIG OF bates FROM oe FORE6T .
E % LINE
TWIG,LEAVES EATEN BY OPoSsUM
SIZE fz LINEAR,
}
OF COPPER-¢ coLoureD BEETLE _ KILLING
youne BRAN: CHES OF 7
DECAYING TREE WITH TOPMOST TUFTS OF
HALF-EATEN LEAVES.OTHER LEAVES ALL FALLEN «
COPPER-COLOURED BEETLES PEELING ‘FF san
OF TENDER SHOOTS. = NAT- oO
PHOTO-LITHUGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE.
SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.
5h U—8SE by
APPEARANCE OF
AsAvES
Rae * °
ARE INSURED is
History of Floods in the Hawkesbury River.
By J. P. Josrpuson, A.M.L.C.E.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 September, 1885.]
THE basin of the Hawkesbury is very curiously formed and con-
stitutes one of the geographical peculiarities of New South Wales.
It consists of three slopes inclining inwards, a north, a west, and
east slope. The main stream comes from the north slope. It is
formed in the first instance, of the Wollondilly, and its south
branch, the Mulwarree. In its progress north the Wollondilly is
joined by the Cookbundoon from the left, and by the Wingecarribe
rom the right, bank. It then traverses the remarkable sunk valley
called Burragorang, still keeping its north direction. The next
important tributary, Cox’s River, collects the hott drained from
the south portion of the Blue Mountains, flows in a general east
direction, and joins the Wollon as the waited stream then
uu h arr. In the next
t epean.
until joined by the Grose from the Blue Mountains, when it i
designated awkesbury. ter receiving the Colo and the
suddenly east, and discharges its waters i into Broken Bay, which
is about 20 miles north of Sydney Heads.
The lower portion of the Hawkesbury is navigable, and the
scenery on its banks is remarkable for its beauty and picturesque
appearance. The total course of the Hawkesbury is 330 miles,
and it drains an area of 8,700 square miles. Its principal tribu-
taries are the Macdonald, Grose, Colo, Nepean, an a ba
Rivers, and the Mangrove, Breakfast, Gunderman, Myrtle, Billong,
Currency, Cattai, South, and Rickaby’s Creeks. Sandstone and
shale country.
Some of the more recent floods have been carefully surveyed,
and on the plan in the appendix will be found the details of these
surveys, showing the land actually under water in 1867, here
98 HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE HAWKESBURY RIVER.
shaded blue. Also a certain plan of the district will be found
showing the character of the country ; and a diagram showing
relative heights of floods, and variations in rainfall.
Many of the recent Hawkesbury floods produce little or no
change in the river bed, but there are many indications of changes
in the past. Even new and old channels may be seen on the
Richmond flats not yet filled up, and the present course has been
_ cut through an older deposit of gravel and soil. Some very
junction ; all the cutting is in the south side towards the town of
Richmond, and three very remarkable landslips took place on that
side, one of which was witnessed by Mr. G. M. Pitt and his
father. When standing on the south side, and hearing a noise
looked towards the river, then in flood, and” saw about quarter
acre with oak trees upon it sliding rapidly into the stream
ttn an opening in the immediate bank of the river. The
ing was much narrower than the moving land, but this
seem ed to be in a soft and yielding or pasty state, and so found
into the water. The marks of these slips were visible in August,
1876, and then the opening in the bank of one at least seemed to
be less than quarter of the width of the land that had slipped
through it.
omens tr Nees some time to the study of the effects of floods
the Hawkesbury River, I thought the following historical
natin of the various floods, &c., which have been recorded, would
perhaps be interesting to the Members of the Royal Society.
When the Governor of this Colony visited the Hawkesbury in.
1789 he saw signs of floods 20 feet to 40 feet above the then
level ; and the colonists had not long settled on the river before
they were alarmed by a flood which came on in the night without
any warning. This was the flood of March 3rd, 1799, which we
are told that the settlers saw no on of sach a disaster, an
_ woke up one morning to find re whole country under water, and
many of them were unable to get away sare their houses until
: Sea with boats. It is said that the rh knew that a flood
eee on, but the whites saw no s of it when .
the nights oa tis
99
HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE HAWKESBURY RIVER.
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HISTORY OF FLOODS
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HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE HAWKESBURY RIVER.
104
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105
HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE HAWKESBURY RIVER.
ver eeeeenene “
peeeee see eee eerentes 13q0PO 8 TS88T
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106
SUMMARY OF FLOODS FROM 1795 To 1881.
Jan.
“
wT
=)
or
_
of
“Ee
#83
2
2
i)
April.
June.
July.
|
8p
= |
4
2
c=5
2
mn
|
HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE HAWKESBURY RIVER.
3 = | g | Total.
° a a
3 Ses
Ge tnks hos eee eee
Ta Dw:
Sop ets foe SS
Obs 5 8
fetes FS oss
: ee: Rb: bo: :
a ee Oo
bw:
ee es
Pl ol oll ool
1
ee Ss eee ee
2 of ROM ee:
ee:
NOWAK OR NEP NH REE ONE DORN NH HOH RENE
te
BATA AON
19
16
13
11
Bl eed ee?
ll
4
ey
floods occurred in the month of March with a
docs Votnenny Sich 16 and June with 17.
HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE HAWKESBURY RIVER.
RAINFALL FROM YEAR 1859 TO YEAR 1881.
Goulburn. Camden. | Windsor. | Windsor, stele ons | Windsor,
Year. Ga G
Gauge on Gauge on Spm ‘or ata auge on
qrouid. qioand. 6 i Bos th . flntinncs 9 % pte ol pee. ag
MO be ies. of ree | Nees Pe ee oT Wee ee
Ree eS | aie fo ee eae aa ee
MRE ei puree) A aes be bile ge peas Obs cewabily da
BO seeviws- |. Uaceged <2 uf ovis he eeeee es eee ee ee
OM | os Sache (ups eee Gb cepvaye eb Cie eed Nea oe
OOO Diesel cence eee eye tenes | aeeteer ey eee
2 a a RP eas incerta comm ann On Seemed Ramey ere peer
OOhrs “alte (ewer oo) Uo ee ee ree eames
1858 weave ere eevee eee pee rears eer
1859 ROG fo eg Ee eee fn aeaee op ae
1860 BS DR Ge oP ates Ne eneene ot eaudet
1861 23°52 OO PM oweyes. hs ween op wnat See
1862 16°35 SO BOO Afr ete Webbe > wine 15840
1863 26°74 29°545 BOOS |e Seats 35°997
1864, 26°42 50°620 BSOCU fs cei Fo once 55°040
1865 11-72 19:900 a A eg Aa (Maal acne om 19°728
1866 | No obs. 29-730 ying po eS Rigger 24°75 28°878
1867 a 530 44300 | ws 60°25 41°3
1868 yy 25°080 BTS hi iw ses No obs.| 27°039
1869 ”% 32°380 BOL0 foes 50°25 32°625
1870 i 55°740 OEP 1k 111°80 62°513
1871 32°45 29:910 BE SO8 yn. veeas 65°97 344
1872 29°986 28°5 BO OOo gestis 42°97 24254
1873 31°37 52°920 41°380 43°515 46:00 ‘515
1874 26°85 37°7 32078 32°954 40°37 82-954
1875 25°57 33°450 32°273 33°378 36°88 33°378
1876 3°34 No obs 26°422 6994 43°71 26°994
1877 25°574 i 35°139 35218 46°77 85°139
1878 28°23 +5 36°328 36°317 51°46 36°317
1879 33°989 = 40149 "890 60°88 "899
1880 27°70 . 21°557 21°899 43°99 21°557
1881 20° i 27-460 27°869 41°61 ao
Means| 26°381 34831 34647 33°226 51:13 33°794
Tn conclusion on have to thank the following gentlemen, viz viz. =
Messrs.
C. Russ
ell, Gove
rt, Engineer-in.Chief Ha
rbours
and Rivers
ment Astronomer; and J John Tebbutt oe
Windsor, for ‘inforinatidh supplied by them to enable m
complete my paper.
—
shewming ene
part of the HAWKESBURY R
VER in Flood during Year 1867. :
Flue tint denotes the Flood Terel.
a lode filter ae WILBERFORCE
= WS Za plow bey SBE S
eng
Hawkesbury,
he
Mog
€rs of b
gant
so 290 CWS.
piviind
RIVERSTONE
Pt GRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE,
SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.
(Sig. 5h2—86) ie
ie
lOO ft to be deducted of Contour levels to_give heights abeve H.W.
of River Hawkesbury.
JPJ. 2/3/85.
js
Recreation Reserve
— We ayy7, i =
Ceaorge U
ua
Sca/e
iE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE,
EY, NEVY SOUTH WALES.
bHO(O-LITHOGRAPHED AT Tt
SYON
(5h2-86.)
na
~
*
sidasseuzeeieuseutedeed inufeaseniieittossezi
seiiiniinns Hee
saa HH
it
:
93,3 § 2 yq5,3 Er 3 apd. 2 Sdesdases aad EP SS SPs MEMASS Se PVSS SIVA SSD BASSES ESP aS SS 38)
SSS BS STIS EERE = § S333 : eae RE ES i = VTOHSL RS B88 PS ESS EI GEG SIS ae : pawns SST SSSR SESS SSN SSReERE ines: =. Soe Ses. = SEU RESET Ee BES SSS SSE ws
iil Ht ete accel naeeeeineeizeae ese tact ant areen nena eeeeters (ery caae tet erste fe (reece tfeeectcteerperresreeee pe | aati
soe FH falgdieeeeesftfezasatiatt SESSERSES IREREUEROREE ISSTEGESERY ces ite Hs Sreceseees teoseceeraes tes 7 prs inseeseeesed tanta
ry co a cosccen s Coo HH Brees Beae com etal 7
Het ae HE EEE HEH HEHE HH Scgeeuseenee seccceeeees cee a ie sti tees aiasBaseaaEs! it HH
45 ~ : roe To = SSSS008 ESeeeee eR Be as FH
TT at HEEEEEEEE ite stil ‘int oe a ae aibaatesttetsezti ssanpeatont tates Hine HEE
a Hee rt ease HH a HH HH HHH Eo EE H +
3 HL H HEH H rH setrisis seESHHESais Seceeteeenee HH ssttetiit £ Seeegegee tan a: PHATE
: senna eee 7 % ae
38. SEEreseree mesia ao SEE am aust HH HH seesecs Ht os siiatteitaiiit seueesince
HH H SHiHissesiit Sierinecateeitestoasstattistens a SHESEREEHECHE TEER ieeitessoettiaie
as HH teat iebinsssaraessoze HH BERSEGSEEES stenssees
+H te ae = ma HH rit rH Hott +4 ‘2
lt + ae " aan i> oon - f ae +4 | |
H 5 Bk there ttt rit aenen:
25 aes = sapeee eae: Feereyeees: a H+ 4
HH HH a HH
HH ag reegeeees
a Hy Fh EEE
HH +H HHH EHH
s- it # AHHH aH
H + HH Sau cueeeuue HH HH
H Hy aan he eeace. caeee PT ty | |
sO - i Cy HH HH HH s
HH HH an aae8 iiaeeeae
HH Hh sue seas sieeee HH
is HH rc HH Se nese tie Saaeee
Seid co tr Cor USCS TSRSESE SEERER EEE
ia Hy HH a5n88 Lo Beeuets reat HTH
| = rrr aeuan cane
PEELE HH annus Srecuee:ereaes SESESSSE CESESECESESS COSSESESUEES SEESSSESESES
60. T TI +4 44-4 4 if
: PETE
i
SS : t
PEST IESE SEHSoz sessneness oe oH seat innniaeis
a 5 ttt tt 35 a + Ct att Toh
Coot HH +f an ret ! it coo T 4 Ht aoe a eae
aeesaseas Ht + Peete ae
6 rf Poo — a os ; f
a Ee cane a aor
40 a C Poo sous Cy oe -
= HEHE BEER EEE EHH EE H ge Ssaeeseeseed ise: nee baeeEgees
BS i | OO a i i} + | an Ti EeEe if Ti i
om Sse acer eee oem + : = Se tH ttoy
a coor RURneS oo =e Tite +t 8 + Hatt
TT i tt | sue ee 8 t i - ' ity
a =m : sam rH =
H as oes sana ret '
2s H . eotuee H :
ao ae tase
2
Ss ee
tt 3 x6
Oe
Ss
stig } Bat a ++ + +++ a = =
Shewing heights of Floods from 1857 1880.
I if Pistia RERRRREESEE Beeeees SRESEREEREBE
SHEE re ge Ee aE ea aH Eis eee aeeeee eet ec a Roa om] tS
6Ofeet if Littl a i TTi Prititi Sed Rk at SSSAE RAPS BEE 84 1CRSRERERE CREE
HHH b+ HH rs] rere ir)
HAH abe
aeneetaeeii HHT suaee ea teee seeei tt Set
Hd. on poe ape genes tseeseeee
REEEEEEEHE rH HEH PH Eritrea eSEEEsssace ssssassesens fesse
aen a 622s ae map poee pes Pit ESGeEeenene teenens: aS = iesusevesugs agen en Galen
rt rH HH HH ceo ee a | BO PRES ISAS HAGE LACM RAGA eS eee
50 it aeae Hy Lf Le HH 2 4 LT 4 ia seeescenseecsamence ecien —
To be sent in not later than May 1, 1885: No. 13. Anatomy and
Life History of the Echidna and Platypus ; the Society’s medal
and £25. No. 14. Anatomy and Life History of Mollusca
peculiar to Australia; the Society’s medal and A
The Chemical Composition of the Products from the so-called
Kerosene eae of New South Wales ; the Society’s medal and
£25. Series V.—To be sent in not later than May 1, suit
Jackson, with descriptive notes as to habits, distribution, &c. ; the ©
Society’s medal and £25. Series VI. —To be sent in not jater
than ay 3, 1887 : No. 20. On the Silver Ore Deposits of New
£25, No. 21. oe
142 PROCEEDINGS.
9 Bawlety’s medal and £25. No. 23. On the Infusoria peculiar
d £25
The following Financial Statement for the eins citing 30
April, 1885, was presented by the Honorary Treasur
GENERAL ACCOUNT.
RECEIPTS.
cer a © £8
To balance in Union Bank, 30th April, 1884... os ake 49 111
», Subscriptions from Ist Shree 1884, to 30th
pril, 1885... ai 696. 6 0
» entrance fees aoe Ble — ae EF ie Oe
— 767 14 0
s onay engrd Grant on subscriptions and entrance ee
Ist cme to 31st eo 1884—£760 4s.
re he Ifthe amount. ane 380 2 0
3) sale of i fois safe ve 7 10 0
», Department of Mines—Freight, &e. . ee a9 ee
£1,205 11 8
EXPENDITURE,
$3. d. bo seod.
By advertisements 20,..2..0
>, Assistant Secretary —12 months’ salary ¢ to
30th April, 1885 . ite 200 0 O
», ditto—gratuity for extra services... 1613 4
», books and periodicals . ae ie OR deen
», bookbinding suk ice Sl: 2 4.
He conversazione—refreshmen ts iat 50 0 O
surance, organ, carpentering ees 1113 9
815 0
3» coveri = and oe ek international exchanges 2 (46
», delivering Society’ 4 fees al to members 413 0
»» engraving illustrations for Sovity a J eg 410 0
» freight, cartage, Customs’ entri c. 20 8 0
;» furniture and tod vie Zhe 62 823
$ accoun oe ae 17 6 4
», housekeeper, to to 30th April, 1 18% aie see 10 0 0
3, interest on n atldng (£1 tae Ae 66 0 0
3» imsurance on building ect 000) cae oe os Uo Oo
5, insurance 8, Sait hte &c. (for
£2,500) st per Ses ma os 210 0
tag 36 8 10
>, petty cash Zii1 2
»» printing .. oA It 0
‘i oem essay awa ard. me ne 25 0
»» Yates (city, water, and sewer rage) ue oe 25 14 4
a hterate general meetings “xy 10 5 0
‘i Povtid and i oe to premises ine 13 40
mery es — 612 0
> > shelving for books wee eee eee tee 10 18 5
eo maga ae i rar Ae S22. 6
i ca és : 410 3 _
1; 109 14 7
Carried forward... we ane #h00 1 2
PROCEEDINGS. 143
EXPENDITURE—continued,
Go a dae Becivek,
Brought forward . or a vel 108 14 27
By _—— to a Fund Ace eae j
m positions for life waar ie 5210 0
Parliam aeaey Grant on sa tee 26 5 0
———-. 78 15 0
», balance in Union Bank, 30th April, 1885... ae ie 17 Seg
£1,205 11 8
A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer.
~ocemggna W. Ti. WEBB, Assistant Secreta ary.
N. TREBECK.
W. G. Murray.
Sydney, lst May, 1885.
BUILDING FUND ried
eS Ge
Balance in Union Bank, 30th Apeit "1884 44 4 11
», Subscriptions to Buildin Fund 2414 0
Parliamentary Grant on Subscri iptions receiv ed, from Ist
ry to 3lst December, 1884, £24 14s : 12 48
,, Composition for Life M Shp. os. = 5210 0
Par Grantonsame ... re 26°65 0
Transferred from General Account es — 1 6.0
3, Rent of Rooms from Sundry Societies esi ies at 59 18 6
£219 19 5
Sige Hs A
By Amount pr sadam wha Bank of | New 8 South Wales in reduction Hi
Je Balseas in Unto Bonk 50k Set, 10S St ad es
£219 19 5
H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer,
Audited— W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secr retary.
a oo mene
read Ist ey, 1885,
STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES ON THE 30rn
APRIL, 1885.
ASSETS. se be
To ee | in ei Fae to credit of General Account oy 17.2 eh
Tl yf
»» Rent of P Ftall, Se Samal of the University—five months due 2
30th April, 1885 . 1613 4
», Books and ria valued a ce be " 3,500. 1 ee
»» Premises in irasabeth obreet nose of purchase oc 3,525 0 5
_ »> Balance in Poe on Bank to eredit of Building Fun - 1919 5
*
144 PROCEEDINGS.
LIABILITIES. £8
By Savings’ Bank of New South Wales—Loan on Mortgage... 900
;, Alexr. Dean—Painting south walls of SB ars ; is 179
;, Balance of assets over liabilities “ Ma va 6, 250°RE 10
£7,177 8 10
es G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Tssecnee
memories +H; WEBB, Assistant Secret ary.
. N. TREBECK.
W. URRAY.
Sydney, ist May, 1885.
CLARKE MEMORIAL FUND ACCOUNT.
1884. £ Boas
March 29—To Amount at fixed deposit in Oriental Bank
orporation 240 8 ll
», Interest on £240 8 _ ld. “from 29th March to
3rd May. 1884, ing from date of deposit
o date of fis i thirty-five days at 6
ee Ba
£241 16 6
Audited— W. H. WEBB, Assistant Seer
FP. We TREBECK,.
—
H. G. A. WRIGHT, ae, Treasurer.
tary.
W.
Sydney, Ist ins 1885.
The sta toment was adopted.
Mr. as and the Rev. W. Wyatt Gill were elected
Scrutineers for the wabhion of officers and members of Council.
A ballot was then taken, and the following gentlemen were duly
elected officers and members of Council for the current year :—
ONORARY PRESIDENT
HIS EXCELLENCY THE en HON. LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS,
B., &c., &c.
PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE, : ERS, F.GS., F.G.S., &.
CE-PRESIDENTS:
Hon. PROFESSOR SMITH. C.M.G., M.D., \ Saphe &e.
H..G. A. WRIGHT, M.R.C.S.E
N TREASUR
ROBERT HUNT, or G. 8, &e.
HO erage
Dr. LEIBIUS, M.A., F.C.
W. CAMAC WILKINSON, M.D., M. R.C. P., tox, M.R.C.S.E.
MEMBERS OF COUNCIL
_ GHARLES MOORE, F-L.8. Dr. C. K. M CKELLAR.
2 See B.A., FLR.A.S. CHR. ROLLESTON. C.M.G.
"BUR, PEDLEY C. 8. WILKINSON, "F.G.S.
PROCEEDINGS. 145 3
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of
the Society :—
Chadwick Robert, Woollahra.
organ, Cosby Wm » a. — Neweastle.
Vernon, Walter N., M.S. ae St. Leonards.
The Saree of ies ed candidates were read for the second
time, and of r for the
The names of the Committe men of the different Sections of
the Society were announced, viz. :—
Mier i eae ae sermcnanines P. R. Pedley. Secretary :
ngdon. Committee: Dr. Morris, H. G. A.
Wright, aL "RO. S.E., G. D. Hirst, and R. Fraser
Medical Seaton. — Chairman: Dr. Mackellar. Secretaries :
homas Evans, M.R.C.S.E., Dr. Hurst. Committee :
Dr. Dien Dr. F, N. Manning, Dr. MacLaurin, Dr.
demir Professor Anderson ‘Stuart, M.D., and Dr.
Kna
Four hundred ea sixty-one donations of books, periodicals, &c.,
were laid upon the table.
Mr. H. or Wright, M.R.C.S.E., presented to the Society a
valuable binocular microscope, b Ross of London, and. Mr.
Sharp, of Adelong, three accessories os the Society’s microscope.
The donations were duly acknowle
The iillowing letters were ca Roa Sir George Biddell Airy,
K.C.B., F.R. S., and Professor John Tyndall, DCL, FR. Bi,
acknowledging their election as honorary members of the Society ;
from Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.8.I., F.R.S., acknowledging
the award of the Clarke Memorial Medal for 1885 ; and from the
et ash of the Comité International Permanent Ornithologique,
ienna :—
Si Tke White House, Geese ich Le S.E.,
ir, Fe
I am honored and —. by receipt of your rien! we prieate 5,
(which Seep me three t), a inting me that the Council of the
rte Bag of New South V ales had elected me as an honorary member
oh
Ia uch pleasure this mark of the friendly estimation by the
Society of mee scienti c — which my position ee to make.
have valu _muc rsona uaintance ¢ have been
able to form with mem satens of thee pees ye feel that iti is ae intensi:
and exten ir, yours ‘A
G. B. AIRY.
Institution of Cre
y dear Sir, ebruary
Might I beg of you to convey to the Council of the Royse t Society
of New South Wales my best acknowledgments and thanks for th distine-
have been pleased to confer upon me,
Archd. Liversid
Secretary Pena it the Royal Society of New South Wales.
Royal
tion which they
146 PROCEEDINGS,
Asa proof that friendly feeling or. towards me at the other side of the
world, I very highly prize this mark of recognition
Would you also be pleased yourelt to ee my thanks for the friendly
manner in which you have communicated to me the intelligence of my
election. ours very faithfully,
JO
HN TYNDALL.
A. Liversidge, Esq., F.R.S.
Royal pene, Kew.
My dear - Tag ore ge, bruary "ond, 1885.
Som o 4 a ed acknowledging the receipt of your letter “i
Dec 13, gether with the ‘‘Clarke Memorial Medal,” which t
Royal Rackets a ten South Wales has done me the rare honor of sm ide
this token of the Society’s too flattering appreciation of my labours has
given me no less oy than gratification, coming as it does from a Colony
in which I have frown my boyhood taken the ee Heart and from a
nI es e this honor fro oaks it will ever awaken o
rsonal friends of m h who may be said to have won their nese
urels in New South itself— A ghams, Strzlecki,
W. leay, Mitchell, M‘Gillivray, Jukes, Sturt, Lhotskey, Backhouse,
Bidwill, Ha lle s of your magnificent see from the sea to th
Blue “Sareea and beyond it—all contributed materials to those studies
which in the concrete are represented i. om case by the Clarke
Nor can I dissociate it from the remembrance of scientific men still living
whom I oho: inthe Colony during my brief visit to it in 1841,—Sir Chas
Nicholson and Dr. Bennett, and who cordially welcomed me to your city,
oung and unknown aspirant for scientific knowledge.
It remains to thank you, sir, for the cordial terms in which you have
communicated this award to ~— and to os to express,to the President
and oot of the Royal Society of New South ste my abiding sense of
the h e pleasure with which Ea recei
ieve me, dear Mr, se very truly yours,
JOS. D. HOOKER.
A. Liversidge, Esq., F.R.S.
weenceed Sir,
a
ir ass
t weak worthy of the working together of all mankind.
ns and ways of life, an raya Ft those observations
annually (every first quarter of the calendar year) to the Secretary of the
mmittee.
Vienna, the 3lst October, 1884. ne ie R, 10s.
_ The Secretary, Gusraves vox Haves, Ph. D.
— =: t of th th Walk aie a
ey boy ae
Mr. H. C. Russert, B.A., President, then read his address.
Remarks were made by Messrs. C. Rolles ton, C.M.G.; J. Henry,
Mr. J ustice Windeyer, W. G. Murray, C. 8. Wilkinson, and
Professor Liversidge.
thanks was passed to the retiring President, and
Professor oo. F.R.8., &c., was installed as President for
the ensuing yea
About fifty sieiitbge were present.
WEDNESDAY, 3 JUNE, 1885.
Professor Liversipc£, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
e sola e ceo were duly elected ordinary members
of the Socie
iy : ames Neale, Syd
Newbery, William, M. ¢ (Canty Sydney.
Rolleston, John C., C.E
The certificates of four new renin were read for the second
time, and of three for the first t
me hundred and har fict cP Mdidtitlis were laid upon the
table.
Mr. G. H. Kyress read a paper on “A Bystem of accurate
Measurement by means of long steel Ribands.’
Lawrence Harcrave read a paper “ Notes on Flying-
Sixteen models were exhibited.
About forty members were present.
WEDNESDAY, 1 JULY, 1885.
Professor Liverstpax, F.R.8., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed,
the Soc
Baa. tice C.E., Gladesville.
Lendenfeld, Dr. R. von, North Shore.
Marks, James Surfleet, Sydney.
Munro, Andrew Watson, MB. C.M., Sydney.
The certificates of three new candidates were read for the second
time, and of four for the first time.
Seventy-five donations were laid upon the table. .
Mr. H. ©. Russent, BA, F.RAS., e,, read a, paper on
f the earth’s surface.”
Some remarks were made by the Chairman, shee
The pailan: gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of
148 PROCEEDINGS,
WEDNESDAY, 5 AUGUST, 1885.
Professor LtversipGE£, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of
the Society :—
Goggs, Robert G., M.A. (Cantab), Sydne
Griffin, Gilderoy Wells (U.S. Consul), dituey:
verrier, Fran A., B.Sc., Waverley.
The certificates of four new candidates were read for the second
times, and of seven for the first time.
One hundred and two grape of volumes and pamphlets, and
nine charts were laid upon the
e Rev. PETER MNP ikeshy, M.A, read a paper on “Some
causes of the decay of the Australian Forests
A discussion followed in which the folowing gentlemen took
part, viz. :—Messrs. C. Rolleston, A. Dean, G. Milner Stephen,
P. R. Pedley, H. C. Russell, and the Pie dank
Mr. Russext exhibited some si age of a tree standing a
little way off the Lane ve Road, ich measures about
eet in circumference, at a height oe some 30 feet from the
ound. He thought such a rare relic of a past era in the forest
growths of Australia should not be lost, and moved that the
Government be asked to reserve the portion of ground upon which
it stands.
Twenty-two members were present.
WEDNESDAY, 2 SEPTEMBER, 1885.
Professor LiversipGs, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirm
The following gentlemen were duly elected sedineay members
of the Society :—
Chisholm, William, M.D. (Lond.), Sydney.
Elsner, F. W., F.R.C.S.L, Sydne
Ross, Elsey Fairfax, M.D. (Brux), Sydney.
Roth, Reuter Emerich, M.R.C.S.E., Sydney.
The certificates of seven new candidates were read for the second
time, and of three for the first t
ae hundred and peste yore were laid upon the
ble.
Mr. J. P. Josepnson, A.M.1.C.E., read a paper— History of
Floods in the Hawkesbury River.”
A number of chromogenic and pei micro-organisms were
exhibited by W. C. WiLKINson, el a M. on P., Lond. , among
which were fe following, viz. iz.:—M s produci ing "intense
red colour; Prodigiosus ; Zeiss j & hotiokwnctis oil immersion, objec-
microscope ; Micrococcus grown on p
Be — Wilkinson’s
PROCEEDINGS. 149
causing blue discolouration in milk ; Chromogenic micrococeus ;
iv
of cholera of domestic hen; 3 Siebert’s at in. homogenous oil i immer-
sion, objective, Mr. Pedley’s microsco
Dr. J. Asupurton THOMPSON exhibited an advanced copy of a
work containing photographs and description of a case of variola
discreta at the ‘Quarantine Station.
Mr. Henry Suarp, of Adelong, exhibited the following micro-
scopical slides (mounted by himself without sie :—30 slides,
consisting of stained sections of leaves and stems, parasitic insects,
and portions of insects mounted without est ; slide mounted
in biniodide of mercury and glycerine ; lobes of proboscis of blow-
fly, Swift’s l-in. objective, Mr. Hirst’s ~aloriaslpe' leaf of scented
verbena, top side stained, showing oil gland, Powell & Lealand’s
3-in. objective, angle, 36°, Dr. Wright’s microscope, presented to
Royal Society.
About twenty-five Members were present.
WEDNESDAY, 7 OCTOBER, 1885.
Professor Liversip@£, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The scenes gentlemen were duly elected deine members
of the Socie
cAliworte, J Joeeph Witter, Maitland.
Baass, James Ranson, Sydney.
Miller, Wm. Valentine, Petersham.
Trickett, Hon. Wm. Joseph, M.P., Minister of Public In-
struction, Sydney.
Watson, P. _— Sydney.
The certificates of three new candidates were read for the
second time, i of one for the first time.
The Carman _ me attention of the members to the fol-
volumes, or can give information as to where ae can be pur-
c , are requested to communicate with the Hon. Secretaries.”
Seventy-five donations of volumes and pamphlets and one map
le.
A letter was read from H. J. vara. 4 dated ‘Warren,
6th September, 1885, in which he claimed to be the first dis-
coverer of echidna eggs in New South Wales. :
150 PROCEEDINGS.
Mr. Cuartes Moore read a paper “On the Ringal of the
North-western Himalaya,” b i i
erie Ferdinand von Mueller, K.C.M pecimens of the
arious bamboos now in this country were e kindly exhibited by
Mr. Moore (Director of the Botanic Gardens).
Professor LiversipGe exhibited portion of a brick made of fire-
clay from a locality of the Waikato River, New Zealand, and
explained that the green discolouration was due to the presence of
vanadium salts.
Mr. J. Gorr a a collection of Danish flint weapons
and implements as follov
No. 1. Large axe, i raa "Filstand. Found in a Kjempehoi paa,
Krastrap mark, Norre Jyllan
No. 2. Medium-sized axe, 1 raa Filstand Found in a Torremore
near Silkeborg, Central Jut
No. 3. Small-sized axe, br ssi “F ound in Kjokkenmding, near
Grenaa, East Coast of Jutland.
No. 4. Large axe, i Slibet Filstand. Found near Koeskilde
Fjord, ‘Norre Sjeelland, in a Gravhoi.
No. 5. Medium-sized axe—slibet. Found when excavating for a
railway between Randers and Hobro, Jutland, in an old
jempehoi. A large number of beautiful 5 same were
Gassvered at the same time, but only Nos. 5 and 6 were
secured.
o. 6, Smaller-sized axe, (See No. 5.)
o. 7. Large spear-head Found near ‘‘Stone AR
No. 8. Medium spear-head Lumfjorden, North
No. 9. Javelin-head, orarrow-head n
No. 10. Saw. Found in a Gravhoi near the Gudenaa, Tvillum-
gaard—Gravhoi
No. Il. Mr. Goff remarked it was one of the most beautiful
specimens of a flint knife or dagger (Do e had ever
seen, not even excepting the Old Nordish Manca in
wegen > — while excavating the Odensee Bogenkee
Bane paa,
No. 12. a i net-sinker (or slung shot.) Found in a mose
(probably formerly a small lake) between Viborg and Silke-
borg, central part of Jutland.
No, 13, ge stone hammer; a beautiful specimen. Found in
a Gravhoi paa, Heden, near Hjerning, centre of Jutland.
No. 14, A smaller stone hammer (Strids hammer). From Mar-
; ag Fjord, near Hadsu
No. 15. An urn; a beau 7 specimen. Found in a Gravhoi
aon pea, adi (Grey. aor property). When found it
No, 16. Broken pammar ‘aomnd in close neighbourhood of No. 16,
ne specimens were: ound between the years 1868 and, Tie:
About er Os mormbent: were Lene
}
PROCEEDINGS. 151
WEDNESDAY, 4 NOVEMBER, 1885.
Professor LiversipGf, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The PRESIDENT then referred to the great loss which the Society
had sustained by the death of its late senio r Vice-President, the
Hon. Professor Smith, M.D., C.M.G., M.L. C. He said :—“I feel
that it would not be right for us to proceed to the business of
this meeting without reference to the very great loss which the
Society has sustained by the death of our senior Vice-President,
the Hon. Professor Smith, C.M.G., M.L.C. (Hear, hear.) The
notice of any losses which the Society may have sustained is
usually postponed until the annual meeting; but in this instance
cannot wait until then before expressing our grief for the loss
we fa sustained, our appreciation of his life and labours, and
this Society. e first joined it in 1852, then known as the
Australian Philosophical Society. When the Australian Philo-
sophical Society was remodelled and merged into the Philosophical
Society of New South Wales, in 1856, Dr. Smith, who had taken
an active part in bringing about the change, was elected one of
the Hon. Secretaries. He retained this position until 1860, and
the earlier records in the minute-books, which we still possess,
constitution and name were further altered in 1 to that
which it now bears. From that date to the present time
he has held office as Vice-president for ten years, and as
President for the years 1880 and 1883. Previously to 1879 the
Governor was ex officio President, so that in many of his years
forming the duties of President. (Hear, hear.) other ways
the Society is ee indebted to its late tags oeg for —
services. e ss paelirc in poate wee
For m
Minister for Education, but without pay ; and I am afraid, as
too often the case, people little know how much they are
toour late friend. - hear.) Quiet, unobtrusive, conscien-
tious and faithful workers such as he oft to m
152 PROCEEDINGS.
just recognition of their labours. Only those who have worked
with or have been closely associated with our late Vice-president,
either in Council, the University, or elsewhere, can fully appre-
ciate and testify to his great honesty of purpose, great judgment,
even e ucmac tolerane e, es uniform courtesy. (Applause.)
Mr. Curistop r Rowres Ton, C.M.G., moved the following
widow the expression of their deep sympathy with her in the
irreparable loss she has sustained.” He said that for some thirty
years he had been associated with the late Professor Smith on the
Council of that Society, and therefore he could testify to the great
interest he always took in doing the active work of the Society,
and of the intelligent abilities he brought to bear on the subjects
brought before the members of that Society. He was sure every
one of them must deeply regret that they would not again see
Professor Smith amongst them. He felt confident — they would
very gy concur in that resolution. (Hear,
Mr. H. LL, B.A., said he felt that tt was ie GRing that
he should rise > saad the resolution which had now been put
re th t
sense of obligation to him for that early sympathy—a sympathy in
all his work, which had been all through one of the most pleasant
experiences in a busy life. After what had been so well said by |
their President and Mr. Rolleston, he would not detain them with
any remarks expressing his own estimate of the deep obligation
the Society had always been under for that earnest sympathy, kind
encouragement to workers, and continuous effort to forward their
interests, which had always marked Professor Smith’s intercourse
with them, ut he must express his entire concurrence in the
resolution now before them, and he was sure he was only express-
ing the feeling of every member of the sss in pacers heart-
felt sympathy with his widow in her great ent.
The resolution was submitted and tea una 1
The following gentlemen were duly elected soolineiy members of
\ aap
Ellis, Henry A., M.B., Woollahra.
Maher, Ww. "Daillo, MD. (Queen’s University, Ireland) yay
_ Thompson, John Ashburton, M.D. (Brux.), Sydney.
PROCEEDINGS. 153
_ The certificate of one aa oa ee was read for the second
time, and of three for the firs
Seventy-three donations were ° laid upon the table.
Dr. W. Morris read a paper—‘ Notes on experiments in
mounting the Amphipleura pellucida in media having a higher
refractive index than Canada balsam
vor following slides were exhibited to illustrate the paper,
Aiphipleura pellucida mounted in tellurium with Tolles 4 ob-
Dr. Morris’s microscope.
New media Amphipleura ae mounted in chloride of tin
with Tolles’ {, immersion objective. Powell and Lealands-
patent oil-condenser exhibited by Mr. Pe abe
Amphiplewra pellucida mounted in phosphorus, with Powell
and Lealand’s new, wide-angled 1} immersion (water) objec-
tive on stand, by Swift, with Powell and Lealand’s patent
mmersio
Amphipleura pellucida, mounted by Dr. Chase, with Spencer’s
% oil immersion objective, and Powell and Lealand’ s condenser,
exhibited by Dr. Wri
Amphipleura pellucida in balsam, with jth water immersion
objective, by Siebert. pisses nee achromatic condenser (dry)
exhibited by Mr. Hirst.
Spermatozoa in diabetic urine, stained with new dye. Exhibited
by orris with 3 water r immersion objective, and Powell
er.
Mr. G. D. Hirst referred to the great value of Dr. Morris’s
paper, to the time and trouble it must have taken to prepare, an
regretted that more interest was not taken in the Microscopical
Section, as shown by the very small attendance at the Monthly
Meetin
Mr. 8. Hersert Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S., read a paper—‘ Notes on
the characters of the Adelong reefs,”
e Chairman pointed out the importance and need of placing
7: a at the time, important facts such as had been noted by
The Rev. Peter MacPuerson, M.A., read a paper—‘ Stone
Implements of the Aborigines of Australia and some other coun-
tries,” and illustrated the same by a large nia of stone axes,
hatchets, &c., which were arranged on the ta
The Hon. Dr. J. M. Creep, M.L.C., exhibited a mill, or pestle
and mortar, used by the aboriginals on the Murray River to grind
various indigenous seeds for food purposes. The tribe whose
ied used it was now extinct, and it was found in an old camp
about 40 miles from Corowa, on the Billabong Creek. He had
received information, and had been promised specimens of mills
consisting of two flat stones, which were now in nae natives
154, PROCEEDINGS:
of Central Australia. He presented to the Society the —
pestle and mortar, and expressed a hope that the Society might se
its way to establish a representative museum of eee
aboriginal impleme
Mr. H. C, Russexn exhibited and explained an improved form
of tide-gauge, which he had designed to save expense in the
construction of these instruments, and thus to extend their use.
The Chairman invited the attention of members to an exhibit
of some Echidna eggs, which had been forwarded from Coonamble.
by Mr. H. J. M‘Cooe
_ About forty members were present.
WEDNESDAY, 2 DECEMBER, 1886.
Professor Liversip@£, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed
The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member
of the Society :—
Jackson, Rev. H. L., M.A. (Cantab), Sydne
The certificates of three new entice were a for the second
time, and of two for the first t
t was resolved that pag W. C. W. Bartels and P. N.
Trebeck be appointed Auditors for the current year.
One hundred and eighty-six donations of volumes and pamphlets,
and six charts were Jaid upon the table.
A letter was read from the widow of the late Hon. Professor
Smith, C.M.G., M.L.C., referring to the resolution which had been
passed at the last General Monthly Meeting :—
The following letter was read from the Hon. the Colonial
Secretary :
Colonial Secretary’s Office
ney, 6 Novem ber
Referring to your letter of the 28th of August last, transiting a
resolution of soe Royal Society suggesting the reservation pet
of lan orth Shore, oo which there is greene nga tree oben
than usual inte aie I am dire tate, for the information of i
a Society, that the Pelouial Secretary regrets the Government do
ir way to entertain the sugges
Un der S
W. — 2a Esq., M cope etreems cry.
y Se ecretary to fe Royal Society.
oe laa Harerave read a paper “On a form of Flying-
machine,” which was illustrated by a large model of the machine
and various
Mr. H. CO. Russexs exhibited a new form of anemometer which
he had designed. This machine would cost about £12, and — .
Meee: purpose as instruments in use which cost saben, oad
“PROCEEDINGS. 155 |
£50. This great cost has so far limited the use of these instru-
ments to the chief observatory in each of the Australian Colonies.
The instrument exhibited costs so little that it will be possible to
as,
he thought that the number of hailstones that fell would average
about fifteen to the square foot. Mr. Russell then read several
letters from different gentlemen, giving asec of the storm.
Mr. Fletcher Watson forwarded a letter, together with sketches of
several i of ice, in weight from 2 to9 ounces. At Hunter's
lso the hail-storm had been very severe, and ice was
poe seen floating on the water, and in one instance ice
iled up beside a house to the height of 4 feet.
the gardens in these places were literally destroyed. These
S of very great interest, and it is desirable to
collect all available information about them. He had re-
is the termination of a drought period, at least that is what
the observations seem to indicate. Mr. Wilkinson then as
Mr. Russell if he thought there was any foundation for the re-
ports as to the nak age of the Darling, which he believed was
worse than it was forty years ago. r. Russell in answering
said he expected “tlie question of the Darling would arise, so he
had brought a few papers with him on the subject. The speaker’s
own impression was that the Darling would still be much worse
before any flood could possibly fill the holes ; for if a flood w
to come, it would take seven or eight weeks to fill up the holes
and find its way to Wilcannia.
The following extracts from letters were then read :—
Mr. Dickinson says, under date 18th November :—
“T first visited the Darling in 1839, and took up a station
i watrrina,
to the Darling. That river was then a chain of water-holes from
Walgett to Yambecoona, and it did not run until 1841. In 1846,
again, the river got very low, and could easily b e crossed on
horseback in many places. Again, in 1849, 1850, ith 1851 we
had a terrible drought on the Darling ; no grass, no salt- t-bush, and
the ziveeao low. tht the eto wa to ent bore it In 1852
there was abundance of rain on the Darling, and the river con-
?
156 PROCEEDINGS.
tinued running a good stream up to 1855, when I left that
district. By that time many other stations ‘had been taken up
low ours.”
Mr. E. M. M‘Kinlay, under date November 19, says :—‘ On
Black Thursday, February 6, 1851, I left Melbourne on a
journey to the Darling, and travelled nearly as far up as Wil-
cann ter forming the station we had to camp with our
horses in the bed of the river, as there was seed a bite of grass to
be had away from it. The bed of the was then, and had
been for months, quity dry, with the stoeption of small water-
holes at considerable distances from each othe er, and around these
to my oo they did not seem uneasy about the condition of
the country. t a station about 150 miles see Wentworth, on
the sitions bank of the river, I saw a spring of cool, clear
water running out of a small ‘hollow inguin that had been
inserted into the bank.”
Mr. D. Mackay, under date November 21, says :—“In
Jd une, 1865, I travelled down the Darling from Brewartina to
within 50 miles of the junction of the Darling and the Murray.
The country was a perfect desert, and we had to feed the cattle in
the bed of the river, for there was not a vestige of grass on the
plains. =e bed of the river was dry for miles in many places—
simply a chain of waterholes, some of which were quite salt,
ieaiaily near Bourke.”
Mr. J. S. M’Intosh, under date December 12, says :—‘“ The
Darling was low at Wentworth in 1861, but got very low in
1862, and the two steamers “ Lady Daly” and “Settler,” in trying
to get up the river in October, stuck 30 miles above Went-
worth, and had to discharge their cargoes ; and from that time
till February, 1863, the river kept getting yee. until it be-
came perfectly dry, and was a chain of water-holes from Bourke
caused by rains in ‘Queensland, and from that time to : uly,
1864, the river was nearly always a “banker.” Our las
that year was in April, and from that until January, 1866, ther
was not pore than half an inch of rainfall on any part of
Darling from Bourke to Wentworth. The river fell rapidly after
July, fee and all the winter of 1865 was extremely low, and all
the creeks were dry. The cold was very severe—white frosts all
the winter—and the fish in the river died, killed, aw was supposed,
by the cold. In November, 1865, the river so low at
Dunlop, 80 miles below Bourke, that I could cee over it.
And at Gundabooka the water was so sal
att ig te the banks of the river, be 2 could not
drink In January, 1866, there very heavy
PROCEEDINGS. 157
local rain, but it did not affect the river much ; the rain lasted
two days, and from that time we had no rain at Bourke until
June 21, 22, and 23, when we had a very heavy fall ; but again
it did not affect the river much, and by September it was very low,
and kept so until February, 1867, when a flood came down from
the Queensland rains, and on top of that came our own local rains
and the floods in the Macquarie. After that the river fell again,
and in 1868 was very low ; so low that a boat could sete cross the
stone to stone, in May of that year ; we had no rain except a few
showers, and the river got lower and lower ; all the tributaries in
this Colony and Queensland were dry, and it is said that salt was
collected on the bottom of one of the dried holes, in the ‘Cutta-
burra,’ a tributary of the Warrego, which has not been done since ;
and what they call drought now, I call overstocking. InJanu
869, a few showers fell, and in March and April we had fine rain
about Bourke, a splendid winter, and the iver a ‘banker.’ In
February, oe the great wet season n.’
Mr. J. eydon, under date November 21, says :—“ The
river eee Bee above this town (Wilcannia) has stopped running
several places, and is lower than it has been since the middle of
1876. As, however, a flood cannot reach here for almost two
months if rain were to fall now in New England, it is the general
opinion that the water will be lower in the Middle Darling than
it has ever been seen, and unless heavy rains fall at its source not
biter than February, there is a prospect of the water supply being
insufficient for the stock on the frontages. n 1876, at a point
18 miles above this, the bed of the river was perfectly dry for a
quarter of a mile, and in other places the water had ceased
running. It is almost i in the same state now, and must be worse
From the foregoing notes it appears that the Darling was, in
1829, salt and dry in places ; 1835, too low for boats to navigate 5 ;
1839, a chain of caches and did not run until 1841 ; 1845,
ceased to flow at Wilcannia; ; 1849, 1850, 1851, quite patn
places; 1852 to 1855, running a good stream ; 1862, perfectly dry
a
places, although there was in the Middle Darling in January that
year a very heavy storm of rain; 1867, very heavy flood in
rey 1879, ve a ood began in lucien ; a4 usual
February flood ri river below summer level nearly all the
158 PROCEEDINGS.
year ; 1882, very sudden flood from rain-sturm in Februa
1884, river very low; 1885, October 27, stopped running at
Bourke, and now a chain of water-holes from Walgett to
Pooncarie.
Those interested in the nineteen years period may find some
interesting facts in the foregoing figures. The condition in 1862
_ reappears in 1881, 1863 in 1882, 1865 in 1884. The great rain-
storm of Wilcannia in 1866 has its counterpart in the same
district and month in 1885, and so on ; and I am waiting to see
whether the great flood of 1867 isto be reproduced in 1886 ; if it
is, it will be in accordance with the result of experience, as I
in 1876.
The speaker said he had given a deal of time to the question
of the eee theoretically considered, and had come to the
conclusion that the droughts affected the whole earth at the same
time. The Pre at conveyed the thanks of the sete to Mr.
Russell for his cme and valuable communication
Mr. C. 8. WILKINSON, “E.G. 8., exhibited some specinietia of red
jasperoid hein beautifully marked with white quartz veins, which
arge quantities in the Tamworth and Nundle
ict:
pcan thirty-five members were present.
ADDITIONS
TO THE
LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
DONATIONS—1885.
(The names of the Donors are in J/talics.)
TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, REPorRts, &c.
ABERDEEN :—The Aberdeen University Calendar for the per year
1885- he University.
Dun Echt Observatory Publications. Vol.
The Earl - ‘Cr awford and Balcarres.
ADELAIDE :—Report of the Progress and Condition of the Botanic Garden
and Government Plantations during eon
Le Government Botanist.
Meteorological Observations made at the Adelaide oe = during
rvatory.
Transactions and eggs: aeet rs of the Royal Society ‘of South
Australia. Vol. VII, The Society.
agp eh of “ Board of ein ve ae -t Smog Library, Museum, and
allery of South Australia fo The Board.
The Fores Flora of South ‘Aivtcala, reg J. E pga F.L.S. Parts
so praee Printer.
The hsiaide University Calendar for the shcaansieal Yea:
The rice.
Apany (N.Y.):—65th and 66th Reports of the New York State Library,
1883, 1884
95th, 96th, ome 97th Annual op a of the Regents of the University
of the State of New York, waticg 1883,
33rd, 34th, 5th, 8 6th, and 37th A nnual Reports of the State Museum
of Natural History, 1880-1884 (inclus
ccretactey of the State of New York. Vo i. TL 1884. The Trustees.
_ AmsTERDAM :—Verslagen en a ee ard gr Akademie van
Année 52, Tome VI. 1883.
( 3.) 53. » Vilet VIII. 1884.
Jour de Solitude. Octave Pirmez. Edition posthume. 1883. —
The Academy.
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 161
eg ar Et ued. :
Socié Royale ag de Bel igique
eel XV. (Secon Série), ears V, Fase. 1. 1880.
(
i" as XVII Il. a ; IIl. 1883.
B.S % 884.
Proces Verbal Séance. Tome xt (5 Aug., 1883), to Tome XII
(6 Dec., 1884).
Pe % 3, XIV. (3 Jan. to5 July, 1885).
The Society.
Académie eneniies des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen—
ITém
Ta se ‘aie les Mémoires. 1754 to 1883 incl. The Academy.
Calc ae Eoin atic Society of Ben
Centenary Review of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, from 1784-1883.
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> ”” 29 9?
ai.
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ree eport of the Curator.
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si pce Part 1.
sot”
XII.
Die § ngien ! des Meerbusen von Mexico von ee Schmit.
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Cambridge Entomological
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WV.
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tft
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” ” xv.” ” +4 18h st oa
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Kaiserliche "Akademie "der Wissensch oat
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me e 7 saa gels SO. aE + 1-5. 1884.
vm a BF gy detec bie soe ae Oe
ds om Scie bee VOL. 95 a: 1883.
” ” 3, 55 LXXXIX. oe 1
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ae ” ua Bay, No.
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a 5 a Harbour of La Libertad, No. 939.
North America. Polar Regions. Baffin Bay to Lincoln Sea,
0. 962.
Chart of the Arctic Ocean, No. 963.
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M
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ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY, 175
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Brief Descri ipti on o at the “Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylv. ania.
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Brown, D. Kinnear
Harris’s Offici at "Town ci Iieewa Guide, N.S.W. 1885.
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Australian Marine Shells. The Author.
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Scientific Results of the Second Varkand 7 sear“ * Araneidea.
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Vo LT er Partie, Texte and Planches. rio (2 parts. )
Be A Setitinns vy a
;, i. Troisitme iS ee 1881 “
+» 95 Quatriéme ” ” ; 4 ”
Il. Ci ie ” ” ”
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Recent facia ientedile into the life history of an insect destroying the
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(Report to a th Minister for Mines. ) The Author.
Les derniers Voya; ages vant Heedanns a ia Nouvelle-Guin
Les Habitants de Surina Prince Roland Bonaparte.
Lippincott’s Pronouncing Ce of the World. 1 vol. Bad. calf.
W. H. H. Lane.
a Prof., F.R.S. :
On some New South Wales Minerals.
On the! Pisssieal Composition of certain athe New os ae &e.
Marcou, she Belknap :—
A Review of the Progress of North American Paleontology for the
"1884, The Author.
oe er is a at the Rousdon oe Poe oe a tas oy the
C. HE. Peek, M.A., F.R.A.S.
Midland olen Miscellany aed Provincial Medical Journal. si 1. IIT,
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New Cines, pomekinat Soci to. bits ial aoc of the Proceedings of the
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W. H. H. Lane,
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.
e
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ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 177
Reports of the Commissioners of Ba United States to the International
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>», 2 Science, —
3, 3 Engineer
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Sydney seg Herald. 1 October to 31 eae Te 84, ig tems
mber, 1885. (Unbound.) so Norton MLC.
Sydney ene ay rarer Vol. II, Nos. 6, r Ps The Proprietors,
sacar William Meee
e National Geelogical’ Servaps of Europe. The Author.
. G. A., Ph.D. :
Lunacy in many Lands, The Author,
Villa, Giovanni Battis
Revista Geologica a dei 1 Terreni della Brianza, Nota del Sig. ¢ te Villa.
uthor.
Waters, Arthur Wm., F.G.S., F.L.S8. :
Ce Lines observed in Snow Crys tals.
ge a garg Bryozoa from Manes and the River Murray Cliffs,
out ‘
Closure of the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa
Fossil Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Australia
fluence of the Weather on the Body Temperature as shown by
Sences ng a in Davo
te
On the use of the Aviowlasian Mandible in the map c the
hilostomatous Bry The
Woodhead, G. Sims, rita Wee. Ed., and Hare, Pets We
M. .M.
Pathological Myeoloey—Sectien I. Methods. W. H. H. Lane.
Woolls, Rev. Wm .
The Plants of New South Wales, The Author.
PERIODICALS ae In 1885,
American Monthly Microscopical Journa
ocr can Journal of Science and Art ‘Silliman,
yst.
Annales des pe et Physique.
Annales des M
Annals of N separ History.
Art Journal.
a Nachrichten,
us.
Curtis’ Botanical Magazin
ap el Polytechnisches J fournal,
Fnginern ring.
English Mechanic.
Fresenius’ Zeitschrift fiir Analytische Chemie,
8 nicle.
178 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
Journal de Médec:
Journal - ony RE, Physiology.
Journal o cae. —
Journal of Sci
ournal of ‘ie Cheutical Society.
ournal of the Society o 3.
ournal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers.
et Cu Ca Ce
Lancet.
London Medical Record.
edical Record of New York.
Journal,
Ne ow Zoala nd ct — of Science.
ry.
nn’s Mittheilungen.
: hiladelphia wae ——
Philosophical Magaz
io.
dings of the Geologists’ Association.
onabeat ld Fourmal of the Geological Society.
terly Journal of Microscopical Science.
AS hpha «~ ik
—
Pe
°
o
le
Telegraphic J ital and Electrical Review.
Zoologist.
BooKs PURCHASED IN 1885.
Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Index. Tome I-XXX, 1874-83.
Annals of Natural History. Series 1. Vols, I-XX.
” ” 2. 4 XX.
2” ” 3. 2? I-XX.
eS js JR VL = 76 Vols:
Astronomical Register. Vol. XXII. 1884.
Australian Hand ok, 1885.
ey i chnisch- Chemisches Jahrbuch, 1883-84,
itish Association. Report, 1884.
— - the Pathological Department, — College of Surgeons,
Vols. 1-5 and Sup ees oer
ols. a xIx,
ical Survey of India. Memoirs. ‘Paleo ntologia Indica). Series 1
I; ——. 2, Parts 4, 5,6. Memoirs, Vol. I, Parts:1, 2,3; Vol. 0,
Sicko Scientific Seri
Vol. L. Jelly Fish, Star r Fish, and Sea Urchins, by G. J. Romanes,
S
sg dal, The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences, by the late W. K.
yc EAL, . Ph. ical Expression, by Francis Warner, M.D., Lond.,
LUI. _Anth acy Apes, by Robert peng
International Sci ientists’ ry. 1882, 1883 an
Tron and Steel Institute. Tommiack 1872 Part 4 ‘ae. 1874, 1875, 1879
_ Jahresbericht der Chemischen Technologie ). 1884.
es Medical Officer of the Ssealdavscmmant eee oe (London), Annual
1858-83 = 17 vols,
nd
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. ies 6 i
aso se robe Peed Vols. I to LXIV. 1 Index and $8 vols.
vo
New Sed aenbati v Soy s Publications. Vols. CX, CXI, CXII, CXIII,
Obstetrical Soc ety. Transactions. Vol. I to XXIII and XXVI, Catalogue
of Obstetrical oo ptaran = 25 vols.
Official Yea oa the Scientific and Learned Societies of Great Britain
and rls oe 885.
Pa Leontographical society s Publications. Vol. XX XVIII for 1884.
“age 28g Society. Transactions. Vols. I to XXXII and XXXV, 2
Ind ni
Petermann’s Mittheilungen ae Vols. 1-25, 1855-79, and Sup-
ents 5-5
Ph iIlips’ Manoni of et
Pritchard’s Infusoria. teak sation (aah), with coloured plates.
Ray Society’s Publications—
1881.—Cameron’s Phytophagous a ee ee Volt.
Vol. I.
1884.—Cameron’s Phytophagous Hymenoptera. Vol. II.
Report of the Sci ae Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S.
‘* Challen nger.” ” 1873-76.
Botany.
2.
oolog Vols. X and XIII.
Scientific Aw minal (Second Series). Vols. I-XXXIX. 1859-78.
= Sn of Chemical Industry. Journal. Vols. I-III. $00 84,
ie Will}
gig ome Society (London), ceedings, scabisbatis: ak: from the com-
mencement of 1830-83, with coloured plates ; and 3 Indexes = 55 vols
ENGRAVINGS, &c.
‘** Nature” Series of Portraits of come i beberea ¥
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, For
Sir Ww illiam ver sec 8 2. gee
William Spottisw R.S.
Print of the Royal Society of paling in i878 (framed).
DonaTIONs TO THE Socrety’s CABINETS, 1885.
A Ross Zentmeyer agnor Microscope, with various Eye-pieces said
thio I Reser Wye ploees and Bape?
0) Eye- sa an orce
ve-pi rae 4 ag iden MRS. CB
‘Shor;
Substage illuminating Apparatus for the Society’ 8 Micros
harp, Adelong.
A Micrometric Ruling, having bands of lines from 5, 000 to 12,000 to the
. H. H. La ane
Stone Mill or Pestle and Mortar, used by the Aborigines * the Murra:
River to grind various indigenous seeds for food Dre Mr
Tlon M, Coen: - Lc
181
EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS
MADE BY THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1885.
The Journal and Proceedings of ae “ins Society of N.S.W. for 1884, vol
xviii, has been distributed as
The publications for er yon were ‘Sent a Messrs. ee & Co.,.London ; rs
for the United States of to the care of Mess’ Wesley & Co.
for the Smithsonian Institute ; the packages | for French Socie ties and Institutions seca
rts ;
ook
forwarded throug a the Ministe1 Publique et des Beaux 9 in all
The Smithsonian Institute, ington, U.S.A., and Messrs. Tritbner & Co., 57, Ludgate
Hill, London, E.C., have kindly undertaken to receive and eewaa | _ aed dney all communi-
cations and “caren intended for the Royal neve of Lert’ South Wal
volun resentations to the Society are acknowledged by letter, and in 1 the Society’s Annual
olume.
* Exchanges of Publications have been received from the Societies and Institutions
distinguished by an asterisk.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
1. Cordoba,—* Academia Nacional de Ciencias.
ee
gn ey By 1 a x7: 1 f,
Praon
* hs
ue.
- Trieste. —#*Societd Adriatica di Scienze Naturali.
- Vi enna.— aap a seme haft.
Pantie Akademie der Wissenschaften
. Central Anstall fiir Meteorologie und Erdmagnetis-
mus.
*K. K. Geographische ses t.
— K. Geologische Rei stalt.
. K. Zoologisch-Bota ae Gesellschaft.
o Berlin.—Deutsche pe baat chaft.
‘s *Kéniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
' ve scan ge are bso ae der vibdaeeraaorcice Rheinlande und
Westphalens in Bonn.
i ae fir a bu:
EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. é 183
60. Carlsruhe. se camncsan as Polytechnikum zu jaan mrss
61. ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu
62. Cassel.— pete fur ee eee
63. Chemnitz Ze xs NT. nm 7 1 Li gg 1 SEE SE
64. Dresden.—* Das Statistische Bureau des Ministeriums des Innern zu
resden,
% ss cowas i e* amit der Kéniglichen Sammlungen fiir Kunst
ind schaft zu Dresden
66. % #Konigliches Siiacielogtecks Museum.
67. 5 *Offentliche eon thek.
68. aS *Verein fiir Erdkunde zu Dresden.
69. Elberfeld.—*Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein in Elberfeld.
70. Frankfurt a/
Ging oe oo Naturforschende Gesellschaft in
rankfurt a/M
: —— nme Lao Di Berg Atadeni zu Freiber
turforschende Gesellschaft a ‘Freiberg.
‘ Gorlitz. _*N cans Gesellschaft in Gorlitz.
4. Gottinge n.—*Kénigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Gdttingen.
. Halle A.S.—*Die ropes itsche Leopoldinisch—Carolinische
Akad
Dev
e der Watdstoestion zu Halle A.S. (Prussia).
' ~onretagias —*Die Sakae Gesellschaft in Hambur,
‘ Mus
*N ee useum der freien Stadt : Ht mburg.
i *Verein fiir aturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung in
Ha SS
- Heidelberg.—*Naturhistorisch Medicin‘scher Verein ae
. Jena.—*Medicinisch Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellsch
. Ki onigsberg. —*Die Physikalisch-ékonomische Bie
. Leipzig (Saxony).— University Library.
arb
rburg.—*Gesellschaft zur Beférderung der gesammten Natur-
sr snag in Marburg.
*The University.
»”
. Metz.—* Verein fiir sasakcaane zu Metz.
Mulhouse.—* Industrial Society.
- Munchen.— a Baierische Akademie der Wissenschaften in
ain
. sie hae —1Kongliches Sta tistisches Landesam
erein fiir Vaterlindische faaertuas i in Lidia 2.
GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES.
—— Ye enee and Midland Institute.
ngham Philosophical Society.
: Bristol. —*Bristol se nbn er Society.
. Camborne.—*Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon
Cambridge.—*Philosophical Society.
3 *Public Free Library.
» Union Society.
m University
184 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS.
98. Dudley.—Dudley eae ame Geological and Scientific Society and
Field Clu
fo on demsaaatted oa
osophical and ey Society.
101. ee *Yorkkie College
102. Liverpool.— —*Litera rare —— Society.
103. London. —#Agent-General (two es).
104. * * Anthropological Tnstitute of Great Britain and Ireland.
105. i *Briteh Museum (two copies).
106, re emical Society.
107. ~ Colonial Office, Do abn -strect.
108. - — r, Cassell’s Encyclopedia,
109. 5 molo ogical Matety Y
110. * *eolocl Society.
nS a er Institute of nga —— Britain and Ireland.
112, 2 *Institution of
1138. s ran a of Hassl Architec
114. ” Library, South Kensington Seeds
115. i * Linnean ong ty.
116, aH London Tnstitn
nye ‘5 *Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
ec Lord Lindsay’s Observatory.
119. a *Meteorological Offic
120. Ps *Mine cal Soci
121. i Museum of Practical Geology
‘ 122, ~ Patent Office Libra
123. is *Pharmaceutical Society of en Britain.
124. ” *) sano} Society, South Kensington Museum.
125. , *Quekett Microscopical Club.
126. os *Royal Agricultural Society of England.
127. ss *Ro fe — — of Great Britain and Ireland,
128. ie *Royal Astronomical Soc
129. es * se Colle, ge pe Ph so
130. S *Roya College f Surgeons
131, ss *Royal Colonial Institute.
132. i *Royal Geo; i room
133. i *Royal Historical Soci
134. 5 * Fantstuton of ae ‘se
135. = *Royal Meteorological Socie'
136. * *Ro pictoesnte al So ed
137. 3 *Royal School of Mines.
188, ne *Royal Society.
139, s oyal Society of Lite
140. “ *Royal Un i arose st
“ 141, a Society of A
142. 5 University of L
143. = War Offic ce—(Fatligence Branch).
*Zoological ety.
145. Wischsibes-Sdeclogicad Soci
. * and Philosophical Society.
aoe *Owens College.
48. Middlesboro’. —*Tron and Steel Institute.
“ Newcastle-upon-T: a History Society of Northumber-
_ ee d, Durham, and Newcastle- Mong aad
150. ve s *North of England Institute of
sk |. "Society of Chemical Industry.
EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS, 185
152. oo. Sees 4 reno
153. *Bodleian Library.
156. Penzance.—*Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.
157. —— ce 8 oa and Devon and Cornwall Natural
tory S i
158. Windsor.—The Queen’s Siiuney
Care oF Goop Horr
159. Cape Town.—*South-African Philosophical Society.
=
Ls
DoMINIon OF CANADA.
160. Halifax (Nova Scotia).—*Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science,
161. Hamilton (Canada West).—*Hamilton Association.
162. Montreal.—*Natural History Society of Montrea
163. ee Wioval Hort and ea mein: coe of Canada.
164. *Royal ——- of Can
165. The Ottawa Literary por Scientific Society.
166. ib acaitne-AOcrndiar Institute.
167. Winnipeg—* Manitoba Historical and Scientific Societ
*
Inpia.
168. Calcutta.—*Asiatic Society of Bengal.
169. ea *Geological Survey of India.
ia :
170. Dublin.—*Royal Dublin
171. % Royal Glechogisal: Society of Ireland.
172. i; *Royal Irish Academ
Mavnivivs.
173. Port Louis. een! Society of Arts and Sciences.
174. ciété d’ Acclimatation.
New Soutn WaAtgs.
sing peeney fF veer a
177. “Ives Pu bli c Likes
178. 7a — Society of ‘Kew South Wales.
ing Departme
183. e *University.
New ZEALAND.
184. Auckland.—*Auckland Institute.
185. Christchurch.—Philosophical Institute of Canterbury.
186. Dunedin.—-Otago Institute.
ae
ih eee aid Museum
" Philosophical
Prstitake,
oy Society.
186 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS.
QUEENSLAND.
190. Brisbane.—*Acclimatization Society of + page aie
191. ys *Royal Society of Queensla:
SCOTLAND.
192. woyingmag wd) Echt Observatory, Earl of Crawford and Balcarres.
193. niversity.
194. Edinburgh.—*Kaitor, Encyclopedia Britannica, Messrs. A. and C.
ck,
195. ” *Edin pra i a sega
196. $s *Royal B rden
197. Fe *Royal Obs
198. a *Royal Physical Becket
199. i *Royal Society.
200, *University.
201. Glasgow.—* Geological Society of Glasgow.
202. = *University.
SournH AUSTRALIA.
203. Adelaide. it niaremanin Botanist.
*Goy
& 5 ae nt Printer.
205. ies #Obre
206. 5 Royal Sounty of South Australia
207. 5 ellie —s Museum and ie Gallery of South
Australia
208. , “University.
TASMANIA,
209. Hobart.-—*Royal Society of Tasmania.
VICTORIA.
210. Ballarat.—*School of Mines and Industries.
211. Melbourne,—Eclectic Associatio
212. 5 *Field N voareenne ab of Vic’ oria.
213. “4 *Government Bot:
214. ss *Government ater
215. ‘ *Mining Department. <
216. ie *Observato
217. is +) teres Library.
218. % *Registrar-Gen
219. re *Royal Bociety or Vistoris.
220. ne *University.
221. me *Victorian Institute of Surveyors.
ek beboscteahes
2.1 1 ae fal 7 RSS
@euirsVe der
222. Bistritz Dir
223. aan A rhoeses —*Socisté Archéologique.
ITALY.
224, eo ee delle Scienze dell’ Istituto di oe
Sa. ersita di Bologna.
ae. Florence.— tei option eben
: = at Antroploa e di Etn
*Sociata Africana —— Fiorentina.
EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. . 187
229. Genoa.—*Museo Civico di Storia Naturale.
230. Milan.—Reale Istituto Lombardo di — Lettere ed Arti.
281. % Societ& Italiana di Scienze Natura
232. Modena,—* Académie Royale des aap Te et Arts de Modéne.
233. ae i aoa Africana d’Ita
234. Societa Reale Auden vom Scienze.
rm).
235. *Stazione Zoologica
236. term .— * Accademia naa a Scienze Lettere ed Arti.
237. yy Reale Istituto Tecnico.
238. Pisa.—*Societ& Toscana di Scienze Naturali.
239. Rome.— sneeelcrrie Pontificia de’ Nuovi Lincei.
240. *Biblioteca e Archivio et (Ministero dei Lavori Pubblico).
, Circolo Geographica
>. en Osservatorio or Astronomico Collegio Romano.
243... *R. Accademia
244. 4, *R. Comitato to Geno wae »Taiano,
245. *Societa Geografica Italian
246. “sali —R. Accademia de Paine
247. “ang —Reale Accademia delle Scien
248. Regio Osservatorio della Rogia Universita.
249. Venice. —*Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti.
JAPAN.
50. Yokohama.—* Asiatic Society of Japan.
to
JAVA.
251. Batavia.—Kon. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederl Indié.
seo
252. Amsterdam.—*Académie Royale des Sci
253. y *Société Royale de eae ee mace Artis Magistra.
254. Harlem.— —*Bibliothtque de Musée Teyler.
255. i *Société Hollandaise des Sciences.
NORWAY.
256. Bergen.—*Museum.
257. Christiania,—*Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitet.
RUSSIA.
258. Helsingfors.—Sociéte des Sciences de Finlande.
259. .—*Société Impériale des Naturalistes
260. -esparagad *Soci iété Impérial des Amis des Apindiie Naturelles d’An-
t gie et d’Ethnographie & Moscow. (Section
Pinivopdngis e.)
es PN ase Impériale des
sta *Comité Géologique—. vaeman sas Mines.
188 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS.
SPAIN.
263. Madrid.—Instituto geographico y Estadistico.
SWEDEN.
264. cesar IR A Svenska Netenskaps-Akademien.
265. ngliga Universitetet.
SWITZERLAND.
' 266. Berne.—*Société de Géographie de Berne.
267. Geneva.—* Institut National Genevois.
268. Lausanne.—*Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.
269. Neuchatel.—*Société des Sciences Naturelles.
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.
270. Singapore.—*Royal Asiatic Society.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
271. Albany.—*New York State Library, Albany.
272. Annapolis (Md.)—Naval Academy.
273. Baltimore.—*Johns Hopkins University.
274. Beloit (Wis.)—*Chief Geologist.
275. Boston.—* American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
276. 5 *Boston Society of Natural History.
277. Buffalo.—* Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.
veg Pealeiee. ap rege oro ema Club.
280. j *Museum of Sompatsinve Zoology, Harvard College.
281. Chicago.—Academy of Sciences.
282. Cincinnati.—*Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
283. Coldwater.—Michigan Library Association.
284. Davenport (Iowa).—*Academy of Natural Sciences.
285. Hoboken (N.J.)—*Stevens’ Institute of Technology.
86. Iowa City (lowa).—*Director Iowa Weather Service.
287. Minneapolis. —* Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences.
288. Newhaven (Conn.)—*Cunnecticut Academy of Arts
- New
289 rk,—* American Chemical Socie
ki e American Geographical Society.
291. ~ haa moth + Besnsee =
292. es *New Mic
293. acheo! of Mines, s Oolanibia “College.
294, Philadelphia.—tAcadeny of N vsinid Science.
295. n Entomological Society.
296. * Shsacwrd ‘an Philosophiea Society.
297. Ww *Franklin Inst
298. an *Second Geologial Survey of Pennsylvania,
Me. cis *Zoological Society of Philadelphia.
EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. 189
300. Salem (Mass. ilies 8 Association for the Advancement of
Scie
301.
302.
» * Essex Tratitats:
*Peabody Academy of Sciences.
303. St. Louis. —*Academy of Science.
304. San Francisco.—*California State Mining Bureau.
3
3
ashington.— se ~omeronger Medical Association
ureau of Education (Department of the Interior).
heer of Ethnology.
*Bureau of Navigation (Navy Po teal
*
e: *Director of the se: CPhnamety Department).
” * Hydrographic © Ollie
i * Office of ares Alfuirs (Department of the Interior).
i *Ordnance Dep
me *Philosophical | Soc
*Secretary ane ty of = Interior).
*3e oe (Nay icky rtment).
ary (Treasury Department)
*Smitheonian Tnatit
*S ral
” 8 Beker U.S.A rmy).
eo i eg \ Mother: 4s ci.5 Idiotic.
15} Do ....,5(3m.2f.)/2( 24) |8 | Maternal grand-|Idiotic,
> mother, an
y=} six maternal
Es cles,
16) Do -| 2(1m.1f.) 2m. . Tf) \ eineseeeens Idiotic.
2616 10 14 6 3
Group 4. |— — — —-— —
Srprner 7m. thy rseGm yi Aaa Badly idiotic. Father and
and sister’ motherand remaini
ioe of fi descttved a
4 very simple-minded.
18} Do ....|.7(8m.4f) | 3(m.1f.) re meee . |Badly idiotic. Father a
drunkard, mother bed-
ridden and zed, both
described as dull in intellect
i 20 58m. ) tem.) Seiecveepes . |Badly idiotic. Parents des-
cribed as ucated, low
in te and below par in
4 ¢ m, 1 | Maternal cousin ibecile,
2(2m. Several cousins . . . . Idiotic. ———
1513 2 we)
50 29 21
207
ABSTRACT OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
TAKEN AT THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonerrupg, 10 4™ 50°81s ; MAGNETIC oe 9° 35’ 37” East
Height above Mean Sea- lev el, 146 fee
es aig 1885.—GENERAL ABSTRACT.
Barometer Highest Readin 30129 on the 28th.
At 32° Faht., but a cael oo soe -level.
Low eading . vs pos 446 on the 17th.
Mean n Hei eight
(Being 0°042 inch greater ti n average of the preceding 26 years. )
Wind... Greatest ore 13°5 Ibs. on — 8th.
Mean Pre sc OF
Number of D Diys Calm ... 0
Prevailing Direction ..._ E. N.E.
(Prevailing direction during th 26 , NE)
i qcrsture eee in the Shade 96°7 on ihe oth anal 31st.
Low n the Shade 0 on the
G mae 81-1 on the Sst
Highest in the Sun 1542 on the
Lowest on the Grass nt 7 on the ek.
Diurnal Range 37
Mean i in the Shade at 5
weet 1:2 greater th h on an ge of the preceding 26 years.)
itera Amount 96°0 on the 24th.
30°0 on the 9th.
72, Ae &
Mean :
(Being 0°4 less than that of preceding 26 years.)
BA ... Number of Days... 19 rain and 4 dew
Greatest Fall... i Oo Csghen on the 12th. ‘
a 055 65 ft. above groun
— es {3 —— “ 15 in. above ———,
Being 0-388 greater than that of t th average of the preceding 26 y
Evaporation Total Amount renm inches.
ectrici Number of Days Lightning 7
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amount ... ... 75
~ Number of Clear Days ... 0
Meteors Number observed 0
Remarks.
— ode at Sydney — been rig above re average, and the tempera-
greater than th Nearly 4 _— of rain fell in Sydney.
air the « Colony Song the early “as of the ac diem s very dry, but about the
middle light many places, and on 24th and ‘following days one of th
mo Sino site on re i. re passed over the Colony. Coming in the N.W.
ead o ter the caeser west g fi
eke sr ks fell steadily in from 30 to 40
9 to to i inches fell, ther okices not so heavy; the rain
hours, and did not ca’
B
208 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
soe 10 4m 50°81s; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 85’ 37% East.
ight above Mean Sea- lev el, 146 feet.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 417 ;
FEBRUARY, 1885.—Gernerat ApsTRact.
Highest Re 30°026 on the 22nd.
Barometer ... ading .. ca
ry 32° Faht., but sorts corrected to Gon tev.
Lowest Reading .. —
Mean » Hei eight
29°393 on the 7th.
29°755
Wind Greatest Pressure 12°5 Ibs. on the 20th.
; an Pressure 0°5 Ib. :
Number of Days Calm 0
* Prevailing Direction N.E
(Pi li g di ti during th th for the preceding 26 years, 5.
Temperature Highest in the Shade 92°1 on the 20th,
Lowest in the Shade 57°7 on the 10th
test 22°4 on the 20
Highest in the Sun 143°9 on the 20th.
Lowest on the Grass os ; on the 9th.
n Diurnal Range
Mean in the Shade
727
(Being 1°9 greater than that of tl
—) =
co Siaaridnes this month was 0:050 below the average, an
x0 fall for this this month.
the average . Only 1605 rain fell in Sydney, being 43 inches Lg the
On the 20th a wind pressure to 12°51
Humidity Greatest Amount 97:0 on the 17th.
: Least a a
Mean
Rain .. Number of Days... 9 rain and 5 dew
Greatest Fall ... ~ mk se ¢ the 13t. .
S it. see groun
Total Fall... i oe : 15 in. i seer
(Being ant inches Perse aoe 8 th g P )
Evaporation Total Amount 3°282 inches.
Electricity robe of feo Lightning 6
Cloudy S. eo :
y see wo sor in of cae Days ee
Meteors ...Number observed 0
Remarks.
sis ariaile +19
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 209
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
_Latitupe, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonerrvpg, 10 4 50°81*; Magnetic Variation’ ° 35’ 87” East
Height a above Mean Sea- ‘level, 146 feet.
MARCH, 1885.—Generat ABSTRACT,
Barometer ... Highest Reading.. 30°064 on the 22nd.
At 32° Faht., but not corrected to sea-level.
Lowest pion si a ve bee on the 12th
Mean Height : sis
(Being 0°070 inch less than that in the same month on an average of the preceding _—years.,
Wind... ... Greatest Pressure ... 84 1bs, on the 12th, 16tL, and 19th.
Mean Pressure ... soo ED,
Number of Days Calm ... 0
wig sab Diag on Se
(Pr S32. g re n durin: ng 43. ¢, 4h =. or j N
Temperature Highest in the .-» 92°0 on the 12th,
Lowest in th ... 66°6 on the 1st and 2nd
Greatest . 25°5 on the
Highest in the Sun 139°1 on the 12th
Lowe the Grass 489 5th
ean Diurnal Range ...
Mean in the Shade ++. 692
(Being O-1 1 +h that af +h +h 2 £ 4} I a: ig oe J
Humidity ... Greatest Amount .» 95°0 on the 20th,
Least... one . 25°0 on the 12th.
ae aa
Rain... .... Number eae ... 15 rain and 5 dew
Greatest Fall ... 0'890 inches on the Ist.
0°575 65 ft. above ground.
total Fell. ~ {258 »» 15 in. above ground.
Evaporation Total Amount ... 2°251 inches,
Electricity .... Number of — Lightning 3 snes
Cloudy Sky ... Mean Amou vv BS wei
Number of rs “Days ee
Meteors ..._ Number observed “a
Remarks.
Mean barometer read 0°070 inch above the average ; Seevadin winds were a i.
temperature came very close to the average, but on the 12th
rose “0. fall, vy. oe
owing to the ee Sonesta ve
Z ee
210 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; cn ad 10> 4m 50-815; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” E
ght above Mean Sea- level, 146 feet.
APRIL, 1885.—Generat ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Reading 30°271 on the 28th.
At 32° Faht., but — acceded to sea-level
west Reading... 29°636 ,, onthe 15th.
Height... .-- 80°052.
(Being 0-120 inch greater than that in th th average of the preceding 26y .
Wind... ... Greatest Pressure ... 84 Ibs. on the 17th and 27th.
Mean Pressure ... he De
Number of Days Calm ... 0
Heer: pope ie ea
(P: ili th f th . ii o 26 “ ? W.)
Temperature Highest in the ae ... 77:3 on the 14th.
Lowest in the Shad ... -47°9 on the 29th.
reatest Rais nge ... 21'1 on the 29th.
Highest i in the Sun ... 125°3 on the 11th.
Lowest on the Grass... 43°1 on the 29th.
ean Diurnal Range... 12°4
Mean in the Shade .. 646
(Being 0°2 greater than that of th nth on an average ot the preceding 26 years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount ... 940 on the 14th.
Least ae eee ... 53°0 on the 15th.
ean ee : 746
(Being 3°0 less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Rain ... ... Number of Days.. ... 12 rain and 8 dew.
Greatest Fall... ... 0°391 inches on the 18th.
0°'739 =, _~=—« 65 ft. above groun
Total Fall ia pee at 4) 4 15 in. above ground.
(Being 5°351 inch less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Evaporation Total Amount... .-. 3°240 inches.
Electricity ... Number of st Lightning 2
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amou res
Number of Clear Days Pee 2
Meteors ... Number observed aoe
Remarks. x
- The Barometer this month has again read above the arereee this time by 0120
inch, the temperature being about the average. The month has been very dry in
‘Sydney, and in the country the rain record is a very poor one. Many of the stations
report less than an inch, some lees than half an inch. In the Northern coast districts
good rains fell. A little rain fell in the North-western districts, and some along the +
array ; but the want of rain has not been so much felt as it would ha abe ¥
: for the small quantity of wind w passed by. ee
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 211
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE 33° 51’ 41”; LoneitupE, 105 4™ 50°81s ; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” East.
Height above Mean Sea-level, 146 feet.
MAY, 1885.—Generat ABSTRACT.
Barometer Highest Reading... 30°226 on the 11th.
At 32° Faht., “but not Sti to sea-level.
29°667 on the 7th.
Mean Height. 29°999
(Being 0-091 inch greater th th th £ f tl I li 1g 6 years.)
Wind... ... Greatest Pressure ... 84]bs. on the 7th.
Mean Pressure 0°2 lb.
Number of Days ‘Calm .. 0
Sacked —— ion << oe
(Pr li ig th for the preceding 26 years, Ww.)
Temperature a inthe Shade ..: 77°83 on the 5th.
Lowest in “be ade . 46°2 on the 20th
Sabesoeng ange .. 231 on the 15th.
Highest in the Sun ... 118'2 on the 5t
— on the Grass ... 38°1 on the 20th.
15°5
Moan i in the Shade o. SO
(Being 1°5 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Humidity .» Greatest Amount .. 92°0 on the 6th.
39°0 on the 22nd,
Mean 724
(Being 3°7 less than that i “ same aa on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Rain ... ..« Number of Days... .. 5 rain and 18 dew
Greatest Fall ... ... 0°058 inch on the 8th. a
0-045 ,, 65 ft. above ground.
Total Fall... as 0°214 ,, 15 in. above ground.
(Being 5-032 inches less than that of th th on an average e preceding 26 years.)
a Total Amount... ..» 2°830 inches.
Electricity ... Number of -_ Lightning 0
Cloudy Sky ... — Ami 48
é umber of f Clear Days |
Meteors... EN observed 0
one
a rks.
Barom s again been nearly a tenth of an inch cae the ea om van
temperature tom has been hi = oe 5 '6 greater tha than the avera
Macquarie district, the rain very _—— Ebro a i the Colony
nearly everywhere less than das tthe ho t Sydney the
é a and in t he dit all ru tho ey the want of waters goog
=
212 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51/ 41” ; LoncrrupE, 10 4™ 50-815; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” East.
Height above Mean Sea-level, 146 feet.
‘y UNE, 1885.—GEnerAL ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Reading... 30°297 on the 9th.
At 32° Faht., but = S connactad to ‘sea-level.
‘Lowest Reading ... ate wd ba on the 15th.
Mean Height... s
(Being 0-016 inch greater than that in th of the preceding 26 years.)
Wind... ... Greatest Pressure ... 1071 lbs. on the 16th.
an Pressure 08 lb.
Prevailing Direction
a: a: ue a . p*
J So r o 26 wv 7 W.)
Temperature eee inthe Shade ... 69°7 on the Ist.
Low nthe Shade... 40°6 on the 30th.
eae ‘Ren eee .. 19°7 on the 3rd
Highest in the Sun . 108: vhs on the 16th,
Lowest on the Grass... 34°40n the 8rd.
Mean Diurnal Range ... 11° 2.
ean in the Shade we 544
(Being 0°1 greater than that of the same month ge of the preceding 26 years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount.., ... 1000 on the 12th, 18th, 22nd, 23rd,
and 24th.
Least 44°0
Mean oes ee ee Poe
(Being 0°4 less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Rain ..._.... Number of Da _ .. 16 rain and 5 dew
Greatest Fall we B45 bios on the 24th. z
12°649 65 ft. above groun
Total Fall wee 1 2 ve he in. above e groun und.
Being 11°110 inches greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Evaporation Total Amount... ... 1°892 inches.
ectricity ..._ Number of Days in 3
Cloudy Sky .... Mean Amoun 50
dy Number of Clear Days .. 7
0
Meteors .... Number observed we
"296 inches. On the coast about Sydney very :
ver a very limited area along other parts of the
inland the fall has Spy helo
th, icularly in the south-west
total minfal for the six first months pee tenses
_ METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
213
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Latirupe, 33° 51’ 41” ; Lonerrups, 105 4" 50°81s; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” East
Height above Mean Sea-level, 146 feet,
._ JULY, 1885.—Generat ABsTrRAct. ‘
Barometer ... Highest Re
At 32°
Lowest Reading
Mean Height
ading ..
Faht., but not corrected to sea- “ievel.
30°358 on the 30th.
29.615 on the 26th.
30°037
th f the preceding 26 years.)
(Being 0°090 inch greater than that in th
>
Wind... Greatest Pressure 10°1 Ibs. on the 28th.
Mean Pressure 0-4 Ib.
Number of Days Calm 0
Prevailing Direction W.
(P: ling directi during th th for the preceding 26 years, W.)
Temperature sawey in the Shade yo 7 on the 25th.
Lowest in the Shade he 29th
2 7 on the 11th.
. 107: 0 on the 26th.
35-3 on the 3rd.
2-0
52°8
(Being 0°4 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Humidity Greatest Amount
Least eit ne
... 100-0 on the 18th, 22nd, and 30th.
‘ th.
49°0 on the 26
80°7
th rerage of the preceding 26 years.)
Mean ce
(Being 5°6 greater than that of th
Rain... .... Number of Days...
Greatest Fall...
Total Fall...
20 rain and 6
2°250 inches on ag 23rd.
¢ 5391 ,, 65 ft. above ground.
7451 ,, 15 in. above gro
(Being 3°346 inches greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 26 years.),
Electricity ..
Cloudy Sky ...
Meteors
Mean Amou
Number observed
Remarks.
Mean barometer this month was 0'090 above the ey with proailé
winds. ——— month of Sul has been a age" dry one in all
Bodalla to Manning Breau te
: jaar rasa in and about Rashoons where it amounted to
‘stations reporting rain, 1270 reported leas than. half en
Total Amow ‘
Number of Du Tightning 0
Number of leas! Days ...
1°669 inches.
56
5
0
214
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; got 10h 4m 50°815 ;
Mean Sea- lev el, 146 fee
Height above
MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” East,
t.
AUGUST, 1885.—Gernerat ABSTRACT.
Highest Reading..
30°249 on the 25th.
Barometer . es
At 32° Faht., but not corrected to sea-level.
west Reading ... 29°419 on the 14th.
Mean Height 29°906
Wind.. Greatest sg ... 25°9 Ibs. on the 7th.
Mean Pre ec pe eels
Number of, Du Cali eee |
FRrHning Dieeie (tsi
(Prevailing d g th for the preceding 26 years, W-)
Temperature Ln ooo in the ae _ on the 29th.
owest in the Sha on so 18th and 25th.
Gis ang 30 7on h.
Highest in the Sun * 124° 0 on the 30th.
on the Grass 33°2 on the 13th.
Mean Diurnal Range 17:0
Mean in the Shade 57°0
Humidity Greatest Amount 98:0 on the 2nd.
aa 82-0 on the 14th and 30th.
Mean 63°6
Rain ... --» Number of Days... 6 rain and 6 dew
Greatest Fall... 0-011 inch on the 25th. #5
0-006 65 ft. above groun
Total Fall... 0°040 a aa in ener grown:
Evaporation Total Amou x ..» 2°002 inches.
Electricity .... Number of Da Lightning .
Cloudy Sky ... rem Amou ene
mber of Clear Days a rr]
Meteors ous antes observed “ o
arks,
e blew at Sydney for 8 hours, and the
The
‘reatest pressure oot.
rainfall this mo: nth b has been very light over great of the Colony less than
— 050 nae fallen: andi in and asa pat en drought been very , the
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 215
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Latitupe, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonattupg, 10 4" 50°81:; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” East.
Height above Mean Sea-level, 146 feet.
SEPTEMBER, 1885.—Gernerat ABSTRACT.
Barometer Highest Reading .. 30-333 on the 7th.
At 32° Faht., but ss seiner to ‘sea-level.
Lowest Reading .
29°518 on the 26th.
Mean Te eight 29°965
(Being 0°0 g than that in th my th ge of the fF ding 26 years.
Wind... pee at caus ..« 11 lbs. on the 27th.
Mea ure Oban
Namber rot Days Calm . 0
revailin ng Direction + aa
(Prevaili th for the preceding 26 5 Ww.)
Temperature Highest in the » Shade ... 80°5 on the 5th,
Lowest in the Shade 45°8 on the 7th
Greatest 29°2 on the 4th
ighest in the Sun 126°6 on the 22nd
Lowest on the Grass 36°10 4t
ean Diurnal Range ... ;
Mean in the Shade vin Ae
Humidity ... Greatest Amount ..- 96°0 on the 23rd.
Least ive eS ..- 25°0 on the 4th.
Mean si ces
Rain ..._.... Numberof Days... _ ... 8 rain and 6 dew
Greatest Fall... ... 07185 ith we the 27th. y
0°389 65 ft. above groun
Total Fall... hoa £2 is "667 te 1B in. above peer
Evaporation Total Amount ... ... 2°02 inches.
Electricity ... Number of Days cana 2
Cloudy Sky ... Mean Amount ... 4°5
Number of Clear Days . wae 8
Meteors ... Number observed 0
Remarks.
mean barometer this month was 0°088 inch sash the —. ; and the mean
r the
g, and ev =
as been some rain it has been by no to requirements ; indeed, it may
be said that rain is badly wanted oo over r the ‘Colony just now, and in some —
he contin) weather is becoming s D this month the
majority of stations had less Shae 2 res aa ‘the a New England oo bad
from 3 to 4 inches, ees about the sa Com
fall f tere last nin hs of 1885 with that for the corresponding pe peg or of 1884,
it pound that the fall fall for 1885 is, in he majority of places, in :
216 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. -
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; LonerrupE, 105 4™ 50°81* ; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 35’ 37” East.
Height above Mean Sea-level, 146 feet.
. OCTOBER, 1885.—GerneErat ABSTRACT.
_ Barometer ... _ Highest Reading... _..._ 30°313 on the 15th.
At 32° Faht., corrected to sea-level.
Lowest Reading ... ... 29516 on the 22nd.
Mean Height... . 29°986
(Being 0°157 inch greater than that in th th ge of the p ling 26 y )
Wind... ae eomepigers reer ... 11:0 lbs. on the 22nd.
Mean oe sts A EEE
Num of Dies Calm ... 0
Provan Directio pi. eee
( th for the preceding 26 years, N.E.)
Temperature “Highest inthe Shade .., 90°3 on the 31st. :
nthe Shade ... 46°7 on the 13th.
. 28:1 on the 31st
ghest in the Su 144°8 on the 22nd
Lowest on the Gras 40° 5th
iurnal Range 14
649
(Being 1-7 greater than that of the same cuiiedie on an average of the preceding 26 years.)
Humidity ... peg Amount... «. 97:0 on the 12th.
... 42°0 on the 22nd.
71'8
Men
Seg 2°6 greater en that of ‘ same gg
a | | we
ao | BE cos: cE AR! 40
|
| Ae
Piola
DOF as - aE Lal 29
| ae Y
aren
2 | | I. | = me
pS ae Wa igett
__% | Bourke .
/ . =, ~
| Lis 3 ad River Naabri Armidale
| were »
Ns 3 f = No - Observer
y M2cle j
31 ; = mr 31
“a
. 4 = >
A Vis — >= 3
a 3 -
Wilcannia 9 ~ Port Macquarie
9s A 4 i Rg L a. é 2a
32 — on
ey | f Subic
2, U
Ge
a)
fv eee Po Forbes
0 as oN
idest nal ) :
9
je A 3
Wentworth < Sydney
i
7
a Ha :
(Jae J Lyver =
oe Tum brag a? R Coulburn =
2 Sey -- &
j /
i | :
g
5 ~
PARI Pe AT ——
}
| = eed
i 2 ly
0,
| —
| <—s
|
46 | rt il Bae :
| Moama River Albury
The verhcal /ength of aline indicates the quantity of Rain, ifdrawn below the line it indicates no rain P
Inevery square themonths begin onthe lefthand side 2
Where more than seven inches of rain has fallen ninany month i is hewn by taking the line .
half thickness up into the next square till it represents the total inches a
7 | SEEN Seamer eet Bete | i Eden
| \ one ee
| \ C
be | de |
ae
141 - ~
14.2 143 144, ; 145 146 147 148 149 15 0 151 4 152 sea me a. 2 ee
RS carp
PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED 4T THE GOVT, S@NTING OFFICE.
SYONEY NEWSOu1M “—
Diagram for Russell's Rain Map for 1885
CURVES SHOWING THE HEIGHT OF THE WESTERN RIVERS OF NEW SOUTH WALES DURING THE YEAR 1885
NOMUVE IOKVN aTYVAGOVA ‘SHATS ONITAVA
sezeas TA F : r
. 2 i T I } {
7 7 : FY
}}+_+$+ { | |
oo tH it : } :
ananene T ‘4
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7 J J
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ry crt : / SSEER SGee |
3 ; Crit
. settetttt sae, See Soe 1 = Toth ty
4 BAe pn smo a = Bean —— Tit be +]
5 Be SE } i aas SSeseane ae —— LI *
bad iecchiaeindeail + i | + 4 a +++ J
3] SSees SSeS oe oS + t = 2aRe
- SO ‘ + sau + 4 + 1] —— a :
3 Sesee ar Coo t t y a a aa $f pf
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a ie 2 & ane + | t SSI = a s 28 ot Gee Be
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o boas coasts FEEL EEE , | |
' | | : l _ :
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a & = 4 | at
setttt crt i TTT ci nom ag
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aq SS e885 on: Pa | | a ae = ie 44 chet tht HOF SERREHRBERS
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b+ SBR BM Ree ee ie Pitt st ae
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} } j j | 2a eae eee oe eee va “rong B48 SE025 2e8.- betlndh cual
TT T ’ 9 Gee [eee MS —_ — BESEEE BeSee eee Nott
T ttt Ett | ™ =o rT aa a a . ° ih
bm BEECH o S a Bo am8e an S008 SS050 206s Ween eee
REECE Eee : W . SEn0G0S00 SRGnt aes
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a -— 4 [ 4 } 2 Oe eRe: rePitt rT tt +h +4 i BRE SS oo BEE He ams
4 Corett tt HHRGG255CeT Sam } aan See Hee HH :
PH Suueseuaue | a . as HEREC a
= a rrr cy] er + a 4 Suuy cosas eed! Sutuaue
> SBPR 0 ERE eeee Es =a a } as T | ee Tre SunaEee
SRS 8 RRR ER eee eee augue } } ae SSSee8 oe
cc He tH = an 4 } I } Soeeee oe, se eenes ae
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2 ss 3 ie, . - ogy
r b a 4 4
ed & A Cs S E 4 = :
Fo ¢ 7 Toorale iy Giigoin a da Say AG Goangra N22 aes :
riidgoo
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Gongolgan_ @ : ees ley — SE wy. :
; Chariton @® . . | \ Wingadee o @ Piiliga , : Mibdale 3 EN ot Ey ‘ oe , sae ate 4
O/ |hat ‘ e s\\. = _- Ee xen me, |
NidgeryS cn aN oes : Be ge dale ae ty ae
: leas
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Hogebri Maw Robertsons MS > 9 % ae ee atemerg2 4 x wera :
ing Burburgate ille : pct ee Fy mw) : aa Dit mee
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» = ective Pe ies Ko. Ped , < ve ~ & ACLEAY KR.
4 7 04 al 7 T Ne oh Smoky
s K . oc mya
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Pur ntah L. Yancannia.
| . Lila® —
|
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t Pernanda
ca @ verariney s @ y |
y 4 | Dvinpar cual
ft |
a “LQ Mena Murtee Kallaratgip
1 ep omba._ A fe ee
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EE j fi ‘uraa Chan" 5 | \ a Mia " ey. Y = BY Ns y he
a Turtepeorce tn lake Dick @ . fee di. > Oh aoe =" Gooriankwa’ |
| + fNelyambo CorongeDome@) : : Ve . ve
dab si q = é:
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are or
BercaryL.@ 9 purkepoonve £
@ Corong: Peak W
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Kam yi; & as ( | Booro mugea @® @ Sussex i Gi a
, af : ; Springfield | | sey . ag omera ie
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Yatlcowinna (@) |@Gienlyon
‘
H
Tiltardara
e 8 | Lerma.
. ae rf i , 3 E BTC i i Ne ae Nei oY op SES ’ Sn Oy ne ~ fe,
Paddington Nillera @q@ fren headless Panjeo @ Burdenda i eat Sod or Sar ma = Ba, a UN NING ft. |
@nymagee Trangié L 2 oy oy. = gg ROT et Be ef rsubar Ts : ’ ,
i: } Bro Erste : e ; } athe Row tha 2 2 S fd ; " Gs PR "efit Cy 5 19 6
fal
oa @;.' awarra
sw ae
yA
M Psipps | No ath? C
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Boolka Q rs vn" |
bas opr >
: Teryawynia | Woodlands “2
Piggindss ~~ t age : | QMoorthumbi @ E
Kinchega ; 2 | Eremeran Bulbodney
Nettiagse LG ) ; @ Keriwah
PVs @ Boonoona | B Qua Burra Sauee
Tando —Dé= ca oroe G@lolarno is Green F'ixed ighe.
Tandon pe; @P. Well Bulgandramise
Q@yeree Plains —
rrumbogie i. SSS aed 7ilima”\ Sobel Lea ed of along ‘Via
‘, Bas a. = — NEY Tee
ivanhoe
Coen Downs e, nck @. Melrose
Dine Dine :
Netle Ae 1@} .
a cs a | aoe wCuthero~S i age : se a = * gy Bro erony P Coradgery aS f ae ari
iz Ee 7 . . | \Kiffera ae secre : —_ % PS al \ owabla eel : a ctong Lote f~ 2 a Lake Magli
| .) eae =e > a | Booberaig cr. : ye” RS Nglungalog @! g 2 al \ iS iil u he Zs Ned a a fs fie 3 |
. , Mattred | Q : Me ae udjellico : al : ; + 3 L Moure di Zo > AN Ruz é ae A cre gar wz [3 Qurimplal | ; ©
(= 8 Pee 6 , : , ea Bey Giapiahs Cudjullagong | ey Be Fine ee Calan. Lit 4 j IRS | |
| | i é, PSarcoolah : as : ao. < =F |
| | : Boondara WT | | Ue » :
= — | : Arumpo g™ Casita! | y
: 3 )Burtundy | © ) \ Merungle
. 3 | ee 4 }Moodanong J ; me Sie
()) 5 _ @ TUflee : @ SY Atooiigal fall € aa C a ee Pepa N ON Fixed Light
Wamberrs We Tarrwong | a Bes _ aa i ia aa aw 2 Te PR es ene ete RS VP back ight Ship
3-4 SaltT Creek a —— an e he SRS 3 BIS Boron ismaid Ty aa al : ali. ae. Bay une Bis Ref agi ie
wm , LAN di. Bidura & ; 7s eae orga ay | ae
- ude Oe ‘| @ Thononga S*"
y ~ | mngerin East | :
é MURR “4 age ae
Maude M vf we _ Moe Red Light. Ficed.
o
6 2 Currathool 3 ~
Burts bogie ~~ Mayrie Sly ee
AY ,
7 eeeeniitd Puckawidgee orge| K
& Barraila | Hy i ae r Cap Mocca
me. 3 “@ ile erie ae : Pie bopla 5, 7 Se, Qs rc » Bixed crebn Light.
ii aD AT UIN ‘ain ton ae ee 7S } = { a if Rd 4 os my Ry a2. , 2
/ 7 a! eo" “e £ - : eye “a bingo iA, Spy?
2, b mg ES : Tumburrumba. q 4,
g Walbyndicot es - arryow wen o/ mas
eS Ria ae SS ¢ : Ce Tag dren ay SS
wr : 2 Heads
Boomanoomal a wer J ring
sa ie
P INFALL
NEV SOUTH WALES
1880).
The diameters (not areas) of Black Spats are proportional to the amount, of rain.
at | ; Fneomplete returns are shown by a Black Grele.
For quantities for each month and. for the-year see attached table.
i}
Note, Lristing Railways and those in, Course of Construction shown thus ————— |
| | Scale of Statute Miles
\ 0 » 2p 30 4p 50 69 Miles
| | | | i 4 = : ————
Re ee oe 195 1 147 148 149 10 1 “Ta 163 a”
. id : —_— Ey RED
[59.6- 86/
219
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW
SOUTH WALES, 1862-1865.
ConTENTS.
On the Vertebrated Animals of the Lower Murray
and Darling—their habits, economy, and geogra- ; Gerard Krefft.
phical distribution ...
On Snakes observed in the neighbourhood of Sydney Gerard Krefft.
* Geometrical Researches” in four pers, pea ae g
i plete > Martin Gardiner, C.E.
base
on to celebrated Problems. pattie
rches eg ny n _ Saseribod in other
ne “? @ hia ‘ Martin Gardiner, C.E.
rches snd n’ gons ‘inscribed in curves of
te second degree. Paper No. 3 } Martin Gardiner, C.E.
ei ristome omg n gon in inseribed i in Pree Martin Gardiner; O38.
On the desirability of a sjelenatie pith for, a
pil ation of, variable Stars in the = John Tebbutt, junr.
isphere
Gat the Coiat of September, 1862. No.1. John Tebbutt, a
On the Comet of a mber, 1862, No.2. J ;
ian 8
On Aus' n Storms. ohn Teb t, eh
Remarks on the pre ceding Paper, made at odie Rev. W.B.Clarke, M.A.,
Meeting of 7th Hage ges F.GS8., &e., V.-
On t ve Temple Dr. Berneastle ,
On Snake bites and their John Brazier, C.M.Z.S.
north-east Australia “a “
V.—Iron Pyrites J. Latta, a, Hes.
ViI.—Sydney Water Su ipply “by Gravitation James ning, Esq.
VII.—Nickel = soe rals from New Caledonia... Pro raat Everilges
» VIIL.—TIron ig Coal Deposits at W ihe Professor Liversidge.
ee Es —Some of = SNe slag the Observation } H. C. Russell, B.A.
es oT alates of Venus as pe asa ae Rev, Wm. Scott, M.A.
den
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1875.
Vol. IX.
CoNnTENTS.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.) ae
Article IL—List of vpeme Fundamental dippers —* — :
List of M mbers
oe aoe vee
sate .
Hi—Aaios to Library... eee vee aee eee xlv
”
2
994 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
PAGE.
ee eee Address, by the — W. B. Clarke, ‘
.. F.G.S., Vice-Presiden lto 56 |
- V—Notes on Deep Sea cine By Rey. W. B. 7
Clark , F.G.S. ue ee se ee & ae
». ViI.—Facts in a ease Mining. By 8. L. Bensusan . 73 to
» ViIl.—Stanniferous Deposits of —— (Iilustrated).
y . Wintle, Hobart Tow 87 to 95
VII. —Permanent ‘Water Supply to pydlney by Gravita- :
ion. By James Ma ara 97 to 119
: IX—-Meteopolitan Water Supply y Ja mes Mannin 121 to 123
» &—Water Supply to Sydney by easaen (Plans),
By James Manning 125 to 134
ay Med —Scientife — ein HO. "Russell, ‘B. Ay " Govern-
135 to 150
i eke emma A of ‘Paendo-Crytalization (Illustrated).
Professor Liversidge 152 to 153
», XIII.—The Minerals of New South Wales. i Professor
154 to 215
» SIV.—Index a .. 217 to 228
i. oe —Appendix Meteorological “Observations, Sydney.
y H. C. Russell, B.A., Sydney Observatory a 1to.12
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1876.
Vol. X.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.)
Article I.—List of Officers, Fundamental Rules, By-laws, and
List of Mem
Ti chskieseloy Addres s, by the Rev. W. B. ‘Clarke,
M.A., F.B.S8., Vice-Preside nt i lto 34
II. See me on some Remarkable Errors shown by Ther
meters (Diagram). By H.C. Russell, B.A.,
IV.—On the Origin and Migrations of the Polynesian
Nation. By Rev. Dr. Lang 43 to 74
V.—On the Deep Oceanic sarge off Moreton Bay.
By Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A
£3 vi -feae Notes on Jupiter during fis Opposition. By
VII.—On the “Genus Ctenodus. ‘Parts I to IV. (Five
plates.) By W. J. Barkas, M.R.CS.. 99 to 123
> yy VELL —ont eat Milani of Moss Gold and Silver. By
rehibald Liversidge, Professor of Mineralogy
iu the Galea of Sydney » 125 to 134
Hae 2 o —Recent Copper istadee Processes. By & L.
Bensusan , 135 to 145
» x — On someTertiary Australian Polyzoa. (Two plates.) e
‘ By Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G8., F.L.S. 147 to 150
» X&I.—Meteorological Periodicity. . (Three deagrems.)
By H.C. ates B.A., Site neem
Astronomer
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
Article XII. ae 3 of sheng Vegetation on Climate. By Rev.
W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.R.S.
reg - aA. —Fossiliferous Soooas "Deposit, Richmond River.
plate) ; and the so-called Meerschaum from
ar” ic er. By P.
» X&IV.—Remarkable By bok of Contorted Slate.
ae y Professor Liversi ret ae
6 jay —
ie GE ~Attitions to Library wal Bis ase ae
» XVII.—Donatio aa ran ves
* XVIII. —Reports qt the Sections .. sik is
PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS.
1. Macrozamia spiralis. By F. Milford, M.D.
od Se: o
tion of F ang of Human Tooth,
sho owing HExostosis. By Hugh Paterso
3. = wy Species of Insectivorous Plan
oecds em ones By J.U.C. Gdiper
4 Wicking and Ktch y E. iL Montefiore ..
eee 52 S — Appendix: Abstract f ‘ae Meteorclogical Obser-
ons taken at the Sy so he Observatory. By
i “C. Russell, B.A., "PE A.S., Government
Astronomer ee
» XX.—Index ois
225
PAGE.
179 to 235
237 to 239
299
300
308
315 to 328
329
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
- 1877.
Vol. XI.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.)
Article I.—List of Officers, Fundamental “Rules, By-laws,
. and List of Members ...
A II.—Anniversary Address, by H. C. “Russell, B. A,
F.R.A.S., F.M.
Influences. By W. Christie, Licensed Surv: ne se
a Iv.— mornis Australis, a new fossil gigantic
Bird of Australia. By the Rev. W. B. Clarke,
M.A., F.R.S., &e., Vice-President
- V.—On the Sphenoid, Cranial Bones, reulu um, and
supposed Ear-Bones of Ctenodus. On the
, Coracoid, Ribs, and Scales of Ctenodus.
Barkas, M. R.C.
By W. J.
VI.—On the Tertiary Deposits of Australia. By tho
€ Rev. J. H. Tenison-Woods, F.G.8., FR Es...
y3 V1L.—On some New Australian Polyzoa. ’ (Two wo
cuts.) ge Rereet J E. Tenison- Woods, FOS,
4“ VITL.—On the occurrence of Chalk in the New Britain
ay — oe ieee S.,F.GS.,
F.R.G.S.. &e. ose
PAGE.
1 to XXxvV
1 to 20
21 to 39
41 to 50
83 & 84
85 to 91
bo
to.’
for)
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
PAGE
Article IX. ea aay Method of eastrobes Gold, Silver, and
r Metals from Pyrites. By W. A. Dixon,
re 93 to Ell
Ae X.—The Paleontological Evidence a ‘Australian ‘er-
- ormations. By the Rev. J. E. Teni
Bick 113 to 128
= XI.—A Sop of Australian Tertiary Polyzoa. By
heridge, junr., F.G.S. ne .. 129to0 143
Sc REL. —Cieieantins a ies - Hybodus. By W. J.
Barkas, M.R.C.S. 145 to 155
> XIT.—A System of Notation adapted to “explaining to
oe a, gt Eh Tae By the
., M.L.C. 157 to 163
sh LG —Notes on the o Meteorology Natwel rhetlos &e.
d Guan
and; and ano and other
Phioepbatie Goooeita Malden Island. By Ww;
A. Dixon, F.C.S... 165 to 181
» &V.—On some ‘Australian ‘Tertiary | ‘Corals. (Two
plates.) By the Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods,
F, : 183 to 195
> &VI,—On anew and r markable Variable Star i in the
Constellation va By J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. 197 to 202
3, %VII.—On a Dental peculiarity of the Lepiosietd.
By W. y. Barkea M.R.C. 203 to 207
1 wv i new Fossil Extinct Species of Kan: 100,
Sthenurus pane ty n). By the Rev. W. B.
arke, M.A., 209 to 212
3) XIX.—Notes on some ties Barometric ‘Disturbances. 4
Be H.C. soe BA; FLRLAS: 213 to 218 e
2” xX.— eed ous tie & o+t 219 to 235
7 RAL Ba ree “ ‘the Li brary .. ioe ... 2836 to 244
»» XII,—List of Exchanges and Presentations ne ive » 248 to 201
, XXIII.—Reports from the Sectio a ; 253 to 27
PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS,
1. Remarks on the Coccus of the Cape Mul-
_Terey. By F. Milford, M.D., &c. 270
votes on some local "Species of Diatomacen.
272
fe SUV Aguas! Khatiect of the Meteorological Ob-
servations taken at the Sydn som de
. fe — Preece BA, EAS. ey nome
... 281 to 294
eee @ age fe _ Publications by the ° Society a .. 295 to 302
,» ¥XVI.—Index ie ... 803 to 305
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL cer, OF NEW SOUTH WALES, ~
Vol. XII.
ConTENTS
(Edited by Prof. havesitize and Dr. Leibius.)
PAGE.
Article I,—List of Officers, Fundamental eres done
and List of Members i to xxxv
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
Article II.—Anniversary Address, by Christopher Rolleston,
Vice-President
IIT.—Tasmanian Forests; their Botany and Economical
Value. By Rev v. JE. Tenison-Woods, F.G.8.,
LV, py. Molluscan "Fauna of Tasmania.
J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S.,
V.—On some Anatradien Tertiary Fossil Corals and
ae ag (One one ) By the Rev. J. E.
on-Woods, F.G.S.
ks —Prop ceed Correction to the assumed Longi
Sydney Observatory. By John Te batt,
By the Rev.
F.L.S..
VII.—On the Meteorology of the Coast of New South
W Wi
ales during the Winter Months, with the
de fey of issuing cautionary Storm Warn-
ings, by telegrams to eee various Ports, from
the Observatory. By Marshall Smith, Master
of the ship ‘‘ T. L.
VIII.—Storms on the Coast of New South Wales.
(Four diagrams. ) * H.-C; — aL B.A,
ernment Astron
TX.—Some Facts about the Grom Tidal Wave, May
ui _ (Three diagrams. Ju Bs soup
Xx. ie "Rewuite of an Astronomical Experiment on
the Blue Mountains. ( arg diagrams. a By H.
sell, B.A.,
XI.—On the } Metallur of Nickel and Cobalt. By
ixon, F.
XII.—The Deep Well Waters ‘of Sydney. By W. A,
ixon, F.C.S., F.L.C.
XIII. = on Huan Island Guano
C.8., F.1.C., Lecture
Schoat of Arts é
XIV.—The Rise and Progress of Photo phy. By
Ladovied W. Hart ih
XV.—Proceedings .
XVI. Bi cxor var to the Libra
By “W. A. Dix xon,
turer on Chamistey, deed
? rary
i XVII.—Donations to the Cabinets .
», & VIII.—List d Presentations
XIX.—Reports from the ‘Sect ctions .
PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS.
3; sa on the Planet Uranus. id John Tebbutt,
2, a4 the Longitude of Sydney Observato
WA, 7, A.S ry
3. Note the T it Mercury. (One
diagram.) By John Tebbutt, F.R.A.
4. Note on the ‘Brisbane 6183.” le John
Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. oe
5. Notes on the Observato: tories in the “United
States. By W. J. MacDonnell, F.R.A.S..
6. A Teo ae SMe By H. a. Rawell,
227
PAGE,
1 to 16
17 to 28
29 to 56
57 to 61
63 to 69
71 to 75
77 to 101
103 to 115
117 to 126
127 to 132
133 to 141
143 to 144
145 to 164
167 to 187
188 to 200
201 to 206
207 to 213
217 to 293
228 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. ~
PAGE,
7. The ae Micrometer. By H. C. Russell,
B.A., F.R.A.S. 236
8. erry ‘on supe during ‘his Opposition, 1878. ae
G. D. Hirs 238
9 On Star-discs, tad the se aratin power of
"Pelaesépe es. By W.J. MacDonnell, F.R.A.S. 241
10, Abstract of the Results f. ‘the Transit of
Venus. By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S... 243
11. Notes on the Geocentric Conjunction of Mars
and Saturn, 1879. By John Tebbutt,
E.R. 246
12. a on the Mounting of Large. “Object-
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. 247
13. of a a New. Form of Equatorial Mo scalice By
. ssell, B.A., F.R. “% s. 249
14, a on the epnedener Silver Mine. By A. W.
ixon, F.C.S. 255
15, Notes on the Incrustation of the “Sydney
Water Main. By orris.. 264
16. An Apology for the intioductiod of the Study ;
of Photography in our Schools of Art and
Science. By Lu 269
On M By Mon e 281
Art, XX.—Appendix: Abstract of the Meteorological Obser-
ons taken at the S y atory.
ssell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government
rath = obs sv ies ... 297 to 308
3, %AX1.—List of Publications... ae ho ; .. 809 to 318
55 SXII.—Index ... ood ae ~o pat es wd 319 .
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ners OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
Vol. XIII |
CONTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge.)
PAGE,
Article I.—List of Officers, Fundamental Rules, By-laws,
and List of Members i to xl
* II.—Anniversary Address, by “the Hon, Professor
Smith, C.M.G., Vice- Preside: 1 to 26
» iiL.—The “ em” Cluster in _ By H. C. Russell,
B.A, F.R. ae s. 27 to 34
a IV.—The International Congress of Geologists, Paris,
1878. By ge Sy Pe University of
Sydney 35 to 42
a V.—The ‘Water of Sydney Harbour. By the Rev. W. -
43 to
» VWiL—On the Anatomy: of Distichopora, with a Mono-
ph the Genus. By the Rev. J. E.
sathateas Wocdhs, F. GS, F.L.S... a .. 49 to 63
. VIL—On the Geological Formations of New Zealand
com: with those of Australia. ee
Hector, M.D., C.M.G., F.R.S. 65 to 80
VIIL—On the | of Au in
connection wi
raat ~y ozambique and of the South of
Africa, By Hyde Clarke V.P.A.I., London 81 to 85
er et Sah
RU OARES SG an ieagean :
Fe ah eee wet res
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 229°.
PAGE.
By 87 to 94
¥ Xx. oe ee F. v. M. By Baron yon Miieller,
G
: FLD. HB .. 95%t096
oa — Cups Catalogue of Latitude Stars, Bpoch
By H. 8. H 97 to 104
Artal IX, Mas 8s ig its relation to Popular Education.
iy es Watee ne the occurrence of remarkable Boulders i in
the Hawkesbury Rocks. By C. 8. Wilkinson,
105 to 107
>, XIII.—The Wentworth Hurricane. By H.C. Russell,
B.A., F.R.A.S.
» XIV.—Proceedings - ee ... 121 to 138
»» &V.—Additions to the Libra ages . 139 to 149
», XVI.—List of Exchanges and Filegatatti a . 150 to 157
'APERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS.
» X&VII.—Reports From THE SECTION ... 161 to 226
. On anew bamer of settee Star Maps. By
ssell, B.A., F.R. :% 8. 163
; Oocaltation of 64 Aquarii by Jupiter, Sept.
4th. By John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S... 165
Nots on the an Be | n of Mars and Saturn,
July 1st, 1879. . C. Russell, B.A.,
R.A,
oo
ag
The River bi the water which should
oe ass thro By H. C. Russell, B.
or
A
om:
s on some recent objectives manufactured
by Carl Zeiss, of Jena. By G. D. Hirst 175
6. Notes upon Tolles r ephes front one-tenth
poets on ph Bomy of a compar arative
trial of the sam iss’s oil immersion
one-ei ehth (No, iy, “by both ea me and
cent light. 180
—— at widbtiig Microscope. (ByT T. pe
8. Art Criticism, By E. L. Montefiore 189
9. The Black Forest. From notes taken i L.
Hart tour in Germ 1861 197
10. Art Instruction. a Jo Piesanier
ll. Ten y Gladesville. By F. Norton
anning, M.D.. ss 213
3, X&VIII.—Appendix: A tract of the a
Lt che ai “6 the SPAS. Obse
By H. C. Ri "y” 999 to 240
» AIX.—List of Publiesti ... 241 to 251
XX.—Index... sil eae es i f én 253
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ogg OF NEW SOUTH WALES
1880. ‘
Vol. XIV.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge.)
Article I.—List of Officers, Rules, and List of Members ...... xiii to xlv
230
Article
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS,
by er —
Il. Sn Address,
(Diag
Vi ce-Preside nt.
itu des of Uranus
ebbutt, F.R.A.S..
Double Stars, with remarks upon
= are Binaries. H. C. Russell, B.A.,
(Two Diagrams) .
VE. igne Orbit Elements of Comet I, 1880 (Great
Southern Comet). By John Tebbu att,
VII. der new ‘method of printing Barometer and
By H. C. Russell, B.A.,
r R.A.S..
VIII. Pag Seale for correcting Barometer Read-
ings. — H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
(Diag
m)
IX.—On Thunder and Hail Storms. y H.
Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. cinder “ahead
» ae some recent ene the surface of
upiter. By Rie C, Biaestl, B.A., F.R.A.S.
toe Diagra
XI, Sibge eee on the Colours of Jupiter's Belts,
and some changes observed thereon ee
the Oppolition of “1880. By G. D. Hirs
XIT.—A Catalogue of _Plants collected during oe
Alexr. 1 Exploration of
r
North-west Australia 1 = 1879.
Ferdinand , K.C.M.G., M.D.
Pi, Desks tee De ran Re ie a
XIII.—On Ringbarking and its Effects. By W. E.
Abbott
XIV. sega aa the Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia
y Dr. Ottaker Feistmantel.
XV. on" _ Asids af the psig Currant. ee E.
mnie,
XVI.—On Piturie, By Professce Liversidge
XVII. eee, Salt-bush ne Native Fodder Plants. By
A.
XVIII.—Water ~— a Hot Spring, New Britain. By
Profess iversidge
XIX.—Water iene a Hot Spring, Fiji Islands. By
Professor Liversidge
XX.—The composition of Cast-iron acted ‘upon by
te Professor Liversid, so Sead
ome W: enclosed
y Professor Liversi
XXII. _The Compeuision of Coral Limestone. By
Professor Liversidge
XXIII.—The Inorganic Constituents of the Coals of
New South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.
XXIV.—On the Composition of some New South Wales
By Professor Liversid. aie ase
XXV.—On some how South Wales Sieh By
Professor Liversi
ote
18
21
8lto 95
97 to 102
103 to 118
119 to 121
123 to 132
133 to 143
145
147 to 148
149 to 154
155 to 157
159 to 162
163 to 179
181 to 212
213 to 225
Article
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS,
XXVI. —Notes on By Minerals = New Cale-
mia, Pro r Liversidge.
XXVII. sae or ona "Colleétions of Fossils from the
#0Z0iC cks of New South Wales.
ie i ee ee on rhe bag
XXVIII.—A Pome oe e Prospect
A Hill Schemes yr Water Supply’ for
By F. B. Gipps...
XXIX. —on Welle in the geyser Plains, _ByT .
K. Abbott, P.M a whee
XxxX.— eedings
XXXII. eer ey tomy to the Library
XXXII.—List wo orn tations me Sere by the e Royal
of New South Wales
Reports from the estions “
PAPER READ BEFORE THE MEDICAL SECTION.
The Causation and Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton
Manning, M.D. ... wae eee ape ee soe
Appendix: Abstract of the caren ae! Observations at
, F.R.ALS.
the et Observatory. H.C. R 1, B.A.
Rainfall
List of Publications
Map for the ere 1830. H.C. Russell, B. a, F.R.A.S
eee eee eee
231
PAGE,
227 to 246
247 to 258
259 to 280
281 to 292
295 to 308
309 to 323
324 to 331
335 to 355
340 to 355
359 to 370
371 to 383
385 to 391
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1881.
Article
Vol. XV.
Co .
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S.)
I. 8 pr of Office the pol essen
IL.
IV.—Anniversary pees By Hon. Professor
mi oO Or , &e., en
V.—The Climate of aks. By Hy. Ling Roth,
owe overnment Astro-
n diagrams )’
XI.—Transit of Mercury, November Sth, 1881. By
H. C. Russell, B.A., F. ae Government nt
Astronomer...
siren
xvi
pao sie
1 to 20
21 to 39
41 to 70
71 to 80
81 to 86
87 to 91
93 to 158
159 to 173
232
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
Article XII. —On ne pe lnerenie m pees baat eit Epiphyee
nm,
XII. ecu of the dae of Plants hitherto known
ater Storage an
Satine welfare of this + Colony. By F.
s, C.E
Gi PPS,
», &VI.—Procee
XVII
XVIII.
3?
”?
"Sa pies to the Libra:
—Lis 2 of Presentations sant eby the e Royal Society
Wales
Proceedings of the Sections .
PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS,
On the Star Lacaille 2145. By John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S...
On oye Variable Star R. Carine. By John Tebbutt,
On some Observations for Longitude at Lambie.
. The
“By W.
J. Con
ee Elements of Comet TL, 1881. By J ohn Tebbutt,
R
Is Insanity increasing ? 2 " By F. Norton Manning, M.D...
Appendix: Abstract of the ye Observations at the
Sy i. C. R , F.R.AS...
Rainfall
ey Observatory. ussell,
gt of New South Wales for the year 1881. H.C.
* Russell, B
teal of Pabtinetacts sie ‘as se
PAGE.
175 to 183
185 to 300
301 to 307 —
309 to 329
333 to 348
to
366 to 373
377 to 407
379
380 to 385
386 to 392
393 to 395
399 to 407
411 to 422
423 to 436
437 to 440 ©
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
. 1882,
Vol. XVI.
CoNTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S.).
Officers coal it ols iw vate es ae iad
Rules, List of ie ean.
Article I.
&e.
—President’s Address. By H. C. Russell, BA.
AS... Government Astronom
cae Oo the PF come quin “Dy a Meteorite
ation, Liversidge, F. e
F.C. cy ‘(Three Ip lates)... dee,
IiI.—On th orite, New South Wales
By A. tee ‘aa 7 R.S., ¥. 8. (One Plate)
IV.—On the Chemical certain Rocks,
New ya Wales, &e 1G etme notice.)
iar, eat see de
PAGE,
ix
xi to xiv
xv to xlvii
lto 30
31 to 33
35 to 37
39to 46 —
Article
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
New Britain and New Ireland,
By A. Liversidge,
V.—Rocks from
Tha POS. notice. )
ViI.—The Hawkesbury Sandstone. Bye the: Rev. JE.
son-Woods, F.G.8., vi “i Be
VII. —Tropical Rains. By H. he B.A.,
aga Government Po ness (Siz
Dia
VIIL—New Method of determining True North. By
J. S. Chard, District Surveyor
IX, pues on the Progress of New South Wales
ring the Ten Youri 1872- vee Chris
topher Rolleston, C.M.G., Andivietimietal,
President. : re
X.—On ee Carbonifer erous Marine Fossils. “By the
F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
Imer
sens Queensland. By t
Tesi m-W oods, F.G.S., F. Li S., ati
XIT.—Notes on the Aborigines of New Holland. By
( " (Three
Jam anning...
XIII.—On the "lake of some Epiphytic ‘Orchids. By
. A. Dixon, F.1.C., F.C.S...
XIV. —A Fossil Plant Formation of Central Queens-
land, By the
F.G.S., F.L.S8., As
XV. Pig is Aborigines of New South Wales. _ByJ.
XVI. 7. rg intieliad ‘of the Australian Clima
astures upon the Growth of Wool Pa
Pas Dr. Andrew Ross, M.L.A
Mali ~~. a
Proceedings .
Additions to the Libra:
List of aes, 1882 sch by the Royal Society ‘of New South
882
Proceedings of
Appendix : sient e ‘the te ie ical ona at se
A
Sydney Observatory.
Governm
Rainfall Map for
ussell, B.A.
ent p even hdalentr
the year 1882. ‘By H. C. "Russell, B.A.,
F.R.A.S
List of Publications .:.
Index a .
233:
PAGE,
47 to 51
53 to 116
117 to 126
127 to 130
131 to 142
143 to 145
147 to 154
155 to 173
175 to 177
179 to 192
193 to 233
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL goog OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
Vol. XVII.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S.)
ae Officers for 1888-34 cee
OE rede ‘ 1% Incorporation.., «fee wee vee oe ee
- Rules, List of Members, &c. ie He wi oe
234 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
Article I.—President’s Address. tite Aili a
rra
Lower Darling. By Peter Beveridge
= III.—On the Waianamatta Shales. gs the Rev. J. E.
ee ee ipa F.L. » BC
ae 1
and description of a new species of meses
from the Cretaceous Rocks of North-east
Astral, By Robert Etheridge, junr.,
F.G.S., &ce. (Two Plates) : sist is
Ber eg erg used by the Natives of North Queens-
d, Flinders, and Mitchell Rivers for food,
seatiine te. “By Edward Palmer, M.L.A.,
Queenslan
ee VI. —— on 0 pa s Macrozamia, with as eer
ns of some new species. By Charles mare,
pi Ves
os AT. —Alistof I DoubleStara. By-H.C, Russell, B.A;,
rama £156 ae Facts conticoted with Th wa By
H. C. Russell, B.A., are 2. Salers
oi IX. Sage the discolouration of w e
rtain clays in the” nat hbourhood of
aetng By E. H. Rennie, ! gd ese naar
‘7 X.—On the Roots of the Sugar-cane. By Henry
th, F.M.S., F.S.S8. (Zwo Plates) ...
+ XI.—On Bich aay in Upper India. By #H, ‘G.
y, M.E., . Mo Tat, ORG...
aS XII. Hag and mai ey New South Wales,
Water Supply, and Irrigation. By A. Pepys
oe LL, errs to the Coniun of the Gonars of Plants
hith nown as ae att to
“a0 Banen von Mueller, K. . M.G ge Di;
Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.
a CALEY. —Abstract of Papets nom the “Chess wiry of
ustralian Products. — W. ee C.8.
edings . és a
Additions to the Likeary ae
Exchanges and Presentations made le by th the Royal Soviety « of
New South Wales, 1883
Proceedings of the Sections
Appendix : Abstract of the Meteorol fal ieu-velions at the
gg Observations. By H. P. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
‘ overnment Astronomer
oo teed for the year 1883. By ‘i. Cc. ‘Russell, ee
cose eve bes sxe ves pew
3 Index one eee eee soe
PAGE,
305
321
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
235
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1884.
ve =
ONTENTS.
(Edited by Pi lias F.R.S.)
Officers for 1884-85
Act of Incorporation ve Sis eis oi ti
Rules, List of Members, re ees fy: “ad ei ace
2. June 4.
3. July 2.
4,
6. Aug. 6.
7. Sept. 3.
8 Nov. 5.
9. Dec. 3.
President’s. Address. By the Hon. Professor
Smith, C.M.G., M.D., LL.D
On the Eesnisival of Bars from the catsicnins to our
en rs. By Walter Shellshear, Assoc. M. Inst.
“gest on Gold. By Dr. Leibius, M. A., F. ©. a
me New igrseet in producing modifications
Distribution of rain in N.S.W., 1885.
(Diag 218
Hitaranee i in the Water, recorded
by Tide-gauge..
Drought destroying trees ............... 83
B
Earthquakes, microscopic..........s0.
Earth’s surface, local variations and
vibrations of 51
238
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Echidna 141 a
hi iti the... 193
Dale. ee ee | SoeepheonJ.P., A.M Le ae
Evaporation, Lake George 23 of floods in the Hawkesbury River 97
Exehanges in 1885...............065 ss0. 81
Exhaustion ot soil, and death of
eucaivpts
vt
F
Fauna (marine) of Port Jackson.. sted
Fire-clay from Waikato River N.Z.
Flint > a (Da MIS es SUAS 150
the 97
Floods, ‘heights of soul H to 1880.
(Diagra:
Flying- en byL. sone av 47
Gen al arrangeme ent
of the parts. (Dia, See htee 46
becainilers (fossil) from miocene
deposits of Victoria... .............05. 3
orests, Australian, some causes of
ecay of
G
GOld-bearing Veins... ..éeicerescdieeces 14
Great Victoria Mine, Adelong. (Plan
at 1,000 ft. lev 136
Gums, seats: RA OCHS gered ore oe 14
H
ete with hailstones 2 de: 9 oz. 155
Har; — ence, note on Flyi 7-7
Sachin 47
Hawk rors ary, moods in the. 3cic 97
Haze bluish, in Svutali bush...... 96
Heredity, the study of.........,........ 197
Himalaya, The Ringal of the oh
Honor
onorary Members.... ................. xvi
Hooker seed — Dalton, K.C.S.1.,
G uae warded Clarke Medal
for » 146
I
Bee Hetlete 2 t0 8 6. cciss co sicc cis cevee 155
Im nlements (to (kon) sot the Aborigi-
1]
caine, i ‘Act its . wie a
ia peculiar to Australia. ame va 142
Joon ore deposits of N.S. Reaniwe 141
K
Kerosene shale,.......<0