THE
JOURNAL
or
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
BOTANY.
vor. xx. i
LONDON-
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE,
AND BY
LUNGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,
AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.
1884.
Dates of Publication of the several Numbers included in this Volume.
( 123,
| 124,
No. 125, ,, 95-86, ,, February 28, 1883.
» 1206 , 87-158, , March 24, 1883.
Nos. ILS 1- 24, published December 18, 1882.
» 127, » 159-236, 5 April 16, 1883.
» 128, » 237-313, - June 6, 1883.
» 129, » 913-410, 5 September 24, 1883.
» 130, ,, 417-404, p April 26, 1884.
» 181, » 465-515, 2: April 28, 1884.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
LIST OF PAPERS.
Page
ARMIT, Capt. WirLrAM E., F.L.S., F. R.G.S.
Notes on certain Plants of North-western Queensland possess-
ing valuable Medicinal Properties ............. else 69
Baker, J. G., F.R.S., F.L.S.
Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar.— Part I. Polypetale.
(Plates A XAT, & XXIIL) a seats ssp eee ead 87
Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar.—Part II. Mono-
petale. (Plates XXIV.-XXVIL) ..2......... eerte 159
Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar.—Part III. Incom-
pletze, Monocotyledons, and Filices ...................... 237
Recent Additions to our Knowledge of the Flora of Fiji ...... 358
A Review of the Tuber-bearing Species of Solanum. (Plates
XUI XEVL) 4 ice is ee ee 489
BALFOUR, Professor I. BAyiey, D.Sc., F.L.S.
Description of a new Species of Pandanus, as a Note to Mr. J.
G. Baker's Paper on the Flora of Fiji .................... 416
BENNETT, ALFRED W., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S.
Reproduction of the Zygnemacez ; a Contribution towards
the Solution of the Question, Is it of a Sexual Character?
CWith 8 wooded) 2... eoe moo a 2 E a 430
BENTHAM, GEORGE, F.R.S.
On the Joint and Separate Work of the Authors of Bentham
and Hooker's ‘Genera Plantarum’ .......ennunnennnnonns 304
Borvs, Harry, F.L.S.
Contributions to South-African Botany.—Orchidew .......... 467
Bower, FREDERICK OrPEN, M.A., F.L.S.
On the Structure of the Stem of Rhynchopetalum montanum,
Fresen. (Plates XXXVL-XXXVIIL) ............. 440
Note on the Gemme of Aulacomnion palustre, Schwegr. (With
a WOMEN)... Leccecdessonteteran nent aba cny a 465
iv
Page
CrankE, Cnas. Baron, F.R.S., F.L.S.
On Hemicarex, Benth., and its Allies. (Plate XXX.)........ 374
CLEVE, Professor P. T., of Upsala.
On the Diatoms collected during the Arctic Expedition of Sir
George Nar68- o. amenan queer iere ( s y UR eu RR PR 313
Cooxz, M. C., LL.D., A.L.S.
The Structure and Affinity of Spheria pocula, Schweinitz.
(Plato ALVIL) -ieri ero Ana ee e rece beret o 508
Cromer, Rev. James M., F.L.S., and Dr. WILLIAM NYLANDER,
F.M.L.S.
On a Collection of Exotic Lichens made in Eastern Asia by the
Iate Dr A. C. Mamiya eva is 48
CRomBIE, Rev. James M., F.L.S.
Additions to the Lichens of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition...... 82
Dvzn, W. T. TursELTON, M.A., C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S., Assistant
Director Royal Gardens, Kew.
Note on the Origin of Cassia lignea ........... ccc cee eee 19
Notes on some new Economic Products recently received at the
Royal Gardens, Mew 2... os). oc rero rhy CE EAE 404
GARDNER, J. Starke, F.G.S.
Alnus Richardsoni (Petrophiloides, Bowerbank), a Fossil Fruit
from the London Clay of Herne Bay. (Plate XXXI)...... 417
GREEN, J. R., B.Sc., Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge.
On the Organs of Secretion in the Hypericaceew. (Plates
KAXEX CXE). o Uh ves hoc ts A Er eeke v RS 451
HEMSLEY, W. Bortine, A.L.S.
On the Synonymy of the Orchidaceous Genus Didymoplezis,
Griffith, and the Elongation of the Pedicels of D. pallens after
Biowerng. (Plate AXVIHL) oo ccc 308
Hooker, Sir Josera D., K.C.S.I., Director Royal Gardens, Kew.
Preliminary Note to Prof, Watt's Indian Species of Primula .. 1
Howanrp, Jonn Error, F.R.S., F.L.S.
On Cinchona Calisaya, var. Ledgeriana, How., and C. Ledgeriana
(Moens) rs ese eres ivo vt eee ey ee ee aS 317
Page
Krrrow, F., Hon. F.R.M.S.
On some Diatomacez from the Island of Socotra. (Plate
XEVHEI. C ou UII MOLAR Le edet 513
LisTER, Miss G.
On the Origin of the Placentas in the Tribe Alsinee of the Order
Caryophyllee. (Plates XXXIL-XXXV.)................ 423
Masters, MaxwELL T., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.
On the Passiflore: collected by M. Edouard André in Ecuador
and New Granada. (Plates XIX. & XX.)................ 25
Murray, GEORGE, F.L.S., Assistant, Department of Botany, British
Museum, and Lecturer on Botany, St. George's Hospital.
On the Outer Peridium of Broomeia. (Plate XXIX.) ........ 311
NYLANDER, Dr. WinLLiAM, F.M.L.S. and the Rev. James M.
CROMBIE, F.L.S.
On 2 Collection of Exotic Lichens made in Eastern Asia by the
late Dr: A. C. Maingay oot se ose sl 48
Prownianr, Dr. CHaruxs B.
On the Life-history of Acidium bellidis, DC. ................ 511
Porrzn, M. C., B.A., St. Peter's College, Cambridge.
On the Development of Starch-grains in the Laticiferous Cells
of the Euphorbiacew. (With 4 woodcuts.) .............. 446
Rw ey, Henry N., M.A., F.L.S., Assistant, Botanical Department,
British (Natural-History) Museum.
Teratological Notes on Plants.—I. (With 3 woodcuts.)...... 45
. Descriptions and Notes on new or rare Monocotyledonous
Plants from Madagascar, with one from Angola............ 329
Rorre, R. A., Herbarium Royal Gardens, Kew.
On the Selaginez described by Linnzus, Bergius, Linneus fil.,
and Thunborg .... se ev ew ee whe S 338
TEPPER, J. G. Orro, F.L.S.
Discovery of Tasmanian Plants near Adelaide, South Australia. 72
Remarkable Malformation of the Leaves of Beyeria opaca, F. v.
Mueller, var. linearis (Bentham, Flora Austral. vi. 65).
da XXE) P aioe en T 84
Watt, Grorer, M.B., C.M., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Bengal
Educational Service, Calcutta.
On some Undescribed and Imperfectly known Indian Species of
Primula and Androsace. (Plates L-XVIIL).........0..4. 1
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE
I. PRIMULA GAMBELIANA. Y
II. —— PULCHRA and P. vAGINATA. 6
IH. FILIPES and P. CLARKEI. E
IV. — —-— cowciNNA, P. GLABRA, P. Heyner, and P. uvs- 2
COIDES. : ie
V. OBTUSIFOLIA, var. Griffithii. E s
VIL, VIL. —— ELONGATA and P. Kına. A Š
VIII. —— Dıcgirkana and P. HooKERI. g &
IX. STUARTII, var. purpurea. e) =
X. — , var. Moorcroftiana. S o
XI TIBETICA, P. UNIFLORA, and P. sOLDANELLOIDES. i Ta a
XII. —— Exwesiana and P. TENELLA. R
XIII. —— wvscorpes, var. tenuiloba, P. REPTANS, P. SAP- > ï
PHIRINA, and P. STIRTONIANA. a &
XIV. Warti and ANDROSACE CROFTII. E
XV. ANDROSACE ROTUNDIFOLIA, var. Stracheyi. £
XVI. GERANIIFOLIA. 3
XVII. CHAMEJASME, var. coronata, and A. ROTUNDIFOLIA, js
var. Thomsoni. &e
XVII. SELAGO and À. MUSCOIDEA. ]
XIX. | TACSONIA FLORIBUNDA, var. major,
XX. ) PASSIFLORA EMINULA and P. LoRIFERA.
Illustrating Dr. Masterss Passifloree of Ecuador and New
Granada.
XXI. MALFORMED LEAVES of Beyeria opaca, as described by J. G. Otto
Tepper.
XXII. SPARMANNIA DISCOLOR. b
XXIII. MicnosrEIA CunrmIsI. | Being a new genus and
XXIV. ScHIsMATOCLADA PSYCHOTRIOIDES. species of plants from
XXV. '"TETRASPIDIUM LAXIFLORUM. f
Madagascar, described
XXVI. MONACHOCHLAMYS FLAGELLARIS. | by J. G. Baker.
XXVII. Forsytniorsis BARONI.
XXVIII. ErowcATED PEDICELS, &c., of Didymoplexis pallens, illustrating
W. B. Hemsley's paper on peculiarities of this Orchid.
XXIX. PznrDiUM of Broomeia congregata, described by G. Murray.
XXX. IxrFLOnESCENCE of Hemicarex and allies, illustratirg C. B. Clarke's
paper thereon.
PLATE
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
vii
Aunus RICHARDSONI, examples of the fossil fruit as referred to in
J. Starkie Gardner's paper.
CAPSULE DEVELOPMENT of Lychnis diurna.
of Sagina apetala and Spergula arvensis.
of Cerastium triviale and C. quaternellum.
CAPSULES and LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS on first pui of
Ovules in various genera of Alsinee.
Illustrating Origin of Placentas in the Tribe, by Miss G. Lister.
f
—
RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM, exterior views and structure of stel
of, illustrating F. O. Bower's paper.
DiAGRAMs of Microscopic Sections, demonstrating J. R. Green's
observations on the Organs of Secretion in the Hypericaces.
SOLANUM TUBEROSUM.
| Illustrating J. G. Baker's Paper
Macia.
— — CARDIOPHYLLUM. i :
+ on the Tuber-bearing Species of
—— COMMERSONI.
Solanum.
—— JAMESII.
OXYCARPUM. J
STRUCTURAL DETAILS of Spheria pocula, illustrating M. C. Cooke's
paper on the same.
Diatomacez from Socotra, illustrating F. Kitton's paper.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
On some Undescribed and Tmperfectly known Ingjén Species of
Primula and Androsace. By Grorazt Wart, M.B., C.M.,
F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Bengal Educational Service,
Caleutta.
[Read April 21, 1881.]
(PraTES I.-XVTII.)
[Preliminary Note by Siz J. D. Hooxer.—During a brief fur-
lough in England, passed at Kew, Dr. Watt commenced a study
of the Indian species of Primula and Androsace, which he
intended, when completed, to lay before the Linnean Society.
His recall to India prevented his completion of the task, and
gave him the opportunity of collecting in the Sikkim Himalaya
(which has proved to be the richest province of the Order hitherto
known) new species and additional information and observations,
which he at once transmitted to Kew. Meanwhile the advance
of the * Flora of British India' having rendered it necessary that
the description of the whole Order should be taken up for that
work, Dr. Watt obligingly made over his materials to me with the
request that I should deal with them as I thought best. Under
these cireumstanees, finding that the value and interest of Dr.
Watt's labours centred in the number of new and remarkable
species which he had provisionally named and, for the most
part, accompanied with more or less complete diagnoses, I have
with his approval reexamined his material, revised his characters,
and offer them in accordance with his intentions, and in his
name, to the Linnean Society.—J. D. H.]
LINN. JOURN.—- BOTANY, VOL. XX. B
Lo
MR. G. WATT ON SOME
Introductory Remarks.—Before proceeding to the description
of the Indian species of Primula, a few words on the composition
and geographical distribution of the genus may not be out of
place. Altogether the genus comprises nearly one hundred
species, which inhabit the temperate and cold regions of the
Northern hemisphere, one only being found, and that in great
abundance, in the Southern hemisphere on the shores of Fuegia
and in the Falkland Islands*. This is the most remarkable
feature in the distribution of the genus, inasmuch as it is not
known to be otherwise represented in the country intervening
between the mountains of New Mexico and the extreme south
of Patagonia—a break of about 5000 miles. P. farinosa has the
widest range of any species in the northern hemisphere, inhabit-
ing the mountains of Europe from the Pyrenees eastward and
northward, Central Asia, the mountains of North India, Japan,
and North America from Labrador and Nova Scotia northward
and westward to the Rocky Mountains, advancing southward
along this range to Colorado. An interesting fact in the wide
and interrupted distribution of P. farinosa, is the comparatively
slight variation it exhibits throughout its range. The distribu-
tion of the genus in the northern hemisphere offers some other
noteworthy features. In round numbers, about forty species
inhabit Europe, about the same number the mountains of North
India, nine occur in North America, eight are recorded from
Japan and China, one from the mountains of Java, one from
Abyssinia, and Central Asia possesses a few endemic species in
addition to those that are common to it and other regions. Of
the nine North-American species, five also occur in North Asia
or Europe, and three (very distinct species) are peculiar to the
lofty mountains of Colorado, Arizona, and the adjoining terri-
tories. On the eastern side of the continent only one species
occurs as far south as Vermont and New York, where it reaches
its southern limit. The Abyssinian species are endemic; they
differ from all others except the Himalayan P. floribunda in the
complicate vernation of the leaves, a character only to be detected
in their very young state ; and it may be mentioned that no species
has hitherto been discovered in the Deccan. Another interesting
* This, the P. magellanica, Lehm., was identified by the late H. C. Watson
and Sir J. Hooker (‘Flora Antarctica, i. 937) with P. farinosa, from which,
however, Sir J. Hooker informs me it is abundantly distinguished by the sessile
white flowers and the large tuberculated seeds.
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 8
faet is the existence of two great centres of concentration of
species, namely the mountains of Central Europe and of North
India; and although some of the species of the two regions over-
lap in the intervening country, two only seem to be common to
both regions. Of the Himalayan species, the only one besides
P. farinosa that has a wide range outside of India is P. sibirica*.
This inhabits Central and Northern Asia and Arctic America
from Kamtschatka to Greenland. Most of the species of this
region are endemic, and some of them apparently local, whilst
others extend from Sikkim to the north-west, and are so variable
that they are difficult to define. A large number of forms have
been referred to P. denticulata, P. Stuartii, and P. petiolaris,
whether rightly or wrongly could not be determined. On the
other hand, some forms have been raised to the rank of species,
because with our present materia] they are readily distinguished.
Whatever rank we assign them, the numerous forms of Primula
constitute one of the most charming and characteristic features
of the alpine vegetation of Northern India.
1. Primura, L.
A. Leaves on long slender unwinged petioles, orbicular oblong
or cordate, margins revolute in vernation. (See also
P. tibetica.)
1. P. Gampetiana, Watt; gemmis farinosis, foliis 1-1 poll.
diam., orbiculari-cordatis dentatis, umbellis paucifloris, bracteis
1-3 subulatis, corolla purpurea, ore obscure annulato, lobis orbi-
cularibus emarginatis. (Tas. I.)
SIKKIM HIMALAYA: Jongri, alt. 14,000 ft., G. Watt.
Allied to P. rotundifolia, but much smaller, with fewer and
larger flowers. Leaves membranous, resembling those of P.
pulchra, but not sheathed with large fleshy scales at the base.
Scape and inflorescence quite glabrous. ^ Corolla-limb concave,
1-1} inch diam. Ovary and stigma as in P. rotundifolia. Fruit
unknown.
Prats I. fig. 1, whole plant, nat. size. 2, calyx; 3, corolla laid
open; 4, ovary: all enlarged.
2. P. PULCHRA, Watt; glaberrima, efarinosa, caule vaginis
* Sir J. Hooker informs me that he is convinced that a revision of the genus
will result in the identification of several of the Western Himalayan species with
‘North Asiatic and even European ones.
B2
4 MR. G. WATT ON SOME
elongatis instructo, foliis oblongis v. ovato-oblongis subtus glaucis
basi rotundatis cordatisve, apice rotundatis, marginibus undula-
tis, scapo brevi 2-10-floro, bracteis membranaceis filiformibus v.
subulatis, floribus laxe umbellatis, corolla purpurea, tubo infundi-
bulari, ore obscure annulato, lobis latis obcordatis. (Tas. II. A.)
Sikkim HIMALAYA: Lachen, alt. 12,000-14,000 ft, J. D.
Hooker; Jongri, Watt.
Sheaths 1-1j inch long, embracing the petioles. Leaves few,
blade 1-12 inch, midrib stout, nerves few; petiole 1-13 inch. Scape
about equalling the petiole; bracts much shorter and more
slender than the very unequal pedicels. Calyx 4—} inch, terete.
Corolla very large for the size of the plant, 3-1 inch diam. Ovary
globose, subacute ; stigma globose. Fruit unknown.
Prats II. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, top of scape and
bracts ; 3, calyx; 4, portion of corolla laid open; 5, ovary: all
enlarged.
3. P. vaainava, Watt; puberula v. glabrata, efarinosa, foliis
I poll. diam. orbicularibus profunde cordatis 7 -lobis, petiolo basi
lata vaginante, scapo 2—4-pollicari 3-6-floro, pedicellis in;qui-
longis, bracteis linearibus, calycis lobis brevibus, corolla lilacina,
tubo infundibulari, ore annulato, lobis 2—4-fidis. (Tas. II. B.)
SikKrw HrwAnAyA: La Ghep, alt. 10,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.
Rootstock small, woody. Petiole abruptly dilated at the base
into the broad membranous sheath. Scape glabrous; pedicels
4-3 inch. Calyx campanulate ; lobe ovate, acute. Corolla-tube
not twice the length of the calyx; limb } inch diam. Ovary
globose, acute. Fruit unknown.
Prare II. B. fig. 1, whole plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, bract ;
4, calyx ; 5, portion of corolla laid open : all enlarged.
4. P. CLARKEI, Watt; glaberrima, foliis 1-1i-pollicaribus
orbiculari- v. elliptico-cordatis dentatis v. crenatis apice rotun-
datis, scapo 0, pedicellis petiolos sspe squantibus, calyce late
campanulato, lobis brevibus, coroll: tubo gracili, ore exannulato,
limbo plano, lobis 2-fidis, capsula globosa inclusa. (Tas. III. B.)
Kasur: at Poosiana, alt. 7000 ft., C. B. Clarke.
A very singular species, with the habit of Viola palustris.
Rootstock slender, woody. Leaves membranous, nerves very
ender ; petiole 2-4 inches, very slender, base narrowly sheath-
ing. Pedicels 2-3, very slender. Corolla-tube 3 inch, lobes
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 5
narrow. Ovary globose, acute; stigma capitate. Seeds sub-
globose, black, minutely papillose, 2, inch diam.
Prate III. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size; 2, calyx, enlarged.
5. P. FILIPES, Watt; sparse pubescens, efarinosa, foliis 1-14
poll. diam., ovato-oblongis v. orbiculari-cordatis integerrimis lobu-
latis v. dentatis, petiolo gracillimo, scapo 6-8-floro foliis breviore,
calycis lobis latis, corolla carnea, ore exannulato, limbo plano,
eapsula globosa inclusa, seminibus minimis levibus.—Primula,
Griff. Itin. Notes, 123. n. 396; Notul. iv. 299; Ic. Pl. Asiat.
t. 485. f£. 1. (Tas. III. A.)
BnormaN : on rocks near Chuka, alt. 6500 ft., Griffith.
Rootstock long, woody. Leaves membranous. Scape about
equalling the petioles, slender in flower, thickened in fruit;
bracts small, subulate. Calyx broadly campanulate. Oorolla-tube
4 inch, three times as long as the calyx, funnel-shaped ; limb as
much broad ; lobes obovate, 2-lobed. Seeds y inch, dark brown,
obtusely angled.—Closely allied to the Chinese P. obconica, Hance
(P. poculiformis, Hook. f., Bot. Mag. t. 6582), but a much smaller
and more delicate plant, with a longer corolla-tube.
Prare III. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bracts; 3, calyx;
4, portion of corolla laid open: all enlarged.
B. Leaves sessile, or base narrowed into a broad winged petiole,
margins revolute in vernation. (Petiole sometimes slender :
P. tibetica.)
6. P. HevpzEr, Watt; parvula, stolonifera, foliis 1-1-pollicaribus
sessilibus lanceolatis acuminatis grosse dentatis subtus farinosis,
scapo valido 5—2c -floro, floribus sessilibus, bracteis parvis basi
saeeatis, coroll: tubo calyce longiore, limbo plano. (Tas. IV. C.)
WESTERN TinET: alt. 12,000-14,000 ít., T. Thomson; Taglang,
Heyde.
Densely tufted ; stolons short, leafy. Leaves rosulate or erect,
those on the stolons subsecund ; teeth often subrecurved. Scape
1-4 inches, strict, and inflorescence mealy. Calyx campanulate,
cleft to the middle. Corolla pale lilac,4 inch diam. Capsule in-
cluded, oblong. Seeds jl; inch, pale, obtusely angled, minutely
papillose.
Prare IV.C. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, bracts;
4, calyx: all enlarged.
7. P. conctnna, Watt; dense caspitosa, pusilla, foliis 4-1-
6 MR G. WATT ON SOME
pollicaribus, oblanceolatis acutis v. obtusis integerrimis v. crenu-
latis subtus farinosis, scapo brevi 2-4-floro, pedicellis fructu elon-
gatis, bracteis basi gibbis, calyce corolle tubum brevem æquante,
ore corolle contracto annulato, limbo plano, lobis obcordatis.
(Tas. IV. A.)
Srxx1« Himataya: on the Tibetan passes, alt. 15,000-17,000
ft., J. D. Hooker, G. Watt.
Tufts + inch high. Leaves narrowed into the short petiole.
margins revolute. Scape rarely longer than the leaves; bracts
linear-oblong, much shorter than the pedicels, which in fruit often
much exceed the scape. Corolla 4 inch diam., pink or white.
Capsule 4 inch long, cylindric-oblong. Seeds nearly orbicular,
zp inch diam., a little flattened on one side, quite smooth, pale
brown.—This resembles a reduced state of P. farinosa; but,
besides the smaller size, the longer capsules, shorter corolla-tube,
and flattened seeds well distinguish it.
PratE IV. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, calyx; 3, portion of
corolla laid open; 4, ovary ; 5, calyx and capsule: all enlarged.
8. P. trpetica, Watt; pumila, cespitosa, efarinosa, foliis
4—3-pollicaribus petiolatis coriaceis ellipticis acutis v. obtusis in-
tegerrimis, scapo brevissimo 1-5-floro, bracteis linearibus basi
gibbis, pedicellis scapo multo longiore, calyce tubuloso corollæ
tubum æquante, corolle ore annulato, limbo plano, lobis profunde
obcordatis. (Tas. XI. A.)
TrsETAN frontier of the Himalaya: Gyanama, north of Ku-
maon, alt. 15,500 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom; Kangra Lama,
north of Sikkim, alt. 16,000-17,000 ft., J. D. Hooker.
Whole plant 1-3 inches high, quite glabrous. Leaves longer
than the scape, usually obtuse, coriaceous, quite entire, nerves
very indistinct, base rounded or acute; petiole slender, not
winged. Scape 1-5-flowered ; bracts linear-oblong, erect, pro-
duced downwards into a gibbosity; pedicels much longer than
the scape, often six times as long, erect, stiff. Calyx 5-angled,
shortly cleft, lobes obtuse. Corolla pale pink, tube equalling the
calyx; limb 4 inch diam. ; lobes broadly deeply obcordate. Ovary
oblong. Capsule cylindric, more or less exserted.— This is a near
ally of P. sibirica, from which it conspicuously differs in the
small size, singular shortness of the scape, and great length of
the pedicels. The Kangra-Lama and Gyanama specimens
entirely accord.
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 7
Prats XI. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bracts ; 3, portion of
corolla laid open ; 4, ovary ; 5, calyx and capsule: all enlarged.
9. P. GLABRA, Klatt in Linnea, xxxvii. p. 500; inflorescentia
farinosa, foliis 3-1-pollicaribus obovato-spathulatis acutis v. ob-
tusis erosis v. dentatis, scapo gracili laxi- v. densifloro, floribus
sessilibus v. breviter pedicellatis, bracteis brevibus basi gibbosis,
calyce campanulato lobis brevibus late obovatis obtusis, corolla
exannulata, lobis brevibus bifidis. (Tas. IV. B.)
SIKKIM HIMALAYA, alt. 13,000-15,000 ft., J. D. Hooker, O. B.
Clarke, G. Watt.
Tufted, 13-3 inches high. Leaves rosulate, spreading, small
for the size of the plant, 1-1 inch long, rather thin, rigid when
dry, tip rounded, base narrowed into a broad or slender petiole,
teeth horizontal or recurved. Scape tall in comparison with the
leaves, slender, erect, usually many-flowered; bracts subulate, very
small, base gibbous ; flowers small, often in a rounded head. Calyx
very different from any allied species, the broad lobes not one
third the length of the tube, and as long as the corolla-tube. Oo-
rolla blue-purple, limb 4-1 inch diam. Capsule oblong, included.
Seeds coarsely papillar.—This remarkable little species resembles
P. pusilla, Wall., in habit ; but the bracts are very different, and
the mouth of the corolla is glabrous.
Puate IV. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bracts; 3, calyx;
4, portion of corolla laid open, with ovary and stamen; 5, seed:
all enlarged.
10. P. OBTUSIFOLIA, Royle, Ill. p. 311, t. 77. f. 1; efarinosa
v. foliis subtus et inflorescentia farinosis, foliis 2-6-pollicari-
bus obovatis v. elliptico-spathulatis acutis v. obtusis integris cre-
natis erosis v. grosse dentatis, basi angustatis v. cordatis, petiolo
late alato, scapo robusto plurifloro, bracteis ovatis v. subulatis
basi sepe connatis, corolle purpurex tubo calyce duplo longiore,
ore annulato, lobis obcordatis, ovario acuto, capsula globosa calyci
immersa. Duby in DO. Prod. viii. 42. (Tas. V.)
EASTERN and Western TEMPERATE HIMALAYA: from Kuna-
wur (Royle) to Bhotan (Griffth), ascending to 12,000 ft. in
Sikkim.
Rootstock stout, fleshy. Leaves very variable. Scape 6-10
inches ; bracts ]-l inch; pedicels 4-1} inch, stout in fruit. Calyx
usually mealy, cupular or broadly campanulate in fruit; lobes
8 MR. d. WATT ON SOME
triangular-ovate or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse. Corolla bright
purple, limb 3-1 inch diam., often puberulous. Seeds large,
zy inch diam., subglobose, coarsely papillose.
Entire-leaved specimens of this fine species resemble at first
sight broad-leaved states of P. Stuartii, var. purpurea, from which
the thin texture of the leaves, the acute top of the ovary, and the
capsule at once distinguish it. There are two forms of it, an
Eastern and a Western, of which the Western extends to and
overlaps the Eastern. Though differing at first sight, their diffe-
rences reside only in the leaves, and these present intermediate
states.
Var. 1. Roylei; folis obovato-spathulatis obtusis erosis v.
subintegris subtus farinosis.—Kunawur to Sikkim.
Var. 2. Griffithii, Watt; folis ovato-cordatis acutis grosse
dentatis.—Bhotan, Griffith ; Sikkim, J. D. Hooker.
Puate V. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bracts on scape; 3, bract ;
4, calyx ; 5, ovary: all enlarged.
11. P. gnoNGaATA, Watt; folis longe petiolatis 8—5-pollica-
ribus membranaceis obovatis v. oblanceolatis obtusis crenulatis
subtus farinosis v. concoloribus, scapo gracili paucifloro, floribus
subsessilibus, bracteis brevibus subulatis basi simplicibus, calyce
angusto ad medium 5fido, lobis lanceolatis, coroll; aurez tubo
valde elongato fauce infundibulari exannulata, lobis rotundato-
obcordatis crenatis, ovario subacuto. (Herb. Ind. Or., Hook. f.
d Thoms., Primula, no. 14.) (Tas. VI.)
Si&krM HiMALAYA: Zemu valley, alt. 12,000-13,000 ft., J. D.
Hooker.
Rootstock stout, tuberous, giving off broad fleshy sheaths with
membranous margins which embrace the petioles. Leaves 4-14
inch diam., narrowed into the winged, rarely slender petiole,
midrib stout, nerves slender, crenatures regular. Scape stout,
twice as long as the leaves, upper part and inflorescence mealy,
6-8-flowered ; bracts subulate from a broad base; pedicels very
short. Calyx cleft halfway down into narrow lobes, much shorter
than the corolla-tube. Corolla golden yellow, tube twice as long
as the calyx and expanding into a funnel-shaped throat, together
i inch long.— This more resembles P. obtusifolia perhaps than
any other other species, from which the long corolla-tube and
throat and crenate lobes distinguish it. It was collected by Sir
J. Hooker in 1849 and never since.
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 9
Puate VI. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bracts; 3, calyx; 4, por
tion of corolla laid open ; 5, ovary: all enlarged.
12. P. Kner, Watt; glaberrima, efarinosa, foliis confertis
2-8-pollicaribus elliptico-lanceolatis acutis integerrimis v. obscure
crenulatis, petiolo late vaginante membranaceo, costa valida, scapo
gracili elongato 4—5-floro, bracteis e basi lata subulatis, pedicellis
brevibus puberulis, calyce anguste subcampanulato, corolla rubro-
purpurea late infundibulari puberula breviter 5-loba, limbo con-
cavo, lobis retusis intus glabris. (Tas. VII.)
Sikkim Himataya: at Natong (Herb. Hort. Calcutt.).
Leaves spreading, subcoriaceous, pale beneath when dry. Scape
6-10 inches high, very slender; bracts very unequal. Calyx
l inch long, obtusely angled. Corolla i-$ inch diam., claret-
coloured. Ovary witha rounded 5-lobed crown. Fruit not seen.
PLATE Vll. fig. 1, plant, nat. size; 2, calyx; 3, part of corolla
laid open; 4, ovary : all enlarged.
13. P. Dicxreana, Watt; glaberrima, efarinosa, foliis ellip-
tico-obovatis v. oblanceolatis acutis integerrimis v. serratis sessi-
libus v. petiolatis, petiolo basi anguste membranaceo, scapo elon-
gato 2-G-floro, floribus magnis sessilibus v. breviter pedicellatis,
bracteis linearibus v. subulatis, coroll» flave tubo calyce duplo
longiore intus hirsuto, limbo plano, disco pubescente. (Tas.
VIII. A.)
Sikkim Hıīımaraya: Lachen, on open banks, alt. 10,000-
13,000 ft., J. D. Hooker.
Rootstock stout, crowned with short sheaths that embrace the
petioles. Leaves 1-3 inches, narrowed into broadly winged
petioles, midrib stout, nerves indistinct. Scape stout, 3-10
inches; bracts membranous, sometimes inserted on the very short
pedicel ; flowers drooping. Calyx large, half as long as the corolla-
tube and funnel-shaped throat. Corolla 1 inch diam., tube and
throat hairy within, lobes rounded and bifid. Top of ovary
obtuse, thickened. Fruit not seen.—A beautiful species, re-
sembling small states of P. Stuartii; but the leaves are, when not
entire, serrate, the corolla-disk is pubescent, and tube hairy
within; it is scentless. It has not been found except by Sir
J. Hooker in 1848.
Prats VIII. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bract; 3, calyx;
4, portion of corolla laid open ; 5, ovary: all enlarged.
10 MR. G. WATT ON SOME
14. P. sappnteina, Hook. f. & Thomson, Herb. Ind. Or., Prim.
no. 32; parvula, glabra v. puberula, foliis 1-4 poll. longis obo-
vato-spathulatis obtusis grosse v. subpinnatifide dentatis, seapo
filiformi 1-4-floro, bracteis ovato-oblongis, floribus sessilibus nu-
tantibus, calycis tubo brevi tereti lobis obtusis, corolla subcam-
panulata pruinosa, lobis brevibus bifidis. (Tas. XIII. C.)
SrkKrM Himataya: Lachen valley, alt. 13,000 ft., J. D.
Hooker.
Leaves forming small rosettes, 1-1 inch diam., teeth large and
deep, with scattered white hairs above ; petiole very short. Scape
1-2 inches. Corolla 1 inch diam., bright or pale blue, hoary.
Capsule included.—A very elegant little species
PravE XIII. C. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, bract;
4, calyx; 5, corolla laid open: all enlarged.
15. P. soLDANELLOIDES, Watt ; parvula, glaberrima, efarinosa,
foliis i—-pollicaribus ovatis grosse crenatis v. subpinnatifidis,
scapo capillari 1-floro, flore magno nutante ebracteato, calycis
lobis oblongo-ovatis obtusis, corolla alba late infundibulari, lobis
brevibus grosse dentatis. (Tas. XI. C.)
SrkKIM HrwAraya: Kankola pass, J. D. Hooker; Patang-la
(Herb. Hort. Calcutt.).
Leaves i-i inch long, base cuneate. Scape 1-2 inches, very
slender, rigid; flower nodding. Calyx campanulate, cleft half-
way. Corolla white, with hardly any tube proper, expanding
from near the base into the dilated limb, 1-3 inch long and broad.
Stamens at the base of the corolla; filaments distinct. Ovary
minute, globose, top hardened obtuse.—A very beautiful little
plant, allied to P. soldanelloides and P. sapphirina and tenella.
A group confined to Sikkim, as far as is known.
PrarE XI. C. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, calyx; 4, part
of corolla laid open ; 5, stamens: all enlarged.
16. P. Warru, King in Herb. Calcutt.; foliis oblongo-oblan-
ceolatis in petiolum angustatis obtusis grosse lobulato-crenatis v.
dentatis, laxe molliter pilosis, crenis irregulariter dentatis v. inte-
gris, scapo elongato multifloro, floribus capitatis pendulis, bracteis
membranaceis, calyce maximo cupulari laxo membranaceo irregu-
lariter lobato et inciso-dentato, corolla violacea tubo calyci æqui-
longo, limbo late infundibulari 5-lobo lobis crenato-dentatis.
(Tas. XIV. A.)
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 11
Srxkxrw Himatayra: Chola Natong (King).
Rootstock small. Leaves few, 2-4 inches, membranous, 4—2 inch
diam., hairs flexuous; petiole rather slender, sometimes equalling
the blade. Scape 5-6 inches; head of flower 13-2 inches diam. ;
bracts from narrow-lanceolate to almost rounded. Oalya 4 inch
diam., very loose, open, and thin, veined. Corolla glabrous within
and without; tube 1 inch; limb twice as long, and broad at the
mouth. Stamens at the mouth of the tube; anthers oblong ; fila-
ments very short. Ovary globose, top rounded; style very short ;
stigma broadly capitate, truncate.—A very beautiful plant, closely
allied to P. uniflora and P. soldanelloides, having the large mem-
branous calyx of the former, which distinguishes these from all
other species.
Prats XIV. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bracts; 3, calyx; 4,
portion of corolla laid open ; 5, ovary : all enlarged.
17. P. SrvanTIT, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall.
ii. p. 20.
Throughout the subalpine and alpine regions of the Hrwa-
LAYA and in TrsET bordering it, alt. 12,000—16,000 ft. ; Afghan-
istan.
The following remarks upon this species are supplied by Sir
J. D. Hooker :—
“This is one of the most common and puzzling of the Himalayan
Primula, if, indeed, there be not two or more species included
under it, with possibly hybrid intermediates. P. denticulata,
which inhabits lower levels, and P. petiolaris, from still lower,
are the only equally wide-spread common and protean Himalayan
congeners. The original P. Stwartii was founded by Wallich on
a yellow-flowered plant well figured in the ‘ Botanical Magazine’
(tab. 4356) ; P. purpurea, published later by Royle (Ill. Pl. Himal.
t. 77. f. 2), was founded on a purple-flowered one, which I find
it impossible to distinguish by any other character from P.
Stuartii, the two presenting a parallel geries of varieties in the
size, shape, mealiness, and crenature of the leaves, number of
flowers and bracts, and the shape and comparative lengths of the
calyx-lobes, and capsule. P. Moorcroftiana, of Wallich, founded
on miserable fragments collected in Western Tibet by Mooreroft,
is a third supposed species, which is obviously a small state of
purpurea. "The following is the best disposition of the series of
12 MR. G. WATT ON SOME
forms that I ean suggest. I suspect that all are forms of the
beautiful P. nivalis, Pallas, of Siberia and Central Asia."
Van. 1. Stuartii typica; foliis 5-10-pollicaribus anguste oblan-
ceolatis spathulatisve acutis crebre argute denticulato-crenatis
rarius integerrimis subtus flavo-farinosis, inflorescentia farinosa,
calycis lobis linearibus lanceolatisve acutis v. obtusis, corolle
aurez lobis orbicularibus et emarginatis v. obeordatis integris v.
subdentatis.—P. Stuartii, Wall. Cat. 606 in part; Tent. Fl. Nep.
t. 34; Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 80; Duby in DC. Prodr. vii. 41;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4356.
Var. 2. purpurea ; foliis ut in var. 1, sed rarius dentatis v. cre-
natis sepius latioribus, floribus interdum in verticillos superpo-
sitos dispositis, calycis lobis interdum fere polliearibus lineari-
oblongis obtusis, corolla pallide v. saturate purpurea, lobis obcor-
datis v. bifidis, capsula 1-1-pollieari.—P. purpurea, Royle, lll.
Pl. Himal. 311, t. 77. f£. 2: Duby in DO. Prodr. viii. 40;
Wall. Cat. 606 (e Kumaon). P. macrophylla, Don, Prod. Fl.
Nep. 80. P. Jaeschkiana, Kerner in Bericht. des Naturwiss.
medicin. Vereins Innspr. Jahrg. i. Heft ii. 97. (Tas. IX.)
Var. 3. Mooreroftiana. Minor, vix v. non farinosa, foliis ob-
lanceolatis acutis sæpissime integerrimis, scapo breviore paucifloro,
calycis lobis angustis acuminatis, corolla purpurea.—P. Moor-
eroftiana, Wall. Cat. 4988. Western Tibet. (Tas. X.)
Var. 4. macrocarpa; folis subtus farinosis 2—5-pollicaribus
oblanceolatis obtusis acutisve, calyce majore 1-£-pollicari fere 5-
partito segmentis lineari-oblongis obtusis coriaceis, capsula
pollicari.—Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 15,000-17,000 ft., J. D. Hooker.
Var. 5. lineariloba; corolle purpures lobis angustis divari-
eatis.—Tibet north of Sikkim, at a great elevation. Flowers
alone of this were procured by Sir J. D. Hooker, who does not
doubt their being referable to a very starved form of var.
purpurea.
Prare IX. P. Stuartii var. purpurea. Fig. 1, plant, nat. size.
2, calyx ; 3, ovary ; 4, calyx and capsule: all enlarged.
PraTE X. P. purpurea var. Moorcroftiana. Fig. 1, plant, nat.
size. 2, calyx; 3, ovary; 4, calyx and capsule: all enlarged.
18. P. untrLora, Klatt in Linnea, xxxvii. p. 500; efarinosa,
foliis parvis petiolatis orbicularibus v. late ovatis grosse v. sub-
pinnatifide crenatis v. dentatis, scapo gracillimo 1-2-floro, bracteis
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 18
minutis, floribus magnis sessilibus nutantibus, calycis profunde
5-lobi segmentis quadratis, corolla late infundibulari, lobis brevi-
bus latis grosse dentatis. (Tas. XI. B.)
Sikkim Himataya: on the Kankola Pass, alt. 15,000 ft., J.
D. Hooker.
Rootstock small, with slender fibrous roots. Leaves 4-1 inch,
including the petiole, rather slender, sparsely pubescent, base
acute or truncate. Scapes one or more, tall for the size of the
plant, 1-3 inches, slender; bracts oblong. Calyx nearly 4 inch
long, campanulate, membranous, segments almost truncate, apicu-
late, sometimes toothed. Corolla pale lilac; tube short, gradu-
ally expanding into a limb 3-1 inch broad; lobes short, often 3-
fid, the intermediate lobe very short. Stamens near the base of
the corolla. Ovary globose.—A very remarkable species, unfor-
tunately named, as it has usually two flowers, of which one is
often imperfect; no other species has flowers so large in compa-
rison with the foliage.
PrarE XI. B. fig. l, plant, nat. size; 2,leaf; 3, scape and
flower (one imperfect); 4, bract ; 5, calyx; 6, ovary: all but 1
and 3 enlarged.
19. P. TENELLA, King in Herb. Calcutt.; glaberrima, efarinosa,
foliis $-pollicaribus obovatis v. trapezoideis supra medium grosse
crenato-dentatis, scapo filiformi 1-floro, bractea minuta, calycis
lobis obtusis, corolle tubo gracili fauce late infundibulari, lobis
latis profunde obcordatis. (Tas. XII. B.)
Cuvumbi VALLEY, at Phari (between Sikkim and Bhotan), alt.
about 15,000 ft.
Rootstock stout. Leaves mealy all over, especially beneath,
subacute, petiole broadly winged. Scape very slender; bract
close under the flower, shorter than the calyx. Corolla bluish
white, tube 3 inch ; limb 2 inch diam. Stamens near the base
of thetube. Ovary subacute, top thickened; stigma large, capi-
tate.—4A remarkable little species, very unlike any other.
Prate XII. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bract and calyx; 3,
portion of corolla laid open, with stamens and ovary: all
enlarged.
20. P. Exwesiana, King im Herb. Calcutt.; efarinosa, foliis
2-8-pollicaribus oblanceolatis subacutis integerrimis coriaceis,
14 MR. G. WATT ON SOME
nervis obscuris, scapo robusto elongato floreque magno solitario
pubescenti-tomentoso, bractea 0, calyce brevi 5-partito segmentis
ovato-lanceolatis, corolle infundibularis è poll. long: lobis bre-
vibus obovato-oblongis erenatis. (Tan. XII. A.)
Srxkrw Hrmataya, alt. about 12,000 ft. (King).
Rootstock very stout, crowned with broad sheathing scales,
which embrace the petioles. Zeaves narrowed into broad winged
puberulous petioles. Scape 6-7 inches; flower often 1 inch long
and broad across the limb, pubescent all over. Anthers linear,
near the mouth of the corolla. Ovary very small, conical, acute;
style filiform, stigma minute, truncate.—A very remarkable and
beautiful species, quite unlike any other.
Prare XII. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, calyx; 3, stamen;
4, ovary: all enlarged.
21. P. nEprans, Hook. f.; minuta, dense cxespitosa, puberula,
efarinosa, caule repente intricatim ramoso, foliis petiolatis cum
petiolo 1-i-polliearibus orbicularibus convexis lobulatis v. grosse
dentatis, scapo O, floribus subsolitariis breviter pedicellatis erectis
folis multo majoribus, corolle tubo calyce triplo longiore, fauce
infundibulari, lobis profunde bifidis.—P. Stracheyi (partim), Herb.
Ind. Or., Hook. f. § Thoms. (Tas. XIII. B.)
Western Himataya: Bargi-Kang Pass* north of Kumaon,
alt. 14,500 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom ; Kashmir, Bargila, alt.
14,500 ft., C. B. Clarke.
Stem very stout for the size of the plant, horizontal, rooting
below and giving off above tufts of leaves and flowers. Leaves
with the stout petiole about as long as the blade or longer,
margins recurved, lobules or teeth acute or obtuse. Bracts at
the base of the pedicel sessile amongst the leaves, rarely on a very
short peduncle; pedicel shorter than the calyx. Corolla-tube
nearly 4 inch long, limb about as broad, pale purple. Ovary
globose, top acute; stigma globose. Fruit not seen.—This inter-
esting little species was partly confounded with P. minutissima
in the distribution of Herb. Ind. Or., Hook. f. & Thoms.
Prate XIII. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 8, bracts and
calyces ; 4, part of corolla laid open: all enlarged.
22. P. Hooxeri, Watt; pusilla, dense csspitosa, efarinoss,
* In the sheets of the‘ Flora of British India,’ which have now passed through
the press, this locality was accidentally omitted.
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 15
folis 4-1-pollicaribus anguste obovato-oblongis v. spathulatis
obtusis argute dentatis, dentibus recurvis, costa lata, seapo O
v. brevissimo, floribus 1-3 breviter pedicellatis, calyce cupulari v.
eampanulato glanduloso, dentibus brevibus latis acutis, coroll:
tubo late cylindraceo calyce duplo longiore, lobis rotundatis bre-
viter bifidis. Herb. Ind. Or., Hook. f. & Thoms., Prim. no. 25.
(Tas. VILI. B.)
Sikkim HriMmaríaYa: Lachen, alt. 12,000 ft., J. D. Hooker.
Roots of thick fleshy fibres. Leaves dark green, rather fleshy,
rarely narrowed into a petiole, teeth often recurved, the outer
reduced to oblong fleshy scales with toothed tips. Corolla white,
tube about 4 inch long, limb as broad. Ovary globose, top acute;
stigma globose.
Prare VIII. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, bract; 4,
calyx ; 5, part of corolla laid open: all enlarged.
23. P. muscoipes, Hook. f.; minuta, dense ceespitosa, glaberrima,
efarinosa, foliis 44,—l5-pollicaribus sessilibus ovato-oblongis con-
vexis apicibus grosse dentatis, costa crassa lata, scapo 0, floribus
solitariis subsessilibus 2-bracteatis, corolle tubo calyce brevi
profunde 5fido duplo longiore cylindraeeo, lobis brevibus. Herb.
Ind. Or., Hook. jz. & Thoms., Prim. no. 23. (Tas. IV. D.)
SixkiM Himataya: Kankola Pass, alt. 15,000 ft, J. D.
Hooker.
Much the smallest species of the genus, forming moss-like tufts
amongst the roots of creeping alpine plants. It is closely allied
to P. Hookeri; but the shape of the leaves is quite different, the
flowers very much smaller.
Prare IV. D. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaves; 3, bracts and
flcwer; 4, calyx: all enlarged.
Van. Ptenuiloba. Leaves with short broad petioles; corolla
larger, tube longer, slightly hairy, lobes longer, very narrow, cleft
into two linear spreading lobes —Sikkim Himalaya, at Yemutong,
alt. 14,000 ft. (Herb. Ind. Or., Hook. f. § Thoms., Prim.
no. 22). This may prove a different species, but is undoubtedly
nearly allied to P. muscoides.
Prare XIII. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2,1eaf; 3, bract and
calyx; 4, portion of corolla laid open: all enlarged.
24. P. Stirrontana, Watt ; pusilla, dense cespitosa, glanduloso-
puberula, efarinosa, foliis 4-pollicaribus obovato-spathulatis ob-
€
16 MR. G. WATT ON SOME
tusis planis argute dentatis, costa tenui, scapo 0, floribus solita-
riis, pedicellis brevibus gracilibus, corolle tubo calyce duplo
longiore superne infundibulari, lobis profunde bifidis integris v.
crenulatis. (Tas. XIII. D.)
SIKKIM HIMALAYA: Kanglanamo Pass, alt. 14,000—16,000 ft.,
G. Watt.
Habit of P. Hookeri; but the leaves are flat and of a very
different shape, the calyx has acute teeth, and the corolla-tube is
not cylindric. Bracts 0, or very slender and placed on the pedicel.
Corolla bright purple, 1-2 inch diam., glabrous. Ovary obovoid,
top thickened retuse, stigma capitate.
Prats XIII. D. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, scape, bracts, and
calyx ; 3, part of corolla laid open; 4, ovary: all enlarged.
2. ANDROSACE, L.
1. A. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Hardwicke (non Wallich, Smith, et De
Candolle).— A. incisa, Wall. Cat. 616, et in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed.
Wall. & Carey, ii. 14, excl. obs.
“There has been much confusion regarding this plant, through
Wallich and Sir James Smith having taken for it the little annual
A. saxifragefolia, Bunge, of the tropical plains of Bengal. This
is the more extraordinary ; for Hardwicke’s description of his
rotundifolia is not only accurate, but distinctive as regards the
toothed involucral bracts ; and he further states that it is a native
of the highest mountains of Shreenugur, namely of the Kumaon
Himalaya, where no one who had gathered A. saxifragafolia
in the tropical plains, as Wallich had, would expect that this last
should be found."—J. D. H.
Var. macrocalyx, Watt; laxe pubescens v. villosa, foliorum
lobulis integerrimis v. crenatis, ealycis lobis corollam longe supe-
rantibus ovatis v. obovatis argute dentatis.—Kumaon to Kashmir,
alt. 5000—9500 ft.
Van. Stracheyi, Watt; glanduloso-pubescens v. glabrata,
scapis petiolisque gracilibus, foliorum lobulis integerrimis v. cre-
natis, bracteis elongatis dilatatis apicibus dentatis, calycis lobis
corollam longe superantibus ovatis acutis integerrimis.—Gar-
whal, alt. 11,000 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom; Kunawur, alt.
8000-11,000 ft., Munro 4c. (Taz. XV.)
Var. Thomsoni, Watt; parvula, glanduloso-puberula, scapis
petiolisque gracilibus, foliis parvis lobulis argute dentatis, floribus
parvis, corolla calycem excedente.— Western Tibet: Dras river,
INDIAN SPECIES OF PRIMULA AND ANDROSACE. 17
Thomson ; Iskardo and Barji-la, alt. 9000-10,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.
This is a dry-country form. (Prare XVII. B.)
PraTE XV. A. rotundifolia var. Stracheyi. Fig. 1, plant, nat.
size. 2, corolla, 3, calyx and capsule: both enlarged.
Prats XVII. B, A. rotundifolia, var. Thomsoni. Fig.1, plant;
2, leaf, both nat. size. 3, bract; 4, calyx; 5, part of corolla laid
open; 6, ovary; 7, calyx and capsule: all enlarged.
2. A. GERANIIFOLIA, Watt; perennis, stolonifera, laxe villosa,
pilis patentibus, foliis rotundato-cordatis 7-lobis, lobis 3-lobulatis,
petiolo elongato, bracteis setaceis integerrimis, corolla calycem
parvulum excedente. (Tas. XVI.)
Kumaon, at Dwali, alt. 8200 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom ;
Sikkim, in damp woods, Lachen, alt. 9000-10,000 ft., J. D. Hooker.
A much larger and more flaccid plant than A. rotundifolia, dif-
fering also in having stolons; but possibly a woodland form of
that species.
Prare XVI. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, bract; 3, flower;
4, ovary ; 5, calyx and capsule: all enlarged.
3. A. Cnorrir, Watt; pusilla, perennis, stolonifera, foliis re-
niformi-rotundatis grosse crenatis v. lobulatis lobulis 1-3-erenu-
latis, scapo paucifloro petiolis squilongo, bracteis lanceolatis
obtusiusculis, pedicellis brevibus calycibusque velutino-tomentosis,
calycis lobis obtusis, corolla parva calycem non excedente, lobis
obovatis retusis. (Tas. XIV. B.)
SIKKIM HIMALAYA: Singalelah, alt. 12,000-13,000 ft., Watt.
Whole plant when dry more or less rufous, with dense close-
set bright red-brown spreading hairs on the petioles and scape.
Rootstock short, creeping. Leaves 1 to 13 inch long, blade 1—4
inch diam., hairy on both surfaces. Flowers i inch diam. Corolla
apparently purple.—This belongs to the same section of the
genus as P. rotundifolia and geraniifolia.
PrarE XIV. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, calyx; 3, part of
corolla laid open; 4, ovary: all enlarged.
4. A. CnaAMJEJASME, Host.
Var. coronata, Watt; dense czspitosa, foliis arcte imbricatis
lineari-oblongis obtusis villosis, scapo glanduloso, corolle ore
annulo prominulo cincto.— Western Tibet, alt. 16,000—17,000 ft.,
H. Strachey, Henderson. Tas. XVIL A.
Prats XVII. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, bract;
4, calyx ; 5, corolla; 6, ovary : all enlarged.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. c
18 MR. G. WATT ON SOME INDIAN PRIMULACEEXE.
5. A. MUSCOIDEA, Duby in DC. Prodr. vii. p. 48; villosa
laxe cespitosa, surculosa, foliis in globos interruptos dense imbri-
catis linearibus oblongisve obtusis incurvis, scapo brevi unifloro,
ealycis lobis subacutis, corollze lobis obovatis apicibus rotundatis.
(Tas. XVIII. B.)
Kasumir, Jacquemont, Falconer.
Forming loose patches 6-10 inches broad; branches and stolons
6-8 inches long, procumbent and ascending, clothed with subglo-
bose tufts the size of a pea of imbricating leaves. Flowers nume-
rous, jy inch diam. ; pedicels ~4-y'5 inch.
Prate XVIII. B. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2, leaf; 3, calyx;
4, part of corolla laid open; 5, ovary; 6, calyx and capsule : all
enlarged.
6. A. SELAGO, Hook. f. § Thoms. in Herb.; densissime ctespi-
tosa, sericeo-villosa, ramis ramulisque condensatis apicibus obtu-
sis, foliis minutis interruptis v. per totam longitudinem ramulorum
dense imbrieatis lineari-oblongis cuneato-obovatis obtusis supra
medium coriaceis inferne membranaceis supremis incurvis, scapis
1-2-floris bracteisque villosis, calycis lobis oblongis obtusis,
corolle lobis obovato-oblongis. (Tas. XVIII. A.)
Srxxim Himataya: in the Tibetan region and north of it,
alt. 15,000-18,000 ft., J. D. Hooker.
A singular species, forming hemispherical hard cushions in the
arid cold Tibetan regions. Root woody; tips of the branches
silvery. Leaves jh—45 inch. Scape slender, 4!j inch; bracts as
long as the flowers. Calyx hemispheric, enclosing the capsule.
Prats XVIII. A. fig. 1, plant, nat. size. 2 & 3, leaves ; 4, bract
and calyx ; 5, flower ; 6, ovary : all enlarged.
ON THE ORIGIN OF CASSIA LIGNEA. 19
Note the Origin of Cassia lignea. By W. T. TuürsELTON
Dyrt, M.A., F.R.S., Assistant Director Royal Gardens, Kew.
[Read November 16, 1882.]
Tux Spice now known in pharmaceutical literature under the
name of Cassia lignea has, from time immemorial, been an article
of trade from South China. Flückiger and Hanbury are indeed
of opinion that it was the Cinnamon of the ancients, what now
bears the name being peculiar to Ceylon and unnoticed as a pro-
duct of the island till the 13th century*. Cinnamon and Cassia are,
however, enumerated amongst the products of the East from the
earliest periods; and the former was known to the Arabians and
Persians as Darchini (dar, wood or bark, and chini, Chinese). It
seems in ancient times to have been carried by Chinese traders
to the Malabar coast, where it passed into the commerce of the
Red Sea. In this way the statements of Dioscorides, Ptolemy,
and others are accounted for, who speak of Cinnamon as a product
of Arabia and Eastern Africa, countries in which there is no rea-
son to suppose it ever grew. At the present day it is still an
important item in Chinese commerce. I find, from the Statistical
Returns of the Chinese Imperial Customs (for copies of which Kew
is indebted to Sir Robert Hart), that the export from China for
the last two years stands as follows t:—
Quantity. Value:
1880...... 98,784 piculs, 225,092 Haikwan taels.
IBS: ..... 57,450 ,, 300,303 »
1 picul=1333 lb.; 1 Haikwan tael- 5s. 61d.
With regard to the botanical source of Cassia lignea, it is re-
markable, considering its ancient history and its present import-
ance in trade, that up to the present time nothing certain has
been ascertained. Flückiger and Hanbury remark :—' Although
it is customary to refer it without hesitation to a tree named
Cinnamomum Cassia, we find no warrant for such reference: no
competent observer has visited and described the Cassia-yielding
districts of China proper, and brought therefrom the specimens
requisite for ascertaining the botanical origin of the bark " t.
Bentley and Trimen also remark, in their * Medicinal Plants '$,
* Pharmacographia, pp. 520, 521.
t Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports for the year 1881, p. 10.
tł Pharmacographia, p. 528. $ Vol. iii. sub tab. 223.
20 MR. THISELTON DYER ON THE
“Though it is probable that this species (Cinnamomum Cassia)
affords Chinese Cassia, the fact has never been proved."
Tn the face of the uncertainty felt by these authorities, it ap-
peared to be desirable to have the point, if possible, cleared up.
The attention ofthe Colonial Office was accordingly drawn to the
matter, November 18, 1881; and it was suggested that Mr.
Charles Ford, Superintendent of the Botanical and Afforestation
Department, Hong Kong, might be allowed, with the consent of
his Government, to proceed to the Cassia-plantations on the West
River for the purpose of reporting on the cultivation and collec-
tion of Cassia lignea, as well as of bringing back for distribution
from the Hong-Kong Botanie Garden living and dried botanical
specimens of the authentic plant. Lord Kimberley was so good
as to approve of the proposal; and in the month of May last Mr.
Ford accordingly started for the Cassia districts of the West
River, the Sai Kong. He completely succeeded in the object of
the expedition, and described his journey and its results in a
Report to the Hong-Kong Government, August 9. This Report
has been printed as a Government Notification (No. 339); but as
in that form its circulation will necessarily be very limited, I
think the facts deserve the wider circulation which will be afforded
by the Society's Journal.
Mr. Ford's journey was timed so that he might be in the dis-
tricts at the season when the trees were flowering. This enabled
him to obtain authentie specimens for their botanical identifica-
tion, and also to witness the operation of obtaining and preparing
the bark.
Mr. Ford gives the following account of the geographieal
position and extent of the Cassia districts :—
* There are three chief districts where the Cassia is cultivated,
viz. :— Taiwu, in lat. 23° 34' N., and long. 110? 18' E, in the
Kwangsi province; Lukpo, in lat. 23? 6' N., and long. 112? 24 E. ;
and Loting, in lat. 22? 52' N., and long. 111? 8' E., both in the
Kwangtung province. These are the market-towns of the district ;
but the Cassia is cultivated over a large area of country stretch-
ing to considerable distances from the towns, the extent of which
could not be ascertained owing to the unreliable accounts given
by the different people questioned, who either had very vague
notions of area, or were disinclined, as they usually are, to give
information to foreigners.
“ Taiwu is about four or five miles from the West River, and is
ORIGIN OF CASSIA LIGNEA. 21
reached by a pleasant walk leading over a plain; but the nearest
Cassia-plantations are situated twenty-five or thirty miles further
in à southern or south-westerly direction, to which there is no
communication by river. Taiwu is about 180 miles west of
Canton. The Taiwu people said that the area of cultivation was
not increasing *.
“ The next most important, if not the most important (or at least
tending in that direction) district is the Loting one, commencing
at about eight or ten miles distant from the city of Loting. After
leaving the West River about eighty miles of the Loting River—
the Nam Kong--has to be traversed before reaching the city,
and from there the distance to the plantations has to be accom-
plished overland. One of the largest cultivators said that in this
district there were about 1,000,000 maus (about 52,600 English
acres) under cultivation, and that the area was greatly extending
every year. The cultivation of Cassia has been carried on here for
only about twenty-five years, i. e. since the Tai-Ping rebellion,
at which time, for the preservation of the plants and protection of
them from destruction by the rebels, they were transferred from
a district further south, at which it is reported the cultivation of
Cassia was abandoned when it was commenced at Loting.
“The next district is that of Lukpo, which is much less impor-
tant than the other two. The city of Lukpo is situated on the
northern bank of the West River; and the plantations are situ-
ated at about 15 miles between the nearest one and the city.
“In addition to these places there are several small localities
near the West River at intermediate places, where small patches
of Cassia are grown ; and as the quantities of bark obtained are
too small to send to market towns, it is brought off by small
boats and sold to larger boats which carry produce down the
river.
“ About six miles south-west of the small town of To Shing,
which is situated on the southern bank of the river about 25
miles above the confluence of the Loting and West rivers, there
are some plantations, from which, however, no bark has been
obtained for two years and no new plantations made for ten,
because the low prices which can now be obtained for the bark
do not.leave any profit to the producers. This was the only
* “Near the town of Taiwu, according to Mr. Moss (Narrative of an Explora-
tion of the West River, 1870), the best Cassia-bark is produced " (Bretschneider,
* Early European Researches into the Flora of China,’ p. 13).
22 MR. THISELTON DYER ON THE
instance which came to my knowledge of the decrease of the
trade in the Cassia-production, although it is said that the Java
Cassia trade, in consequence of the lower prices at which the
Cassia can there be produced, is cutting out and crippling the
China trade."
From each of the districts of Taiwu, Lukpo, and Loting, Mr.
Ford obtained and sent to Kew copious and excellent specimens.
These have been examined by my colleague Professor Oliver,
who informs me that they certainly all belong to the same species,
and that this is undoubtedly Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Mr.
Ford took great pains to ascertain if this was the exclusive source
of Cassia lignea. He reports :—
* This is the only tree from which Cassia-bark, ‘ buds,’ or leaves
of commerce in China, so far as could be ascertained from per-
sonal inspection and reports, are obtained. Al the trees seen 1n
the districts of Taiwu, Loting, and Lukpo, and intermediate loca-
lities where Cassia was grown in smaller quantities, were of this
species, nor were there, apparently, distinct varieties of the
species in cultivation. The cultivators and other natives were
much interrogated as to whether they knew or had heard of any
other tree which yielded the products under notice, and the
invariable reply was that there was no other kind. There is
therefore, I think, no doubt but writers who have named other
kinds as Cassia-yielding trees of China have been mistaken or
misinformed on the subject. One writer alludes to a tree in
terms which partly correspond to the description of Machilus
velutina, Champ., another tree belonging to Lauraces, and in-
digenous to South China. It is quite possible that this tree may
have been supposed by a casual observer to yield cassia-bark,
because it is sometimes grown in plantations intermixed with
those of Cinnamomum Cassia. The trees are reared, planted, and
treated in precisely the same manner as the Cassia trees; but the
bark is required for a very different use, viz. to supply a glu-
tinous extract which is used to stick together powdered Cassia-
bark and sandal-wood (Santalum album) to form the joss-sticks
used for incense. Cinnamomum Burmanni, Bl., which it has been
supposed may probably yield * in part the Cassia-bark of the
Canton market, does not, I feel sure, supply Cassia-bark to
any extent. I did not see it anywhere cultivated ; nor was it
seen growing wild in any but very small quantities, and these
wild trees bore no signs of having been cut as had the Cassia
ORIGIN OF CASSIA LIGNEA. 23
trees: many natives were asked if it was ever used; but, with
one exception, all denied that it afforded any Cassia-bark. The
one exception was an old woman, who was cultivating a field
of Indian corn close to a few small trees of Cinnamomum Bur-
mannt, and who said that its bark was sometimes, but rarely,
used to adulterate the true Cassia-bark."
Mr. Ford on his return journey paid a visit to the well-known
Chinese botanist, Dr. Hance, H.M. Vice-Consul at Whampoa,
who identified the specimens of the Cassia lignea tree collected
by Mr. Ford as belonging to Cinnamomum Cassia. There is, in
fact, in the Kew Herbarium a specimen of the same species col-
lected by Dr. Hance in 1876; but I have searched in vain to
see if Dr. Hance has published any thing about it, and the speci-
men bears no note that it is the source of Cassia lignea. This
specimen is the material upon which the plate given by Bentley
and Trimen is based, and represents no doubt the true plant.
Cinnamomum Cassia was first described by Blume in 1825 *.
The species was apparently founded on cultivated specimens from
Java, where Blume states it was “ ex China introductum."
The Kew Herbarium possesses a cultivated Java specimen con-
tributed by the Leyden Herbarium. This is no doubt an authentic
type of the plant described by Blume; and Professor Oliver finds
that it agrees precisely with the plant collected by Mr. Ford on
the West River. lt may be therefore considered finally settled,
on the one hand, that the Chinese Cassia lignea plant is really the
Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume, and, on the other hand, that the plant
cultivated in Java is identical with that now known to be the
source of the spice in China.
It is remarkable that though the cultivation of the Cassia lignea
iree has apparently been carried on in Southern China from time
immemorial it does not appear to be indigenous there f. In
Cochin-China, however, there appears to be some probability of
its being really wild. Cinnamomum Cassia is, botanically, very
closely allied to C. obtusifolium, Nees, one of the species from
which a similar product is obtained on the Khasia hills.
It only remains to give Mr. Ford's account of the mode of
collecting and preparing the bark. He obtained and sent to this
* ‘ Bijdragen Fl. Nederl. Indië,’ ii. p. 570.
t The earliest printed notice in works professing to give botanical informa-
tion about China appears to be in Martini's ‘ Atlas Sinensis’(1655). See Bret-
schneider's ‘ Early European Researches into the Flora of China,’ p. 13.
24 ON THE ORIGIN OF CASSIA LIGNEA.
country a set of the implements, which are deposited in the Kew
Museum.
* Bark.—When the trees are about six years old, the first cut
of bark is obtained. The season for barking commences in March
and continues until the end of May, after which the natives say
the bark loses its aroma, and is therefore not removed from the
trees. The branches, which are about an inch thick, being cut
to within a few inches of the ground, are carried to houses or
sheds in the vicinity of the plantations. All the small twigs and
leaves being cleared off, a large-bladed knife, with the cutting-
edge something like the end of a budding knife, is used to make
two longitudinal slits and three or four incisions, at sixteen
inches apart, round the circumference through the bark; the
bark is then loosened by passing underneath it a kind of slightly
curved horn knife with the two edges slightly sharpened. Pieces
of bark sixteen inches long and half the circumference are thus
obtained.
“The bark, after its removal and while it is still moist with
sap, is then laid with the concave side downwards, and a small
plane passed over it, and the epidermis removed. After this
operation the bark is left to dry for about twenty-four hours, and
then tied up in bundles about eighteen inches in diameter, and
sent into the merchants' houses in the market-towns.
* Leaves.—The leaves which are cleared from the branches
that are barked are carefully preserved and dried, and afford by
distillation Cassia oil. A large quantity of leaves are sent to
Canton, where I was told the operation of distilling is performed.
“ Twigs—These are removed from the cut branches at the
same time as when the leaves are obtained. They are a market-
able commodity for native uses.
* Buds.—Cassia-buds are the immature fruits. They are
gathered when about one-eighth grown. Buds, and the seeds
which are annually required for sowing, are obtained from trees
ten years and upwards of age that are left standing at about fifty
and a hundred feet apart amongst the trees which are cut down
every six years for their bark. These seed-bearing trees are not
cut, unless there is a demand for the very thick bark on their
trunks, when some of the trees which can be conveniently spared
are sacrificed."
ON THE PASSIFLOREZE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 25
On the Passiflorez collected by M. Edouard André iy Ecuador
and New Granada. By MaxwzriL T. Masters, M.D.,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
[Read November 16, 1882.]
(Puates XIX. & XX.)
Tue following notes comprise a descriptive list of the Passifloress
gathered by M. André in his remarkable journey in Ecuador and
New Granada, in 1875 and 1876, and specimens of which have
been kindly placed in my hands for determination. Owing to
the intrinsic complexity of floral organization, and more especially
to the defective nature of herbarium specimens, any fresh accession
of well dried examples of this group is more than usually welcome.
M. André’s specimens are generally excellent; they are accom-
panied by descriptive notes taken on the spot, and often by
careful analytical drawings.
By the aid of these notes I have been enabled to determine
almost all the plants collected by M. André, to indicate certain
species as new, as well as to supplement and correct, in some
cases, what I have previously written concerning the plants of this
order.
In enumerating the species I have followed the order adopted
in my monograph of the Order in Martius and Eichler's ‘ Flora
Brasiliensis,’ vol. xiii. pars 1, published in March 1872, and which
I have cited throughout. Ihave also availed myself of the mono-
graph of New-Granadan species published by MM. Triana and
Planchon in the * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 5me sér. tome
xvii. (1873), pp. 121 e£ seg. Although issued subsequently to the
part of the ‘Flora Brasiliensis, it is most probable that the
monograph of MM. Triana and Planchon was completed some
time before; for they refer constantly to my “ Contributions to
the Natural History of the Passifloracezs," published in the Trans-
actions of this Society, vol. xxvii. p. 593 (1871). In that paper
the species were only indicated by name, without descriptions or
illustrations. It hence became incumbent on me in a few instances
to furnish further explanations ; and this I have already done (in
the case of species cultivated in Europe) in the * Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society,’ 1872, vol. iv. pp. 125 e£ seq., and
also, where occasion demanded it, in the present memoir under
the head of particular species.
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX. D
26 pR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
For the most part I have cited the notes as to conformation
and locality furnished by M. André in his own words; but,
although I have freely utilized M. André's observations, I trust
I have done so in such a way as to exempt him from any short-
comings on my own part.
Tacsonia, Juss.
1. T. PiNNATISTIPULA, Juss., Mast. l. c. p. 537 —Passiflora pin-
natistipula, Cav., Triana & Planchon, l. c. 140.
“Sabana de Bogotá prope Fontibén, Nov. Granata, ali.
2576 met. Flores rosei, corone radii coerulescent., fructus sub-
spheric. maturit. flavesc. edulis. Nom. vernac. ‘Chulupita.’
Ed. André 1282.”
This is a southern species, occurring in Bolivia (Weddell!) and
Chile (Miers!). Near Bogota it is cultivated for its edible fruit.
2. T. FLEXIPES, Mast.—Passiflora (§ Poggendorffia) flexipes,
Triana & Planchon, l. c. 142.
Forma foliis integris ovato-lanceolatis vel trilobatis, hetero-
phyllis.
* Mediacion in decliv. orient. montis Quindio, Nov. Granat.,
alt. 2300 met.: heterophylla; flores pallide rosei. Ed. André
n. 2093."
3. T. JamMesoni, Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 537.
* In decliv. occident. montis ignivom. Pichincha, Ecuador, altit.
ad 3700 met.: flores pulchre rosei, colore extus intensiore.
Ed. André sine numero."
4. T. Manpon1, Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 538.
* Quebrada Comocruz in decliv. occid. montis Corazon, Ecua-
dor, alt. 2400 met.—Fol. reticulatis supra corrugatis plus minus
tomentos. ; cirris et petiolis (20 cm. long.) violaceis ; bracteis lete
viridibus; floris tubo cylindrato sulcato pallide lutescente, lobis
externis extus salmoneis intus lilacinis, internis pulchre roseo-
violaceis; ovario pubescente, stigmatibus hemisphzericis ; antheris
oblongis. Ed. André n. 3654.”
5. T. (S RATHEA) FLORIBUNDA, Mast. l. c.—Rathea floribunda,
Karst. Flor. Columb. Ic. Select. t. 38.
Var. MAJOR, Mast. et André, omnia ut in typo, sed flores fere
duplo majores. Vide tab. XIX.
“In decliv. occid. montis ignivom. Corazon, Andium Quiten-
sium, Ecuador, circa 2500 met. Ed. André n. 3679.”
PASSIFLOREJE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 27
This is a very remarkable species, having orauge-coloured and
yellow, tubular funnel-shaped flowers, the petals arising, not from
the top of the flower-tube as usual, but from near the centre as in
some species of Modecca or of Wormskioldia.
The present plant does not appear to differ from that described
and figured by Karsten, except in the much larger flowers. Until
further researches prove whether or not there are more forms
with the same peculiarity,it seems better to consider M. André's
plant as a variety rather than as a separate species.
Except in the peculiar origin of the petals, the plants do not
differ in any way from Tacsonia; and hence it seems preferable
for the present to keep Karsten's name as the indication of a
section only and not as that of a separate genus. T. floribunda
and its variety differ from the T. bracteosa, Planch. & Lind. J. c.
p. 137, in the fact of the petals originating from the centre
of the tube, not from the upper part. The last-named plant
is made the type of a distinct section (§ Zacsoniopsis), and
distinguished by the limb of the calyx (“ saltem quod sic perpe-
ram dicitur ") being 5-fid, not 5-partite, and by the petals being
exserted, ‘‘ bien au-dessus de la gorge du calyce, c'est-à-dire sur
la portion dilatée du limbe, laquelle est simplement 5-fide, au lieu
d'étre 5-partite." The “insertion,” or, more strictly speaking,
the “ exsertion," of the petals in these plants, then, takes place (1)
at the throat of the flower-tube, the most usual place ; (2) above it,
as in T. bracteosa; (3) below it, as in T. floribunda.
Owing to the scarcity or imperfect condition of the flowers of
some species in herbaria, it is not possible to subject them to
complete examination; but when better material becomes acces-
sible, it is probable that other species will be found to possess
the same peculiarity as T. floribunda.
As M. André’s specimens of the last-named plant are excep-
tionally good, I append a full description as follows :—
Scandens, cirratus, glaber. Rami angulati. Folia 8-9 cm. long.,
10 em. lat. Petiolus 1-3 em., gracilis, glandulis 2-3 sessilibus
onustus, Stipule lineari-lanceolate acuminate glanduloso-serrate.
Laminz foliorum suborbiculares, basi rotundate, fere ad basin 3-5-
secte, segmentis lanceolatis apiculatis serrulatis, medio paulo lon-
giore et ad basinangustato; nervi subtus prominentes, nervi secun-
darii remotiusculi. Peduneuli teretes, 1-flori, 8-10 cm. longi.
Bractes 4 cm. long., 2 cm. lat., foliacez, oblongo-lanceolatz, serru-
late, acute. Flores ad 12-13 cm. longi [basi aurantiaci, apice lutei,
D 2
28 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
intus pallidiores, E. 4.]. Floris tubus glaber, cylindrato-infundi-
buliformis. Sepala 5, late oblonga, obtusa, tubo triplo breviora.
Petala 5 oblonga, e medio floris tubi enascentia, e fauce breviter
protrudentia, lobis ealycinis parum breviora. Corona faucialis
abest. Corona basilaris membranacea, parva, deflexa, basin gynan-
drophori eingens. Gynandrophorum elongatum, gracile, sulcato-
angulatum, floris tubum æquans, demum exsertum. Filamenta
linearia, e gynandrophoro versus apicem emergentia. Anthers
oblonge obtuse. Ovarium supra filamentorum exsertionem
longe stipitatum, ellipticum, pubescens, stylis 3 clavato-filiformi-
bus superatum. Stigmata 3, majuscula reniformi-capitata.
6. T. MANICATA, Juss., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 539.—Passi-
flora manicata, Persoon, H. B. K., ex Triana & Planchon, l.c.
139.—T. ignea, hort.
* Machin in monte Quindio, Nov. Granat., alt. cire. 2500 met.,
Ed. André n. 2114; Quindio in temperatis, Ed. André n.
1241 bis; prope Pasto in Nov. Granat. meridionali alt. 2700 met.,
in sepibus frequens—flores vividé-scarlatini, corona coerulea, Ed.
André sine numero; San José ad ped. montis Chimborazo,
Ecuador, Aya purupuru incolarum, Hd. André sine numero;
Ibarra, Ecuador—fiores pulchre coccinei, corona coerulea, frutex
dumosus sarmentosus, Ed. André absque numero."
This species is one of those that extends southwards into Chile,
having à wider range of distribution than most of its allies.
7. T. u1xT4, Juss., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 542, et in Journ.
Roy. Hort. Soc. (1872) vol. iv. p. 126.
Subspec. NORMALIS, Mast. l. c. ; caule subangulato, foliis, in-
voluero urceolato vel serius campanulato (extus) forisque tubo
fere omnino glabris.
P. Tacso, Cav., P. longiflora, Lam., ex spec. authent. J uss. in
Mus. Paris. aasoivatidt
“Tn decliv. occid. mont. ignivom. Corazon, Ecuador, alt. 2500-
2000 met.: flor. pallide rosei; corona rudimentaria ccerulescens.
Ed. André sine numero. Prope Ipiales (Cauca), Nov. Granat.,
alt. 3100 met. Ed. André sine numero.”
Var. QUITENSIS, Mast. l.c.—T. quitensis, Benth.—P. tomen-
tosa, Triana & Planchon, l. c., an vere Lam. ?
Caule subangulato ; petiolis, involucro urceolato (extus) floris-
que tubo puberulis ; foliis superne glabris, deorsum densiuscule
pubescentibus.
“ La Ceja in decliv. orient. montis Quindio, Nov. Granat., alt.
PASSIFLOREE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 29
3200 met.: flor. intus pallide rosei, extus virides. Ed. André
n. 2187."
Var. BICORONATA.—Tacsonia bicoronata, Mast. in Fl. Brasil.
l. c. 541.
“ Tuza, Ecuador, alt. circ. 2800 met.: flor. pallide rosei ; fructus
oblongus edulis magnitudine ovi anserini. .Ed. André sine nu-
mero.— Folia lete viridia nitida ; bracteæ virides nervis pallidio-
ribus; floris tubus viridescens, lobi exterior. extus viridescent.
intus rosei, lobi interior. pulchre rosei; annulus centralis cocci-
neus; corona intense violacea radiis apice albis obtusis; sta-
mina aurata; stigma superne viride. Ed. André. Curubita del
Indio."
Owing to the presence of a double faucial corona in this plant,
I separated it as a distinct species from T. mixta; but MM.
Triana and Planchon are probably correct in referring it to T.
mixta, of which, however, it may form a variety.
In the ‘ Flora Brasiliensis’ and elsewhere I have included 7.
speciosa, H. B. K., under T. mixta as a variety ; and Triana and
Planchon also rank Humboldt & Bonpland's speciosa as synony-
mous with T. mixta; but the terete stems and less-divided leaves
are reasons why it might preferably be ranked with T. mollissima,
or in close alliance to it.
8. T. HEDERACEA, Mast. & André, sp. n.: caule angulato;
foliis coriaceis glaberrimis orbiculato-3-lobis recurvo-serratis ;
involucro cylindrato tubulato extus glabro, intus tomentoso ; floris
tubo glabro, sepalis oblongis apiculatis ; petalis obovato-oblongis ;
corona fauciali e processibus obtusis dentiformibus constante;
ovario elliptico pubescente.
Folia 33 em. long., 4 em. lat.; lobi late ovati, medio longiore.
Petioli 13 cm., glandulis parvis 1-3 circa apicem. Pedunculi
quam petioli duplo longiores. Involucrum 33 cm. Floris tubus
10 em., limbus diametro 8cm. Fructus immaturus 5-6 cm. long.,
glabrescens, elliptieus.
“In decliv. occid. Andium squatoriensium prope Juantu.—
Flores obscure ecruleo-violasc., stylus violac.,stigma virid., anther.
luteæ ; corone glandule albze, basi nigrescentes. Forma foliorum,
habitu, floris coroneque colore distinctissima.” Ed. André n. 4012.
Paramo O. de Guaranda, in decliv. occident. montis Chimborazo,
Ecuador, alt. 2800 met.: flores violacei, n. 4012, spec. fructif."—
In silvis prope Pasto, Jameson n. 420! in herb. Mus. Brit.
30 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
9. T. voruissiMA, H. B. K., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 541, et
in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. iv. (1872), p. 125.—T. tomen-
tosa, var. B. mollissima, Triana & Planchon, l. c. 131.
T. caule tereti tomentoso; foliis tripartitis v. trisectis utrinque
pubescentibus vel superne glabrescentibus; involuero brevi pu-
berulo, szepius inzqualiter trifido vel trisecto, segmentis nonnun-
quam margine eversis ; floris tubo sepius glabro, raro puberulo.
* Fontibon prope Bogota, Nov. Granat., alt. 2576 met.—Flos
rubro-scarlat., fructus ovoideus edulis. Vernacule “ Chulupa."
Ed. André n. 1287." :
MM. Triana and Planchon refer this to P. tomentosa of
Lamarck, the T. tomentosa of Jussieu, which they further cite as
synonymous with the P. tomentosa of Cavaniiles, the latter being
rather referable to P. mixta. Thetrue T. tomentosa of Jussieu is
a native of Peru, and, like T. mollissima, has terete stems; but
the leaves are more nearly orbicular in outline, and less deeply
divided, the central lobe not being greatly, if at all, longer
than the lateral ones; moreover the flower-tube is downy. For
the present, then, it seems preferable to retain the Peruvian T.
tomentosa as distinct from the more northern 7. mollissima. T.
speciosa, H. B. K., although previously referred by me to T. mista
as a variety, and considered synonymous with that species by
Triana and Planchon, is probably better referred to T. mollissima,
of which it has the terete stems and the relatively more divided
leaves. The species are, however, so variable and so difficult to
define in the herbarium, that there are abundant grounds for dif-
ferences of opinion. In all probability the species intercross
freely in their native country.
PASSIFLORA.
1. P. ARBOREA, Spreng., Masters in Fl. Bras. l. c., in Gard.
Chron. 1867, p. 1070, et in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 1872, vol. iv.
p. 128. — P. glauca, Humb. et Bonpl.!; Triana & Planchon, l. c.
p. 181, nec Solander in Aiton.
* Quebrada de Armada, alt. 994 met. et inter Altaquer et
Paramo, alt. 1050 met., in Andibus meridion. Nov. Granat. Ed.
André 3352.” a
This is no doubt the plant called by Humboldtand Bonpland
P. glauca; but Aiton's, or rather Solander's P. g/auca dates from
1789. Of this latter the type specimen exists in the Banksian
herbarium. It corresponds with Jacquin’s figure, and has nothing
PASSIFLOREZ OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 31
to do with Humboldt’s plant. Nor is it the same as A. P.
De Candolle, Triana, Planchon, and others have assumed as the
P. stipulata of Aublet. Specimens from v. Rohr in the Britis
Museum correspond exactly with Aublet's figure, as also, but
less closely, does a specimen of Dr. Haucock's from Demerara
and contained in the Kew herbarium.
2. P. MACROPHYLLA, sp. n. (§ Astrophea), Mast. ex Spruce in
herb.—P. arborea, Spreng., Mast. l. c. pro parte.
Arborea ecirrosa ; foliis amplissimis usque ad 75 em. longis et
ultra, glaberrimis, cordato-subpeltatis, versus basin eglandulosis
vel glandulis paucis preeditis, ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, petiolo
crasso 33 em. ; cymis peduneulatis dichotomis, pedunculis petiolo
multo longioribus; floribus diametro 6-73 cm., tubo elongato
(12 mm. et ultra) eylindrato glabro basi haud intruso; sepalis
oblongis obtusis subcoriaceis tubo duplo longioribus; petalis con-
formibus tenuioribus brevioribus albidis; coronsz faucialis bise-
rialis filis. extimis liguliformibus tenuibus quam petala parum
brevioribus, filis intimis brevissimis carnosulis oblongis sursum
flexis; corona media e tubo versus basin emergente tubulato-
membranacea, apice in filas breves erectas divisa ; urceolo tubi
infra coronam membranaceam crasso albido.
In Peruvia? Spruce n. 6144!; Rio San Antonio in viciniis
montis Chimborazo, Ecuador, Spruce n. 6203 !—“ Peripa secus Rio
Daule, Ecuador: arbor 3-4 met. alt. ramis depauperatis, flor. extus
albis intus flavis (fl. Julio). Hd. André n. 4227."
In the ‘Flora Brasiliensis’? I have treated this as a form of
P. arborea. M. André's specimens, however, having afforded
ample means of examining the flowers, I am disposed to consider
the present, as Spruce also did, a distinct species, and to adopt the
characteristic name indicated by that traveller.
In addition to the relatively gigantic leaves, the present species
differs from its allies in its longer peduncles, larger flowers, the
tube of which is nearly cylindrical, in the long, flat, thin faucial
coronal threads (not thickened and hatchet-shaped as in P. ar-
borea), in the longer membranous corona, the thickened urceolus,
and the slender gynophore.
3. P. sPHJEROCARPA, Triana § Planchon, l. c. 184.
Var. PILOSULA ; novellis foliisque subtus puberulis.
* Prope Piedras, Nov. Granat., alt. 378 met.: frutex 2-4 met.
secus ripas tributariorum fluminis Magdalenz, presertim amnis
82 DER. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
dicti Rio Chipalo obvius. Flores candidi iis Ctr? Aurantit sub-
similes. Hd. André n. 1945. Guataquicito, ad rip. sinist. flum.
Magdalene Nov. Granat., alt. 360 met.—Arbuscula 4-5 met. alt.,
rami ascendentes in capite frondoso congesti ; flor. candidi, sta-
minib. luteis, stigmat. viridib. ; fruct. oblong. minor edulis. Ver-
nacule “ Gulupo." Hd. André 1945.”
In the subgenus Astrophea, Messrs. Triana and Planchon include
P. Lindeniana, Planch. MSS., P. ocanensis, Planch. & Lind., P.
spherocarpa, Triana & Planch., and P. pubera, Planch. & Lind.,
specimens of the two first of which I had referred to P. emar-
ginata, Humb. & Bonpland, and examples of the two latter to
P. ovata, Martin. Without fuller examination than I am at
present able to make, I can offer no opinion as to the validity of
these species. The type of P. ovata, Martin, is in the British
Museum; but it is not in a state to permit of examining the
flower except superficially. In any easeit differs greatly from the
plant described by Triana and Planchon, J. c. p. 184 adnot., from
a specimen of Melinon n. 210 in the Paris herbarium, but which
I have not seen. From the description, however, I take this to
be the same species as was gathered on the Corembyne river by
Mr. Im Thurn, and of which I append a description *.
As to M. André's specimens above referred to, I cannot iden-
tify them with certainty with either of the forms described by
MM. Triana and Planchon. M. André, indeed, who has com-
pared them with authentic specimens in the Paris herbarium,
refers them to P. spherocarpa; but that is described (l. c.) as
being *glaberrima," and as having leaves glaucous beneath.
Moreover, the fruit is described, probably by inadvertence, as
“capsula.” M. André's plants are, in some respects, like the
specimens referred to P. pubera; but they have smaller, much
less pubescent leaves, representing, perbaps, the form spoken
of (p. 185) as having “feuilles moins pubescentes ou presque
* P. EuINULA, Mast., sp. n. (8 Granadilla); foliis breve petiolatis, petiolis striatis
apice biglandulosis, laminis puberulis obovato-oblongis cordatis acutis; floris
(8-9 cm. diam.) tubo (1 cm.) glabro campanulato; sepalis coriaceis oblongo-
obtusis; petalis subconformibus minoribus albidis; corona fauciali filamentosa
pluriseriata, filis extimis petalis subzequilongis, basi a latere complanatis, superne
2-3-lob., lobis obtusis crassis crispatis, lobo terminali longe producto filiformi
tuberculis minimis dense obsito ; filis interioribus simplicibus sensim minoribus ;
corona media membranacea e medio tubi deflexa ; corona inframediana carno-
sula; gynandrophoro angulato, Supra basin dilatato ; ovario cuboideo, sulcato,
pubescente.— Ad flumen Corembyne, Im Thurn in herb. Kew. Vide tab. XX.
PASSIFLOREZ OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 33
glabres en dessous. M. André’s plants, however, are nearly
glabrous above and pilosiusculous below, but not at all glaucous.
The following deseription applies to M. André's plant, which
I here consider a pilosulous form of P. spherocarpa :—“Arborea
vel fruticosa, novellis, foliorum pagina inferiore, sepalis (extus)
ovarioque puberulis. Petioli 1 cm. Folia subcoriacea, oblonga,
obtusa, emarginata, basi rotundata ibique glandula ocellata utro-
que latere przdita. Inflorescentia paniculatim cymosa foliorum,
casu aphylla, erecta. Pedunculi breves. Alabastra claviformia.
Flores expansi 4 cm. diam. Tubus campanulatus pilosulus.
Sepala oblonga obtusa ecorniculata, intus albida. Petala albida
conformia, tenuiora, paulo breviora. Corona extima faucialis
e filis arcuatis superne clavato-dilatatis vel dolabriformibus con-
stans, fila interiora multo breviora erecta apice vix dilatata;
corona media membranacea e tubo versus medium assurgens, basi
tubulata, integra vel 2-3-partita, superne denticulata denticulis
aliis erectis aliis inflexis. Ovarium cuboideum, sulcatum ; styli
puberuli.
As specimens of the true P. ovata of Martin do not, so far as
I am aware, exist in any other herbarium but that of the British
Museum, it may be well to give here some of its characteristics,
complete description being impossible owing to the condition of
the specimens.
P. ovata, Martin. Arbor? vel arbuscula? ecirrosa P vel cirris
paucis predita. Rami subangulati, tomento rufo vestiti. Folia
circa 10 cm. longa, 5 cm. lata, coriacea, glabra, oblonga, obtusa.
Petioli graciles, 3 cm., apice glandulis sessilibus prediti. Sti-
pule.... Cirri quandoque deficientes? simplices. Pedunculi
supraaxillares, petiolos subequantes, superne bifurcati. Bracteæ
.... Flos 3 em. diam. campanulatus ; tubus brevis, glaber.
Sepala glabra, oblonga, obtusa, ecorniculata. Petala conformia,
sepalis breviora. Corona faucialis filamentosa, filis externis ligu-
liformibus superne dilatatis quam petala parum brevioribus, filis
interioribus brevioribus, corona membranacea e tubo versus
medium assurgens .... Gynandrophorum glabrum. Ovarium
cuboideum, suleatum, puberulum, stylis 3 subulatis ad angulos
superatum ; stigmata (pro genere) parva... . Cet. desunt.
It is clear from this that the plant has nothing to do with that
mentioned by MM. Triana and Planchon. From its general
appearance, and from what can be distinguished as to the
corona, and especially from tbe form of the ovary and styles, I
34 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
believe P. ovata to belong to the section Astrophea, even if, as
is probably the case, I have been in error in assigning some of
the specimens mentioned by MM. Triana and Planchon to this
species on insufficient evidence.
4. P. conrACEA, Juss., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. i. c. 578; Triana
d Planch. l. c. p. 158.
“Inter Tulua et Buga, n.2447, et inter Yotoco et Vijes (Cauca),
Nov. Granat., 2247; alt. 1025, Mart. 1876. Vulgo 'dejarre-
tadura; las Juntas (rio Dagua), Nov. Granat., alt. 300 met.;
Ibague ad ped. mont. ignivomi Tolima, Central And. Nov. Granat.,
n. 2004; prope Pandi alt. 1200 met., n. 1444. Hd. André."
The leaves of the living plant are described by M. André as
dark green, the sepals greenish externally, paler within, the
outermost coronal threads blackish violet at the base, white at
the tips, the succeeding threads blackish violet capitate, rose-
coloured at the ends, the innermost corona glandular, blackish
violet, the stamens, ovary, and stigmas green. |
5. P. svBEROSA, Linn., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 577; Triana
d Planchon, l. c. p. 157.
* Prope Vijes (Cauca), Nov. Granata, alt. 1050 met.; in rupi-
bus arenosis aridis. Hd. André n. 2704."
M. André's specimens have no flowers, and represent a form of
ihis eminently variable species with ovate 3-lobed leaves, some-
what coriaceous and more or less downy on both surfaces.
6. P. rariDA, Linn., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 582; Triana
& Planchon, l. c. p. 170, pro parte.
(1) * Portachuelo (Cauca), Nov. Granata, alt. 1000 met. ; in
rupib. arenos. aridissim.; flor. albidi. Hd. André n. 1626" A
form with hirsute pubescence, without subjacent tomentum ; some
of the marginal hairs gland-tipped ; fruit yellowish, with a few
scattered setze.—(2) “ Chinaota prope Fusagasuga, Nov. Granat.,
alt. 1100 met. In sepibus regionis aridæ arenose. Ed. André
n. 1626 (bis)."—'* Rio Dagua, prope La Laguna, Nov. Granat., alt.
997. Ed. André n. 1626 (ter).” Of the glands on this specimen,
M. André makes the observation *adsunt glandule pedicellate
brunne:s quarum pediculus vasis spiralibus preditus est glandu-
larum Drosere instar." Thereareno flowers or fruit. These last
represent a form with denser and more copious pubescence than
the foregoing, the coarser hairs springing from a felted mass of
PASSIFLOREJE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 35
short soft pubescence. They may be referred to the form *' gossy-
piifolia.” The same remarks apply to another specimen under
the same number gathered near Viota, New Granada —(3)
“Peripa, Ecuador, alt. 200 met., E. André n. 4412.” A form
with nearly glabrous striate stems, relatively large 3-lobed
leaves, the central lobe ovate-acuminate, much larger than the
lateral ones, all thinly covered with rather short appressed pu-
bescence; no flowers or fruit; n. 4710, “in Peruvia, prope
Payta” represents apparently the same form.—(4) “Daule,
Ecuador, Ed. André n. 4142 (bis)." A form very similar to the
preceding, but with the stems covered with long spreading hairs ;
fruit yellowish olive, with a few coarse spreading hairs.—(5)
* Las Juntas, Rio Dagua, Nov. Granata, alt. 300 met. Ed. André."
Similar to the preceding, but rather less hairy, the fruits larger
and almost entirely destitute of hairs.—(6) * Rio Quilcace, Nov.
Granata, alt. 1388 met. ; flor. albid. vel pallide azurei. Ed. André
n. 1626 ter." A form with densely hirsute pubescence without
subjacent tomentum, with small, scarcely lobed leaves, and fruit
with a few stiff hairs. According to M. André's drawing, the
sepals are of a light bluish colour, the projecting ribs on the outer
side green, the petals shorter than the sepals, also light blue;
coronal threads blue, white at the base, smaller ones violet ; ovary
downy, stigmas green.
The forms of P. fætida, like those of P. suberosa, are so nume-
rous and pass one into the other by so many gradations as to be
almost inextricable as herbarium specimens. It is probable that
in a fresh state it would be more easy to disentangle the forms
and to correlate the different degrees of pubescence &c. with
the local conditions under which the plant grows. MM. Triana
and Planchon prefer to regard all or most of the forms as
distinct species ; but, considering that the distinctive characteris-
ties are adaptive rather than congenital or phyletic (see Trans.
Linn. Soc. vol. xxvii. p. 621), it seems preferable to regard
them as modifications of one very variable type. The character
relied on by MM. Triana and Planchon to separate P. fetida
(^ fruit hérissé de poils ") from P. hispida, DC. (* fruit glabre ”),
does not, in my experience, deserve so much consideration as the
authors cited give it.
7. P. ArNIFOLIA, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. p. 136 ; Mast.
in Flor. Brasil. l. c. p. 549, pro parte; Triana & Planch. l. c.
p. 165.
36 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
* Salento in monte Quindio, Nov. Granat., alt. 2500 met.:
flores albidi roseo-tincti [casu foliorum] racemosi ; bacce spheric.
virides, Ed. André n. 2323. Prope Tuquerres, Nov. Granata, alt.
3100 met.: flores intus albi, extus violascentes ; bacce magnitud.
cerasi acidi, matur. lutescent. Ed. André n. 1011 pro parte."
8. P. BocorENsrts, Benth. Pl. Hartweg. p. 118; Triana 4 Plan-
chon, l. c. p. 162.— P. alnifolia, Mast. l. c. p. 549 pro parte.
* Quetame et Susumuco, Cordill. orient. Nov. Granat., alt. 1000
met.: flores albi extus sordide violacei, fructus breviter pedun-
eulati virides, Ed. André n. 1011. Rio Funza prope cataractam
Tequendama, Nov. Granat., alt. 2600 met., Ed. André n. 1380;
Sibate, Fusagasugá, Nov. Granat., alt. 2300 met. n. 1011 (bis);
Arbelaez prope Pandi, Nov. Granat., alt. 1500 met.: flores albi ;
corona obscure violacea.”
In my former papers I had considered this a variety of P.
alnifolia; but the examination of M. André’s specimens and
analyses, and the absence of strictly intermediate forms, lead
me to concur in the view of MM. Triana and Planchon, who
retain it as a distinct species. It differs from P. alnifolia in its
much denser, more velvety indumentum, in its shorter peduncles,
in the outer threads of the faucial corona, which are capitate,
not falcate at the end as they are in P. alnifolia. The character
relied on by MM. Triana and Planchon, as to the double rim at
the base of the flower-tube, is not to be found in all the spe-
cimens of alnifolia.
9. P. Para, Planchon & Linden MSS., ex Triana & Planch. l.c.
p. 162.
* Dolores (Cauca), Nov. Granata, alt. 1855 met.: flores albi,
corona externa violacea apice alba ; ovarium viride, stamina pistil-
lumque nigro-violacea. Ed. André n. 2838; vulgo * Tausilla) Ji-
menes, Rio Dagua, Nov. Granat., alt. 490 met.: lobi extern.
virides, intern. albi, corona extern. basi virid. radiis basi violac.
apice lut. coron. intern. lete virid. centro cum tori basi violae. ; ovar.
velutin., bacca nigresc.; variat fol. angustior. bilob. luteo-macu-
latis, Ed. André n. 2518. Cañitas (Cauca), Nov. Granat., alt. 1256
met.: flos albus, planta humilis in sepibus regionis aride Cau-
cane frequens, Ed. André n. 1011 pro parte. Naranjo ad Rio
Dagua, Nov. Granat., alt. 590 met., Ed. André n. 1807. ? Ad ped.
occid.-mont. ignivomi Corazon prope San Florenzio, Ecuador,
PASSIFLOREJE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 37
Ed. André n. 1807—fructus oblongo-ovoideus glabrescens. An
recte huc referenda ?"
Allied to P. alnifolia, but with shorter peduncles, rounder leaf-
lobes, and smaller flowers.
10. P. AxpnnzaNA (§ DEcALO2A), Mast., sp. nov.; ramis flex-
uosis compressis sulcato-striatis puberulis; foliis 6 cm. long.
34 cm. lat. coriaceis, superne glabrescentibus, subtus presertim
ad nervos pilosiusculis, e basi truncata vel rotundata oblongis, tri-
nerviis, nervis radiantibus, apice bilobo, lobo intermedio obsoleto,
lobis ovatis mucronulatis, glandulis 4-6 orbicularibus ad basin
folii per paria dispositis ; petiolo 12 mm. longo canaliculato, eglan-
duloso ; stipulis lineari-subulatis quam petiolus dimidio breviori-
bus ; pedunculis solitariis vel geminis quam petioli triplo longiori-
bus ; bracteis lineari-setaceis ; floribus diamet. 5 cm. et ultra, tubo
brevi patelliformi basi vix intruso ; sepalis glabriusculis e basi lata
oblongis obtusis, ad margines pallide membranaceis ; petalis ob-
longis obtusis quam sepala parum brevioribus; corona fauciali e
filis liguliformibus 1-seriatis quam petala parum brevioribus con-
stante, corona media membranacea tubulata erecta longitudinaliter
plicata margine superne inflexa denticulata, corona inframediana,
tubulata crassiuscula quam præcedens paulo breviore, corona basi-
lari basin gynandrophori angulati glabri cingente membranacea
apice inflexa denticulata ; ovario subgloboso dense flavido-villoso,
stylis puberulis.
Patr. * Ad La Laja prope Ipiales, Nov. Granat. meridion., alt.
2900 met.: flos undique obscure violaceus, Ed. André n. 3478.”
Allied to P. alnifolia in the foliage, but very different from
all the near allies in its larger flowers of a violet colour, and in
the singular arrangement of its corona.
11. P. CHELIDONEA, Mast. in Gard. Chron. July 12, 1879, p. 40,
fig. 5.
* Niebli, prope Quito in temperatis reipubl. ZEquator.; folia
subtus violascentia, Ed. André n. 1110." Corazon in Ecuador,
Sodiro!
Remarkable for its foliage and the structure of its pollen-
grains. M. André's specimens are without flowers; but the
flowers were described and figured in the * Gardeners’ Chronicle’
supra citat., from specimens that were produced in the garden of
J. Anderson Henry, Esq., near Edinburgh.
88 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
12. P. anrRacta, sp. n. (§ DecatoBa), Mast. & André.—Pu-
berula ; caule subangulato striato ; petiolis brevissimis (6 millim.),
apice biglandulosis ; stipulis setaceis deciduis ; foliis coriaceis ocel-
latis transverse oblongis, 3-nerviis, basi cordatis, apice truncato-
bilobis, lobis divergentibus ovato-triangulis; pedunculis quam
petioli vix longioribus; bracteis setaceis pinnatilobis deciduis ;
floris tubo lato patelliformi, basi intruso ; sepalis oblongis ob-
tusis; petalis conformibus minoribus ; coronz faucialis filis ligu-
liformibus petaloideis petala sub:zequantibus; corona media præ-
cedenti approximata carnosa annulari, apice deflexa; corona ad
basin gynophori deficiente.
* Rio dela Mona in decliv. occid. montis Chimborazo, Ecuador;
flor. albidi vel luteoli, Ed. André n. 4066."
Near to P. Vespertilio, L., especially in the foliage; but the
arrangement of the corona is quite different.
13. P. RUBRA, Linn., Mast. im Flor. Brasil. l. c. 589 (ubi
folia per imprudentiam triloba descripta).
“Tocaima, Nov. Granat., alt. 550 met.; flores albi; fructus
spheric., Ed. André n. 1807."
14. P. capsunaris, Linn., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l.c. 589;
Triana & Planchon, l. c. 158.
“Rio de la Vieja prope Cartago, Nov. Granata, alt. 980 met.,
Martio,n. 2418; Piedra de Moler ad pedem occid. montis Quindio,
Nov. Granat., alt. 994: met., Martio, Ed. André."
M. André describes the flowers as pale green on the outside,
the sepals white flushed with rose, the petals much smaller, white ;
coronal threads white, violet at the base ; ovary pubescent green;
fruit deep red, opening ultimately from above downwards by six
valves, snow-white in the interior ; seeds pearly grey.
15. P. zuNATA, Willd., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 552.
* El Salado, prope Guayaquil, Ecuador, Julio, in arboribus re-
gionis arid? maritime. ^ Cartago, in valle flum. Cauca, Nov.
Granat., alt. 990 met., Martio, n. 4143; flores albidi, extus viri-
descentes, suavissimi, Hd. André."
To this species probably also belong the following :—n. 78,
gathered at La Guayra, Venezuela, November 1875, having
leaves only, much resembling those of the Brazilian P. retusa ; but
on other specimens of P. lunata in the Kew herbarium the upper
PASSIFLOREZ OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 39
leaves have quite the very narrow dimensions of those in M.
André’s specimen. Under the same number is another specimen
‘gathered by M. André near Naranjo (Cauca), New Granada,
which has an ovoid green fruit the size of a large cherry, but with
no flowers. Another imperfect specimen, probably belonging to
the same species, is n. 154, gathered at La Guayra, Venezuela,
in very dry places.
16. P. ERyTHROPHYLLA, Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 554, excl.
syn. P. trisetosa, DC.
“Armada in Cordill. meridion. Nov. Granat., alt. circit. 1040
met. Folia supra violaceo-viridia, conspicue depicta, subtus
violacea; flores desunt, Hd. André n. 3426 ;" Goudot, in Nov.
Granat. n. 2!
When I originally published this species, I was in doubt whether
the P. trisetosa of DC. was not identical with this. M. André's
specimens, though without flowers, induce me to consider the two
distinct.
17. P. SANGUINOLENTA, Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1868, p. 1162,
et 1874, vol. ii. p. 227 c. $c. zylog. ; Flor. Brasil. l. c. 559;
Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. iv. (1872) p. 135.
* Chuquiribamba, Ecuador, alt. 2500 met., Ed. André n.
4446."
M. André well says of this species, * habitu, forma coloreque
florum distinctissima." He describes the nerves of the leaves as
lutescent, which is not visible in the dried state, and the flowers
as "kermesini" Garden specimens derived from Colombia
showed in one case reddish-violet flowers, in the other flowers of
à rosy-pink hue. The form of the pollen-grain as observed by
Mr. W. G. Smith, and figured at p. 227 of the ‘ Gardeners’
Chronicle ' for August 22, 1874, is quite different from that of
most other species, being globose, with a rugose surface and
numerous foramina.
18. P. TRINERVIA, Mast. l. c. 558; Triana & Planchon, l. c.
178.
“La Cruces, Gallego, in montibus Quindio, Nov. Granat.,
alt. 2500-3200 met., Martio: caules graciles e fruticum ramis
eleganter pendentes; Fuchsiis nonnullis forma florum affinis,
Ed. André n. 2280.”
40 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
The calyx is described by M. André as carmine-red, the coronal
threads white, the stamens violet, the stigmas green.
19. P. SEEMANNI, Grisebach-in Bonplandia, 1858, p. 7; Mast.:
in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 559.—P. incana, Seem. Fl. Panam., non
Ker, ex Griseb.
“ Inter Quetame et San Miguel in Cordill. orient. Nov. Granat.,
alt. 1500 met.: lobi pallide lilacini, corone radii alternatim albo-
et violaceo-striati, Hd. André n. 1070. Villavicensio ad ped.
orient. Andium Bogotens., Nov. Granat., 500 met., Ed. André
n. 1070 (bis). Differt a P. maliformi (P. ornata, H. B. K.)
fol. cordiform. vix mucronatis haud ellipticis nec ovatis, bracteis
multo minoribus, sepalis petalis radiisque coronsz majoribus, Ed.
André."
20. P. MALIFORMIS, Linn., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 594;
Triana & Planchon, l. c. 149.
* Viota, Nov. Granata, alt. 550 met.: sepala ovata viridia ;
petala acuminata, ante apicem galeata, extus apiculata viridia,
intus viridia violaceo punctata; corons radii pulchre violacei;
filamenta viridia violaceo punctata; anthere lutem»; ovarium
flavescens: vulgo * Chulupa, Hd. André n. 1776. Piedra de
Moler prope Cartago, Nov. Granat., alt. 990 met., Ed. André
n. 1776 (bis)."
MM. Triana and Planchon describe a var. B. pubescens from
the banks of the Magdalena, differing from the type solely in the
pubescence of the underside of the leaves.
21. P. LIGULARIS, Juss., Mast. l. c. 560; Triana 4 Planchon,
l. c. 149.
* Palmilla, Quindio, Nov. Granat., alt. 1900 met., Martio:
folia subtus violacea; fructus maximus edulis vulgo dicitur
Granadilla."
M. André's specimens show the foliage only ; but that is un-
mistakable.
22. P. wacROCARPA, Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 1012;
Flor. Brasil. l. c. 598, t. 115; Journal of Royal Horticultural
Society, vol. iv. (1872) p. 187.—P. quadrangularis, Triana d
Planchon, l.c. p. 147.—P. quadrangularis, var. sulcata, Jacq., teste
Triana & Planchon, l. c.
* Cali (Cauca), Nov. Granata, alt. 1030 met., Aprili, et Cartago
alt. 989 met., n. 285. Carare ad rip. flum. Magdalen», Nov.
PASSIFLOREZE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 41
Granat. Dec. : * Calycis lobi lilacini ; coron: radii violacei striati ;
fructus maximus oblongus edulis. ‘Badea’ incolarum, Ed.
André.”
MM. Triana and Planchon, whose monograph was issued
before the publication of the plate of this species in the ‘ Flora
Brasiliensis, refer it to the original P. quadrangularis. I have
entered at length into the discussion of the distinguishing cha-
racteristics in the publications above cited. In cultivation the
foliage, stipules, the form and colour of the flower, the fruit and
more especially the disposition of the corona, are quite distinct
from either those of P. quadrangularis or of P. alata.
23. P. LONGIPES, Juss., Mast. l. c. 561; Triana & Planchon,
l. c. 151.
* Bogotá, Nov. Granata, alt. 2650 met., Decemb. : Sepala extus
viridia, intus rosea, basi tumido-concava; corona rudimentaria v.
fasciculus aspergilliformis radiis brevibus albis apice cceruleis.
Bractez foliacee, Ed. André n. 735."
24. P. GUAZUMIFOLIA, Juss., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l.c. 563.
* Villavicensio ad ped. Cordill. orient., Nov. Granat., alt. 600
met.: Petala albido-viridia roseo-tineta ; corone radii alternatim
albi et violacei, Hd. André n. 1029.” M. André also adds the
following note :—* P. ornate (maliformi, L.) affinis, differt foliis
ellipticis latioribus obtusis haud apiculatis sed brevissime mucro-
natis ; item affinis P. nitide, H. B. K., que planta est foliis crassis
ovato-lanceolatis dentatis, florib. majoribus. Puerto nacional ad
ripas flum. Magdalene, Nov. Granat., Ed. André n. 1029.”
25. P. VITIFOLIA, H. B. K., Mast. l.c. 564; Triana & Plan-
chon, l. c. 143.
* Naranjo ad ripas flum. Magdalens, Nov. Granat., Dec., nn.
234 et 270; ad Panche, Nov. Granat., alt. 1320 met.; prope urbem
Fusagasuga in Cordill. orient., Nov. Granat., alt. 1800 m., n. 270;
Carare, Magdalena, n. 270. Flores undique coccinei vel viride
scarlatini (excepta corona alba).... fructus oblongus, haud ma-
turus viridis albo-punetulatus .... In silvis primevis, crescens
499
in arboribus haud proceris, Ed. André.
26. P. Sprucet, Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 568.
“Rio Peripa, prope Guayaquil, Ecuador, alt. 200 met. ; flores
extus virides, intus albidi, Ed. André n. 4309 bis."
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX. E
42 DR. MAXWELL T. MASTERS ON THE
27. P. REFLEXIFLORA, Cav., Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l. c. 569.
“ Balsapamba, ad ped. oce. mont. Chimborazo, Ecuador, alt.
300 met.; flores rosei, extus virides, dorso lineati, Ed. André
n. 4034 bis ;" in vicin. Guayaquil, Ecuador, “ folia subtus violacea,
Ed. André n. 4084 bis; prope Babahoyo ad ripas Rio Guayas,
Ecuador, Hd. André n. 4068.”
28. P. LORIFERA ($ GRANADILLA), Mast. et André, sp. n.
(Tab. XX. figs. 4, 5); glaberrima ; caule gracili tereti sulcato-
striato ; petiolis gracilibus (12-15 mm.) glandulis stipitatis 2-4
preeditis ; foliis 3-33 cm. tenuibus glaucescentibus cordato 3-lobis,
lobis oblongis obtusis remote serrulatis medio multo majore;
stipulis petiolos equantibus foliaceis oblique semilunaribus mu-
cronulatis ; pedunculis solitariis foliis axillantibus subequilongis;
bracteis parvis foliaceis liberis; floris tubo 3 cm. glabro cylindrato
tubulato, limbo quam tubus longiore ; sepalis oblongis dorso sub
apice corniculatis; petalis conformibus quam sepala subbreviori-
bus; corona fauciali e filis 2-3- (pluri- P)seriatis constante, filis
externis liguliformi-spatulatis petaloideis flexis, quam petala
parum brevioribus, filis interioribus gradatim minoribus ; corona
media e tubo versus basin enascente erecta membranacea margine
superne dentato-laciniata ; corona basilari gynandrophorum gra-
cilem angulatum cingente membranacea cupulata ; ovario elliptico
sulcato puberulo, stylis clavatis ovario longioribus.
* Peripa, Ecuador occident., alt. circa 200 met. Flores kerme-
sini, concolores; folia glaucescentia; alabastri extus virides,
Ed. André n. 4447 bis.”
29. P. RESTICULATA, sp. n. ($ GzaNADILLA), Mast. et André;
glabra, ramis subangulatis gracilibus rigidis; foliis 7 cm. lat.,
5 em. long., membranaceis subpeltatis suborbicularibus, antice
breviter 3-lobis, lobis ovatis obtusis subzqualibus divergentibus ;
petiolis laminas subsequantibus vel superantibus, gracilibus,
glandulis parvis stipitulatis onustis; stipulis 12 mm., foliaceis,
oblique oblongis, acutis, serrulatis ; pedunculis gracilibus petiolos
fere duplo superantibus; bracteis foliaeeis lanceolatis flori ap-
proximatis; floribus diametro 5 cm.; sepalis longe foliaceo-mu-
cronatis; corone faucialis pluriserialis filis extimis quam petala
tertia parte brevioribus, ceteris gradatim minoribus, corona
media ....; ovario ellipsoideo violaceo, stylis basi deflexis graci-
libus; fructu 5 em. ellipsoideo olivaceo ; seminibus hastatis com-
planatis scrobiculatis ad margines eroso-lobulatis.
PASSIFLOREJE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA. 43
* San Florenzio in decliv. occid. mont. ignivom. Corazon, Ecua-
dor, alt. 1580 met., Ed. André nn. 2568 et 3733; Cartago, Cauca,
Nov. Granata, alt. 990 met., fructüs pulpa edulis, Ed. André
n. 2568 (Dis) ;" Quebrada de Armada. Cauca, Nov. Granat., alt.
990 met.: "specimen unicum floribus carens in regione pluviosa
lectum Hd. André n. 3904 bis.”
A species closely allied to P. alba, Link et Otto, and of gardens,
also to P. glauca of Aiton, and more remotely to P. stipulata of
Aublet; but recognizable by its slender wiry stems, the shallow
leaf-lobes, the absence of glaucous hue, and the long flower-stalks.
As great confusion exists as to the species just named, I append
in a note at the end of this communication (p. 44) the character-
istic distinctions between them.
In addition to the species before mentioned, there are in
M. André’s collection a few specimens too imperfect to be deter-
mined, but sufficiently interesting to be briefly mentioned.
No. 2143 bis, collected on Mount Quindio, has slender glabrous
sulcate stems, membranous peltate ovate-acute 3-nerved leaves,
with one triangular central lobe at the apex and indications of
lateral lobes. The large reniform stipules are leafy and ciliato-
dentate. If a true Passiflora, it is very distinct from any other
yet recorded.
No. 1739, gathered near Viota, New Granada, has glabrous
striated stems, subcoriaceous leaves divided to the base into three
linear lanceolate lobes; petioles much shorter than the blade,
and with small stipitate glands; stipules large, leafy, reniform,
acute. The others present no remarkable characteristics, and
are probably referable to well-known species.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
Puare XIX.
Figs. 1-4. Zacsonia floribunda, var. major. 1, leaf; 2, flower; 3, vertical
section of flower showing arrangement of corona. All of natural size.
PLATE XX.
Figs. 1-3. Passiflora eminula. 1, flower, nat. size; 2, section showing corona
and gynophore, enlarged; 3, one of the outer threads of the corona,
enlarged.
Figs. 4, 5. Passiflora lorifera. 4, upper leaf and stipules ; 5, section of flower.
Both figs, nat. size.
E2
44 ON THE PASSIFLOREE OF ECUADOR AND NEW GRANADA.
Note.
The following synonyms and characters apply to the species
referred to on p. 43.
P. srievrATA, Aublet, Hist. Plant. Guayan. (1775), tab. 325; Mast. in Flor.
Brasil. l.c. 567; nec Triana & Planchon.
P. caule tereti glabro; foliis latioribus quam longioribus subcoriaceis glabris,
subtus glaucis, basi rotundatis, vix peltatis, palmatim 3-lobis, lobis minime altis,
late divergentibus, ovatis obtusis vel acuminatis integris, petiolis 5 em. long.
glandulis pluribus sessilibus onustis; stipulis maximis 4-5 cm. long. foliaceis
oblique oblongo-ovatis vix acutis; pedunculis petiolo brevioribus; bracteis
parvis foliaceis a flore distantibus; ovario ellipsoideo pruinato. Czet. non visa.—
Descriptio ex spec. a von Rohr in Guian. Gallic. (Herb. Mus, Brit.) et ab Han-
cock in Guian. Britan. lectis (Herb. Kew), comparatá icone Aubletii.
P. GLAUCA, Solander in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. i. (1789) vol. iii. p. 308 ; Jacquin,
Hort. Schenbrunn. iii. p. 270, t. 384; Ker in Bot. Heg. t. 88; Mast. in Flor.
Brasil. l.c. 567; nec Triana § Planchon.
P. foliis latioribus quam longis carnosulis glabris, subtus glaucis, basi cordatis,
subpeltatis, antice fere ad medium 3-lobis, lobis ovatis acutis integris eglandu-
losis; petiolis (5 em.) sepius eglandulosis; stipulis 3cm. oblique oblongis
acuminatis integris; pedunculo petiolum subequante vel manifeste breviore ;
bracteis parvis; sepalis ecorniculatis; coronæ faucialis pluriserialis filis extimis
petala s:quantibus.— (Character ex spec. a cl. Solander in hort. Kew. anno 1780
lect. et in herb. Mus. Brit. asservat. Patria forsan Mexico vel Venezuela.
P. ALBA, Link et Otto, Ic. Plant. Rar. t. 33; Triana & Planchon, l.c. p. 152
(absque synon.); Mast. in Flor. Brasil. l.c. 611, speciminibus quibusdam Brasi-
liensibus, huic speciei forsan perperam tributis, exceptis.
P. foliis latioribus quam longis, basi vix cordatis, subpeltatis, antice ad vel
ultra medium 3-lobis, lobo medio longiore, omnibus oblongis obtusis vel acutis
mueronulatis, intus prope basin ad marginem glanduloso-serrulatis ; petiolis glan-
dulosis vel eglandulosis ; stipulis foliaceis oblique oblongo-lanceolatis integris ;
pedunculis petiolum sub:equantibus vel eo longioribus ; bracteis magnis foliaceis
floris tubum velantibus; sepalis longe foliaceo-cornutis; corone faucialis filis
externis quam petala tertia parte brevioribus.—P. atomaria, Planchon, l.c.
p. 153; Mast. l. c.—P. adenophylla, Mast. l. c.—An huc P. subpeltata, Ortega,
Decad. p. 58 (1800) ?
Hab. in Mexico, Ruiz et Pavon in herb. Mus. Brit. sub nom. P. lutee!; et
etiam sub nom. “ P. holosericee de Mexico"! ; entre Ciudad Real & Cacaté, Lin-
den 897!; Galeotti n. 5664!; Hahn 2487!; Liebmann 33 et 34!; Ins. Tri-
nidad, Fendler 374! ; in Nov. Granata, Bogotá, Triana!; André spec. cult. ex
semin. in Nov. Granat. lect.!; An specimina Brasiliensia a me olim ad hanc
speciem tributa ad aliam potius pertineant postea est inquirendum.
P, RESTICULATA, Mast. 4 André. Vide supra, p. 42.
TERATOLOGICAL NOTES ON PLANTS. 45
Teratological Notes on Plants.—I. By Henry N. Rioter, M.A.,
F.L.S., Assist. Botanical Department, British Museum.
[Read November 2, 1882.]
1. A Monstrosity of Carex glauca, Scop.—The specimen about to
be described was found on a grassy down above Durleston Bay,
at Swanage in Dorsetshire. It consists of a culm which bears
two female and two terminal male flower-spikes; both the female
spikes are supported on peduncles of some length, (1 centim. in
the case of thelowest,) which spring from the interior of utricles ;
each utricle contains, in addition, a female flower, exteriorly to
which arises the peduncle. The lowest male spike springs, in
like manner, from a much- Fig. 1.
aborted utricle; but the
peduncle is so short that it Ki
hardly protrudes from it. j|
The bract which subtends i j^
this utricle is truncate and i N V A
broadly dilated, and bears i MY A rA ej
à considerable similarity to E b y K yg j
the utricular bract at the N N | Leg
al f Ó
base of the flower-spikes in | Ñ
Carex polystachya, C. Hart- AW
wegii, &c. The specimen XY
also illustrates very clearly SS
the homology of the seta
which is characteristic of the
Uncinie and of the group
of Carices known as the
Psyllophore. Cases have
been recorded of the seta
bearing rudimentary flowers
(Linn. Journ. xiv. p. 154);
and there can be little doubt A
that we have in this in-
stance an example of re-
: A. Monstrosity of Carer glauca, Scop.,
Toron of the seta to Fome showing peduncles of the Hower-spikes emer-
thing like its own original ging from utricles.
form and proportion. In B. One of the utricles in section, showing
the case of Carices with the positions of the ovary and the peduncle.
46 MR. H. N. RIDLEY'S TERATOLOGICAL
compound spikes a similar monstrosity occurs ; in these, however,
the peduncle is very short, and hardly protrudes from the utricle.
2. A Case of Pistillody in Lolium perenne, Linn.—The subject of
this note was found growing in a grass-field near Hendon ; a con-
siderable number of plants, all similarly affected, formed a conspi-
cuous patch among the normal form, from which they were
distinguished by the rather distant, much swollen spikelets. On
opening a flower, no reproductive organs were visible, their place
being taken by a number of glumes or glume-like bodies ; the
most exterior of these, which corresponded in position to the sta-
mens, were green linear glumes, the apices of which were abruptly
bent down, and terminated by a number of short hairs having
the nodulose character of the stigmatic hairs (fig. 24). Inte-
rior in position to these were one or more conduplicate glumes
bent laterally in a zigzag manner ; these bore similar but longer
hairs upon the midrib and margins, and in greatest quantity upon
the apex (fig. 2 B). Inaddition to these there was a tuft of about
six small oval transparent leaves, each of which was terminated
by a single stigmatie arm—in fact, single carpellary leaves without
any trace of ovules (fig. 2 c).
The specimens illustrate clearly the mode of transition from
glumes into pistils. I can find no similar* case recorded; but
Gen. Munro mentions a case (Linn. Trans. xxvii. p. 7) in which
the points of the anthers of a bamboo were tipped with im-
Fig. 2.
A. Monstrous stamen of Lolium perenne.
B and C. Modified glumes replacing the reproductive organs in Lolium
perenne.
* For an analogous, not identieal, case, see Journ, Linn, Soc. vii, p. 121.
NOTES ON PLANTS. 47
perfect styles; and it seems possible that the processes on
the appendages of the stamens in certain Cyperaces, e. g. Acro-
carpus, and especially in a plant nearly allied to Galmia, collected
in tropical Africa by Dr. Welwitsch, and hitherto, as far as I can
determine, undescribed, may be rudimentary stigmatic hairs.
Lolium perenne is probably more subject to malformation than
any other grass ; this is no doubt due to its habit of growing in
waste ground and by-paths, where it is especially liable to injury ;
and in this case, from the fact that all the plants affected were
growing close together in a patch, while the others in the field
were unaffected, it is probable that the malformation was due to
some accident to the grass at that spot.
3. Note on Equisetum maximum, var. serotinum (var. prolife-
rum, Milde).—A specimen of Equisetum maximum, answering to
the description of this plant in Milde’s monograph of the order,
occurred among a considerable quantity of the normal form in
Durleston Bay, near Swanage in Dorsetshire. It consists of
a vegetative stem which, at some height above the ground,
has produced a spike of fructification ; this again passes into, and
is terminated by, another vegetative portion. The whorl of
leaves immediately below the annulus has taken the form of the
long leaves characteristic of the fertile stem ; all the ones below,
however, are similar to those of a normal sterile stem. A longi-
tudinal section of the fruiting portion shows the nodal septa at
the base and upper part; they disappear, however, in the centre.
The most interesting feature, however, is in the upper part of
the spike, where the sporangiophores pass into the normal
leaves. In the most slightly modified of these the clypeole
produces from the centre an acuminate process, which is in most
cases deflected, and is dark brown or black at the apex; in the
more modified ones the clypeole has lost its hexagonal shape, and
becomes the broad base of the leaf, the leaf-point is longer and
passes insensibly into the elypeole. the pedicel is broader and
flatter, the sporangia fewer. Finally, the clypeole and pedicel
are quite undistinguishable from the rest of the leaf. It is note-
worthy that in many cases the primarily single acuminate pro-
cess becomes cleft, in one ease almost as far as the sporanges.
The apieal portion of the stem is similar to that of a normal
sterile plant, except at the base, where there is a partial whorl of
the large leaves characteristic of the fertile stem, at the base of
which are one or two sporanges placed exteriorly to the leaf.
48 pn. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
Milde, in his monograph of the Equiseta, has given this form
the varietal name quoted above; this seems, however, quite un-
justifiable, as it is evidently only a monstrosity, due probably to
accidental circumstances. It does not appear to be at all
common ; and I do not find that it has been hitherto recorded as
occurring in this country.
Fig. 3.
A, B. Clypeole of Equisetum maximum passing into a leaf, from beneath (A),
from the side (B). 7
C, D. Another, more modified, showing the splitting of the primarily entire
leaf-point.
E, F. Another, in which the leaf-point is split almost as far as the sporanges ;
the clypeole now merely an enlargement of the lower part of the leaf,
late Dr. A. C. Maingay. By Dr. Winyraw NYLANDER,
On a Collection of Exotie Lichens made in "px Asia by the
F.M.L.S., and the Rev. James M. Cnowstg, F.LS.
[Read December 7, 1882.]
Tur Lichens here enumerated and described were collected by
Dr. Maingay in British Burmah, the Straits Settlements, China,
and Japan, at intervals from 1861 to 1865. After his death they
were purchased by Sir Joseph Hooker, along with the collection
of Phanerogams made by him in the same regions. The Lichens
consisted of specimens mounted by Dr. Maingay for his own
herbarium (including numerous British species), and of a mass
of fragmentary unmounted specimens contained in a sack with
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 49
labels of localities attached to them. Most of the latter had
become more or less putrid from dampness; and even of the
former, many were destitute of spores from the same cause. The
examination of both was consequently very tedious, and their
determination (even where this was possible) in some cases a
rather difficult task.
From what follows, it will be seen that of those which admitted
of determination, some are interesting as illustrative of Lichen-
distribution, and others as being new species or varieties pre-
viously undetected. "These latter form a very fair proportion
(nearly one fourth) of the whole number determinable.
I. British Burmah.
Family LicHEn cet.
Tribe PARMELIEI.
1. PanwELIA sULPHURATA, Nyl. & Flot. On the wooden supports
of the Buddhist Monastery at Moulmein. Fertile.
2. *PARMELIA TABACINA," Mont. Syll. p. 327. On walls of the
old Buddhist Monastery at the Pagoda, Moulmein. Sterile.
According to Nylander, this constitutes nothing typical, but
only some common species (in the present case probably P. latis-
sima), destroyed by urine or some ammoniacal liquid (J. M. C.). '
Tribe PuxscirEr.
3. Puyscra PICTA (Sw.). On Cocoa-Palms. Dagon Pagoda at
Rangoon. Fertile.
Tribe LEcrpEEr.
4. LECIDEA SUBALBOATRA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus vel
albido-cinerascens tenuis granulato-inzqualis subdetermina-
tus; apothecia nigra opaca superficialia plana marginata (latit.
"05—08 millim.); spore 8næ, fusce, seriebus 4-6, uni- vel
bi-loculares, longit. 0:015-0:022 millim., crassit. 0007-0009
millim. ; paraphyses gracilescentes ; epithecium et hypothecium
fusca. lodo gelatina hymenialis intensive cerulescens.—A ffinis
L. alboatre et forsan non specie differens.
On posts. Near the Dagon Pagoda at Rangoon.
Tribe GRAPHIDIEI.
5. GnaPHIS HETEROCARPA, Fée. On Palm-trees. Dagon Pagoda.
Tribe PYRENOCARPEI.
6. VERRUCARIA GLABRATA, Ach. On bark of trees. Dagon Pagoda,
50 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
TI. The Straits Settlements.
Family CorrEMACET.
l. COLLEMA THYSANJEOIDES, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus plumbeus
lobatus adnatus mediocris, siccitate obtuse plicatus; apo-
thecia obscure rufescentia, plana (latit. circiter 0°5 millim.),
margine thallino levi cincta; spore Sn, aciculari-fusiformes
3-5-septate, longit. 0°040-0°065 millim., crassit. 0004—0-005
millim.—Affine C. leucocarpo, Tayl. a quo differt apotheciis
nudis, planis, sporis tenuioribus ete.
On Pterocarpus indicus. Flagstaff Hill, Malacca.
2. *CoLLEMA CONISTIZUM, Nyl., subsp. n. “Subspecies sit
prioris, thallo sparsim isidiello-furfuraceo ; apotheciis varian-
tibus cssio-suffusis, sporis nonnihil longioribus (usque longi-
tudinis 0:070 millim., crassit. 0'004 millim.)."
On Pterocarpus indicus. Flagstaff Hill, Malacca.
3. DICHODIUM BYRSINUM (Ach.). On aged trees. Tanjong,
Malacca; Penang and Pulo Undam. Various states.
4. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (Z.) On Cocoa-Palms. Near
Evans Compound, Malacca. Fertile. :
Var. azureum (Ach.) On old trees. Bukit Serindeh, Malacca.
Sterile.
5. LEPTOGIUM (SrEPHANOPHORON) CHLOROMELUM (Sw.). On
Nutmeg-trees, Pulo Penang: fertile. Pringate, Malacca:
sterile.
Var. cowPACTUM, Cromb., lobis minoribus magis divisis arcte
aggregatis, marginibus dense furfuraceo-granulatis. On mossy
trunks. Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
Family LICHENACEI.
Tribe RAMALINEI.
6. RAMALINA FARINACEA (Z.). On Cocoa-Palms. Maline,
Malaeea. Sterile.
Tribe Usneetr.
7. USNEA TRIcHODEA, Ach. On trunks of trees. Government
Hill, Penang. Sterile.
8. *UsNEA LEUCOSPILODEA, Nyl., subsp. n. Similis priori, sed
differt thallo (levi) sorediis albis rotundatis vix prominulis
variegato, nonnihil robustiore, minus diviso. Sterilis modo visa.
Near the tops of very lofty trees. Government Hill, Penang.
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 51
Tribe PARMELIEI.
9. PaRMELIA TINcTORUM, Despr. On rocks. Singapore. Gene-
rally sterile; but one specimen with young apothecia.
10. *PARMELIA TAPACINA," Mont. On trunks of trees. Ala-
gajah, near Malacca. Sterile. (The specimens are probably
referable to the preceding species.)
11. PARMELIA ABYSSINICA, Nyl. On Angsana-trees. Flagstaff
Hil, Malaeca. Sterile.
12. Parmenta SUBLÆVIGATA, Wyl. On Cocoa-Palms. Tanga
Battu, near Malaeca. Sparingly fertile.
13. PAnMELIA TILIACEA (Hoffm.). On Cocoa-Palms. Tanga
Battu, near Malacca. Sparingly fertile.
14. PARMELIA SUBDISSECTA, Nyl., sp. n. Sat similis P. dissecte
europa, sed thallo adnato, rhizinis brevioribus; spore non
vise ; spermatia subfusiformia, longit. 0004-0005 millim.,
crassit. 00005 millim.; K(CaCl) medulla erythrinose tincta;
apothecia non bene evoluta visa in specimine e Malacca, sed
talia adsunt in collect. Leprieur e Cayenne in Guyana ; sporis
ellipsoideis longit. 0:006—0:007 millim., crassit. 00035 millim.
On Cocoa-Palms. Tanjong, Malacca.
15. PAnMELIA SUBRUPTA, Wyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus adnatus
orbiculari-expansus inzqualis, lineari-laciniatus, laciniis multi-
fidis (latit. circiter 1 millim.), demum transversim rimosis,
subtus pallidus, rhizinis passim visibilibus obscuratis; apo-
thecia badio-fusca (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), margine thallino
crenato vel suberenato recepta; spore ellipsoidem, longit.
0:005-0:006 millim., erassit. 07003-0004 millim. Iodo gelatina
hymenialis cerulescens, thecæ presertim tincte. Forsan specie
differat a P. intertexta, Mont., javanica presertim laciniis thal-
linis transversim diffraetis. Thallus nec K nec CaCl reagens.
On Cocoa-Palms. Allagajah, near Malacca.
16. PARMELIA SULPHURATA, Nyl. & Flot. On Cocoa-Palms. Tanga
Battu, near Malacca. Fertile. Medulla K(CaCl) orange-red.
17. PARMELIA crrcumnopata, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus ochroleucus
adpressus laciniis discretis sinuato-multifidis et sinuato-incisis
(latit. 1 millim. vel angustioribus), margine nigro-rhizinosis,
rhizinis basi nodoso-turgidis (inde lacinie margine globulis
nodosis confertis cireumcoronatz), pagina infera pallida; apo-
52 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
thecia et spermogonia ignota. Parmelia minor, thallo K+
(medulla tum flavente).—A ffinis videtur P. sublimbate, Nyl.
On mossy trunks. Government Hill, Penang.
18. PARMELIA MALACCENSIS, Myl.,sp.n. "Thallus subochroleucus
orbiculari-expansus, adpressus lineari-laciniatus, laciniis multi-
fidis contiguis vel subimbricato-contiguis (latit. circiter 1
millim.), supra subconvexulis papillisque isidiosis plus minusve
conspersis, subtus fuscis, rhizinis parvulis tenuibus (at vix
ullis marginalibus); apothecia badio-fusea (latit. circiter 1
millim.), margine thallino crassulo subintegro cincta; spore
Snæ ellipsoidez, longit. circiter 0:007 millim., crassit. circiter
0:0035 millim. Iodo thece sole cwrulescentes. Thallus K
non reagens vel medulla leviter lutescens.—E stirpe est Par-
melie relicine : affinis videtur P. intertexte, Mont. (Javanice),
sed ejus thallus habet isidium, marginem receptacularem alium.
On Cashew-nut trees, St. John's Hill, Malacca: sparingly fertile.
Also at Allagajah, near Malacca: sterile.
Tribe PHyYscret.
19. Puvscra PrcTA (Sw.). On trees. Singapore.—F. foliicola,
Cromb. Thallus smaller, thinner, closely adnate, sorediiferous in
the centre. On leaves of Garcinia mangostana. Malacca: sterile.
Tribe Pyxtvet.
20. PyxiwE cocoEs (Ach.). On bark of trees. Bukit Serindeh,
Malacca.
21. PYXINE sonEDIATA (Fr.). On trees in maritime situations.
Pulo Undam, near Malacca.
Tribe LECANORETI.
22. PANNARIA PANNOSA (Sw.). On the trunks of trees and on
mosses. Water Islands (Pulo Undam), near Malacca; Penang.
23. LECANORA LEPTOZONA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus tenuis
rimulosus ; apothecia rufa superficialia biatorina plana (latit.
0:5 millim.) ; margine (perithecio) tenui infuscato; spore pla-
eodinz, loculis sat retractis, longit. 0009-0011 millim., crassit.
0:003 millim.; paraphyses non bene discrete, epithecium lutes-
cens (K purpurascens).—Accedens versus Lecanoram c@sio-
rufam, Ach., Nyl., notis autem allatis dignota.
On shady rocks. Pulo Undam, near Malacca.
24. LECANORA GANGALIZODES, Nyl., sp. n. Similis fere Leca-
nore gangalize, Nyl. in Flora, 1874, p. 8, sed apothecia nigri-
canti-fuscescentia, paraphysum clavis fuscis (in Z. gangaliza
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 53
subcerulescenti-nigricantibus et acido nitrico rosello-violas-
centibus). Thallus albidus tenuis conferte rimulosus (K fla-
vescens); apothecia fusconigra innata (latit. 0:5 millim.),
margine thallino tenui vel obsoleto cincta; spore oblongo-
ellipsoidez, longit. 0:010-0'011 millim., crassit. 0:005-0:006
millim.; paraphyses graciles, clava fuscescente (acido nitrico
non aliter colorata). Spermatia longit. circiter 0:025 millim.,
crassit. 00005 millim.
On rocks, just above high-water mark. Pulo Undam, Malacea.
25. LECANORA ACHROA, var. PHÆACHROA, Nyl. “Apotheciis sub-
fuscis." On old posts, Malacca.
26. LECANORA PREGRANIFERA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus
granulatus ; apothecia nigra (latit. 0:5-0:8 millim.), intus con-
coloria, margine thallino tenui integro cincta (demum evanes-
cente); spore 8næ ellipsoider, longit. 0:015-0'016 millim.,
crassit. 0'009-0°010 millim. ; paraphyses gracilescentes, epithe-
cium et hypothecium fusca. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cæru-
lescens, thecz presertim tinctw.—Species e stirpe Lecanore
granifere, Ach., thallo firmo granulato distincta. Thallus intus
flavescens (K magis flavens).
On rugged bark. St. John’s Hill, Malacca.
27. LECANORA PUNICEA, Ach. Ontrees. Singapore.
Tribe THELOTREMEI.
28. THELOTREMA CAYATUM, Ach. On the trunks of dead trees.
Singapore.
29. THELOTREMA sUBCONFORME, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus macula
albido-pallida rugulosa subnitidiuscula indicatus ; apothecia
incoloria innata, extus ostiolis minutis (latit. circiter O'1
millim.) agminose confertis indicata; spore 8næ inclores ob-
longe 6-loculares, loculis mediis vulgo semel divisis (inde trans-
versim bilocularibus), longit. 0:017—0:020 millim., crassit. 0007
millim. (iodo cerulescentes).—Species locum habens prope
T. conforme, Fée, quod sporis gaudet majoribus.
On Lanjoot-trees. St. John's Hill, Malacca.
30. ASCIDIUM monopactriuM, Nyl. Enum. génér. p. 119. “Spore
singule in thecis, longs 0'140-0:160 millim., crasse 0:027—
0:035 millim. In specimine viso e Labuan spore longiores et
usque longit. 0:230-0:240 millim., crassit. 0:022-0*030 millim.
Extus comparandum cum Ascidio domingense, sed longe dif-
54 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
ferens sporis oblongo-cylindricis murali-divisis. Spore iodo
cerulescunt.
On Lanjoot-trees. Malacca.
Tribe LEcrpEEI,
31. CoccocARPIA MOLYBDÆA, Pers. Amongst mosses on old
stumps of trees. Water Islands, near Malacca. Fertile.
Var. incisa, Pers. On old trees. Pulo Besar and Bukit China,
Malacca. An old atypical state. Sparingly fertile.
32. CoccocARPIA AURANTIACA (Hook. d Tayl). On mossy
trunks of Palms. Allagajah, Malacca. Sterile. Also a deco-
lorate condition.
33. CoccocangPrIA SMARAGDINA, Pers. On trees. Mt. Ophir,
Malacea : fertile.
34. CoccocarPia AZURELLA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus cerulescens
tenuis vel tenuissimus, adpressus radiato-divisus, lobulis ambitu
suberenato-incisis, incisuris angustis ; apothecia testaceo-rufella
parva (latit. 0-25 millim. vel minora), plana immarginata ;
spore 8n: globulosz, diam. 0:004—0*005 millim. Lodo gelatina
hymenialis thecarum cerulescens, dein apicibus obscuratis.
Forsan non specie differens a Collemate blepharophore, Bel.,
vel Biatora Belangeri, Mont. (que diversa videretur vix nisi
thallo pallide glaucescente). Thallus raro integre suborbicu-
laris (latit. 2-3 millim.), sepius lobulis incisis subdispersis,
erassit. vix 0°02 millim. vel tenuior; syngonimia difformia,
seepe cylindracea, stratis nonnullis superpositis (non vero scy-
tonemoidea); gonimiis glaucescenti-cerulescentibus (diametris
0:007 -0:009 millim.). Thece altit. circiter 0:035 millim., pyri-
formi-oblonge, confertæ; paraphyses gracillime parce.
On Cocoa-Palms. Malacca.
35. CoccocAnPIA EPITRIPTA, Nyl., sp. n. Forsan nimis parum
distincta a C. azurella, thallo nonnihil majore, centro minute
conferte isidiello. Thallus subtus tenuiter albo-rhizinosus.
C. smaragdina est major, planior, supra glabra, rhizinis pallidis
tomentum tenue efficientibus.
On old trunks. Police-station at Durian, Malacca: sterile.
Associated apparently with Lecidea parvifolia, var. fibrillifera,
Nyl Sterile.
36. LEcrpEA PROBOSCIDINA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus glaucescens
tenuis inzqualis subleprosus; apothecia pallide carnea (latit.
1 millim. vel minora), superficialia, margine pallido ; spore 8næ
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 55
oblong, longit. 0°007-0:010 millim., erassit. 0:0035-0:0040
miilim. Iodo gelatina hymenialis non tincta (lutescens). Afh-
uis Lecidee lutee, Deks., a qua jam differt apotheciis minus
lete tinctis et sporis brevioribus. Sed accedit differentia
maxima spermogoniis proboscideo-cylindricis pallidis erectis
(latit. 0:8-0'4 millim., erassit. circiter 0'2 millim.); spermatia
breviter ellipsoidea vel subglobosa, longit. 0008-0:004 millim.,
crassit. 0002—0:003 millim.
Overspreading decayed mosses on Pterocarpus indicus. Tanjong
Kling, Malacca.
37. LECIDEA MALACCENSIS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albido-pallens,
tenuis, sublevigatus; apothecia rufa plana superficialia mar-
ginata (latit. circiter 0°5 millim.), intus incolori-pallida; spore
Snæ, bacilliformes 7-septate, longit. 0:023-0*028 millim., crassit.
0:0035 millim. ; paraphyses graciles. Iodo gelatina hymenialis
cerulescens, dein luteo-violascens.— Species est e stirpe
Lecidec bacillifere, Nyl. (facie vero fere Lecidee acerine, Pers.).
On bark of trees. Malacca.
38. LECIDEA DISSIMULABILIS, Wyl., sp. n. Thallus sordide pal-
lidus, tenuis vel tenuissimus, continuus, rugulosus aut sub-
levis, obscure limitatus ; apothecia obscure rufa vel electrino-
nigricantia, superficialia, plana, marginata (latit. circiter 0'5
millim.), intus concoloria; spore 8næ cylindraceo-bacilliformes
7-septate, longit. 0:024—0"028 millim., crassit. 0°0035 millim. ;
epithecium incolor, hypothecium et perithecium electrina.
Todo gelatina hymenialis bene csrulescens, cxrulescentia per-
sistente.—Species facie fere Lecidee acerine, sed pertinens
ad vieinam Lecideam bacilliferam.
On Calophyllum inophyllum. Tanjong, Malacca.
39. LECIDEA suBBacuLIFERA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albido-flavi-
cans, tenuiter inzqualiter crustaceo-obducens, rimosus; apo-
thecia nigra planiuscula immarginata (latit. 0'5-0'8 millim.),
intus obscura; spore 8næ incolores oblongo-cylindrice sub-
baculiformes simplices, longit. 0°017-0°019 millim., crassit.
0:004 millim. ; paraphyses graciles non bene distincte, epithe-
cium vage nigrescenti-obscuratum. lodo gelatina hymenialis
bene cerulescens, dein obseurata.—Species forsan e vicinis
Lecidee gelatinose, Floerke, inter europsas. Fragilis, facile
destructa.
On the ground. Pullow, near Malacca.
56 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REY. J. M. CROMBIE ON
40. LzcrpEA MICROPHYLLINIZA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus pallide
luridus, sat tenuiter microphyllinus, squamulis subimbricatis,
crenato-incisis, decumbentibus, confertis ; apothecia rufa super-
ficialia plana marginata (latit. 0:4-0'6 millim.), intus pallida ;
spore Sn: incolores aciculares, longit. 0:026—-0:038 millim.,
crassit. 0-001 millim. Jodo gelatina hymenialis cxrulescens,
cerulescentia presertim thecarum satis persistente.—Species e
stirpe Lecidee microphylline notis allatis distinguenda (cf.
Nyl. L. Nov. Granat. p. 62).
Amongst short decayed mosses on bark of trees. Pulo Undam,
Malacca.
4l. LECIDEA vULPINA, Tuck. Nyl. On Nutmeg-trees. Near
the waterfall, Penang. Very rare, fide Maingay.
42. LECIDEA MEDIOCRICULA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus cinerascens
tenuis subleprosus ; apothecia nigra convexiuscula immargi-
nata, intus concoloria ; spore Sne incolores ellipsoidez sim-
plices minute, longit. 0:006-0:007 millim., crassit. fere 00035
millim.; epithecium subincolor, paraphyses gracilescentes, hy-
potheeium crasse fuscum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cerules-
cens.—Species hee accedere videtur ad Lecideam plebejam, Nyl.,
sed jam epithecio incolori distat. Apothecia latit. circiter 0°5
millim.
On the trunks of trees. Malacca. Forming irregularly spread-
ing patches, fide Maingay.
43. LECIDEA LEPRIEURIOIDES, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus
tenuis subleprosus vel furfurellus ; apothecia sanguineo-ferru-
ginea superficialia plana (latit. 08-12 millim.), margine nigro
firmo ; sporz: Sn: incolores fusiformes 7-septate, longit. 0°020-
0:023 millim., erassit. 0'005 millim.; paraphyses graciles, hypo-
thecium et perithecium nigra. Jodo gelatina hymenialis vinose
fulvescens.— Affinis Lecidee Leprieurii, Mont., Nyl., Nov.
Granat. p. 71, sed mox distinguenda sporis minoribus. Per-
tinet ad stirpem Lecidee premnee.
On old trunks, Allagajah, near Malacca. On Pterocarpus in-
dicus, Tanjong, Malacca. The apothecia are occasionally in
other specimens (and probably normally) pruinose.
44. LECIDEA CHLOROCONIA, Tuck. MSS. On Calophyllum ino-
phyllum. Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
As no diagnosis of this species, originally detected in New
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 57
England, has been published by Tuckerman, the following may
here be given :—
Thallus cinerascens continuus subopacus; apothecia nigra
plana marginata, epithecio flavido-suffuso, intus obscura ; spore
Snæ incolores fusiformes 3-septate, longit. 0014-0016 millim.,
crassit. 00085 millim. ; paraphyses mediocres ; epithecium lutes-
cens; hypothecium fusco-nigricans. Iodo gelatina hymenialis
vinose fulvo-rubescens.— Species est e stirpe Lecidee premnec
mox distinguenda sporis parvis. Thalamium lamina tenui sub-
lutescens. (JF. Nyl.)
45. LECIDEA TRIPHRAGMIA, Nyl. On old posts. Malacca.
46. GYROSTOMUM SCYPHULIFERUM, Ach.(?) On Pterocarpus
indicus. Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
Unfortunately there are no spores in any of the specimens,
though they seem referable to this or some allied species of
the genus.
Tribe GnAPHIDEI.
47. GRAPHIS SCRIPTA, dch. On bark of trees. Singapore.
Atypical.
Var. SERPENTINA, Ach. On Cocoa-nut and Palms. Singapore.
48. Grapuis sopuistica, Nyl. On Calophyllum Inophyllum.
Tanjong, Malacca.
49. GnAPHIS HETEROCARPA, Fée. On Palm-trees, Singapore.
On Areca Catechu, Kassang, Malacca.
90. GnaPHIS ADTENUANS, Nyl., sp. un. Thallus albus tenuis rugu-
losus; apothecia nigra obtecta linearia longiuscula flexuosa
(longit. 1-3 millim.), tenuia (latit. 0°25 millim.), epithecio
rimiformi; spore Sne incolores murali-divise, longit. 0°075-
0°100 millim., crassit. 0020—0:025 millim. (iodo cerulescentes) ;
hypothecium incolor.—Forsan specie non differt a G. hetero-
carpa apotheciis angustatis obtectis, sporis nonnihil minoribus.
Thallus K vix reagens. Sed adest in Fidshi insulis species
affinis, cui thallus K fere ferrugineo-cinnabarine tingitur et
spore sunt nonnihil crassiores (dici possit Graphis heterocar-
poides, Nyl.) | Accedit G. subserpentina, Nyl., Ceyloniensis.
On trees. St. John's Hill, Malacca.
Var. DETECTA, Nyl. Differt apotheciis denudatis, non obtectis.
On Pterocarpus indicus. Bukit China, Malacca.
51. Grapnis ÅFZELII, Ach. On bark of trees. Singapore.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. F
58 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
52. Grapuis suBRIGIDA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus vix ullus visibilis ;
apothecia nigra linearia rigentia, sat longa (longit. circiter 3-4
millim., latit. fere 0*5 millim.), prominula nuda, epithecio
rimiformi ; thecæ monospore ; spore fuscescentes, cylindrico-
oblong, murali-divise, longit. 0:115-0:145 millim., crassit.
0*026-0:030 millim. (iodo cerulescenti-obscurate) ; paraphyses
guttulis oleosis insperse; hypothecium incolor.—Species, ut
videtur, e stirpe Graphidis rigide, Fée. Perithecium obsolete
semel striatulum. Comparari possit etiam cum Graphide flex-
uosa, Nyl., e Philippinis, que vero sporas habet Snas.
On Jack-fruit trees. Singapore.
53. Grapuis INUSTA, Ach. On the small branches of Anona.
Government Garden, Malacca.
94. GRAPHIS CHRYSENTERA, Mont. (P On bark of old trees.
Singapore. The specimens are old and without spores ; but
are apparently referable to this species.
55. MEDUSULA rricosa (dch.). On Betel-Palms. Singapore.
56. OPEGRAPHA ADTINENS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus macula albida
opaca indicatus ; apothecia nigra tenuia longiuscula flexuosa,
epithecio rimiformi-angustato ; spore 8nze fusiformes 3-5-sep-
tate, longit. 0'012-0:014 millim., erassit. 00035 millim.—Ac-
cedere videtur ad Opegrapham vulgatam, sed spore breviores
et spermatia oblongo-eylindrica (vel subfusiformia), longit.
0*004—0:005 millim., erassit. 0'001 millim.
On aged trees, Tanjong, Malacca. On Anacardium occidentale,
Bukit China, Malacca.
57. ARTHONIA CINNABARINA, Var. ADSPERSA (Mont.). On Areca
Catechu. Kassang, Malacca.
58. ARTHONIA SPECTABILIS, Flot. On bark of trees, Allagajah,
near Malacca. On Pterocarpus indicus, Tanjong, Malacca.
59. ARTHONIA SUBPOLYMORPHA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albus
tenuissimus subfarinaceus; apothecia nigricantia (humida fus-
cescentia), oblongo-difformia, conferta (latit. 03-05 millim.);
spore Snæ (demum fuscescentes vel obscurate), oviformes,
3-septate, longit. 0°015-0'016 millim., crassit. 0'006 millim.
Iodo gelatina hymenialis cærulescens, cerulescentia persis-
tente.—Facie fere Arthonie polymorphe, Ach., sed ob apo-
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 59
thecia (presertim humida) fuscescentia ad stirpem A. varie
(atrate, Feé) pertinens et notis allatis distinguenda.
On old trees by the sea. Pulo Undam, Malacca.
60. ARTHONIA COMPLANATULA, WVyl., sp. n. Thallus albus, sub-
farinaceus tenuissimus; apothecia nigra plana rotundata vel
suboblonga (latit. 0'4-0°6 millim. ), immarginata, intus obscura ;
spore Snæ incolores oviformi-oblongæ 3-septatæ, longit. 0'011-
0'012 millim., crassit. 0'004 millim. ; epithecium fusculum ;
hypothecium infra leviter fuscescens. Iodo gelatina hymenialis
luteo-fulvescens.—Facie externa fere Platygraphe periclee.
Prope Arthoniam complanatam, Fée, disponenda, a qua differt
mox sporis minoribus ete.
On the bark of Angsana trees. Tanjong road, Malacca.
61. GnvPHIS HETEROCLITA, Mont. On Palms. Allagajah, near
Malacca.
62. GLYPHIS LABYRINTHICA, Ach. On Betel-Palms. Singapore.
63. GuvPnurs crcATRICOSA, Ach. On Cocoa-Palms. Tanga Battu,
Malacca ; Singapore.
64. GiyPHis OIRCUMPLEXA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus vix ullus visi-
bilis ; apothecia nigra in stromatibus albidis depressis contorta,
conferte serpentino-intricata, epithecio angustato-subpruinoso;
spore 8n: fusce oblongæ seriebus 6-8 transversis 1-2-locula-
ribus, longit. 0°023-0°027 millim., crassit. 0009—0-010 millim.
(iodo non tinetz).—Species bene ab aliis jam sporis in loculos
2-3 divisis distinguenda.
On Betel-Palms. Singapore.
65. CHIODECTON SUBSPILERALE, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus glaucescens
tenuis opacus subleprosus ; apothecia in stromatibus albis pul-
vinatis rotundatis aut oblongis (latit. 05-08 millim.), extus
punctis nigris confertis indicata; spore 8næ incolores fusi-
formes 3—5-septatz, longit. 0:016-0:017 millim., crassit. 0*0035
millim. Todo gelatina hymenialis vinose fulvo-rubens.
On Horse-Mangoe trees. Tanga Battu, Malacca.
Tribe PyRENOCARPEI.
66. VERRUCARIA MASTOIDEA (dch.). On thin bark. Pulo
Undam, near Malacca.
67. VERRUCARIA EPAPILLATA, Nyl. On trunks of trees. Alla-
gajah, Malacca.
r2
60 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
68. VERRRUCARIA SEXLOCULARIS, Nyl. On trees. Tanjong, Ma-
lacca.
69. VERRUCARIA SANTENSIS, Tuck. On aged Angsana trees.
Tanjong, Malacca.
70. VERRUCARIA GLABRATA, Ach. On branches of trees, Malacca.
On bark, Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
71. VERRUCARIA SUBGLABRATA, Nyl. in O. Wright, Verr. Cub.
no. 104. Similis Verrucarie glabrate, Ach., sed pyrenio dimi-
diato ; spore longit. 0:015-0'018 millim., crassit. 0'008-0-011
millim.—On trunks of trees. Bukit Serindeh, Malacca.
72. VERRUCARIA DENUDATA, Nyl. On old bark of Calophyllum.
Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
73. VERRUCARIA OCHRACEOFLAVA, f. NUDIOR, JVyl.; apotheciis
magis supra denudatis convexis. On Calophyllum Inophyllum.
Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
74. VERRUCARIA HETEROCHROA, Mont. On Lanjoot-trees. Ma- |
lacca. Frequent (fide Maingay).
79. VERRUCARIA TRYPETHELIZANS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus vix
ullus; apothecia dispositione subtrypethelioidea (latit. circiter
0°5 millim.), prominula (pyrenio subfuscescente); spore Sn
incolores oblong 8-10-loeulares, longit. 0032-0038 millim.,
crassit. 0"010-0'011 millim.—Affinis Verrucarie concatervate
(vide infra), sed apotheciis nudioribus, magis prominulis, plus
minusve confluentibus, sporis paulo minoribus. Forsan revera
Trypethelium.
On stunted Angsana trees. Tanjong, Malacca.
76. VERRUCARIA TROPICA, Ach. On wild Lime-trees. Malacca
and Singapore.
77. VERRUCARIA ELACTESCENS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus macula alba
indieatus ; apothecia nigra convexiuscula (latit. 0:3—0:5 millim.),
juniora subvelata, parte pyrenii immersa tenui nigra; spore
Snæ incolores ellipsoidez murali-divise, longit. 0025-0035
millim., crassit. 0°012-0°015 millim. ; paraphyses graciles sat
confertz..— Affinis Verrucarie lactee, Ach., a qua jam sporis
majoribus differt.
On Angsana trees. Tanjong Kling, Malacca.
78. VERRUCARIA AUGESCENS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus macula alba
indicatus ; apothecia nigra convexa (latit. 05-06 millim.);
spore 8&næ incolores, murali-divise (seriebus 2-4-locularibus
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 61
transversis 6-10), longit. 0°036-0°048 millim., crassit. 0'016-
0'018 millim.; paraphyses graciles conferte.—Similis Verru-
caric elactescenti, sed nonnihil major et sporis majoribus.
Facie fere V. glabrate.
On bark of trees. Singapore.
79. VERRUCARIA MALACCITULA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus,
tenuissimus, maculiformis ; apothecia nigra subpruinosa con-
vexula, pyrenio dimidiatim nigro (latit. 0'5 millim. vel nonnihil
minore); spore 8næ incolores oviformes 1-septate, longit.
0:026-0:036 millim., crassit. 0°012-0°016 millim.; paraphyses
parcæ.—Species est e stirpe Verrucarie epidermidis arcte acce-
dens ad Verrucariam ceyloniensem (Mass.), a qua differt apo-
theciis nonnihil minoribus, sporis angustioribus ete.
On thin bark of trees. Water Islands, Malacca.
80. VERRUCARIA SUBNECTENDA, Nyl., sp. n. Subsimilis Verru-
carie subneze, Nyl., L. Andam. p. 22, sed sporis oviformibus
septo magis versus apicem disposito, inde cellula apicali bre-
viore quam superior multo tumidiore (longit. 0023-0032
millim., crassit. 0'012 millim.).—A ffinis est V. subnecce, que
sporas habet nonnihil minus crassas et septo fere in medio
disposito (longit. 0-023-0:032 millim., crassit. 0'010-0'011
millim.). Comparanda etiam V. anisomera, Nyl. in Wr. Cub.
no. 105.
On bark of trees. Pulo Undam, near Malacca.
S1. TRYPETHELIUM SPRENGELI, Ach. On Pterocarpus indicus.
Pullow, near Malacca.
82. TRYPETHELIUM VIRENS, Tuck. On thin bark of trees. Water
Islands, near Malacca.
83. TRYPETHELIUM PLATYSTOMUM, Mont. On trunks of trees.
Singapore.
94. TRYPETHELIUM NIGRITULUM, Nyl. On bark. Allagajah,
near Malacca.
Tribe PERIDIEI.
85. Enpococous EXOCARPELLUS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus proprius
verisimiliter nullus; apothecia verrucaroidea, pyrenio nigro
convexo prominulo subintegro (latit. 0°2-0°3 millim.); thecæ
polyspore ; spore dilute nigrescentes oblong, longit. 0*005—
0'008 millim., erassit. 0°002 millim. Iodo gelatina hymenialis
62 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV, J. M. CROMBIE ON
vinose rubescens.— Species thecis et sporis sicut in Endococco
erratico, sed facie omnino alia (verrucarioidea).
On bark of trees. Singapore.
III. China.
Family CorrEMACEr.
Tribe CorrEMEr.
1. COLLEMA LrMOSUM, Ach. On bare earth. Shanghai.
Family LrcuENACEr.
Tribe RAMALINEI.
2. RAMALINA GRACILENTA, Ach. On rocks. Dockyard Island,
Bay of Chefoo. Fertile.
3. RAMALINA POLLINARIA, f. HUMILIS, Ach. Hills near Ninghai.
Sterile.
Tribe Pryscret.
4. PHYSCIA ciLIARIS (L.) Amongst mosses on rocks thinly
covered with earth. Ninghai. Fertile. A muscicole state
with the lacinis shorter and more contiguous.
. PHYSCIA STELLARIS (L.). On trees, near the Pagoda; and on
granite posts near Shanghai. Fertile.
6. PrvscraA serosa (Ach.). On trees in plantations, fertile ; and
on bricks, sterile. Near Shanghai.
7. PHYSCIA ADGLUTINATA, Floerke. On bark of trees. Near
Shanghai. Fertile.
8. Puysora PICTA (Sw.) On trees between Shanghai and the
Pagoda.
Forma soREDIIFERA. On trees in plantations. Shanghai.
Rarely fruiting, fide Maingay.
Cx
Tribe LECANOREI.
9. LECANORA (§ SQUAMARIA) SAXICOLA, Poll. On gravestones
and on rocks. Near Shanghai.
10. LECANORA (§ SQUAMARIA) coccocarpropsis, Nyl., sp. n.
Thallus albidus subopacus tenuis (crassit. 01-02 millim.), laci-
niato-lobatus, laciniis adnatis subradiantibus (latit. 1 millim. vel
angustioribus), margine summo subreflexo; apothecia livido-
rufescentia superficialia (latit. 05-09 millim.) margine thal-
lino integro cincta; spore 8næ oblongo-ellipsoides, longit.
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 63
0*008-0:009 millim., crassit. 0*004—-0'006 millim. ; paraphyses
gracilescentes. odo thece cerulescentes, dein vinose fulves-
centes, Videtur Squamaria. Thallus K—, lobi apice rotundati.
On rocks, Hills near Ninghai. Very sparingly fertile.
11. Lecanora (§ Pracoprum) CALLOPISMA, Ach. On rocks.
Ninghai.
19. LECANORA CITRINA (Ach.). On mortar of walls. Near
Shanghai.
13. LECANORA AURANTIACA (Lightf.). Ontrees. Near Ninghai.
Sparingly fertile. An atypical state.
14. *Lecanora ERYTHRELLA, Ach. On granite rocks. Shanghai.
15. LECANORA VITELLINULA, Nyl. On brickwork and boulders.
Shanghai.
16. LECANORA ERYSIBOPSIS, Nyl., sp. n. Similis Lecanore ery-
sibe, scd mox differens gelatina hymeniali iodo cerulescente,
cerulescentia persistente. Spore oblong:e vel ellipsoidez, longit.
0:011-0:016 millim., crassit. 0°004—0°005 millim.—Thallus cine-
rascens tenuis subleprosus et subareolato-rimosus ; apothecia
subfusca (latit. circiter 0'5 millim.), subbiatorina.
On mortar of walls. Shanghai.
17. LECANORA COMPENDIOSA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus sub-
opacus lævis frustulosus turgidus (crassit. circiter 1 millim. vel
tenuior), parce rhagadiose rimosus, frustulis variis (latit. 3-6
millim.) subcontiguis, ambitu obsolete lobatulo; apothecia
carneo-rufescentia superficialia (latit. 1-2 millim.), margine
thallino integro cincta; spore 8ne ellipsoidez, longit. 0'010-
0'011 millim., crassit. 0"006-0:009 millim. ; paraphyses discrete
fere mediocres; epithecium inspersum. lodo gelatina hyme-
nialis cxrulescens, dein vinose fulvescens.— Species incerti loci
systematici in genere suo, nam spermogonia non visa sunt.
Esse possit vicina Lecanore galacting. Thallus K-.
On rocks. Hills near Ninghai. Sparingly fertile. Associated
with Z. coccocarpiopsis.
18. LECANORA ACHROA. Nyl. On smooth bark of trees. Shanghai.
Var. PHÆACHROA, Nyl. Associated with the type.
19. LECANORA CARNULENTA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus albidus grosse
granulatus vel varians granulis subcrenatis (crassit. circiter
0°5 millim.); apothecia carnea superficialia (latit. 1-2 millim.),
margine thallino integro (subflexuoso) cincta ; spore 8næ ob-
64 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
longs, longit. 0008-0011 millim., crassit. 0'004 millim. ; para-
physes gracilescentes ; epithecium inspersum. Iodo gelatina hy-
menialis cerulescens (cerulescentia subpersistente).— Videtur
species ex affinitate Lecanore argopholis. Thallus K flavescens.
On rocks near waterfall, Ninghai. Very sparingly, fide Maingay.
20. LECANORA CINEREA (Pers.). On rocks. Hills near Ninghai.
A decolorate state.
Tribe LECIDEFI.
21. LrcrpEA TRACHONOPSIS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus cinerascens
tenuis inequalis rimoso-diffractulus ; apothecia nigra adnata
convexula immarginata (latit. 03-05 millim.), variantia mar-
ginata, intus concoloria; spore 8næ incolores oblong 1-3-
septate, longit. 0:009-0'015 millim., crassit. 0:003 millim. ;
paraphyses gracilescentes ; epithecium vix vel vage et hypothe-
cium crassum nigrescentia vel cerulescenti-nigrescentia. lodo
gelatina hymenialis ezrulescens, cerulescentia persistente.—
Species locum habens, ut videtur, prope Lecideam trachonam
(Flot.). Hypothecium et epithecium acido nitrico rosello-
tincta. Spermatia arcuata, longit. 0016-0018 millim., crassit.
0°0005 millim., quod recedit a L. trachona.
On damp bricks. Shanghai.
22. LECIDEA TRITULA, Wyl., sp. n. Thallus albido-cinerascens
tenuissimus vel evanescens; apothecia nigra plana margina-
tula minuta (latit. 0-25 millim.), intus concoloria; spore 8næ
incolores ellipsoidez simplices, longit. 0:010-0:012 millim.,
crassit. 0'006 millim.; paraphyses mediocres; epithecium et
hypothecium fuscescentia. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cerules-
cens, dein violaceo-fulvescens (apice thecarum obscurius tincta).
—Species versus Lecideam mediocriculam disponenda. Epithe-
cium obscurius fuscescens quam hypothecium tenue (quod sepe
solum luteo-fuscescens).
On the bark of trees. Near Shanghai.
23. LECIDEA sUBAROMATICA, Vyl.,sp.n. Thallus albidus, fere
mediocris (crassit. circiter 0°5 millim.) inequalis, rimoso-dif-
fractus; apothecia nigra planiuseula subimmarginata, intus
concoloria; spore 8næ incolores oblonge vel oblongo-bacil-
lares, 3-septatz, longit. 0'018-0:024 millim., crassit. 0:004
millim. ; paraphyses gracilescentes ; epithecium nigrescens ; hy-
pothecium fuscum (vel superius rufescens). Iodo gelatina hyme-
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 65
nialis cerulescens, dein cerulescenti-obscurata.—Species for-
sitan e stirpe Lecidee aromatice, sin potius accedat ad Lecideam
subincomptam, Epithecium acido nitrico violaceo-tinctum.
On mortar upon the old ramparts of Shanghai.
24. LECIDEA ENTEROLEUCA, Ach. On the walls of Macao Fort,
near Canton.
Tribe GRAPHIDEI.
25. Grapnis SCRIPTA, Ach. On decaying timber, Shanghai.
On trees, Confucian-temple garden, Shanghai.
Var. RECTA (Humb.). On Peach-trees. Shanghai.
Var. PULVERULENTA (Pers.). On trees. Mandarin’s garden,
Kuhding, near Shanghai.
26. OPEGRAPHA SUBSIDERELLA, Nyl. On an aged Willow.
Shanghai.
27. ARTHONIA CINNABARINA, var. ADSPERSA (Mont.). On Mag-
nolia-trees. Shanghai.
28. LECANACTIS OBFIRMATA, JVyl.,sp.n. Thallus macula pallida
indicatus ; apothecia nigra superficialia firma rotundata aut
immixta oblonga vel variantia subflexa (latit. 0:3-0'5 millim.),
firme marginata, intus concoloria; spore 8næ fusce, oblonge,
submurali-divise (vel seriebus 8-10 transversis biloculose),
longit. 0:027-0:080 millim., crassit. 0°009-0'011 millim. (iodo
cerulescentes).— Comparanda cum Lecanactine serograpta
(Spr.), Mont., que differt apotheciis suberumpentibus, tenuiter
marginatis ete.
On trees. Confucian-temple garden, Shanghai. Very rare, fide
Maingay. Only a single small specimen gathered.
29. Guypnis CICATRICOSA, Ach. On trees. Confucian temple,
Shanghai.
30. GLYPHIS FAVULOSA, Ach. On trees. Confucian temple.
Tribe PYRENOCARPEI.
31. VERRUCARIA SANTENSIS, Zuck. On timber brought for sale
from the interior to Shanghai.
32. VERRUCARIA NIGRESCENS, var. DEVIANS, JVyl. Differens
thallo fusco, sporis minoribus (longit. 0*015-0'016 millim.,
crassit. 0007-0010 millim.). V. nigrescens var. deparca, Nyl.,
in Suecia, Gotlandia (lecta a Zetterstedt), differt thallo macro
parum evoluto.
On rocks. Near Shanghai.
66 DR. W. NYLANDER AND THE REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON
33. VERRUCARIA GLAUCINA, Ach. On mortar of walls. Shanghai.
94. VERRUCARIA PARIATA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus obscure olivaceo-
nigrescens tenuis; apothecia pyrenio dimidiatim nigro (latit.
0:2-0:3 millim.) convexo ; spore 8næ, fusiformes 5-7-septate,
longit. 0:030-0:034: millim., crassit. 0'006 millim.— A ffinis Ver-
rucaric olivacee, Borr., a qua mox distat sporis erassioribus (in
V. olivacea ea sunt crassit. 0:0035-0:0045 millim.).
On Peach-trees. Shanghai.
35. VERRUCARIA NITIDA (Schrad.). On bark of trees. Shanghai.
IV. Japan.
Family EPHEBACEIL.
Tribe Byssacet.
1. ScyroNEMA sp.? On moist rocks. Nagasaki. Sterile.
Family COLLEMACEI.
Tribe CoLLEMEI.
2. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (L.) On Pine-trees. Nagasaki,
Sparingly fertile.
Family LICHENACEI.
Tribe STEREOCAULEI.
3. SrEREOCAULON JAPPONICUM, Fr. fil. On rocks. Nagasaki.
Sparingly fertile.
Tribe CLADONTET.
4. CLADONIA DECORTICATA, Floerke. On the ground. Nagasaki.
Only spermogoniiferous.
Tribe RaMALINEI.
5. RAMALINA FARINACEA (L.) On trees. Yokohama. Very
sparingly fertile.
Tribe PARMELIEI.
6. PARMELIA TINCTORUM, Desfr. On trunks of trees and on
roeks. Yokohama. Sterile.
7. PARMELIA CONSPERSA (ZÀhrh.) On rocks. Nagasaki. Sterile.
Forma rsrprATA, Anzi. Along with the type, and sparingly fertile.
8. PARMELIA SUBCONSPERSA, Nyl. On maritime rocks. Nagasaki.
Sparingly fertile. A larger and a smaller state.
EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA. 67
Tribe Puyscrkr.
9. Puyscra speciosa, Wulf. On Fir trees in the glens, near
Nagasaki. Sparingly fertile. Also an isidiiferous condition.
10. Puyscra PrCTA (Sw.). On trees. Nagasaki.
Tribe LECANOREI.
11. *LECANORA ERYTHRELLA, Ach. On rocks. Nagasaki.
12. LECANORA SUBGANGALIZA, Wyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus
levigatus, satis tenuis (crassit. circiter 0'5 millim.), rimoso-
diffractus ; apothecia nigra innata nuda margine thallino di-
stincto, intus pallida; spore Sns ellipsoides, longit. 0:009—
0:012 millim., crassit. 0"005-0:006 millim.; paraphyses graci-
lescentes ; epithecium cerulescenti sordide tinctum. Iodo gela-
tina hymenialis cerulescens, cerulescentia persistente.—A ffinis
et subsimilis Lecanore gangalize, Nyl., sed sporis nonnihil
minoribus et reactione iodo effecta gelatine hymenialis alia.
Thallus K flavens. Spermogonia non visa.
On rocks. Nagasaki.
18. LECANORA ATRA, Ach. On walls. Nagasaki.
Tribe THELOTREMET.
14. URCEOLARIA GYPSACEA, Ach. On marl Nagasaki.
Tribe LECIDEEI.
15. CoccocanPrA MOLYBDZA, Pers. On old trunks. Nagasaki.
Sterile and atypical, =f. vEGETIOn, “lobes broader, firmer.”
16. LEcrpkA MarNGAYENSIS, Cromb., sp. n. Thallus pallide
juridus tenuis granulato-concrescens; apothecia rufa convexa
immarginata (latit. 0:3-0'4 millim.), sepe aggregata; spore
Sn oblonge simplices, longit. 0009-0012 millim. ; paraphyses
non bene discretz; epithecium incolor; hypothecium sublutes-
cens. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens, dein subfulvescens.
—Est e stirpe Lecidee vernalis vel parvifolia species notis
allatis dignoscenda.
On stumps of old Firs. Nagasaki.
17. LECIDEA ENTEROLEUCA, Ach., Nyl. On rocks. Nagasaki.
18. LECIDEA ENTEROLEUCELLA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus
tenuis conferte rimulosus ; apothecia nigra planiuseula subim-
marginata (latit. circiter 0°25 millim.), intus albida; spore
Snæ incolores ellipsoidex, longit. 0011-0:012 millim., crassit.
0:005—0-006 millim.; epithecium subnigrescens; paraphyses me-
68 ON EXOTIC LICHENS FROM EASTERN ASIA.
diocres diseretze; hypothecium incolor. Iodo gelatina hymenialis
bene cerulescens, dein obscurata (thece presertim tinetz).—
Affinis Lecidee enteroleuce, Ach., jam vero minutie apothe-
ciorum distincta. Epithecium acido nitrico rosello-tinctum.
Spermatia arcuata, longit. 0"016-0:022 millim., erassit. 0*0005
millim.
On rocks. Nagasaki.
19. LEcrpEA ALBUGINOSA, Nyl. in Flora, 1877, p. 227(?) On
rocks in the bed of a rivulet. Nagasaki.
The spores are not rightly evolute; but in general features as
well as in habitat the specimens seem to agree with this species.
20. LECIDEA PREMNEA, Ach. On trees. Nagasaki. Common,
fide Maingay.
21. LEcrpEA sTELLULATA, Tayl. On rocks. Nagasaki.
Tribe GRAPHIDEI.
22. GnaPHIS SCRIPTA, Ach. On smooth bark and on branches of
trees. Yokohama.
Var. sERPENTINA (Pers.). On Mulberry-trees. Yokohama.
23. Grapuis INUSTA, Ach. On branches of trees. Yokohama.
24. ARTHONIA PUNCTIFORMIS, Ach. On thin bark. Nagasaki.
Tribe PxnENOCARPEI.
25. VERRUCARIA CONCATERVATA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus vix ullus;
apothecia catervatim subtrypetheliiformia, innata, erumpentia,
demum convexe prominula (latit. 0'2-0:4 millim.), pyrenio
integre nigro; spore Sn: incolores oblonge vel oviformes,
10-loculares, longit. 0°040-0°052 millim., crassit. 0°012-0°015
millim.—Accedens ad Verrucariam catervariam, sed facie alia,
apotheciis minus obductis. In V. pleiomera, Nyl., spor sub-
similes, at apothecia non catervaria. Pyrenia latit. 03-04
millim.
On bark of trees. Yokohama.
26. VERRUCARIA PORINOPSIS, Nyl. sp. n. Thallus albidus vel
albido-subeinerascens tenuis continuus, papillis isidiosis exas-
peratus; apothecia in papillis mastoideis (latit. 0'4 millim.),
pertusarioideis, monohymeneis innata, incoloria (pallida); sport
Snæ incolores, ellipsoideæ, fere pertusariamorphe, longit. 0°048-
0055 millim., erassit. 0'024-0:027 millim. ; paraphyses graciles
lodo gelatina hymenialis vinose fulvo-rubescens.— Species
MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM N.W. QUEENSLAND. 69
omnino propri» stirpis inter Verrucarias, sporis simplicibus,
paraphysibus facieque pertusarioidea. Thallus gonidiosus.
On Pine trees. Above Nagasaki.
27. VERRUCARIA NITIDA (Schrad.). On bark of trees. Yokohama.
28. TRYPETHELIUM SpRENGELII (Ach.). On bark of trees.
Nagasaki.
Notes on certain Plants of North-western Queensland dem
valuable Medicinal Properties. By Wiit1am E. Arit,
F.L.S., F.R.G-S.
[Read November 2, 1882.— Abstract. ]
AN intimate acquaintance with the habits and customs of our
aborigines led me some years ago to attach considerable import-
ance to the study of the plants in use among them for mediciual
purposes. My subordinates were of great assistance to me in
procuring plants, roots, and flowers which they averred were spe-
cifics in several forms of disease; but I found that in very many
cases faith alone was the curative agent, as the remedy, when
exhibited to a European, failed to exert any beneficial change
whatever.
I found it extremely difficult to sift the evidence adduced in
support of these statements, there being generally so much con-
comitant superstition mixed up with the truth. Some plants,
for instance, only retained their healing properties during the
first week of the new moon. Others, again, were to be used at
the full or last quarter. More could only be brought into requi-
sition when growing in certain localities, as under rocks, on the
summit of mountains, near a waterfall, or in a swamp.
About this time I was astonished to find a native woman drying
a quantity of Aristolochia which grew abundantly under the
granite rocks near Dunrobin. This, she informed me, was useful
in midwifery.
The women of Yule Island use an indigenous plant—a species
of Croton, I believe—for the purpose of procuring abortion ; but
I have not met with the custom in Queensland in this shape.
In the wet season of 1877-78 the patrol on the Ennasleigh
river was constantly wet through, and spent a most miserable
month swimming creeks and rivers, lying on wet ground, and
70 MR. W. E. ARMIT ON MEDICINAL PLANTS
subsisting on half-cooked victuals, whenever we were fortunate
enough to shoot a kangaroo or catch some fish. As a conse-
quence fever and ague soon put in an appearance, rapidly fol-
lowed by dysentery. I was fortunate in escaping both; but
several troopers succumbed, and I found it difficult to proceed.
My corporal told me that quinine was useless, and offered to
show me a *bujdgeree" (splendid) plant which would stop the
dysentery at once. He did so; and it proved to be the common
Grewia polygama, Roxb., the seeds of which Leichardt mentions
as producing a subacid drink when boiled.
Collecting a quantity of the leaves, I returned to camp, and
gave each of my patients about an ounce of the liquid decoction,
which was of a pale sherry-colour. I repeated the dose every
four hours throughout the night; and the sixth dose completed
a radical cure.
Since then I have tried this remedy in scores of cases ; and I
have never known it to fail in any case, however serious. I have
made it a rule to inform the carriers and travellers I meet of
the sure cure they have always at hand, in case it may be
required; and all are unanimous in extolling its truly magical
properties.
The importance of possessing a specific against the most insi-
dious disease to which Europeans are subject in tropical coun-
tries cannot be underrated ; and as the plant grows abundantly
throughout N.E. and N.W. Queensland, it comes within the
reach of all.
It would be interesting to introduce it into general practice,
and thus test its value either in extract, tincture, powder, or
decoction. It is so plentiful—a very weed, in fact—that large
quantities could easily be procured for experimental purposes ;
and I shall be most happy to forward a supply of the dried
plants to any gentleman wisbing to test its efficacy.
My next discovery was due to a miner who had poisoned his
hand while at work in a claim on the Etberidge Gold-fields. An
ugly ulcer had formed on the knuckle of the third finger of his
right hand; and it resisted every attempt he made to heal it. At
last he came to me; and I prescribed iodide of potassium, a char-
coal poultice, and total abstinence.
One of my men brought me a branch of Careya arborea, Roxb,
He proceeded at once to make a pulp of a quantity of the
leaves, which I placed on the ulcer, forcing the pulp well into its
FROM NORTH-WESTERN QUEENSLAND. 71
cavity. This poultice was renewed four times per diem; and in
five days the ulcer had disappeared. I have tried this form of
poultice several times since, and ever with the same result. As
this small tree occurs in very many places throughout the colony,
its properties are well worthy of being made public.
Lrythrea australis, R. Br., I have found of use as a tonic in
febrile complaints.
Petalostigma quadriloculare, F. von Muell., is a useful remedy
in fever, low or intermittent, ten-grain doses of the dried bark
three times per diem often producing a favourable result. The
ripe fruit, which is of a most intense bitterness, is a valuable
vermifuge in horses. I have used it repeatedly, and with success,
in my stud.
Andropogon citreus, R. Br., makes a useful tea in fevers. I
found it growing at the native wells—the easternmost source of
the Burdekin river—situate on the telegraph-line between Cash-
mere and Junction Creek. I know of two plants used by the
aborigines for syphilitic disease ; but I have not been enabled to
test their efficacy to my satisfaction; hence I refrain from re-
cording them. No doubt many more valuable plants exist, and
only require patience and intelligent research to test their
value. Only a few months ago the Euphorbia pilulifera, L., was
acommon weed, uncared for by any one. Now it is largely used
by nearly all who suffer from asthma.
Datura alba, Nees, a most poisonous plant, which grows on
nearly all our northern rivers, proves fatal to numbers of horses
and cattle every year. This plant is also valuable in asthma,
but leaves a sensation of nausea and headache which is very
distressing.
The aborigines use several species of Malvaceous shrubs, obtain-
ing a mucilaginous drink which proves beneficial in many cases.
Roots are also used in this manner, being roasted, then pounded,
and the mucilage sucked out of them. They havea rough method
of obtaining the starch from seeds, roots, and bulbs, which they
accomplish by pounding and trituration, allowing the starch-
grains to settle on the bottom of a large ‘‘ cooloomen," or canoe-
shaped basin. The water is then poured off, leaving a thick
cake of hard starch which is baked into cakes. It resembles
our arrowroot or corn-flour in substance, and is not at all
unpalatable.
72 MR. J. G. O. TEPPER ON THE DISCOVERY
Discovery of Tasmanian Plants near Adelaide, South Australia.
By J. G. Orro Tepper, F.L.S.
[Read December 7, 1882. ]
In the early part of January 1882 I received an invitation from
Prof. R. Tate to join in an excursion for the purpose of botani-
cally examining a locality that had not been before visited, a
request to which I cheerfully acceded ; and the following pages
represent our joint results.
This locality is situated some 40 miles south of Adelaide,
among the low ranges covering the county of Hindmarsh (which
forms a peninsula extending towards Kangaroo Island), and is
almost in its centre,
Starting from Willunga (30 miles S. of Adelaide), which Prof.
Tate determined to be about 400 feet above sea-level, we crossed
the Selliek's-Hill range, consisting of blue taleose shales and
quartzites at a very high angle of elevation, and found the
summit of the pass about 950 feet, the highest parts of the ridge
rising perhaps 100-200 feet higher. The more elevated portion
was covered by stringy-bark Eucalypts (Eucalyptus obliqua) and
shrubs &c. similar to those about the capital.
From here (2 miles E. of Willunga) the road descended
gradually to the bed of the Meadows Creek, a watercourse of
some length; but at this locality and time it did not show the
least sign of water, or that a considerable body of water ever
passed. This being undoubtedly the ease higher up, as we found
subsequently by unmistakable signs, it must be inferred that the
water finds its way under ground for some distance through the
gravel and sand with which the valley is filled to an unknown
depth.
At a distance of 5-6 miles another ridge was crossed, evidently
the watershed between St. Vincent’s Gulf and Encounter Bay
with the Murray and its lakes. The road downwards on the E.
decline followed the windings of a marshy rivulet with permanent
fresh water, and scores of tiny springs oozing out into the drain
alongside the road. The lower parts of the hillsides consisted
of sands mixed with beautifully rounded pebbles of quartzite
&c., presumably of Tertiary age. The vegetation here changed
almost immediately, and almost at every step we met with plants
rarely, or not at all, occurring nearer Adelaide. Thus Banksia
OF TASMANIAN PLANTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 73
ornata, Adenanthus sp., Drosera binata, Xyris operculata were
observed, the two latter in full bloom. At about 9 or 10 miles
from our starting-point, we arrived at our destination, a level
marshy flat surrounded by weird-looking hills on all sides and
a square mile or two in extent. The locality is uninhabited, and
known locally by the term * Square Waterhole.” About 13 mile
S.E. rises a steep hill, its summit formed by bare white rocks,
from which it has received the name Mount Jagged.
After arranging our camp we began collecting, and found this
marsh to be as fine a representation of a South-Australian moor
as could well be imagined. Consisting of black mould spread
over fine white sand, as exhibited by some drains, it was densely
overgrown by Sprengelia incarnata, Leptospermum lanigerum, and
Melaleuca squamea in dense clumps, numerous Cyperacee and
Juncaceæ intermixed with Utricularia dichotoma in thousands;
while Lycopodium laterale, Schizea bifida, and Lindsaya linearis
overspread the less grassy spots. Calostrophus lateriflorus and
Patersonia longiscapa were very abundant in the very moist
spots. Patersonia glauca, on the contrary, occupied drier spots
along the margin. We were surprised to find many plants in
full bloom, while at this late date scarcely any could be found in
drier places, or had long passed it there.
Owing to the exceptionally dry season the marsh was dry
enough to allow us to cross it with care, after we had examined
part of its S.W. edge, where we found several strong springs.
Following a drain, &e., we succeeded without much ill adventure
in getting to theoutlet on the N.E. side. What rather surprised
us was, that at several places all appearance of water vanished, and
some 100 yards further on the murmuring of a strong stream
among dense bushes became audible; this occurred repeatedly,
even in the narrow bed of the gully, through which the waters
escaped towards the N.E. The lower hills surrounding the
marsh consisted of Tertiary gravels and clays, the former exhibit-
ing numerous symmetrically rounded and polished pebbles of
older rocks in all sizes, but no fossils.
Next day the hills to the south and Mount Jagged were ex-
amined ; the latter was found by Prof. Tate to be about 1465 feet
high, the edge of the Miocene about 2200 feet and that of the
flat itself about 880 feet above the sea. The summit of Mount
d consists of snow-white fine-grained quartzite of pre-Silu-
the angle of dip being about or near 90°, with a strike
G
Jagge
rian age,
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX.
74 MR. J. G. O. TEPPER ON THE DISCOVERY
nearly N.-S. It is overgrown with low Hucalypti (sp. indeter-
minable), Casuarina distyla, and very dwarfish Banksia marginata,
scarcely one of the latter being above 2 feet high, many less.
Among the rocks at the summit we found Marianthus bignoni-
aceus, Which near Adelaide is only observed in moist springy
gullies. Eucalyptus obliqua forms open groups of forest on some
of the other hills adjoining Mount Jagged. On a sandy hillside
near its foot we found the curious Caustis pentandra sparingly
among open scrub. Some 93 species of plants were collected by
us during our short stay of less than two days, of which my speci-
mens were, after our return, submitted to Baron F. v. Mueller,
who determined them most courteously for me, the accompanying
list presenting the result. Those marked by an asterisk are new
to the province. Others were found N. from the Willunga road,
where a succession of fine water-holes occurs, but no flowing water,
accompanied by a much different vegetation. This locality has
never before been examined at this season.
The most important result obtained is, that among the plants
collected at the Square Waterhole were 12 species new for this
province, and hitherto only found in Tasmania. Ten of these
belong to genera already represented here; but 2 genera, viz.
Micrantheum hexandrum and Caustis pentandra, are also new.
Meadows Creek, where I personally collected only thirteen species,
added two more Tasmanian plants, viz. Hibbertia hirsuta and
Carex inversa. Thus another point has been established eluci-
dating the distribution of Australian plants, Prof. Tate having
found several, inclusive of Micrantheum hexandrum and Caustis
pentandra, lately at Kangaroo Island.
The locality which was examined at Meadows Creek is a long
valley, and from about a quarter of a mile to a mile wide, perfectly
level, on the western side of which the imperfectly defined water-
course is situated, chiefly marked by a chain of larger and smaller
holes containing permanent fresh water. Large Red-gum trees
(Eucalyptus rostrata) accompany them, replaced higher up on the
hill-slopes by Æ. leucozylon and E. obliqua. The flat is covered a
short distance from the bed with very dense clumps of Banksia mar-
ginata, underneath which a dense covering is noted of Calastrophus
(Jastigiatus ?), Lepidosperma laterale, and, near the water, large
tussocks of Poa cespitosa, within which Carez inversa was found
exclusively. Very close to the banks, on permanently moist
ground, occurs in small patches the Cynodon sp. (No. 100), which
OF TASMANIAN PLANTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 75
I have seen rarely in flower, and then, as in the specimen sent,
only with two or three spikes; while Cynodon Dactylon exhibits
five, blooming annually and profusely along roads and dry hill-
sides. Acacia (retinodes?) grows in large globular shrubs along
the banks; and some bushes were observed with copious flowers
and ripe fruit.
Although not botanical, I may mention that while disturbing a
large Poa tussock, one of the little Kangaroo-mice leaped out and
was captured alive. It was a little creature, not more than about
2 inches in length of body, with a tail about 23 to 3 inches, and
reddish-brown colour.
On the whole, the vegetation was found almost wholly distinct
from that of Square Waterhole, and very similar to scenery
further north.
Appended is the list of the plants collected, or which could be
identified with certainty, exclusive of such as form a feature
almost everywhere.
List of Plants collected at Square Waterhole, Mount Jagged,
Co. Hindmarsh, South Australia, 6—7th Jan. 1882, as identified
by Baron Ferd. v. Mueller.
PITTOSPORED.
BURSARIA SPINOSA, Cav. Hills and drier parts of marsh;
commencing to flower.
MaRIANTHUS BIGNONIACEUS, F. v. Muell. On the summit of
Mt. Jagged and adjoining hills, among quartzite rocks. Near
Adelaide it occurs only near the bottom of moist dells.
POLYGALER.
CAMESPERMA CALYMEGA, Labill. Dry hills; only in bud.
HyPERICINEX.
HYPERICUM JAPONICUM, Thunb. Hills and marsh; flowers
only about half as large as those near Adelaide.
RUTACES.
ZIERIA VERONICA, F.v. Muell. Small, erect shrub, 6-9 in.
high. Neither flower nor fruit; leaves very strongly scented
when bruised. On dry hill-side.
RHAMNACEA.
*Spyripium Gunn, Benth. (somewhat doubtful sp.). Tas-
* The plants marked in the list with an asterisk are new to the Province.
a2
76 MR. J. G. O. TEPPER ON THE DISCOVERY
manian type. Species new for South Australia. Low shrubs on
hills and dry flats; in bud only.
CRYPTANDRA HISPIDULA, Jeisseck. Very small shrubs on
gravelly, dry hills; rather numerous ; in flower.
LEGUMINOS&®.
GomPHoLoBiuM MINUS, Smith. Dry, rocky hill-sides; in full
bloom and fruit; 3-6 inches; rather abundant.
PHYLLOTA PLEURANDROIDES, F., v. Muell. Shrubs; rare,
around edge of swamp, on drier sandy soil; in bloom.
PULTENJEA VILLIFERA, Sieber. As the preceding.
PULTENXA CANALICULATA, F. v. Muell. Spreading shrubs
along edge of swamp, with cylindrical fleshy leaves. As the
species of this name is well known to me elsewhere, but without
the above character, and only flowers were here obtained, there
is some doubt in respect of the identification.
PULTENÆA, sp. No. 29. Small straggling shrubs in moist
spots, with short linear leaves, very scanty yellow flowers, mostly
apical, and very slender stem and branches. No fruit was ob-
tainable.
ACACIA RETINODES, Schlechtendal. Small trees and shrubs
along water-courses; in flower only, no fruit seen. Differing
sensibly in appearances from the species as found at Meadows
Creek, but similar in form to Onkaparinga type.
DRoOSERACER.
DROSERA BINATA, Labill. Occurring numerously in the marsh
and tributary water-courses wherever very moist; in full bloom,
6-10 in.
HALORAGER.
HALORAGIS MICRANTHA, R. Br. In marsh; numerous.
HALORAGIS TEUCROIDES, DC. Under trees and shrubs on dry
hill-sides.
*MYRIOPHYLLUM AMPHIBIUM, Labill. Tasmanian type. Species
new for South Australia; also occurring in the Onkaparinga
river near Clarendon, as found by writer. It grows on mud left
by the retreating water, germinating in December, and flowering
in January and later.
Myrraces.
*BaECKIA DIFFUSA, Sieber. Tasmanian type. Species new for
OF TASMANIAN PLANTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 77
South Australia. In dale at foot of hills and swampy in winter.
Minute shrub, always under shelter and hidden by Hibbertia
shrubs. Very rare; and in flower only.
LEPTOSPERMUM LANIGERUM, Aiton. Small-leaved variety ;
forming dense thickets near the flowing or stagnant water;
flowering profusely.
MELALEUCA DECUSSATA, F. v. Muell. Near foot of hills and
dry spots in swamp; dwarf form, from 3 inches to about 18;
no larger were seen; rather rare here. Numerous and large,
5-6 feet, nearer Adelaide, along rivers.
MzrALEUCA SQUAMEA, Labill. Rigid upright shrubs, forming
dense thicket in moist parts of swamp ; 2-4 feet high.
EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA, D’ Héritier. Summits of hills.
EUCALYPTUS COSMAPHYLLA, F. v. Muell. Dry hill-sides ; low
shrubs.
LYTHRACES.
LYTHRUM THYMIFOLIUM, L. Around edge of marsh.
ONAGRACE.
EPILOBIUM TETRAGONUM, L., var. PALLIDIFLORUM. In very
moist swampy creek ; in flower.
UMBELLIFER®.
HYDROCOTYLE HIRTA, R. Br. Numerous on banks of earth in
swamp.
XANTHOSIA DISSECTA, Hook. f. On stony and sandy dry
hill-sides; in bloom.
RUBIACER.
OrrncULARIA VARIA, R. Br. With the preceding; in fruit.
COMPOSITE.
CENTIPEDA ($ MYRIOGYNE) CUNNINGHAMI, F. v. Muell. Nu-
merous in swamp.
HELICHRYSUM OBTUSIFOLIUM, Muell. & Sander. Dry gravelly
hills ; a few still in flower.
HELICHRYSUM BLUNDOWSKIANUM, Steetz. Associated with
Banksia armata ; in flower.
HELICHRYSUM SEMIPAPPOSUM, DC. Hills, among shrubs;
rather scarce; in flower.
ERECHTHITES ARGUTA, DC. In a very moist creek ; rare.
78 MR. J. G. O. TEPPER ON THE DISCOVERY
STYLIDIEX.
STYLIDIUM GRAMINIFOLIUM, Sw. Very numerous and luxu-
riant in swamp, and in full bloom, while elsewhere long ago
past it.
GOODENOVIER.
GoODENIA GENICULATA, R. Br., var. LANATA. On dry and
rocky hill-sides; 1-2 in. in size.
SCÆVOLA ÆMULA, R. Br. Among Cyperaces in forest on
summit of hills; rare; in flower.
CAMPANULACER.
LOBELIA MICROSPERMA, F. v. Muell. Dry hill-sides ; in bud.
LOBELIA ANCEPS, Thunb. Everywhere in swamp, where dry.
LOBELIA PEDUNCULATA, R. Br. On edge of water, not common.
EPACRIDES.
STYPHELIA HUMIFUSA, Labill., var. DENTICULATA, F. v. Muell.
On dry hill-sides, just beginning to flower. I think this “var.”
is entitled to rank as a species.
STYPHELIA concurva, F. v. Muell. Only among quartzite
rocks near summit of hills ; a few yet in flow er.
ACROTRICHE SERRULATA, R. Dr. On dry hill-sides; in bud.
*BRACHYLOMA CILIATUM, Benth. Tasmanian type; species
new for South Australia. Low shrub, 6-9 in. ; rare on dry stony
hills ; beginning to flower.
SPRENGELIA INCARNATA, Smith. Forming dense thickets in
moister parts of swamp; 2-3 feet high; in flower and ripe fruit.
SCROPHULARIACEF.
EvrnunasrA Browni, F. v. Muell. On dry hill-sides, very
dwarf. The form in the marsh much larger, a few specimens still
flowering, most in fruit ; the flower of latter white outside, interior
nearly all yellow, which is not the case where occurring in serub
and had not been observed before by me.
LENTIBULARIACES.
UTRICULARIA prCHOTOMA, Labill. Very numerous in swamp
and in full bloom ; 2-9 in. high ; flower purple, but some were
seen perfectly white.
OF TASMANIAN PLANTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 79
POLYGONACE®.
PorvaoNvM minus, Hudson. In dense thickets of Melaleuca
&e., in very moist marshy rivulet; rare.
PROTEACE®.
ADENANTHUS TERMINALIS, R. Br. No specimen brought home;
thus the species is doubtful, as the plant usually is prostrate,
but the form noticed here grows upright, with the branches in
whorls almost at right angles to stem; height 1-3 feet, on dry
and rocky hills; no prostrate form was seen. In flower.
PERSOONIA JUNIPERINA, Labill. On dry and stony hill-sides ;
in full flower.
HAKEA rostrata, F. v. Muell. Plentiful in swamp and on
hill-sides.
BaNKSIA MARGINATA, Cav. Dwarf form, from 1-3 feet high
only ; on rocky hill-sides.
Banksia ORNATA, F. v. Muell. Sandy moist rises near the
edge of marsh. It occurs only on Tertiary sands and gravels,
and is very local, but then gregarious.
EUPHORBIACE®.
*MICRANTHEUM HEXANDRUM, Hook. f. Originally known
only from Tasmania ; and the genus is new for South Australia.
On dry gravelly hills; in fruit only. Small shrub, 3-4 inches
high.
PARANTHERA ERICOIDES, Klotzsch. At same locality as the
preceding, 6-12 in. high. Few plants in bloom, most in fruit
only.
*BARONIA PARVIFLORA, Smith. "Tasmanian plant; species new
to South Australia. On edge of marsh; low shrubby plant, 4-6
in. high ; under other shrubs ; not abundant.
Correa SPECIOSA, Andrews. Low shrub. Variety with rather
fleshy leaves, very hairy and dark brown on the underside. No
flowers or-fruit noticed.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
ORCHIDEA.
PRASOPHYLLUM PATENS, R. Br. Numerously in flower in
swamp, while elsewhere it had disappeared long before.
80 MR. J. G. O. TEPPER ON THE DISCOVERY
InrprER.
PaTERSONIA GLAUCA, R. Br. On dry sandy rises around edge
of swamp; numerous there; only in fruit; leaves cylindrical.
PaTERSONIA LONGISCAPA, Sweet. Dwarf variety. In wet parts
of swamp ; numerous ; in flower and fruit.
LILIACES.
THYSANOTUS DICHOTOMUS, R. Br. On hill-sides under shrubs ;
in full bloom, or fruiting.
TRICORYNE ELATIOR, R. Br. In sandy dry localities; flowers
much smaller than those seen before.
XYRIDIEE.
Xxnis oPERCULATA, Labill. Numerous in swamp where very
wet; 2-3 feet high ; in full bloom.
JUNCACEX.
JUNCUS PLANIFOLIUS, R. Br.
Juncus CXSPITOSUS, E. Meyer.
Juncus BUFONIUS, L., and a variety.
All in the moister parts of the swamp.
NAIADEE.
TRIGLOCHIN STRIATA, Ruiz d Pavon. Rare; along edge of
drain.
CENTROLEPIDEE.
CENTROLEPIS FAsCICULARIS, Labill. Along edge of drains;
scarce.
RESTIACER.
CarnasrRoPHUs ($ HYPOLÆNA) rasTIGrATUS, F, v. Muell.
Around edge of swamp.
*CALOSTROPHUS LATERIFLORUS, F. v. Muell. Tasmanian type.
Species new for South Australia. Gregarious in moister parts
of swamp ; 1-3 feet high.
CYPERACE E.
*CYPERUS GRACILIS, R. Dr. Tasmanian type. Species new
for South Australia. Rather scarce, along drains ; a very pretty
little plant, 2-3 in. high.
Scirpus INUNDATUS, Spreng. var.
*ScHGNUS TENUISSIMUS, Hook. f. Tasmanian type. Species
new for South Australia. Rare, in drier parts of the swamp.
OF TASMANIAN PLANTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 81
CLADIUM GLOMERATUM, R. Br.
CLADIUM TETRAQUETRUM, Hook. f.
*CLADIUM SCHGNOIDES, R. Br. Tasmanian type; species
new for South Australia. Numerous in drier patches in and
close around swamp.
CrADIUM JUNCEUM, R. Br.
*CAUSTIS PENTANDRA, R. Br. Tasmanian type. Genus new
for South Australia. On sandy dry hill-side among shrubs in
single plants ; rather scarce, 1-13 feet high ; in fruit.
GRAMINER.
EraGrostis BROWNII, Kunth.
AGROSTIS QUADRISETA, R. Br.
Poa CÆSPITOSA, Forster, var,
All in and around swamp where rather dry.
ACOTYLEDONES.
LYCOPODIACEE.
*LYCOPODIUM LATERALE, A. Br. Tasmanian type. Species
new for South Australia. Numerous in moist parts of swamp;
1-10 in. high ; in fruit.
FILIces,.
ScHIZEA BIFIDA, Swartz.
LInDSAYA LINEARIS, Swartz.
Bothnumerously associated with the Lycopodium and Utricularia.
PTERIS AQUILINA, L. Hill-sides in patches.
LOMARIA CAPENSIS, Willdenow. Along a creek escaping from
swamp.
ASPLENIUM FLABELLIFOLIUM, Cav. Near edge of swamp and
creeks.
Meadows Creek, January 1882.
*HIBBERTIA HIRSUTA, Benth. Tasmanian type. Species new
for South Australia. Small prostrate shrub on flat, under Bank-
sia-trees; only seen in fruit; rare.
MrnzroPHYLLUM vARIIFOLIUM, Hook. f.; CALLISTEMON coc-
cINEUS, F. v. Muell.; HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA, L.; Erynerum
vESICULOSUM, Labill.; POTAMOGETON, sp. (probably P. natans) ;
Juncus PAUCIFLORUS, R. Br. ; CENTROLEPIS ARISTATA, Roem. &
Schultes; and LEPIDOSPERMA LATERALE, A. Br., var. linearis.
82 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON THE
*CAREX INVERSA, R. Br. Tasmanian type; species new for
South Australia. In flower and fruit; rare.
Cynopon, sp. (Dactylon, Richard? var. ?), and SELAGINELLA
PnEISSIANA, Spring. Rare.
The following plants, not included in the list, were reserved
for further examination &c. by Baron F. von Mueller, viz. :—
Cladium sp., no. 80; Carex sp., no. 93 (meadows) ; Xerotes sp.,
no. 77; Chara sp., no. 95; Tremella sp., no. 102 (meadows) ;
and Hypnum sp., no. 32.
Additions to the Lichens of the ‘Challenger ' Expedition.
By the Rev. J. M. Cromaie, F.L.S.
[Read December 21, 1882.]
Tue following Lichens from different localities visited by the
‘Challenger, which were inadvertently placed in the packets
containing Mosses &c., have to be added to those previously
` enumerated by me in Linn. Soc. Journ., Bot. vol. xvi. pp. 211-231.
Teneriffe.
1. STEREOCAULON SPIJEROPHOROIDES, Tuck. On volcanic rocks.
Well fertile.
2. CLADONIA PYXIDATA, var. CHLOROPHMA, Floerke. On the
ground amongst mosses. Sterile.
3. Usnea FLORIDA (Z.). On small branches of trees. Sterile.
4. PARMELIA PERLATA (L.). On decayed branches of trees.
Sterile.
5. PARMELIA PERLATA, var. CILIATA (Scher.). Amongst mosses
on rocks. Sterile.
6. LoBARIA PULMONARIA (Z.). On trees. Sterile.
. PELTIGERA CANINA, var. MEMBRANACEA (dch.). On the ground
amongst mosses. Fertile.
-I
8. PELTIGERA RUFESCENS, Hoffm. On the ground amongst mosses.
Fertile.
9. NEPHROMIUM LÆVIGATUM (Ach.). On trunks of trees.
Fertile.
LICHENS OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 83
10. PHYSCIA LEUCOMELA, var. ANGUSTIFOLA, Mey. Y Flot. On
rocks. Sterile.
Bermuda.
1. *CLapoNIA PUNGENS (Floerke). On the ground. Sterile.
Island of Ascension.
1. Puyscra FLAVICANS (Sw.). On rocks. Sterile.
2. PHYSCIA LEUCOMELA, var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Mey. & Flot. On
the ground amongst rocks. Sterile.
Patagonia.
1. LADINA SYLVATICA, var. PYCNOCLADA (Pers.). On the ground.
Otway Harbour. Sterile.
2. STICTA URVILLEI, var. ORYGMJEOIDES, Wyl. On trunks of trees.
Otway Harbour. Fertile.
Philippine Islands.
1. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (L.) On trees. Malanipa Island.
Fertile.
2. AsCIDIUM MONOBACTRIUM, Nyl. On thin bark. Malanipa.
Lzcor»gA MosELEYr, Cromb., sp. n. Thallus cinerascens,
tenuis, rugulosus, continuus; apothecia nigra, superficialia
(latit. 1-2 millim.), immarginata, sspe subplacoide, obsolete
radiatim insculpta, intus obscura; spore 8næ, incolores, fusi-
formes, 3-septatz, longit. circiter 0'026 millim., crassit. 0:007
millim. ; epithecium lutescens; hypothecium luteo-fuscescens.
Iodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens, dein fulvescens.—Species
distincta e stirpe Lecidee premnee.
On the ground. Camigain Island.
4. Grapuis ArzELI, Ach. On branches. Malanipa.
5. GnaPHIS SCRIPTA, f. PULVERULENTA, Ach. On thin bark.
Malanipa.
6. VERRUCARIA HETEROCHROA, Mont. On trunks of trees. Ma-
lanipa.
7. TRYPETHELIUM SPRENGELII, Ach. On bark. Malanipa.
84 MR. J. G. O. TEPPER ON A MALFORMATION OF
Remarkable Malformation of the Leaves of Beyeria opaca, F. v.
Muell., var. linearis (Bentham, Flora Austr. vi. 65). By J.
G. Orro TrprÉn, F.L.S.
[Read November 2, 1882.]
(Puate XXI.)
Nom having met with any deseription of the remarkable shapes
into which the narrow linear leaves of the plant are transformed,
of which the accompanying figures will give a faithful idea, and
at a time when few observers are in the field it is hoped that
the following notes will be of interest.
The typical form of Beyeria opaca, F. v. Muell. (Euphorbiacez),
is found in a narrow belt along the eastern coast of St. Vincent's
Gulf, as a low spreading shrub 12-3 feet high, seldom or never
occurring away from the direct influence of the sea-breeze. Its
leaves are narrow, and scarcely above half an inch in length. The
flowers appear in May and June, and are very numerous. On
the opposite shore, along the coast of Yorke's Peninsula, it
occurs likewise in like character at the lower levels ; but further
from the sea, near the summits of the low hills, its place is taken
by a species or variety closely resembling in habit &c., if not
identical with, the much taller B. viscosa, attaining a height of
5—6 feet.
Neither of the above two species has been noticed by the
writer on the banks of the Onkaparinga river (which, rising east-
ward of Adelaide in the Mount-Lofty range, falls into St. Vincent's
Gulf about 16 miles south of Adelaide); but a near relation,
B. opaca, F. v. Muell., var. linearis, occurs among the vegetation
lining the watercourse. In appearance it is quite distinct from
the first two named, and apparently does not occur intermixed
with them. Its mature leaves are 12-2 inches long, and about
one line wide, linear, the extremity obtuse, margin recurved, and
the narrow spaces between the midrib and the margin white with
minute pubescence ; the lateral ribs are undistinguishable. The
flowers are not so fleshy as those of the former, and fewer; the
peduncle and calyx are much longer and more attenuated ; and
their flowering-season is in September and October. Moreover
the habit is very different, the stem and branches being straight,
slender, erect, and attaining a height of 3—4 feet and more. For
these reasons the plant may probably be held to have a claim to
specific rank.
THE LEAVES OF BEYERIA LINEARIS. 85
A short time ago a peculiar look about its foliage attracted
attention, it appearing to be plentifully interspersed with large
greenish flowers! On examination it turned out that these
pseudo-floral shapes were nothing but very curiously regular
malformations of the leaves, bearing some resemblance (especially
where the plant is dwarfed) to some papilionaceous flowers with
the wings removed, and also to the galea of certain species of
Pterostylis.
The midrib of the leaf is strongly developed and recurved to-
wards the stalk ; the margin has evidently been retarded in growth,
but, on the contrary, the space between it and the midrib greatly
extended, viz. from 3-10 times its dimension, over which the lateral
ribs extend in the normal leaf, also strongly developed. Thus
a kind of inverted pitcher is produced, whose trumpet-shaped
opening is turned downwards or sideways, never upwards. (See
figs. 1-4.) Their size varies according to age, development, &c.,
but ranges between 4 and ? of an inch in length, and about one
third of that measure in the other directions. Their pale green
to light yellow tint contrasts well with the dark glabrous green
of the upper, and the white of the lower surfaces of the leaves,
and renders them very conspicuous, while strongly marked ribs
render their resemblance to an orchidaceous flower rather striking.
It 1s to be noticed, however, that the interior shows scarcely any
trace of the ribs. I cannot remember having ever noticed similar
regular malformations of the leaves in the two other forms of
Beyeria mentioned above; it appears therefore that they are
peculiar to Beyeria linearis.
What causes them? Apparently a minute fungus inhabiting
the interior, and therefore the protected part, of the pitcher. Ex-
amining this, there may be noticed a delicate whitish dust, as if it
were slightly sprinkled with flour. The most deeply seated por-
tions in some specimens are also seen to be thickly covered with
microscopic threads crossing each other at and near right angles
(somewhat resembling spiders’ web), and entangling in great num-
bers rod-like brownish-yellow spores scarcely visible even under a
magnifying power of above 100. The length of these spores
exceeds the width; and the ends are not rounded, but sharply
angular.
Seraping a minute portion of the surface outside of the area
where this web predominated (say =’; of an inch) and submit-
ting it toa magnifying power of about 220, the whole field of
86 MALFORMATION OF THE LEAVES OF BEYERIA LINEARIS.
the microscope presented a maze of most beautiful mycelium,
the extending branches of which seemed invariably to bifurcate at
an angle of (or near) 60?, with short ones, consisting of one to
several celis, at right angles to the main direction.
The more slender portions of the * stem" and most of the
branches showed a distinct bead-like cell-strueture, while in the
wider parts the cells appeared to have joined consecutively by
absorption of the adjoining cell-wall. An outer and inner in-
tegument could be plainly discerned, and an irregular canal
extending within the latter, filled with the brownish-yellow rod-
like bodies noted above as entangled among the threads of the
web mentioned (or something extremely similar, but much smaller).
The prevailing form of the cells appeared to be that of a trape-
zium ; but rhombic and hexagonal forms were by no means rare.
The works of reference at my command are not sufficient to
determine even the genus ; thus I am unable to assign a name to
this remarkable object, but hope that the sketch and the accom-
panying specimen will suffice to enable one of the distinguished
mycologists of the Linnean Society to assign a suitable appella-
tion to it. If new, I would beg to suggest to name it specifically
after my highly valued friend Mr. Thomas D. Smeaton, of Adelaide,
who has most unobtrusively for many years promoted micro-
scopical studies very assiduously, and to whom I am very much
obliged for placing a valuable microscope at my command.
[JVote.—The sketch and specimen sent by the author were
insufficient to determine the fungus; the former is therefere
omitted. |
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI.
Fig. 1. Branchlet of Beyería opaca, F. v. Muell, var. lincaris, showing the
peculiar flower-like malformations of the leaves in various stages
and positions; slightly enlarged.
Fig. 2. Single form, lateral view, x2.
Fig. 3. The same as seen from above, X2.
Fig. 4. The same from below, X3.
The drawings were made from fresh specimens by the author.
ON THE FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 87
Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar.—Part I. Polypetale.
By J. G. Barn, F.R.S., F.L.S.
[Read November 16, 1882.]
(Puates XXII. & XXIII.)
DunrsG the last few years our resident English collectors have
worked energetically in the exploration of the botany of Mada-
gascar, principally of the elevated central provinces. In the
* Journal of Botany’ for 1882 I described a selection of the prin-
cipal novelties sent home by the Rev. R. Baron and Dr. Parker
up to the autumn of 1881. Since that date several fresh boxes
have arrived from Mr. Baron, carrying up his eollecting-numbers
to above 2100; and Dr. Parker, who is now in England on
account of his health, has brought home a considerable quantity
of additional material. The present paper contains a notice of
the most interesting Polypetale which these new contributions
include, with a few additions from other sources. Type specimens
of all the novelties described will be found in the Kew Herba-
rium, and a large number of them also at the British Museum;
and I hope at some future time to deal with the Monopetale,
Incompletz, and Monocotyledones of the same collections.
THALAMIFLORE.
CLEMATIS DISSECTA, N. sp.
Scandens, ramulis gracillimis apice pilosis, foliis trifidis petiolatis seg-
mentis deltoideis decompositis lobis ultimis parvis linearibus acutis, flori-
bus solitariis axillaribus longe pedunculatis, pedunculis folio subequilongis,
sepalis oblongis margine tomentosis, staminibus quam flos duplo brevi-
oribus, carpellis dense albo-pilosis.
A climbing shrub, with very slender branchlets, pilose only
towards the tip. Leaves opposite, petioled, tripartite, glabrous,
each division deltoid, under an inch long and broad, with a petio-
lule nearly as long as the lamina, the ultimate segments lanceo-
late, acute, j-Lin.long. Flowers solitary, on ascending axillary
peduncles about as long as the leaves, with a small compound
bract below the middle. Sepals oblong, above 3 in. long. Sta-
mens half as long as the sepals; filaments flattened, pilose ;
anthers oblong. Carpels in the flowering stage as long as the
stamens; the ovary and lower part of the style densely pilose.
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX. H
SS MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Fruit unknown.—Central Madagascar, Baron 2037! Allied to
C. pimpinellifolia, Hook. Ic. t. 77, amore robust plant with much
less compound leaves, known only in the fruiting stage (Lyall
108). I feel satisfied that Tildebrandt’s 8062, referred by
Hoffmann to C. grata, Wall., is quite distinct from the Indian
species.
WORMIA ARTOCARPIFOLIA, n. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis glabris, foliis longe petiolatis late oblongis obtusis basi
rotundatis obscure serrulatis utrinque viridibus facie glabris dorso obscure
sericeis venis primariis rectis erecto-patentibus 9-10-jugis, floribus 6-8 in
spicas densas scorpioideas pedunculo sericco dispositis, sepalis obovatis
obtusis dorso sericeis, petalis obovatis, antheris linearibus filamento brevi
applanato, carpellis circiter 10 angustis.
A tree, with moderately stout woody terete branchlets. Pe-
tiole about 3 in. long ; blade 6-9 in. long, 4—5 in. broad, rounded
at both ends, thick and coriaceous in texture, green and quite
glabrous on the upper surface when mature, obscurely silky
mainly on the erecto-patent main veins beneath, the main veins
connected by fine oblique distinct anastomosing veinlets. Flowers
6-8, in a close terminal unilateral scorpioid spike, on a silky
peduncle 1-2 in. long, seen in the bud-stage only. Sepals 3 in.
long, much imbricated, rigidly coriaceous, very obtuse, silky on
the back. Petals obovate. Stamens very numerous, uniform, as
long as the petals, with long linear anthers and short free flattened
filaments. Carpels about 10, seen only in a very young state.
—Forest between Tankay and the east coast, 40 miles from the
latter, Baron 1596!
TETRACERA PAUCIFLORA, 1. Sp.
T. ramulis pilosis, foliis subsessilibus oblanceolato-oblongis obtusis inte-
gris rigide coriaceis utrinque parce pilosis, floribus 1-3nis terminalibus,
sepalis 4 late oblongis glabris, petalis oblongo-spathulatis calyei aqui-
longis, fructu folliculari piloso.
A woody climber, with slender branchlets, pilose towards the
tip. Leaves alternate, with a short petiole winged down to the
base, 2-3 in. long, #-1 in. broad above the middle, obscurely
pilose on both surfaces, with 5-G-jugate ascending parallel main
veins distinct nearly to the margin. Flowers terminal, shortly
peduneled, solitary or capitate. Sepals 4, 1 in. long, 1 in. broad,
much imbrieated, persistent, densely pilose inside, Petals not
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 89
protruded beyond the sepals. Filaments unequal in length, gla-
brous, filiform, club-shaped at the tip. Follicles 4, pilose, oblong,
rigidly coriaceous, 3 in. long, tipped with the straight indurated
persistent style.—Majunga, on the west coast, Commodore Wyke-
ham Perry, gathered in July 1879. Allied to T. Boiviniana,
Baillon in Adansonia, vii. 300, t. 7.
ALSODEIA ARBOREA, Thouars.
This has been refound by Mr. Baron (1609) in woods between
Tankay and the east coast. It is fully described by Tulasne in
Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 309. Celastrus nossibeus, O. Hoffm.
Sert. Madag. p. 12, founded on Hildebrandt’s no. 3176, is cer-
tainly not a Celastrus, but an Alsodeia, and, I believe, identical
with A. squamosa, Boivin; Tulasne, loc. cit. p. 307.
PoLYGALA MUCRONATA, n. sp.
Perennis, caspitosa, ramulis brevibus breviter pilosis, foliis breviter
petiolatis orbiculari-oblongis obscure pilosis obtusis mucronatis, racemis
laxis paucifloris terminalibus, bracteis caducis, pedicellis calyci subzequi-
longis, sepalis oblongis omnibus viridibus, alis exterioribus sepala duplo
superantibus, carina lata apice cristata alis paulo longiore, capsula orbiculari.
A minute densely tufted perennial herb, with slender shortly
pilose ascending or spreading stems, not more than 2-3 in. long.
Leaves j in. long, shortly petioled, moderately firm in texture,
dull green, minutely pilose on both surfaces. Racemes 5-6-
flowered, the lower flowers from the axils of fully developed
leaves. Inner sepals oblong, mucronate, j in. long, white-edged,
just like the outer in texture and colour. Keel very broad, Lin.
long, red-purple, copiously crested at the tip. Capsule orbicular,
not seen fully developed.—Central Madagascar, Baron 2147!
Allied to P. irregularis, Boiss.
PoLYGALA EMIRNENSIS, Baker.
Perennis, glabra, ramis elongatis gracillimis, foliis lanceolatis brevissime
petiolatis, racemis terminalibus multifloris laxis subsecundis, pedicellis
brevissimis, bracteis minutis deltoideis persistentibus, alis obovatis peta-
loideis rubellis quam sepala exteriora 3-4plo longioribus, carina alis æqui-
longa apice cristata, capsual obovata emarginata.
A densely-tufted perennial herb, with very slender trailing or
ascending stems 6-9 in. long. Leaves nearly sessile, 1-1 in.
long, narrowed to both ends, moderately firm in texture, 1-nerved,
bright green, glabrous. Racemes free from the leaves, moderately
n 2
90 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
dense, about an inch long; pedicels very short; bracts minute,
deltoid. Outer sepals oblong, obtuse, green, white-edged, 2 line
long; wings 2 in. long, obovate-unguiculate, nearly white, with
a green keel and two faint green inarching nerves. Keel pinkish,
not longer than the wings, densely fimbriated at the tip. Cap-
sule obovate, not scen fully mature.—Central Madagascar, Baron
2123! A near ally of P. abyssinica, Fresen., and P. leptalea, DC.
SYMPHONIA (SCunysoprra) MErLEmr, n. sp.
Glabra, ramulis crassis, foliis subsessilibus obovatis obtusis basi cuneatis
rigide coriaceis venis crebris subtilibus erecto-patentibus, floribus termi-
nalibus umbellatis, bracteis magnis obtusis, pedicellis crassis flori æqui-
longis, calycis magni segmentis orbicularibus valde imbricatis, disco quam
calyx duplo breviore, dentibus staminiferis lanceolatis quam tubus duplo
brevioribus, stigmatibus elongatis cylindrieis erecto-patentibus.
An erect tree 20-40 feet high, glabrous in all its parts, with
thick straight woody ultimate branchlets, with grey epidermis.
Leaves 2-3 in. long, 1-1} in. broad, very obtuse, thick and
rigidly coriaceous, narrowed gradually from the middle to the
base, with fine close erecto-patent simple or forked veins visible
on both surfaces. Flowers in whorls of five or six at the tip of
the stout branchlets, surrounded by a whorl of obovate or sub-
orbicular bracts 3-3 in. long; pedicels about 2 in. long, straight,
stout, erect, articulated at the base. Calyx din. long; segments
suborbicular, much imbricated. Petals pink, fleshy, orbicular,
under an inch long. Disk eupular, half as long as the calyx.
Stamens united in a tube 4 in. Jong, with 5 lanceolate segments
half as long as the tube. Style with 5 erecto-patent forks l in.
Jong.— Between Tamatave and Antananarivo, in marsh-lands by a
river, Dr. Meller, gathered in 1862.
SYMPHONIA ($ CHRYSOPIA) PAUCIFLORA, n. sp.
Glabra, ramulis gracillimis, foliis petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis acumi-
natis subcoriaceis venis crebris subtilibus erecto-patentibus, floribus soli-
tariis axillaribus et terminalibus flor subzquilongis, calycis parvi seg-
wentis ovatis valde imbricatis, disco cupulato calyci subzequilongo, dentibus
stamineis lingulatis quam tubus 2-3plo brevioribus, lobis stigmatosis
brevibus stellatim patulis.
An erect tree, glabrous in ali its parts, with very slender
straight branehleis. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, 13-2 in.
long, 3 in. broad at the middle, deltoid at the base, narrowed gra-
dually into along point, subcoriaceous, with fine close erecto-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 91
patent veins connected by a vein just within the margin. Flowers
solitary, on erecto-patent slender axillary or terminal pedicels
3-2 in. long. Calyx i in. long, 1 in. broad; segments coriaceous,
obtuse, much imbricated. Stamens with a cylindrical tube } in.
long, and 5 lingulate lobes bearing 3 anthers each. Stigmatic
lobes oblong-lanceolate, stellately patent, not more than j line
long.— Woods between Tankay and the east coast, Baron 1526 a!
SYMPHONIA (§ CiinYsoPIA) EUGENIOIDES, n. sp.
Glabra, ramulis gracilibus, foliis petiolatis oblongis acutis basi rotundatis
coriaceis venulis crebris subtilibus erecto-patentibus, floribus solitariis ter-
minalibus, pedicellis flori subequilongis, calycis parvi dentibus ovatis
imbricatis, disco cupulato quam calyx longiore, dentibus stamineis lanceo-
latis quam tubus duplo brevioribus, lobis stigmatosis lanceolatis stellatim
patentibus.
An erect tree, with slender woody branches. Leaves oppo-
site, distinctly petioled, rigidly coriaceous, 2-253 in. long, 1-14 in.
"broad at the middle, rounded at the base, with fine close distinct
ascending veins, connected by an intramarginal nerve. Flowers
few, solitary, on moderately stout terminal pedicels about 3 in.
long. Calyx jin. broad, j in. long, with 5 ovate slightly im-
bricated coriaceous teeth. Staminal tube } in. long, with 5 lan-
ceolate teeth 4 in. long, bearing 3 anthers each. Cupular disk
din. long. Stigmatic lobes lanceolate, twice as long as in S. pauci-
flora.— Woods between Tankay and the east coast, Baron 1638 a!
A near ally of the last species.
SYMPHONIA (S CHRYSOPIA) LEPIDOCARPA, n. 8p.
Fruticosa, glabra, ramulis confertis, foliis parvis rigide eoriaceis breviter
petiolatis obovato-oblongis obtusis, floribus solitariis terminalibus brevis-
sime pedicellatis, sepalis minutis orbicularibus late imbricatis, ovario
ovoideo obliquo squamis minutis peltatis aduatis lepidoto, stylo brevi,
stigmatibus 5 lanceolatis patulis stylo aquilongis.
A small shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with crowded branch-
lets. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, green and glabrous on both sur-
faces, 4 in. long, 4 in. broad, obtuse, narrowed gradually from
ihe middle to the top of a very short petiole. Flowers solitary
at the end of the branchlets, on a pedicel j-} in. long. Calyx
2 line long, of 5 orbicular coriaceous imbricated sepals. Petals
not seen. Mature ovary under 3 in. long, covered with spaced
minute brownish adnate entire membranous peltate scales;
style cylindrical, 2 line long; stigmas 5, lanceolate, patulous.—
92 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Central Madagascar, in forests of the province of Imerina, Baron
1317! A near ally of Chrysopia microphylla, Cambess, Mem.
Guttif. et Ternstróm. tab. 4.
GARCINIA ($ MANGOSTANA) PAUCIFLORA, D. sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis magnis obovato-oblongis sub-
coriaceis subacutis venis primariis ascendentibus venulis perspicuis crebris
subparallelis connexis, floribus foemineis 2-3 terminalibus brevissime
pedicellatis, sepalis 4 coriaceis decussatis orbicularibus valde imbricatis,
ovario subgloboso staminodiis liberis circiter 20 cincto, stigmate magno
peltato margine 8-lobato. i
An erect tree, with stoutish straight branchlets, glabrous in all
its parts. Leaves opposite; petiole 4 in. ; blade subcoriaceous,
5-6 in. long, 2 in. broad, deltoid at the base, bright green and
glabrous on both surfaces, the ascending main veins connected by
close very oblique subparallel fine veinlets. Female flowers at
the end of the branchlets on very short pedicels. Calyx 3 in.
long; sepals orbicular, coriaceous. Petals notseen. Ovary sub-
orbicular, about as long as the sepals, crowned by a sessile peltate
stigma 4 in. in diam., with about 8 deltoid contiguous lobes
and surrounded by a ring of about 20 minute free rudimentary
stamens.— Forest of Alamazaotra, Baron 1382!
GARCINIA (§ MANGOSTANA) MELLERI, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis petiolatis magnis obovato-oblongis obtusis, venis
primariis ascendentibus venulis occultis, floribus foemineis racemosis,
sepalis 4 coriaceis decussatis orbicularibus, ovario oblongo staminodiis
liberis circiter 20 cincto, stigmate magno peltato 4-lobato.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with stout ultimate branchlets.
Petiole an ineh long. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, bright green
and glossy above, 6-8 in. long, 2-3 in, broad, deltoid at the base,
with numerous rather ascending main veins, the intermediate
veinlets not visible. Female flowers in sparse racemes at the
end of the branchlets, on erecto-patent pedicels above $ in long.
Sepals coriaceous, finally reflexing, 1 in. long. Petals not seen.
Ovary oblong, finally $-2 in. long, 3 in. in diam., surrounded by
a ring of free rudimentary stamens, crowned by a 4-lobed peltate
stigma 1-1 in. in diam.— Central Madagascar, Baron! Between
Tamatave and Antananarivo, Dr. Weller! Both this and the pre-
ceding are near allies of the well-known Malayan G. Mango-
stana, L.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR, 93
PsonosPERMUM VENULOSUM, Baker.
P. ramulis glabris, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis acutis parvis glabris
dorso pulchre venulosis, cymis 6-12-floris breviter pedunculatis, pedicellis
pilosis flore longioribus, sepalis ovatis acutis, staminibus circiter 15 penta-
delphis.
A much-branched shrub, with slender terete woody branchlets
glabrous up to the tip, ancipitous below the nodes. Petiole
i-l in. blade 1-1} in. long, euspidate, rounded or deltoid at
the base, quite glabrous, thin in texture, bright green on ihe
face, the veins and veinlets distinetly visible on the under sur-
face, anastomosing in intramarginal arches. Peduncle not more
than lin.; pedicels j-L in., ferrugineo-pilose. Sepals & in. long,
very acute, pilose on the back, with copious black dots and lines.
Petals oblong, subacute, half as long again as the calyx, hairy on
the face and edge. Phalanges of stamens as long as the calyx,
strap-shaped, pilose. ILypogynous scales lingulate, 3—4 as long
as the stamens. Styles as long as the ovary, connate at the base.
Berry not seen.—Central Madagascar, Bojer !
PsoROSPERMUM BRACHYPODUM, N. Sp.
P. ramulis glabris, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis acutis magnis integris
glabris, cymis multifloris brevissime pedunculatis, pedicellis pilosis quam
flos paulo longioribus, sepalis ovalis acutis, staminibus circiter 15 pentadel-
phis, baecis parvis ovoideis.
A much-branched shrub, with dark-brown perfectly glabrous
woody ultimate branchlets, dilated and ancipitous below the
nodes. Petiole lin., blade 4-6 in. long, quite entire, 14-3 in.
broad at the middle, narrowed gradually to the base and acute
point, quite glabrous, bright green on the face, so firin in texture
that the pellueid dots are hidden, with about 10 pairs of distinetly
marked erecto-patent main veins. Flowers 20-30 in a dense
cyme; peduncles at most j in., pedicels ġ-} in. long. Szpals
;\; in. long, pilose, with copious brown lines and dots. Phalanges
of stamens not quite as long as the sepals. Berry ovoid, glabrous,
l in, in diam. when dried, with 4-5 cells with oas seed in each.
Styles in the fruiting stage not more than 3, ia. long.—St. Mary,
South Madagascar, Forbes !
PsOROSPERMUM FERROVESTITU M, n. Sp.
P. ramulis pilosis, foliis parvis breviter petiolatis facie viridibus subeal-
vatis dorso persistenter ferrugineo-tomentosis, eymis multifloris breviter
94. MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
pedunculatis, pedicellis flore longioribus, sepalis ovato-lanceolatis acutis
ferrugineo-tomentosis, petalis breviter exsertis, staminibus 15 pentadelphis
calyci zquilongis.
An erect tree, with crowded slender terete branchlets, coated
with short ferruginous hairs. Leaves not more than an inch
long, distinctly petioled, subcoriaceous, green and subglabrous
above when mature, densely coated beneath with persistent bright
ferruginous tomentum. Cymes copious, shortly peduncled, 10-
15-flowered. Calyx 4 in. long, densely ferrugineo-tomentose
Petals oblong, little longer than the calyx, copiously black-
dotted. Stamens 4 in. long, in five bundles of three each ; united
filaments pilose; anthers minute, orbieular. Ovary pilose.
Fruit not seen.— Central Madagascar, Baron!
PsonosPERMUM FORBESII, n. sp.
P. ramulis glabris, foliis oblongis subacutis integris sessilibus vel brevis-
sime petiolatis utrinque glaberrimis, cymis multifloris breviter peduncu-
latis, pedicellis elongatis ferrugineo-pilosis, sepalis ovatis acutis, staminibus
circiter 15 pentadelphis, baccis ovoideis.
A much-branched shrub, 4-5 feet high, with wcody slender
bright brown branchlets, dilated and flattened below the nodes.
Leaves reaching a length of 2-3 inches, 1-2 in. broad, rounded at
the base, thin in texture, with copious black dots, the 6-8-jugate
rather ascending main veins fine but distinct. Peduncles not
above 3 in. long; pedicels finally as long, both ferrugineo-pilose.
Sepals } in. long, pilose, with copious black lines and dots. Petals
oblong, hairy on the face, half as long again as the calyx. Pha-
langes of stamens as long as the sepals, the united filaments
strap-shaped and pilose. Hypogynous scales lingulate, 3-4 a8
long as the stamens. Ovary ovoid glabrous, the distinctly capi-
tate styles not more than 4j line long.—Cape St. Mary, on
the south coast, Forbes; and gathered twice by Gerrard, 13!
and 148!
PSOROSPERMUM PAUCIFLORUM, n. sp.
P. ramulis glabris, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis
integris basi cuneatis utrinque glabris, cymis 6 8-floris breviter peduncu-
latis, pedicellis brevibus, sepalis elliptieis obtusis dorso pilosis, staminibus
circiter 15 pentadelphis, baccis globosis.
A much-branched shrub, with slender glabrous woody brown
ultimate branchlets, thickened and flattened below the nodes.
Petioles 1-] in., blade 2-3 in. long, 3-1 in. broad at the middle,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 95
narrowed gradually to the base and aeute point, quite glabrous
on both surfaces, so thick in texture that no glandular dots are
visible, and the distant erecto-patent main veins are fine and faint.
Pedunele at most i in. long; pedicels not more than j-1 in.
Sepals j in. long, with many black dots and lines. Petals a little
longer than the sepals, elliptic, subacute, hairy on the face. Pha-
langes of stamens shorter than the sepals. Berry glabrous, 1 in.
in diam., with a single half-orbicular laterally flattened seed 4 in.
long in each of the five cells.— Central Madagascar, Baron
450!
PsoROSPERMUM MICROCARPUM, n. sp.
P. ramulis glabris, foliis distincte petiolatis late ellipticis parvis subinte-
gris facie glabris dorso tenuiter pilosis, cymis 5-6-floris terminalibus
breviter pedunculatis, pedicellis quam flos paulo longioribus, sepalis ovato-
oblongis obtusis, staminibus circiter 15 pentadelphis, baccis parvis glo-
bosis.
A much-branched sbrub with slender drab terete branchlets.
Petiole 1 in. long; blade 1-11 in. long, 2-1 in. broad, moderately
firm in texture, green on both surfaces, not perceptibly gland-
dotted, with 6-7 pairs of distinctly marked ascending main veins,
Peduncles not more than 3 in. long; pedicels j-l in., thinly
pilose. Calyx ;l in. long, spreading from the berry, hairy on
the outside. Phalanges of stamens as long as the sepals. Berry
glabrous, i-l in. in diam. in the dried specimens. Styles jl; in.
long, with a distinctly capitate stiyma.—Central Madagascar,
Rev. R. Baron, received Oct. 1881.
All these five species of Psorospermum, along with P. Fanerana
and P. androsemifolium, described in Trimen’s * Journal,’ 1882,
p. 19, belong to a group different from any of those of Spach,
marked by stamens in five bundles, nearly always 3 in each, and
non-coriaceous entire leaves greenish on both surfaces: There is
a misprint, Joc. cit., in the description of P. androsemifolium, of
which the calyx is 4; in., not 1 in. long. The flowers of Psoro-
spermum never rival in size our familiar Hypericums.
Ruoporrsa ALTIVOLA, Thouars, Hist. t. 13.
Mr. Baron has been fortunate enough to rediscover this finest
of all the Chlenads, which, so far as we know, has not been
gathered since its original discovery by Du Petit Thouars nearly
a century ago. The following description is drawn up from the
specimens which he has sent home (nos. 1980! and 2173 !).
96 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
A shrub, apparently erect, glabrous in all its parts, with terete
branchlets. Stipules minute, deciduous, deltoid. Leaves alter-
nate, shortly petioled, oblong, obtuse, 2-3 in. long, subcoria-
eeous, with erecto-patent main veins anastomosing in distinct
arches a space within the margin. Flowers solitary or in pairs
on a terminal peduncle 1-13 in. long; involucre with 4 minute
deltoid lobes; pedicels very short; flowers each with a pair of
minute deltoid bracteoles at the base. Calyx 3 in. long, with three
orbicular or obovate-obtuse much imbricated oblique coriaceous
segments. Expanded corolla 2 in. in diam; petals 5, obovate-
spathulate, bright purple, 2 in. long, lin. broad. Stamens about
20, very unequal in length, the longest half as long as the petals;
filaments filiform, glutinous, free down to the base; anthers
minute, orbicular, attached by the middle of the back. Ovary
globose, glabrous, 3-celled. Style filiform, above an inch long.
Fruit not seen.
XEROCHLAMYS PILOSA, Baker in Trimen’s Journ. 1882, p. 45.
Mr. Baron has twice again (nos. 947 and 1873) gathered this
new genus, which differs from Leptolena not only in involucre
and fruit, but also by its indefinite stamens. Some of the later
specimens show as many as ten teeth to the involucre; but I
think all the three numbers belong to one and the same species.
It is figured in Hooker's Icones, tab. 1413.
LEPTOLENA PAUCIFLORA, n. sp.
L. ramulis pilosis, folis brevissime petiolatis parvis suborbicularibus
obtusis, floribus paucis vel solitariis terminalibus brevissime pedicellatis,
involucri glabri subglobosi dentibus 6-8 minutis deltoideis.
A mueh-brauched shrub, with very slender densely pilose
woody ultimate branchlets. Petiole not more than half a line
long, densely pilose; blade 4-3 in. long, broadly rounded at
both ends, coriaceous, rigid, green and glabrous on both sur-
faces. Flowers few together on very short pilose pedicels at
the end of the branchlets. Involucre surrounding the immature
fruit a glabrous coriaceous dark-brown cup 4-1 in. long and
broad, probably rather fleshy in the living plant, with 6-8
minute deltoid teeth. Sepals 3, orbicular, densely pilose on the
back, 4 in. long. Petals oblong, dark purple, glabrous, as long
as the calyx. Stamens about 10, exserted finally a little from
the involuere, with filiform filaments and minute orbicular an-
thers. Immature capsule hard, globose, densely pilose, filling up
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 97
the involucre.—Between Tamatave and Antananarivo, gathered
by Dr. Meller in July 1862, a single specimen in immature fruit ;
and lately rediscovered by Mr. Baron in forests of the provinee
of Imerina (1390). Very different from the single known type
species of Thouars, L. multiflora, by its few flowers and small
obtuse leaves. L. multiflora has been gathered by Bojer, Forbes,
and lately in the north-west of the island by Hildebrandt (3306) ;
but none of our specimens show the mature fruit.
LEPTOLENA TURBINATA, D. Sp.
L. ramulis minute pilosis, foliis brevissime petiolatis parvis obovato-
oblongis rigide coriaceis, floribus solitariis terminalibus brevissime pedicel-
latis, involucro glabro turbinato dentibus minutis fructum pilosum invol-
vente persistente.
A much-branched shrub, with slender terete crowded woody
branchlets. Leaves alternate, minutely petioled, 4 in. long,
obtuse, sometimes distinctly emarginate at the apex, deltoid
at the base, rigidly coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on both
surfaces, with crecto-patent main veins anastomosing by arches
just within the margin. Flowers terminal, on very short pilose
peduncles. Involuere a glabrous bright brown turbinate per-
sistent cup 1 in. long, closing in over the pilose capsule, which
completely fills it; the teeth at throat minute and obscure.—East
coast of Madagascar, Baron 1560! A near ally of the preceding
species.
SCHIZOLENA EXINVOLUCRATA, N. Sp.
S. ramulis foliisque glaberrimis, foliis oblongis subcoriaceis obtuse cuspi-
datis, floribus paucis axillaribus 1-2nis pedicellatis solitariis haud involu-
cratis, calycis minuti stellato-pubescentis lobis 3 orbicularibus, petalis
oblongis, staminibus brevibus permultis, ovario globoso dense piloso.
A shrub, quite glabrous in all its parts except the calyx, with
very slender terete woody grey ultimate branchlets. Petiole
about 1 in. long; blade oblong, subcoriaceous, 1-2 in. long,
entire, broadly rounded at the base, narrowed suddenly to an
obtuse point, green on both surfaces, the fine main veins anasto-
mosing in intramarginal arches. Flowers few, axillary, solitary
on 1-2nate peduncles about 4 in. long. Involucre entirely sup-
pressed. Calyx not more than half a line long, coriaceous,
stellato-pilose, with 3 minute suborbicular lobes. Corolla of 5
oblong obtuse petals about } in. long and } in. broad, much im-
bricated before the flower opens. Stamens densely packed, 100
98 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
or more, with short filiform filaments and minute suborbieular
anthers. Ovary globose, densely pilose, 3-celled ; style filiform,
simple, as long as the ovary.— Madagascar, Gerrard 20! Nov.
1865. As compared with S. rosea, Thouars, Hist. t. 12, this
has a preci isely similar corolla, and leaves Eu both in shape
and veining; but the flowers are axillary, single, and without any
involuere, and the calyx is extremely minute.
KostELETSKYA HISPIDA, n. sp.
K. ramulis dense retrorsum hispido-pilosis, foliis suborbicularibus serratis
longe petiolatis apice leviter palmatim trilobatis, floribus 1—3nis axillari-
bus distincte pedicellatis, bracteolis linearibus 10-12, calycis segmentis
ovato-lanceolatis, petalis quam calyx 2-3plo longioribus, carpellis hispidis
dorso acute angulatis.
A much-branched herb, 1-3 feet high, with slender terete
branchlets, densely clothed with short drab reflexed rather
bristly hairs. Petiole sometimes 1-14 in. long; blade 1-2 in.
long and broad, cordate, membranous, green and hairy on both
surfaces, crenate, with three short deltoid apical lobes. Flowers
1-3 in the axils of the leaves, on pilose slender pedicels under
an inch long. Epiealyx of 10-12 hispid linear persistent brac-
teoles shorter than the sepals. Calyx hispid, } in. long in the
flower-stage, growing out to ġ in. the segments two or three
times as long as the tube. Petals yellow, obovate-unguiculate,
pilose, 3-3 in. long. Column nearly as long as the petals, the
capitate styles ;/;-3 in. long. Capsule membranous, hispid, 3 in.
in diam. ; the 5 carpels triquetrous and very POE on the back.
Seeds solitary, erect, green, reniform, glabrous, 44 in. long.—
Gathered long ago in Central Madagascar > Dr. Lyall
(no. 192); and now Mr. Baron has sent it in flower (893); and
Dr. Parker gathered at Ambohimango fine specimens with
mature fruit.
PavoNIA MACROTIS, n. sp.—Hibiscus azureus, Bojer MSS.
Suffruticosa, ramulis pilosis et tomentosis, foliis ovatis profunde cordatis
parvis petiolatis crenatis facie tenuiter dorso dense incanis, floribus axil-
laribus solitariis pedunculatis, bracteolis 9-10 subulatis persistentibus
dense pilosis, calycis tubo brevi segmentis lanceolatis, petalis parvis rubris,
carpellis oblongis turgidis exaristatis.
A much-branched small shrub, the ultimate branchlets very
slender, tomentose, and in addition loosely pilose. Leaves di-
stinctly petioled, cordate-ovate, obtuse, the largest 1-13 in. long,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 99
erenate, the rounded basal lobes half as long as the rest of the
blade, the texture moderately firm, the upper surface dull green
and thinly tomentose, the lower matted with a thin coat of
whitish tomentum. Flowers solitary, on slender densely pilose
axillary pedicels sometimes an inch long. Epicalyx of 9-10
subulate persistent bracteoles 1-1 in. long, free down to the base.
Calyx $ in, finally 1 in. long, densely pilose. Petals obovate-
cuneate, 3 in. long. Column of styles and stamens a little shorter
than the petals. Fruit globose, membranous, 1 in. in diam., of 5
oblong hairy carpels without any awn.—Gathered long ago in
Central Madagascar by Bojer and Lyall (189), and now refound
by Kitching (Ankaratra mountains) and Baron (615! 933! 1869!).
Allied to the Cape P. premorsa, Willd. (P. cuneifolia, Cav.).
PAVONIA PLATANIFOLIA, n. sp.
Perennis, ramis dense hispidis, foliis petiolatis cordato-orbiculatis
palmatim 5-lobatis serratis utrinque pilosis, floribus multis axillaribus
superioribus racemosis, bracteolis 8 linearibus persistentibus calyci aqui-
longis, petalis rubris quam calyx 2-3plo longioribus, carpellis oblongis
turgidis breviter l-aristatis.
A robust much-branched perennial herb, the branches calvate,
terete, and brown-black low down, densely shortly hispid upwards.
Petiole of the lower leaves above an inch long; blade reaching
3-4 inches both in length and breadth, with five deltoid lobes and
large teeth, moderately firm and thick in texture, green and
shortly hispid above, dull green and densely pilose beneath.
Flowers abundant, 2-3nate on short peduncles, the upper cymes
crowded and only minutely bracteated, the lower from the axils
of leaves 1-2 in. broad. Epicalyx of 8 linear densely pilose per-
sistent bracteoles, which are free down to the base, as long as
the calyx and adpressed to it. Flower-calyx 4 in. long, densely
pilose, the deltoid segments as long as the campanulate tube.
Petals bright red, obovate-cuneate, 4 in. long. Column as long
as the petals. Fruit globose, 1 in. in diam., consisting of five oblong
turgid membranous carpels, each with a short retrorsely hispid
awn from the inner angle, and each containing a single pale-brown
glabrous seed.—Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker. “Flowers pale
scarlet. Bark tough, would make good string or rope." Allied
to P. Bojeri, P. urens, and P. Schimperiana.
Hisiscus oxaLnrrLonvs, Bojer, Hort. Maur. p. 28 (nomen
solum).
Annuus, diffusus, ramulis gracillimis pilosis, folis parvis petiolatis
100 ME. J. G. BAKER ON THE
ovatis integris vcl irregulariter serratis, floribus solitariis axillaribus longe
pedunculatis, bracteolis 8-10 linearibus, calycis tubo brevi, segmentis
ovato-lanceolatis, petalis parvis luteis, eapsulis parvis globosis membrana-
ceis, seminibus in loculo 2-3 glabris.
A diffuse annual herb, densely branched at the crown of the
root, with slender wiry pilose stems 3-1 ft. long. Petiole 1-2 in.
long, with a pair of minute persistent linear stipules at the base;
blade i-i in. long, obtuse or subacute, rounded or shallowly
cordate at the base, entire or irregularly inciso-crenate, mode-
rately firm in texture, green and shortly pilose on both surfaces.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves on slender peduncles
1-2 in. long. Epiealyx of 8-10 persistent linear bracts. Calyx
campanulate, hispid, finally 1 in. long, the segments three times
as long as the tube. Petals yellow, obovate-cuneate, 4 in. long.
Capsule membranous, globose, } in. in diameter, splitting into
five valves and containing 2-3 glabrous seeds in each carpel.—
Gathered long ago in Central Madagascar by Hilsenberg, Bojer,
and Lyall (182), and now refound by Mr. Baron (798 & 912). Mr.
Baron has also sent (no. 703) a single specimen of a plant with
just the same habit, pubescence, flowers, and capsule, but with
trifoliate leaves like those of a Cytisus or Crotalaria, the leaflets
sessile, lanceolate, and entire.
Hisiscts EurrsiT, n. sp.
Fruticosus, ramulis stellato-incanis, foliis ovatis longe petiolatis simpli-
cibus denticulatis, floribus laxe corymbosis, bracteolis 10-12 parvis rigidis
lanceolatis basi connatis, calycis coriacei segmentis ovato-lanceolatis quam
tubus duplo longioribus, petalis magnis splendide rubris dorso sericeis,
eapsulis duris globosis densissime pilosis.
A shrub, with terete woody branches, clothed with stellate
brownish pubescence. Petiole 1-2 in. long; blade ovate, rounded
at the base, deltoid at the tip, 3—4 in. long, subcoriaceous, green
and slightly furfuraceous above, persistently coated with drab or
ferruginous stellate pubescence beneath. Flowers few, in lax
corymbs towards the end of the branches, on short sulcate
thickened peduncles, the lower ones from the axils of the upper
leaves. Epicalyx of about a dozen rigid persistent lanceolate
bracteoles. Calyx above an inch long, firm in texture, densely
matted with ferruginoustomentum externally, the ovate-lanceolate
teeth twice as long as the campanulate tube. Petals oblong-
spathulate, 2 in. long, nearly an inch broad, bright red within,
persistently silky outside. Column nearly as long as the petals,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 101
the stamens extending over an inch of it. Immature capsule
above an inch in diameter, woody in texture, densely pilose out-
side and within.—Ambohimanga, gathered by the Rev. W. Ellis
in 1864. A very fine species, allied to the Mauritian H. liliifforus
and H. columnaris.
DOMBEYA GLECHOMÆFOLIA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis pilosis, foliis petiolatis cordato-orbicularibus crenatis
pilosis, cymis paucifloris umbellatis, bracteolis 3 magnis deltoideis acutis
pilosis persistentibus, sepalis membranaceis lanceolatis pilosis, petalis
magnis rubellis obovato-cuneatis, columna staminea magna ampulleformi,
staminodiis ligulatis, staminibus fertilibus 15, ovario piloso, stylo elongato,
stigmatibus subulatis falcatis.
Branchlets slender, woody, terete, densely pilose. Petiole 4-2
in. densely pilose ; blade quite orbicular, with a deep basal sinus,
i-1i in. long and broad, moderately firm in texture, green and
thinly pilose on the upper surface, densely pilose beneath.
Flowers 1-3 together; peduncle 1-12 in., pedicels about } in.,
both very slender and densely pubescent. Bracteoles cordate-
deltoid, adpressed to the calyx, imbricated, pale green, 4-3 in.
long. Sepals j-iin.long. Petals an inch long, reddish brown,
2 in. broad at the truncate tip. Staminal column ampulleform,
half as long as the petals, the 5 linear staminodes longer than the
15 fertile stamens, which are in 2-3 irregular rows, with short
free filaments and lanceolate anthers ;L in. long. Style pro-
truding beyond the staminodia, divided at the tip into five
stigmatose hooks.—Forests of Central Madagascar, gathered
lately by Mr. Pool, and sent also in 1857 by M. Bouton. This
is a well-marked and handsome plant. We have a closely allied
new species from the Rev. W. Ellis with still larger flowers and
more densely shaggy bracteoles, peduncles and pedicels, and a
much shorter staminal corona, of which the leaves are unknown.
SPARMANNIA SUBPALMATA, n. Sp.
S. ramulis pilosis, foliis longe petiolatis cordato-ovatis acutis inciso-
Crenatis integris vel apice palmatim trilobatis membranaceis utrinque
viridibus obscure stellato-pilosis, umbellis simplicibus 6-12-floris longe
pedunculatis, bracteis linearibus, calycis segmentis lanceolatis dense
pilosis, petalis oblongis quam calyx vix longioribus, staminibus exterioribus
paucis sterilibus parce papillosis, fructu globoso longe echinato.
A shrub or small tree, with slender terete branchlets, clothed
with whitish stellate pubescence. Petiole 2-1] in. long; blade
LQ2 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
3-2 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, shallowly cordate, entire or di-
stinctly 3-lobed, with the side lobes obtuse and the middle one
pointed, thin in texture, bright green above, dull grey-green
beneath, the stellate tufts of hair sparse and indistinct. Umbels
6-12- jow ered, on pilose lateral peduncles 1-2 in. long, surrounded *
before expansion by a whorl of linear acuminate bracts like an
involucre. Calyx i in. long., cut down nearly to the base into
four lanceolate acute segments. Petals pale red, oblong-spathulate.
Stamens half as long as the petals, the sterile ones few and in-
distinctly papillose. Ovary globose, densely echinate; style as
long as the petals. Capsule under an inch in diameter, beset by
dense spreading spines j in. long.— Central Madagascar, by the
side of streams in the province of Imerina, Bojer !
SPARMANNIA DISCOLOR, n. sp. (Tab. XXII. figg. 1-8.)
S.ramulis pilosis, foliis longe petiolatis cordato-ovatis acuminatis serratis
facie viridibus tenuiter stellato-pilosis dorso persistenter albido-incanis,
umbellis simplicibus 12-20-floris pedunculatis, bracteis linearibus, calycis
segmentis lanceolatis dense pilosis, petalis oblongis calyci æquilongis,
staminibus exterioribus paucis sterilibus obscure papillosis, fructu globoso
echinato.
A shrub or small tree, with slender terete erat pilose woody
branchlets. Petiole 7-1 in. long; blade 14-2 in. long, slightly
cordate, acuminate, Bio eun never ighea. firmer and thicker
in texture than in the last species, green and thinly stellato-
pilose above, densely matted with persistent white tomentum
beneath. Flowers 12-20 in simple umbels, on densely pilose
slender erecto- vu. axillary peduncles an inch long; bracts
linear, E. 3 in. long; pedicels as long as the flowers.
Calyx 4 in. long, eut MINE es to the base into four lanceolate
acute densely pilose segments. Stamens 30 or more, half as long
as the petals, only a very few of the outer ones sterile and
obscurely papillose. Style slender, filiform, obscurely 4-lobed at
the tip. Fruit a globose 4-valved loculicidal capsule 4 in. in diam.,
exclusive of the patulous spines, which are } in. long.—Open
forests of the province of Imerina, Baron 620! 1848! Two
species of this genus are known at the Cape, and one in
Abyssinia.
TROCHETIA PENTAGLOSSA, n. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis crassis, foliis magnis breviter petiolatis obovato-
oblongis integris coriaceis facie lucidis dorso ad axillas nervorum solum
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 103
pilosis, floribus solitariis breviter pedunculatis, sepalis lanceolatis sericeis,
petalis oblongisobtusis quam calyx paulobrevioribus, staminibus quam petala
duplo brevioribus, antheris fertilibus 15 filamentis brevibus obscure con-
natis, staminodiis lanceolatis, ovario piloso stigmatibus 5 magnis lingulatis.
A tree, with thick ultimate branchlets, silky towards their
tips. Petiole 1-1 in.; blade 5-6 in. long, 2-3 in. broad at the
middle, subobtuse, narrowed from the middle to a rounded base,
the 10-12-jugate strongly raised erecto-patent main veins with
tufts of brown hairs in their axils on the under surface. Branch-
lets in the specimens terminated by a pilose leafy bud, from the
base of which springs a single densely pilose peduncle under 2 in.
long. Sepals 5, acute, coriaceous, an inch long, densely brown-
silky on the back. Petals purplish brown, oblong, obtuse, 4 in.
broad, slightly silky outside. Anthers linear, J in. long, with
short flattened filaments; staminodialanceolate, petaloid, brownish
black, as long as the anthers. Ovary globose, densely pilose;
Styles very short, pilose like the ovary; stigmas ascending, lin-
gulate, 1 in. long.— Central Madagascar, Dr. Lyall 223 !
MELHANIA LAURIFOLIA, Bojer in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 2, xviii.
192.
Arborea, ramulis lepidotis, foliis coriaceis integris obovato-oblongis
obtusis, cymis compositis laxifloris pedunculatis, bracteolis nullis, sepalis
parvis lanceolatis lepidotis, petalis deltoideo-cuneatis scariosis persisten-
tibus, columna staminea brevissima, ovario globoso triloculari, stylis
subulatis falcatis.
A tree 30-40 feet high, with angled slender woody branchlets,
coated with brown scales. Petiole 1-j in.; blade 2-4 in. long,
1-1} in. broad, narrowed from the middle to a rounded base,
obscurely lepidote on both sides, but not at all pilose, the fine
main veins anastomosing in arches near the margin. Cymes
lax, few-flowered, with long slender lepidote peduncles; pedicels
sometimes 4 in. long. Sepals 5, coriaceous, lanceolate, acute,
i in. long, also lepidote. Petals twice as long as the sepals, } in.
broad, unsymmetrical, finally brown and scariose. Staminodes 5,
erect, incurved, linear, 74; in. long, with a single fertile stamen
between each, with a flattened free filament as long as the sub-
orbicular anther. Ovary globose, sessile, lepidote like the calyx
&c., with 3 faleate subulate styles as long as the ovary connate at
the basc.-- Woods of the province of Imerina, gathered long ago
by Bojer, and now sent by Baron (1325!) from the forest of An-
drangaloaka by Dr. Parker. This is such a peculiar member of
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. L
104 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
the genus that I have thought it worth while to redescribe it in
detail, as the only published account of it is very brief.
RULINGIA MADAGASCARIENSIS, 1. Sp.
R. ramulis tomentosis, foliis oblongis integris planis facie tenuiter dorso
dense incanis, cymis densifloris pedunculatis, calycis tubo brevi segmentis
ovatis, petalorum ligulis linearibus quam calyx paulo longioribus, capsulis
magnis depresso-globosis setis elongatis hispido-plumosis densissime
vestitis.
A. forest shrub, 8-10 feet high, with slender terete woody
tomentose branchlets. Petiole 4—4 in., with a pair of small linear
caducous stipules; blade subcoriaceous, 1-14 in. long, acute,
unequal-sided at the base, not at all rugose or bullate, dull green
and thinly tomentose above, matted with a thin close coat of
whitish tomentum beneath. Cymes dense, terminal, and opposite
the upper leaves, shortly peduncled; pedicels as long as the
flowers ; bracts lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, dull red, lin.
long, with a short tube and 5 ovate segments. Petals whitish,
with a broad cucullate base and strap-shaped limb just protruded
beyond the calyx. Staminodia 5, lanceolate, spreading, pilose,
half as long as the calyx; 5 antheriferous stamens shorter, re-
flexing so that the quadrate 4-lobed anthers are thrust against
the dilated cucullate base of the petals; free filament twice as
long as the anther. Capsule depresso-globose, an inch in dia-
meter, densely beset with spreading intertangled plumose subulate
processes, 5-celled, opening at the top, the carpels not separating.
—Central Madagascar, gathered long ago by Bojer and Meller;
Baron 983! Forest of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker! All the
other species of the genus, about 15 in number, are natives of
Australia.
GREWIA LANCEOLATA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis gracillimis hispidis, foliis lanceolatis acuminatis
brevissime petiolatis utrinque viridibus glabris, eymis 3—4-floris axillaribus
breviter pedunculatis, pedicellis ealvei aquilongis, sepalis parvis lanceo-
latis dorso hispidis facie brunneis, petalis nullis, staminibus quam calyx
triplo brevioribus, stylo filiformi ovario globoso equilongo.
A shrub, with very slender hispid terete branchlets. Leaves
alternate; petiole very short; blade 4-6 in. long, about 2 in.
broad, acuminate, moderately firm in texture, bright green on
both surfaces, with only a few very minute obscure scales,
the main yeins distant and anastomosing by distinct arches
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 105
just within the margin. Flowers in shortly peduncled umbels
in the axils of the leaves. Calyx g in. long; sepals 5, lan-
ceolate, grey and tomentose outside, brown and petaloid on
the face. Petals entirely absent. Stamens about 12, with fili-
form filaments and orbicular anthers. Ovary densely pilose ;
style filiform, exceeding the stamens. Fruit unknown.—Between
Tankay and the east coast, Baron 1530!
GnEWIA ($ VINCENTIA) POLYPYRENA, n. sp.
G. ramulis pilosis, foliis petiolatis oblongis acutis subcoriaceis subglabris
denticulatis basi obliquis, cymis axillaribus l-2nis 2-3-floris breviter
pedunculatis, pedicellis flori zquilongis, sepalis ligulatis dorso hispidis,
petalis lanceolatis quam calyx duplo brevioribus, staminibus petalis æqui-
longis, ovario triloculari ovulis in loculo pluribus, fructibus siccis scabris
oblongis pyrenis monospermis sæpe 6-12.
A tree, with slender terete woody branchlets densely pilose
towards the tip. Petioles 1-1 in., densely pilose; blade sub-
coriaceous, 13~2 in. long, about an inch broad, unequally rounded
at the base, narrowed gradually to the point, minutely dentate,
bright green on the upper surface, pale green beneath, obscurely
pubescent, the main veins erecto-patent, those that spring from
the base of the midrib produced to the edge of the leaf at its
middle. Cymes copious, axillary, the peduncles and pedicels
both about 4 in. long, densely pilose. Sepals strap-shaped, } in.
long, purplish brown on the face, densely hispid on the back.
Petals oblanceolate, half as long as the sepals. Stamens very
numerous, as long as the petals. Ovary ovoid, pilose, 3-celled,
with several superposed ovules in a cell; style filiform, 4—4} in.
long, with 3 subulate stigmas. Fruit dry, brown, oblong, simple,
rugose, under 4 in. long, containing often as many as 6-12 bony
one-seeded pyrenes.—Central Madagascar, Lyall 388! Baron 573!
942! Closely allied to Vincentia triflora, Bojer in Hook. Bot.
Mise. i. 293, tab. 62.
ELXOCARPUS SUBSERRATUS, D. Sp.
Arboreus, foliis longe petiolatis oblongis acutis serratis subcoriaceis
utrinque viridibus glabris, floribus in racemos paucifloros breves axillares
dispositis, pedicellis cernuis flori zequilongis, calycis subsericei segmentis
lanceolatis, petalis oblanceolatis calyci aquilongis apice serratis, stamini-
bus obscure pilosis, antheris haud apiculatis.
A tree, with the tips of the woody branchlets silky. —Petiole
glabrous, an inch or more long ; blade 5-6 in. long, 2 in. broad,
acuminate, distinctly serrated, rounded at the base, silky when
12
106 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
young, green and glabrous when mature on both surfaces, with
few much ascending distinct main veins. Racemes numerous,
axillary, few-flowered, not much longer than the petioles ; rhachis
and pedicels silky. Calyx lin. long, slightly silky, cut down
nearly to the base. Petals whitish, oblanceolate, silky, scarcely
longer than the calyx. Stamens about 20, half as long as the
calyx, obscurely silky ; anthers about j5 in. long. Ovary silky,
globose ; style short.— Central Madagascar, Baron! A near ally
of E. serratus, L., which is planted in Mauritius and has been
gathered in Madagascar by Curtis.
ELX0OCARPUS SERICEUS, n. sp.
E. ramulis sericeis, foliis petiolatis oblongis acutis subcoriaceis denticu-
latis facie glabris dorso sericeis, floribus hermaphroditis pentameris laxe
racemosis, pedicellis cernnis flori zequilongis, sepalis lanceolatis brunneis
dense sericeis, petalis oblanceolatis apice fimbriatis quam calyx paulo lon-
gioribus, staminibus 10 quam petala duplo brevioribus, antheris lineari-ob-
longis apice emarginatis, ovario globoso 2-loculari, stylo ovario :equilongo.
A large forest-tree, with woody branchlets, silky towards the
tip. Petiole above an inch long; blade subcoriaceous, 2-4 in.
long, about an inch broad, acuminate, deltoid at the base,
obscurely toothed, bright green and glabrous above, covered
with persistent beautiful bright brown silky tomentum beneath.
Flowers in copious lax racemes 2-3 in. long, with a silky rhachis
and silky cernuous pedicels as long as the flowers. Sepals 5,
lanceolate, acute, 4 in. long, densely silky on the outside. Petals
oblanceolate, rather longer than the sepals, silky outside, cut at
the tip into five or six short lobes. Stamens half as long as the
petals; emarginate erect linear-oblong anthers twice as long as
the filaments. Ovary globose, densely pilose, 2-celled. Fruit
not seen.—Forests of Central Madagascar. We had leaves
several years ago from Mrs. Pool and Miss Gilpin, and were
quite puzzled with it; and now Mr. Baron has sent it in flower
(1038! 1066 !)
ELXOCARPUS RUFOVESTITUS, n. Sp.
Arboreus, ramulis ferrugineo-tomentosis, foliis parvis breviter petiolatis
oblongis obtusis integris rigidis facie viridibus subcalvatis dorso persis-
tenter ferrugineo-tomentosis, floribus in racemos axillares dispositis, pedi-
cellis cernuis flori zquilongis, calycis ferrugineo-tomentosi segmentis
lanceolatis, petalis pallidis calyei equilongis apice dentatis, staminibus
circiter 20, antheris acutis.
A tree 20 or 30 feet high, with terete branchlets, clothed up-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR, 107
wards with ferruginous tomentum. Petiole very short; blade
12-2 in. long, under an inch broad, rounded at both ends, dull
green above, densely coated beneath with bright reddish-brown
persistent tomentum. Flowers in copious nearly sessile axillary
racemes 15-2 in. long ; rhachis and pedicels, like the calyx, densely
ferrugineo-tomentose. Calyx } in. long, cut down nearly to the
base. Petals pale, oblanceolate, obtuse, not longer than the
calyx, densely silky on the outside, only faintly toothed at the
tip. Stamens half as long as the corolla, pilose; anthers oblong,
acute, but not distinctly apiculate. Fruit yellow, ovoid, under
an inch long.—Open forests of the province of Imerina, Baron
1253! 1313! 1710! Forest of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker!
Er xocARPUS ALNIFOLIUS, n. sp.
E. ramulis foliisque glaberrimis, foliis parvis petiolatis oblongis serratis,
floribus hermaphroditis tetrameris laxe racemosis, pedicellis cernnis flori
subzquilongis, sepalis lanceolatis brunneis sericeis, petalis oblanceolatis
calyci zequilongis apice fimbriatis, staminibus circiter 12, antheris parvis
lineari-oblongis apice emarginatis, fructibus parvis oblongis 1-loculatis
monospermis.
A forest-tree, 30-40 feet high, with slender woody perfectly
glabrous branchlets. Leaves crowded; petiole 3-3 in.; blade
subcoriaceous, 1-14 in. long, deltoid at the base, narrowed gradu-
ally to an obtuse point, green and glabrous on both surfaces, with
distant parallel conspicuous erecto-patent main veins. Flowers
in copious lax racemes 1-13 in. long; pedicels cernuous, silky,
as long as the flowers. Sepals lanceolate, thinly silky, } in. long.
Petals oblanceolate, pilose, just as long as the calyx, lobed at
the tip. Stamens about 12, half as long as the calyx, the free
filament shorter than the emarginate linear-oblong pilose anther.
Ovary ovoid, with a subulate style. Fruit oblong, green, 2 in.
long, resembling an unripe sloe, with a thick bony 1-celled
endocarp, containing only a single seed.—Forest of Andranga-
loaka, Dr. Parker!
ErxocanmPUs RHODANTHUS, n. sp. e
Arboreus, glaber, foliis petiolatis obovato-oblongis obtusis une, i sub-
coriaceis, floribus solitariis axillaribus, pedunculis flori aequilongis, calycis
incani segmentis lanceolatis acutis, petalis deltoideis saturate rubris apice
laciniatis, staminibus permultis, antheris longe apiculatis.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with short terete woody
branchlets. Petiole 4-2 in.; blade 2-4 in. long, 14-2 in. broad,
obtuse, sometimes emarginate at the apex, rounded at the- base,
108 MT. J. G. BAKER ON THE
bright green and glabrous on both surfaces, with 5-6-jugate
distinct erecto-patent main veins. Flowers solitary from the
axils of the upper leaves on ascending peduncles an inch long.
Calyx just like that of E. quercifolius. Petals bright red, an
inch long and nearly as broad, 2-lobed, and acutely serrated on
the top. Stamens 50 or more, as long as the calyx; anthers
densely pilose, with an apiculus a line long. Ovary ampulleform,
densely pilose, narrowed gradually into the entire style.—Central
Madagascar, Baron 1928 !
ELXOCARPUS QUERCIFOLIUS, n. Sp.
Arboreus, glabra, foliis distincte petiolatis oblanceolato-oblongis sub-
acutis repandis subcorieceis utrinque viridibus glabris, floribus solitariis
axillaribus, pedunculis cernuis flori zquilongis, calycis incani segmentis
lanceolatis acutis, petalis deltoideis saturate rubris profunde laciniatis
quam calyx duplo longioribus, staminibus permultis, antheris longe apicu-
latis.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with slender terete branchlets.
Petiole 3-1 in.; blade 2-3 in. long, 1 in. broad, subacute, nar-
rowed gradually from the middle to the base, broadly repand,
subcoriaceous, bright green and glabrous on both surfaces, with
4—5-jugate distinct erecto-patent main veins. Flowers solitary
from the axils of the upper leaves, on glabrous slender cernuous
peduncles an inch long. Calyx 4 in. long, coriaceous, brownish,
thinly silky, cut down nearly to the base into 5 lanceolate acute
segments. Petals bright red, cut down to the middle into three
serrated lobes, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 50 or more,
3 in. long, densely pilose, with an apiculus a line long to the
anther. Ovary globose, densely pilose.— Central Madagascar,
Baron 1954!
ELÆOCARPUS DASYANDRUS, n. sp.
E. ramulis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis oblongis subcoriaceis obtusis
denticulatis utrinque glabris, floribus magnis solitariis pentameris herma-
phroditis pedunculatis, sepalis ovato-lanceolatis basi connatis, petalis
deltoideo-cuneatis calyce longioribus apice lobatis utrinque pilosis,
staminibus permultis, antheris dense pilosis longe apiculatis, ovario ovoideo
dense piloso.
A tree, with the leaves crowded at the tip of the stoutish
ultimate branchlets. Petiole under 4 in. long ; blade 11-14 in.
long, subeoriaceous, rounded at the base, green on both surfaces,
with 5-6 pairs of arcuate parallel distinctly marked main veins.
Flowers single from the axils of the leaves on pubescent peduncles
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 109
an inch long. Calyx coriaceous, 3 in. long, densely pubescent on
the outside, with a short tube and 5 ovate-lanceolate segments.
Petals rather longer than the calyx, nearly half an inch broad,
much imbricated, brownish pilose on both sides, with several
orbicular lobes at the tip. Stamens very numerous, half as long
as the petals, with short filaments and densely pilose sausage-
shaped anthers, narrowed into a long tip. Ovary ovoid, densely
pilose, with a short style. Fruit not seen.—Central Madagascar,
Baron 708!
ERYTHROXYLUM GERRARDI, n. sp.
Glabrum, ramulis apice applanatis, foliis parvis rigidis obovatis obtusis
brevissime petiolatis venulis immersis, pedicellis solitariis quam flos 2-3plo
longioribus, calycis segmentis deltoideis, petalis oblongis quam calyx triplo
longioribus basi ligula magna rugosa appendiculatis, urceolo stamineo
calyci equilongo, stylis subulatis basi coalitis.
An erect shrub, 6 feet high, glabrous in all its parts, the slender
branchlets flattened towards the tip. Leaves alternate, very
shortly petioled, rigidly coriaceous, an inch long, the veins of the
under surface except the midrib quite hidden. Flowers usually
solitary, on short erecto-patent pedicels. Calyx 3 line long, cut
down nearly to the base into 5 deltoid segments. Petals oblong,
reddish, } in. long, with a rugose ligule half as long as the lamina,
with a deflexed tip. Stamens nearly as long as the petals. Ovary
globose, 3-celled ; styles free more than halfway down.—Mada-
gascar, Gerrard 29! A nearally of E. jossinioides, Bojer in Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 2. xviii. tom. 184.
ERYTHROXYLUM PYRIFOLIUM, N. sp.
Glabrum, ramulis sursum applanatis, foliis obovato-oblongis obtusis basi
deltoideis venis subtilibus, pedicellis szepissime solitariis quam flos 3-4plo
longioribus, calycis segmentis deltoideis, petalis oblongis quam calyx 3-4plo
longioribus ligula magna basi appendiculatis, urceolo stamineo quam calyx
longiore, stylis ad basin liberis. :
An erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with branchlets
flattened towards the tips. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled,
2-3 in. long, 1-11 in. broad, obtuse, deltoid at the base, less
rigid in texture than in Æ. nitidulum, the veinlets fine and not
raised. Flowers usually solitary, on straight erecto-patent
pedicels 1—1 in. long. Calyx 3 line long, cut down nearly to the
base into 5 deltoid segments. Petals oblong, à in. long, with a
ligule adnate more than halfway up, with a deflexed orbicular
tongue. Stamens nearly as long as the petals. Ovary globose,
110 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
3-celled; styles free to the base.—East coast of Madagascar,
Baron 1518! Closely allied to the Mauritian E. laurifolium,
Lam.
ERYTHROXYLUM NITIDULUM, n. sp.
Glabrum, ramulis apice ancipitibus, foliis parvis oblongis obtusis basi
cuneatis subcoriaceis subtus pulchre venulosis, floribus axillaribus 1—4nis,
pedicellis strictis quam flos 3-4plo longioribus, calycis segmentis deltoideis,
petalis oblongis quam calyx 3-4plo longioribus ligula magna basi appen-
diculatis, urceolo stamineo quam calyx longiore, stylis infra apicem coalitis.
An erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts, the slender branch-
lets aneipitous towards the tips. Petiole 1-1 in.; blade rigidly
coriaceous, 13-2 in. long, obtuse, deltoid at the base, shining
beneath, with all the veins and veinlets raised. Flowers 1-4-
nate from the axils of the leaves ; pedicels glabrous, 4—3 in. long;
bracts minute, deltoid. Calyx 4 line long, eut down nearly to the
base into 5 deltoid segments. Petals oblong, } in. long, red on
the outside, with an adnate scale half as long as the lamina. Sta-
mens nearly as long as the petals; staminal urceolus longer than
the calyx, distinctly toothed. Ovary globose, 3-celled; style as
long as the ovary, tricuspidate only at the tip.—Central Mada-
gasear, Baron 1936! 1944!
SPHENDAMNOCARPUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Baker.— Banisteria
multiflora, Bojer AMSS.; A. Juss. in Archiv. Mus. ii. 424;
Walp. Rep. v. 246.
Seandens, ferrugineo-tomentosus, foliis ovatis acutis dorso persistenter
tomentosis, petiolis elongatis glandulis 2 patelleeformibus przeditis, pani-
culæ ramis umbellatis, umbellis 3-4-floris, pedicellis flore longioribus, calycis
segmentis 5 deltoideis tubo campanulato æquilongis, petalis calyce sesqui-
longioribus, staminibus quam calyx paulo longioribus, stylis 3 brevibus
erectis, samaræ ala dorsali magna oblanceolato-oblonga.
A woody climber, with terete branchlets, clothed with per-
sistent ferruginous tomentum. Leaves opposite; petiole 1-1in.
long, with two large black glands near the top; blade 2-3 in.
long, subcoriaceous, acute, rounded at the base, finally green and
glabrous above, clothed with persistent ferruginous tomentum
below, with 5-6 pairs of distinet parallel aseending main veins.
Flowers in terminal panicles, the peduncled umbels braeteated
by reduced leaves at the base. Pedicels j-i in. long. Calyx
i in. long, tomentose, destitute of glands. Petals obovate, g in.
long, obscurely unguiculate, entire. Stamens 10, a little longer
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 111
than the calyx; filaments flat, twice as long as the oblong
anthers. Style not more than 4 line long, straight, with an
oblique capitate stigma. Fruit of three samaræ, with no trace of
any wing but the dorsal one, which is rather curved and an inch
long.— Bonatue Bay, Bojer! Central Madagascar, Baron 721!
MICROSTEIRA, genus novum Malpighiacearum.
(Tab. XXIII. figg. 1-8.)
. Flores abortu polygamo-dioici. Calyx parvus, 5-partitus, eglandulosus,
segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis. Petala 5, oblonga, integra, obscure ungui-
culata. Flores maseuli—stamina 10, omnia perfecta, petalis paulo bre-
viora, filamentis filiformibus glabris, antheris oblongis. Flores foeminei—
stamina rudimentaria producta; ovarium triquetrum, triloculare, stylis
brevibus filiformibus curvatis divaricatis apice stigmatoso dilatatis. Car-
pella fructifera 3, samaroidea, ab axi secedentia, alis 3 oblanceolato-oblongis
coriaceis glabris venosis, dorsali patula minore, lateralibus ascendentibus
majoribus.—Frutex volubilis Madagascariensis, ramulis apice ferrugineo-
pilosis, foliis oppositis petiolatis membranaceis, floribus in umbellas
copiosas laterales pedunculatas dispositis.
M. Curtisu, Baker.
A forest-climber, with stems 30 feet long, with terete sca-
brous slender branchlets, ferrugineo-pilose only at the young
tips. Leaves opposite, contemporary with the flowers, exstipu-
late; petiole eglandular, ferrugineo-pilose ; blade oblong, acute,
rounded at the base, 2-3 in. long, about an inch broad, green
and glabrous on both sides when mature, ferrugineo-pilose in
a young state. Flowers in very copious umbels on short erecto-
patent ferrugineo-pilose peduncles, 8-10 to an umbel ; pedicels
straight, ascending, i-j in. long, without any bracteoles, the
basal bracts minute, deltoid. Calyx under a line long, densely
ferrugineo-pilose. Petals pure white, oblong, over j in. long,
obtuse, obscurely and unequally unguiculate. Male flowers
without any perceptible ovary, the ten stamens nearly all per-
fect and not much shorter than the petals. Ovary in the female
flower hispid, 3-lobed, with three divaricating styles about half
a line long, capitate at the oblique stigmatose tip. Fruit-carpels
glabrous, with two glossy green oblanceolate-oblong obtuse as-
cending side-wings about half an inch long, and a much smaller
one of the same shape on the back.
This is a well-marked new genus of the tribe Hirer. It was
first gathered by Mr, Curtis, who travelled in the island on
112 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
behalf of Messrs. Veitch ; but his specimen had only the male
flowers, so that we could not detect its affinities. Now Mr.
Baron has sent excellent examples (1714! 2060 !) showing it in
all the three states—male flowers, female flowers, and mature
fruit.
OXALIS XIPIIOPHYLLA, n. sp.
Herbacea, acaulis, petiolis elongatis gracillimis, foliis digitatim trifoliola-
tis, foliolis lineari-oblongis integris parce ciliatis, pedunculis folio subzequi-
longis, umbellis 5-6-floris, pedicellis elongatis, calycis segmentis oblongo-
lanceolatis glabris acutis, petalis albis quam calyx 2-3plo longioribus, fila-
mentis pilosis basi monadelphis calyce longioribus.
An acaulescent herb, half a foot high, with very slender long
petioles. Leaflets membranous, an inch long, 4 in. broad,
obtuse, green above, glaucous beneath, with a few long fine
hairs on the midrib and margin. Peduncles very slender, half a
foot long. Pedicels very slender, i in. long, with a whorl of
minute lanceolate bracts at the base. Sepals glabrous, $ 10.
long, green, with a reddish tip. Petals under 2 in. long. Stamens
just longer than the calyx, the pilose filaments united in a basal
cup.—Central Madagascar, Baron 2132! This belongs to the
same group as O, variabilis and O. corymbosa.
OXALIS VILLOSA, n. Sp.
Herbacea, acaulis, dense persistenter villosa, petiolo quam folium longiore,
foliis digitatim trifoliolatis, foliolis obovato-cuneatis integris, pedunculis
folio subsequilongis, umbellis 6-8-floris, pedicellis brevibus dense pilosis,
calycis segmentis oblongis obtusis, petalis albidis quam calyx triplo longi-
oribus, staminibus pilosis basi monadelphis.
An acaulescent herb, 2-3 in. high, with a slender cylindrical
root; the whole plant densely clothed with short whitish pubes-
cence. Leaves four or five to a rosette; petiole 4-1 in. long,
densely villose ; leaflets 3, sessile, entire, 1-2 in. long and broad,
green and thiuly coated with shining white hairs above, thickly
matted with similar hairs beneath. Peduncles 2-8 to a rosette,
about as long as the leaves, petiole included. Pedieels 4-3 in.
long, with a whorl of minute lanceolate bracts at the base. Calyx
gin. long. Petals obovate, 4 in. long. Stamens d in. long, the
densely pilose filaments united in a tube at the base.—Central
Madagascar, Baron 1801! Allied to the Cape O. sericea, L.
OXALIS SIMULANS, n. sp.
Herbacea, perennis, caulescens, breviter pubescens, foliis digitatim tri-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 113
foliolatis, foliolis deltoideis emarginatis, umbellis multis axillaribus 2-4-
floris, pedunculis pedicellisque elongatis, calycis segmentis lanceolatis acutis,
petalis pallide luteis quam calyx duplo longioribus, fructu cylindrico.
An erect perennial herb, with a fusiform root ; the whole plant
clothed with short persistent fine whitish pubescence. Stems
slender, densely caspitose, erect, 1-1 ft. long. Petioles 1-2 in.
long ; leaflets membranous, 2-1 in. long and broad, deeply emar-
ginate, with two semiorbicular apical lobes. Peduncles 2-3 in.
long; pedicels 1-2 in. long, with a whorl of lanceolate bracts at
the base. Calyx lin. long. Capsule cylindrical, an inch long,
with 5 short hooked styles—Central Madagascar, Dr. Parker!
Baron 2110! So like O. stricta, that I thought at first it was a
hairy variety ; but Mr. Baron’s specimens just received show that
it has a stout fusiform perennial rootstock.
Impartens LYALLIT, n. sp.
Suffruticosa, ramulis flexuosis ferrugineo-pilosis, foliis magnis petiolatis
oblanceolato-oblongis membranaceis crenatis setoso-ciliatis petiolo piloso,
floribus solitariis axillaribus longe pedunculatis, sepalis lateralibus parvis
lanceolatis, posteriore piloso deltoideo-naviculari cuspidato calcari subulato
15-18 lin. longo, petalis rubellis magnis suborbiculatis, ovario ad basin et
apicem angustato.
A shrub 3-6 feet high, with stoutish flexuose herbaceous
branchlets, clothed with short ferruginous pubescence. Petiole
pilose, 1-14 in. long, not ciliated with any large glands; blade
reaching a length of half a foot, 1-1} in. broad above the middle,
acute, narrowed gradually from the middle to the base, crenate,
with a glandular bristle in each sinus, membranous, green and
hispidulous on the upper surface, slightly ferruginous on the
main veins beneath. Flowers solitary from the axils of the
upper leaves on very slender ascending peduncles 2-33 in. long.
Lateral sepals lanceolate, 1 in. long; basal sepal with a cuspidate
deltoid-navieular hood-like lamina half an inch long, greenish
brown and finely pilose outside, and a simple filiform spur
1-11 in. long. Petals pinkish, orbicular, not lobed, nearly
an inch long and broad. Fruit oblong, glabrous, nearly an
inch long, narrowed gradually both to base and apex.—Central
Madagascar, sent long ago by Dr. Lyall as “49. Balsamina
glandulifera.’ Gathered in 1862 by Dr. Meller in the forest of
Befarona; and now Mr. Baron and Dr. Parker both send excel-
lent specimens, the first as No. 1242, and the latter from the
forest of Andrangaloaka. It is one of the finest species of the
114 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
whole genus, and would be very suitable to introduce for horti-
cultural purposes. t is allied to a Comoro-Island plant, named
long ago by Bojer, but, I believe, never characterized, of which I
therefore give a description.
IMPATIENS COMORENSIS, n. sp.—Balsamina comorensis, Bojer
MSS.
Suffruticosa glabra, ramulis crassiusculis flexuosis, foliis oblongis mem-
branaceis acutis basi cuneatis crenatis setoso-ciliatis, petiolo glandulis
magnis clavatis 2-4-jugis przdito, floribus axillaribus 3-4nis longe pedun-
culatis, sepalis lateralibus parvis oblongis cuspidatis, posteriore naviculari
caleari profunde bifido 15-18 lin. longo, petalis magnis orbiculatis rubellis
haud lobatis, ovario ad basin et apicem angustato.
A shrub 3-4 feet high, with stoutish flexuose glabrous herba-
ceous branchlets. Petioles 1-13 in. long, often bulbilliferous in
the axil, margined by 3-4 pairs of large clavate glands; blade
3-4 in. long, 12-2 in. broad, crenate, with a glandular bristle in
each sinus, green and quite glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers
3-4 together in the axils of the upper leaves on very slender
ascending peduncles 3—4 in. long. Lateral sepals oblong cuspi-
date, i-3 in. long; posterior sepal with a deltoid funnel-shaped
limb about half an inch long, and a deeply bifid filiform spur
15-18 lines long. Petals pinkish, an inch long, not lobed.
Ovary narrowed gradually from the middle to the base and point.
—“ In locis obscuris insule Juanne;” gathered and distributed
long ago by Bojer. We have also specimens gathered in 1862
by Sir John Kirk, and in 1875 (No. 1575) by Dr. J. M. Hilde-
brandt. There appear to be two other species in the island;
but our material is not good enough to characterize either of them
fully.
IMPATIENS FIRMULA, N. 8p.
Suffruticosa glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis acutis firmulis
glanduloso-serratis, floribus axillaribus solitariis longe pedunculatis, sepalis
lateralibus parvis lanceolatis, posteriore lamina deltoideo-navieulari calcari
subulato pollicari vel ultra, petalis parvis rubellis, ovario oblongo utrinque
attenuato.
A branched undershrub, glabrous in all its parts, with siender
firm ultimate branchlets. Petiole 4-4 in. long, sometimes (but
not always) margined with two or three large clavate glands;
blade 13-3 in. long, ?-l in. broad at the middle, narrowed to
both ends, firm in texture for the genus, sometimes tinted purple,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 115
finely serrated, with a bristle in each sinus. Flowers ‘solitary in
the axils of the upper leaves, on slender ascending peduncles
1-2 in. long. Lateral sepals minute, lanceolate ; posterior sepal
with a deltoid-navieular lamina }-} in. long and broad, and a
simple subulate spur 1-11 in. long. Petals reddish, the wings
not more than 3 in. long and broad, not deeply lobed. Capsule
2 in. long, narrowed to both ends.—Central Madagascar;
gathered long ago by Bojer and distributed as Impatiens capensis,
and by Lyall (no. 50). Sent lately by Mr. Baron and by Dr.
Parker from the forest of Andrangaloaka. I presume it is
I. leptopoda, var. madagascariensis of O. Hoffm. in Rel. Ruten.
v. 335; but the Ceylon plant is a flaecid annual herb, and this is
à perennial with woody lower branches.
IMPATIENS SALICIFOLIA, n. sp.—Balsamina salicifolia, Bojer
MSS.
Herbacea, glabra, foliis subsessilibus linearibus firmulis calloso-dentatis,
floribus axillaribus 1-2nis longe pedunculatis, sepalis lateralibus oblongis
acutis, posteriore limbo deltoideo-naviculari calcari subulato pollicari,
petalis magnis latis rubellis haud lobatis, fructu oblongo ad apicem et basin
angustato.
An erect herb, glabrous in all its parts, with stout herbaceous
erect little-branched stems. Leaves close, subsessile, erecto-
patent, firm in texture for the genus, 3-4 in. long, 1-3 in. broad,
narrowed gradually to the base and acute point, green on both
surfaces, with a horny edge and a callus at the tip of the minute
teeth. Flowers 1-2 together from the axils of the upper leaves on
slender ascending peduncles 2-8 in. long. Lateral sepals greenish,
4 in. long; posterior sepal with a deltoid-navicular lamina 4 in.
long, narrowed gradually into the subulate spur. Petals reddish,
the wings nearly an inch long. Capsule oblong, 2 in. long, nar-
rowed from the middle to the base and tip.—Central Madagascar ;
gathered long ago by Bojer and distributed under the name of
Balsamina salicifolia, and now refound by Mr. Baron (nos. 624
and 961). A closely allied species from the Ankaratra mountains
has lately been described by Dr. O. Hoffmann (Reliq. Ruten.
part v. p. 335) under the name of Impatiens Rutenbergii.
IMPATIENS EMIRNENSIS, N. Sp.
Herbacea, glabra, ramis gracilibus fragilibus, foliis oblongis acutis inem-
branaceis crenatis setoso-denticulatis, petiolo glandulis magnis clavatis
przdito, floribus in axillis foliorum 3-5nis umbellatis, sepalis lateralibus
116 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
lanceolatis, posteriore limbo parvo naviculari calcari subulato semipollicari,
petalis latis rubellis magnitudine mediocribus haud lobatis, ovario oblongo
utrinque angustato.
Anannual herb, with long slender fragile glabrous stramineous
branches. Leaves distant, alternate ; petiole i-i in. long, mar-
gined with 2-3 pairs of large clavate glands ; blade very membra-
nous, 3-4 in. long, 1-11 in. broad at the middle, narrowed gra-
dually to the base and aeute point, with a few inconspicuous
bristles on the upper surface, minutely erenate, with a small
bristle in each sinus. Flowers umbelled in the axils of several
of the upper leaves, the slender peduncles not more than an inch
long. Lateral sepals oblong-cuspidate, membranous, glabrous,
4-1 in. long; posterior sepal with a navieular lamina 1 in. Jong
and broad, and a spur half an inch long. Petals reddish, the side
ones 3 in. long and broad. Ovary oblong, narrowed to the base
and tip.—Central Madagascar, in forests of the province of
Imerina, Bojer! Lyall 51! Baron 744! Easily recognized from
the other Madagascar species by its umbelled flowers.
IMPATIENS TRICHOCERAS, n. sp.
Herbacca, ramulis gracilibus fragilibus apice ferrugineo-pilosis, foliis
petiolatis oblongis acutis membranaceis crenatis setoso-ciliatis, petiolo
haud glanduloso, floribus axillaribus 1-2nis longe pedunculatis, sepalis
pilosis lateralibus lanceolatis, posteriore lamina deltoideo-naviculari calcari
subulato 12-15 lin. longo, petalis parvis latis rubellis, ovario utrinque
attenuato.
A flaccid herb, with very slender fragile branches ferrugineo-
pilose towards the tip. Leaves distant, alternate ; petiole 2-1 in.
long, without any large clavate glands; blade 11-2 in. long,
2-1 in. broad, acute, cuneate at the base, membranous, dark
green, crenate, with a glandular bristle in each sinus. Flowers
1-2 together from the axils of the upper leaves, on slender
ascending pilose peduncles 1-14 in. long. Lateral sepals lanceo-
late, } in. long; posterior sepal pilose, with a deltoid-navicular
lamina j-3 in. long, and a subulate pilose spur 1-14 in. long.
Petals reddish, the wings under lin. long. Ovary narrowed
from the middle to both ends.— Central Madagascar, Lyall 46!
We have also two other Madagascar species gathered by Dr.
Lyall, one a flaccid annual near Z. capensis, Thunb., and the other
a shrubby species near T. firmula ; but of both the material is too
incomplete to characterize them properly.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 117
EvoprA DENSIFLORA, n. sp.
E.ramulisapice pilosis, foliis digitatim trifoliolatis, petiolo conspicue alato,
foliolis obovato-cuneatis obtusis subcoriaceis glabris, floribus tetrameris in
paniculas axillares densifloras breviter pedunculatas ramis corymbosis dis-
positis, pedicellis brevibus pilosis, calycis minuti segmentis rotundatis,
petalis oblongis calyce 3-4plo longioribus, staminibus exsertis filamentis
applanatis, ovario in flore masculo rudimentario.
A forest-tree, 20 or 80 feet high, with crowded branchlets,
pilose towards the tip. Leaves opposite; petiole 1-12 in. long,
with a rigid wing 4.5 in. broad at the top, narrowed gradually to
the base; leaflets 1-2 in. long, obtuse, narrowed gradually from
the middle to the base, subcoriaceous, drab-green and glabrous
on both surfaces, minutely black-dotted beneath, the fine ascend-
ing main veins anastomosing by arches within the margin.
Panicles dense, produced from the axils of the upper leaves, about
as long as the leaves; peduncle and branches densely pilose ;
branches corymbose. Calyx 4 line long, with 4 rounded lobes.
Petals oblong, } in. long. Stamens half as long again as the
petals; anthers oblong, purple; filaments flattened, glabrous.
Ovary globose, densely pilose. Fruit not seen.—Central Mada-
gascar, in the forest of the province of Imerina, Parker! Baron
1925!
EvODIA CELASTRACEA, n. sp.
E. ramulis obscure pilosis, foliis oppositis simplicibus oblongis integris
coriaceis glabris, paniculis axillaribus pedunculatis laxifloris ramis corym-
bosis, pedicellis flori zquilongis, calycis minuti segmentis 4 rotundis,
petalis 4 oblongis quam calyx 3-4plo longioribus, staminibus petalis aqui-
longis filamentis applanatis, fructu 4-cocco semine nigro nitido.
A tree, with crowded slender erecto-patent obscurely pilose
branchlets. Petiole 1-1 in. long, articulated at the tip; blade
always simple, 2-3 in. long, 4-3 in. broad, obtuse, deltoid at the
base, subcoriaceous, drab-green on both surfaces, distinetly black-
dotted, with numerous ascending distinct main veins. Panicles
about as long as the leaves, peduncled, with few corymbose
branchlets; pedicels slender, about as long as the tetramerous
flowers. Calyx 4 line long, pilose, with 4 semiorbicular segments.
Petals oblong, in. long. Stamens with oblong anthers and
pilose flattened filaments. Fruit of 4 or fewer emarginate rigid
cocci J in. broad, with a single black shining seed in each the
size of a small pea.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1156! 1927!
118 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Allied to E. Chapelieri, Baillon in Adansonia, x. 326, and Æ. ma-
dagascariensis, Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1882, p. 43.
Toppatra (§ VEPRIS) SCHMIDELIOIDES, n. sp.
Inermis, ramulis pilosis, foliis trifoliolatis longe petiolatis, foliolis oblongis
subcoriaceis obscure pilosis distincte petiolulatis, floribus polygamis in
paniculas axillares dispositis, pedunculis pedicellisque pilosis, calycis seg-
mentis 4 deltoideis, petalis 4 oblongis albidis, masculis staminibus perfectis
8 ovario parvo, foemineis ovario globoso stigmate magno lobato, fructu
globoso glabro intus glutinoso.
A tree, with slender densely pilose terete woody branchlets.
Petiole 11-2 in., densely pilose; leaflets 3, oblong, cuneate at the
base, narrowed to an obtuse point, subcoriaceous, 3-4 in. long,
1-11 in. broad at the middle, bright green and glabrous above,
finely veined, obscurely pilose and gland-dotted beneath, the
main veins anastomosing in intramarginal arches, the end leaflet
with a pilose petiolule 4 in. long, and the side one with petiolules
half as long. Flowers in copious axillary panicles much shorter
than the leaves; peduncles and pedicels densely pilose, the latter
as long as the flowers. Calyx 4 line long, densely pilose, with 4
deltoid segments. Petals 4, oblong, whitish, gland-dotted, g in.
long. Male flowers with a rudimentary ovary and 8 perfect
stamens, with suborbicular anthers shorter than the filaments.
Female flower with a large globose ovary with a large capitate
sessile lobed stigma and 8 rudimentary stamens. Fruit globose,
glabrous, very glandular, 1-] in. in diam.—* In sylvis vastis
Befouroun," Bojer, who distributed it as an Ornitrophe; and
now regathered both in fruit and flower by Mr. Baron, no. 1102
and 1282.
CASSINOPSIS CILIATA, n. sp.
C. ramulis pilosis, foliis petiolatis oblongis acutis integris subcoriaceis
primum ciliatis facie viridibus seabris dorso pilosis, floribus in paniculas
axillares cymosas breviter peduuculatas dispositis, bracteis deltoideis,
pedicellis brevissimis, calycis pilosi segmentis orbicularibus imbricatis,
corolle tubo brevi segmentis oblongis, filamentis brevissimis, ovario
glabro, stylo subnullo, stigmate capitato.
A tree, with the habit of Rhamnus Frangula, with moderately
stout woody densely pilose branches. Leaves opposite, with a
pilose petiole 4-3 in. long; blade 3-4 in. long, oblong, acute,
rounded at the base, 14-2 in. broad, densely ciliated with a fringe
of firm erecto-patent brown bristly hairs when young, dark green
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 119
and scabrous above, paler, with 5-6-jugate raised ferrugineo-
pilose arcuate-ascending main veins, beneath. Flowers in deltoid
peduncled axillary cymes about an inch long. Calyx jy in.
broad, with 5 orbicular obtuse pilose brown segments. Corolla
3 in. long, with 5 spreading segments, connate in a short tube at
the base. Stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-tube, with very
short filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, with
a short style and capitate stigma.— Central Madagascar, Baron
1753! We have specimens of the other Madagascar species
(C. madagascariensis, Baill. Adans. xi. 180), gathered both by
Bojer and Lyall 148.
CnarrLETIA ($ Levcosra) DISCOLOR, n. sp.
Arborea, ramulis persistenter brunneo-tomentosis, foliis breviter petio-
latis obovato-oblongis acutis facie viridibus brevissime pubescentibus dorso
albido-incanis venulosis, floribus in cymas parvas laterales paucifloras dis-
positis, pedicellis flori «quilongis, calycis segmentis lanceolatis tomen-
tosis, petalis oblanceolatis integris nigro-purpureis quam calyx vix longi-
oribus, staminibus petalis zquilongis, stylo apice cuspidato.
A tree, with slender terete branchlets, densely and persistently
clothed with short bright brown pubescence. Leaves alternate,
shortly petioled, 3-4 in. long, 1-11 in. broad, acute, narrowed
gradually from the middle to the base, green and obscurely pilose
above, clothed with thin persistent whitish tomentum beneath,
with raised veins and veinlets. Flowers in short peduncled
lateral cymes, either with or without a large leaf from the base.
Calyx à in. long, densely brown-tomentose, cut down nearly to
the base into lanceolate segments. Petals oblanceolate, purplish
black, scarcely longer than the calyx. Filaments filiform;
anthers minute, suborbieular. Style half as long as the fila-
ments, distinctly cuspidate at the tip. Fruit of two pilose lobes
the size of a pea.—Forest of Alamazaotra, Baron 1403! Allied
to C. Bojeri, Tulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, vol. viii. p. 85.
HARTOGIA ? TRILOBOCARPA, n. Sp.
Glaberrima, ramulis foliisque oppositis, foliis brevissime petiolatis
obovato-oblongis crassis rigidis inciso-crenatis, cymis axillaribus pauci-
floris breviter pedunculatis, calycis segmentis 5 orbicularibus minutis,
petalis 5 ovato-oblongis quam calyx duplo longioribus, fructu capsulari tur-
binato triloculari apice depresso trilobato.
A much-branched shrub or small tree, glabrous in allits parts,
with slender contiguous erecto-patent woody ultimate branchlets,
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. xx. K
120 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Petiole very short; blade 1-14 in. long, 4-3 in. broad, obtuse,
thick and rigid in texture, inciso-crenate above the deltoid base,
green and glabrous on both surfaces, with fine close veining.
Flowers 1-3 together in copious axillary cymes shorter than the
leaves; pedicels finally 41; in.long. Expanded fruit-calyx y in. in
diam.; segments orbicular. Petals 5, ovate-oblong, twice as long
as the calyx. Stamens with a filament as long as the orbicular
incurved anther. Fruit a turbinate indehiscent brown coriaceous
capsule under d in. long, with a depression tipped with the short
persistent style in the centre of the three-lobed apex and single
exarillate seed in each of the three cells.— Central Madagascar,
Baron 1183! Will, not unlikely, prove a new genus.
GYMNOSPORIA CRATJEGINA, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, spinosa, foliis petiolatis subcoriaceis ovato-oblongis
obtusis serrulatis, cymis axillaribus compositis pedunculatis, pedicellis
flore longioribus, bracteis minutis lanceolato-deltoideis, calycis segmentis
5 orbicularibus valde imbricatis, petalis ovatis quam calyx 2-3plo longiori-
bus, staminibus calyci sequilongis.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with terete rather flexuose
branchlets, armed with deflexed woody pungent cylindrical spines
l-iin.long. Leaves alternate or fascicled on short suppressed
branchlets; petiole under 1 in. long; blade 14-2 in. long,
obtuse, deltoid at the base, subcoriaceous, dark green above,
drab-green beneath, with fine immersed veins. Flowers 10-20
in copious peduncled axillary cymes, which are sometimes as long
as the leaves; pedicels 3-4 in. long. Calyx half a line long ;
segments 5, orbicular, much imbricated. Petals 4l; in. long.
Stamens 5, with filiform inflexed filaments and minute orbicular
anthers. Fruit ‘not seen.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1194!
2102! A near ally of G. leptopus and G. berberidacea.
GYMNOSPORIA BERBERIDACEA, n. Sp.
Ramosissima, glabra, spinosa, foliis parvis subcoriaceis brevissime petio-
latis obovatis vel oblongis obscure crenatis szepe ad axillas spinarum fasci-
culatis, floribus minutis 4-5meris in cymas copiosas pedunculatas 4-5-
floras dispositis, pedicellis brevibus, bracteis minutis deltoideis, sepalis
orbicularibus ciliatis, petalis obovatis quam sepala 2-3plo longioribus, stami-
nibus inclusis.
A much-branched erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts. Spines
pungent, woody, straight, slender, i-i in. long. Leaves alter-
nate or often fascicled in the axils of the spines, through the non-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 121
development of branchlets, nearly sessile, 1-4 in. long, obtuse,
cuneate at the base, firm in texture, green and glabrous on both
surfaces. Flowers in copious 1-2nate axillary cymes on slender
peduncles 3-3 in. long; pedicels about as long as the flower, with
small deltoid persistent brown bracts at the base. Expanded
calyx not more than 4 lin. in diam. ; sepals 4-5, unequal, orbicular,
much imbricated, fimbriato-ciliate. Petals obovate, 4 line long.
Stamens 4-5, just longer than the calyx. Fruit unknown.—Cen-
tral Madagascar, Lyall 346! Baron 781! 2054! A close ally of
Gymnosporia leptopus (Catha leptopus, Tulasne in Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, viii. 100), which differs by its longer peduncles, more nume-
rous flowers in a cyme, and larger pale green leaves more narrowed
at the base. That also has the same Berberis-like habit of growth,
with the leaves often fascicled in the axils of the spines.
GYMNOSPORIA PANICULATA, D. Sp.
Glaberrima, ramis spinis magnis patulis pungentibus armatis, foliis ses-
silibus oblanceolatis coriaceis pallidis serrulatis, floribus minutis pentameris
in cymas sessiles multifloras in paniculam angustam aggregatas dispositis,
pedicellis flori squilongis, bracteis minutis deltoideis persistentibus,
sepalis orbicularibus, petalis obovatis quam calyx 2-3plo longioribus, stami-
nibus inclusis.
A shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with whitish terete woody
branchlets, armed with copious spreading straight pungent spines
1-2 in. long, which sometimes bear leaves. Leaves sessile, 1-14
in. long, 3-3 in. broad, firm in texture, pale green on both sur-
faces, minutely serrulate, obtuse, narrowed from the middle to
the base. Cymes sessile, densely many-flowered, under half an
inch long and broad, forming an entirely leafless peduncled ter-
minal panicle halfa foot long, under an inch broad; pedicels
about as long as the flowers; bracts minute, deltoid, persistent.
Calyx not more than 3 lin. in diam. ; sepals orbicular, much imbri-
cated, coriaceous, subentire. Petals obovate, 4 lin. long. Bud
globose, 4 lin. in diam. Fruit unknown.—Central Madagascar,
Bojer!
ELXZODENDRON OLIGANTHUM, n. Sp.
Glabrum, foliis parvis breviter petiolatis oblongis obtusis coriaceis cre-
natis, cymis copiosis axillaribus 3-4-floris, pedunculis pedicellisque brevi-
bus, calycis segmentis deltoideis, petalis orbicularibus imbricatis, stami-
nibus calyci xquilongis, fructu duro glabro parvo brunneo iutegro vel
lobato.
K 2
122 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
A shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with slender woody terete
branchlets. Leaves alternate ; petiole 3-1 in. long ; blade 1-12 in.
long, under an inch broad, oUtse. deltord at the base, thick and
rigid in texture, dark green above, drab beneath, with fine incon-
spicuous veining. Flowers in copious small cymes in the axils of
the leaves; peduncle 1-1 in. long; pedicels a little longer than
the flowers; bracts minute, deltoid. Calyx minute, with 5
deltoid lobes. Expanded corolla not more than 4; in. in diam. ;
petals orbicular, yellowish green, much imbrieated. Fruit hard,
brown, globose, 3-4 in. in diam., simple or two-lobed.— Central
Madagascar, Baron 1938! 2159!
ELEODENDRON PILOSUM, n. sp.
E. ramulis pilosis, foliis parvis alternis breviter petiolatis subcoriacels
obovatis vel oblongis subintegris facie glabris dorso obscure pilosis, cymis
axillaribus 2-3-floris breviter pedunculatis, pedicellis brevibus, bracteis
minutis deltoideis persistentibus, calycis segmentis 5 deltoideis, petalis 5
parvis orbicularibus luteo-viridibus, staminibus quam poe duplo breviori-
bus, fructu biloculari putamine crasso corneo.
A shrub, with very slender densely pilose terete woody
branchlets. Petiole 3-1 in., densely pilose ; blade 3-14 in. long,
1-i in. broad, obtuse, rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate,
firm in texture, green on both surfaces, with fine ascending main
veins, obscurely pilose beneath. Cymes copious, axillary, shorter
than the leaves, 2-3-flowered; pedicels not longer than the
flowers, pilose, with small persistent deltoid bracts at the base.
Expanded corolla 4!; in. in diam.; sepals pilose, half as long as the
orbicular petals. Disk large, pentagonal. Stamens 5, not more
than half as long as the petals; anthers orbicular. Drupe not
larger than a pea, oblong, 2-celled, with a thick bony endocarp.
—Central Madagascar, Baron 1204!
Vitis (§ Cissus) LENTICELLATA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, glabra, ramulis gracilibus sarmentosis cirriferis copiose
lenticellatis, foliis simplicibus obovato-oblongis cuspidatis serratis brevis-
sime petiolatis firmulis glabris, floribus tetrameris in cymas laxas pauci-
floras breviter pedunculatas dispositis, pedicellis quam flos 2-3plo longiori-
bus, calyce campanulato truncato, petalis oblongis viridibus, staminibus bre-
vibus.
A woody climber, with slender branchlets roughened with
copious lenticels and long tendrils of firm texture. Petiole not
more than }-} in.; blade obovate-oblong, cuspidate, rounded at
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 123
the base, ineonspieuously or sometimes distinctly serrated, 11-2
in. long, moderately firm in texture, green and glabrous on both
surfaces. Flowers few together in cymes on short peduncles,
which sometimes are aggregated into a panicle at the end of the
branchlets; pedicels glabrous, 3-4 in. long. Calyx campanulate,
2 lin. in diam., quite truncate. Petals greenish, oblong. Disk
very prominent. Stamens very short. Immature fruit glabrous,
oblong.—Central Madagascar in forests of the province of
Imerina, Baron 404! 439! 1294! 1934! Allied to F. producta,
Afzel., of Sierra Leone.
Vitis ($ Crssvs) TRITERNATA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis gracilibus glabris sarmentosis copiose cirriferis, foliis
triternatis, foliolis oblongis cuspidatis serratis membranaceis utrinque viri-
dibus glabris, floribus minutis tetrameris in cymas multifloras dispositis,
pedicellis brevissimis, calyce patellaformi obscure lobato, petalis oblongis
viridibus, staminibus 4 quam petala brevioribus,
A climber, with very slender woody glabrous branchlets with
copious simple or compound slender tendrils. Fully developed
leaves deltoid, 2-3 in. long and broad, triternately compound,
with a common petiole about an inch long; leaflets oblong, with
a large cusp, 1-1 in. long, narrowed to a rounded base, strongly
serrated, thin in texture, green and glabrous on both surfaces.
Cymes lateral, 1-1} in. broad, with three main forks, bearing
Sometimes 100 flowers, the peduncle 1-14 in. long, sometimes
bearing a small petioled biternate leaf; branches pilose; final
pedicels very short. Bud globose, not more than half a line in
diam. Calyx patelleform, green, obscurely 4-lobed. Petals 4,
oblong, greenish, 1 line long. Stamens 4, shorter than the
petals. Berry unknown.—Central Madagascar, Baron 743!
Nearly allied to V. biternata, Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1882,
p. 90.
CALYXCIFLORE.
LEBECKIA? RETAMOIDES, n. sp.
Fruticosa, erecta, ramosissima, ramulis erectis virgatis multisulcatis
aphyllis superne pilosis, floribus ad apices ramorum paucis laxe racemosis,
bracteis minutis deltoideis, calycis pilosi tubo campanulato dentibus 5
tubo zequilongis, petalis rubellis calycem duplo superantibus, vexillo orbi-
culari extus velutino, carina obtusa quam vexillum paulo breviore, legumine
cylindrico parvo albido velutino septato 5-6-spermo.
An erect shrub, with the habit of our English broom (Saro-
124 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
thamnus), but entirely leafless, with very numerous slender wiry
multisuleate branchlets, glabrous except towards the tip. Proper
leaves none, the branchlets subtended only at the base by minute
lanceolate rigid persistent bracts. Flowers few, in lax irregular
racemes towards the tip of the branchlets, on densely pilose
pedicels +—3 in. long, with a minute bract at the base. Calyx
4 in. long, densely pilose, with 5 distinct lanceolate-deltoid teeth
as long as the tube. Corolla reddish, twice as long as the calyx ;
standard orbicular, 4 in. broad ; wings and keel a little shorter
than the standard. Stamens monadelphous, 4 in. long, the tube
closed along the top in an early stage. Legume cylindrical 1-1
in. long, } in. broad, rigid in texture, densely persistently white-
silky, with septa between the small globose seeds.— Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 1827! A curious plant, entirely leafless so far as
our material goes. The genus Lebeckia is known at the Cape
only.
CROTALARIA ORTHOCLADA, n. 8p.
Herbacea, perennis, erecta, ramosa, glabra, stipulis foliaceis persistenti-
bus, foliis petiolatis, digitatim trifoliolatis, foliolis oblanceolatis obtusis,
racemis terminalibus laxis multifloris, pedicellis calyci zequilongis, bracteis
caducis minutis, calycis dentibus tubo æquilongis, petalis quam calyx
duplo longioribus, legumine stipitato lineari-oblongo glabro 6-8-spermo.
An erect copiously-branched perennial herb, several feet
high, glabrous in all its parts, with long stiff erecto-patent
branchlets. Petiole 1-3 in. long; stipules lanceolate, foliaceous,
persistent, as long as the petiole; leaflets 1-3 in. long, shortly
petiolulate, moderately firm in texture, green and glabrous
on both surfaces, l-nerved. Flowers 6-12 in lax terminal pe-
duncled racemes; pedicels -4 in. long. Calyx 1-l in. long;
teeth lanceolate-deltoid, as long as the campanulate tube. Co-
rolla twice as long as the calyx ; standard orbieular; keel } in.
deep in the centre. Legume linear-oblong, brown, glabrous,
1-i in. long, with a stipe as long as the calyx.—Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 2063! Closely allied to C. goreensis, Guill. &
Perot., as is also the next species.
CROTALARIA TENUIS, n. sp,
Herbacea, perennis, glabra, caulibus gracillimis basi decumbentibus,
stipulis magnis foliaceis persistentibus, foliis petiolatis digitatim trifolio-
Jatis, foliolis oblanceolatis, racemis laxis paucifloris terminalibus, pedicellis
calyci zquilongis, bracteis minutis caducis, calycis segmentis lanceolato-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 125
deltoideis tubo campanulato aquilongis, petalis quam calyx duplo longiori-
bus, ovario glabro pedicellato lineari-oblongo.
A perennial herb, under a foot high, with very slender stems
ascending in the upper half, glabrous in all its parts. Petiole
i-4 in. long; stipules lanceolate, foliaceous, as long as the
petiole; leaflets 1 in. long, obtuse, with a minute mucro. Flowers
3-6 in very lax terminal racemes; pedicels }-} in. long; bracts
very minute, lanceolate. Calyx 1 in. long; teeth lanceolate or
lanceolate-deltoid. Corolla 4 in. long; standard orbicular.
Ovary linear-oblong, glabrous, stipitate, many-ovuled.— Central
Madagascar, Baron 1862! 2149!
ARGYROLOBIUM EMIRNENSE, n. sp.
Herbaceum, perenne, ramosissimum dense pilosum, foliis trifoliolatis bre-
viter petiolatis, stipulis lanceolatis persistentibus, foliolis oblongis euspi-
datis utrinque dense pilosis, floribus I-2nis axillaribus longe pedunculatis,
pedicellis brevissimis, calyce profunde bilabiato dentibus parvis lanceolatis,
carina et alis obovatis, legumine lineari recto 8-10-spermo haud toruloso
intus continuo.
A herbaceous perennial, densely branched from the crown of
the root, with slender terete densely pilose stems about half a
foot long. Petiole not more than 3-4 in. Stipules lanceolate,
persistent, pilose, as long as the petiole; leaflets 3, sessile,
obovate or oblong, densely pilose on both surfaces, the end one
i-i in. long, the side ones smaller. Flowers 1-2 on axillary
peduncles 2-3 in. long; pedicels very short; bracts minute,
Calyx 1 in. long, infundibuliform, pilose, deeply bila-
linear.
Standard obovate,
biate; teeth of both lips small, lanceolate.
obtuse, twice as long as the calyx, hairy on the outside. Wings
obovate, a little longer than calyx, equalling the keel. Pod
linear, 1-11 in. long, 3 in. broad, straight, glabrous when mature,
nearly flat, not at all torulose, not at all septate internally.
Seeds 8-10, orbicular, glabrous.— Central Madagascar, Baron
846! 1793! Allied to the common Himalayan 4. flaccidum.
Adds this Cape, Tropical-African, and East-Indian genus to the
Madagascar flora.
GENISTA? MADAGASCARIENSIS, n. Sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis virgatis multisuleatis glabris, foliis rudimentariis
simplicibus pilosis fasciculatis, floribus solitariis axillaribus breviter pedi-
cellatis, calycis bilabiati tubo campanulato, labiis deltoideis, inferiore
tridentato, petalis angustis qualibus quam calyx triplo longioribus, legu-
mine lineari-oblongo compresso polyspermo.
126 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
A much-branched erect shrub, with the habit of our common
English broom (Sarothamnus scoparius), with wiry multisulcate
firm slender branches and copious erect branchlets. Leaves only
seen in a rudimentary state, contemporary with the flowers, in
tufts on short suppressed branchlets, sessile, simple lanceolate,
densely pilose. Flowers solitary on short pedicels from the axils
of the leaves. Calyx 74, in. long, with two deltoid lips shorter
than the tube, the lower obscurely 3-toothed. Corolla white,
l in. long; standard and wings narrow ; keel narrow, obtuse,
all about equalinlength. Stamens united in the lower half into
a tube slit along the top by the expanding ovary. Immature
legume linear-oblong, laterally flattened, densely pilose, tipped by
the filiform curved glabrous style.— Central Madagascar, Baron
1727! A curious plant, of which the systematic position is
doubtful, for want of developed leaves and legume in mature
condition, with seeds. Likely it may prove a new genus.
INDIGOFERA THYMOIDES, n. sp.
Herbacea, perennis, caulibus capillaribus decumbentibus copiose ramosis,
stipulis minutis deltoideis, foliis brevissime petiolatis digitatim trifolio-
latis, foliolis minutis ovatis mucronatis parce hispidis, racemis axillaribus
pedunculatis laxissime 3-4-floris, pedicellis quam calyx longioribus, bracteis
minutis caducis, calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubo campanulato zequilongis,
petalis lilacinis quam calyx 3-4plo longioribus, ovario cylindrico glabro
multiovulato.
A much-branched perennial herb, with very slender trailing
stems a foot or more long. Petiole very short; leaflets 4j in.
long, firm in texture, dark green, distinctly mucronate, with a
few adpressed white bristly hairs. Flowers in axillary racemes
on peduncles 1-13 in. long ; pedicels very slender, ;';—% in. long ;
bracts minute, deltoid, eaducous. Calyx not more than j line
long, teeth lanceolate, as long as the campanulate tube, Corolla
lilac, 4 in. long. Mature legume not seen.—Central Madagas-
car, Baron 1812! 2047! Differs from all the Tropical-A frican
Dissitiflorz by its trifoliolate leaves.
INDIGOFERA PARKERI, n. sp,
Suffruticosa, ramulis gracilibus apice obscure pilosis, foliis imparipin-
natis, foliolis 5 alternis obovatis cuspidatis obscure strigillosis, racemis
multifloris subdensis pedunculatis folio longioribus, pedicellis brevissimis,
calycis tubo brevi dentibus elongatis acuminatis, petalis rubris quam calyx
paulo longioribus, legumine recto lineari subtetragono 8-10-spermo obscure
piloso,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 127
A shrub, with slender terete woody greenish branchlets,
obscurely pilose towards the tip only. Leaf 1-1} in. long,
shortly petioled ; stipules lanceolate, persistent ; leaflets obovate-
cuneate, 2—1 in. long, subobtuse, with a minute muero, alternate,
minutely petiolulate, moderately firm in texture, green with a
few adpressed white bristly hairs on both surfaces. Racemes
moderately dense, 1-2 in. long, on peduncles about as long as
the leaves; pedicels very short. Calyx l in. long, with a cam-
panulate tube and linear setaceous teeth 2-3 times as long as
the tube. Corolla bright red, half as long again as the calyx.
Pod straight, under an inch long, 3 lin. broad, thinly pilose, the
valves strongly keeled, not torulose, 8-10-seeded, septate between
the seeds.—Central Madagascar, Parker! Nearly allied to the
common Indian Z. trita, L. fil., and T. subulata, Vahl.
INDIGOFERA PINIFOLIA, n. sp.
Suffruticosa, ramulis gracillimis albo-sericeis, foliis brevissime petiolatis
imparipinnatis, stipulis linearibus persistentibus, foliolis 9-11 linearibus
l-nervis firmulis hispidis margine revolutis, racemis laxis axillaribus pauci-
floris pedunculatis, bracteis lanceolatis persistentibus, calycis dentibus
deltoideo-cuspidatis tubo campanulato æquilongis, petalis lilacinis quam
calyx 3-4plo longioribus, ovario cylindrico multiovulato.
A much-branched undershrub, not more than a foot long, with
slender wiry stems densely clothed with adpressed white bristly
hairs. Leaves nearly sessile, about } in. long, 3 in. broad;
stipules lanceolate, as long as the petiole; leaflets 3-5 in. long,
l-nerved, firm in texture, with very revolute edges, densely
clothed with adpressed white bristly hairs. Racemes copious,
moderately close, 6-8-flowered, two or three times as long as the
leaves; pedicels 3-1 in. long ; bracts minute, lanceolate-deltoid,
persistent. Calyx Į} in. long, densely bristly; teeth deltoid-
cuspidate. Corolla lilac, 4 in. long ; standard orbicular, emar-
ginate, } in. broad, hairy on the outside. Mature legume not
seen.— Central Madagascar, Baron 2136! Group of Tinctoria,
allied to I. Bojeri and T. pedunculata.
INDIGOFERA PECTINATA, n. 8p.
Suffruticosa, ramulis glabris, foliis imparipinnatis distantibus brevissime
petiolatis, stipulis lanceolatis persistentibus, foliolis /-9 lanceolatis acutis
facie glabris dorso obscure strigillosis, racemis multifloris elongatis quam
folium 2-3plo longioribus, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis tubo brevi, seg-
mentis elongatis lineari-setaceis, petalis rubris quam calyx paulo longiori-
bus, ovario lineari multiovulato.
128 MR. J. G. BAKER ON TIIE
A shrub, with slender terete green glabrous branchlets. Leaf
13-2 in. long; petiole very short; bracts persistent, scariose,
lanceolate acuminate, 4 in. long ; leaflets lanceolate, ?-1 in. long,
2 in. broad, narrowed to the base and acute point, moderately
firm in texture, green on both surfaces, glabrous above, with a
thin coating of adpressed white bristly hairs beneath. Racemes
2-3 in. long, dense upwards, lax lower down, on axillary
peduncles 1-14 in. long; pedicels very short. Calyx g in. long,
with a short tube and long linear-setaceous teeth. Corolla red,
glabrous, half as long again asthe calyx. Ovary linear, glabrous,
multiovulate. Pod not seen.—Central Madagascar, Baron 746!
Allied to I. Heudelotii, Benth., of West Tropical Africa, and
I. pedunculata (Hils. et Bojer), Baker in Trimen's Journ. 1882,
p. 67. Probably this latter is identical with T. Bojeri, Vatke
in Rel. Ruten. ii. 245; but the previously named J. Bojeri, Baker
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 266, is a different species.
INDIGOFERA LYALLII, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis dense pubescentibus, folis imparipinnatis breviter
petiolatis, stipulis lineari-setaceis pilosis, foliolis 15-23 oblongis obtusis
mucronatis distincte petiolulatis utrinque pilosis, racemis densis axillaribus
peduneulatis folio sub:zquilongis, pedicellis brevibus, calycis pilosi tubo
campanulato dentibus setaceis tubo longioribus, petalis rubellis quam
calyx triplo longioribus, legumine lineari 5-6-spermo septato.
A shrub or small tree, with densely pilose woody slender branch-
lets. Leaves crowded, 3-4 in. long; petiole 1-3 in.; stipules
as long as the petiole, persistent; leaflets 7-11-jugate, opposite,
about 3 in. long, rounded at both ends, with a very distinct
mucro, dark green and thinly pilose above, pale green and densely
pilose with a brown costa beneath. Racemes copious, axillary,
1-13 in. long, with a peduncle about as long; pedicels nearly as
long as the calyx. Calyx 4l in. long, densely pilose; teeth
setaceous, unequal, plumose, longer than the tube. Corolla 4 in.
long, bright red; standard pilose on the back. Pod 1-14 in.
long, 4; in. broad, straight, turgid, not torulose.— Central Mada-
gascar, gathered long ago by Bojer and Lyall (241) and now by
Baron (941). Closely allied to I. stachyodes, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
xxix. t. 14, and the well-known Indian J. pulchella, Roxb.
TEPHROSIA MONANTHA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis pilosis, stipulis lanceolatis, foliis imparipinnatis,
foliolis 13-15 oblanceolatis obtusis facie subglabris dorso dense albido-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 129
sericeis, floribus solitariis axillaribus breviter pedicellatis, calycis brunneo-
sericei dentibus tubo equilongis, petalis rubris quam calyx 3-4plo longiori-
bus, ovario cylindrico piloso multiovulato.
A branched shrub, with the old branchlets woody and calvate,
the young branchlets densely pilose. —Petiole 4 in. long, very
silky ; stipules lanceolate, pilose, persistent, + in. long ; leaf 2-3
in. long; leaflets 2-2 in. long, obtuse, m T firm in texture,
bright green and nearly alae on the upper surface, densely
white-silky beneath. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves
on silky pedicels as long as the calyx. Calyx 4 in. long, densely
brown-silky ; teeth lanceolate-deltoid, as long as the tube.
Corolla ? in. long, petals equal in length ; standard silky on the
outside. Ovary cylindrical, silky, many-ovuled. Mature legume
not seen.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1852!
MuNDULEA REVOLUTA, D. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis dense pubescentibus, foliis imparipinnatis petiolatis,
foliolis 5-11 lanceolatis crassis coriaceis margine revolutis, floribus in
racemos breves subdensos axillares et terminales breviter pedunculatos
dispositis, pedicellis calyci subzequilongis, calycis pilosi dentibus parvis
lanceolatis vel deltoideis, petalis rubellis calycem triplo superantibus, vexillo
extus persistenter sericeo, legumine parvo lanceolato crasso dense piloso
1-4-spermo.
A shrub, with slender terete woody densely pubescent branch-
lets. Leaves 2-3 in. long including the 2 in. petiole; stipules
minute, lanceolate, deciduous; rhachis densely pilose; leaflets
opposite, nearly sessile, the upper 15-2 in. long, 4 in. broad, the
lower shorter, thick and rigid in texture, with E y revolute
edges, densely pilose on both surfaces, especially beneath.
Racemes short, dense, axillary and terminal, panicled at the end
of the branchlets; bracts minute; pedicels finally as long as the
calyx. Calyx campanulate, densely silky; teeth lanceolate or
deltoid, scarcely as long as the tube. Corolla reddish, 3-4 in.
long; standard orbicular, with a claw, densely silky on the out-
side. Stamens nearly as long as the corolla; free part of the
filaments dilated Hp Pod sessile, lanceolate, dehiscent,
1-11 in. long, 1-1 in. broad, very thick in texture, flat on the
E of the dod sericeous valves. Seeds not more than 4,
glabrous, blackish.—Central Madagasear, Baron 957! Known
long ago and cultivated by Mr. Barclay and in the Mauritius
Botanic Garden. It is called Dalbergia Barclayi in the Kew
130 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
herbarium, but is not the plant figured as such in Hooker's
Exotie Flora, t. 188.
ÆSCHYNOMENE HEURCKEANA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, glabra, ramulis gracillimis, stipulis magnis persistentibus
lanceolato-sagittatis, foliis zqualiter pinnatis breviter petiolatis, foliolis
0-12-jugis lineari-oblongis, racemis axillaribus laxissimis paucifloris
pedunculis pedicellisque hispidis, bracteis bracteolisque lanceolatis persis-
tentibus, calycis dentibus parvis 2 superioribus deltoideis, inferioribus
lanceolatis, petalis luteis quam calyx paulo longioribus, legumine stipitato
plano glabro articulis 2 oblongis.
A shrub 3-5 feet high, with very slender woody glabrous brown
branchlets. Leaves about an inch long including the short
petiole; stipules lanceolate, 4 in. long, with a pair of distinct
lanceolate spurs at the base ; leaflets contiguous, sensitive, shortly
petiolulate, } in. long, moderately firm in texture, obtuse, with
a minute muero. Racemes axillary, about as long as the leaves ;
pedicels 3-4 in. long, with a. pair of persistent shortly spurred
lanceolate bracts at the base. Calyx glabrous, 4 in. long, with a
pair of persistent lanceolate bracteoles adpressed to it; teeth all
small, those of the upper lip deltoid, of the lower lanceolate.
Corolla yellow, glabrous, i in. long. Pod flat, glabrous, dis-
tinctly stipitate, with two oblique oblong articulations 4—4 in.
long.— Central Madagascar, an old specimen in Herb. Kew. with-
out collector’s name and now regathered by Dr. G. W. Parker
and Mr. Baron (2059). Like the Angolan Æ. acutangula, W elw.,
this connects the two sections Euæschynomene and Ochopodium,
combining the habit and legume of the latter with the sagittate
stipules of the former.
ÆSCHYNOMENE (ŞOCHOPODIUM) LAXIFLORA, Bojer MSS.
Fruticosa, glabra, ramulis gracillimis, stipulis parvis persistentibus ovato-
cuspidatis basi haud sagittatis, foliis æqualiter pinnatis brevissime petiolatis,
folis 8-10-jugis oblongis parvis firmulis, racemis axillaribus laxissime
3-4-floris folio longioribus, pedicellis brevibus, bracteolis minutis persis-
tentibus, calyce bilabiato lobis subintegris, petalis luteis quam calyx duplo
longioribus, ovario stipitato hispido articulis 2-3.
A small shrub, with very slender terete brown branchlets.
Leaves not more than an inch long, with very short petioles,
with a pair of rigid ovate persistent stipules ,-} in. long at the
base; leaflets 4 in. long, very obtuse, with a minute mucro, sub-
coriaceous in texture, with distant erecto-patent veins raised on
the under surface. Racemes 2-3 in. long including the peduncle ;
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 131
pedicels ;5,—1 in., ascending, scabrous, bracts deciduous. Calyx
15 in. long, deeply bilabiate, glabrous, with a pair of minute per-
sistent ovate bracteoles adpressed to it; lips ovate. Corolla
yellow, glabrous, 1 in. long. Ovary with a gynophore as long as
the calyx, and 2-3 rather hispid suborbicular articulations.—
Central Madagascar, Bojer!
Drswopnrvw (§ NICOLSONIA) RADIATUM, n. sp.
Herbaceum, perenne, caulibus gracillimis decumbentibus pilosis, foliis
trifoliolatis, foliolis parvis orbicularibus vel oblongis tenuiter pilosis, floribus
in capitula parva terminalia aggregatis, bracteis late ovatis, pedicelli;
brevissimis, calycis pilosi tubo brevissimo segmentis lanceolatis acuminatis,
petalis purpureis quam calyx paulo longioribus, ovario piloso pauciovulato.
A herbaceous perennial, with very slender decumbent pilose
stems a foot or more long, radiating from the crown of the root.
Petiole very short ; stipules minute, lanceolate, brown, persis-
tent; blade rarely 1-foliolate ; end leaflet usually orbicular, 1-1
in. long and broad, rarely oblong; texture moderately firm ;
upper surface bright green, obscurely shortly strigillose; lower
surface paler and more hairy. Flowers in dense sessile terminal
heads and occasionally from the axil of the upper leaves; pedi-
cels very short; bracts orbicular, persistent, shaggy. Calyx
densely pilose, 4 in. long; teeth lanceolate acuminate, densely
pilose. Corolla purplish red, glabrous, half as long again as the
calyx. Ovary linear, pauciovulate, densely hairy, narrowed into
the long incurved style. Pod not seen.—Central Madagascar,
Parker! Baron 681! 895!
Desmopium ($Nt1COLSONIA) MONOSPERMUM, n. sp.
Herbaceum, perenne, caulibus gracillimis decumbentibus pilosis, stipulis
persistentibus lanceolatis, folis unifoliolatis parvis cordato-ovatis facie
glabris dorso tenuiter pilosis, floribus in racemos densos oblongos ter-
minales aggregatis, bracteis magnis orbicularibus cuspidatis persistentibus
dense pilosis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis tubo brevissimo dentibus
lanceolatis plumosis, petalis; inclusis, legumine articulo unico parvo
orbiculari dehiscente.
A perennial herb, with very slender pilose decumbent stems
radiating from the crown of the root. Petiole slender, about
tin. long; stipules minute, lanceolate, brown, scariose, persis-
tent; leaves 1-foliolate, cordate-ovate, acute, 1-2 in. long,
moderately firm in texture, bright green and glabrous above,
paler and pilose beneath. Flowers in dense sessile oblong ter-
minal heads ; bracts orbicular cuspidate, densely silky, persistent,
132 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
4 in. long and broad; pedicels very short. Calyx 4 in. long, slit
down nearly to the base into 5 lanceolate-acuminate plumose
teeth. Corolla not longer than the calyx. Pod of a single
dehiscent orbicular sessile joint $ in. in diam.—Ambohimanga,
Central Madagascar, Dr. Parker. Both this and the last are
small trailing species with the habit of D. triflorum, DC.
Mvcwna (§ CITTA) PANICULATA, n. sp.
Volubilis, fruticosa, ramulis brunneo-velutinis, stipulis minutis lanceo-
latis, foliis pinnatim trifoliolatis nigrescentibus stipellatis utrinque tenuiter
pilosis, foliolo terminali orbiculari cuspidato, floribus in paniculas longe
peduneulatas ramis dense racemosis dispositis, bracteis magnis caducis,
calycis magni labio superiore deltoideo, labii inferioris dentibus lanceolatis,
carina acuminata quam calyx 2-3plo longiore, alis carina paulo brevioribus,
vexillo alis distinete brevioribus, legumine lineari-oblongo lamellis trans-
versis multis preedito pilis hispidis dense armato.
A shrubby climber, with slender pilose leafy branches. Petiole
13-2 in. long; leaves moderately firm in texture, turning black
when dried, obscurely pilose on both surfaces; end leaflet 3-4
in. long and nearly as broad. Flowers in a long-stalked terminal
panicle with dense racemose branches densely clothed with short
brown pubescence, the end one half a foot long, the side ones
shorter, ascending; pedicels 4-3 in. long. Calyx with a cam-
panulate tube 4 in. long and broad ; upper lip deltoid, 4 in. long,
bifid at the apex; side teeth deltoid; lowest longer, lanceolate.
Corolla turning black; keel 21 in. long, acuminate; standard
1-i in. shorter than the keel. Legume 4 ft. long, 1j in. broad,
many-seeded, with crowded oblique transverse lamelle densely
clothed all over with brown fragile bristles.— Central Madagascar,
an imperfect specimen sent in 1870 by the Rev. W. Ellis, and
now rediscovered by Mr. Baron (1605) ! in woods 25 miles from
the east coast.
Ruxxcuosia (§ COPISMA) VERSICOLOR, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis lignosis dense breviter pilosis, stipulis parvis lanceo-
latis, foliis trifoliolatis subcoriaceis tenuiter pilosis, foliolo terminali cordato
late ovato, racemis laxis copiosis axillaribus et terminalibus bracteis
caducis, calycis pilosi tubo campanulato dentibus lanceolatis, petalis versi-
coloribus, vexillo pulchro lineato, legumine lineari-oblongo piloso.
A small shrub, with densely pilose slender brownish woody
branchlets. Stipules spreading, brown, scariose, 3, in. long;
petiole under an inch long; end leaflet on a petiolule 4-3 in.
long, ovate-orbicular, subobtuse, slightly cordate, 1-1j in. long,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 133
dark green and nearly glabrous when mature on the upper
surface, pale green and more hairy beneath. Flowers in copious
lax axillary and terminal racemes about 2 in. long, with a densely
pilose rhachis; pedicels i-i in. ; bracts small and caducous in an
early stage. Calyx 4 in. long, densely pilose; upper teeth
lanceolate, as long as the tube; lower longer and very acuminate.
Corolla half as long again as the calyx; standard yellow, marked
With copious conspicuous blackish veins. Pod i-i in. long,
densely pilose, brown, 1 in. broad, 2-seeded, the flat faces clothed
with copious yellowish hairs with a bulbous base.—Central
Madagascar, at Ambohimanga, Dr. Parker !
Ruyycnosra ( § CoPISMA) RHODOPHYLLA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis dense pilosis, stipulis minutis lanceolatis caducis,
foliis petiolatis trifoliolatis facie tenuiter pilosis dorso dense pilosis rubellis,
foliolo terminali ovato, racemis copiosis laxis axillaribus et terminalibus,
bracteis pilosis ovatis cuspidatis, calycis pilosi tubo campanulato dentibus
lanceolatis, petalis rubellis, quam calyx duplo longioribus, ovario lineari
dense piloso.
A shrub, with densely pilose slender woody branchlets. Sti-
pules lanceolate, deciduous, jl; in. long; petiole under an inch
long ; end leaflet broad ovate, 1-1} in. long, subcoriaceous,
obscurely cordate at the base, dark green and shortly pilose on
the upper surface, densely clothed with persistent rather reddish
pubescence beneath. Flowers in copious lax racemes with a
densely pilose axis 2~3 in. long, which are sometimes panicled at
the end of the branchlets; pedicels finally Àj in. long; bracts
ovate cuspidate, as long as the pedicels, soon falling. Calyx
$ in. long, densely pilose, with a campanulate tube and 5 lanceo-
late teeth about as long as the tube. Corolla reddish, glabrous,
twice as long as the calyx. Ovary 2-ovuled, densely pilose. Pod
not seen.— Central Madagascar, Baron 771! Both this and the
preceding species are allied to R. caribea, DC.
EnrosEeMA Bosrnrt, Benth. MSS.
Fruticosa, ramulis dense pilosis, foliis distincte petiolatis pinnatim tri-
foliolatis, stipulis minutis caducis, foliolis oblongis obtusis minute mucro-
natis facie tenuiter dorso dense pubescentibus, racemis densis pedunculatis
folio longioribus, pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis lanceolatis persistentibus,
calycis dense pilosi tubo campanulato dentibus lanceolatis, petalis quam
calyx duplo longioribus, vexillo extus piloso, ovario sessili dense piloso
biovulato.
A shrub, with densely pilose slender woody branchlets. Petiole
134 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
i-i in. long; stipules minute, linear, deciduous; end leaflet
l-14 in. long, on a petiolule about 4 in. long; side ones smaller
face green, thinly pilose; back densely pubescent, with brown
midrib and erecto-patent parallel primary veins. Racemes dense,
oblong, on peduncles as long as the leaves; pedicels very short ;
bracts lanceolate, persistent, densely pilose, } in. long. Calyx
i in. long, densely pilose; tube campanulate; teeth lanceolate,
acuminate, rather longer than the tube. Corolla about twice as
long as the calyx; standard veined with black lines and pilose
on the outside. Ovary sessile, oblong, densely pilose, 2-ovuled.
Pod not seen.—Central Madagascar, on the high mountains of
the province of Imerina, Bojer. Allied to the Cape Æ. cajanoides,
which is also a Madagascar plant.
EnrosEwA PROCUMBENS, Benth. MSS.—Cytisus procumbens,
Bojer MSS.
Herbaceum, perenne, ramulis gracillimis pilosis, foliis brevissime petio-
latis swpissime subdigitatim trifoliolatis, foliolis oblongis obtusis facie
tenuiter dorso magis pilosis, floribus in racemos parvifloros axillares et
terminales breviter pedunculatos dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis
pilosi tubo brevi dentibus lanceolato-deltoideis acuminatis, petalis quam
calyx duplo longioribus, legumine oblongo plano dense piloso szpissime
2-spermo.
A perennial herb, with slender pilose stems i-1 foot long,
radiating from the crown of the root. Stipules small, brown,
lanceolate, persistent. Petiole about 1 in. long; leaflets oblong
or oblanceolate-oblong, 1-2 in. long, moderately firm in texture,
bright green and obscurely pilose above, paler and thinly pilose
beneath, the two side ones smaller than the end one, which has
a petiolule not more than à in. long. Racemes few-flowered,
dense, terminal and axillary, shortly peduncled ; pedicels 4-3 in.
long ; bracts minute, lanceolate. Calyx densely pilose, 4 in. long ;
teeth twice as long as the campanulate tube. Corolla half as
long again as the calyx. Pod sessile, oblique oblong, 2 in. long,
4 in. broad, densely clothed with long adpressed silky hairs.—
Central Madagascar, Bojer! Lyall 95! Baron 527! 841! Parker!
Native name “ Kofolona.” Closely allied to the well-known Brasi-
lian E. crinitum.—V ar. MONOPHYLLUM, a dwarf variety with 1-2-
flowered racemes and leaves almost invariably simple. Baron
1798! Cytisus glomeratus, Bojer, Hort. Maur. 89 (name only),
another Madagascar species, is identical with E. parviflorum,
E. Meyer, widely spread at the Cape and in Tropical Africa.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 135
CaDIA PUBESCENS, Bojer MSS.
Arborea, ramulis dense pilosis, foliis breviter petiolatis imparipinnatis,
foliolis 13-17 oblongis obtusis facie glabris dorso obscure pilosis, lateralibus
oppositis brevissime petiolulatis, racemis brevibus axillaribus paucifloris,
pedicellis pilosis calyce brevioribus, bracteis foliaceis, calycis magni cam-
panulati dentibus deltoideis quam tubus 2-3plo brevioribus, petalis obovatis
longe uuguiculatis quam calyx paulo longioribus, staminibus inclusis, ovario
lineari glabro stipitato multiovulato.
A tree, with slender woody terete densely pubescent branch-
lets. Leaves crowded, imparipinnate, 3-4 in. long ; petiole very
short; rhachis densely pilose; leaflets contiguous, opposite, patent,
about 4 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, moderately firm in texture, very
obtuse, broadly rounded at the base, dark green above, dull green
beneath, finely veined. Racemes copious, axillary, much shorter
than the leaves; peduncle and pedicels slender, densely pilose,
the latter about $ in. long; bracts like the leaflets, but smaller.
Calyx i-i in. long, greenish, membranous, pubescent towards
the base. Petals j-l in. long. Stamens 10, nearly as long as
the petals, with filiform filaments and small oblong versatile
anthers. Ovary linear, glabrous, multiovulate, narrowed gradu-
ally into a short stipe and long curved style.— Central Madagascar,
gathered long ago by Bojer, Hilsenberg and Lyall (85), and now
refound by Baron, 960. It is mentioned briefly in the * Flora of
Tropical Africa,’ ii. 256, but, I believe, has never been fully
characterized.
Capra ELLISIANA, n. sp.
Glaberrima, ramulis gracilibus, foliis imparipinnatis, foliolis 5-7 magnis
oblongis acuminatis subcoriaceis lucidis, lateralibus alternis distincte petio-
lulatis, racemis axillaribus paucifloris folio brevioribus, pedicellis longissimis,
bracteis minutis lanceolatis, calycis campanulati dentibus deltoideis quam
tubus 2-3plo brevioribus, petalis luteo-rubris obovato-unguiculatis quam
calyx sub duplo longioribus, staminibus inclusis, legumine longe stipitato
5- 6-spermo.
A tree or large bush, quite glabrous in all its parts, with
slender terete brown woody branchlets. Petiole about an inch
long ; stipules not seen; blade half a foot long, with 5-7 alter-
nate leaflets on thickened erecto-patent petiolules i; in. long,
their blade narrowed into a long point, 3—4 in. long in the upper
leaflets, 1-14 in. broad at the middle, almost deltoid at the base,
firm in texture, bright green on both surfaces. Racemes few-
flowered, axillary, shortly peduncled; pedicels slender, ascending,
1-1} in. long, with a small persistent lanceolate bract at the
LINN. JOURN. BOTANY.—VYOL. XX. L
1386 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
base. Calyx about i in. long, with a campanulate tube and 5
equal deltoid teeth. Petals lin. long, 4 in. broad at the tip,
narrowed to a long claw. Stamens rather shorter than the
petals, with filiform filaments and small versatile oblong anthers.
Immature legume flat, thin, glabrous, narrowed gradually into a
long gynophore and tipped with a straight persistent style
nearly 3 in. long.— Central Madagascar, Rev. W. Ellis! Forest
of Alamazaotra, Baron 1488! 1540! Allied to C. anomala,
Vatke in Linnea, xliii. 337 (Hildebrandt 3368).
RUBUS MYRIANTHUS, n. sp.
Eglandulosus, aculeis parvis equalibus deltoideo-cuspidatis, foliis digi-
tatim quinquefoliolatis facie viridibus glabris dorso albo-incanis, foliolo
terminali obovato-oblongo cuspidato inconspicue serrato, floribus in
paniculas magnas deltoideas ramis bipinnatis dispositis, sepalis brevibus
ovatis dorso albido-incanis, petalis oblongis, fructu globoso carpellis
multis parvis.
A shrub, with slender angled stems glabrous when mature,
finely downy when young, the prickles small, uniform and deltoid-
cuspidate ; gland-tipped bristles none. Stipules small, lanceolate ;
petiole above an inch long; leaves moderately firm in texture,
bright green and glabrous above, clothed with thin white tomen-
tum beneath; leaflets obovate-oblong cuspidate, the end one
about 2 in. long, under an inch broad, with shallow inconspicuous
teeth. Flowers very numerous, forming a deltoid panicle 6-9 in.
long, with erecto-patent dense-flowered bipinnate branches, with
only small leaves from the base of the lower ones. Sepals } in.
long. Petals obovate, whitish, twice as long as the sepals.—
Forest of Alamazaotra, Baron 1535! 1685! Leaves like those
of the European R. discolor; panicle like that of the New-Zea-
land A. australis, Forst., and Himalayan R. lucens, Focke.
RUBUS PAUCIFLORUS, n. sp.
Eglandulosus, aculeis paucis parvis æqualibus falcatis, folis pinnatim
trifoliolatis facie viridibus glabris dorso albo incanis, foliolis argute serratis
terminali ovato, floribus paucis corymbosis, sepalis ovatis acuminatis dorso
albo-incanis, petalis oblongis, fructu globoso carpellis multis parvis.
A shrub, with slender terete glabrous old stems, with distant
very small falcate equal prickles, entirely without glandular sete.
Stipules minute, lanceolate; petiole about 3 in. long; upper
leaves simple; lower pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets moderately
firm in texture, green and glabrous above, clothed with thin
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 187
white tomentum beneath, the end one 3-3 in. long, sharply ir-
regularly serrated. Flowers few, corymbose, with long erect
pedicels. Sepals 4 in. long, simple, acuminate. Petals oblong-
spathulate, a little longer than the sepals. Fruit-carpels oblique
oblong, glabrous, with a glabrous erect style from the inner edge
and capitate stigma.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1815! Allied
to the well-known Asiatic and Australian R. parvifolius, L.
ALCHEMILLA BIFURCATA, Hilsen. et Bojer MSS.
Perennis, caulibus dense sericeis, foliis breviter petiolatis orbiculatis
profunde palmatim 7fidis firmulis facie glabris dorso persistenter sericeis,
racemis axillaribus pedunculatis paucifloris laxis, bracteis minutis palmatim
fissis, calycis dentibus 4 deltoideis quam tubus paulo brevioribus, bracteis
minutis lanceolatis, staminibus 4, fructu carpello solitario.
A perennial herb, with simple or branched densely silky stems
afoot long. Petiole not more than 1-4 in. long; stipules + in.
long, scariose, with lanceolate free points ; blade orbicular, about
an inch broad, firm in texture, bright green and glabrous on the
upper surface, densely clothed with whitish persistent adpressed
silky hairs beneath, deeply palmately cut into 7 lobes, of which
the three upper are oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed in the
upper half, and the four others smaller, lanceolate and subentire.
Flowers few, in lax axillary racemes on long peduncles ; lower
solitary, shortly peduncled in the axils of small palmately cleft
bracts ; upper 3-4 aggregated. Flower-calyx silky, a line long ;
segments 4, deltoid, nearly as long as the tube; bracts of the
epicalyx 4, lanceolate, smaller thaa the calyx-segments. Stamens
4, minute, inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube. Fruit-carpel
Solitary, placed near the base of the tube-—Mountains of the
province of Imerina, Bojer! Baron 2045! Resembles most
A. alpina in habit and pubescence. A. madagascariensis, recently
described by Dr. Hoffmann in ‘ Reliquie Rutenbergianz, part v.
336, was also gathered by Hilsenberg and Bojer and distributed
by them under the name of A. potentilloides, and has also been
found by Mr. Baron, no. 845.
ALCHEMILLA SCHIZOPHYLLA, N. sp.
Perennis, dense sericea, caulibus gracillimis decumbentibus, stipulis
bifidis persistentibus, foliis petiolatis orbicularibus palmatifidis segmentis
linearibus aeutis uninerviis, floribus laxe racemosis, calycis dentibus 4
quam tubus 2-3plo brevioribus, carpello solitario maturo ovoideo.
A much branched perennial herb, densely silky in all its parts,
L2
138 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
with slender decumbent stems. Stipules large, bifid, persistent ;
petiole very short; leaves 7-4 in. broad, cut into 12-15 linear
acute one-nerved segments. Racemes 1-2 in. long, very lax, 6-8-
flowered, with very short pedicels and persistent palmatifid bracts.
Calyx $ in. long, with a funnel-shaped tube, the bract of the
epicalyx lanceolate, the inner deltoid. Fruit-carpel solitary,
ovoid, lenticular, placed low down in the calyx-tube.—Central
Madagascar, Baron 1859! Allied to A. pedata and A. Rutenbergit.
WEINMANNIA FLORIBUNDA, n. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis pilosis, foliis brevissime petiolatis simplicibus (raro
digitatim trifoliolatis) obovatis obtusis inciso-crenatis, floribus in spicas
copiosas axillares et terminales dispositis, rhachibus pubescentibus, calycis
segmentis oblongis obtusis, petalis oblongo-spathulatis calyce sesquilongi-
oribus, staminibus 10 exsertis, ovario piloso.
An erect shrub, with crowded pilose slender terete woody
pilose branchlets. Leaflets 1-3, rigidly coriaceous, usually del-
toid at the base, 1-1} in. long, conspicuously crenate, glabrous
except the midrib beneath, which is finely pilose, the main veins
distinct, erecto-patent, reddish. Flowers densely fascicled, mainly
at the tip of the branches, in erecto-patent shortly-peduncled
spikes about 2 in. long, with a finely pilose axis. Calyx minute,
with 5 oblong obtuse segments twice as long as the tube. Petals
oblong, obtuse, >in. long. Stamens twice as long as the petals ;
anthers minute, orbicular. Ovary densely pilose, with two curved
glabrous styles.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1674 !
CRASSULA NUMMULARLEFOLIA, D. sp.
Annua, glabra, caulibus gracilibus decumbentibus ad nodos inferiores
radicantibus, foliis breviter petiolatis suborbieularibus parvis integris,
floribus 5-6meris solitariis breviter pedunculatis, calycis segmentis lanceo-
latis basi connatis, petalis albidis acutis quam calyx paulo longioribus,
staminibus inclusis, carpellis fruetiferis petalis subzequilongis.
An annual herb, glabrous in all its parts, with very slender
trailing stems 4-1 ft. long, rooting at the lower nodes. Petioles
very short, dilated and connate at the base; leaves opposite;
blade fleshy, green, broad ovate or suborbicular, obtuse or sub-
acute, i-i in. long and broad. Flowers solitary, axillary and
terminal ; peduncle slender, shorter than the calyx. Calyx cam-
panulate, j in. long; segments lanceolate, acute, joined at the
base. Petals lanceolate, half as long again as the calyx. Stamens
shorter than the petals, with flattened filaments and small oblong
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 139
anthers. Fruit-carpels glabrous, } in. long, the ovary narrowed
into a short style—Central Madagascar at Andrangaloaka, in
grassy places in the forest, Parker! Baron 511! Adds this
large Cape genus to the Madagascar flora. A near ally of the
well-known C. centauroides, Linn.; Bot. Mag. tab. 1765.
BRYOPHYLLUM ORENATUM, n. sp.
Perennis, erecta, glabra, foliis oppositis oblongis conspicue crenatis
inferioribus majoribus crenatis, superioribus sensim minoribus, cymis
paucifloris laxifloris terminalibus, calyce oblongo inflato dentibus deltoideis,
corolhe tubo ampulleformi quam calyx paulo longiore, limbi segmentis
parvis rubris orbiculari-cuneatis, staminibus supra medium corolle tubi
insertis antheris minutis, stylo ovario equilongo vel paulo longiore.
A glabrous succulent perennial, with slender terete stems 2-3
feet long, erect or decumbent towards the base. Leaves distant,
opposite, oblong, green, fleshy, deeply crenate, obtuse, the lower
2-3 in. long, with a petiole 1-14 in. long, the upper growing
gradually smaller and more remote. Flowers in a lax terminal
compound corymbose cyme, on slender erect pedicels 4—1 in.
long. Calyx oblong, inflated, membranous, reddish, 2—1 in. long,
3 in. in diam., with 4 deltoid segments about a third as long as the
Aube. €alyx with an ampulliform tube rather longer than the
calyx and 4 orbicular-deltoid crimson segments 4; in. long and
broad. Filaments in. long, inserted above the middle of the
corolla-tube ; anthers minute, orbicular. Fruit-carpels with
narrowly ampulliform contiguous ovaries 4 in. long and slender
styles about 1 in. long.— Central Madagascar, Lyall 38! and now
regathered by Mr. Baron, 608! 956! 1121! 1411! He has also
rediscovered B. proliferum, Bowie (Baron 1270, 1465), figured
in Bot. Mag. t. 5847, the most striking species of the genus.
KALANCHOE PUMILA, n. sp.
Perennis, glabra, pumila, caulibus simplicibus erectis, foliis oppositis
obovatis obtusis profunde crenatis sessilibus basi deltoideis, floribus in
paniculas densas terminales corymbosas dispositis, pedicellis glabris calyce
longioribus, calycis tubo brevissimo segmentis lanceolato-deltoideis,
corolle segmentis lanceolatis tubo oblongo longioribus, staminibus ad
faucem insertis, stylo brevi.
An erect glabrous perennial, with simple erect stems not more
than 2-3 in. long. Leaves opposite, crowded, decussate, sessile,
under an inch long. Flowers in a dense terminal corymbose
panicle 13-2 in. in diam. Calyx } in. long, glabrous, with a very
140 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
short tube and 4 deltoid-lanceolate acuminate segments. Corolla
lin. long, apparently red. Filaments i in. long, with small
orbicular anthers. Fruit-carpels i in. long, narrow, tipped by
the short styles.— Central Madagascar, Baron 2117 !
KALANCHOE TRICHANTHA, n. Sp.
Erecta, elata, foliis inferioribus magnis sessilibus oppositis oblongo-
spathulatis acutis serratis glabris, floribus in paniculas densas multifloras
terminales corymbosas aggregatis, pedicellis brevissimis pilosis, calycis
pilosi campanulati segmentis deltoideis quam tubus duplo brevioribus,
corolle luteze pubescentis segmentis orbicularibus quam tubus quadruplo
brevioribus, staminibus biseriatis, stylo elongato.
An erect perennial, with slender terete stems. Leaves oppo-
site, sessile, thick and fleshy in texture, green and glabrous on
both surfaces, the lower ones reaching a length of 5-6 inches,
13-2 in. broad at the middle, acute, sharply and irregularly
dentate above the spathulate lower third; upper leaves very
distant and very small, entire. Flowers in a very dense corym-
bose terminal panicle 1-2 in. in diam. ; peduncles and pedicels
pilose; bracts minute. Calyx 4 in. long, pilose, with a cam-
panulate tube and 4 small deltoid teeth. Corolla 4 in. long,
with a cylindrical tube } in. in diam. and 4 orbicular segments.
Stamens 8, biseriate, the inner 4 inserted above .he middle of
the corolla-tube, with filaments 4i, in. long; outer 4 inserted
near the throat of the tube, with very short filaments; anthers
minute, orbicular. Styles filiform, 4 in. long, reaching to the
top of the corolla-tube.—Central Madagascar, Baron 977 !
KITCHINGIA PELTATA, n. Sp.
Perennis, erecta, glabra, foliis petiolatis ovatis obtusis peltatis obscure
crenulatis, floribus multis in paniculam terminalem ramis corymbosis dis-
positis, pedicellis gracilibus elongatis, calycis tubo brevi segmentis semi-
orbicularibus, corolle magnz rubre tubo oblongo segmentis parvis orbicu-
laribus, staminibus supra medium tubi insertis filamentis brevibus, stylo
quam ovarium 3-4plo longiore.
An erect perennial herb, several feet high, glabrous in all its
parts. Lower leaves with a petiole 2-3 in. long attached about
half an inch above the base of the blade, and an ovate obscurely
erenate fleshy blade 3-4 in. long, rounded at the base and apex.
Flowers in a long terminal panicle half a foot broad, with corym-
bose branches and filiform pedicels 1-1 in. or more in length.
Calyx campanulate, { in. long, with 4 orbicular segments as long
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 141
as the tube. Corolla bright red, 1-11 in. long, with an oblong
tube 32 in. in diam. and 4 small orbieular segments. Stamens 8,
inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube, with filiform fila-
ments $ in. long and minute reniform anthers with divaricating
oblong lobes. Ovaries 4, ovoid, divergent, 4 in. long in the
fruiting-stage, with filiform styles nearly an inch long.—Central
Madagascar, Baron! Forest of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker!
A very fine plant, closely resembling the original K. gracilipes in
flowers and inflorescence.
KITCHINGIA PARVIFLORA, n. sp.
Perennis, erecta, glabra, foliis caulinis sessilibus oblongo-lanceolatis
obtusis crenatis, floribus in cymam compositam terminalem dispositis,
pedicellis brevibus, calycis tubo campanulato segmentis semiorbicularibus,
corollz luteze tubo oblongo segmentis ovatis, staminibus infra tubi medium
insertis antheris orbicularibus, stylo quam ovarium longiore.
An erect perennial herb, glabrous in all its parts, with stiff
simple stems a foot long. Leaves in pairs 3-1 in. apart along
the lower half of the stem, decussate, erecto-patent, fleshy, obtuse,
distinctly erenate, the lower 2-3 in. long, the upper growing
gradually smaller and more remote. Flowers numerous, in a
corymbose terminal compound cyme 12-2 in. in diam.; pedicels
i-i in. Calyx campanulate, lin. long, with a short tube and
4 semiorbicular segments. Corolla yellow, under 3 in. long, with
an oblong tube and 4 obtuse segments one third as long as the
tube. Stamens 8, inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube,
with filiform filaments 4 in. long and small orbicular anthers.
Ovaries 4, ovoid, } in. long; styles divergent, longer than the
ovary ; stigma capitate.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1191!
KITCHINGIA PANDURIFORMIS, N. sp.
Perennis, erecta, glabra, foliis caulinis sessilibus panduriformibus obtusis
crenatis, floribus in paniculam terminalem ramis densifloris corymbosis
dispositis, pedicellis flori subzquilongis, calycis parvi tubo campanulato seg-
mentis semiorbicularibus, corolla tubo oblongo segmentis suboibicularibus,
staminibus ad tubi corolle medium insertis, stylo quam ovarium paulo
longiore.
A glabrous perennial herb, with stiff simple erect stems.
Leaves numerous along the lower part of the stem, in pairs
1-1} in. apart, sessile, ascending, oblong-panduriform, obtuse,
fleshy, 4-5 in. long, crenate, subamplexicaul. Flowers very
numerous, arranged in a broad terminal panicle with dense-
flowered corymbose branches and a long naked peduncle. Calyx
142 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
eampanulate, glabrous, 4 in. long, with a short tube and 4 sub-
orbieular segments. Corolla reddish, under £ in. long, with an
oblong tube 1 in. in diam. and 4 suborbicular spreading segments.
Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube, with filiform
filaments lin.long and smallreniform anthers. Carpels as long
as the corolla in the fruiting-stage, diverging; style 4 in. long.—
Central Madagascar, Baron 436 !
KITCHINGIA PORPHYROCALYX, N. Sp.
Perennis, glabra, caulibus decumbentibus, folis oppositis obovatis
obtusis serratis sessilibus, floribus in paniculam terminalem paucifloram
ramis corymbosis dispositis, pedicellis calyce longioribus, calycis laxi tubo
brevissimo segmentis orbicularibus mucronatis, corolle rubre tubo in-
fundibulari segmentis deltoideis, staminibus supra medium tubi insertis
filamentis brevibus, antheris orbicularibus minutis, stylis carpellis sequi-
longis.
A fleshy perennial, glabrous in all its parts, with stout simple
decumbent stems above a foot long. Leaves opposite, sessile,
decussate, 1-14 in. long, very obtuse, deltoid at the base, thick in
texture, distinctly inciso-crenate, green and glabrous on both
surfaces. Flowers in a lax terminal panicle with corymbose |
branches; pedicels slender, under 3 in. long; bracts minute,
falling before the flowers expand. Calyx iin. long, 3 in. in diam.;
tube very short; segments orbicular, with a distinct mucro.
Corolla 3-2 in. long, with a funnel-shaped tube 1— in. in diam. and
4 deltoid segments. Stamens inserted above the middle of the
corolla-tube ; filaments rather flattened, under 1 in. long ; anthers
minute, orbicular, just protruded from the corolla-tube. Fruit-
earpels subcylindrical, 4 in. long, narrowed gradually into filiform
styles of the same length.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1708!
KriTCHINGIA AMPLEXICAULIS, n. Sp.
Perennis, glabra, caulibus erectis simplicibus, foliis oppositis oblanceo-
latis obtusis crenatis cordato-amplexicaulibus, floribus in panieulas amplas
terminales ramis corymbosis dispositis, pedicellis calyce longioribus,
bracteis minutis lanceolatis, calycis tubo brevissimo, segmentis ovatis,
coroll: rubrz segmentis orbicularibus quam tubus infundibularis quadruplo
brevioribus, staminibus infra medium tubi insertis, filamentis elongatis,
antheris orbicularibus minutis, stylis quam carpelli longioribus.
A glabrous succulent perennial, with stiffly erect unbranched
stems 14-2 ft. long. Leaves erecto-patent, in distant decussate
pairs, the longer ones 5-6 in. long, 1-1 in. broad, those near the
panicle much smaller. Flowers in a dense corymbose panicle
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 143
3-4 in. broad; pedicels slender, about 4 in. long. Calyx lin.
long, with 4 segments reaching down nearly to the base. Corolla
above 3 in. long, with a funnel-shaped tube 1—) in. in diam. and 4
orbieular segments. Stamens 8, inserted below the middle of
the corolla-tube ; filaments 4 in. long ; anthers minute, orbicular,
just protruded from the corolla-tube. Fruit-carpels 4 in. long;
filiform styles a little longer.—Central Madagascar, at Ankeri-
madinika in the province of Imerina, Baron 1452!
. DiconyPHE vITICOIDES, n. sp.
Rainulis stellato-pilosis, foliis alternis brevissime petiolatis orbiculato-
oblongis obtusis subcoriaceis utrinque viridibus glabris, stipulis parvis
oblanceolatis foliaceis persistentibus, floribus pluribus terminalibus sessili-
bus fasciculatis, calyce infundibulari piloso deorsum sulcato dentibus parvis,
petalis nigrescentibus oblanceolatis breviter exsertis, staminibus 10, alternis
anantheris, ovario apice libero piloso stylis 2 brevibus.
An erect much-branched shrub or tree, with slender woody
branchlets, densely clothed with brown stellate pubescence.
Petiole 1-3 in. long; stipules oblanceolate unguiculate, j—j in.
long, persistent, just like the leaves in texture; lamina 2-3 in.
long, 11-2 in. broad, obtuse, broadly rounded at the base, firm in
texture, green and glabrous on both surfaces, with about 4 pairs
of raised erecto-patent main veins. Flowers 5-6 in terminal
clusters. Calyx jin. long, plicate towards the base, densely
clothed with brown stellate pubescence; teeth small, deltoid.
Petals inserted low down in the calyx-tube, 3 in. long, nearly
black, with tufts of stellate hairs on the outside. Fertile
stamens as many as the petals and about as long; staminodia
filiform, alternate with the stamens and petals. Ovary free
at the top, densely pilose, with two short styles.—Central
Madagascar, Baron 1881! Mr. Baron has also refound D. sti-
pulacea, St.-Hil. (1161), of which we had no previous specimens.
MxosunANDRA MOSCHATA, Baill. Adans. ix. tab. 8.
Mr. Baron sends fine specimens (2089!) of this curious plant.
The only other known species of the genus was gathered by
Welwitsch in Angola. We have previously had it trom Dr.
Parker under the native name of Riadriatra, and long ago from
Hilsenberg and Bojer under the name of Anthospermum pli-
catum.
EvoENIA (§ SYZYGIUM) MICROPODA, n. Sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis brevissime petiolatis parvis obovatis obtusis vel
144 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
obscure cuspidatis basi deltoideis rigidis venis faciei inferioris conspicuis,
floribus in paniculam corymbosam terminalem aggregatis pedicellis brevi-
bus, calycis tubo cuneato limbo obscure dentato, alabastro semigloboso,
staminibus circiter 30 calyci :quilongis.
A much-branched erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves
nearly sessile, obovate, 3-1 in. long, 3-3? in. broad, obtuse or
obscurely cuspidate, deltoid at the base, very thick and rigid in
texture, the veins of the under surface moderately conspicuous.
Flowers in dense corymbose terminal panicles, with short pedicels.
Calyx 4 in. long, with a deltoid tube and obscurely-toothed
collar-like limb. Stamens as long as the calyx.—Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 388!
Eveenta (§ Syzyerum) PARKERI, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis petiolatis oblongis obtusis basi deltoideis crassis
rigidis venis inconspicuis immersis, floribus in paniculam densam termina-
lem aggregatis, pedicellis nullis, calycis tubo cuneato limbo 5-dentato den-
tibus deltoideis, alabastro semigloboso, staminibus 30-40 calyci eequilongis.
A. forest-tree, with terete pale wooded branchlets, glabrous in
allits parts. Leaves shortly petioled, oblong, obtuse, cuneate at
the base 12-2 in. long, very thick and rigid in texture ; the veins
on both surfaces fine and inconspicuous. Flowers in dense ter-
minal panicles about 2 inches in diameter; cymes few-flowered,
umbellate, without any pedieels. Calyx nearly i in. long, black,
coriaceous, with an infundibuliform tube and eampanulate limb
with 5 deltoid teeth. Petals suborbicular. Stamens as long as the
calyx.—Central Madagascar, Dr. Parker! Native name Maro-
tampona.
Eveenta (§ SYZYGIUM) CUNEIFOLIA, n. sp.—Syzygium cunei-
folium, Bojer MSS.
Glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis obovatis cuspidatis basi cuneatis rigidis
venis utrinque pulchre exsculptis, floribus in paniculam terminalem densam
aggregatis, pedicellis nullis, calycis tubo euneato limbo subintegro, alabastro
semigloboso, staminibus circiter 30 calyci :equilongis.
A very much-branched erect shrub or small tree, glabrous in
allits parts. Leaves distinetly petioled, obovate, about an inch
long, obtusely cuspidate, cuneate at the base, very thick and
rigid in texture, the veins on both surfaces raised and con-
spicuous. Flowers in dense terminal corymbose panicles 12-2 in.
in diam.; cymes umbellate, without any pedicels. Calyx jin. long,
with a deltoid tube and subentire spreading collar-like limb.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 145
Unexpanded corolla subglobose. Stamens about 30, as long as
the calyx.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1254! Hivondro near
Tamatave, 15 feet high, Dr. Meller! Gathered previously by
Bojer and Curtis, and named in manuscript by the former. Very
near the common Mauritian E. glomerata, Lam., from which it
differs by its cuspidate leaves with raised veins and sessile larger
flowers.
Evernta ($ SYZYGIUM) EMIRNENSIS, n. sp.
Glabra, foliis breviter petiolatis obovatis obtusis rigidis basi cuneatis
subtiliter venulosis, floribus in paniculam terminalem densam corymbosam
aggregatis, pedicellis nullis, calycis tubo cuneato limbo subintegro, alabastro
semigloboso, staminibus circiter 30 calyci zequilongis.
A shrub or small tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves shortly
petioled, obovate, obtuse, 1-14 in. long, deltoid at the base, very
rigid in texture, the veins on both surfaces fine and indistinct.
Flowers very numerous, in a dense rounded terminal panicle
about 2 in. broad; cymes umbellate, without any pedicels.
Calyx 3 in. long, with a cuneate tube and nearly entire limb.
Bud subglobose. Stamens about 30, as long as the calyx. Style
finally about 4 in. long. Fruit globose, the size of a large pea,
crowned by the persistent calyx.— Central Madagascar, Baron
1076! 1932 !
EUGENIA ($ SYzyarUM) PHILLYREZFOLIA, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis petiolatis oblongis rigidis acutis subtiliter venosis,
floribus in paniculam densam terminalem corymbosam aggregatis, pedi- `
cellis brevissimis, calycis tnbo cuneato limbo subintegro, alabastro semi-
globoso, staminibus circiter 30 calyci zequilongis.
A much-branched small tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves
distinctly petioled, 14-2 in. long, narrowed gradually to an obtuse
point, deltoid at the base, rigid in texture, the veins close and but
little raised. Flowers in dense terminal panicles 2-3 inches in
diameter; cymes many-flowered, umbellate, with short pedicels.
Calyx i in. long, with an infundibuliform tube and a subentire
collar-like limb. Bud, in. in diameter. Stamens as long as the
calyx.— Central Madagascar, Baron 958! This and the five
other species here described are all near neighbours of the Mau-
ritian E. glomerata.
EvarwrA ($ SYZYGIUM) VACCINIIFOLIA, n. sp.
Glabra, ramosissima, foliis parvis petiolatis obovatis obtusis subcoriaceis,
floribus in paniculas terminales ramis corymbosis paucifloris dispositis,
146 MR. J. Œ. BAKER ON THE
pedicellis calyci zquilongis vel longioribus, floribus pro stirpe magnis,
calycis tubo cuneato dentibus perspicuis rotundatis, petalis orbicularibus
calyci zquilongis, staminibus permultis quam calyx duplo longioribus.
A much-branched shrub, glabrous in all its parts. Petiole
&-$ in. long; blade subcoriaceous, 2-1 in. long, very obtuse,
deltoid at the base, green and glabrous on both surfaces, with fine
erecto-patent main veins beneath, anastomosing in arches just
within the margin. Flowers in rather lax terminal corymbose
panicles 11-2 in. broad; pedicels 1-1 in. long, with minute cadu-
cous lanceolate membranous bracteoles. Calyx 4 in. broad, with
a deltoid tube and 5 semiorbicular teeth. Petals orbicular, } in.
long and broad. Stamens 50 or more, unequal, i in. long, with
filiform filaments and minute orbicular anthers.— Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 1919!
VEPRECELLA VESTITA, n. sp.
V. ramulis tetragonis dense pilosis, foliis longe petiolatis orbicularibus
cordatis obtusis denticulatis 9-nerviis facie scabris dorso dense brunneo-
pilosis, floribus in paniculam laxifloram paucifloram terminalem dispositis,
pedicellis elongatis, calycis tubo campanulato piloso, limbo obscure quin-
quedentato, petalis magnis purpureis, antheris conformibus lineari-oblongis
basi inappendiculatis, fructu 4-loculari quam calyx duplo longiore.
An erect shrub or tree, with stout square woody branchlets,
densely clothed with persistent short pale brown pubescence.
Petiole 2-3 in. long, densely pilose ; blade 4-5 in. long and broad,
cordate at the base, distinctly 9-nerved from base to apex, thick
in texture, very scabrous above, densely ferrugineo-pilose, with
distinct raised cross bars between the main veins. Panicle ter-
minal, half a foot long and broad; pedicels sometimes an inch
long. Calyx with a campanulate tube 3-} in. long and broad,
and a collar-like limb with 5 angles and 5 indistinct teeth. Petals
bright purple, obovate, 4 in. long. Stamens 10, a little shorter
than the petals, uniform, with linear-oblong anthers } in. long,
with a strap-shaped connective. Capsule semiorbicular, 3 in.
broad, flat at the top, free from the calyx in the upper half, splitting
into four shining pale-brown woody valves. Seeds very nume-
rous, straight, minute, clavate.— Central Madagascar, in forests
of the province of Imerina, Baron 1281!
DICHÆTANTHERA CORDIFOLIA, n. Sp.
D. ramulis dense hispidis, foliis distincte petiolatis late oblongis obtusis
cordatis serrulatis quinquenerviis facie scabris dorso dense pilosis, floribus
in paniculam laxam deltoideam terminalem dispositis, calycis intense
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 147
hispidi tubo campanulato dentibus 4 deltoideis, petalis purpureis obovatis,
staminibus quam petala longioribus antheris basi conspicue bifurcatim
caudatis.
An erect shrub, with square woody branchlets, densely clothed
with short spreading brown bristly hairs. Petiole 4 in. long;
blade 2-3 in. long, 13-2 in. broad, very obtuse, distinctly 5-nerved
from base to apex, dark green and scabrous with short bristles
above, pale green and densely pilose beneath, with distinet raised
cross bars between the principal veins. Flowers in a lax deltoid
terminal panicle, the lower branches of which spring from the
axils of fully developed leaves; pedicels sometimes 3 in. long,
densely hispid. Calyx } in. long, densely hispid, with a large
campanulate tube and 4 small subobtuse deltoid teeth. Petals
3in.long. Stamens 8, with a linear-oblong anther + in. long, the
connective filiform for the same length below the cells and fur-
nished with a long spur with linear-setaceous forks. Style fili-
form, nearly 3 in. long—Between Tamatave and Antananarivo,
Dr. Meller!
DicHZTANTHERA OBLONGIFOLIA, n. Sp.
D. ramulis hispidis, foliis distincte petiolatis oblongis subcoriaceis serru-
latis quinquenerviis utrinque obscure hispidulis, floribus in paniculam ter-
minalem paucifloram corymbosam dispositis, calycis tubo campanulato
setis brevissimis scabro segmentis 4 inconspicuis, petalis 4 orbicularibus,
staminibus inzqualibus basi in caudam bifurcatam productis, stylo elon-
gato, fructu capsulari 4-loculari.
A much-branched erect shrub or tree, with shortly hispid
quadrangular woody branchlets, with conspicuous swollen nodes.
Petiole } in. long; blade 2-3 in. long, 2-3 in. broad at the middle,
obtuse, rather rounded at the base, distinctly 5-nerved from base
to apex, dark green, with very short distant bristles above, pale
green with minute paleaceous bristles beneath. Flowers in
corymbose terminal panicles ; pedicels 3~} in. long, with a pair
of minute deltoid bracteoles at the middle. Calyx campanulate,
à-l in. broad. Petals orbicular unguiculate, 3 in. long and
broad. Stamens 8, the largest with linear-oblong corrugated
anthers } in. long, the connective produced j in. below the cells
and furnished at the base with a bifurcate tail. Fruit a capsule
à in. long, splitting up into 4 valves.— Central Madagascar,
Baron !
DIcH HTANTHERA ARBOREA, n. sp.
Arborea, ramulis hispidis, foliis distinete petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis
148 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
acutis utrinque hispidis, floribus in paniculam amplam laxam terminalem
dispositis, calycis tubo campanulato setoso segmentis parvis semiorbicu-
laribus, petalis 4 orbieularibus, staminibus 8 subzequalibus antheris omni-
bus basi in caudam bifureatam productis, stylo elongato stigmate clavato,
capsulis dimidio superiore exsertis.
A forest-tree 20-30 feet high, with hispid subtetragonous
branchlets. Petiole i in. long; blade triplinerved, 2—4 in. long,
1-13 in. broad at the middle, dark green above, pale green
beneath, slightly hispid on both surfaces. Flowers in a lax ter-
minal panicle 4 ft. long and broad, with erecto-patent branches
and a whorl of stout bristles at each of the nodes; pedicels
i-i in. Calyx with a campanulate densely bristly tube 4 in. in
diam. and 4 small rounded segments. Petals 4, orbicular ungui-
culate, 3 in. long, ciliated. Stamens 8, with anthers } in. long,
with a single apical pore and two long bifurcate tails. Style
nearly 3 in. long. Capsule exserted from the ovary and splitting
up into four valves.—Central Madagascar, Baron 391! Forest
of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker!
MEDINILLA FASCICULATA, n. sp.
Glabra, ramulis parce papillosis, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis ob-
tusis rigide coriaceis supra basin trinervatis basi deltoideis, cymis axillaribus
fasciculatis 1-4-floris, pedicellis brevibus ascendentibus, calycis tubo cam-
panulato ore subintegro, staminibus inclusis.
An erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts, the ultimate branch-
lets distinctly tetragonous. Leaves opposite; petiole g—} in.
long; blade 12-2 in. long, 2-1 in. broad, very thick and rigid in
texture, obtuse, deltoid at the base, distinctly three-nerved a
short space above the base. Cymes axillary, fascicled, not more
than 3 in. long including the short peduncle; pedicels 3-% in.
long, with 2-4 red deltoid membranous bracteoles a short space
from the flower. Calyx gin. long and broad, with a narrow
entire collar-like limb. Petals deltoid, as long as the calyx.—
Central Madagascar, Baron !
MEDINILLA PAPILLOSA, D. sp.
Glabra, ramulis conspicue copiose tuberculatis, foliis oppositis brevissime
petiolatis obtusis rigide coriaceis supra basin trinervatis basi deltoideis,
cymis axillaribus paucifloris breviter pedunculatis, pedicellis ascendentibus,
quam flos 3-4plo longioribus, calycis tubo infundibulari ore integro, petalis
parvis deltoideis, antheris basi haud appendieulatis.
A shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with woody branchlets fur-
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 149
nished with copious conspicuous papille. Leaves opposite, nearly
sessile, 1-13 in. long, 7-1 in. broad, very thick and rigid in
texture, furnished with three distinct ribs a little above the base,
very obtuse, distinctly emarginate at the tip, deltoid at the base.
Cymes axillary, binate, 2-4-flowered, with short slender peduncles ;
pedicels ascending, slender, bright red, 3-2 in. long, papillose ;
furnished with a pair of minute bracteoles 1-À in. from the
calyx. Calyx gj in. long and broad, glabrous, papillose, with a
red-tinted entire collar-like limb. Bud conical. Petals 4, as
long as the calyx. Stamens 8, included ; anthers linear-oblong ;
filaments short, filiform.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1677 !
MEDINILLA PARVIFOLIA, n. Sp.
Glabra, ramosissima, ramulis conspicue tuberculatis, foliis brevissime
petiolatis cordato-oblongis parvis rigide coriaceis obscure trinervatis apice
emarginatis, cymis axillaribus paucifloris pedunculatis folio æquilongis,
pedicellis brevibus, calycis tubo campanulato, limbo obscure dentato.
A much-branched erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts; the
slender tetragonous branchlets furnished with copious papille.
Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, 2-3 in. long, distinctly emarginate
at the apex and cordate at the base, moderately thick in texture,
the two side nerves not distinctly marked. Cymes binate, axil-
lary, 5-6-flowered, about as long as the leaves, the slender erect
peduncles about 4 in. long ; pedicels erect, 3-4 in. long, with a pair
of lanceolate bracteoles a short space from the flower. Calyx with
a campanulate tube 2 in. broad and long and narrow collar-like
limb. Petals and stamens not seen..— Central Madagascar, Baron !
MEDINILLA DIVARICATA, n. Sp.
Glabra, ramulis parce papillosis, foliis brevissime petiolatis oblongis
acutis basi late rotundatis subcoriaceis supra basin trinervatis, cymis axil-
laribus multifloris ramis divaricatis, pedicellis brevibus, calycis tubo cam-
panulato limbo integro, petalis obtusis, antheris oblongis basi caudatis.
A much-branehed erect shrub, glabrous in all its parts, the
ultimate branchlets distinctly 4-angled. Leaves opposite, with
a very short petiole and a blade much thinner in texture than in
M. papillosa and fasciculata, almost cordate, narrowed gradually
to an acute point, 2-21 in. long, j-l in. broad, with three di-
stinct ribs a little above the base. Cymes copious, fascicled,
axillary, much shorter than the leaves, with spreading main
branches; pedicels sometimes shorter than the calyx, with a pair
of minute deltoid green bracteoles a short space from the calyx.
150 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Calyx green, glabrous, 3 in. long and broad, with a campanulate
tube and a narrow entire collar-like limb. Bud globose; the
petals rather longer than the calyx. Anthers small, oblong, 3 line
long, with the connective produced into a short hooked spur at
the base. Style rather shorter than the petals.—Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 1761!
MEMECYLON LONGICUSPE, n. Sp.
Glabrum, ramosissimum, ramulis gracillimis tetragonis, foliis oppositis
breviter petiolatis ovatis longe acuminatis uninerviis subcoriaceis integris
vel obscure denticulatis basi deltoideis, cy mis axillaribus 1—4-floris breviter
pedunculatis, pedicellis flore brevioribus, calycis tubo deltoideo limbo
truncato, petalis deltoideo-cuspidatis calyce longioribus, staminibus in-
clusis, antheris oblongis basi acutis, fructu nigro duro magnitudine pisi.
A much-branched shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with very
slender tetragonous branehlets. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled,
1-13 in. long, narrowed from below the middle gradually to a
long point, subcoriaceous, dark green on both sides, with no
visible veins except the midrib. Cymes copious, axillary, 1-2-
nate, erect, l-4-flowered, about 4 in. long. Calyx j5 in. long,
black, glabrous, coriaceous, with a cuneate tube and an entire
limb. Petals 4, rather longer than the calyx, deltoid-cuspidate.
Stamens nearly as long as the petals, with filiform filaments, and
small oblong anthers narrowed into an incurved acute point at
the base. Style filiform, as long as the petals. Fruit hard,
black, globose, 1-seeded, 4 in. in diam.— Central Madagascar, in
forests of the province of Imerina, Baron 1288! 1301! 1962!
BEMBICIA AXILLARIS, Oliver in Hook. Ic. Pl. tab. 1404.
Central Madagascar, in forests of the province of Imerina,
Baron 891! 1637! Of this interesting and very distinct new
genus of Samydacee, a figure and description has been given
in Hooker’s ‘ Icones Plantarum.’
Homa ium PARKERI, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, stipulis nullis vel caducis, foliis petiolatis oblongis
crenatis coriaceis, floribus parvis in spicas axillares interruptas foliis
zquilongas dispositis, bracteis nullis, ovario parvo cuneato pentagono
piloso, calycis segmentis brevissimis obtusis, petalis 5 ovato-lanceolatis
acutis, staminibus 5 quam petala triplo brevioribus, stylis 3 erectis fila-
mentis zequilongis.
A tree 20-30 feet high, with glabrous branchlets and leaves.
Leaves distinctly petioled, 2-3 in. long, subobtuse, conspicuously
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 151
crenate, deltoid and entire at the base, thick and rigid in texture,
with fine parallel erecto-patent main veins. Flowers in interrupted
shortly-peduncled spikes 2-3 in. long from the axils of the upper
leaves. Ovary pentagonal, cuneate, sessile, 4 line long, with 5
small obtuse segments. Petals 5, rarely 6,4 line long. : Stamens
5, opposite the petals, not more than 4 as long. Styles 3, erect,
as long as the filaments.—Forest of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker!
Forests of Imerina province, Baron 1295! Allied to H. africa-
num, Benth., and H. longistylum, Masters. H. tetramerum,
Baker, in Trimen's Journ. 1882, p. 110, has been refound by
Mr. Baron (No. 858); and in his fine set of specimens there
are occasionally pentamerous and even hexamerous flowers.
PHARNACEUM SUFFRUTICOSUM, n. sp.
Suffruticosum, glabrum, stipulis scariosis deltoideo-cuspidatis haud
laceratis, foliis sessilibus fascieulatis subulatis muticis, peduneulis strictis:
axillaribus erectis elongatis 1—3-floris, sepalis 5 obovatis obtusis, stami-
nibus 10 calyce brevioribus, fructu ovoideo oblongo 5-loculari calyci
s&equilongo.
A much-branched shrubby perennial, glabrous in all its parts,
with stems under a foot long. Leaves tufted, slender, sessile,
erect, subulate, with revolute edges, 1-3 in. long, not mucronate
at the tip; stipules deltoid-cuspidate, white, scariose, persistent,
not lacerated. Flowers on copious axillary slender erect simple
or forked naked peduncles 2—4 in. long. Calyx j in. long ; sepals
5, obovate, obtuse, imbricated, green, with a white margin.
Corolla none. Stamens 10, rather shorter than the sepals, with
filiform filaments and minute orbicular anthers. Capsule as long
as the calyx, splitting down to the base into 5 loculicidal valves,
each cell containing a few small brown cuneate seeds.— Province
of Ambongo, Pervillé, 647! Adds this well-known characteristi-
cally Cape genus to the Madagascar flora.
HypnocorYLE ($ CENTELLA) TUSSILAGINIFOLIA, n. sp. :
Perennis, late reptans, caulibus gracillimis decumbentibus internodiis
longis, foliis ad nodos fasciculatis longe petiolatis cordato-orbicularibus
parvis dentatis ciliatis, pedunculis solitariis, umbellis capitatis 2-3-floris,
bracteis exterioribus conspicuis oblongis, fructu orbiculari stylis parvis
faleatis coronato.
A wide-trailing perennial herb, with very slender stems, at
first slightly pilose, sending out tufts of erect leaves from the
nodes. Leaves few in a tuft, with pilose petioles j-1 in. long,
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. M
152 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
with large persistent stipules, and a cordate-orbicular membranous
lamina 1-1 in. broad, with deltoid teeth and a large open basal
sinus, pilose mainly on the margin when young, glabrous when
mature. Peduncles solitary, simple, shorter than the petioles.
Flowers 2-3, sessile in a globose head, the two opposite outer
bracts green, oblong, obtuse, nearly as long as the flowers.
Flower 4l in. long; ovary oblong; petals 5, red, deltoid, a third
as long as the ovary. Fruit orbicular, 43; in. long and broad,
laterally compressed, obscurely ribbed, crowned by the small
faleate styles, which are cylindrical down to the base.— Central
Madagascar, Baron 2139! A near ally of the widely spread
H. asiatica, L.
PIMPINELLA BISECTA, n. sp.
Perennis, erecta, copiose ramosa, foliis plerisque basalibus rosulatis
petiolatis pilosis oblongis pinnatis segmentis adnatis profunde serratis,
umbellis primariis 3-5-radiatis ebracteatis, umbellulis 3—6-floris bracteolis
abortivis vel solitariis minutis, pedicellis quam fructus triplo longioribus,
fructu oblongo glabro jugis parum prominulis, stylis brevissimis divaricatis.
A. perennial herb, about 2 feet long, with slender much-
branched glabrous stems. Leaves nearly all (5-6) in a basal
rosette, 3—4 in. long including the winged petiole, pilose, oblong,
with several pairs of sessile oblong or lanceolate sharply serrated
pinne. Stem-leaves none except at the base of the branches, the
lower simply pinnate with entire linear segments, the upper
simple lanceolate. Umbels of 3-5 rays without any bracts.
Umbellules of 3-6 flowers; pedicels finally 4—4 in. long, with
rarely a single minute linear bract to an umbel. Fruit oblong,
glabrous, à in. long, with three inconspicuous ribs on the rounded
back of each mericarp and an oblong commissure. Filiform por-
tion of styles divaricate, not longer than their thickened bases.—
Central Madagascar, Baron 929!
PIMPINELLA EBRACTEATA, n. 8p.
Perennis, erecta, glabra, parce ramosa, folis basalibus rosulatis del-
toideis bipinnatis segmentis ovatis obtusis argute serratis, folis superi-
oribus segmentis acutis, umbellis primariis 5-6-radiatis, umbellulis 6-8-
floris, bracteis bracteolisque nullis, pedicellis elongatis, fructu oblongo
glabro jugis parum prominulis, stylis brevissimis divaricatis.
An erect perennial, with slender stems 1-1} ft. long. Leaves
mainly in a basal rosette; petiole 1-1} in. long; lamina deltoid,
bipinnate, 2-3 in. long, moderately firm in texture, green and
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 153
glabrous on both surfaces; segments sessile, broad ovate, 1-] in.
long. Stem-leaves usually only from the base of the branches,
the upper simply pinnate, with distantlinear segments. Primary
umbels with peduncles nearly an inch long; pedicels 1-1 in.
Flowers and fruit as in P. bisecta and tenuicaulis.— Central
Madagascar, Baron 2048!
PIMPINELLA TENUICAULIS, n. sp.
Perennis, glabra, foliis inferioribus biternatim compositis foliolis ovatis
argute serratis, umbellis primariis circiter 5-radiatis bracteis 3-4 minutis
linearibus, umbellulis 4-7-floris bracteolis linearibus, pedicellis quam fructus
3-4plo longioribus, fructu oblongo glabro jugis parum prominulis, stylis
brevibus divaricatis.
A perennial herb, glabrous in all its parts, with much-branched
erect very slender stems 2-3 ft. long. Lower leaves petioled,
biternately compound, with ovate serrated leaflets of moderately
firm texture about 4 in. long. Primary umbels of about 5 rays,
with 3-4 minute linear bracts. Umbels 4—7-flowered; pedicels
4—} in. long; bracts several, minute, linear. Fruit oblong, with
three inconspicuous ribs on the rounded back ; commissural face
oblong. Petals minute, white. Filiform upper portion of the
styles not longer than the dilated base, divaricating.—Central
Madagascar, Baron 1238 !
PANAX TRIPINNATUS, D. 8p.
Glaber, folis magnis deltoideis tripinnatis foliolis obovatis obtusis
ciliato-denticulatis, inflorescenti ramis elongatis racemosis, ramulis um-
bellatis, umbellis 4-8-floris, pedicellis brevibus basi articulatis, ovario
globoso triloculari, calycis limbo minute quinquedentato, stylis subulatis
recurvatis quam ovarium quadruplo brevioribus.
A shrub, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves 1-1} ft. long and
broad, deltoid, with 3-jugate main divisions, the leaflets in 2-3
opposite pairs, erecto-patent, sessile or obscurely stalked, deltoid
at the base, 2-1 in. long, very obtuse, the end one sessile between
the two top side ones; margin obscurely erenate, with a few subu-
late cilia; texture moderately firm ; both surfaces dull green, with
only the midrib visible. Branches of the inflorescence 6-9 in.
long, with numerous short erecto-patent peduncled simple umbels
with a small lanceolate bract at the base of each branch;
pedicels 4 in. long. Fruit 4 in. long and broad, 3-lobed, and
each of the three lobes conspicuously 3-ribbed, crowned with &
minute sharply 5-toothed calyx-limb and three filiform recurved
154 MR J. G BAKER ON THE
styles nearly a line long. Petals not seen. Seeds much and
deeply lobed laterally.—Central] Madagascar, Baron 1935
PANAX CISSIFLORUS, n. 8p.
Glaber, foliis magnis deltoideis bipinnatis, foliolis 2-3-jugis oblongis
acutis parce ciliato-denticulatis, infloréscentiz ramis parce racemosis,
ramulis simpliciter umbellatis, umbellis 5-6-floris, pedicellis flore longi-
oribus, ovario globoso triloculari, calycis limbo minuto subintegro, stylis 3
ad basin liberis.
A. shrub, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves a foot long and
broad, with two erecto-patent opposite side divisions and an end
one; leaflets 5-7 to a division, oblong or obovate-oblong, acute,
2-3 in. long, about an inch broad, moderately firm in texture, no
ribs except.the midrib distinctly visible. Branches of the in-
florescence three in a terminal whorl, half a foot long, bearing
each 5-6 peduncled whorls of flowers arranged racemosely ; final
pedicels slender, about 4 in. long. Ovary globose-trigonous, } in.
long and broad, crowned by a minute calyx-limb and small
globose green corolla. Stamens included. Styles free to the
base.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1775!
Pawax (§ SPHEROPANAX) ZANTHOXYLOIDES, n. 8p.
Arboreus, glaber, foliis bipinnatis, pinnis 3-4-jugis, centralibus solum
parce compositis, foliolis obovatis obtusis rigide coriaceis, floribus in um-
bellas paniculatas dispositis, umbellis paucifloris, pedicellis basi articulatis
quam fructus paulo longioribus, fructu globoso 4—5-angulato 4-5-loculari,
stigmatibus 4-5 brevibus patulis.
An erect tree or shrub, glabrous in all i parts, with stiff
terete branchlets. Leaves 3—4 in. long, including the 1-in.
petiole, which is swollen at the base; rhachis angled; leaflets
obovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, 1-11 in. long, firm in
texture, green and glabrous on both surfaces, with 4—5-jugate
parallel erecto-patent main veins, the 3-4 pinne consisting of
single leaflets in the less developed leaves, but in the more
developed leaves the central pinne compound, with 3-5 leaflets.
Flowers in small peduncled terminal panicles 2-3 in. long, with
short simple erecto-patent 4- -angled branches bearing umbels of
3-6 flowers, with pedicels 1—L in. long, not dilated into a cup at
the tip. Mature ovary doble, 4-5-angled, 4—5-celled, glabrous,
iin.in diam. Petals and stamens not seen. Stigmas 4-5, forming
a star about a line in diameter, thickened downwards and connate
at the base.—Central Madagascar, forests of Imerina province,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 155
Baron 1080! 1300! 1351! This and the next species recede from
Panax by their 5-celled ovary, and perhaps should constitute a
distinct genus ; but they are connected with the type by Maralia
of Thouars and Oligoscias of Seemann.
Panax (§ SPILEROPANAX) ORNIFOLIUS, n. sp.
Arboreus, glaber, folis simpliciter pinnatis, foliolis 9-13 inzquilate-
raliter oblongis vel oblanceolatis obtusis rigide coriaceis remotis sessilibus
vel brevissime petiolulatis, floribus in umbellas multas paniculatas dispositis,
umbellis multifloris, pedicellis quam flos 34plo longioribus apice in eupulam
dilatatis, basi articulatis, ovario 5-loculari, calycis limbo integro angusto,
stylis brevibus cylindricis erecto-patentibus.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with thick ultimate branchlets.
Leaves crowded, nearly a foot long, including the petiole, which
is an inch long and thickened towards the base ; rhachis zigzag ;
leaflets opposite, nearly or quite sessile, inequilateral, oblong,
obtuse, 2-3 in. long, rigid in texture, entire, green on both surfaces,
glossy above, obscurely penuinerved, with copious fine erecto-
patent veinlets, cuneate at the base, more cut away on the lower
side. Flowers in copious lateral and terminal peduncled panicles
as long as the leaves, composed of numerous peduncled umbels,
of which a number of the top ones spring from the apex of the
main peduncle, whilst the others are scattered; peduncles 1-2 in.
long; pedicels 1-4 in. long, strongly angled, eupular at the tip.
Petals 5, ovate, greenish-yellow, 3 in. long. Stamens 5, half as
long as the petals, with short linear filaments and oblong anthers.
Ovary finally oblong, pentagonal, 5-celled, crowned by the
narrow collar-like calyx-limb. Styles 5, sbort, erecto-patent.—
Central Madagascar, Baron 1187 ! 1248!
CUSSONIA MONOPHYLLA, n. Sp.
Arborea, glabra, petiolo brevi apice articulato, foliis simplicibus
oblanceolato-oblongis acutis coriaceis nitidis, panicule ramis simpliciter
vel bis umbellatis, pedicellis brevibus basi articulatis, umbellis 5-10-floris,
ovario globoso 2-4-loculari, calycis limbo subintegro, stylo apice 2-4-
euspidato.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with more slender branchlets
than in the compound-leaved species. Petiole stout, 2-1 in. long,
articulated at the base of the solitary leaflet, which is 3-4 in.
long, 1-1} in. broad above the middle, acute, quite entire,
narrowed gradually from the middle to the base, coriaceous in
texture, shining on the upper surface, with the veins and veinlets
156 MR. J. G. BAKEB ON THE
raised on both surfaces, the main ones close and erecto-patent,
distinct from the midrib to the margin. Flowers in a peduncled
terminal panicle, with two whorls of erecto-patent simply or
doubly umbellate branches. Calyx campanulate, with a sub-
entire collar-like limb. Petals not seen. Style with as many
eusps at the tip as there are cells in the ovary.—Central Mada-
gascar, in forests of the province of Imerina, Baron 1279!
CUSSONIA RACEMOSA, n. Sp.
Arborea, glabra, ramulis crassis rugosis, foliis longe petiolatis digitatim
4-6-foliolatis, foliolis oblanceolatis sessilibus obtusis coriaceis integris, in-
florescentiz ramis bipinnatis, ramulis racemosis, pedicellis flore longi-
oribus, bracteis minutis deltoideis, ovario biloculari, calycis limbo trun-
cato, petalis oblongo-deltoideis.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with stout rugose woody
branchlets. Leaves crowded; petiole reaching a length of 6-8
inches; leaflets quite sessile, 3-4 in. long, 4-2 in. broad, rigidly
coriaceous, narrowed gradually to the base, all the veins except
the midrib fine and quite hidden. Flowers in an ample panicle
at the end of the branchlets, with numerous contiguous bipinnate
branches ; ultimate branchlets racemose. Flowers seen in the bud-
stage only. Pedicels 3 in. long, with a small deltoid bract at the
base. Calyx campanulate, with a subentire limb. Bud sub-
globose.— Central Madagascar, Baron 2015!
Cusson1a VANTSILANA, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis longe petiolatis digitatis rigide coriaceis nitidis,
foliolis 3-6 sessilibus cuneatis apice truncato-cuspidatis, floribus copiose
spicato-paniculatis, bracteolis parvis persistentibus deltoideis, calycis tubo
cuneato limbo angusto subintegro, stylis brevibus connatis.
A tree, with stout ultimate branchlets, glabrous in all its parts.
Petioles terete, sometimes a foot in length. Leaves digitately
compound, very thiek and rigid in texture, glossy on the upper
surface, opaque beneath, with fine erecto-patent main veins;
leaflets 3-6, sessile, cuneate, 3-6 in. long, broadest (2-3 in.) at
the apex, emarginate, with or without a small cusp. Flowers in
copious peduncled panicles, with erecto-patent spicate branches
1-3 in. long. Ovary sessile, deltoid, } in. long, with a subentire
narrow collar-like calyx-limb and at its base 2 or 3 minute per-
sistent deltoid bracteoles. Unexpanded corolla subglobose, yz in.
in diam.; petals oblong-lanceolate. Styles 2, erect, not more than
one third as long as the ovary, connate nearly to the tip. Fruit
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 157
oblong.— Forests of Central Madagascar, received in flower from
Mr. Baron (No. 1016) and in leaf from Dr. Parker and long
ago from Bojer. Native name Vantsilana or Voantsilana.
CUSSONIA FRAXINIFOLIA, D. sp.
Arborea, glabra, ramulis ultimis crassis, foliis imparipinnatis coriaceis
longe petiolatis, foliolis 5-7 oblongis integris obtusis petiolatis, ramis
panicule racemosis elongatis ramulis ultimis umbellatis, umbellis 6-8-
floris, pedicellis quam flos 3-4plo longioribus, ovario orbiculari-oblongo
szpissime 2-loculari, limbo obscure dentato, stylo brevissimo apice
cuspidato.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with very stout channelled
rugose ultimate branchlets. Leaves a foot long, including the
3~4-in. petiole; leaflets in about 3 opposite pairs on short thick
petiolules and a long-stalked end one, about 3 in. long, entire,
obtuse, deltoid or rather rounded at the base, the veins except
the midrib very fine and immersed. Flowers in an ample panicle
at the end of the branches, with several erecto-patent branches
with a large persistent cucullate obtuse bract at the base, those
at the tip of the stem in a whorl, each branch bearing a large
number of stalked umbels pinnately arranged. Pedicels j-j in.
long, square, not bracteated at the base. Ovary j in. long,
constricted at the neck, usually 2-celled, sometimes 3-celled, with
an obscurely toothed spreading collar-like limb. Petals and
stamens not seen. Style very short, 2-3-cuspidate at the tip.—
Between Tankay and the east coast, Baron 1579!
CUSSONIA MYRIANTHA, N. sp.
Arborea, glabra, ramulis ultimis crassis, foliis longe petiolatis digitatim 7-
foliolatis, foliolis longe petiolulatis late oblongis cuspidatis integris subcori-
aceis nitidis, inflorescentie ramis omnium graduum umbellatis, umbellis
ultimis 4—6-floris, pedicellis quam flos 2-3plo longioribus, ovario orbiculari
biloculari, limbo subintegro, petalis deltoideis, staminibus inclusis, stylo
subintegro.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts, with thick woody ultimate
branchlets. Petiole half a foot long; petiolules 13-2 in. long;
leaflets 3-4 in. long, distinctly cuspidate, broadly rounded at the
base, subcoriaceous, with fine close distinct erecto-patent main
veins. Inflorescence terminal, nearly a foot broad, the umbellate
branching five times repeated; main branches five, thick and 4-
angled; final pedicels 1 in. long, articulated at the base, with a
minute deltoid bract. Calyx 1 line in diam., with a subentire
spreading collar-like neck. Petals deltoid, greenish, under 4); in.
158
ON THE FLORA OF MADAGASCAR.
long. Anthers oblong, with very short filaments. Style short,
slender, entire.— Central Madagascar, Baron 2017 !
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
Puate XXII.
Fig. 1. Sparmannia discolor, n. sp. The plant in flower. 2. Asepal. 3. A
stellate hair. 4. Stamens, their anterior and posterior faces. 5. Barren
stamens. 6. The pistil. 7. Transverse section of the ovary. 8. A
branch with ripe fruits.
Puate XXIII.
Fig. 1. Microsteira Curtisii, gen. & sp. n. Portion of the plant, showing the
staminate flowers. 2. A branch, with pistillate flowers. 3. A hair.
4. Male flower. 5. Calyx of the male flower. 6. Stamens, back and
face. 7. Female flower with petals removed. 8. Petal of female
flower. 9. The fruit; and 10, the same in side view: both of natural
size. 1l. The seed.
ON THE FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 159
Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar.— Part II. Monopetale.
By J. G. Baxzn, F.R.S., F.L.S.
[Read December 21, 1882.]
(Prates XXIV.-XXVII.)
Iw the present paper are characterized upwards of 150 Dicotyle-
dons of the Gamopetalous series of natural orders, gathered in
Madagasear by recent English collectors, especially by the Rev.
R. Baron, F.L.S., of the London Missionary Society. The most
interesting is Schismatoclada, a new genus of Rubiacez allied to
Cinchona. The other new genera are :— Tetraspidium, of the group
of semiparasitie Serophulariacez such as Pedicularis and Melam-
pyrum (which turn completely black in drying), remarkable for its
four shield-shaped one-celled anthers; Forsythiopsis, an erect
shrubby Acanthaceous genus with flowers like Forsythia and
leaves not fully developed till after the flowers fade; and Mona-
chochlamys, another genus of Acanthacew, allied to Mendoncia
and Thunbergia, with numerous small flowers each contained in a
persistent spathaceous bract like the hood of a Franciscan monk.
Of representatives of well-known European genera, the present
collection contains two species of Anagallis nearly allied to
A. tenella, 2 Ajugas, a Salvia, 2 Micromerias, 3 species of Stachys,
5 Senecios, 3 Cynoglossums, and a Lysimachia. The genera re-
presented most largely are Danais, Vernonia, Helichrysum, Gert-
nera, Clerodendron, and Hypoestes. There is a single species of
the beautiful Acanthaceous genus Strodilanthes, represented in
India by above 100 species. There is anew Vinca allied to V. rosea.
Of endemic genera known previously in the island, we have new
species of Aspilia, Epallage, and Oncostemon. Of Cape types the
principal are a Lightfootia, a Halleria, an Alectra, and two heaths
of the genus Philippia.
ScHIsMATOCLADA, genus novum Rubiacearum subordinis Cin-
chonacearum. (Tab. XXIV.)
Calycis tubus campanulatus; limbi dentes 5 lanceolate inzequales foliacez.
Corolla hypocrateriformis, tubo cylindrico intus glabro, limbi segmentis ob-
longo-lanceolatis wstivatione valvatis. Stamina 5 ad corolle tubi faucem in-
serta, filamentis filiformibus quam segmenta paulo brevioribus, antheris
linearibus versatilibus. Discus conspicuus. Ovarium 2-loculare, ovulis nu-
merosis placentis peltatim affixis ; stylus filiformis, ramis 2 elongatis. Cap-
sula coriacea ab apice septicide infra medium dehiscens, seminibus permultis
LINN, JOURN.— BOTANY, YOL. XX. N
160 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
parvis planis testa laxa membranacea brunnea utrinque nuclei oblongi in
caudas lanceolatas dentatas producta.—Arbor erecta glabra Madagasca-
riensis, foliis oppositis obovato-oblongis, stipulis parvis deltoideis connatis
interpetiolaribus, floribus parvis lilacinis glabris copiose corymboso-pani-
culatis sessilibus vel brevissime pedicellatis, bracteis parvis linearibus.
S. PSYCHOTRIOIDES, Baker. (Pl. XXIV. A. figs. 1-7.)
An erect tree with the habit of a Psychotria, glabrous in all
its parts, the ultimate branchlets rather compressed, the nodes
thickened. Stipules small, deltoid, connate, persistent. Leaves
in opposite pairs, shortly petioled, obovate-oblong, acute, 3-4 in.
long, 1-1} in. broad, deltoid at the base, bright green and gla-
brous on both surfaces, with numerous distinct arching parallel
main veins. Flowers in small lax terminal panicles, with a few
corymbose branches; pedicels none or short; bracts minute,
linear, inconspicuous. Calyx-tube 4l; in. long; teeth twice as
long, oblanceolate, foliaceous. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, cylin-
drical, glabrous both inside and out; segments 5, oblong-lanceo-
late, } in.-long, slightly induplicate in wstivation, spreading hori-
zontally when fully expanded. Stamens as long as the corolla-
segments; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Capsule under
i in. long, oblong, splitting from the apex nearly down to the
base, rigid in texture, the top projecting distinctly beyond the
persistent calyx-teeth ; the placenta not reaching the top, and
separating from the valves. Seeds } in. long, numerous, flat,
pale brown, glabrous, the testa produced into a lanceolate lace-
rated tail on both sides of the oblong nucleus.—Forests of the
province of Imerina, Baron 1320 (fruit) and 1769 (flower). ——
The only other Old-world genus of Cinchonez with a septi-
cidal capsule is the Himalayan Hymenopogon, from which this
differs abundantly. Mr. Baron sends also what is most likely a
second species, with obtuse leaves and considerably larger and
more woody capsules ; but of this there are no flowers; so I do
not venture to characterize it.
DANAIS GERRARDI, n. sp.
Glabra, ramulis teretibus, foliis oppositis breviter petiolatis obovato-
oblongis acutis, floribus in cymas sessiles axillares dispositis, pedicellis
quam calyx 2-3plo longioribus, calycis dentibus linearibus tubo campanu-
lato zquilongis, corolle tubo cylindrico, dentibus quam tubus duplo bre-
vioribus, staminibus leviter protrusis,
A climbing forest-shrub with slender glabrous terete branch-
lets. Leaves shortly petioled, moderately firm in texture, 2-8 mm.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 161
long, bright green and glabrous on both surfaces, narrowed gra-
dually from the middle to the base. Flowers in copious sessile
axillary cymes; pedicels 3-} in.; bracts minute, lanceolate.
Flower-calyx 4; in. long. Corolla-tube cylindrical, } in. long;
teeth oblong-lanceolate, y; in. long. Stamens rather longer than
the corolla-segments. Fruit not seen.—Madagascar, Gerrard
162! Near Alamazaotra forest, Baron 1464! Between Tankay
and the east coast, Baron 1536!
DaNAIS YOLUDILIS, n. sp.
Volubilis, glabra, foliis oppositis vel ternatis petiolatis rigide coriaceis
obovato-oblongis acutis vel obtusis cuspidatis, floribus in cymas densifloras
axillares dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubum
campanulatum 2-3plo superantibus, corollz tubo elongato cylindrico, denti-
bus lanceolatis quam tubus 3-4plo brevioribus, fructibus globosis magni-
tudine mediocribus.
A scandent shrub, with slender terete woody stems, glabrous
in all its parts. Leaves 11-2 in. long, sometimes above an inch
broad, acute or obtuse with a cusp, very firm in texture, green
and glabrous on both surfaces, with raised veinlets beneath.
Flowers in copious dense axillary cymes with very short pe-
duncles. Calyx } in. long, with 5 lanceolate teeth much longer
than the tube. Corolla-tube cylindrical, } in. long; teeth 5,
spreading, lanceolate, } in. long. Stigma exserted, deeply bifid.
Capsule depresso-globose, hard, brown, 1-j in. in diam.—Top of
Ifody mountain, Baron 1372!
DANAIS HISPIDA, n. sp.
D. ramulis teretibus hispidis, foliis magnis oppositis petiolatis oblongis
acutis subcoriaceis facie glabris dorso hispidulis, floribus in cymas densas
axillares dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis tubo campanulato seg-
mentis deltoideis, corolla segmentis lanceolatis quam tubus subcylindricus
3-4plo brevioribus, fructu magnitudine mediocri nigro globoso.
A shrub or tree, with stoutish straight terete branchlets,
densely clothed with stout brown articulated hairs. Leaves oppo-
site, distinctly petioled, 3-4 in. long, 2 in. broad at the middle,
narrowed gradually to the base and apex, subcoriaceous, green
on both surfaces, glabrous above, furnished with a few bristly
hairs beneath, with 8-10-jugate parallel arcuate ascending main
veins. Flowers in dense axillary cymes with very short pedicels.
Calyx glabrous, 4 in. long, with a campanulate tube and 5 deltoid
teeth. Corolla with a subcylindrical tube ¿4 in. long, and small
N 2
162 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
lanceolate segments. Stamens as long as the corolla-segments.
Fruit hard, black, globose, 4 in. in diam.— Central Madagascar,
in forests of the province of Imerina, Baron 1304!
DANAIS PAUCIFLORA, n. sp.
D. ramulis teretibus glabris, foliis 2-3nis parvis petiolatis subcoriaceis
obovato-oblongis acutis glabris, floribus in cymas paucifloras axillares dis-
positis, pedicellis quam calyx longioribus, calycis tubo campanulato dentibus
minutis deltoideis, fructu maximo globoso glabro.
A much-branched shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with slender
terete branchlets. Leaves distinctly petioled, sometimes oppo-
site, sometimes ternate, 1-1} in. long, 4-2 in. broad, acute,
deltoid at the base, green and glabrous on both surfaces, the
main veins distinct, anastomosing by an arch just within the
margin. Flowers few together in copious axillary cymes ; pedi-
cels i-i in. long. Flower-calyx, including the minute teeth, not
more than 4 line long. Corolla and stamens not seen. Fruit
globose, 4 in. in diam., black, hard, glabrous, splitting down the
middle from the top nearly down to the base.—Central Mada-
gascar, in forests of the province of Imerina, Baron 1298!
Daxars TERNATA, n. Sp.
D. ramulis teretibus breviter pilosis, foliis ternatis breviter petiolatis
obovato-oblongis acutis, floribus in cymas paucifloras axillares dispositis,
pedicellis quam calyx 3-4plo longioribus, calycis segmentis lanceolatis
tubo campanulato zquilongis, fructu glabro globoso.
A shrub 5 or 6 feet high, with slender terete shortly pilose
branchlets. Stipules minute, lanceolate-deltoid. Leaves all in
whorls of three, shortly petioled, 2-3 in. long, acute, narrowed
gradually from the middle to the base, moderately firm in tex-
ture, bright green and glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers in
small sessile cymes in the axils of all the upper leaves; pedi-
cels erect, -4 in. long; bracts minute, lanceolate. Flower-calyx
35 in. long. Corolla and stamens not seen. Capsule glabrous,
depresso-globose, 4 in. in diam.—Madagasear, Gerrard!
DANAIS LIGUSTRIFOLIA, n. sp.
D. ramulis glabris teretibus, foliis oppositis breviter petiolatis obovato-
oblongis glabris acutis, floribus in paniculas terminales ramulis corymbosis
dispositis, pedicellis fructu subzquilongis, calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubo
campanulato equilongis, corolla tubo cylindrico quam calyx 2-3plo
longiore dentibus oblongo-lanceolatis, fructu glabro globoso.
A forest shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with terete woody
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR, 163
branchlets. Stipules minute, deltoid. Leaves shortly petioled,
2-3 in. long, bright green, glabrous, moderately firm in texture,
acute, narrowed gradually from the middle to the base. Flowers
in ample terminal panicles with corymbose branches ; bracts
minute, lanceolate. Flower-calyx j in. long. Corolla 4 in.
long, pilose inside the tube, the teeth about a third as long
as the cylindrical tube. Stamens as long as the corolla-segments.
Capsule glabrous, globose, 4; in. in diam., crowned, as in the other
species, by the persistent diminished calyx-teeth.— Forests of
Central Madagascar, in the province of Imerina, Lyall 123 bis!
Baron 494! 1073!
DANAIS BREVIFLORA, n. sp.
D. ramulis glabris, foliis oppositis breviter petiolatis obovato-oblongis
magnis acutis, floribus in panieulas terminales ramulis corymbosis dispo-
sitis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubo campanulato
duplo longioribus, corollz tubo infundibulari quam calyx paulo longiore,
dentibus oblongo-lanceolatis, staminibus haud exsertis.
A forest shrub, with glabrous terete branchlets. Leaves oppo-
site, shortly petioled, glabrous, bright green, moderately firm in
texture, 3-4 in. long, 18-21 lines broad, acute, narrowed gra-
dually from the middle to the base. Flowers in an ample ter-
minal panicle, with densely flowered erecto-patent branches ;
pedicels very short. Calyx j; in. long, glabrous. Corolla } in.
long, densely pilose at the throat, the spreading teeth half as
long as the funnel-shaped tube. Stamens about as long as the
corolla-segments. Fruit unknown.— Central Madagascar, in the
province of Imerina, Dr. Lyall 225!
DANAIS MICROCARPA, n. Sp.
Glabra, ramulis teretibus, folis oppositis petiolatis. obovato-oblongis
acutis, floribus in panic» as amplas terminales ramulis corymbosis dispo-
sitis, pedicellis fructui sequilongis, calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubo cam-
panulato zquilongis, fructu minuto glabro globoso. :
A climbing shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with slender tereto
branchlets. Stipules minute, deltoid. Leaves distinctly petioled,
moderately firm in texture, bright green and glabrous on both
surfaces, 1-2 in. long, deltoid at the base. Flowers in ample
oblong-deltoid terminal panicles with corymbose branches ; pedi-
cels 4-1 line long; bracts minute, deltoid. Flower-calyx yz in.
long; lanceolate teeth as long as the campanulate tube. Corolla
and stamens not seen. Capsule glabrous, crustaceous, depresso-
164 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
globose, not more than +} in. in diam., crowned by the minute per-
sistent calyx-teethForests of the province of Betani-nema,
Boer! Forest of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker! Baron 1140!
1340!
DANAIS RHAMNIFOLIA, n. sp.
D. ramulis subteretibus ultimis puberulis, foliis oppositis petiolatis glabris
magnis obovato-oblongis, floribus in paniculas copiosas terminales et axil-
lares ramis corymbosis dispositis, pedicellis quam calyx longioribus, calycis
dentibus lanceolatis tubo squilongis, corollae tubo quam calyx 4-6plo
longiore, dentibus lanceolatis acutis quam tubus 2-3plo brevioribus, sta-
minibus exsertis.
An erect shrub, with the ultimate branchlets minutely pube-
rulous. Leaves opposite, distinctly petioled, bright green and
glabrous on both surfaces, moderately firm in texture, 3-4 in.
long, 13-2 in. broad, deltoid at the base and apex, with distinct
parallel arcuate ascending main veins. Flowers in copious
ample axillary and terminal panicles with corymbose branches ;
pedicels slender, pubescent, 1-3 times as long as the calyx.
Flower-calyx under 4; in. long, the 5 lanceolate teeth equalling
the campanulate tube. Corolla-tube cylindrical, 4 in. long ; teeth
lanceolate, acute. Stamens longer than the corolla-segments.
Fruit not seen.—Central Madagascar, Baron 919!
DANAIS VERTICILLATA, n. sp.
Glabra, ramulis acute tetragonis, foliis verticillatis 4natis sessilibus ob-
longis acuminatis, floribus in paniculam terminalem ramulis corymbosis
dispositis, pedicellis brevibus, calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubo campanulato
subequilongis, fructu pro genere magno depresse globoso.
A forest shrub, 6 or 8 feet high, glabrous in all its parts, with
acutely quadrangular branchlets. Leaves in whorls of four,
sessile, 2-3 in. long, about an inch broad above the middle, bright
green, moderately firm in texture, rounded at the base. Flowers
in terminal panicles with corymbose branches; pedicels finally
about as long as the fruit. Flower-calyx about a line long.
Fruit depresso-globose, 4 in. in diam.—Forest of Andrangaloaka,
Dr. Parker! Baron 1307!
DANAIS PUBESCENS, n. sp.
D. ramulis dense pubescentibus, foliis oppositis petiolatis parvis ovatis
acutis subcoriaceis, floribusin paniculas terminales ramulis paucifloris cory m-
bosis dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis vel nullis, calycis dentibus lanceolatis
tubo campanulato æquilongis, fructu nigro globoso calvato,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 165
A forest shrub 10 or 12 feet high, with slender terete densely
pilose branchlets. Leaves opposite, with a pilose petiole 1-1 in.
long, and an ovate rigid dark green blade 1-12 in. long, rounded
at the base, nearly glabrous above, pilose especially on the ribs
beneath. Flowers in a terminal panicle, with distant few-flowered
erecto-patent corymbose densely pilose branches. Flower-calyx
about +1; in. long, densely pilose. Corolla and stamens not seen.
Fruit black, hard, globose, 4-1 in, in diam.—Forest of Andranga-
loaka, Dr. Parker! Top of Ifody mountain, Baron 1375!
PENTAS MUSSJENDOIDES, N. sp.
Fruticosa, fusco-pubescens, stipulis brevibus fimbriatis, foliis petiolatis
oblongo-lanceolatis membranaceis a: medio ad apicem et basin angustatis,
floribus in cymas terminales corymbosas vel racemosas aggregatis, pedicellis
brevissimis vel sub. nullis, fructu infundibulari coriaceo 10-costato, calycis
dentibus 4 parvis lanceolatis, quinto magno foliaceo oblanceolato petiolato,
corollx pilos: tubo cylindrico segmentis parvis lanceolatis.
An erect shrub or small tree, 10 or 15 feet high, with slender
terete branchlets, clothed with short deciduous brown pubes-
cence. Stipules short, fimbriated, with pubescent setaceous
segments. Leaves distinctly petioled, membranous, 4-5 in. long,
1-14 in. broad at the middle, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the
base, finely brown-pubescent, with numerous parallel arcuate
ascending main veins. Flowers in an ample terminal panicle,
with short or elongated cymose branches. Corolla with a pilose
cylindrical tube an inch long, and 5 or rarely 6 small lanceolate
segments. Stamens sessile near the top of the corolla-tube.
Capsule infundibuliform, coriaccous, 3 in. long, narrowed gra-
dually to the base, with 10 distinct subequal ribs. Calyx-teeth
4 small lanceolate unequal, the fifth membranous, oblanceolate,
obtuse, distinctly petioled, 7-1 in. long, greenish-yellow with
green veins.—Central Madagascar, gathered long ago by Lyall
(195), and now rediscovered by Baron (1059 and 1921) and
Parker in the forest of Andrangaloaka.
UROPHYLLUM LxarLLIT, n. sp.
Arborea, ramulis obscure hispidis, stipulis lanceolatis, foliis oppositis
breviter petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis utrinque viridibus gla-
bris, floribus in cymas paucifloras axillares dispositis, pedicellis brevibus,
calycis dentibus lanceolatis tubo campanulato aquilongis, corolla tubo
cylindrico intus piloso, dentibus deltoideis, staminibus inclusis, fructu
globoso nigro 4-loculari magnitudine pisi.
166 MR. J. d. BAKER ON THE
A much-branched small erect tree, 12-20 feet high, with
slender terete obscurely hispid branchlets. Stipules lanceolate,
entire, persistent. Leaves shortly petioled, 3-4 in. long, an inch
broad, acuminate, moderately firm in texture, bright green and
glabrous on both surfaces, with much-raised 6-8-jugate arcuate-
ascending main veins. Flowers few together in copious small
nearly sessile axillary cymes. Flower-calyx 4 in. long ; teeth 5,
lanceolate. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, hairy all down inside; seg-
ments half as long as the tube. Stamens 5, inserted above the
middle of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform, as long as the
oblong anthers. Style as long as the corolla-tube, simple. Fruit
glabrous, globose, with numerous scarlet seeds in each of the four
cells.—Forests of the province of Imerina, gathered long ago by
Bojer and Lyall (343), and now rediscovered by Dr. Parker and
Mr. Baron (1039, 1049, 1250, 1527, 1649).
MUSSJENDA TRICHOPHLEBIA, n. sp.
M. ramulis apice pilosis, stipulis lanceolatis vel deltoideis, foliis oppositis
petiolatis obovato-oblongis acutis facie obscure pilosis dorso ad venas
dense pilosis, floribus dense corymboso-paniculatis, pedicellis brevibus,
bracteis lanceolatis, calycis pilosi dentibus lanceolatis tubo clavato aequi-
longis, coroll tubo cylindrico dense piloso bipollicari, segmentis lanceo-
latis quam tubus quadruplo brevioribus, fructu oblongo-clavato calvato.
An erect tree, with pilose branchlets. Stipules persistent,
pilose, lanceolate or deltoid. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled,
obovate-oblong, acute, 2-8 in. long, narrowed to the base, green
and obscurely pilose above, dull green and densely pilose espe-
cially on the arcuate ascending 8-9-jugate parallel main veins
beneath. Flowers in dense terminal corymbs, sessile or shortly
pedicellate ; bracts lanceolate, persistent. Flower-calyx under
3 in. long, densely silky ; teeth lanceolate, as long as the tube.
Corolla whitish, densely silky on the outside, with a cylindrical
tube 2 in. long and 5 lanceolate segments. Stamens inserted
above the middle of the corolla-tube, included; anthers large,
linear. Style densely pilose, with 2 lanceolate stigmatic lobes
i5 in. long. Fruit clavate-oblong, glabrescent, under an inch
long, crowned by the persistent calyx-teeth.— Forests of Central
Madagascar, Baron 493!1764! A near ally of M. Landia and
M. hymenopogonoides.
MUSSJENDA VESTITA, D. sp.
M. ramulis dense pilosis, stipulis parvis pilosis, foliis petiolatis oblongis
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 167
acutis subcoriaceis facie viridibus hispidis dorso dense persistenter albido-
tomentosis, floribus dense corymboso-paniculatis, pedicellis brevibus,
calycis dense pilosi dentibus lanceolatis tubo wquilongis, corolla dense
pilose segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis tubo cylindrico 3-4 plo brevioribus,
fructu oblongo-clavato piloso.
An erect tree, with slender terete woody branchlets, densely
clothed with short spreading firm dark-brown hairs. Stipules
tin. long. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, 2-4 in. long, 11-2
in. broad, entire, deltoid at the base, thick and firm in texture,
green and scabrous with short bristly hairs above, densely matted
with thick whitish tomentum beneath, with 10-12-jugate ascend-
ing brown main veins. Flowers in a dense shortly peduncled
terminal corymb. Calyx 1 in. long; segments lanceolate, acute.
Corolla densely clothed with drab hairs on the outside; tube
subcylindrical, an inch long; segments oblong-lanceolate, cuspi-
date. Capsule subterete, densely pubescent, 3-3 in. long, full of
very numerous minute small black seeds.—Woods of Betsileo-
land, Kitching! Baron 55! This may possibly be the imperfectly
described JL. discolor, Thouars, of which the native country is
unknown.
Alberta laurifolia, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 271 (Baron
2019), I find had been already described by Dr. Baillon (Adan-
sonia, xii. 247) under the name of Alberta minor.
PLECTRONIA DENSITLORA, D. Sp.
Arborea, glabra, stipulis magnis coriaceis, foliis petiolatis magnis ob-
longis coriaceis glabris venis primariis validis parallelis 6-8-jugis, floribus
in eymas densas sessiles axillares umbellatas dispositis, pedicellis quam
flos longioribus, calycis minuti tubo cuneato dentibus deltoideis, corolle
segmentis oblongo-deltoidcis tubo æquilongis, antheris ad corolle faucem
pilosam sessilibus.
An erect tree, glabrous in all its parts, with terete branchlets.
Stipules lanceolate, coriaceous, above 4 in. long. Leaves di-
stinctly petioled, 6-8 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, subobtuse, rounded
at the base, bright green and rather shining above, paler beneath,
with 6-8 parallel pairs of strongly marked arcuate ascending
main veins. Flowers in dense sessile axillary umbels; pedicels
about jin.long. Flower-calyx 3 lin. in diam. Corolla j in. long,
the oblong-lanceolate teeth equalling the tube. Anthers minute,
oblong, inserted at the densely hairy throat of the corolla-tube.
Fruit not seen.—Madagascar, Gerrard 61!
168 MB, J. G. BAKER ON THE
PLECTRONIA UMBELLATA, n. sp.—Pyrostria umbellata, Bojer,
Hort. Maur. 170 (nomen solum).
Arborea, glabra, stipulis magnis oblongo-deltoideis, foliis magnis petio-
latis oblongis, floribus in cymas densas axillares umbellatas pedunculatas
conspicue bracteatas dispositis, pedicellis elongatis, calycis tubo campanu-
lato, limbo minuto, coroll tubo campanulato, segmentis 4 oblongo-lanceo-
latis, staminibus minutis ad corolla faucem pilosam sessilibus, fructu globoso
compresso duro emarginato.
An erect tree or large shrub, glabrous in allits parts. Stipules
oblong or deltoid, coriaceous, persistent, 1-j in. long. Leaves
distinctly petioled, oblong, subcoriaceous, 4-S in. long, 24-4 in.
broad, with 6-8 pairs of conspicuously raised ascending parallel
main veins. Flowers in dense umbellate peduncled axillary
cymes, with a pair of large deltoid braets at the base; pedicels
lin.long. Calyx-tube +4 in. long; limb very short, collar-like,
subtruneate. Corolla + in. long, with a campanulate tube and 4
oblong-lanceolate segments. Stamens 4, the minute anthers
nearly sessile at the densely pilose throat of the corolla. Stigma
with 2 orbieular lobes. Fruit hard, black, compressed, glabrous,
two-lobed, 4 in. in diam., containing two bony pyrenes.—Central
Madagascar, Dr. Meller! Baron 1626! Introduced long ago by
Bojer into the gardens of Mauritius.
VANGUERIA EMIRNENSIS, N. Sp.
Arborea, inermis, ramulis pilosis, stipulis deltoideis laceratis, foliis petio-
latis oblongis facie obscure dorso prasertim ad venas dense albido- pilosis,
floribus in cymas densas terminales dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calycis
tubo eampanulato dentibus 5 parvis inequalibus deltoideis vel lanceolatis,
corolle pilosa tubo cylindrico segmentis lanceolatis, staminibus ad corollæ
faucem dense pilosam insertam, filamentis brevibus.
A much-branched erect tree, with pilose terete branchlets.
Stipules deltoid, persistent, deeply fimbriated. Leaves distinctly
petioled, subacute or subobtuse, cuneate at the base, 13-3 in.
long, deltoid at the base, membranous, nearly glabrescent above,
densely pilose on the 7-S-jugate ascending main veins beneath.
Flowers in copious dense nearly sessile terminal cymes; bracts
minute; pedicels 0 or very short. Calyx 7 in. long, with a
campanulate tube and 5 (rarely 6) minute lanceolate or deltoid
teeth. Corolla 3 in. long, densely pilose on the outside, with 5
(rarely 6) small lanceolate teeth. Stamens inserted at the
densely pilose throat of the corolla-tube ; filaments as long as
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 169
the oblong anthers. Fruit not scen.— Forests of Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 1914! 2053!
| HYMENOCNEMIS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Hook. Jil.
This endemie genus, which was characterized for the first time
by Sir J. D. Hooker in * Genera Plantarum’ from a single spe-
cimen in an early stage, has been refound in many places by
Dr. Parker and Mr. Baron : cf. the numbers of the latter collec-
tion 366, 400, 1267, 1328, and 1350. 1t is a forest shrub 8 or 10
feet high with a small dark-blue berry; and as the fruit proves
to be superior, it will have to be transferred from Rubiacew to
the neighbourhood of Gaertaera in Loganiacee.
PSYCHOTRIA TERNIFOLIA, n. sp.
Arborea, glabra, foliis ternatis breviter petiolatis. obovato-oblongis
acutis, stipulis deltoideis l-euspidatis, floribus in paniculas densas corym-
bosas dispositis bracteis minutis pedicellis brevissimis, calycis tubo campa-
nulato dentibus minutis, coroll: glabra tubo cylindrico segmentis quam
tubus paulo brevioribus, antheris magnis linearibus ad corolle faucem
pilosam sessilibus, fructu levi ovoideo.
A shrub or tree, glabrous in all its parts, with slender terete
smooth woody branchlets. Leaves three in a whorl, shortly
petioled, 21-3 in. long, 1-14 in. broad, very acute, narrowed gra-
dually from the middle to the base, moderately firm in texture,
green on both surfaces, with distinct areuate ascending main
veins. Flowers in dense terminal panicles with corymbose
branches ; bracts minute; pedicels very short. Calyx with a
campanulate tube and 5 minute teeth. Corolla } in. long, with
5 oblong-lanceolate segments rather shorter than the cylindrical
tube. Anthers 5, about as long as the segments, ses soe at the
densely hairy throat of the corolla-tube. Fruit ovoid, 1 in. long,
2-celled, the seeds not grooved.—Central Mada Baron
1955! We have above a dozen species of this genus from Central
Madagasear, but only fully complete specimens of these two.
Psycuorria (§ GRUMILEA) TRICHANTHA, n, sp.
Arborea, ramulis dense breviter brunneo-pilosis, stipulis deltoideis,
foliis oppositis breviter petiolatis obovatis obtusis minute cuspidatis facie
glabris dorso pubescentibus, floribus corymboso-fasciculatis breviter pedi-
cellatis, bracteis minutis caducis, calyeis tubo globoso segmentis minutis
deltoideis, corollæ brunneo-pilos parvæ tubo cylindrico segmentis tubo
æquilongis, staminibus ad corollze faucem insertis, fructu parvo orbiculari
multisuleato.
170 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
A tree or shrub, with slender terete branchlets densely clothed
with short dark-brown hairs. Stipules small, deltoid, persistent.
Leaves distinctly petioled, 3-4 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, broadly
obtuse with a minute cusp, narrowed gradually from the middle
to the base, moderately firm in texture, dark green and glabrous
above, finely brown-pubescent beneath especially on the distinct
arcuate ascending parallel 8-10-jugate main veins. Flowers in
small lax terminal panicles with corymbose branches, clothed
with dense short brown hairs. Calyx lin. long. Corolla 4 in.
long, densely clothed outside with brown hairs; tube as long as
the segments, hairy also inside. Stamens shorter than the seg-
ments, with short filaments and linear-oblong anthers. Fruit
subglobose, 4. in. long, pilose, with 10 distinct vertical ribs, the
two bony pyrenes deeply grooved both on back and face.—Cen-
tral Madagascar, Baron! (not numbered).
HYDROPHYLAX MADAGASCARIENSIS, Willd.; DO. Prod. iv. 576.
H. foliis ad apices ramorum confertis ovato-lanceolatis, floribus solitariis
terminalibus sessilibus, calycis tubo infundibulari dentibus deltoideis,
corolla tubo subcylindrico, segmentis lanceolatis quam tubus brevioribus.
A glabrous perennial, with a wide-trailing quadrangular stem,
sending out tufts of root-fibres downwards and short erect simple
or branched stems upwards from the nodes. Leaves spaced on
the lower part, crowded in opposite pairs towards the tip of the
branches, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4—4 in. long, connate
with the stipules into a sheathing cup at the base. Flowers soli-
tary, sessile in the axil of the top pair of leaves. Calyx minute,
with an infundibuliform tube and 4 deltoid teeth. Corolla lilac,
with a funnel-shaped tube } in. long and 4 lanceolate segments.
Stamens 4, nearly sessile at the pilose throat of the corolla-tube
anthers linear. Style slender, much exserted from the tube, shortly
bifid. Fruit not seen.—East coast, close to the sea on the sandy
shore, Baron 1395! Gathered also by Bojer in sandy ground in
the interior in the province of Imerina.
OTIOPHORA PAUCIFLORA, n. sp.
Herbacea, perennis, caulibus pilosis, stipulis fimbriatis, foliis oppositis
ovatis aeutis membranaceis glabris, floribus sessilibus terminalibus, calycis
tubo piloso, dentibus inzequalibus 1-2 magnis foliaceis, corolla tubo elon-
gato filiformi, segmentis lanceolatis quam tubus triplo brevioribus, stamini-
bus coroll; segmentis zquilongis, stylo profunde bifido, fructu oblongo.
A much-branched perennial herb, with slender pilose stems
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 171
sometimes 1-2 ft. long. Leaves shortly petioled, ovate, acute,
4-4 in. long, cuneate at the base, green and glabrous on both
surfaces. Stipules each with about three setaceous cusps.
Flowers 1-2, sessile in the axil of the whorl of leaves that termi-
nates the branches. Calyx lin. long in the flowering-stage, with
a small oblong tube, 3-4 minute teeth and 1-2 large leafy ones.
Corolla-tube very slender, 1 in. long. Stamens 5, inserted at the
throat of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform ; anthers linear-
oblong. Fruit oblong, densely pilose, crowned by the persistent
unequal ealyx-segments.— Central Madagascar, in dry soil in the
province of Imerina, Lyall 305! Parker! Baron 414! 1118! 1009!
a dwarf densely-tufted variety with leaves never above 1 in. long.
Well marked from the only other species, O. scabra, Zucc., by
the inflorescence and the shape of the leaves.
ANTHOSPERMUM POLYACANTHUM, n. sp.
Herbaceum, perenne, glabrum, dense cæspitosum, foliis sessilibus verti-
cillatis lanceolatis aculeis retrorsis marginatis, floribus minutis sessilibus
terminalibus, masculo ovario rudimentario bilobo limbo calycino nullo,
corolle infundibularis segmentis oblongis quam tubus longioribus, sta-
minibus segmentis zquilongis, filamentis elongatis, antheris minutis ob-
longis, stylo profunde bifido.
A perennial herb with the habit of a Galium, with densely
tufted erect sharply 4-angled stems, glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves 4-5 in a whorl, sessile, lanceolate, spreading, 4 in. long,
firm in texture, turning blackish when dried, margined by 5-6
strong hooked stramineous prickles on each side. Flowers sessile
in the axil of the upper whorl of the leaves. Ovary in the sta-
minate flower minute, 2-lobed, emarginate, without any distinct
ealyx-limb. Corolla 2 in. long, with a short funnel-shaped tube
and 4 oblong ascending segments twice as long as the tube and
hispid at the tip outside. Stamens as long as the corolla-seg-
ments ; filament long, slender; anthers minute, oblong.— Central
Madagascar, Baron 1849 !
ANTHOSPERMUM THYMOIDES, n. Sp.
Herbaceum, perenne, dense caspitosum, caulibus gracillimis puberulis,
stipulis deltoideis, foliis sessilibus verticillatis oblanceolatis, floribus mo-
noicis ad axillas foliorum sessilibus, ovario bilobo, limbo calycino subnullo,
staminiferis corollæ tubo infundibulari, segmentis lanceolatis tubo æqui-
longis, staminibus segmentis aquilongis.
A. densely tufted perennial herb, with very slender ascending
172 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
much-branched puberulent stems a foot long. Stipules minute,
deltoid. Leaves 5-6 in a whorl, often with suppressed branches
in their axils, sessile, oblanceolate, acute, l-nerved, 4 in. long,
without prickles on the margin. Flowers several, sessile in the
axils of the upper whorls. Female flower with a globose glabrous
2-lobed ovary. Male flower with a corolla j' iu. long, with
four lanceolate segments equalling in length the funnel-shaped
tube and 4 stamens as long as the segments with filiform fila-
ments and cream-coloured versatile linear-oblong anthers. —
Central Madagascar, Baron 2005!
VERNONIA SPARSIFLORA, N. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis dense brunneo-pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis late
oblongis cuspidatis obscure denticulatis subcoriaceis pubescentibus, capt-
tulis 1-2-floris in corymbos terminales densissime aggregatis pedicellis
nullis, involucri oblongi bracteis circiter 15 brunneis rigidis acutis caducis
parce pilosis, pappi albi setis rigidulis conformibus.
A shrub, with terete woody branchlets, densely coated with
short brown pubescence. Leaves distinctly petioled, 4-5 in. long,
22-3 in. broad at the middle, distinctly euspidate, rounded or
deltoid at the base, very minutely and remotely denticulate,
scabrous with minute hairs on the upper surface, clothed all over
with short brown pubescence beneath. Capitula very numerous,
aggregated in peduncled terminal corymbose panicles with capi-
tate branches. Involuere oblong, 3 in. long, composed of about
15 rigid acute bracts, the inner ones lanceolate, the outer minute
and ovate, hairy mainly on the margin. Achene glabrous, only
seen immature. Pappus lin. long, composed of numerous uni-
form white bristles.—Central Madagascar, Baron!
VERNONIA DELAPSA, D. Sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis oblongis acutis den-
ticulatis subcoriaceis glabris, capitulis trifloris laxe corymbosis breviter
pedicellatis, involueri campanulati bracteis triseriatis adpressis caducis
glabris brunneis rigidulis subobtusis, pappi setis albis hispidis ciliatis ex-
terioribus parvis linearibus.
A shrub, with slender terete woody shortly pubescent branch-
lets. Leaves shortly petioled, 11-2 in. long, acute, deltoid or
rather rounded at the base, subcoriaceous, minutely denticulate,
green and glabrous on both surfaces. Capitula in an ample ter-
minal panicle, with corymbose pilose branches, crowded, shortly-
stalked. Involucre campanulate, 1 in. long; bracts 2-4-seriate;
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 178
glabrous, adpressed; inner lanceolate, subobtuse, caducous ;
many outer very smal], ovate. Pappus of very numerous white
bristles 4 in. long, with a row of minute linear ones on the out-
side.—Central Madagascar, Baron!
VERNONIA QUADRIFLORA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, glaberrima, foliis obscure petiolatis obovato-oblongis acutis
serrulatis nitidis rigidulis utrinque viridibus glabris, capitulis parvis
J-4-floris densissime corymboso-paniculatis pedicellis brevissimis, invo-
lueri campanulati bracteis 2-3-seriatis imbricatis rigidulis obtusis glabris,
floribus rubellis, achenio glabro tereti, pappi setis permultis albis flexuosis
ciliatis.
A much-branched shrub, glabrous in all its parts, with slender
woody branchlets, closely leafy up to the top. Leaves alternate,
scarcely petioled, 14-2 in. long, 2-1 in. broad, inciso-crenate,
narrowed gradually from the middle to the base, bright green
and glabrous on both surfaces, thin but firm in texture. Capitula
very numerous, arranged in dense level-topped terminal panicles.
Involuere campanulate, } in. long and broad, the bracts rigid in
texture, regularly imbricated, caducous, the inner lincar-oblong,
the outer small, oblong. Corolla pale red, 4 in. long, with large
lanceolate segments. Achene terete, distinctly costate, yz in.
long. Pappus 4 in. long, of very numerous white persistent
flexuose ciliated bristles.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1679!
VrnxNONIA BARONI, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis breviter pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis oblongis sub-
acutis serratis subcoriaceis facie scabris dorso pubescentibus, capitulis
4-floris sessilibus dense corymbosis, involucri oblongi bracteis rigidis
multiseriatis acutis pubescentibus, pappi setis multis ciliatis albis, exterio-
ribus parvis subulatis.
A shrub, with slender woody branchlets, clothed with short
pubescence. Leaves distinctly petioled, oblong, 2-3 in. long,
1-1} in. broad, distinctly serrated, deltoid and entire at the base,
subcoriaceous, green and scabrous on the upper surface, matted
all over with thin pubescence beneath, the erecto-patent parallel
main veins connected by distinct arches near the margin. Ca-
pitula very numerous, sessile, in densely crowded peduncled
corymbs. Involucre obiong, } in. long, the very numerous rigid
bracts regularly imbricated in many rows, dull brown, slightly
pilose, the inner soon caducous. Achene glabrous, not seen fully
mature. Pappus jin. long, of very numerous white ciliated
174 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
bristles, the outer like the others but much shorter.— Central
Madagascar, Baron!
VERNONIA DISSOLUTA, N. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis dense breviter brunneo-pilosis, foliis petiolatis ovatis
denticulatis acutis subcoriaceis facie viridibus scabms dorso venulosis
brunneo-pilosis, capitulis parvis 4—5-floris densissime corymboso-panicu-
latis pedicellis brevissimis, involucri campanulati bracteis 3-4-seriatis
rigidulis acutis facile caducis, floribus albidis, achenio glabro, pappi setis
albis flexuosis ciliatis.
A. tree, with slender terete woody branchlets densely clothed
with short brown pubescence. Petiole under an inch long;
blade 3-4 in. long, 13-2 in. broad, acute or subobtuse,' distantly
denticulate, rounded at the base, dark green and rough with small
raised points on the upper surface, shortly pilose with the veins
and veinlets raised beneath. Heads very numerous, in dense ter-
minal corymbose panicles. Involuere 4 in. long and broad, soon
falling to pieces; bracts acute, firm in texture, brownish, pilose,
the outer gradually smaller. Achene glabrous, jin.long. Pappus
i in. long, of numerous pure white flexuose bristles.— Central
o?
Madagascar, Baron 1693!
VERNONIA LYALLII, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramosissima, ramulis albo-incanis, foliis brevissime petiolatis
obovato-oblongis integris obtusis coriaceis facie viridibus glabris dorso
persistenter albo-incanis, capitulis parvis 6-8-floris dense corymboso-
paniculatis brevissime pedicellatis, involucri campanulati bracteis rigidulis
obtusis parce pilosis 3—4-seriatis exterioribus sensim brevioribus, achenio
piloso, pappi setis albidis rigidulis ciliatis.
A much-branched shrub, with slender conspicuously sulcate
branchlets, closely leafy up to the top. Leaves shortly petioled,
2-3 in. long, 2-1 in. broad, narrowed gradually from the middle
to the base, bright green and glabrous on the upper surface,
matted beneath with thin persistent whitish tomentum. Capitula
very numerous, in dense level-topped terminal panicles with very
short pedicels. Involuere 4 in. long and broad, the bracts rigid
in texture, greenish-brown with bright red tips, the inner ones
linear-oblong, the outer oblong. Corolla red, 4 in. long. Achene
seen only immature. Pappus lin. long, of very numerous
whitish flexuose ciliated bristles. Central Madagascar, in forests
of the province of Imerina, Baron 1311! Lyall 74!
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 175
VERNONIA APOCYNIFOLIA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, volubilis, ramulis gracilibus albo-incanis, foliis petiolatis ob-
longis subacutis parce dentatis subcoriaceis utrinque viridibus glabris,
capitulis 15-floris parvis copiose spicato-paniculatis, involucri campanulati
bracteis biseriatis lineari-oblongis subacutis rigidulis zequilongis tenuiter
albo-incanis, floribus pallidis, achenio glabro, pappi setis albidis flexuosis
ciliatis.
A woody climber with the habit of a scandent Mikania or
Microglossa, with slender stems, thinly clothed with white cottony
tomentum. Petiole under an inch long; blade 3-4 in. long,
13-2 in. broad at the middle, rounded or subdeltoid at the base,
distantly toothed or subentire, subcoriaceous in texture, green
and glabrous on both surfaces. Heads in lax terminal and axil-
lary oblong-deltoid panicles, with numerous ascending spicato-
corymbose branches, specially crowded towards their tip ; pedicels
none. Involucre 2 in. long and broad; bracts few, blackish, sub-
acute, thinly coated with white cottony tomentum. Achene only
seen in a young state. Corolla å in. long, with very short teeth.
Pappus as long as the corolla, of very numerous white flexuose
bristles.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1698!
VERNONIA (§ TEPHRODES) ARGUTA, n. Sp.
Herbacea, perennis, caule gracili simplici hispidulo, foliis petiolatis
lanceolatis acuminatis argute serratis utrinque viridibus obscure hispidulis,
capitulis parvis 15-20-floris laxe copiose corymboso-paniculatis, pedicellis
elongatis, involucri campanulati bracteis biseriatis adpressis glabris rigi-
dulis lanceolatis acutis, floribus rubellis, achenio obscure costato hispidulo,
pappi setis albis exterioribus minutis lanceolatis interioribus elongatis fili-
formibus flexuosis.
An erect perennial herb, 2-3 feet high, with slender terete ob-
scurely scabrous stems, unbranched below the panicle. Leaves
distant, patent, distinctly petioled, moderately firm in texture,
green and shortly distantly hispid on both surfaces, the lower
lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, under an inch broad, cuneate av the
base, the upper deltoid. Capitula numerous, arranged in a very
lax terminal panicle, with corymbose branches and long pedicels.
Involucre 1 in. long and broad; bracts greenish-brown, subrigid,
acuminate, adpressed, distinctly biseriate. Corolla bright red-
purple. Achene terete, 4 line long. Pappus pure white, § in.
long; outer row of sete minute; inner uniform, flexuose, per-
sistent, ciliated. Between Tankay and the east coast, Baron
1553! A near ally of the well-known F. cinerea, Lessing.
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX. o
176 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
VERNONIA APHANANTHA, 0. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis breviter pilosis, foliis sessilibus oblanceolatis acutis
dentieulatis utrinque viridibus breviter pilosis, capitulis parvis multifloris
dense corymbosis, involucri campanulati bracteis rigidulis 3-4-seriatis ad-
pressis viridibus apice rubellis pilosis exterioribus sensim brevioribus,
achenio glabro, pappi setis albidis flexuosis ciliatis.
A shrub, with slender woody branchlets, densely coated with
short brown hairs. Leaves crowded, sessile, 2-8 in. long, about
4 in. broad, subentire or sparsely denticulate, moderately firm in
texture, green and rough with dense short hairs on both surfaces,
the side veins connected by arching veinlets within the margin.
Heads in small dense terminal corymbs with very short pedicels,
containing each 20-30 flowers. Involuere } in. long and broad,
the bracts firm in texture, densely pilose, green on the back,
bright red at the tip, the outer gradually shorter. Achene only
seen immature. Pappus 4 in. long, of numerous whitish flexuose
ciliated bristles.—Between Tankay and the east coast, Baron
1552!
VERNONIA LEUCOPHYLLA, D. Sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis albo-incanis, foliis petiolatis oblanceolato-oblongis
obtusis subintegris rigide subcoriaceis facie viridibus subglabris dorso per-
sistenter albo-incanis, capitulis parvis multifloris dense copiose corym-
boso-paniculatis pedicellis brevibus albo-incanis, involucri campanulatt
bracteis J—4-seriatis obtusis brunneis apice glabris dorso albo-incanis ex-
terioribus sensim brevioribus, floribus pallidis, achenio glabro, pappi setis
albidis flexuosis ciliatis,
A shrub, with woody branchlets coated with white tomentum.
Leaves 2-8 in. long, under an inch broad, subcoriaceous, obtuse,
dark green and nearly glabrous above when mature, coated with
thin persistent white tomentum beneath, narrowed gradually from
the middle to the short petiole. Heads very numerous, arranged
in level-topped terminal panicles, with short pedicels coated with
white tomentum. Involuere under 4 in. in diam., 1} in. long; inner
bracts oblong, obtuse, brown and subscariose in the upper half;
outer ones gradually shorter, matted with white tomentum on
back. Flowers about 20 in a head. Achene under a line long,
finally glabrous. Corolla } in. long, with very short teeth.
Pappus es long as the corolla, of numerous whitish persistent
ciliated bristles.— Central Madagascar, Baron 2104!
TLORA OF MADAGASCAR. DT
VERNONIA PIPTOCARPHOIDES, n. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis angulatis dense albido-incanis, foliis petiolatis oblongis
integris subcoriaceis obtusis facie viridibus glabris dorso dense persistenter
albido-incanis, capitulis multifloris in cymas densas axillares aggregatis,
pedicellis nullis vel brevissimis, involucri infundibularis bracteis multi-
seriatis regulariter imbricatis rigidis brunneis lanceolatis acutis, achenio
scabro, pappi setis permultis albidis conformibus flexuosis fragilibus.
A much-branched shrub, with angled branchlets, densely coated
with lepidote whitish persistent tomentum. Leaves crowded up
to the top of the branchlets; petiole about 4 in. long; blade
2-3 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, rounded at both ends, quite entire,
firm in texture, green and glabrous above, densely coated beneath
with tomentum like that of the branchlets, the ascending parallel
raised main veins distinct nearly to the edge. Capitula several,
in congested axillary cymes. JInvolucre j in. long, the brown
rigid glabrous acute multiseriate bracts regularly imbricated.
Corolla brownish-white, cylindrical, l in. long. Achenia terete,
scabrous. Pappus j in. long, of 50 or more fine fragile whitish
sete.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1918! I have also seen a
specimen of this in the Berlin herbarium under the name of
Moquinia adenocarpa, Schultz Bip., gathered by Bernier.
VERNONIA MOQUINIOIDES, n. Sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis albo-incanis, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis vel
lanceolatis subacutis integris facie viridibus glabris dorso albo-incanis,
capitulis multifloris dense corymbosis pedicellis brevissimis, involucri
campanulati bracteis multiseriatis rigidis subacutis adpressis tomentosis,
pappi setis albidis hispidis exterioribus subulatis brevioribus.
A much-branched shrub, 3-6 feet high, with woody branchlets,
eoated with thin persistent whitish tomentum. Leaves very
shortly petioled, oblong or lanceolate, 14-2 in. long, 1-1 in. broad
at the middle, entire, subacute, deltoid at the base, coriaceous,
bright green and glabrous above, persistently matted with white
tomentum beneath, triplinerved. Capitula in dense peduncled
terminal corymbs, on very short pedicels. Involucre campanulate,
2 in. in diam., lin. long; bracts 3-4-seriate, adpressed, densely
tomentose. Corolla 4 in. long, rather pilose, with 5 lanceolate
teeth. Pappus of numerous brownish-white ciliated bristles
1-1in. long, the outer ones much shorter than the inner.— Central
Madagascar, Baron 1742! Herb. Blackburn! Between Anta-
nanarivo and Tamatave, on clay soil, alt. 3000 feet, Dr. Meller!
02
178 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
VERNONIA PACHYCLADA, n. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis crassis dense brunneo-pilosis, foliis magnis petiolatis
oblongis subacutis argute serratis subcoriaceis utrinque viridibus facie ob-
scure dorso dense brunneo-pilosis, capitulis multifloris magnitudine medio-
cribus copiose corymboso-paniculatis, involueri campanulati bracteis 3-4-
seriatis lanceolatis acutis brunneis dense pilosis, floribus pallidis, achenio
glabro 10-costato glanduloso, pappi setis permultis albis flexuosis ciliatis.
A tree, with stout very thick straight woody branchlets densely
clothed with brown silky hairs. Petiole 1-14 in. long, densely
pilose; blade 4-6 in. long, 2-3 in. broad at the middle, broadly
rounded at the base, moderately firm in texture, rough with very
short obscure hairs above, densely clothed with fine short brown
hairs beneath, the arching 8-10-jugate main veins raised and
parallel. Heads in a close terminal corymbose panicle 3 ft. long
and broad, with densely pilose branches; pedicels sometimes an
inch long. Involuere 4 in. in diam., 4 in. long, the bracts acute,
adpressed, densely clothed with brown silky hairs, the outer gra-
dually shorter. Achene jin. long, drab, with 10 equal ribs.
Pappus pure white, } in. long, of very numerous pure white
bristles.—Central Madagascar, Baron! Allied to V. arborea and
tanalensis.
VERNONIA BRACHYSCYPHA, D. Sp.
Arborea, ramulis brunneo-pilosis, foliis magnis petiolatis obovato-
oblongis subacutis serratis membranaceis facie scabrulis dorso tenuiter
brunneo-pilosis utrinque viridibus, capitulis multifloris magnitudine
mediocribus laxe corymboso-paniculatis pedicellis elongatis, involucri late
campanulati bracteis 3—4-seriatis adpressis acutis brunneis pilosis exteri-
oribus sensim brevioribus, floribus pallidis quam involucrum triplo longio-
ribus, achenio glabro, pappi setis albis flexuosis ciliatis.
A tree, with terete woody branches densely clothed with short
bright brown hairs. Petiole 1-12 in. long; blade 6-8 in. long,
3-4 in. broad, narrowed gradually from the middle to the base,
thin in texture, dark green above and rough with minute raised
points, finely pilose beneath. Heads in lax corymbose terminal
panicles, with densely pilose slender pedicels which are some-
times an inch long. Flowers 50 or more in a head. Involucre
3 in. broad, } in. long; bracts membranous, acute, densely pilose,
the outer gradually smaller. Achene glabrous, 4-angled, j in.
long. Pappus iin. long, of numerous pure white flexuose
bristles.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1694! Group of V. arborea
and V. tanalensis.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 179
VERNONIA FUSCO-PILOSA, n. sp.
Arborea, ramulis fusco-pilosis, foliis petiolatis oblanceolato-oblongis
acutis serrulatis utrinque viridibus tenuiter pilosis, capitulis multifloris laxe
corymbosis pedicellis elongatis, involucri campanulati bracteis 3—4-seriatis
acutis adpressis fusco-pilosis, pappi aristis multis hispidis ciliatis albis
paucis exterioribus parvis.
A tree 30-40 feet high, with woody branchlets densely clothed
with fine short brown hairs. Leaves distinctly petioled, reaching
a length of 5-6 inches and a breadth of 2-22 in. above the middle,
acute, distinctly serrated, narrowed gradually from the middle to
the base, membranous, dark green and finely pubescent on both
surfaces. Capitula in lax peduncled corymbs about as long as
the leaves; pedicels 3-1 in. long, like the peduncles densely
clothed with short brown hairs. Involucre campanulate, 4 in.
in diam., 1 in. long; bracts 3-seriate, membranous, adpressed,
regularly imbricated, densely pubescent, inner lanceolate, outer
small ovate. Achene glabrous, only seen immature. Pappus
& in. long, of very numerous white ciliated bristles, the outer
ones like the others, but much shorter.—Central Madagascar,
Baron 1232! Forest of Andrangaloaka, Dr. Parker!
VERNONIA ($ DrsrTEPHANUS) OCHROLEUCA, n. sp.
Fruticosa, ramulis dense albo-tomentosis, foliis parvis ovatis sessilibus
obtusis subcoriaceis integris triplinerviis utrinque tenuiter incanis, capi-
tulis terminalibus multifloris magnitudine mediocribus corymbosis, invo-
lucri late campanulati bracteis permultis subzquilongis linearibus acutis
dense albo-tomentosis, floribus luteis, achenio dense albo-sericeo, pappi
rubeili setis rigidulis ciliatis.
A small erect shrub, with a cluster of the short branchlets of
the year at the end of the leafless woody branches of the previous
season. Leaves sessile, subcoriaceous, quite entire, an inch long,
triplinerved above the base, dull green and thinly eoated with
whitish tomentum above, more densely so beneath. Capitula
few, in dense terminal corymbs with densely pilose branches.
Involuere 4 inch broad, not more than 4 in. long, composed of
numerous subequal acute bracts densely matted with white
tomentum. Flowers 100 or more in a head, yellow, with lan-
ceolate teeth. Pappus 4 in. long, bright red, persistent, flexuose.
Achene densely clothed with white silky hairs.—Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 1831! in. long and very
short filament. Ovary globose, with a curved style 4 in. long.—
Central Madagascar, Baron 1857! This and the last are yellow-
flowered annual species, with the habit of Exacum quinquenervium
and Sebea brachyphylia and S. Bojeri.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. pii
TOURNEFORTIA PUBERULA, n. sp.
T. ramulis apice brunneo-puberulis, foliis petiolatis oblongis acutis
membranaceis utrinque viridibus glabris, floribus minutis in paniculam
terminalem ramulis patulis scorpioideis dispositis, pedicellis nullis vel bre-
vissimis, calycis segmentis 5 lanceolatis, fructu oblongo glabro.
A shrub, with slender angled woody branchlets clothed with
thin pubescence towards the top. Petiole 1-2 in. long; blade
3-4 in. long, 14-14 in. broad, rounded at the base, acute, thin in
texture, glabrous on both surfaces, very dark green above, with 5-6
pairs of main veins anastomosing by arches within the margin.
Flowers in a terminal panicle, the cymes in the flowering stage
an inch long ; branchlets densely silky ; flowers sessile or nearly
so. Calyx i lin. long, with a very short tube and 5 lanceolate
teeth. Corolla with a cylindrical silky tube twice as long as the
calyx and 5 minute orbieular segments. Fruit black, glabrous,
i in. long.— Central Madagascar, Baron 1957! in. long, bright red-brown, with a pale border and a
distinct green keel, each imbricated more than halfway over its
next neighbour. Nut not seen mature.— Central Madagascar,
Baron 2120! Allied to the European C. longus, L., receding to-
wards § Mariscus by its few flowers and almost cylindrical
spikelets.
** Foliati.
44. C. ROTUNDUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 67, non Linn. herb. propr. ;
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 293
spieulis breviter spicatis, suberectis, multifloris, compressis,
nunquam lutescentibus; glumis per 3-3 latitudinis nervosis ;
styli ramis longius exsertis. Bojer, Hort. Maurit. p. 379; Baker,
FL Maurit. p. 410.—C. bicolor, Vahl, Enum. ii. p. 840 ; Bojer,
Hort. Maurit. p. 379.—C. maritimus, Bojer, Hort. Maurit. p.378
(fide Baker loc. cit.), non Poir.
Manvagascar, Hildebrandt n. 3320. Nosstnt, Hildebrandt
n. 3355. MavnirIUS, Sieber n. 6 &e. Bovurson, Balfour. Co-
Mono, Johanna, Hildebrandt n. 1736, Blackburn. SEYCHELLES,
Bouton n. 23.—DisrTRIB. In oryzetis fere totius orbis pestis.
45. C. ESCULENTUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 67; spiculis spicatis,
patulis, viridi-lutescentibus aut brunneis; glumis ovatis, obtusis,
per totam fere latitudinem striatis. Back. in Linnea, xxxvi.
p. 287.—C. maritimus, Bojer! herb. propr. partum.
MAURITIUS, Bojer. Comoro, Zouton.—DisTRIB. In regioni-
bus calidioribus totius fere orbis.
46. C. TENUIFLORUS, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. p. 80, t. 14. fig. 1;
culmis elongatis; umbella composita, laxius divaricata ; spiculis
angustis, pallidioribus, floriferis, rectangulatim patulis; glumis
remotioribus, imbricatis. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. p. 199, et Ic. ined.
t. 1109 in herb. Kew. (nec Jacq., nec C. longus, var. tenuiflora,
Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 281).—C. torosus, Vahl, Enum. ii.
p. 359.—C. Reestelii, Kunth, Enum. ii. p. 58.—C. pertenuis, Byer!
Hort. Maurit. p. 379, non Roxb.—C. longus, Baker, Fl. Maurit.
p. 411, non Linn.—C. rotundus, var., Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
p. 279.—Cyperus, Wall. List n. 3329, A, L partim.
Mauritius, Bojer, Horne, Fc. GALEGA, Blackburn.—DisTRIB.
Socotra. India orientalis. Australia.
Culmus basi incrassatus lignescens; stolones elongati tenues.
Spicule quam C. rotundi angustiores, seepius pallescentes. N ux
in exemplis Mascarensibus non visa, in exemplis Australiensibus
et Soctrensi obtuse trigona, a nuce acute triquetra C. rotundi
multo recedens.— Species C. rotundo proxima, a C. longo causa
rhizomatis diversa.— C. tenuiflorus, Jacq., a C. longo var. badio vix
differt. C. pertenuis, Roxb., est C. scariosus, R. Br.
Sect. 12. Exantati. Alti, foliati. Umbella magna. Spiculee
innumerose, anguste lanceolate, compresse, densiflore,
Stylus 3-fidus. Nux trigona, dimidio glume brevior.
47. C. DIVES, Delile, Egypt, v. t.4 fig. 3; umbella composita,
294 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
spicis cylindricis, digitatis; spiculis densis, floriferis rectangu-
latim patulis, sepius lutescentibus; glumis dense stipatis, late
ovatis obtusis, interdum breviter mucronatis. A. Rich. Fl. Abyss.
ii. p. 480.—C. fastigiatus, Forsk. ZEg.- Arab. p. 14.—C. alopecu-
roides, var. a, Back. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 321; Oliver in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxix. p. 166, non Rottb.
Mapacascar, Hildebrandt n. 3426. Nosstpt, Boivin. Co-
MORO, Hildebrandt n. 1738.—DrsTRIB. Africa borealis et cen-
tralis. Syria. India orientalis. Australia.
Species a C. alopecuroide, quam nuce trigona stylo trifido,
tam structura spicule glumisque lateraliter compressis neque in
dorso complanatis, longissime distans ; sed forsan cum C. exaltato,
Retz., melius jungenda. Ex exemplis Indicis huc (a me) relatis,
alia cum exemplis Africanis exacte quadrant, alia, an. varietates
C. exaltati, Retz., var. alte (sp.) Nees, anne forme C. divitis sint,
nec mihi neque amicissimo Baker sat certum videtur. Exem-
plum Australiense (a Bentham sub C. evaltato, Retz., ordinatum)
cum exemplis Mascarensibus bene congruit.
48. C. rwwENsus, C. B. Clarke, nov. sp.; umbella maxima,
composita; spicis cylindricis densis; spiculis innumerosis, $ unc.
longis, densifloris, undique rectangulatim divaricatis ; nuce ellip-
soidea, trigona, cum dimidio glume æquilonga.
N.O. de ManpacascaR, Pervillé n. 483.
Culmus apice triqueter, 3 une. diam. Folia robusta, longa. Invo-
lucri bractez plures, usque ad 18 unc. longs, 2 unc. late, robustz, crassse.
Umbella 2-3 ped. diam.; spice ultime pedunculatz, solitarie vel digi-
tatc, longe 25 unc. late 17 une., 60-spiculose. Spiculæ 40-floree, quam
in aliis speciebus vicinis majores, compressze, pallide luteo-brunnez; rha-
chidium vix alatum. | Glums compresse, ovate, acutatze, submucronatze,
in dorso confluenti-1-3-nervie viridescentes, in lateribus subenervie.
Stamina 3, vix exserta; antherze lineari-oblongz, mutiez. Stylus brevis;
rami 3, e gluma breviter exserti. Nux utrinque angustata, pallida.
Sect. 13. Sprcarr. Spicule pauci- (ssepius 8-5-)flore, spicate,
divaricatz, oblongo-lanceolatee.—Majusculi, foliati, umbellis
compositis.
49. C. pennatus, Lam.; Poir. Encycl. vii. p. 240. — Spiculis
laxiuscule spieatis, pallidis subrubescentibus; nuce ellipsoidea
trigona utrinque angustata, quam dimidia pars glume subbreviore,
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 295
nigra reticulatim albo-velata. Baker, Fl. Maurit. p. 413; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. p. 284.—C. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 855;
Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 340.
SEYCHELLES, Horne n. 219.— DrisTRrs. India. Asia australi-
orientalis. Australia tropica. Polynesia.
50. C. LIGULARIS, Linn. Amen. Acad. v. p. 391, Sp. Pl. p. 70;
spieulis dense congestis rufescentibus. Bach. in Linnea, xxxvi.
p. 332.—C. glandulosus, Rolfe! in Trimen’s Journ. Bot. n. s. ii.
p. 362.—Mariseus glandulosus, Bojer, Hort. Maurit. p. 882.—
Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 36, t. 9.
GanEGa, Bouton, Blackburn.—DisTRrB. In oris Africe, a
Loango usque ad Senegambiam, frequens. Madera. America
tropica. Australia,,fide Boeckeler.
C. Gunnii, Hook. f., floriger C. ligularem aliquando simulat;
nux autem C. Gunnii elongato-oblonga est.
Sect. 14. LEPTOSTACHYI. Spicule pauci- (ssepius 8-4-)flora,
spicate, divaricate, lineares. Glume distantes, elongate, ad-
presse. Nux longiuscula, angusta.—Rhachidiorum genicula
spongioso-incrassata. Nux inter alas rhachidii abscondita.
51. C. rerax, A. Rich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i. p. 106.
Spieulis in forma typica 8-4-floris, subflexuosis aut rarius rectis.
Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 399; Decaisne in Ann. Mus. d' Hist.
Nat. iii. p. 859 (errore typ. ferox).—C. flexuosus, Vahl, Enum. ii.
p.359; Rottb. in h. propr.—C. phleoides, Nees; Steud. Cyp. p. 62;
Seem. Fl. Viti, p. 8319.—C. Prescottianus et C. multiceps, Hook.
et Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. p. 100.—C. strigosus, Hook. et Arn.
loc. cit. p. 99, non .Linn.— C. multibracteatus, Beck.! in Flora
1875, p. 107.— C. pennatus, Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 404, non
Lam.—C. luteus, Beck.! in Linnea, xxxvii. p. 370 (cum plu-
ribus aliis).
N.O. de Mapacascar, Pervillé nn. 451, 516.—Dtistrre. India
orientalis (frequens). Malaya. Polynesia (frequens). America
tropicalis. Terra Zambesica. Madera.
Exempla Mascarenica (C. luteus, Boeck.) cum C. ferace Ameri-
cano typico optime congruunt. Exempla Indica (or.) et in
insulis Pellew, Samoa &c. lecta omnino similia.—C. odoratus,
Vahl; Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 407, non Linn., paullo differt
spiculis 14-21-floris, sed mihi varietas videtur.
296 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Subgenus IV. Marrscus. Stylus 8fidus. Nux trigona aut tri-
quetra. Spicule 1-5-flore, 1-2- (raro 3-)nuciferz.—Habitus
omnino subgeneris Eucyperi sectionis Leptostachye; rhachi-
dium simile ei Leptostachye.
52. C. vupELLATUS, Benth. Fl. Hongk. p. 386, non Roxb.;
spicis pro maxima parte pedunculatis, cylindricis, densissime
spiculosis ; spiculis fructus tempore sspe deflexis, compressis,
l-nuciferis ; gluma fertili superiores superante aut subzquante.
Kyllinga umbellata, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. p. 15, t. 4. fig. 2.—
Mariscus umbellatus, Vahl, Enum. ii. p.376; Bojer, Hort. Maurit.
p. 382; Baker, Fl. Maurit. p. 415.
Mavririus, Sieber n. 4, Bouton, fc. Mapacascar, Gerrard.
Hee planta est C. ovularis, Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 376,
fide num. cit. et tab. Rottb. cit. ; clarus autem Beeckeler a
ceteris Mariscis Gerontogeis (in charactere subsectionis) di-
stinguit, “spicis (simplicibus) suborbieulatis," que verba figure
Rottboellii jungere nequivi.— C. ovularis, Torrey (cf. Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii. p. 290 in noià) longius distat.
Var. panicea, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. p. 15, t. 4. fig. 1 (sp.);
spicis pro maxima parte sessilibus minus densispiculosis; spi-
culis fructus tempore patulis aut interdum subadscendentibus,
l-nuciferis.—C, paniceus, Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 380.
SEYCHELLES, Delisle; Horne n. 639.
Var. cylindrostachys, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 383 (sp.) ;
spicis pedunculatis ; spiculis majusculis sepius binuciferis ; gluma
fertili inferiore quam superior multo breviore.
Nossint, Boivin. N.O. de Manacascam, Pervillé n. 501.
Mauritius, Ayres.
Involueri bractew 6, longs» 5 unc., late } unc. Umbelle radii
12 usque ad 3 unc. longs. Spice longs 1 unc., latæ june. Spi-
cule iis Eucyper? subsimiles.
Species Mascarenice in herb. Kew. non vise.
53. C. RIGIDUS, Vahl, Enum. ii. p. 309; cf. Beck. in Linnea,
xxxv. p. 540.
94. C. Bapius, Beck. in Linnea, xxxvi. p. 375 (Kunth, Enum.
ii. p. 123, Mariscus).—E descr., est C. umbellati, Benth., forma.
55. C. NUDICAULIS, Poir. Encycl. vii. p. 240; Bojer, Hort.
Maurit. p. 378.—Anosporum nudicaule, Beck. in Linnea, xxxv.
p. 411.
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 297
Hzrrocmanmis (§ Scrrprprum) BARONI, n. sp.
Dense czspitosa, caulibus teretibus haud septatis, spica cylindrica sur-
sum attenuata acuta, glumis basalibus ovato-oblongis obtusis margine late
scariosis, glumis floriferis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis pallide viridibus dorso
distincte bicarinatis, setis hypogynis 5-6 hispidis, styli ramis 2-3 hispi-
dulis, staminibus 2-3.
Stems densely cwspitose, erect, pale green, terete, 12-2 ft.
long, ;4; in. in diam., continuous inside, the tight-clasping sheaths
truncate or oblique at the top. Spikes solitary, erect, cylin-
drical, 3-1 in. long, 4; in. in diam., tapering to an acute point.
Lowest glumes small, ovate-oblong, obtuse, with a green centre
of firm texture and a broad scariose margin, in some of the
specimens produced into linear-subulate leaves 1-2 in. long.
Flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, à in. long, pale green,
moderately firm in texture, with a two-ribbed distinct green keel.
Hypogynous setze unequal, retrorsely hispid. Nut only seen im-
mature.—Central Madagascar, Baron 2076! A near ally of the
common European Z. palustris, R. Br.
ScrnPUS (§ IsorgPis) LYALLII, n. sp.
Perennis, caule tereti sesquipedali, foliis propriis nullis, vaginis basalibus
apice obliquis, umbellis 3-8-radiatis folio rigido parvo lineari bracteatis,
glomerulis spicularum centrali sessili, reliquis pedunculatis, spiculis multi-
floris cylindricis, glumis oblongis acutis arcte imbricatis membranaceis
castaneis, setis hypogynis nullis, staminibus 3, stylis 3, fructu globoso-
triquetro nitido.
Stems 14 ft. long, erect from a rhizome, slender, terete, with
no proper leaves, but a couple of tight-clasping sheaths, cas-
taneous downwards, with a rigid linear point adpressed to the
stem. Inflorescence an umbel of few or many rays, bracteated
by a rigid erect linear leaf 3-1 in. long; a central globose cluster
of 12-20 spikelets sessile, the others peduncled, consisting of
fewer spikelets, sometimes only two or three; peduncles not
more than 1-2in.long. Spikelets j in. long, cylindrical, tapering
to a point. Glumes membranous, reddish-brown, oblong-navi-
cular, acute, } in. long, with a green edge and distinct raised
l-nerved keel. Styles 3, long, protruded beyond the tip of the
glumes. Nut drab, glossy, 3 lin. long and broad.—Central Ma-
dagascar, Lyall 359! Baron! Habit of S. lacustris, but destitute
of hypogynous bristles.
298 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Scrrpus (8 IsoLEPIS) MULTICOSTATUS, n. sp.
Dense czespitosus aphyllus, vaginis brevibus glabris apice truncatis, caule
gracili subtereti semipedali vel pedali, spieulis multis parvis oblongis in
glomerulum globosum terminalem folio parvo lanceolato bracteatum dis-
positis, glumis membranaceis oblongo-navicularibus obtusis vel subacutis
castaneis arcte imbricatis, setis hypogynis nullis, stylis 3, fructu pallido
glabro globoso-triquetro verticaliter multicostato.
A leafless perennial, with slender densely tufted erect stems
1—1 ft. long, with a single short tight-clasping castaneous sheath
with a truncate tip. Inflorescencea single globose terminal head
1-4 in. in diam., consisting of 12-20 congested sessile spikelets,
bracteated by a rigid lanceolate leaf about as long as itself.
Spikelets oblong, jl; in. long. Glumes oblong-navicular, à line
long, membranous, dark chestnut-brown, with a green margin,
the lower obtuse, the upper acute. Styles 3, protruded beyond
the tip of the glumes. Nut pale, glabrous, with several vertical
ribs down each of the three faces.—Central Madagascar, Baron
2043! Habit of the St.-Helenan T. Lichtensteiniana, Kunth.
SornPvs (§ OncosTYLIs) TRICHOBASIS, n. sp.
Aphyllus, dense czspitosus, vaginis brevibus brunneis arachnoideis,
caule gracillimo tereti, umbellz radiis 5-6 szepissime simplicibus folio parvo
bracteatis, spiculis oblongo-lanceolatis centrali sessili reliquis pedunculatis,
glumis oblongis brunneis arcte imbricatis dorso trinervatis, setis hypogynis
nullis, fructu triquetro castaneo, styli ramis tribus.
A densely tufted perennial, with very slender erect wiry stems
3-1 ft. long, clasped tightly at the base by short brown conspi-
cuously pilose sheaths. Umbel terminal, bracteated only by a
minute rigid linear leaf, the central spikelet sessile, the others
shortly peduneled, usually one, never more than two toa podrod
Spikelets oblong, acute, 4 in. long; glumes oblong, i in. long,
membranous, castaneous, e. with a distinct 3-nerved keel,
the lowest obtuse, the others acute. Styles 3, protruded beyond
the top of the glume. Nut triquetrous, castaneous, polished,
finely granulated.—Central Madagascar, Baron 979! This has
entirely the habit of Fimbristylis, and is nearly allied to S. capil-
laris, L.
CAREX EMIRNENSIS, n. sp., and C. SPHEROGYNA, n. sp.
These two new species will be figured and described shortly
in the ‘Journal of Botany. The first is nearly allied to C. divisa
and C. disticha, the latter to C. ampullacea. Both were found by
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 299
Mr. Baron on the mountains of the province of Imerina. The
former is his 2028 and 2156, and the latter his 2041. [Vide op.
cit. (1883), pp. 129,8130, t. 238.]
STENOTAPHRUM OOSTACHYUM, n. sp.
Perenne, glabrum, dense exspitosum, vaginis laxis complanatis, folio
parvo lanceolato, spicis parvis oblongis, rhachi utrinque late applanata,
spiculis 2-3-jugis, gluma exteriore minuta sterili, interiore oblonga acuta
flori zequilonga.
Stems densely intermatted, decumbent and rooting from the
nodes of the lower part, the ascending flowering branches not more
than 2-3 in. long. Sheaths of the stems i-i in. long, loose,
broad, flattened, ciliated at the margin; lanceolate free blade
3-1 in. long, i-i in. broad. Peduncle thickened below the soli-
tary oblong spike, which is not more than i-j in. long, with a
rhachis flattened on both sides to a diameter of 3 inch, with 2-3
spikelets on each side inserted in a deep groove. Spikelets erecto-
patent, 4.5 in. long; the outer, sterile glume very minute; the inner
as long as the flowering glume, which is oblong, subacute, acutely
keeled, without any other ribs.—Central Madagascar, Baron 655!
A curious little plant, nearly allied to the common cosmopolitan
S. complanatum, Schrank.
STENOTAPHRUM UNILATERALE, n. sp.
Perenne, glabrum, dense czspitosum, caule florifero elongato, vaginis
laxis complanatis ciliatis, folio lineari, spica elongata cylindrica rhachi uni-
laterali applanata, spiculis geminis una sessili, altera pedicellata, glumis
exteriore minuta emarginata sterili, interiore oblonga acuta flori zqui-
longa.
Stems densely intermatted, trailing at the base and rooting
from several nodes, the ascending flowering branches a foot long.
Sheaths of the stem 11-2 in. long, loose, flattened, densely ciliated
on the edge; blade linear, 2-3 in. long. Stems ending in a
single compound spike about 3 in. long, with a rhachis flattened
on one side of the flowers only to a breadth of a line, the spikelets
inlaxly disposed pairs along a slender flexuose axis, the inner
spikelet of each pair sessile, the outer with a short pedicel, which,
however, is adnate to the flattened 1-sided rhachis. Spikelets
oblong, acute, 2-flowered, 1 in. long; the outer, sterile glume very
short, distinctly emarginate ; the inner similar in shape, size, and
texture to the flowering glume.—Central Madagascar, Baron
1069! A very curious and anomalous species.
800 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
ANDROPOGON ($ GYMNANDROPOGON) TRICHOZYGUS, n. sp.
Perennis, dense czespitosus, caulibus strictis elongatis, foliis paucis elon-
gatis rigidulis lineari-setaceis, panicule ramis 2-3 subdigitatis elongatis
pilosis, spiculis geminis basi pilorum verticillo przditis, una sessili aris-
tata, altera sterili pedicellata haud aristata, glumis sterilibus lanceolatis
rigidulis margine sursum denticulatis.
A densely tufted perennial, with stiffly erect slender glabrous
stems 2-3 ft. long, bearing several leaves with long close sheaths
and a long narrow linear strongly ribbed almost triquetrous gla-
brous blade. Panicle of two or three contiguous ascending
branches 2-3 in. long; spikelets in pairs with a ring of hairs at
the base, one fertile, sessile, with a geniculate awn 1 in.long, the
other pedicellate, sterile and awnless. Outer glumes coriaceous
in texture, lanceolate-navicular, glabrous, purplish, 4 in. long,
not distinctly ribbed except the keel, the margins distinctly
denticulate upwards.—Central Madagascar, Baron 1807! Allied
to the Abyssinian A. brachyatherum, Hochst., and Tropical-
African A. Mannii, Hook. fil.
STIPA MADAGASCARIENSIS, N. sp.
Perennis, dense czspitosa, glabra, foliis elongatis lineari-setaceis, pani-
cule laxissim: ramis eapillaribus aseendentibus, spiculis paucis sessilibus,
glumis sterilibus lanceolatis quam flos brevioribus pilis hispidis ascenden-
tibus basi bulbosis instructis, gluma florifera glabra acuminata, palea arista
sesquipollicari preedita.
A dense cespitose perennial, with stems about a foot long.
Leaves setaceous, glabrous, moderately firm in texture, the lower
ones with a lamina about half a foot long; stem-leaves 2-3, the
upper with a tight sheath 3-4 in. long, longer than its lamina.
Panicle erect, very lax, 3-4 in. long, the capillary ascending
branches bearing few spikelets each, the lateral ones sessile.
Sterile glumes brownish, lanceolate-acuminate, clothed with two
rows of ascending bristly whitish hairs with a black bulbous base,
4-3 in. long. Flowering glume lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous,
3 in. long. Pale much smaller, produced into an awn 12 in. long,
bent at the middle and twisted in the lower half.—Central Ma-
dagascar, Baron 2022! Allied to S. JVeesiana, Trin., and S. emi-
nens, Cav. Adds this well-known and widely spread genus to the
flora of the island.
LOoPHATHERUM GEMINATUM, n. sp.
L. caule gracillimo elongato ramoso, vaginis elongatis margine dense
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 301
ciliatis, foliis linearibus patulis glabris, paniculze ramis distantibus erecto-
patentibus, spiculis patulis szepissime geminis, una sessili, altera pedicel-
lata.
A perennial, with slender erect glabrous stems about 3 feet
long, branched low down. Sheaths 2-3 in. long, densely ciliated
on the edges towards the top; blade acuminate, moderately firm
in texture, 4-6 in. long, 1-3 in. broad, glabrous both on the sur-
faces and margin. Panicles several to a stem, terminal and from
the axils of the leaves, reaching a foot in length, with distant
erecto-patent branches, the lower 2-3 in. long. Spikelets usually
in pairs, spreading, lanceolate, glabrous, 4 in. long, one sessile,
the other shortly pedicellate. Glumes lanceolate, acute, gla-
brous, not aristate, the two outer about half as long as the spikelet,
5-nerved on the back.—Central Madagasear, Baron 1061! Two
species of this genus are already known, which are confined to
the Himalayas, China, Japan, and the Malay archipelago.
BROMUS DISSITIFLORUS, nh. sp.
Perennis, glaber, caule elongato, foliis paucis elongatis anguste lineari-
bus, panicule laxissimze ramulis paucis ascendentibus, spiculis paucis
pedicellatis 7—8-floris, glumis sterilibus parvis lanceolatis, floribus segre-
gatis, gluma florifera lanceolata 5-nervata breviter aristata.
A perennial, glabrous in all its parts, with slender erect stems
2-3 ft. long. Basal leaves several, with a linear setaceous convo-
lute lamina reaching a foot in length. Stem-leaves about four,
with tight sheaths 2-3 in. long and a linear blade sometimes
half a foot long. Panicle very lax, nearly a foot long, with few
distant solitary ascending branches, bearing each 2—4 spikelets,
the side ones on ascending pedicels 2-2 in. long. Spikelets
à in. long; sterile glumes lanceolate, unequal, j-] in. long;
flowers erecto-patent, distinctly separated from each other on
the slender glabrous axis ; flowering glume lanceolate-navicular,
3 in. long, green, glabrous, obscurely 5-ribbed, narrowed gradu-
ally into a very short terminal awn.— Central Madagascar, Baron
2092! Allied to B. pectinatus, Thunb., and B. scabridus, Hook.
fil., and amongst European species to B. sterilis.
BROMUS ARRHENATHEROIDES, n. sp.
Perennis, glaber, caule elongato, folis paucis elongatis lineari-setaceis,
panicule laxz ramis multis ascendentibus, spiculis paucifloris lateralibus
sessilibus vel breviter pedicellatis, glumis sterilibus magnis lanceolatis tri-
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL XX. 2A
302 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
nervatis, floribus laxis, gluma florifera lanceolata 7-nervata profunde bifida
arista elongata geniculata instrueta.
An erect perennial, with the habit of Arrhenatherum avena-
ceum. Basal leaves with a slender setaceous lamina a foot or
more long. Stems 2feet long, with about three leaves, each witha
long close sheath and along narrow linear free blade. Panicle half
a foot long, with numerous short ascending capillary branches, the
lower with five or six spikelets. Spikelets 3 in. long, exclusive of
the awns ; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, 1-1 in. long;
rhachis pilose ; flowers not more than 3 fertile, with a distinctly
7-nerved deeply bifid flowering glume with a patulous geniculate
awn longerthan itself springing from the notch.— Central Mada-
gascar, Baron 2081!
BROMUS AVENOIDES, n. sp.
Perennis, glaber, caule elongato, foliis paucis elongatis anguste lineari-
bus, paniculz laxissimæ ramulis paucis ascendentibus, spiculis 5-6-floris
pedicellatis, glumis sterilibus magnis lanceolatis, floribus laxis, gluma
florifera lanceolata 7-nervata profunde bifida arista geniculata elongata
instructa.
A tufted perennial, glabrous in all its parts, with slender erect
glabrous stems 2-3 ft. long. Basal leaves with a setaceous lamina
a foot long; stem-leaves about three, with long close sheaths
andalong free narrow linear lamina. Panicle very lax, halfa
foot long, with few slender ascending capillary branches, the lower
2-3nate, bearing three or four spikelets, all distinctly stalked.
Spikelets 2-1 in. long exclusive of the awns; empty glumes lan-
ceolate, acute, 3-nerved, 4—3 in. long; flowers usually five or six;
rhachis slender, densely pilose; flowering glume lanceolate-navi-
cular, deeply bifid, glabrous, distinctly 7-nerved, 3 in. long,
bearing an erecto-patent or spreading geniculate awn above 4 in.
long from the bottom of the notch.— Central Madagasear, Baron
2034! Habit of the European B. patulus, Mert. & Koch. This
species and the last are remarkable in this large genus by their
deeply bifid flowering glumes.
NASTUS BORBONICUS, Gmel., var. EMIRNENSIS.
This Bamboo, which is common in the forests of Central Ma-
dagasear, and of which Dr. Parker has procured fine specimens
in flower, differs only from the type of the species (which is com-
mon in the uplands of the interior of Bourbon) by its more slender
habit, narrower leaves, and smaller spikelets. The Bourbon
FLORA OF MADAGASCAR. 308
plant is figured in Bory's ‘ Voyage,’ tab. 12, under the name of
Bambusa alpina.
FrrtcEs.
CYATHEA SEGREGATA, n. Sp.
C. frondibus amplis tripinnatis utrinque glabris facie viridibus dorso
glaucis, rachidibus stramineis inermibus, pinnis oblongo-lanceolatis, pinnu-
lis sessilibus lanceolatis, segmentis tertiariis lanceolatis segregatis, fertilibus
crenatis, venulis 8-10-jugis profunde fureatis, soris costalibus, involucro
membranaceo, ore truncato.
Fronds ample, tripinnate, moderately firm in texture, green on
the upper surface, glaucous beneath, the rhachises quite without
either prickles or palee. Pinnæ about a foot long in the speci-
mens. Pinuules contiguous, sessile, lanceolate, 2-23 in. long,
3-2 in. ERO cut down to the rhachis into lanceolate tertiary
segments 4.5 in. broad, with a distinct space between each equal
i m E to a segment, the fertile portion distinctly toothed.
Y einlets in 8-10 pairs in the lower segments, distinct, deeply
forked. Sori globose, confined to the lower part of the segments,
filling up the whole space between midrib and margin. Involucre
glabrous, membranous, truncate. Receptacle glabrous.—- Central
Madagascar, Baron 997!
CYATHEA POLYPHLEBIA, n. sp.
C. frondibus amplis tripinnatis utrinque viridibus glabris, rhachidibus
brunneolis inermibus, pinnis oblongo-lanceolatis, pinnulis sessilibus lan-
ceolatis, segmentis tertiariis lineari-oblongis obtusis obscure crenulatis,
venulis 10-12-jugis profunde furcatis, soris costalibus, involuero mem-
36
branaceo, ore truncato.
Fronds ample, tripinnate, moderately firm in texture, green
and glabrous on both surfaces; rhachises brownish, without any
prickles or palee. Pinne 13 ft. long, 5-6 in. broad. Pinnules
crowded, sessile, lanceolate, $—2 in. broad, cut down to the rhachis
into crowded obscurely toothed tertiary segments 4^; in. broad.
Veins crowded, distinct, deeply forked. Sori confined to the
lower half of the tertiary segments, filling up the whole space
between midrib and margin. Involucre cup-shaped, hemisphe-
rical, membranous, glabrous, truncate. Receptacle glabrous.—
Central Madagascar, Baron 440! Both this and the last spe-
cies are nearly allied to C. excelsa, Sw.. and C. Hildebrandtii,
Kuhn.
SALVINIA HASTATA, Desv. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Par. vi. 177?
Stems wide-creeping, sending down abundant tufts of root-
301 MR. Œ. BENTHAM ON THE AUTHORS’ JOINT AND
fibres from the nodes, clothed with small blackish linear crisped
membranous lanceolate pales. — Petiole under a line long.
Fronds cordate-ovate, flat, membranous, 1-2 in. long, 3-3 in. broad,
pale green above and rugose with close raised points, dark green
beneath, and matted with dense short soft hairs, the apex con-
spicuously emarginate with two semiorbicular lobes, the basal
lobes shallow and broadly rounded, and a distinct midrib running
from the top of the petiole to the base of the apical sinus. Con-
ceptacles not seen.—In fresh water near the east coast, Baron
1569!
On the Joint and Separate Work of the Authors off Bentham and
Hooker's ‘ Genera Plantarum,’ By G. Benrfiam, F.R.S.
[Read April 19, 1883.]
SixcE the completion of our ‘Genera Plantarum’ we have been
asked to distinguish whieh are the parts which we severally took
in it, and to publish a list of the Orders which each of us had
worked up. We wish, however, that the whole may be consi-
dered as the joint production of both of us. It is indeed the
only joint work in which I have ever been engaged. I very early
saw the diminished responsibility and other inconveniences of
partnership botany, and during my long working-time always
refused entering into any such without the special conditions
offered on the present occasion. It is true that in some cata-
logues 1 appear as joint author of botanical papers or work, but
always by some error. Some of (Ersted's papers on the botany
of Central America have been quoted, and perhaps entitled, as by
Bentham and (Ersted, when they are really CErsted's, though
he incorporated in them the determinations and deseriptions of
his specimens with which Ihad supplied him. Apart from these
descriptions, the papers are in Danish, a language with which I
was once familiar as to reading, but in which I never wrote.
Then, again, the ‘Flora Australiensis' is sometimes quoted as
tbe joint work of Bentham and Mueller, when it is entirely and
exclusively mine, with the assistance indeed, but not the “ coope-
ration,’ of Baron v. Mueller, this assistance being of precisely the
same description as that which I derived from the herbarium and
detailed MS. descriptions of Robert Brown, from the herbarium
SEPARATE WORK IN THE GENERA PLANTARUM. 305
and notes of A. Cunningham, from the rich herbaria of Kew,
from the ‘Flora Tasmanica’ and other published works of
the Hookers, as well as from the numerous instructive notes of
the Hookers, of Planchon, and others who had worked in the her-
barium. In the case of Baron v. Mueller, however, the extreme
liberality with which he gave up in my favour his own projects
for a general Flora of Australia, and the great value for my pur-
poses of the very numerous specimens of each species which he
had collected into the Melbourne herbarium, the whole of which
he unreservedly lent to me, seemed to me to demand a special
recognition in the titlepage of the * Flora, which has thus been
misconstrued into an indication of cooperation. A joint work
was impossible where consultation was prevented by the great dis-
tance which separated us; to procure an answer to the simplest
question required four or five months. The descriptions in the
‘Flora’ are drawn up from the actual examination of specimens,
generally checked by a comparison with the MS. notes and
printed works above referred to, amongst which Baron v. Mueller's
‘Fragmenta, regularly transmitted to me as printed, bear a pro-
minent part. Nothing in my work is merely copied, except in a
very few cases where the material at my disposal was insufficient,
ard where I have specially referred to my authority. The
method and classification are entirely mine, though of course
derived from general and other published botanical works.
The case of the ‘ Genera Plantarum’ was very different. Some
six- or seven-and-twenty years ago, when my botanical work-
shop had become firmly established in the Kew Herbarium and
my intercourse with Sir Joseph (then Dr.) Hooker, always very
intimate, had become more constant, we both of us felt the in-
convenience of the want of a Genera Plantarum founded on
actual observation to replace the already antiquated ones of
Endlicher and Meissner, both of which, especially the latter, had
been in a great measure mere compilations, and each of us had
formed the project of endeavouring to supply the deficiency ; but
it appeared almost too vast an undertaking to be carried out by
a single hand; and Hooker proposed as the best chance of seeing
the work brought to a successful issue, that we should join our
forces. Notwithstanding my normal aversion to partnership
botany, I saw that here there was nothing to fear from collision,
and but little from any permanent separation. I had always
found that I could perfectly coincide with Hooker in his views in
3006 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE AUTHORS' JOINT AND
scientifie botany, or at any rate readily defer to them on consi-
deration. I saw that there were many natural orders in which I
should, alone, severely miss his great experience in the study of
living tropical and southern extratropical vegetation and his
facilities for availing himself of the treasures of the Kew plant-
houses and museum, whilst there were other orders, especially
those whieh comprise very numerous small genera, the almost
mechanical details of which would require more persevering and
uninterrupted work in the herbarium and library than Hooker's
official and other duties would always allow him to carry on.
I therefore readily agreed to his proposal; and after much de-
liberation and consultation with botanical friends in whose
judgment we had great confidence, we matured our plans, to
which we have adhered during the quarter of a century which
the elaboration of our ‘ Genera Plantarum’ has required.
We necessarily divided the orders between us for their work-
ing up in detail; but we always consulted together when any
doubt or difficulty occurred; and the ordinal characters, general
observations, and subdivisions and generic arrangements pre-
pared by each of us were almost invariably submitted to the
other in manuscript for study and comment before being finally
revised for press. When the printing commenced, the first
proofs were carefully read through by both of us, as well as
by our friend the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who kindly undertook to
go over them chiefly for their latinity, in which we both of us felt
deficient. These proofs were again gone through by the one of
us who had specially worked up the order, in order to check the
references, to which process we paid special attention. The
revises were read by one, and very frequently by both, of us
before finally releasing them for press.
With regard to the repartition of the Orders, those of the first
volume, the Polypetale, were pretty equally divided between us.
Whilst I took the first few orders, Hooker worked up the Cru-
ciferse, Capparidez, and Resedacex ; and I followed him with the
remainder of the Thalamiflorz, whilst he elaborated the whole of
the long series of Disciflore with the exception of the Lines,
Humiriacez, Geraniacez, and Olacinez, which had fallen to my
lot. In the Calyciflore I naturally took up the Leguminosse,
with which I was already very familiar, and Hooker all the re-
maining orders except the Myrtaceæ, Umbelliferz, and Araliacesm.
The first part of the second volume was chiefly taken up by
SEPARATE WORK IN THE ‘ GENERA PLANTARUM.’ 307
the two important orders Rubiacew and Composite. Hooker
devoted a great deal of time to the former (and their close allies
the Caprifoliacez) requiring much scientific study, whilst I endea-
voured to reduce to some order the intricate, almost endless details
of the innumerable closely allied and often scarcely distinct
genera of Composite. The second part of the volume comprised
the great mass of Gamopetalous orders, which I began with the
Campanulacez and their immediate allies, followed by Hooker
with the Vacciniaceæ, Ericaces, Epacridex, and their allies, the
Myrsinez, Primulaces, and a portion of the Sapotaces, when the
pressure of official and other avocations with occasional absences
prevented him for a time from a continuous detailed elaboratiou
of genera, and the remaining Gamopetalous orders all devolved
upon me.
In the third volume Hooker resumed active work. The first
part, Monochlamydex, began with the series of curvembryous
orders elaborated by him, from Nyctagine to Batidee. He also
prepared the Nepenthaceæ, Cytinacee, and Balanophoree as a
résumé of the important monographs he had previously published.
I worked out the remaining orders, amongst which the Euphor-
biaceze and Urticew took up the most time. Hooker was to
have done the Gymnospermee, of which he had so much prac-
tical knowledge in a living state; but unfortunately he was at
that time again much engaged in other duties, and I was obliged
to satisfy myself with consultations on points which appeared to
me to be doubtful; and two or three errors have crept in which
were overlooked in the correction of the proofs, but adverted to
in the Addenda et Corrigenda. The second part of the third
volume, the Monocotyledons, appeared at first so formidable an
undertaking, that in the uncertainty of being enabled to carry it
through to the end, we determined to commence with the most
difficult orders. Hooker attacked the Palms, for which I felt
totally incompetent; and notwithstanding the great facilities
derived from his previous knowledge and close study of the
copious materials supplied by the museums and living collections
of Kew, he found that they required much more time than he
had at first calculated upon, besides a great deal of foreign cor-
respondence with Wendland, Beccari, and others who had more
or less worked at the order. lin the mean time devoted more
than a twelvemonth's constant and uninterrupted labour to the
Orchidez, and at least as much to the Graminee. We then
308 MR. W. B. HEMSLEY ON THE
divided between us the remaining Monocotyledonous orders, in
which our work was often materially assisted, but never super-
seded, by previous monographs, Hooker prepared the Nudi-
florous orders ( Aroidez and allies) and the A pocarpe (Alismaceg,
Naiadacee, and allies), the others falling to my share.
We hope that it will be distinctly understood that throughout
the work, where there is no special indieation to the contrary,
our characters have been drawn up from the actual examination
of specimens ; and for some further details as to the plan of the
work, we would refer to my Report read in Section Biology of the
meeting of tbe British Association at Belfast in 1874.
On the Synonymy of the Orchidaceous Genus Didymoplevis,
Griffith, and the Elongation of the Pedicels of D. pallens
after Flowering. By W. Borrrya Hxwsrbt, A.L.S.
[Read February 15, 1883.]
(Puate XXVIII.)
Iv 1844 William Griffith published* a detailed description of an
orchid, found near Serampore, in Lower Bengal, which he re-
garded as the type of a new genus, and named Didymoplezis pal-
lens. A few years later Blumet published his genus Leucorchis,
describing one species, L. sylvatica, a native of Java. In 1851
Wight figured f and described an orchid, collected in Coorg by
Jerdon, under the name of Apetalon minutum. The same year
M*Clelland$ published Griffith's plant under his original manu-
script name of Arethusa ecristata.
Whether these three plants represent only one species is
perhaps not quite certain; but there is no doubt about their
belonging to the same genus. Lindley, in a manuseript note in
his herbarium, suggests that Leucorchis of Blume is the same
* Caleutta Journal of Natural History, iv. p. 383, t. 17.
t ‘Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum,’ i. p. 31 (1849), and * Les Orchi-
dées de l'Archipel Indien,’ p. 146, eum ic.
1 ‘Icones Plantarum Indis Orientalis, v. t. 1758.
* $ Posthumous papers of W. Griffith, “ Notule ad Plantas Asiaticas,” iii.
p. 378, and ** Icones Plantarum Asiaticaruin,” tt. 343 & 344.
ORCHIDACEOUS GENUS DIDYMOPLEXIS. 309
genus as Apetalon of Wight; and Mr. Bentham * reduces them
to one genus bearing the former name, whilst Didymoplexis is
doubtfully referred by the same botanist to Pogonia. Kurzt
had already stated that Didymoplexis pallens and Arethusa ecris-
tata were the same plant; and a comparison of the figures verifies
his statement. He also cites Apetalon minutum, Wight, as a
synonym of the same species, which it may well be; for although
the figures do not agree, especially in the parts of the flower,
Wight's specimens are not distinguishable from Griffith's plant,
and the drawing in Wight's * Icones' is evidently a very rude one,
whilst Griffith's figures of the flowers are merely diagrammatic.
It is probable, however, that Kurz merely followed Reichen-
bach in this part of the synonymy, though he may have inde-
pendently arrived at the same conclusion.
Dr. Reichenbach t not only reduces Apetalon minutum to Di-
dymoplexis pallens; he goes further, aud refers the latter to the
genus Epiphanes of Blume, as Epiphanes pallens, Rchb. f. Never-
theless I think Endlieher$, Lindley ||, Miquel, and Bentham **
are unquestionably right in reducing Zpiphanes javanica to Gas-
trodia; and Blumett was of the same opinion. The perianth is
essentially that of a typical Gastrodia; that is to say, the three
sepals and the two lateral petals are united nearly to the top
except the opposite edges of the two lateral sepals, which are free,
so that the whole forms an envelope fissured to the base beneath
the labellum ; whilst in Didymoplexis the perianth is somewhat
two-lipped with the labellum inside.
Mr. Bentham 11 defines them thus :—* Sepalum posticum cum
petalis in labium superum trifidum, lateralia in labium inferum bi-
fidum connata. Labellum latissimum indivisum.— Leucorchis
[ —Didymoplexis]. Sepala cum petalis in tubum late ventricosum
quinquelobum antice fissum connata. Labellum indivisum.—
Gastrodia.”
Kurz§§ still further confused the synonymy of Didymo-
* Bentham et Hooker, ‘Genera Plantarum, iii. p. 616.
t Seemann's Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 40.
1 Seemann, ‘Flora Vitiensis,’ p. 296.
§ ‘Genera Plantarum; i. p. 212.
|| ‘Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants,’ p. 384.
€ ' Flore Indie Batave, iii. p. 717.
** Journal of the Linnean Society, xviii. p. 349.
tt ‘Les Orchidées de l'Archipel Indien,’ pp. 141 & 145, t. 52.
tt Bentham and Hooker, ‘Genera Plantarum,’ iii. p. 485; 1226.
§§ Seemann’s Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 40.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. 2B
810 ON THE ORCHIDACEOUS GENUS DIDYMOPLEXIS.
plexis pallens by reducing it to the very different Gastrodia
javanica, Endl, syn. Epiphanes javanica, Blume, which, in
addition to the structural differences pointed out, has flowers
nearly four times as large. There is a second species of Didymo-
plecis, which was collected in the Fiji Islands by the late Dr.
Seemann, and described by Reichenbach* under the name of Ept-
phanes micradenia.
But, before tabulating the synonymy of the genus, I wish to
call attention to the very remarkable elongation of the pedicels
of Didymoplexis pallens after flowering, as represented in the
accompanying drawing by Miss Smith. In the flowering stage
the pedicels are no longer than the flowers, and the whole plant
usually less than 6 inches in height. But after flowering, the
pedicels grow out sometimes as much as a foot in length, in-
creasing at the same time in thickness, so that a single pedicel
becomes twice as large as the whole plant was during the flower-
ing stage. These long pedicels are quite erect; and it seems that
only the pedicels of the flowers which have been fertilized possess
the singular property of elongating. Griffith does not mention
it; and the only record I have found of it is by Kurzt. D. pal-
lens is apparently not uncommon in Lower Bengal, growing
about clumps of bamboos and in leafy wet spots; and the only
use of this extension of the pedicel that I can suggest is that it
carries up the ripening fruit above the decaying vegetable matter
in which the plant grows.
I should mention that it is a whitish leafless plant having a
tuberous root, and is most likely a saprophyte or semisaprophyte.
Griffith states that it grew about clumps of bamboos in the
villages around Calcutta, whence it was introduced into the
Botanic Gardens. The Coorg specimens upon which Wight
founded his Apetalon minutum were also found under a clump
of bamboos. These are all in a young condition, though in
some of them the lower pedicels are beginning to elongate ; and
I also find traces of the same thing in the Fiji species. I do
not remember having seen quite this kind of adaptation in any
other plant. Of course there are many plants the peduncles
or pedicels of which elongate after the flowers have fallen, notably
those which, like Arachis hypogea, bury their fruit underground,
where it ripens.
* Seemann’s ‘ Flora Vitiensis,' p. 295.
t Seemann's Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 41
ON THE OUTER PERIDIUM OF BROOMEIA. 311
The synonymy of the two species 1s as follows :—
l. DIDYMOPLEXIS PALLENS, Griff — Leucorchis sylvatica,
Blume.—Apetalon minutum, Wight—Arethusa ecristata, Griff.
— Epiphanes pallens, Rehb. f—Arethusa bengalensis, Herb. hort.
bot. Calc.
2. DipyMoPLEXIS MICRADENIA, //emsl.— Epiphanes micradenia,
Rehb. f.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVIII.
Didymoplexis pallens, Griffith.
Fig. 1. A plant in flower, natural size.
2. Upper portion of a plant bearing two mature capsules on elongated
pedicels, which are longer and thicker than the whole plant at the time
of flowering ; natural size.
3. Front view of a flower, enlarged.
4. Side view of a flower, enlarged.
/
On the Outer Peridium of Broomeia. By Grorae Murray,
F.L.S., Assistant, Department of Botany, British Museum,
and Lecturer on Botany, St. George's Hospital.
[Read February 15, 1883.]
(PrATE XXIX.)
THe genus Broomeia (Gasteromycetes) was founded by the
Rev. M. J. Berkeley in 1844 (Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii.
p. 193); and the species B. congregata, Berk., which then alone
represented it, is the subject of the present note. The speci-
mens used by Mr. Berkeley were brought from the distriet of
Albany, Cape of Good Hope, where they were found by Mr. J.
Backhouse. They consist each of a mass of mature individuals
congregated on a corky stroma common to the whole mass.
These individuals possess but one peridium ; and Mr. Berkeley,
doubtless recalling tie fact that in Geaster, the nearest ally of
Broomeia, two peridia are present, treated the corky stroma as the
homologue of an outer peridium. Specimens collected since then
by Prof. MacOwan and others show precisely the same appearances.
Another species, B. guadalupensis, Lév., was added to the genus
by Léveillé in 1848 (Aun. Sci. Nat. 3 sér. tom. ix. p. 129). I
have not been able to examine any specimen of this species ; but
312 MR. G. MURHAY ON THE
all notice of a true external peridium is absent from the de-
scription.
In 1879 Capt. Een brought back from Damara-Land among
his collections a few specimens of B. congregata, which he divided
between the British Museum and Kew. They were exhibited at
the time to the Society by Mr. Thiselton Dyer, who called atten-
tion to the interest of the specimens. When collected they had
not reached maturity ; and I venture to think they afford an
explanation of the mode of growth of this interesting fungus.
The first point to be noted is the presence on them of a definite
outer peridium of a beautiful white colour still covering the
immature individuals round the edge of the mass, but apparently
in the course of peeling off (figs. 1 and 2). It is joined to the
stroma round the margin, and reaches from it over the tops of
the inner peridia towards the centre of the group. Each indivi-
dual is not completely invested by it at all points, but it
extends over the tops as one continuous membrane common to
the whole mass, fitting into the depressions between the inner
peridia, and, in the case of nearly mature individuals, easily
separable from them. On very young individuals, at the margin
it is closely united with the inner peridium ; but examination
with the microscope shows a line of weakness between them,
destined to become the line of separation. In these cases it
penetrates downwards between the very young inner peridia, and
meets the lip of the cup-shaped depression in the stroma in
which each individual is seated. Directly over the top of the
mature individuals, in the middle of the mass, it will be found that
the outer peridium has disappeared. The direction of growth of
the mass is therefore, I take it, centrifugal. The individuals in
the centre first become ripe; and in each case, by the expansion
of the inner peridium, the part of the outer one directly above it
peels off to permit the discharge of the spores from the beau-
tifully fimbriated orifice at the apex of the inner peridium. In
the mean time voung individuals arise round the margin, and
remain under the covering of the outer peridium until they, too,
attain maturity and burst it off. When the whole are mature
(fig. 5), as in the specimens hitherto brought to this country, the
outer peridium has already disappeared and left no trace of its
existence behind.
The microscopic structure of the outer peridium calls for no
special description. It consists of a mass of very densely inter-
OUTER PERIDIUM OF BROOMETA. 313
woven hyphe similar to those described by Mr. Berkeley a
forming the stroma, only more densely compaeted together.
It will be remembered that in Geaster, the nearest ally of this
plant, the individuals appear singly, and each is furnished with
both peridia, the outer one of which splits perpendicularly
along definite lines of fission, each segment folding back and
the whole forming the stellate support.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIX.
Fig. 1. View from above, showing:—«, remains of outer peridium; 6, inner
peridia.
2. Vertical section :—a, outer peridium ; 4, inner peridia.
3. View of inner peridia, b, with fragment of outer peridium, a, still
adhering, X 2.
4. Spores, x 780 diam. After Mr. Berkeley.
5. View of mature inner peridia when outer peridium has disappeared.
After Mr. Berkeley.
On the Diatoms collected during thé Arctic Expedition of Sir
George Nares. By P. T. OrzYz, Professor of Chemistry in
the University, Upsala. (Communicated by Sir J. D.
Hooxzn, V.-Pres. L.S.)
[Read April 9, 1883.]
TuHnovauH the kindness of Prof. Oliver I have got for examina-
tion several samples containing diatoms, and collected during the
Arctic Expedition of Sir George Nares. Among them were only
four gatherings containing diatoms in such number that I was
able to subject them to the usual cleaning process necessary for
getting the valves in a state suitable for examination. Among
these four samples one from Cape Sabine (lat. 78° 40' N.) con-
tained freshwater species, the other three, from Bessel’s Bay,
Mushroom Point, and Discovery Bay, contained marine forms.
The sample from Discovery Bay, which had been collected on the
ice, consisted almost exclusively of a single species, Melosira
nummuloides, var. hyperborea, Grun., but contained also sparingly
some other diatoms.
The alge collected during the expedition have already been
examined by Dr. Dickie*, who also has given alist of the diatoms.
The freshwater species found in the gathering from Cape Sabine
were the following:—
* Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. (1878) vol. xvii. p. 6.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. 2c
914 PROF. P. T. CLEYE ON THE DIATOMS COLLECTED DURING
Cymbella rupicola, Grun. (A. Schm. Atl. pl. lxxi. figs. 70-71).
A small variety; length 0:027 millim., breadth 0'0055 millim.
Dorsal stri: 12, and ventral 16 in 0°01 millim.
C. Botellus, Lagerstedt. Achnanthes marginata, Grun.
Achnanthidium flexellum, Gomphonema angustatum,
Bréb. Kiitz.
Navicula viridula, Kütz. Length 0:05 millim; breadth 0°01
millim. Stris 12 in 0°01 millim.
N. rhynchocephala, Kütz. | N. eryptocephala, Kitz.
N. falaisiensis, Grun. ? Length 0:033 millim ; breadth 0:006
millim. Striz 16 in 0°01 millim.
N. perpusilla, Grun.
Ceratoneis arcus, Kütz. Very common. Probably Hunotia
arcus in the list of Dickie.
Synedra Vaucherie, Kütz., var. capitellata, Qrun. Strie 18 in
0°01 millim.
S. pulchella, var. saxonica, Kütz. ? Length 0:05 millim.; breadth
0:006 millim. Striz 20 in 0°01 millim.
Diatoma tenue, var. elongata, Lyngb. Very common.
Denticula tenuis, var. frigida, Kütz.
Surirella ovata, Kütz. | Cyclotella antiqua, W. Smith.
In the gathering from Mushroom Point were occasionally two
freshwater species :—
Navicula pusilla, W. Sm. | N. vulpina, Kütz.
In all 19 different freshwater species were found.
Dr. Dickie enumerates the following not found by myself :—
Cymbella maculata, Kütz. Navicula firma, Kütz.
Eunotia arcus, Sm. NV. globiceps, Greg.
E. diodon, Ehrenb. N. mesolepta, Ehrenb.
Meridion circulare, Ag. N. minutula, 8m.
Navicula ambigua, Ehrenb. Stauroneis anceps, Ehrenb.
N. borealis, Ehrenb.
Surirella constricta (without the name of the author, S. con-
stricta, W. Sm.,2 S. Smithii, Ralfs).
With this addition the freshwater species attain the number
of 31.
The marine species found by me are the following :—
Amphora cymbifera, Greg. Mushroom Point.
A. lineata, Greg. Bessel’s Bay.
A. proteus, Greg. Mushroom Point, Bessel’s Bay.
Gomphonema kamtschaticum, Grun., forma minor. Mushroom
THE AROTIC EXPEDITION OF SIR GEORGE NARES. 315
Point, Bessel's Bay. Length 0'03 millim.; breadth 0:005 millim.
Striz 18 in 0°01 millim.
Rhotkosphenia curvata
(Kütz.) Bessel's Bay.
Achnanthes subsessilis,
Ehrenb., var. (Achnan-
thidium arcticum, | Cl.).
Mushroom Point.
A. coarctata, Bréb. Mush-
room Point.
A, delicatula, Kitz. Bes-
sel’s Bay.
A. grenlandica,Cl. Bessel’s
Bay. Very common.
Cocconeis costata, Greg.
Bessel’s Bay ; Mushroom
Point.
C. jinmarchica, Grun.
Bessel’s Bay.
C. scutellum, Ehrenb., and
var. sfauroneiformis, W.
Sm. Bessel’s Bay and
Mushroom Point.
C. distans, Greg. Mush-
room Point.
C. decipiens, Cl. Bessel’s
Bay.
C. arctica. Bessel’s Bay.
Stauroneis aspera,var. inter-
media, Grun. Bessel’s
Bay ; Mushroom Point.
S. spicula, Dickie. Disco-
very Bay.
Schizonema Grevillei, Ag.
Bessel’s Bay.
Navicula septentrionalis, Cl.
(A. Sehm. Atl. pl. vi. fig.
37). Mushroom Point.
Navicula digitoradiata,
Greg. Mushroom Point.
N. Smithii, Bréb. Mush-
room Point.
N. Lyra, var. elliptica.
Mushroom Point.
N. directa, W.Sm. Maush-
room Point.
JN. bomboides, var. media,
Grun. Mushroom Point.
N. latefasciata, Grun.
Mushroom Point.
N. subdivisa, Grun, Mush-
room Point.
N. peregrina, Kütz. Mush-
room Point.
N.interrupta, Kütz. Mush-
room Point.
N. Pinnularia, Cl. Mush-
room Point.
N. littoralis, Donk. Mush-
room Point.
N. subinflata, Qrun. Bes-
sel's Bay.
Amphiprora paludosa, Sm.,
var. Discovery Bay.
A, duplex, Donk. Disco-
very Bay.
Synedra kamtschatica,
Grun. Bessels Bay
Mushroom Point.
, var. minor,
Grun. Bessel’s Bay.
S. nitzschioides, Grun. Mushroom Point; Bessel’s Bay.
Length 0:06 millim.; breadth 0°003 millim. Striw 11 in 0'01
millim,
202
Point.
Strie 19 in 0'01 millim.
S. affinis, var. tabulata, Kütz.
0:005 millim.
in 0:01 millim.
S. commutata, Qrun, var. septentrionalis, Grun.
Strize 12 in 0:01 millim.
Length 0:27 millim.; breadth 0:0009 millim.
Bessel's Bay.
S. affinis, var.
F. islandica, Grun., var.
Bessel’s Bay.
316 ON DIATOMS COLLECTED DURING SIR Œ. NARES’S EXPEDITION.
Mushroom
Length 0:115 millim.; breadth
Striæ 94 in 0°01 millim. Bessel’s Bay.
Fragilaria oceanica, Cl. (=F. arctica, Grun.).
Bessel’s Bay.
With larger area, and with 12 stris
Liemophora Jurgensii, Ag. Bessel’s Bay.
Grammatophora islandica, Ehreb. Strie 14 in 0°01 millim.
Bessel's Bay.
G. arctica, Cl. Bessel’s Bay.
Striatella delicatula, Kütz.
Bessel’s Bay.
Jhabdonema arcuatum (Ag.).
R. Torellii, Cl.
Nitzschia marginulata,
Grun. Mushroom Point.
N. glacialis, Grun. Disco-
very Bay.
N. levissima, Grun. Dis-
covery Bay.
N. vitrea, var. Discovery
Bay.
Biddulphia aurita (Lyngb.).
Bessel’s Bay ; Mushroom
Point.
Triceratium arcticum, Btw.,
and forma Zygoceros Ba-
In all 59 species.
lena, Ehrenb. Bessel’s
Bay.
Hyalodiscus scoticus
(Kiitz.), Grun. Bessel's
Bay ; Mushroom Point.
Podosira hormoides, Mont.
Mushroom Point.
Melosira Borreri, Grev.,var.
Bessel’s Bay.
M. mediterranea, Grun.,
var.? Mushroom Point.
M. nummuloides, var. hyper-
borea, Grun. Discovery
Bay.
Thalassiosira .Nordenskiüldii
Cl. Cape Sabine.
Coscinodiscus subglobosus,
Grun. CapeSabine.
Many among them have not been indicated
in the list of Dr. Dickie, which contains on the other side several
species not observed by me. These are :—
Achnanthes longipes. I have not found this species in the Arctic
Sea, so the determination may perhaps be doubtful. Dr. Dickie
has not indicated any locality for this species.
Amphiprora longa, Cl. |
A. nitzschioides, Cl.— |
Nitzschia Amp iprora,
Grun.
Amphora affinis (no author
and no locality).
A. Eunotia, Cl.
A. lanceolata, Cl.
ON ©. CALISAYA, VAR. LEDGERIANA, AND C. LEDGERIANA. 817
A. Leighsmithiana, O'M.
(Probably A. Erebi, Ehrenb.,
and A. cymbifera, p. p.,
forms with costate stris.)
Chetoceras borealis, Bail.
C. decipiens, Cl.
Cocconeis glacialis = Navi-
cula glacialis, Cl.
Coscinodiscus centralis, Ehrenb.
C. excentricus, Ehrenb.
C. radiatus, Ehrenb.
C. subtilis, Ehrenb.
Fragilaria striatula, Lyngb.
Navicula arctica, Cl.
N. didyma, Ehrenb.
N. fortis, Greg. -
N. liber, W. Sm.
N. Smithii, Bréb.
N. subsalina, Donk.
Nitzschia angularis, W. Sm.
N. Closterium, Ehrenb.
N. sigma, Kütz.
Melosira sulcata, Ehrenb.
(Orthosira marina, W .Sm.).
Pleurosigma angulare.
P. longum, Cl.
Podosphenia gracilis, Ehrenb. (May be Licmophora Jurgensii,
Ag., which is common in the gathering from Bessel’s Bay.)
Raphoneis Quernerensis, Grun.
Synedra fulgens, Grev.
S. superba, W.Sm. These two species I have never observed in
the arctic seas. A small form of S. superba (var. minor, Grun.)
has been seen by Mr. Grunow in a gathering from Finmarken.
I think the determinations may probably be incorrect.
The number of additional species found by Dr. Dickie, but not
by myself, amounts to 27, Achnanthes longipes, Podosphenia gra-
cilis, Synedra fulgens, and S. superba not being counted. The total
number of marine diatoms from these high latitudes amounts
then to 86.
On Cinchona Calisaya, var. Ledgeriana,,How., and C. Ledgeriana
(Moens). By Jonny Error How an E.R.S., F.L.S.
[Read May 3, 1883.]
In the year 1866 I communicated to the Botanical Congress held
in London some observations on the present state of our know-
ledge of the genus Cinchona, in which I quoted * Mr. Markham’s
observation that “the Cinchona Calisaya, the most famous of all
the South- Ameriean bark-trees, and which in its native forests is
* ‘Report of Proceedings of the Internat. Horticult. Exhib. and Bot.
Congress,’ p. 199 (1866).
818 MR. J. E. HOWARD ON
alike the most beautiful and the richest in quinine, has not been
a success in India.” “I was grieved,’ Mr. Markham says, “to
see the plants of this species only 5 feet 10 inches high and 63
inches in girth at an age of three years; while their stunted and
shrubby appearance, with dim-coloured leaves, is as different as
possible from the glorious Calisaya of the Caravayan forests.”
On this I ventured to remark that, though success had not been
attained at that time in the East Indies, I did not at all despair
of seeing the Calisaya reassume there its rightful supremacy as
the queen of all quinine-growing species.
This hope has since been realized, entirely through the intro-
duction of mixed seeds of the very best kinds of Calisaya* to this
country by Mr. C. Ledger f, an ill-requited t benefit, of which the
Dutch plantations were fortunate enough to reap the first prac-
tical advantage.
In the ‘ Journal of Botany ’ for Nov. 1881 Dr. Trimen has pub-
lished as “Cinchona Ledgeriana, Moens,” a species of Cinchona
which well illustrates Mr. Markham’s description. The figure is
taken from one of a “‘ few adult trees of the same kind remaining
* Tn a letter, Sept. 28th, 1880, Ledger told me that Manuel collected the
seed near the Rio Mamore, that the seed, at first in different bags, got mixed acci-
dentally. “I understood him always to say the ‘Rojo’ has white flowers. I
never saw the splendid tree in F. Simon’s yard in flower. He told me, I well
remember, it had white and pink flowers—both colours."
In another letter, Feb. 13th, 1880 :—* I feel convinced in my own mind that
no white man would or could succeed in getting such splendid seed as my faithful
Manuel did. It is so clear that he got the true Calisaya ‘rojo.’ In fact, and
as the good poor fellow repeatedly told me, he got seed from particularly fine
old trees that we had together seen and sat under. The splendid old tree in
Fr. Simon's yard we often (in 1850-51) used to look up at and wonder what
age it could be. It was covered with silvery bright pink moss. We put its age
at over 500 years. I have often calculated, with Manuel, that it would yield
fully 15 quintals of dry bark of the three classes, viz. Tabla, Charquesillo, and
Canuto."
t The seed came from Mr. M‘Ivor, “ obtained, there can be no doubt, from
trees which originated from Mr. Ledger’s seed” (‘ Journ. of Botany,’ Nov. 1881,
p.5).
t “ The total sum received by Ledger from the Dutch Government was a trifle
less than £24 sterling" [A mistake in the English edition, the amount should read
“ £48.” B. Daypon Jackson] (Van Gorkom in ‘ Handbook, p. 91). Ledger,
however, acknowledges (400 florins) £41 13s. 4d. and £8 6s. 8d. at that time;
and on Oct. 25th, 1880, £100 was given by the Dutch Government, of the pro-
ceeds of which he gave Santiago and his family 400 sheep and 5 cows on
March 7, 1881.
C. CALISAYA, VAR. LEDGERIANA, AND C, LEDGERIANA. 819
in the neighbourhood," itself showing all the indications of pre-
mature decay. The tree was evidently a survival of the early
plantations. Dr. Trimen says, “Trees of five or six years old
have been found on several estates mingled with other varieties,
and generally unrecognized until the characters were pointed out
by Mr. Moens during a visit to the island in Sept. 1880."
The whole identification, as it seems to me, rests on Mr.
Moens, for whose scientific knowledge and skill as a chemist I
have the highest respect. It is consequently to be regretted that
no analysis or description of the bark is added. This is highly
important, as I shall endeavour to show.
Sir J. D. Hooker published, in Curtis's ‘ Botanical Magazine,’
under the head Cinchona Calisaya, var. Josephiana, “a very
distinct-looking form of Cinchona Calisaya,” which I should
myself have preferred calling C. micrantha, var. Calisayoides.
The drawing is from a plant flourishing and flowering in my
possession in 1872, received as a small plant from Kew, and
derived originally, according to the same authority, from South
America. A comparison of the plate in the ‘ Botanical Magazine’
with those in the ‘ Journal of Botany’ by Dr. Trimen will show
a close analogy, and perhaps identity, when it is considered that
mine is the hembra and Dr. Trimen’s the macho form, to which
circumstance the difference in the length of the flowers may be
due, as also the colouring of the underside of the leaf.
Though botanically of interest, this * Micrantha Calisayoides”
is quite evidently to be avoided in cultivation.
Tam the more free to suggest the possibility of mistake in the
identification of this published Ceylon variety with the specimens
sent me by Mr. Moens himself from Java, and which I published
as C. Calisaya, var. Ledgeriana, How., because I have myself been
deceived by, as I think, the very same variety, which I received
from high authority as the seed of C. Ledgeriana, and cultivated
for years with great care, having the mortification also to have
sent it out as real Ledgeriana to Dr. Morris in Jamaica.
Last year one of my small trees failed me (as seems to be
often the case) and I have cut it down the less reluctantly,
because I could then analyze the bark. Behold the result!
Quinine sulphate .......... 0°50
Cmchomdime 2.5 is ce ne ses 0:00
Quinde erreurs 0:25 } 110
Cinchonine |... ees. 085
320 MR. J. E. HOWARD ON
the large proportion of Cinchonidine and Quinidine quite seeming
to indicate its micranthoid analogies.
I reserved my judgment of its worth till I received from Mr.
Morris a sample of the bark of the same plant grown in Jamaica.
I at once saw that it was not the bark of C. Ledgeriana, and
that, on the contrary, it resembled that of C. micrantha. The
analysis was as follows :—
Quinine sulphate ........ 1:06
Quinmes ce 5... 0:79
Cimehonidine ....5 12i 0:00
(nchonme 3,-6.5... 0°64 \ 0:88
Qunidme r-n- >... 0:24
showing a slight improvement, which will probably increase with
age; so that the produce may ultimately turn out better than
the C. javanica of my plate viii. which gave :—
Qumne -ee 6 s 0:501 a
Amorph.do. -a 030| E.
Cinchonidine -<.:.......- 0°30
Qiumidine ss 0°20 1:40
Cinchonine, 3.3) 5 1 a: 1:20
or than my C. Josephiana of plate ix. :—
Qunme -s.a a 0:50] >
Aob de p s 011 067
@mechonidine |... s 0:07
Quinidine —- 3 -s 0141 a.
Giichdbae s o 038 039
It is on the whole quite evident that none of these low varieties
of Calisaya wil repay cultivation, and that no reliance can be
placed on any descriptions which are unaccompanied by careful
observations and analysis of the bark of the plants from which
the seed is taken.
I was misled by the name Ledgeriana attached to the East-
Indian seed which I raised; and am now sensible that the micran-
thoid aspect of the trees noticed by one or two of my Indian
friends more correctly indicated their true character than the
erroneous opinion which I had formed by reliance on others.
l am now able, having received from the Yarrow estate in
Ceylon seed from trees whose bark yielded from 7 to 12 per cent.
of quinine, to show living plants of what may safely be considered
true C. Calisaya, var. Ledgeriana, specimens of which I have the
pleasure of showing at this Meeting. The rich velvety appear-
C. CALISAYA, VAR. LEDGERIANA, AND C. LEDGERIANA. 821
ance of the leaves is highly characteristic of the “ glorious Ca-
lisaya ^ of the American forests, and contrasts strongly with the
micrantha-looking plant, which is a descendant of the pseudo-
Ledgeriana which I sent to Jamaica, not having then the oppor-
tunity of comparison which I now possess.
The leaves of the plant figured as C. Ledgeriana, Moens, are
apparently glabrous, and devoid alike of the peculiar and charac-
teristic appearance of the upper surface represented by Dr.
Weddell, pl. ii. fig. 19, of his ‘ Histoire.’ This he describes as
** epidermie " cellules of the upper surface of the leaf, each one
of which forms a conical projection.
A magnified hair is seen segmented (“ clozssonné ") and punc-
tuated, taking its origin from the upper surface. This, again, is
characteristic; and in the richer species of Calisaya which I show,
this feature is even exaggerated, as will be seen on examination
by the microscope; and a delicate fringe of these minute hairs
forms a conspicuous surrounding to the edge of the leaf, in con-
trast to all the sorts of micrantha. The set of the veinlets in
Dr. Trimen’s plate is again different from that of the plant of
true Ledgeriana, which I show.
With the exception of Mr. Ledger*, I believe that no one has
obtained true seed of the more valuable sorts of C. Calisaya except
Mr. Christy, who will, I trust, favour us with his account.
Through the kindness of this gentleman, I received a small
quantity of the seed in his possession, which I sowed at the
same time with the Ledgeriana seed above. Both came up alike,
and for months no difference could be perceived between the pro-
duce of the Indian and South-A merican seed; possibly the former
were less vigorous. I raised some two or three dozen of each,
with the usual results of a certain amount of variation combined
with general resemblance. In the case of Mr. Christy's seed I
have distinetly the verde and the morada varieties.
lean now compare all these with the plates of Cinchona Ca-
lisaya, var. Ledgeriana. These were drawn by Mr. Fitch from
* « Schuhkraft, Consul for the Netherlands, more than thirty-five years in the
country, married to a lady possessing estates in the Yungas, the major part of
whose tenants are bark-cutters, carriers, and all knowing what bark is. With
all these immense advantages he never was able to obtain seed of any value ”
(Ledger, Sept. 28th, 1880). Weddell, Hasskarl, and Markham equally failed.
822 MR. J. E. HOWARD ON
specimens in a herbarium containing 44 specimens of different spe-
cies of Cinchona, of which 12 are ** Ledgeriana" which I received
from Mr. Moens in 1874, together with notes and (what is most
valuable) analysis of the bark in almost every case. From these I
selected specimens of Cinchona unquestionably derived from seed
obtained by Mr. Ledger, and distinguished by the large amount
of quinine contained in the bark. I have published all these
analyses in pp. 58-63 of my ‘ Quinology of the East-Indian Plan-
tations ;’ but it is necessary that I should recapitulate these.
In plate iv. (macho form) :—
Quinine E Vv oh cae ves 9:06
Cimchonme
Irzicsoun. “Die Fruktifikation der Mougeotia.” Bot. Zeitung, 1853, p. 681.
Coun. Untersuchungen über die Entwickelungsgeschichte der mikroskopischen
; Algen und Pilze, 1854. (1 pl. of Zyg.) S
NiGELI und Cramer. Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen. Heft 1, 1855.
(2 pl. of Spirogyra.) F
Prinesnem. Zur Kritik der Untersuchungen über das Algengeschlecht, 1856.
De Bary. Untersuchungen über die Familie der Conjugaten, 1858. (8 pl.)
Rasexnorst. Flora Europæa Algarum aque dulcis et submarine, 1864-68.
Wirrrock. Algologiska Studier, I. (Stawrospermum) (Swedish), 1867. (1 pl.)
Creve. Försök till en monografi öfver de Svenska arterna af algfamiljen
Zygnemaceæ (Swedish), 1868. (10 pl.)
Woop, H. C. A Contribution to the History of the Freshwater Algæ of North
America, 1872. (4 pl. of Zyg.)
WirrRock. Om Gótlands och Oelands sótvattensalgen, 1872. (4 pl.) Trans-
lated in Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. 1873. T
Wrirrrockx. On the Spore-formation of the Mesocarpex, and especially of the
new genus Gonatonema, 1878. (1 pl.)
Cons. Kryptogamen-Flora Schlesien, 1878.
Srraspurcer. Ueber Zellbildung und Zelltheilung, 3rd ed., 1881. (2 pl. of
Zyg.
Biches Articles “ Conjugation" and “ Zygnemacem" in Griffith and
Henfrey's Micrographic Dictionary, ed. 4, 1883.
Cooxr. British Freshwater Algz, 1883. (16 pl. of Zyg.)
440 MR. F. O. BOWER ON THE STRUCTURE OF
On the Structure of the Stem of Rhynchopetalum montanum
(Fresen.) *. By F. O. Bown, M.A., F.LS.
[Read December 20, 1883. ]
(Prates XXXVI.-XXVIII.)
RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM is a native of Abyssinia, growing
in districts 11,000 to 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. It
differs from the allied Zobelias in being a plant which lives
through more than a single year. The small lanceolate leaves
first formed are succeeded as the plant grows older by larger
ones, arranged on a more complicated plan, while the earlier
leaves are successively thrown off and wither. The stem, which
meanwhile increases in bulk, is completely covered externally by
the scars or bases of leaves which have thus been thrown off.
These scars appear as diamond-shaped areas on the surface of
the stem, and are covered by a thick layer of corky tissue, in
which the ends of the vascular bundles of the leaf-trace (five in
number) may often be clearly seen. As the stem increases in
bulk, the corky covering is split and fissured, so that the outline
of the leaf-scars becomes unrecognizable. In this condition the
old stem is not unlike that of some Cycads in external appear-
ance. The stem, growing thus for four or five years, gradually
attains a considerable thickness (a specimen in the museum at
Kew is about 5 inches in diameter) ; it is columnar in form, and
is, in most cases at least, unbranched ; it reaches a height of 12
to 15 feet.
Internally it is succulent, especially when young; older stems
are of sufficient hardness and strength to be used in Abyssinia
for building purposes.
Axillary buds appear in the axils of the leaves at an early
stage; but they are not developed beyond the first stages until
the leaves, in the axils of which they are placed, have fallen off.
Some, but not all, of them grow actively, developing a tuft of
leaves, and on their underside often forming roots, which esta-
blish themselves in the soil. These axillary buds, which often
appear as though they were of adventitious origin, especially at
* De Candolle, * Prodromus,’ vol. viii. p. 396. Fresenius, Bot. Zeit. Flora,
Oct. 1838, p. 603, and figured by him, ‘Museum Senckenberg.” iii. Taf. iv.
Richard, Flora Abyss. vol. ii. p. 9. Figured from a Kew specimen, Bot. Mag.
5587.
THE STEM OF RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM. 441
the lower part of the stem, are undoubtedly of use in carrying
on the life of the plant when the main axis, having flowered and
fruited, dies down, as in the case of Agave (Richard, l.c.). They
are used in propagating the plant artificially.
Not only is Rhynchopetalum remarkable among the Lobeliacez
for its size and external appearance, but also for its internal struc-
ture. Lobelia macrostachya, L.splendens var. ignea, and L. Erinus,
also Siphocampylus, have been examined ; but the structure of
the stem of these plants was in each case found to be normal.
The early stages of development of the vascular system of the
stem and leaves were studied in the young axillary buds above
mentioned. It is assumed that the structure of these is not
unlike that of young seedlings. The latter have not been inves-
tigated, since the available plants at Kew had all been derived
as axillary buds from older plants, and not raised from seed.
In these young axillary buds the arrangement of the leaves is
simpler and less crowded than on older axes; and therefore the
vascular connexions of each leaf can be more accurately distin-
guished from that of its neighbours than is possible in older stems.
Successive transverse sections of such buds show that the first
formed bundles are those which take a median course in the
young leaf (x in figs.), and on entering the stem pass inwards
and arrange themselves in the normal manner, in a more or less
regular circle, about the centre of the axis. Shortly after these
the first pair of lateral bundles of the leaf-trace are formed (y in
figs.), which likewise run directly into the stem, perpendicular
to its surface, then, curving suddenly towards the central bundle,
they coalesce with it in the cortex at points nearly opposite one
another, and at a short distance outside the ring of bundles
above described. This coalescence of the first pair of lateral
bundles of the leaf-trace with the central bundle seems to be the
rule, though in the older stems such a connexion is not always
to be made out, and it is possible that it does not always oceur.
Almost simultaneously with the first pair, or slightly later, a
further pair of lateral bundles appears (z in figs.), the connexions
of which are less regular than those of the first-formed pair;
they are, however, attached, in the majority of cases, and espe-
cially in young buds, to the bundles of the first pair. The
minute structure and compositiou of the young bundles present
no peculiarities worthy of special remark.
Thus we have in the young bud of Rhynchopetalum a leaf-trace
442 MR. F. 0. BOWER ON THE STRUCTURE OF
consisting of five bundles, which enter the stem. In the cortex
the lateral bundles fuse successively with the central bundle,
which, pursuing a direct course towards the centre, finally ranges
itself, with similar bundles from other leaves, in the central ring-
like series, such as is normally found in Dicotyledonous stems.
Soon after the lateral bundles of the leaf-trace become distin-
guishable, a new system of bundles of exclusively cauline nature
is formed in the cortex. These may be called “cortical bundles"
or *cauline peripheral bundles" (* Rindenstránge," cf. Mettenius,
Beitr. zur Anat. d. Cycadeen). They first make their appearance
as groups of small cells, resulting from the division of cells of
the cortex. The central portions of these groups develop as
xylem, the peripheral portions as phloem, while a slowly active
cambium lies between them. The result in each case is the
formation of a series of wedge-shaped bundles, which, being
arranged radially round a centre, constitute together a cylindrical
group. The xylem, which forms the greater part of these
bundles, consists of spiral and pitted elements, surrounded by
and imbedded in parenchyma, which is present in considerable
quantity; in the phloem, also, much parenchyma is present,
together with laticiferous vessels. The course which these
bundles take is a more or less steep spiral, according to the
arrangement of the leaves; they run almost at right angles to
the parastichies in which the leaves are arranged, while their
position is such that the median bundle of each leaf is always
about halfway between two successive cortical bundles. The
spiral cortical bundles are themselves connected with the lateral
bundles of each leaf-trace ; the exact point of junction varies, but
is usually at or near the sharp curvature of the lateral bundle
towards the central bundle of the leaf-trace, prior to their
coalescence. The cortical bundles do not remain as single
strands throughout their course, but here and there they sepa-
rate into two or more strands, which soon fuse again to à single
strand; they thus appear when isolated as a succession of loops of
varying size (Pl. XX XVIII. fig. 4). In older stems, where the vas-
cular system has been strongly developed, it has been possible to
obtain vascular skeletons by the rotting of the parenchymatous
tissues; and in these the connexions of the cauline and the
common systems and the course of their constituent bundles
have been more exactly observed. Part of such a skeleton is
represented in fig. 4, in which are shown the steeply spiral
THE STEM OF RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM. 443
cortical bundles (a, a). These, as above noted, often split up
and again coalesce, thus forming a series of loops. Further, the
successive spirals are connected one with another by branch
bundles, which run almost vertically (b in the figures) The
space between them is thus cut up into a number of diamond-
shaped areas; through the centre of each of these areas the
central bundle of a leaf-trace passes on its course from the leaf
(orleaf-scar) to the central ring of common bundles, thus de-
scribing a course in a direction perpendicular to the surface of
the cylindrical network of cortical cauline bundles. As each
bundle passes through the network, it gives off right and left
branch bundles, which are the branches connecting the lateral
bundles of the leaf-trace with the central bundle. These, as
above described, are connected with the cortical system at or
near to the point where they curve suddenly in their course.
The result is that in old stems it appears as though lateral
bundles of the leaf-trace were given off originally from the net-
Work of cauline bundles, whereas in reality the cauline system
is of later origin, and connects the earlier-formed vascular
systems of successive leaves one with another. The position of
the four-sided leaf-sears and of the several bundles of the leaf-
trace relatively to the network of cortical bundles will be readily
understood on comparing figs. 4 & 5, Pl. XXXVIII.
Besides the bundles hitherto described, other smaller branch
bundles may be seen in old stems traversing the outer portions
of the cortex (fig. 2); the course of these does not appear to be
constant, and has not been accurately followed.
As it grows older the stem increases in bulk. Judging from
a single dry specimen of an old stem in the museum at Kew,
this would appear to be chiefly due to a secondary increase of
the bundles of the normal vascular ring, which, in the specimen
in question, is nearly 2 inches in thickness. But the bundles of
the cortical system, as well as the central bundles of the leaf-
trace, also increase in bulk, and appear, in the large specimen at
Kew, at least 4 inch in diameter.
No system of cortical bundles was found, even in the oldest
roots examined,
It remains to draw a comparison between this abnormal arrange-
ment of bundles in Rhynchopetalum and that in other plants.
Among Dicotyledons, cortical bundles formed at an early period
in the growing stem, and having a definite position relatively to
444 MR. F. O, BOWER ON THE STRUCTURE OF
the bundles of the leaf-trace, are found only in comparatively few
cases; and in many of those cases such cortical bundles may be
regarded merely as branches or continuations of the common
bundles of the leaf-trace, which ultimately enter the normal ring.
This is the case in species of Lathyrus, in Casuarina, and many
Begonias. In other instances the cortical bundles have a similar
origin to those above cited ; they, however, do not enter the ring,
but form a cortical system connected with the ring by anasto-
moses at the nodes. This arrangement is found in the Caly-
canthee and many Melastomacee. In a third series of succulent
plants, including especially forms with reduced leaves, bundles
are found ramifying in the cortex as in the lamina of the leaf;
and, finally, in the winged Rhipsalidacez the common bundles of
the leaf-trace are chiefly cortical and surround a central ring,
which is for the most part cauline.
It is clear that the case of Rhynchopetalum does not coincide
exactly with any of these, since, as above stated, the cortical
system does not consist of branches of bundles of the leaf-trace,
but are cauline bundles. A closer comparison may, however, be
drawn between the stem of Rhynchopetalum and that of Cycas
as described by Mettenius *. There the girdle-like bundles of
the leaf-trace are connected with one another by bundles, which
pursue a nearly vertical course and together form an *' accessory
cortical system." They originate from a secondary meristematic
activity of longitudinal rows of cells of the cortex, strands of
small cells being thus formed, which develop into small vascular
bundles with a radial arrangement of their elements round 4
centre. This is fundamentally the same process as has been
above described for the cortical bundles of Rhynchopetalum.
The chief difference between the two cases lies in this : that in
Rhynchopetalum the cortical bundles run obliquely, and together
form an approximately regular network with four-sided meshes,
which bear a definite relation to the bases of the leaves, and
therefore also to the bundles of the leaf-trace ; in Cycas, how-
ever, the bundles of the accessory cortical system are not thus
regularly arranged, and pursue an almost vertical course. In
both cases the mode of origin is the same ; and in both cases the
* On Cycas circinalis, cf. description by Miquel, ‘ Ueber d. Bau’ &c.; 0n
Cycas circinalis, Linnea, Bd. xviii. p. 125. On Cycas revoluta, cf. Mettenius,
“ Beitr. z. Anat. d. Cycadeen,” Abbandl. d. k. Sächs. Ges. d. Wissensch. vit.
p. 567.
THE STEM OF RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM. 415
cortieal system thus formed is permanent and capable of secon-
dary increase.
In Cycas the occurrence of this system of accessory bundles
in the cortex may be regarded as a response to a physiological
need. The vaseular bundles being the chief and most rapid
channel of transfer of water and of nutritive materials, if Cycas
were dependent only upon the girdle-like bundles of the leaf-
trace for this transfer between stem and leaf, the channel would
be very long and indirect. The accessory cortical bundles act
in this case as short cuts, so to speak, reducing the distance
Which must be traversed, and at the same time making the vas-
cular connexions of the massive cortex much more complete.
It can hardly be doubted that the bundles of the cortical system
of Rhynchopetalum have a similar physiological function, though
it must be confessed that the requirements are not so great as
in the case of Cycas.
In conclusion, it may be again noted that, not only in internal
structure but also in external appearance the old stem of Rhyn-
chopetalum resembles that of some Cycads. This is especially
true for the lower portions of the old stem, where the increase
of girth has been accompanied by the formation of fissures in
the outer tissues, so as to obliterate the scars of the leaves.
Such a case of similarity of stems of plants belonging to distinct
classes should serve as a warning to paleontologists. It can easily
be imagined that even a well-preserved fossil specimen of the
stem of Rhynchopetalum might pass as that of a Cycad, and vice
versa.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
Lettering used throughout:—a=main cortical bundles; 4=secondary
branches; r=normal ring of bundles in the stem ; z— median bundle of leaf-
trace; y= first pair of lateral bundles of leaf-trace; z=second pair of lateral
bundles of leaf-trace.
Prats XXXVI.
Upper portion of an old stem of Rkynchopetalum montanum seen from outside ;
the spiral lines running over the leaf-scars indicate the position of the spiral
cortical bundles.
Prate XXXVII.
Lower portion of the same stem as in foregoing Plate, showing the gradual
obliteration of the leaf-scars by formation of longitudinal fissures.
Prats XXXVIII.
Fig. 1. Thick transverse section of a young shoot, made transparent with potash
446 MR. POTTER ON DEVELOPMENT OF STARCH-GRAINS IN
and glycerine, and showing the vascular system of three leaves; the
cauline cortical bundles have hardly begun to make their appearance.
x 20.
Fig. 2. Section through the periphery of an older stem, showing the connexions
of the five bundles of a single leaf-trace (x, y, z) and their position
relatively to the cortical bundles, a a. X 3.
Fig. 3. A similar section, showing in addition the irregular cortical bundles,
the course of which was not followed.
Fig. 4. Thick transverse section of a stem; the parenchyma has been partly
dissected away, and then made transparent with potash and glycerine.
Fig. 5. View from without of a small part of the system of cortical bundles of
an old stem which had lost all the soft parenchyma by rotting. The
dotted lines indicate the position of the leaf-scars relatively to the
bundles. :
Fig. 6. View of the diamond-shaped leaf-scars from without, showing the five
bundles of each leaf-trace; behind is drawn a diagram of the net-
work of bundles of the cortical system ; the arrow shows the direction
of the main axis.
Fig. 7. Transverse section of a single circular group of cortical bundles; the
parenchyma at the periphery is pressed out of shape by the increase
in bulk of the group of bundles, x20.
Fig. 8. Longitudinal radial section of stem, showing the relative positions of
bundles of leaf-trace (x, y, z), cortical bundles (a), and the normal
ring (r). x 20.
————
On the Development of Starch-grains in the Laticiferous Cells
of the Euphorbiaces. By M. C. Portzr, B.A., St. Peter's
College, Cambridge. (Communicated by Dr. S. H. VINES,
F.L.S.)
[Read December 20, 1883.]
Tur Euphorbiacee are characterized by possessing numerous
laticiferous cells in the ground-tissue of their stems and leaves;
these, in addition to containing latex, also contain large quan-
tities of starch-grains, peculiar and irregular, known as rod- or
bone-shaped. These grains appear to have been first observed
by Meyen* about the year 1836.
As regards the formation of starch, Crüger t says :—
“All starch-grains come from the protoplasmic layer, which
lines the inner wall of the cell as long as it is capable of deve-
lopment, and as long as protoplasm exists in the cell. In all
starch-grains where the layers are distinctly formed, and à
* ‘Ueber die Secretions-Organe der Pfianzen:’ Berlin, 1837. Schleiden's
‘Principles of Botany,’ p. 20.
t “ Westindische Fragmente, Drittes Fragment," Bot. Zeitung, 1854.
THE LATICIFEROUS CELLS OF THE EUPHORBIACER. 447
distinct and excentric hilum exist, one notices that the hilum
is always on that side of the starch-grain which is furthest from
the place of deposition.
* If one observes cells with starch-grains which are even in
their earliest stages of development, one sees that, at the end
which is in contact with the protoplasm or chlorophyll-corpuscle,
generally a layer of a substance is deposited which is distinguished
optically from the protoplasm or chlorophyll-corpuscle and from
the starch-grain. On treatment with iodine one sees that this
outermost layer of the starch-grain is not coloured blue, and that
it is not stained so deep or dark a brown as the protoplasm or
chlorophyll-corpuscle.
* I consider that this layer, which is always present, though
difficult sometimes to see unless earnestly sought for, to be a
substance which will become starch, but which has not the pro-
perty to stain blue with iodine, and which moreover (perhaps)
contains nitrogen or protein substance.”
This layer Crüger calls intermediate substance (“ Uebergangs-
substanz "). With special reference to the Euphorbiacee he
remarks :—
“The development of the cut-off or knotty rods, which arise in
the so-called remarkableevessels of the Euphorbiacee, agree with
those described above in so far that the young grains are round.
Layering, or intermediate substance, or a polarization-cross I
could not observe.”
Portions of laticiferous cells in Euphorbia splendens. a. Nuclei. The other
elongate dark-centred cells (unlettered) represent starch-grains enclosed in the
starch-forming corpuscle.
448 MR. POTTER ON DEVELOPMENT OF STARCH-GRAINS IN
The formation of starch on parts of plants not green has been
investigated by Schimper*. He finds that the starch-grains on
these parts are formed by deposition through the agency of
starch-forming corpuscles. In polyhedral cells, where the nucleus
is suspended from the parietal layer of protoplasm by strands of
protoplasm, the starch-forming corpuscles are generally differen-
tiated out of the layer of protoplasm which surrounds the nucleus,
and consist of modified protoplasm.
The starch is formed either in the interior of the starch-form-
ing corpuscle (Colocasia, endosperm of Jelandrum) or in the
peripheral parts (Philodendron, Amomum, Phajus, Canna). After
the first formation of the starch, the starch-forming corpuscle for
some time increases in size, the starch at the same time being en-
larged. When, however, the starch-forming corpuscle has attained
its maximum size, it continually decreases and finally disappears,
the starch-grain constantly being enlarged as long as any part
of the starch-forming corpuscle remains in contact with it. The
starch-grains formed in this manner are usually excentric ; the
broader part being caused by a more active deposition of starch,
is that part which is in contact with the starch-forming corpuscle;
and consequently the hilum, which is that part of the grain which
is first formed, is in that part of the starch-grain which is furthest
removed from the starch-forming corpuscle.
a, b, c. Starch-grains enclosed in starch-forming corpuscle, which in a and b
has contracted except towards the extremities of the rod. At e the starch-
forming corpuscle is partially swollen, and at d much more swollen.
In tracing the development of the rod- or bone-shaped grains
of starch of the Euphorbiacez, I find that they are developed in
the interior of rod- or spindle-shaped starch-forming corpuscles,
which lie in the parietal protoplasm of the cell. The starch-grain
is at first visible, through the agency of iodine, as a thin streak
in the interior of the starch-forming corpuscle. This streak,
through the deposition of starch, assumes a rod- or spindle-shape;
it inereases in length and breadth, the starch-forming corpuscle
at the same time increasing. When the starch-grain has attained
* Bot. Zeitung, 1880 and 1881.
THE LATICIFEROUS CELLS OF THE EUPHORBIACER. 449
nearly to its maximum dimensions in length and breadth, the
starch-forming corpuscle collects at both ends of the rod-shaped
grains, and there forms the masses of starch at the end of the
rod, causing it to assume its remarkable shape resembling a bone.
The bone-shaped grain formed in this manner consists of a cylin-
drical rod two to three times longer than broad, having at its ends
masses of starch of irregular semicircular form,their diameterbeing
often nearly three times that of the rod. These masses of starch
deposited at the extremities of the rod are not hemispherical,
but semicircular disks with a very irregular outline (fig. 4).
Fig. 4
d 5 di
a and b. Mature starch-grains seen from above; c and d, seen from the side.
The laticiferous cells are polynucleated *, and since, when very
young, their diameter does not much exceed that of the nuclei, it
followsthat the starch-forming corpuscles, whichareformed always
near a nucleus, must be formed on either side of it (figs. 1 & 2).
The smallness of the diameter of the laticiferous cell necessitates
the starch-forming corpuscle being much longer than broad, and
hence it comes that the primitive shape of the grain should be that
of arod. Later, however, when the laticiferous cell has increased
in diameter, the starch-rod can also increase its diameter. This
increase in diameter is not uniform over all the rod, but confined
principally to its extremities, where the starch-forming corpuscle
has collected and formed the irregular disk-shaped masses.
Crüger states that he could find no stratification or polariza-
tion-cross in these starch-grains. As regards the stratification,
NügeliT says it is indistinct, and Poulsen f recommends the use
* Treub, “Sur des cellules végétales à plusieurs noyaux," Archives Néer-
landaises, 1880.
t Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen. Heft 2: Die Stárkenkórner,
page 24.
1 Botanical Micro-chemistry, by V. A. Poulsen, translated by W, Trelease
page 85.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. 20
450 DEVELOPMENT OF STARCH-GRAINS IN EUPHORBIACEJAE.
of a dilute solution of chromic acid in order to render this struc-
ture visible. This reagent swells the starch-grains; but the
stratification is still indistinct, is hard to observe, and is roughly
parallel to the outline of the grain, the hilum being seen as a
line in the centre of the grain in the direction of its long axis.
As regards their optical properties, these starch-grains are doubly
refractive; they do not, however, give a black or white cross as
other starch-grains. When the prisms of a polarizing-micro-
scope are turned so as to give a black field of view, then in the
centre of the starch-grain one sees a black line surrounded on
both sides by white lines; and, similarly, when the prisms are
turned so as to give a white field of view, a white line surrounded
by black ones. We see that, in all respects, these starch-grains
agree with ordinary starch-grains, since they are developed in
the interior of a starch-forming corpuscle, and by its agency they
are stratified and are doubly refractive. The hilum, which is
that part of the starch-grain which is first formed, appears when
the grains are swollen as a line, and the lines of stratification
enclose this and are roughly parallel to the outline of the grain,
thus affording a proof that the development proceeds as in the
manner above described.
From the abstracts given above from Crüger's paper, we see
that, with the exception of the Euphorbiacez, he had discovered
the existence of the starch-forming corpuscle, though he had not
understood its meaning, since he regarded it, not as an active
agent in the formation of starch, but as an intermediate sub-
stance in its formation made by the protoplasm or chlorophyll-
corpuscle. That he should not have seen this body in the
laticiferous cell of Euphorbia is surprising; for it is plainly
visible when latex from near the end of a growing shoot is ex-
amined with a microscope ; the starch-grains lying in it are
seen (fig. 3, a, b, c) enclosed in the starch-forming corpuscle.
On treatment with water, the starch-forming corpuscle swells up
(fig. 3, d).
ON THE ORGANS OF SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACER 451
On the Organs of Secretion in the Hypericacew. By J. R.
Gnr&w, B.Sc., Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge.
(Communicated by Dr. S. H. Vixzs, F.L.S.)
[Read December 20, 1883.]
(Prates XXXIX. & XL.)
Tue natural Order Hypericaceæ is conspicuous among flowering
plants on account of the numbers of secreting glands, resin-
passages, and reservoirs of ethereal oil which are formed in the
tissues of its species. The genus Hypericum, from which the
Order takes its name, is the most noteworthy in this respect.
Casual inspection of many of the commoner species of this genus
Shows that their leaves are studded with minute translucent
dots, giving them a remarkable appearance when viewed by
transmitted light. If almost any part of the plant be bruised, a
peculiar fragrance may be observed, due to the escape of the
ethereal oil or resin with which the tissues abound. In the ripe
fruits of most species this resin may be observed oozing in con-
siderable quantity from any wound. Besides the translucent
dots there may be seen others of dark purple colour, almost
black indeed, which are not so generally distributed, but
yet are scattered about many parts of the plant. They are
especially prominent on the floral leaves of H. hirsutum, where
they are placed each on a kind of tooth or projection of the leaf,
and form a row of knob-like bodies along its margin. In H.
perforatum they are conspicuous in both floral and foliage leaves,
generally being arranged at short distances from each other
around the margin, but not so regularly as in the other species
named, and not being in projections of the leaf. In some cases,
especially on petals, these black bodies take the form of irregular
patches, often of considerable extent.
In some species, such as Z. calycinum, H. pyramidatum, H.
hircinum, &c., which have thick, somewhat leathery leaves, with
pellucid veins, there seem at first sight to be none of these trans-
lucent dots. In consequence, the genus has been roughly
divided into two sections, marked respectively by the presence
or absence of them. The division is not, however, an accurate
one, for their apparent absence from the species forming the one
section is due to their being situated under certain layers of the
202
452 MR: J. R. GREEN ON THE ORGANS OF
mesophyll of the leaf. If the chlorophyll be removed from
these overlying mesophyll-cells, by the action of alcohol or other
solvent, the translucent specks appear. Their position in the
leaf in these species contradicts a statement made by Unger *,
that only in Myoporium tuberculatum do oil-secreting glands
occur as a rule in the midst of the leaf-tissue. Such bodies
appear therefore to be present throughout the genus Hypericum
(compare figs. 12 and 14, Pl. XXXIX.). They are distributed
over leaves, braets, and sepals, and in some species, as in
H. balearicum, over certain parts of the stem.
Taking the Order throughout, four distinct kinds of secreting-
organs are to be found, but not necessarily all in one plant, for
certain of them are absent from some species. The most promi-
nent of them are the pellucid dots referred to as chiefly cha-
racteristic of the leaves. These dots are hollow cavities, more
or less spherical in shape. They extend, in the thinner-leaved
species (as H. perforatum, H. tetrapterum, &c.), throughout the
whole width of the mesophyll of the leaves, and hence touch
the epidermis at both surfaces (fig. 12). In the thicker-leaved
species (H. calycinum, &c.) they are imbedded more deeply
in the tissue, and encroach on only part of the mesophyll
(fig. 14). Their situation, and the consequent fact that they
are covered by layers of cells containing chlorophyll, account
for their apparent absence when the leaf is looked at before
treatment with a solvent of the colouring-matter.
These hollow cavities contain in all cases ethereal oil, the
escape of which, on the rupture of the epidermis over the reser-
voir, causes the fragrance alluded to.
The second kind of secreting-organ is to be found in the
petals, sepals, and fruits, and in the stems of the different
species. From the stems of some species, such as H. balearicum,
these bodies are absent, being replaced by reservoirs that may be
included in the first class. In stems that have not the spherical
reservoirs, these organs of the second kind are abundant. They
take the form of true resin-passages, which occur in the cortex
and the pith, but are not found in the fibrovascular system.
They are rather differently distributed in the stem and in the
fruit, and their course is different in the two regions. In cylin-
drical stems they are generally disposed in a single row in the
cortex, some few layers of cells below the epidermis, and they
* * Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen,’ p. 213. |
SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACER, 453
are separated from each other by considerable distances. Some
stems have a rhomboidal outline in cross section. In these a
passage is present in each angle of the rhomboid. Longitudinal
sections show that they are placed parallel to the long axis of the
stem, and that they do not anastomose. Besides these in the
cortex there are others in the pith, irregular both as to number
and position, which have a direction parallel to those in the
cortex. In the fruits, on the other hand, they are not so regu-
larly disposed. In the thicker-walled ovaries, as those of H. caly-
cinum, instead of one row seen in a transverse section, there
are several, the exterior ones being generally the older; in the
thinner-walled fruits, as those of H. perforatum, there is but one
row. Where many rows are present they are most numerous
near the outer wall, fewer near the inner one, while the inter-
mediate space is nearly free from them. Unlike the passages of
the stems, these are not arranged in straight lines, but are
curved irregularly and anastomose with each other frequently.
Similar passages are found in the sepals and some of the petals of
H. calycinum. The peduncles are supplied exactly as the stems,
but the roots do not contain them.
In a third category are included all the dark spots, dots, or
patches met with on the leaves, both floral and foliage, of many
species. Though of very frequent occurrence, they are not so
universally present as are the two former kinds. On the leaves
of H. perforatum, in particular, they are disposed more or less
regularly round the extreme edge, though there are others irre-
gularly scattered over the lamina. In H. hirsutum the sepals are
coarsely sinuate in their contour, and between the sinuses there
are well-marked pointed teeth. The apex of each such tooth
contains one of these glands, and, as the teeth are very small, at
first sight each seems to resemble a glandular hair. On the petals
also in this species are from four- to six-stalked projections,
which are situated close together at the summit; these contain
glands resembling those of the sepals. In H. perforatum dark
patches of very irregular contour are found on the petals,
generally elongated in the direction of the fibrovascular bundles.
Though not always so dark in colour as the glands in the leaves
and sepals, they have the same structure, and hence belong to
this section. Similar structures occur in the petals of other
species.
The fourth kind of secreting-organ is much less generally
454 MR. J. R. GREEN ON THE ORGANS OF
distributed. It takes the form of narrow passages, observable
only in the young phloém of certain species.
The mode of origin of the cavities of the oil-reservoirs has
been for a long time a matter of controversy. Two views have
been maintained, and both have had many advocates. According
to some they are merely a modification or extension of inter-
cellular spaces; while others hold them to arise from absorption
of masses of cells. That they are of schizogenous nature was
first advanced by Kieser*, who, writing in 1812, says that they
are intercellular passages and arise from intercellular spaces.
Meyen, in his work ‘ Ueber die Secretionsorgane der Pflanzen,’
published at Berlin in 1837, takes the same view, which has also
been advocated by Von Mohl. In later years this mode of origin
has been ascribed to them by Frank f. Writing in 1868 upon
the glands of Myrtus and Hypericum, he describes his method of
investigation. In the former genus, to which he paid most
attention, he cut sections parallel to the surface of the leaf and
mounted them in glycerine. He says that the glands originate as
a single rather large cell, having granular contents. This cell
divides by three walls at right angles to each other, forming
eight cells, which separate from each other at their common
apex. Into the space so formed the secretion is poured, and
thence it makes its way towards the periphery of the gland,
forcing the cells apart. Coincident growth made the cells flatter,
so that the gland became a spherical cavity, lined by the cells.
The number of these increases by division of one or more of
them. Having thus described the origin of the glands in Myrtus,
he argues the same mode of formation for those in Hypericum
perforatum, from the analogy of the clear spaces in that plant with
those in Myrtus. Investigation into his method of working at
Hypericum, however, shows that there was room for much error
to enter into his conclusions. .He did not examine sections, as he
says he could not cut them parallel to the surface, the leaves
being too thin. He mounted young leaves in glycerine, when, he
says, the epidermis was transparent enough to let him see the
stages in the formation of the gland. He has figured what he
took to be the condition of the octants at the moment of their
separation from each other. ;
In 1882 a paper was contributed to the S.B. k.-k. Akad. Wiss.
* ‘Mémoires sur l'organisation des Plantes’ (Haarlem, 1812), p. 107.
t ‘Beiträge zur Pflanzenphysiologie, p. 124 e£ seg.
SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACE® 455
Wien by Dr. F. R. von Hóhnel upon the structure of glands, in
which he goes more into the details of the manner in which they
originate. He agrees with Frank as to the schizogenous origin
of the cavities. Of the species of Hypericum he worked chiefly
at H. perforatum and H. montanum, in both of which he de-
scribes two kinds of glands, the pellucid and the dark-colonred.
He says these differ further in the contents of the cells of the
latter being solid. Both are of similar construction and mode of
origin, arising from young mesophyll-cells abutting on one or
other epidermis. Those which, in the thicker-leaved species, lie
deeper in the tissue, arise from cells farther from the epidermis.
He goes on to describe the mother cell of the pellucid gland
as dividing by walls in several directions till fifteen to twenty-
five cells are present, which then separate from each other in the
middle of the mass, and into the space so formed the secretion
is poured. The adult gland in H. perforatum he describes as
having a one-layered epithelium consisting of many thin-walled
cells.
The first advocate of the view that the cavities of these organs
arise from absorption of cells was Link, who wrote in 1843.
He says the glands originate as masses of tissue. Later, in
1872, Martinet published an elaborate paper in the * Annales des
Sciences Naturelles.’* In this he draws attention to what he calls
the phenomenon of resorption, describing it in detail as seen in the
glands of Dictamnus Fraxinella and in those of various species
of Citrus. Speaking of the formation of these latter bodies, he
says they arise as a group of thin-walled cells, smaller than the
surrounding tissue, and having very granular contents. The
gland so originating grows, and the component cells also grow,
compressing the tissue. Then absorption of the cells commences
at the centre of the nearly spherical mass, and advances slowly
to the periphery. He says the glands of Hypericum are analogous
to those of Citrus, and that their cavities are formed in precisely
similar manner. In dealing with the dark glands, he says that
these, like the others, produce an essential oil, being here at
variance with Von Hóhnel, who says the contents of their cells
are solid.
The lysigenous view is also taken by De Bary (Anatomie,
p. 218).
In considering the results of my own investigations into the
* “ Organes de Sécrétion des Végétaux,” Ann. des Sc. Nat. 5° sér. vol. xiv.
456 MR. J. R. GREEN ON THE ORGANS OF
details of the formation of these glands and passages, it will be
most convenient to take first the second class, the resin-passages
in the stems and flowers. Their situation in the different parts
of these has already been described. They are to be found in both
the thick-leaved shrubby species and in those of more slender
habit, but are best traced in Hypericum calycinum. Each passage
in the stem arises independently, a little below the growing-
point. Their first appearance may be noticed about the same
time as that of the differentiation of the procambium bundles,
or perhaps a little later. The fundamental tissue in which they
arise, two or three layers of cells below the epidermis, is com-
posed of cells which in cross section are polygonal and in longi-
tudinal section are oblong, about five times longer than their
transverse diameter. In the midst of such cells rows of cells
appear, at first single in eross section, which begin to divide
differently from their neighbours, while their protoplasm becomes
more granular and stains more deeply. Soon the single cell is
found to have divided into two, each of these again into two, and
then, by irregular divisions, into a larger number of cells, forming
a strand of tissue, which, in longitudinal section, is seen to consist
of small oblong cells with very delicate walls and very granular
contents, the nucleus being well marked in each (Pl. XXXIX.
figs.1—4and fig. 9). Such a section at this stage generally shows
about three or, at most, four rows of such cells forming the
strand. They are about one fourth or one fifth the length of
the cells of the fundamental tissue which surround them, and
about half as broad. As the stem in its growth lengthens, the
differentiation of the strand aecompanies it, and the secreting-
organ thus follows the elongation. The thickening of the strand
of cells causes it to press on the cells of the fundamental tissue,
and hence in its immediate neighbourhood these are smaller and
somewhat flatter than those which surround it when younger.
After, by repeated divisions, the cross section of the strand has
come to consist of about twenty cells, the tissue in its centre
is found to be somewhat looser than it was when younger
(fig. 5). Intercellular spaces in the strand are more marked as
the growth proceeds (fig. 6). In fact, almost all through its
development, the cells are found not to be in close contact
throughout. In some sections, when as few as three or four cells
constitute its thickness, small intercellular spaces may be seen
at their point of union (figs. 2 and 3). From the time, however,
SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACER. 457
when the section shows twenty or more cells, another process be-
comes evident. Not only does the strand contain interspaces,
which, as the passage still grows in diameter, extend throughout
it irregularly (fig. 5), but the cells themselves break up and dis-
appear. Just before this dissolution their contents have become
more coarsely granular, and small aggregations of the resinous
secretion may be recognized in them. The disintegration of the
tissue begins where the intercellular spaces have first made their
appearance, and generally the centre of the strand is the first
part to go. Cavities thus are formed in the strand of cells, and
these contain the secretion which was in the cells that have
broken up. These cavities are not regular in their distribution,
two or three sometimes appearing in the cross section (fig. 6).
In some cases the appearance is that of a central cavity crossed
by rows of cells of irregular form and unequal sizes. Generally
at this stage the peripheral cells are intact, but sometimes one
or more of these may be missing (fig. 6). The process of dis-
integration proceeds further, advancing, speaking generally,
from the centre to the periphery. The next stage is shown at
fig. 7, where all the central cells have disappeared, and the
passage appears as if lined by an epithelium of secreting-cells.
In the resin-passages of the stem this layer appears to persist
as long as the passages remain visible, the walls of the individual
cell getting, however, more delicate and their outlines less
distinet as their age advances, while the cells become more and
more flattened. In the passages in the ovary the disintegration
goes further, for sections through ripe fruits show some of the
passages lined apparently only with a little débris, resulting from
the breaking-up of this quasi-epithelium (Pl. XL. fig.20). Atthe
stage shown in fig. 7, the resin-passage in the stem is at its
highest point of development. Meanwhile the cells of the funda-
mental tissue are being changed from their original condition,
their walls thickening considerably. Instead of the passage
continuing now to press upon these cells, the direction of the
tension is reversed, the now yielding tube becomes smaller and
smaller in diameter (fig. 8), till gradually it ceases to be recog-
nizable, and, at the time when the fibrovascular tissue is well
differentiated, no resin-passages can be identified. The formation
of the secreting tissue hence is confined to the primary meristem,
and the cambium does not give rise to any.
The origin of the passages in the ovary is similar to that in the
458 MR. J. R. GREEN ON THE ORGANS OF
stem. The main difference between the two parts is the much
greater abundance of them in the ovary. As already stated the
ducts are in several rows, and they anastomose frequently with
each other (Pl. XL. figs. 18 & 19). In the ovary of the thin-walled
species they arise from cells close under the epidermis, the cells
of which are slightly smaller just over them. As the fruit
grows, the epidermis-cells which do not overlie the passages grow
also, keeping about the same relative size ; but those which abut
on the secreting tissue remain small, so that a depression on
the surface corresponds to a passage (fig. 21). In the thick-
walled ovaries, as the wall thickens fresh passages are developed
in it continually. Consequently a great amount of resinous
exudation is noticeable in cutting such a fruit. There is in
these no modification of the epidermis. In the thin-walled
ovaries the passages may extend quite through the mesophyll
and touch the epidermis at both surfaces ; or they may be of less
diameter and abut on only the outer one. Though they are
always in contact with the epidermis, the latter takes no part in
their formation, as, according to Martinet *, it does in the similar
glands of Dictamnus.
In the floral leaves of the species of stouter habit there are -
similar passages. In the sepals often several rows may be found,
which differ in no way from those of the ovaries. The petals show
a rather remarkable distribution. The sstivation of Hypericum
calycinum is convolute; when the flower begins to expand the
sepals open some little time before the petals, and leave these
latter twisted round and covering over the essential organs of
the flower. The centre of the whorl of sepals is therefore
occupied by a small knob-like body of bright yellow colour and
glaucous appearance, which is composed of the stamens and
pistil covered over by the contorted petals. On opening out
the separate petals, each is found to be of very different texture
at its two lateral edges. The part which was outermost in the
coil is fitted for its protective functions by being thick and firm,
and having an epidermis whose cells are strongly cuticularized.
The side which in the twisting was in contact with the stamens,
and was therefore covered over and kept from the air by the
thicker portion, is thin and delicate, with a somewhat papillose
epidermis whose cells are not cuticularized. The two kinds o
structure gradually blend one into the other at about the middle
* Loc. cit.
SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACEZE. 459
of the petal. In the thick part there are many passages arranged
parallel to its long axis, most of which are seen in transverse
sections to be near the surface exterior in the unexpanded flower.
Some are near the other surface, while the middle of the tissue is
nearly free from them. In the centre of the petal, where the
tissue is becoming thinner, the passages are less numerous and lie
almost in the centre of the mesophyll, but shghtly nearer the
underside. At a certain distance from the thick edge only one
row of passages is formed, and at this part of the petal the cuti-
eularization of the epidermis becomes indistinguishable. From
the thinnest part of the petal, where the structure is that of
ordinary soft petals, the passages are altogether absent. In the
petals of H. perforatum a fèw passages run up for some little
distance from the base. They can be seen best in petals of buds
taken a little while before the flower expands. In the mature
petals of this species the cavity of the passage seems to have been
obliterated.
The glands or reservoirs of ethereal oil in some respects re-
semble pretty closely these resin-passages, but differ in form and
in the nature of their contents. They are present apparently in
all the species ; but they are of very different dimensions, being
largest in H. balearicum, of medium size in H. perforatum and H.
calycinum, and small in H. Androsemum. The most remarkable of
them perhaps are those of H. balearicum, which, instead of being
sunk in the tissue as in most species, project with their covering
of cells in the form of warts on both stem and leaf. In the
thick-leaved species they do not affect the condition of the cells
of the epidermis; but in H. perforatum, H. tetrapterum, &c., in
which they abut on this tissue, the epidermal cells immediately
over the glands are much smaller than the normal ones (fig. 12).
They arise in the same manner as do the resin-passages, and at
about the same time in the differentiation of the leaf, i. e. at about
the time of appearance of the young procambium bundles. A
mass of cells is soon distinguishable, which from the first is in eon-
tact with the epidermis. It appears in the thin-leaved species
before the mesophyll of the leaf has become differentiated into
palisade and spongy tissues (figs. 10 & 11) In the thicker-
leaved ones such differentiation can at this time be observed,
and the gland is seen to encroach most upon the palisade-paren-
chyma (fig. 13). The glands increase in number as the leaf
develops, fresh ones being continually formed in the region of
460 MR. J. R, GREEN ON THE ORGANS OF
most vigorous growth. The cells, as the gland is developing,
are polygonal in form, have very thin delicate walls, and finely
granular contents. On treatment with osmic acid the granules
stain black; with iodine they do not stain, but the rest of the
cell-contents are coloured yellowish brown ; with aniline colours
the contents of these cells stain much more deeply than those
of the neighbouring cells. The number of cells going to form a
gland varies very much, the size of the gland depending almost
entirely on the number present, as the cells of those of different
species are of about the same size. In sections of the glands of
Hypericum perforatum, H. calycinum, &c., there are from eight
to fifteen generally visible, while in those of H. balearicum the
number is too great to admit of ready counting (compare figs. 10,
11,13 with fig. 22). When the full number of cells has been
reached the gland is still increasing in size; the phenomenon of
absorption takes place. just as in the resin-passages (compare
figs. 11, 12 with figs. 6,7). At this time the secretion, which in
the younger cells could be seen as small granules, has mueh
increased in quantity and composes nearly all the contents of
the cells. On absorption of the latter the ethereal oil occupies
the cavity of the reservoir so formed. With increasing age the
cells disappear more and more completely; but they are never
all absorbed, for an external layer remains and forms a kind of
epithelium.
In the oldest reservoirs the internal walls of these cells appa-
rently disintegrate. Unlike the resin-passages, these reservoirs are
never obliterated by subsequent changes taking place in the leaves.
A peculiar appearance which the glands of H. balearicum pre-
sent is figured by Unger in his work before referred to. Cells
of the glandular tissue left lining the cavity after absorption
is nearly complete grow out into the interior of the reser-
voir in the form of hairs or papille, which he figures as being
multicellular. Ihave not seen in any that I have examined such
large ingrowths as Unger figures, but have observed several con-
sisting of a row of two or three cells, and have seen glands with
hairs growing out from nearly the whole of the inner surface.
When the process of absorption of the cells of the gland begins,
as in other species, the central cells are the first to go. Their
protoplasm has almost all disappeared when they begin to break
up. The cells nearer the periphery of the gland are at this
time younger and contain more protoplasm. When the pressure
SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACEEX. 461
on any one of them is relieved by the absorption of the central
cells it grows out into the space formed, becoming rounded on
: its free surface. The growth is, however, but slight, and the
cell by this process and by the continuance of its secretive
activity soon loses the rest of its protoplasm, is charged with the
secretion, and breaks up. So the progress of the absorption of
the tissue is more rapid than the compensatory growth of the
cells, and the cavity extends more and more towards the periphery.
The outermost cells, however, are more vigorous than the others
between them and the centre, and the last layer never disappears.
Its cells grow out into the cavity of the gland as the others have
done on the removal of the pressure; and their activity being
greater than tbat of those, they not only grow out but divide,
forming the papille Unger has figured. All the cells of this last
layer seem to behave in this way. I was not able to trace
whether the process went further than this, but it seemed from
some sections not unlikely that the end cells of the hairs broke
up like the original central cells. Possibly, by this means, a
continuous process of secretion goes on. These appearances
occur both in leaf and stem. In the former, fine branches of the
fibrovascular bundles come into relation with the glands at some
part or other of their surface, but do not enter them. In the
stem the glands show no relation to the vascular-bundle system,
being situated in the cortex. The papille do not grow into the
glands of the ovary ; and here, too, no relationship between them
and the vascular-bundle system obtains.
The dark glands, the walls and contents of whose cells are of
a violet colour, occur in both floral and foliage leaves of some
species, while they are absent altogether from others. "They are
spherical in form in the bracts and sepals of H. hirsutum, sphe-
rical to ellipsoid in the petals; both spheres and ellipsoids are
found in the leaves of H. perforatum, the former being perhaps
the most numerous. On the petals of the same species they are
very irregular, taking often the form of clavate patches which are
parallel to the fibrovascular bundles. They are situated gene-
rally nearer to the under than the upper epidermis of the leaf.
They differ markedly in one particular from any of the glands
hitherto described, in that they are always placed in direct rela-
tionship with the fibrovascular system. Wherever met with in
the green tissue, a fibrovascular bundle runs to them and gene-
rally ends abruptly close to the glandular tissue, never, however,
penetrating it. They thus resemble many other glands occurring
462 MR. J. R. GREEN ON THE ORGANS OF
in different plants. Martinet describes* similar structures in the
ovary of Dictamnus Fraxinella which are borne on processes of
the carpellary leaves. These, he says, consist of an epidermis
enveloping a mass of cellular tissue, in the midst of which is a
spiral vessel running to the gland but not entering it. The
glands of Drosera rotundifolia, described by Darwin t, show a
similar relationship, as do the water-glands of Saxifraga incrus-
fata $. Their development is most easily traced in the very young
sepals of Hypericum hirsutum. The youngest tooth of such a
sepal is drawn in fig. 15, Pl. XX XIX. : it consists of an epidermis
clothing a mass of cellular tissue. The cells of all this mass are
very delicate and transparent. One cell, just underneath the epi-
dermis at the apex of the tooth, has a darker colour and its con-
tents are slightly granular. From this cell the gland arises by
divisions in irregular order (fig. 16). As the tooth grows the
cells behind the gland multiply faster than those of the gland,
and the latter is forced farther and farther outwards. While it
is still developing, the tissue in the centre of the tooth behind
the gland becomes differentiated and a fibrovascular bundle
makes its appearance, forming a branch of the main fibrovascular
system of the leaf. The cells of the external part of the spherical
mass of tissue are somewhat flatter and narrower than the in-
terior ones. The whole outer part of the gland is covered
directly by the epidermis, which forms a kind of bounding layer
to it (figs. 15, 16, 17). The cells do not undergo absorption as
do those of the pellueid reservoirs, but persist through the
gland's whole life. All through the time of their existence they
are dark in colour, becoming darker, however, as they mature.
There is, as a consequence of their persistence, never any cavity
containing secretion, the latter continuing in the cells.
In H. perforatum ihe glands are not situated with the same
regularity on the leaf. Generally a row of them is found round
the edge, with several others irregularly scattered about it,
especially near its apex. The same relationship with the fibro-
vascular bundles is maintained. The fibrovascular system is
arranged in very fine reticulations, and branches of the ultimate
network may be traced to every gland. In some cases they do
not appear to end at the gland, but rather to pass close beneath
or above it. In other cases the ending can be distinctly seen
* Loc. cit. t ‘Insectivorous Plants’ (London, 1875), p. 6.
1 Gardiner, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. 1881, p. 407.
SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACEZR. 463
(fig. 23). In this species the glands are not composed of so many
cells as in H. hirsutum, but the individual cells are much larger.
The secretion of the glands is solid and of resinous nature.
It is deeply tinged with a violet colouring-matter, which also
stains the cell-walls. This colouring-matter is soluble in water,
alcohol, and glycerine. Caustic potash also removes it and
appears further to dissolve the resinous contents of the cells.
Certain orange-coloured or brown spots which appear on the
sepals of H. calycinum may be confounded with these dark
glands. These are, however, due to an accumulation of resin in
the epidermal cells of these spots, and are not glandular at all.
The last description of secreting-organ differs from those
already described in being undoubtedly schizogenous in origin.
Slender passages or ducts may be observed in the young phloém
of the stem of H. calycinum, arising rather later than the resin-
passages in the cortex and pith. Just after the first differentia-
tion of the procambium, and consequently at a point in the stem
very near the growing-point, their origin may be noticed. The
whole mass of the procambium-cells stains more deeply than the
cortical tissue, but the cells which are about to form the passage
are distinctly darker than the others. I have no doubt that they
arise from a row of single cells forming a strand, as in the case
of the other resin-passages in the cortex; but I have not been
able to detect in transverse section an earlier stage than that of
fig. 24(Pl. XL.), where the single cell has divided into two. This is
soon followed by a further division of each of the two cells (fig. 25),
and in the centre of these four so formed a separation takes
place (fig. 26) which forms an intercellular space. The separation
proceeds from this point towards the periphery, the space between
the cells enlarging, and the cells themselves becoming flatter
(fig. 27). They differ from those of the other passages in not
dividing repeatedly to form a mass of tissue ; in fact a section of
the duct never shows more cells than these four lining its cavity.
As the growth of all the tissue is vigorous at this time, the duct
enlarges, and its constituent cells also increase in size, altering
still in shape (fig. 28). They do not, however, keep pace in
growth with the enlargement of the cavity but become gradually
narrower. While the phloém remains unaltered these ducts
persist; but when the xylem begins to increase in thickness, the
phloém-layer becomes somewhat compressed and the walls of its
cell are altered. Then gradually the passages become pressed
464 ON THE ORGANS OF SECRETION IN THE HYPERICACER.
upon, and finally they are obliterated in the same way as those
described above as occurring in the fundamental tissue.
The results of my observations I may summarize briefly thus :—
' 1l. The view advocated by Link, Martinet, and De Bary of the
lysigenous origin of the reservoirs of ethereal oil in these plants
is the correct one.
2. There exists in many parts of the plants a series of ducts
or passages differing only slightly from these reservoirs; the
differences being that they are not globular and isolated, but
are generally connected more or less intimately with each other,
and that their secretion is not a clear ethereal oil but a viscid or
resinous liquid ; the points of agreement being those connected
with their development and function.
3. At least in some species, there is also a series of schizogenous
ducts confined to certain portions of the phloém.
4. The dark glands whieh have been described are in intimate
relationship with the fibrovascular system. ;
5. The formation of resin and kindred secretions in these
plants is confined to the parts where metabolism is active and
where there is a primary meristem. That all such parts give
evidence of such formation with the exception of the roots.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate XXXIX.
Figs. 1-8. Showing development of resin-passage in the stem of Hypericum
calycinum. :
Fig. 9. A longitudinal section of portion of the stem of H. calycinum, with
resin-passage about the same stage as in fig. 4.
Figs. 10-12. Showing development of glandular body in the leaf of Hypericum
tetrapterum.
Figs. 13 & 14. Similar development observed in the leaf of H. calycinum.
Figs. 15 & 16. The same in leaf of Hypericum hirsutum.
Fig. 17. Longitudinal section of the dark gland in H. hirsutum.
Pare XL.
Fig. 18. Longitudinal section of the passages in ovary of Hypericum calycinum.
Fig. 19. Part of the same, more highly magnified.
Fig. 20. Transverse section of the ovary of H. calycinum, showing the final
state of the passage.
Fig. 21. A transverse section of a passage in the ovary of H. tetrapterum.
Fig. 22. Young gland in the leaf of Hypericum balearicum.
Fig. 23. Showing the mature dark gland in the leaf of Hypericum Lee
Figs. 24-28. Illustrating the development of the passages in the bast of stem °
Hypericum calycinum.
ON THE GEMMJE OF AULACOMNION PALUSTRE. 465
Note on the Gemme of Aulacomnion palustre, Schwegr.
By F. O. Bowsr, M.A., F.LS.
[Read February 7, 1881.]
Turis moss was found in 1882 growing in consi-
derable quantities in the propagating-pits at
Kew, together with Sphagnum. Being there
kept in a warm and damp atmosphere, it flou-
rished well, but showed no trace of sexual organs.
It was, however, found that the ordinary vege-
tative axes often bore towards their apices
struetures which are undoubtedly of a foliar
Fig. 1.
X13
nature, and show a special adaptation for effect- 4uIacomnion palustre,
theupper parts of the
axes have developed
as pseudopodia.
ing the asexual or vegetative reproduction of
the plant.
On passing upwards along one of these
pseudopodia, as those axes of a plant
are called which have begun to adapt
themselves to this asexual reproduc-
tion, there is found a gradual transition
from the normal oblong-lanceolate leaf,
with broad base and thin lateral portions,
to the leaf-gemma, in which the base is
much narrowed, the flattened expansion
reduced, and the whole body of a cylin-
drical or conical form. It may also be
observed with the naked eye that the
gemme are of a deeper green colour than
the normal leaves ; while under the micro-
Scope itis seen that the cells are more
densely filled with reserve materials.
The leaf-gemme have a very narrow
base, and, when mature, the cells at the
point of attachment are found to be
rounded off, as shown in figs. 3 and 4.
They are thus well adapted for being
thrown off; and they may be completely
removed from the parent plant by a very
slight mechanical disturbance.
After such removal, the gemm: were
found to be capable of immediate germi-
nation when laid on damp soilor floating
Pseudopodium, showing transition from
the normal leaf to the leaf-gemma,
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX.
2P
466 ON THE GEMMJE OF AULACOMNION PALUSTRE.
in water; in the latter case,
however, only protonemal fila-
ments were formed.
When sown on damp soil,
normal protonemal filaments
were found to be already deve-
loped from single cells of the
gemma on the third day.
Apparently any external
cell may grow out into a pro-
tonemal filament, their forma-
tion being restricted to no
special part of the gemme
(figs. 3 and 4). After the
protonema has attained a
strong development, a leaf-
forming bud appears in the
ordinary way upon it, at a
point close to the gemma
itself, and in no definite posi-
tion relatively to it.
Fig. 3.
Gemmule of A. palustre, after germination
for three days.
Gemmation of 4. palustre in a further stage of development. The shaded fila-
ments are green protonema, a leaf bud is formed near the base of one?
them. The filaments which are not shaded are rhizoids.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 467
The pseudopodia were never seen to return to the mode of
development of an ordinary vegetative axis with normal leaves.
This mode of asexual reproduction in Aulacomnion palustre
is of interest when compared with that well known in Aulacomnion
androgynum and Tetraphis pellucida. In these plants the struc-
ture of the gemma is simpler, consisting of but few cells, and it
presents few points in common with the normal leaf. The speciali-
zation to perform the function of asexual reproduction is in fact
more advanced in these cases, while the transition from the leaves
to the gemme isa sudden one. In Aulacomnion palustre the spe-
cialization is less complete: the transition from the normal leaf to
the leaf-gemma is in this plant gradual, and the modification of
growth of the axis, which bears the gemme, is comparatively
slight.
Contributions to South-African Botany.
By Harry Bots, F.L.S.*
[Read January 17, 1884.]
ORCHIDE®.
Disa, HERSCHELIA, MONADENIA, and BROWNLEEA.
In the Society’s Journal, vol. xix. pp. 235-236, I suggested the
maintenance of the genus Herschelia, and relied, in part, for its
distinction from Disa upon its bilobed stigma. Mr. Bentham
also took the same view in the ‘Genera Plantarum.’ I have
since found this character to be inconstant, several species ex-
hibiting in some individuals a more or less well-marked third
lobe. There are then left the characters of the trifurcate ros-
tellum, and the single gland of the pollinia. With respect to the
* [Specimens of the Orchids described in the following paper were sent to
Kew by Mr. Bolus, with the request that they might be compared with those in
the Kew Herbarium, and also, if possible, with Thunberg’s types of his ‘ Flora
Capensis.’ Through the courtesy of Professor Berggren, of Upsala, I have
been enabled to examine Thunberg’s types ; and the result has been to show
that some of the species deemed by Mr. Bolus to be new, are in reality species
that were long ago described by Swartz and Thunberg. As, however, many
of these old species have been misunderstood by Lindley and others, it has been
thought advisable to publish the descriptions and commentaries given by Mr,
Bolus, merely substituting the correct names for those he had proposed, and
adding synonyms, additional localities, collectors’ names, &c. Of Thunberg’s
Cape Orchids I propose to give an account hereafter. —N. E. Brown, Herbarium,
Kew.]
2P2
468 MR. H. BOLUS’S CONTRIBUTIONS
first of these, even were it rigidly confined to this group, I should
regard it as too slight to be of generic value. Modifications of
the rostellum are shown in the section of Disa referred to below,
which I propose to call Vexillata, where it is prolonged behind
into a fold beneath the anther. But besides this, there is a rudi-
mentary third process, not so large nor so erect as in. Herschelia,
in Disa obtusa, Lindl. ; and there are lateral tubercles, approach-
ing those of Brownleea, in D. sp. (No. 4519 mihi). These facts
show a tendency in the rostellum of Disa to variations which
forbid our trusting to it alone for generic distinctions. With
respect to the single gland of the pollinia, the remarks I am about
to make respecting Monadenia wil show why I think that must
also be abandoned. therefore propose to refer Herschelia again
to Disa, of which it may be regarded as a section.
-Monadenia was established by Lindley in 1838 as distinct from
Disa by the single gland of its pollinia and its subequal fleshy
petals. Most ofthe species have also the rostellum produced
iuto lateral folds turning either forwards or backwards. In
general habit they agree fairly well, and are somewhat different
from the great majority of Disc.
Mr. Bentham has admitted the genus with some apparent doubt,
and in doing so has referred to a brief expression of my own in
favour of its maintenance. Since that was written, I have exa-
mined living specimens of Disa tenuis, Lindl.*, in which I found
the single pollinary gland of Monodenia joined with all the re-
maining characters of Disa, I have referred above to the uncer-
tainty of characters derived from the rostellum ; and there remains
nothing but habit, which is not unexceptional, for Disa bracteata,
Sw.T (besides having fleshy lateral petals, and glands approximate
though distinct), has almost entirely the appearance of a Mona-
denia. Rather unwillingly, therefore, for the genus is already &
large one and not easy to divide satisfactorily into groups, but,
as it seems to me, quite unavoidably, I shall propose the union of
* Lindley, working ona dried specimen, had not observed this. But Sonder,
in his fuller description of D. leptostachys (Linnæa, xix. p. 98), which I have
no doubt whatever is a synonym for the same plant [yes, certainly —N. E.
Brown], says “ pollinia basi connata."
t [The plant here intended is Disa cylindrica, Swartz (D. bracteata, Lindley,
non Swartz), as I have compared Mr. Bolus’s specimen No. 4537 with Thun-
berg's type-specimen of D. cylindrica !, which is undoubtedly also D. cylindrica,
Swartz. ‘The D. bracteata of Swartz I have not seen; but from his brief
description I believe it to be a very different plant. —N. E. Bnowx.]
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 469
Monadenia with Disa. I would keep it a sectional group, and
include in it D. tenuis, Lindl., with its single pollinary gland.
Brownleea was established by Harvey in 1842 upon two eastern
Cape species ; and is chiefly distinguished from Disa by its side
petals being adnate, or at least permanently adhering, to tho
galeate back sepal, and its labellum expanded at base into a pouch-
like process embraeing the column, aud the limb upturned and
reflexed over the stigma. Harvey pointed out its affinity with
Disperis, which is very eurious. By an unfortunate error, the
galea is described in the * Genera Plantarum,’ Benth. & Hook. f.,
as spurless, besides some other discrepancies which lead one to
think that the manuseript must have suffered some accidental
change which eseaped revision. Prof. Reichenbach has reduced
this genus to Disa (Otia Bot. Hamburg, fasc. ii. part 1, p. 119),
without giving any reasons for this step. I have only examined
the flowers of three species freshly preserved in aleohol. These
fully bear out the generic characters assigned by Harvey. I
know of nothing approaching them in Disa, and they seem to
me sufficiently valid. Without knowing every species of the
genus, I would not challenge the conclusions of so experienced
an authority ; but without further knowledge I am not prepared
to adopt them.
CYMBIDIUM.
CYMBIDIUM vsTULATUM, Bolus, n. sp.; caule humili erecto
folioso; foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis ; sepalis lanceolatis acutis,
lateralibus subfalcatis ; petalis oblongis ; labello circumscriptione
ovato-trilobo, lobo medio rotundato reflexo papilloso, lobis late-
ralibus involutis, basi mento producto column: adnato ; polliniis
glaudule subquadrate diaphane medio affixis.
Totum glabrum,2-6-unciale. Tubera plura, filiformia interdum
ovata, 3-5 cm. longa, 0°3-0°5 em. crassa. Folia acuminata,
2-5 cm. longa, nervulis crebre striata. Spice laxe 3-6-florm,
2-3 cm. longi, 2 cm. latw, bracteis flores #quantibus vel inter-
dum superantibus. Flores atropurpurei, fere atri quasi deusti.
Sepala 0'7 em. longa, 0:18 em. lata. Petala 0'6 cm. longa,
025 cm. lata. Labellum (explanatum) 0°7 em. longum, 0°5 em.
latum, lobo medio papilloso 0°25 em. longo. Columna semiteres
0*6 cm. longa, basi in mentum excavatum producta. (v. v.)
Hab. In solo arenoso humido in clivis montis Muizenberg,
Peninsula Capensi, alt. 1300 ped., estate anni 1882 (mense
470 MR. H. BOLUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS
Decembri), copiose legi. In loco unico tantum vidi; nec in Herb.
Gubern. C. B.S. exstat. Herb. meo No. 4848!
This is a very distinet species, its nearest congener being C.
aculeatum, Sw., from which it differs in its rootstock, leaves, lip,
and the peculiar uniform deep chocolate-coloured flowers.
Following Harvey and Bentham, I had removed C. aculeatum
to Eulophia under the name of E. plicata (Linn. Soc. Journ. xix.
p. 336). Bentham observes (Linn. Soc. Journ. xviii. p. 317),
under the head of Cymbidium, * the two African specics referred to
it by Lindley have been shown by Harvey to belong to Eulophia
[this refers to C. tabulare, Sw., and C. aculeatum, Sw.]; but the
C. Sandersonii, Harv., from South Africa, and an allied species
from tropical Africa appear to be true Cymbidia.” The only re-
ference of Harvey to this subject which I have been able to find,
is in the * Genera of S.-African Plants,' ed. 2, p. 360, where he
says :—‘‘ The Cape species referred to this genus by authors belong
to Eulophia,” and then alludes to C. Sandersonii, of Natal, as à
geuuine species. Harvey gives no reason for his statement, and
it is inconsistent, as I shall presently show, with the generic limi-
tations given in the same work, where Cymbidium is described as
having a “labellum without spur," and Eulophia with *labellum
spurred or saccate at base." In the ‘Genera Plantarum’ the
same distinction is adopted, only that Eulophia is somewhat ex-
tended to include a “ labellum .... in gibbum saccum vel calcar
produetum." So far as regards other characters, habit, and
general appearance, the two species C. aculeatum, Sw., and the
present plant have at least as much claim to belong to Cymbidium
as to Eulophia. They seem to form a connecting-link between
the Cape species of both genera, although these genera have been
placed by Bentham in distinct subtribes. On this point what
Bentham says is instructive :—* The division of the Vandes into
subtribes is ,. . . difficult, and as yet very vague in its results.
Habit, and even geographical distribution, has often to be more
relied upon than any absolute character”? (Linn. Soc. Journ.
xviii. p. 316).
But I have now, from many fresh specimens, satisfied myself
that neither C. aculeatum, Sw., nor this plant has any approach
to even a gibbosity at the base of the labellum. This is, in both,
attached to the projecting mentum of the column, and the rouud-
ing off of the almost right angle of attachment alone gives the
slight appearance of gibbosity. When the labellum is detached,
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 471
this is seen to be deceptive. I have therefore no doubt of the
propriety of restoring C. aculeatum, Sw., and of placing the present
plant under the same genus.
I have only found this species in one spot; and as it does not
appear in the Kew or Cape Herbaria, it is probably very local.
CYMBIDIUM TABULARE, Swartz in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl.
Stockh. 1800, p. 238 (descriptio emendata). C.rhizomate repente;
caule erecto robusto; foliis lineari lanceolatis; floribus spicatis
cernuis, spicis 3—10-floris; sepalis ovato-oblongis; petalis ob-
longis; labello trilobato, lobis lateralibus convolutis, medio lamello
lineari aurantiaca, apice basique furcata, permeato.
Totum glabrum; pedale vel ultra. Rhizoma vaginis emarcidis
vestitum, 0'6-0'8 cm. crassum, radicibus filiformibus. Caulis
supra rhizoma parum incrassatus subflexuosus. Vagine 5-6
obovate acute subventricose amplexicaules canaliculatz 3 em.
longe. Folium unicum (interdum duo) e vagina infima ortum
erectum rigidum basi angustatum acuminatum. Bracteæ lineari-
lanceolate membranace:e acute ovario equilonge vel superantes.
Flores flavo-virescentes, labello pallide flavo. Sepala 2 cm.
longa venosa. Petala parum breviora obtusa apiculata. La-
bellum 1:6 em. longum. | Columna semiteres dorso convexa basi
incurva vix in mentum producta 1:2 em. longa. Operculum sub-
ovideum obtusum. Pollinia elliptica subparallela in glandula
oblonga diaphana medio affixa. (Descriptio ex exemplaribus
sub numero 4844 a me distributis !)
This appears to be, or to have been, an exceedingly rare
plant. Thunberg (Flor. Cap. ed. 1823, p. 27) says, after the
description, “Unicum tantum specimen hucusque repertum fuit."
In his * Travels? (Engl. trans., London [1794], 4 vols. 8vo, vol. i.
p. 220), describing the ascent of Table Mountain in 1773, in the
middle of January, he remarks, “Of the Serapias tabularis we
found only one specimen." Lindley, in his * Genera and Species
of Orchidaceous Plants,’ simply records the diagnostic characters
without any remark. In his “Notes upon some Genera and
Species of Cape Orchids” in the ‘Companion to the Botanical
Magazine, 1836, ii. p. 201, he observes :—“Satyrium tabulare,
pedicellatum and giganteum of Linnzus, of which the first grows
on Table Mountain, and the others near Zekoe River, near Algoa
Bay, have never been gathered by either Burchell, Ecklon, Drége,
Villett, or any of those by whose investigations the Cape Flora
has of late years been so much extended. It is very much to
472 MR. H. DOLUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS
be wished that these three plants should be sought out by some
resident botanist who has the leisure and means of looking after
them. Satyrium pedicellatum exists in the Linnean Herbarium,
but I have never even seen the others." To this it may be added
that it is not mentioned in Sonder’s, Reichenbach’s, Krauss’s,
nor Harvey’s writings on Cape plants; nor were there up to this
date any specimens in the rich Cape collections at Kew *.
On Dee. 18, 1882, my friend Mr. A. A. Bodkin, M.A.,
brought me a plant which he had gathered in a favourite botani-
zing place of ours, in moist spongy ground, amongst hestiaces
&c. in a shallow valley on the Muizenberg Mountain (Cape
Peninsula) at about 1400 feet elevation above the sea, and about
fourteen miles from Cape Town. Upon examination, and after
careful dissection and drawing, I came to the conclusion that
it was the Cymbidium tabulare of Swartz, with the description of
which in Thunberg's * Flor. Cap.’ it agreed admirably in every
particular. On Dec. 24 we went together to search for more,
and, to our delight, found six or eight specimens in the same
place. Two days later we found another specimen on the lower
part of Table Mountain, in a valley above Klassenbosch, at
about 2300 feet.
The plant has since been compared with Thunberg’s type-
specimen by Mr. N. E. Brown, of the Royal Herbarium, Kew,
and its identity established beyond a doubt.
Respecting Harvey’s removal of C. tabulare to Eulophia, quoted
with approval by Bentham (Gen. Plant. iii. p. 537), it may be
remarked that neither author appears to have seen the plant.
Further, that in all generic characters it is identical with C. San-
dersonit, Harv., which is admitted by Bentham as a genuine
species.
BARTHOLINA.
Bartnorina ETHELE, Bolus, n. sp.; caule erecto, gracili, 4-1-
pedali ; folio unico orbiculato-cordato ; scapo 1- vel raro 2- (loro;
* [There are two specimens in the Kew Herbarium collected * on the summit
of the Craggy Peak, near Zwellendam, 15th Jan. 1815,” Burchell 7358! which
have been seen by Lindley and by Reichenbach fil. In Lindley's herbarium
is a specimen collected by Harvey, labelled ‘‘ Cymbidium tabulare, summit
of Table Mountain, very rare, Jan. 1841 ;" and another with a coloured draw-
ing communicated by Dr. Pappe, collected by Zeyher on mountains between
Hottentot-Holland's Kloof and Palmeit River. On the sheet on which these
are mounted is written in pencil the words “is really a Cymbid. ;” and I believe
the handwriting to be that of Prof. Reichenbach.—N. E. Browy. ]
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANTY. 473
sepalis lanceolatis glabris; petalis oblongo-faleatis obtusis;
labeilo circumscriptione suborbiculari, lamina subconcava 3-4-
loba laciniis linearibus apice clavatis alte partitis, basi calearata.
Folium, scapus bracteaque pilosa. Tubera ovata vel subsphe-
rica l'5-2 cm. longa. Folium per anthesin marcescens 2-3 cm.
latum. Scapus subrectus 6-12-uncialis. Bractea ovata obtusa
apiculata ovario bis terve brevior. (In exemplari unico bifloro,
flos inferior, pedicello elongato 3 em. longo, e bractea communi
oritur.) Sepala lineari-lanceolata, viridia, 1:2-1:4 cm. longa,
erecta subparallela basi in processum semitubulatum connata.
Petala in utroque latere antherz erecta, basi, labello antheraque
leviter connata, 1:6 em. longa, violacea medio lineata. Labellum
cum calcare 4:0-4-5 em. longum, calcare acuto 0:11-1:1 em. longo,
laciniis seepissime inflexis, apice dilatatis quasi in pulvillos albos
desinentibus ; lamina supra violacea subtus cum laciniis brunneo-
purpurea. Columna ob formam insolitam vix recte columna
dicenda, stigmate longule ab anthera dissito et ab ea viridi collo
basin constituente, sejuncto. Anthera erecta inter petala et ab
iis amplexa, 1:1 cm. longa; loculis parallelis distinctis tortis;
connectivo diaphano; caudiculis subrigidis; glandulis basi vix
protrusis, supra aditum angustum versus stigma ducentem po-
sitis. Stigma ovoideum madidum summo ovario insidens. Ova-
rium curvatum 2 em. longum. (v. v.)
Hab. Sub truticulis ad pedes collis aridi mare spectantis,
sinu Kalk Bay, Peninsule Capensis, alt. 150 ped., flor. Dec.
Legit E. Bolus; tum in monte Muizenberg, alt. 1200 ped. eodem
mense cum Cymbidium ustulatum, Bolus, crescentem legi ipse.
Herb. meo No. 4850!; * Cape,' Rev. W. Rodgers and Sir F. Grey
in Herb. Kew.!
The structure of this species, like that of B. pectinata, R. Br.,
is very curious, and can scarcely be explained without a figure.
The drawing in the ‘ Bot. Register,’ tab. 1653, is tolerably good,
but not quite clear as to the position of the stigma and ovary.
From B. pectinata the present species is readily distinguished by
its obtuse petals, the longer spur, and the dilated ends of the
segments of the labellum, and by its glabrous ovary and sepals.
B. Burmanniana, Ker, from which Lindley separated „B. pecti-
nata, is unknown to me; I suspect they are mere forms of one
species. I have named the above-described species after my
daughter, who first detected the plants hidden under bushes, and
who has helped me for many years in my botanical work.
474 MR. H. BOLUS’s CONTRIBUTIONS
SATYRIUM.
SATYRIUM SAXICOLUM, Bolus,n.sp. Humile 5-7 cm. longum;
caulis debilis decumbens ; folia sepius 3 flaccida, infimum ovatum
ellipticumve obtusum basi amplexicaule 3-7 nervatum patulum
3:50-6:0 em. longum, superiora sensim minora acuta, supremum
basi subcucullatum ; spica 4—5 flora, 2:0-2/75 em. longa, bracteis
ovatis acuminatis reflexis flores superantibus; sepala lateralia
ovato-oblonga subfaleata obtusa, intermedio oblongo obtuso,
totis cirea 0°5 em. longis; petala lateralia oblonga paulo bre-
viora; labellum galeatum subaeutum sepius cristatum dorso
ciliatumque 0'8 em. longum, saccis obtusissimis vix 0°15 cm. longis
preditum ; columna erecta apicem versus deflexa; rostellum
patulum 3-lobum stigmati fere equilongum ; stigma oblongum
longius quam latum, basi utrinque tuberculatum ; ovarium sub-
orbiculatum secus costas scabro-papillosum, circa 0:4 cm. lon-
gum. (v. v.)—S. bracteatum, Thunb., var. latebracteatum, Sond.!
in Linnea, 1847, xix. p. 89.—S. lineatum, var. y, Lindley! Gen.
et Sp. Orch. p. 344 (non vars. a & (8).
Hab. In rimis humidis saxorum precipitium umbrosorum in
montibus Peninsule Capensis, alt. 1000-2400 ped.; flor. Oct.
Drége 1259 b!; C. Wright 136!; Bolus 8855!; et Harvey 117!
in Hb. Kew.
The flowers are a brown-yellow striped with deep red lines,
the leaves sap-green, paler beneath. In floral characters this
closely approaches S. lineatum, Lindl. [ 25. bracteatum, Thunb. !
(non Lindley), N. E. Brown], differing chiefly in the galea, shorter
spurs, and longer stigma. But the habit is totally different, and
the leaves very much larger. It is very exclusive in its habitat,
whereas S. lineatum is found on open heathy mountain-sides and
by streams ; but I have never found it near the present plant, nor
in similar places.
SATYRIUM LINDLEYANUM, Bolus,n.sp. Caulis erectus foliosus
spithameus ; folia ovata subacuta adscendentia basi cordato-am-
plexicaulia, marginibus undato-reflexis, infimum 4-5 cm. longum,
superiora sensim minora, in bracteis abeuntia; spica 5-10 cme
longa, 2°50 em. lata, multiflora, bracteis acuminatis adscendentibus,
floribus longioribus ; sepala ovata obtusa, intermedium marginibus
revolutis; petala lateralia trapeziformia obtusissima ; labellum
galeatum oblongum latius quam longum, apice cristatum cilia-
tumque, saccis subglobosis basi auctum, sepalis petalisque circa
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 475
0:3 em. longis; columna erecta medio leviter deflexa; rostellum
brevissimum depressum basi tuberculatum; stigma obovatum
pulvinatum nec marginatum ; ovarium latum costatum, 0:3 em.
longum. (v. v.)— S. bracteatum, Lindl. in Gen. et Sp. Orch.
p. 342, non Thunb.
Hab. Juxta rivulos in collibus pone Simonstown, Peninsule
Capensis, alt. eire. 800 ped.; flor. Oct. H. Bolus No. 4828!;
Burchell 650! Drége 12514!
The flowers are a yellowish white, the crest of the galea and
the spurs tinted with a red-brown. It has the habit of S. bi-
callosum, Thunb.,* or at least of what I have taken to be that plant
(no. 4554 of my distributions) ; but the galea is different, as well
as the structure of the column, which is that most common to the
genus; while in S. bicallosum it is very peculiar, and, so far as I
have yet worked, quite unique in the genus.
SATYRIUM STRIATUM, Thunb.! Fl. Cap.p. 19. Glabrum erectum
pusillum 4-6 unciale ; folium inferum subrotundum subcarnosum
basi amplexicaule solo adpressum, 1:6 em. longum et latum, folium
alterum ovatum acutum minus, tertium bracteiforme cucullatum ;
spica laxe 6-8 flora, 3-4 em. longa; bracteæ rhomboidex vel ob-
ovate cucullate subcarnose infer: cuspidate, floribus fere æqui-
longe et eos involventes 1:6 cm. late; sepala lateralia elliptica
patento-recurva 0*4 em. longa ; sepalum intermedium late ovatum
obtusum, marginibus deflexis; petala lateralia lanceolato-ovata
subacuta 0°3 em. longa; labellum oblongum fornicatum nec galea-
tum, nempe margiuibus vix inflexis, emarginatum, obtusissime
basi bisaccatum, saccis cire. 0°25 em. longis; columna antice
deflexa dorso pone stigma excavata, caudieule breves, glandulis
magnis orbicularibus ; rostellum antice triangulare, apice ultra
glandulas longe protenso deflexoque; stigma oblongum margi-
natum ; ovarium 0:5-0:'6 em. longum. (v. v.)
Hab. Vlaggeberg prope Stellenbosch ; flor. Oct. a Domina de
Waal (anno 1883) lectum, a Domina M. F. Farnham misum.
Herb. propr. No. 6090!
Well distinguished from its congeners by its few and laxly
flowered spike, its remarkably broad erect bracts, and its forni-
cate not galeate labellum. The stem is reddish, the leaves dull
green above, reddish below, the flowers fulvous with red stripes,
and a few glandular hairs at the base of the side sepals and petals.
I have only seen three plants of it.
* [This is the S. dicallosum of Lindley, but not of Thunberg.—N. E. Browy.]
476 MR. H. BOLUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS
Satyrium HarracKit Bolus, n. sp. Glabrum erectum ro-
bustum 10-15 unciale; caulis rectus foliosus ; folia ovato-lanceo-
lata acuta nervata basi amplexicaulia, infera 14-18 cm. longa,
superiora sensim minora in bracteis abeuntia; spica oblonga den-
sissime multiflora, 7-11 em. longa, 4-5 cm. lata: bracteæ lanceo-
late juniores erecte, demum reflex, floribus subaxquilonge ;
sepala lateralia oblonga subobtusa, sepalo intermedio lineare
angustiore obtuso, omnibus 05-07 cm. longis; petala lateralia
linearia obtusa sepalis equilonga; labellum galeatum ore lato
depresso, dorso carinatum, calcaribus apice attenuatis 1:2-16 em.
longis, ovario longioribus, przditum; columna stipite antice
deflexo ; rostellum 3-lobum sinubus magnis ; stigma breve latius
quam longum pulvinatum ; ovarium costis tribus anterioribus
prominulis, dorsali vix perspicua, 1 em. longum. (v. v.)—Satyrium
foliosum, et var. helonioides Lindl.! Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 336, non
Swartz.
Hab. In solo arenoso humido prope Shark’s River, Port Eliza-
beth, legit R. Hallack, Dec. (1883), herb. propr. No. 6092!; Algoa
Bay, Burchell 4372! Reef Cape, Burchell 4379! ; prope Strand-
fontein et Matjesfontein, Dréye 4772 !
The large dense spike, the short wide stigma, and the very faint
dorsal rib of the ovary seem to distinguish this species from its
congeners. It is not uncommon, Mr. Hallack writes me, near
Port Elizabeth. The flowers are a rosy pink.
SATYRIUM MARGINATUM, Bolus, n. sp. Caulis erectus sub-
strictus foliosus, pedalis vel ultra; folia ovato-lanceolata acuta basi
amplexieaulia subcoriacea, leviter nervata, interdum marginata,
1 vel 2 inferiora abbreviata, caulina 6-11 cm. longa, 2:530 cm.
lata, superiora ad bracteas reducta; spica multiflora 8-19 Cm.
longa, 1:2-2:5 cm. lata, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis vel
subaeutis erectis floribus brevioribus; sepala lateralia oblonga
obtusa 0'8 em. longa, intermedio angustiore æquilongo apice
incurvo; petala lateralia lineari-oblonga obtusa mucronulata,
sepalis paulo breviora; labellum galeatum oblongum, jimbo lon-
gissimo ore squilongo acuminato apice reflexo, circa 0'8 ¢™
longum, calcaribus filiformibus 0'9 em. longis ovario gquantibus
praditum ; columna erecta medio deflexa ; rostellum antice tri-
lobum basi tuberculis magnis utrinque donatum; stigma oblongum
vel subquadratum vix emarginatum ; ovarium circa 1 em. longum,
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 477
dorso convexum absque costa dorsali. (v. v.)—S. parviflorum,
Lindl.! Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 336, non Swartz.
Hab. In pratis humidis, in eampis ** Cape Flats " dictis prope
Cape Town; tum in jugis Hottentots-hollandbergen ; flor. Oct.
Ecklon 1561!; Pappe 65! 66!; H. Bolus 4550! 4551!; Wor-
cester, Cooper 1613! 1684!
The flowers are nearly white, the lateral sepals tinged with
pink, the rest of the flower with faint green lines. The whole
plant dries a rusty brown. On Lindley's description in Gen.
et Sp. Orch. p. 336, with which it agrees fairly well, this has been
taken for S. parviflorum, Sw. But Mr. N. E. Brown informs me
that it is not Swartz's plant. Then Lindley cited Jacquin's
figure, Hort. Schonbr. t. 179, which adds to the confusion, for our
plant is certainly quite different. The figure shows two large
radical suborbicular leaves lying horizontally, reflexed bracts, and
a different ovary; the galea alone is similar. The plant is not
uncommon; and I have drawn it twice from different localities.
It varies chiefly in the length of the leaves, wbich are sometimes
much reduced, aud in the width of the sepals and petals ; but the
erect and somewhat inflated bracts and the very large limb of the
galea are constant marks.
Disa.
Disa ocELLATA, Bolus, n. sp. Glabra erecta, 6-9 uncialis ;
caulis foliosus flexuosus; folia 3-4, linearia acuta, 4-6 cm. longa,
0'5 em. lata; bracteæ foliacee acuminate inferioribus floribus
longioribus; spica laxe 8-13 flora, 7-10 cm. longa; sepala late-
ralia oblonga acuta interdum subfaleata, 0°85 cm. longa; galea
oblonga acuta, ore subrotundo 0:9 cm. longa, calcare obtuso
0'3 em. longo, aucta; petala lateralia oblonga apice falcata cus-
pidibus anterioribus, columns adnata; labellum lineare acutum
0'6 em. longum; rostellum breve, brachiis nullis sed lateraliter
proeessubus carnosis ciliatis preditum; anthera horizontalis,
glandulis polliniorum arete approximatis; ovarium 1 em. longum.
(v. v.) —Disa maculata, Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1842, i.
p. 15, non Linn. f.
In graminosis montis Tabularis orientem versus, alt. circ. 3300
ped. die 4 Dec. 1882 legi. Herb. propr. No. 4849! Zarvey!
The leaves are a dark green; the older flowers point upwards,
the younger downwards ; the sepals are a dull ochraceous yellow,
and the galea has two large brown eye-like dorsal spots; the
478 MR. H. BOLUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS
sepals and labellum project forwards. The rostellum, with its
fleshy side-appendages, the absence of arms, and the consequent
close approximation of the glands, shows a decided affinity with
the section Monadenia, though the appearance of the plant as a
whole is very different.
Disa UNCINATA, Bolus, n. sp. Glabra erecta vel leviter decuin-
bens 25-33 em. alta; tubera obovata 1 em. longa; caulis inter-
dum flexuosus distanter foliosus ; folia radicalia 3—4, lineari-lan-
ceolata acuta, basi amplexieaulia, laxe patentia, 5-10 em. longa,
caulina 2-3, conformia minora erecta; spica laxe 8-13 flora;
bractez foliaceew ovariis breviores; sepala lateralia oblonga con-
cava acuta infra apicem dorso mucronulata, patentia, 07 em.
longa; galea horizontalis elliptica emarginata, ore circa 0'4 cm.
lato, calcare 0:4 em. longo, tubo constricto, apice inflato przedita,
tota 1:2 em. longa; petala lateralia falcata acuminata, basi dila-
tata dentata, 0-4 cm. longa; labellum lineare acutum 0'4 em.
longum; anthera horizontalis ; stigma magnum pulvinatum mar-
ginatum; ovarium cirea 1'2 em. longum. (v. v.)
Hab. In solo argillaeeo humido in montibus circa Mitchell’s
Pass et flumen Hex River, alt. 1200-1400 ped., flor. Oct., H.
Bolus, herb. No. 5279! 6095!; Albany, Cooper 1878 ! ; Baines'
Kloof, Cooper 3598 !
In the dried state this resembles D. caulescens, Lindl., but
differs in galea, spur, and petals; the habit is similar. Small and
laxly-flowered specimens might be confused with D. ocellata,
Bolus ; but, besides other differences, the leaves in the latter are
much narrower and erect, and the galeaisacuminate. The sepals
are a dull white, passing at the back of the galea and the tips of
the side sepals into a dull brown. The petals are pale yellow 1n
front with brown points; labellum pale yellow. While most of
our Orchids love a light almost sandy soil, this seems generally to
prefer a stiff moist greyish clay.
Disa MACULATA, Linn. f.! Suppl. p. 407!* D.caule decumbente
* [Mr. Bolus had described this plant as a new species; but as I bave had the
opportunity of comparing it with Thunberg's type specimen of Disa maculata,
Linn. f, with which it is identical, and that plant being very imperfectly
known, it appears desirable that Mr. Bolus’s description from the living plant
should be published, especially as Lindley has wrongly placed it in the genus
Schizodium. The remarks following the above description were received me
Mr. Bolus after he had been informed of the result of my comparison of his
plant with Thunberg's type.—N. E. Brown, Herbarium, Kew. ]
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 479
gracili unifloro (an semper ?); foliis lineari-lanceolatis; vaginis
scariosis rufo-maculatis caulem vestientibus; galea erecta sub-
infundibulari, apice acuta, basi obtusa vix saccata ; sepalis late-
ralibus ovatis acuminatis; petalis linearibus resupinatis, apice
erecto-inflexis dilatatis ; labello laneeolato ; rostello erecto bifido.
Semipedalis, tota glabra. Tubera obovata oblongave, 1 em.
longa. Folia 2-3, herbacea 5-7 cm. longa, 0°5 cm. lata, acuta,
in petiolum angustata, lete viridia; vagin: duo vel tres, bractea
conformis. Flos pallide ceruleus leviter striatus. Gales os
15 em. longum, 1 em. latum. Sepala lateralia 1:7 em. longa,
0'6 em. lata. Labellum 1:4 em. longum, 0'4 em. latum. Petalis
minimis sub galea absconditis, parte dilatata lutea brunneo striata.
Columna carnea. Authera resupinata. Ovarium tenue 1°5 em.
longum. Stigma suborbiculatum trilobatum atro-purpureum,
(v. v.)—Schizodium maculatum, Zindl.! Gen. et Sp. Orch,
p. 360.
Hab. In rimis saxorum montis Muizenberg, prope antrum
magnum, alt. circa 1600 ped., flor. Nov. Herb. meo No. 4843!
This pretty little species is very distinct from any other. Yet
why Lindley should have placed it under Schizodium, to which it
has no possible resemblance, I cannot conceive. It seems to be
rare in herbaria, and I have found no examples in Pappe's collec-
tions. Its discovery on the Cape peninsula is due to Mr. Bodkin;
and I found it subsequently in some abundance in a deep ravine
on the Muizenberg, in very similar stations (though at a lower
zone of altitude) to that in which D. longicornis, Linn. f., is
found.
§ VEXILLATA.
Disa vENosa*, Swartz. D.caule erecto; foliis oblongo-obovatis;
spica laxe pauciflora; sepalo altero erecto rhomboideo-oblongo
saccato, lateralibus oblongis; petalis erectis oblongis; labello
lanceolato; columna erecta subporrecta.
* [Although there is no specimeu named Disa venosa in Thunberg’s herbarium
yet the specimens on one of his sheets named Disa excelsa so well agree with
his description of D. vencsa (whilst they will not in any way agree with his de-
: scription of D. excelsa, and are not at all like his other specimens so named),
that they appear to me to be the identical specimens from which he made his
description of D. venosa. The plant Lindley understood as D. venosa is very
distinct from Thunberg's plant, and will not agree with his description. The
plant in Thunberg’s herbarium which I take to be D. venosa is identical with
that here described by Mr. Bolus.—N. E. Bnowx.]
480 MR. H. BOLUS’S CONTRIBUTIONS
Tota glabra, 1-1i-pedalis. Tuber ovoideum. Folia pleraque
radiealia, acuta, herbacea, 4-5 em. longa, 1 em. lata, superiora
minora, suprema ad vaginas cingentes reducta. Bracteæ ovate
lanceolate. ^ Flores carnei, petalis rubro-striatis. Sepalum
alterum acutum marginibus pro parte reflexis, 2:2 cm. longum,
1:33 em. latum, sacco circa 0°25 em. alto; lateralia sequilonga,
acuta recurvata, 0'9 em. lata, pagina inferiore linea rubra notata.
Petala apice oblique inflexa quasi fornicata, pagina interiore
lineis rubris striata, 0'7 cm. longa. Labellum acutum 1 em.
longum. Columna erecta divaricata, membrana petaloidea postice
sub antheram producta, eamque involvente, aucta. Antherasub-
erecta. Stigma suberectum violaceum. Ovarium 177 em. lon-
gum. (v. v.)
Hab. Yn convalle montis Tabularis, supra Klassenbosch, alt.
2400 ped., flor. Decembri, legi. Herb. meo No. 4845 ! * ; in palu-
dosis ad pedes montium French Hoek, alt. 1300 ped., flor. Nov.
Herb. No. 5274!; Table Mountain, Pappe 54! Villet!
This species is not common on the Cape peninsula, but it is
widely distributed, and extends at least as far as Algoa Bay,
whence I have had examples from Mr. Hallack differing only
by being more robust, with larger and more pointed petals.
In the genus the following species— D. secunda, Sw., D. filicor-
nis, Thunb., D. patens, Thunb., D. reflexa, Reichb. f. (though I
do not think this can be separated from D. filicornis), with the
present species, and perhaps some others unknown to me, consti-
tute a very naiural section. They are characterized by a dorsal
sepal expanded (not galeate), saccate, or merely concave, and a
suberect anther. They also possess a remarkable process of the
rostellum of an expanded petaloid character, extending from the
arms backward and under tlie anther, and reaching generally
about halfway up its length. The form of the dorsal sepal, cha-
racteristic of this section, is much less common than the galeate;
and as it somewhat resembles the vexillum of many Papilionace®,
I propose to employ the term Vewillata for the section.
§ OnrnocARPA.
Disa Rrcmanprawa, Lehm., ex Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 361.
D.caule suberecto folioso ; spica multiflora ; foliis oblongo-lanceo-
* Thelocality on Mr. Bolus's label sent to Kew as No. 4845 is “In depressis
hieme inundatis in monte Tabulari supra Kirstenbosch."—N. E. Brown.
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 481
latis; galea antica cucullata vix saccata; sepalis obovatis con-
cavis; petalis oblongis apice oblique lobatis; labello oblongo
truncato.
Herba glabra, 4-6-uncialis. Tubera ovoidea, 1°5 em. longa.
Folia infima 3 em. longa, 1 em. lata, superiora sensim minora,
suprema in vaginas amplexicaules abeuntia, acuta, lete viridia.
Bracteæ lanceolate acutæ. Spica corymboideo-congesta, 3-8-
flora, 2-3 cm. longa. Galea ore contracta apice basique obtusa,
07 em. longa, 0°5 em. lata, candida. Sepala lateralia subequalia
obtusa concoloria, apice breviter roseo-suffusa. Petala reclinata,
apice incurva lutea 0:55 em. longa. Labellum incurvum aureum,
0'4 em. longum. Rostellum reclinatum bifidum candidum. An-
thera horizontalis. Ovarium 1-2 em. longum. Stigma quadra-
tum trilobum candidum (v. v.).—Penthea obtusa, Lindl. Gen. et
Sp. Orch. 361.
Hab. In turfosis humidis, in clivo orientali montis Tubularis,
alt. 3400 ped., a mense Septembri in Octobrem florens. Legit
H. Bolus anno 1882, herb. No. 4846 !, Harvey 121!
A very distinct species, recalling in habit dwarfed plants of
D. Melaleuca, and also allied to D. minor, Reichenb. f. Al these,
with D. atricapilla, Bolus, D. rosea, Lindl., D. fasciata, Lindl.,
and perhaps some others, will constitute a very natural section of
this difficult genus, distinguished by the following characters :—
Spike generally crowded or opening slowly ; flowers horizontal,
usually appearing as a flat-topped corymb ; galea anticous, for-
nicate or cucullate, neither spurred nor saccate. Lindley’s name
of Penthea for some of these is not suitable for the section, because
several of his Penthee, as P. reflexa, P. filicornis, P. patens, by
their large expanded posticous galea and different habit, belong
to a distinct section. In the group I am now speaking of the
galea is anticous because the ovary is straight, not twisted as is
general in Disa; and, subject to a further examination of other
species, I should suggest the term Orthocarpa for the section.
§ HERSCHELIA.
The following is a synoptical key to the published species of
this section :—
Labellum crenate, waved, or entire.
Labellum oblong, reflexed; gland of pollinia longer than broad.
1. D. graminifolia.
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX. 2g
482 MR. H. BOLUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS
Labellum ovate, incurved at the sides ; gland of pollinia broader
PMA TUNE C aL ERR ESI CAR 2. D. purpurascens.
Labellum lacerate.
Spike 2-4-flowered ; flowers nearly white. 3. D. barbata.
Spike 3-6-flowered ; flowers blue, labellum white.
4. D. venusta.
Spike 10-15-flowered ; flowers purplish, labellum green.
5. D. lugens.
Disa ($ HERSCHELIA) PURPURASCENS, DBolus,n. sp. D. labello
ovato crenulato, marginibus inflexis ; glandula polliniorum latiore
quam longa.
Glabra erecta 1-12 pedalis; tubera oblonga vel obovata;
folia 6-8 omnia radicalia linearia graminoidea laxa 20-22 cm.
longa, basi fibris foliorum delapsorum cincta ; scapus flexuosus,
vaginis membranaceis acutis ; spica laxe 2-flora, bracteis late
ovatis acutis membranaceis ovario multo brevioribus; sepala
lateralia ovato-oblonga acuta patentia, 1°6 cm. longa; galea ore
depresso subrotundo 1:5 cm. lato, subacuta, calcare conico ad-
scendente 0*4 cm. longo praedita ; petala lateralia medio linearia
apice dilatata dentata basi oblonga subpatentia crenulata columns
adnata 1:1 em. longa; labellum 1:6 em. longum; anthera deflexa,
glandula oblonga; rostellum breve. (v. v.)
In convalle montis Muizenberg in Peninsula Capensi * Farmer
Peck’s Valley ” dicta, juxta rivulum, alt. 1100 ped., duas plantas
inveni, die 24 Nov. 1883. Herb. propr. No. 4893 !
The colour of the flowers is a blue-purple, except the upper
part of the petals and the spur, which are pale yellow ; anther-
cells pink.
This is very near D. graminifolia, Ker, but differs by its nar-
rower and more acute side sepals, its more erect side petals; the
shape of its labellum (which lies straight as to its length with
its margins inflexed, like a shovel, while in D. graminifolia the
margins are always straight, but as to its length it is reflexed),
and finally by its shorter rostellum and gland. The flowering-
season of the two species is Separated by an interval of two
months, an important circumstance as showing that the two plants
are not complemental forms of the same species, which I should
otherwise have thought probable.
Disa (§ HERSCHELIA) VENUSTA, Bolus,n. sp. Spica 3-6 flora ;
floribus ezruleis ; labello lacerato albo.
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 483
Glabra erecta; tubera difformia ; scapus simplex 13-23 pedalis ;
folia 6-9 radiealia linearia graminoidea, medio marginibusque
nervata, scapo breviora, basi fibris foliorum vetustiorum cincta ;
spica laxiflora leviter flexuosa, 7-10 cm. longa; sepala lateralia
oblonga acuta infra apicem subtus mucronulata, L'5 em. longa,
0:6 em. lata; sepalum posticum galeatum ovatum acutum, 1:3 cm.
longum, 1 em. latum, calcare ascendente compresso 0'5 em. longo,
preditum ; petala lateralia linearia medio geniculata, apice dila-
tata dentata, basi oblonga obtusa integra, column: adnata, 0*8 em.
longa; labellum ovato-oblongum deflexum, laciniis obtusis in-
eurvis barbatum, 0'9 em. longum ; anthera horizontalis; glandula
polliniorum oblonga, longior quam lata; rostellum oblongum
erectum; stigma sepius obscure bilobum ; ovarium gracile cur-
vatum 1 em. longum. (v. v.)
Hab. Inter Restiaceas fructiculosque in dunis Cape Flats
dietis, prope urbem Cape Town, frequens; flor. Oct.-Nov.
Herb. propr. No. 4566 ! Harvey 140!
The sepals are a cheerful blue to blue-purple, with darker
veins; the petals white tinged with purple below; the labellum
creamy white; the spur greenish yellow, producing, when looking
into the flower, the appearance of a yellow eye; the anther-cells
pink; stigma and rostellum white. In the dried state it re-
sembles D. barbata, Sw., with which it has been confused in her-
baria. But it is distinct by its more numerously flowered spike,
blue flowers, and differently shaped galea and rostellum ; and in
the live state there is not a moment’s hesitation in distinguishing
them. It grows in the same localities as D. barbata, Sw., and
D. lugens, Bolus, but flowers later than these, and about the same
time as D. purpurascens, Bolus.
Disa (§ HERSCHELIA) LUGENS, Bolus, n. sp. Spica laxe 10-15
flora; floribus triste-purpureis ; labello lacerato viride.
Glabra erecta 14-2 pedalis; tubera obovata 3-5 cm. longa;
folia omnia radicalia 6-12 linearia graminoidea laxa, supra leevia,
infra nervata marginataque, 20-40 cm. longa; vagins amplexi-
caules membranacez acute; spica 15-20 cm. longa; bracteæ
ovate membranacesm ovario breviores; sepala lateralia oblonga
acuta 1 cm. longa; galea ore ovato acuta Ll em. lata, calcare
conico ascendente 0'3 cm. longo predita; petala lateralia falcata
acuminate biloba, basi dilatata et dentata; labellum oblongum
margine lacerato-multifidum laciniis sepe apicem versus 2-4
484 MR. H. BOLUS’S CONTRIBUTIONS
loba, 1:2-1:7 em. longum, 1:0-1:3 em. latum ; rostellum breve sub-
erectum 0:2 em. longum; ovarium deflexum 1:7-2:5 em. longum.
Hab. ln arenosis prope Cape Town, flor. Nov., H. Bolus
No. 3810!; prope rivulum * Kuil's Rivier," Pappe 89! 377!;
Ecklon 1566!
The galea is a metallic greenish blue, the side sepals and petals
dull purple, the lip green. This species is by far the strongest and
tallest of this section, and is readily distinguished by its nume-
rously flowered spike and green lip. The leaves are generally
broader than in the allied species.
$ MONADENIA.
Disa TENUIS, Lindl.! Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 854 (descr. emen-
data). D. foliis anguste linearibus ; spica gracili densa multiflora ;
galea setaceo-acuminata, calcare brevi conico ascendente ; sepalis
oblongis dorso sub apice longe mueronatis; petalis oblongis ;
labello lineare; caudiculis polliniorum glandula unica affixis.
Tuber magnum oblongum ; caulis gracilis erectus subflexuosus
pedalis vel ultra, vaginis setaceo-acuminatis distanter vestitus ;
"folia 2-4, basi vaginula inclusa, subfiliformia, apicem versus
latiora, linearia 1 lineam (0'2 em.) lata” (ex Sonder); spica 6-10
em. longa, 0°8 em. lata, bracteis setaceo-acuminatis floribus
eequantibus vel paulo brevioribus; sepala lateralia 0'25 cm. longa,
mucrone 0°08 em. longo aucta; galea suberecta 0'4 cm. longa,
calcare vix O'L em. longo; petala lateralia incurva margine an-
tica serrulata 0°15 em. longa; labellum subobtusum serrulatum
petalis equilongum ; columna brevis; anthera resupinata, glan-
dula polliniorum subquadrata; rostellum erectum ; stigma de-
pressum marginatum; ovarium clavatum 0:5 em. longum. (v. v.)
—D. leptostachys, Sond.! in Linnea, xix. p. 98.
Hab. In clivis montis Diaboli prope ^ King’s Blockhouse,”
Cape Town, alt. 1200 ped. flor. Maio, Bodkin, Bolus 4874!; in
arenosis prope Wynberg, Drége!; in montibus ad flumen Palmiet
Rivier, Junio, Ecklon & Zeyher!
The flowers are a dull green with purple spots on the galea,
turning black in drying. The very acuminate galea and the
single gland of the pollinia distinguish the species from any
other. The latter character escaped Lindley. Sonder, in his
excellent description of D. leptostachys, which I have no doubt is
the same thing, says “ Pollinia basi connata.” By this character,
and that of the stigma, which greatly resembles that of Mona-
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 485
denia micrantha, ihis plant forms a transition from the typical
Dise to Monadenia. Y do not know whether the leaves appear
at the same time with, or a little before, the flowers. Sonder
and Lindley describe them; but I have never seen any thing
more than some remains at the base ofthe stem. It is apparently
a somewhat rare plant; for I have only had before me five ex-
amples in the Cape Government Herbarium, and these, gathered
probably by Ecklon, came from precisely the same locality as
the five or six specimens gathered by Mr. Bodkin in May 1883,
and brought to me ina living state. The leaves would be very
easily overlooked, especially if they were withered.
BRACHYCORYTHIS.
BracuycorytHis Tysont, Bolus, n. sp.; foliis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis ; sepalis ovatis acuminatis ; petalis cordato-ovatis ; labello
circumscriptione ovato, unguiculato, marginibus unguis inflexis,
limbo expanso elliptico; columna elevata quasi stipitata.
Herba gracilis erecta glabra 1-1i-pedalis. Tubera ovoidea
1-13 em. longa. Caulis leviter flexuosus. Folia sepius duo;
inferius 10-125 em. longum, 1-2-1:8 em. latum, 3-nervium erec-
tum; superius conforme paullulum minus; vaginis foliaceis 3-4,
ovatis acuminatis. Spicalaxe6-10-flora. Bracteæ ovate acumi-
nat, flores fere equantes. Sepala inter se equilonga, lateralia
basi falcata, erecto-patentia, 3-lineata, 0'9 em. longa, 0:2 em. lata,
virescentia. Petala erecta acuta, basi obliqua, 0°6 cm. longa,
0:2 em. lata, albida. Labellum 1:0-1:2 em. longum, limbo cre-
nulato crispoque, 0:5-0'7 em. lato; album, linea rubra medio
striatum. Columna 0:4-0:5 em. longa; anthera erecta; stigma
lunatum carnosum. Ovarium gracile, argute costatum, 1:0-1:2
em. longum. (Hw exempl. plur. exsicc.)
Hab. In uliginosis cirea Kokstad, Griqualand Orientalis (Kaf-
fraria), alt. 5000 ped., flor. Febr.; legit W. Tyson No. 1083!
Katberg, MacOwan 1109! Eastern Frontier, Hutton! Kaffraria,
Mrs. Barber 40!
The small town of Kokstad is situated not far from the south-
west border of Natal, amongst the spurs of the great Drakens-
berg range, and about sixty miles from the sea. It lies some
distance from the track of Drége, the only collector of any note
who has ever traversed and explored that region. Hence we may
expect many novelties from Mr. Tyson, who has very diligently
commenced work there, and has already sent many Orchids and
486 MR. H. BOLUS'S CONTRIBUTIONS
other plants. Our species is very different from B. ovata,
Lindl., and B. pubescens, Harv.; and, from description, must be
more nearly allied to B. tenuior, Reichb. f.
PTERYGODIUM.
PTERYGODIUM RUBIGINOSUM, Sond. ex Drege in Linnea, xx.
p.220. rectum 9-11 unciale; caulis distanter foliosus, sub-
flexuosus ; folia lineari-lanceolata, pollicaria, infima caulem vagi-
nantia, caulina semiamplexicaulia ; spica multiflora, S em. longa,
1-75-2:0 em. lata, bracteis late ovatis acutis ovario squilongis ;
sepala lateralia late ovata patentia concava acuta 0-7 em. longa;
sepalum posticum lanceolatum 0'6 em. longum; petala lateralia
subtriangularia vel cuneata integra nervata, margine superiori
recta, margine libera anteriori leviter rotundata, 0:6 em. longa;
labellum semiorbiculare hastatum, margine vix undulata, multi-
nervium, eum appendice carnosa erecta duplici biloba 1 em.
longum, 0'7 em. latum; anthere loculi valde incurvi fere orbicu-
lares; ovarium rectum 0:9 em. longum. (v. s. s.)
Hab. In humidis secus flumen Zondereinde Rivier pone Ap-
pelskraal ditione Caledon, alt. inter 500 et 1000 ped.; flor. Nov.
Zeyher 3946! Pappe 34 !.
I deseribe from two plants in the Cape Government Herbarium
from the above colleetors, as these are all I have ever seen. The
tickets describe the colour of the flowers as brownish red, which
they partially retain. The species has the habit of P. venosum,
Lindl., but is slenderer, smaller, and quite distinct from that or
any other species with which I am acquainted. I have not seen
P. magnum, Reichb. f. ; but, from the description, it must be very
different.
[N.B. P. rubiginosum, in the dried state, resembles lax-flowering
specimens of P. carnosum, Lindl., but is readily distinguished
from that species by its triangular acute lip, which in P. carno-
sum is transversely oblong and emarginate.—N. E. Bnows.]
DispPeris.
DISPERIS NAMAQUENSIS, Bolus, n. sp. D. caule erecto bifoliato ;
foliis cordato-orbiculatis vel ovatis; scapo unifloro; galea saccata
acuta; sepalis lateralibus elliptieis patentibus medio obtuse alteque
saccatis; petalis obovatis medio lobatis; labello ligulato supra
medium in processum instar spathe poculiformis expanso, den-
tibus duobus ex utroque margine quasi ansulis auctum.
TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY. 487
Herba pusilla, 3-7-uncialis. Tubera elliptica 1 em. longa.
Folium inferum patens subacutum glabrum ciliolatum, 1:5-
2:2 cm. longum, 1:1-2 em. latum ; superum minus cordato-ovatum
acutum. Scapus gracilis aphyllus leviter pubescens. Bractea
unica lineari-lanceolata amplexicaulis acuta 1-1'3 em. longa, ovario
brevior. Flores glabri sordide rosei. Galea 1 em. longa, obtuse
saccata, apice porrecta. Sepala lateralia equilonga acuta. Petala
0:8-0:9 em. longa acuta, gale; adpressa, viridi-maculata. La-
bellum 0'8 cm. longum, limbo expanso 0:25-0:3 cm. lato. Ros-
.tellum erectum cuneato-oblongum, marginibus reflexis, brachiis
tortis auctum viride. Anthera erecta pone rostellum et eo brevior.
Polliniorum caudicul flexze, granulis lineari-cuneatis. Ovarium
cum basi angustata 1:4 cm. longum. (v. v.)
Prope Ookiep, Namaqualand Minor, legit Rev. W. J. R. Morris,
mense Octobri 1878 ; tum in Kasteel Poort, prope Klipfontein
in eadem ditione, alt. 3000 ped., mense Septembri 1883, legi ipse,
inter lapides copiose crescentem, cum Pterygodio Volucri, Sw. &c.,
Herb. propr. No. 5820!
Orehids from a country where the average annual rainfall
ranges from 1 to 4 inches, and where the landscape is frequently
black from the remains of bushes killed by drought, are some-
what unexpected. Neither Drége nor Zeyher, who were both in
Namaqualand during dry periods, have recorded any. The pre-
sent species was first sent to me in 1878 by the Rev. Mr. Morris,
to whom lam indebted for many good plants of that curious
region ; and I subsequently found it myself in September 1883,
as above, in company with Pterygodium Volucris, Sw. Besides
these, I found Satyrium pustulatum, Lindl.?, on Spektakel
Mount, and a Holothriz sp. ? near Ookiep, making four Orchidese
in all.
In Disperis the form of the labellum is very variable, but seems
pretty constant in the species, and therefore affords good specific
characters, though difficult of expression in few words.
CERATANDRA.
CERATANDRA BICOLOR, Sonder, ex Drége in Linnea, xx. p. 220;
caule erecto spithameo rigido subflexuoso; foliis precipue radi-
calibus linearibus lineari-lanceolatisve involutis ; spica laxe pau-
ciflora; sepalo altero ovato cum petalis lateralibus obovatis in
laminam leviter coneavam nec galeatam connato ; sepalis laterali-
bus ovatis; labello antico semiorbiculato obsolete trilobo crenu-
488 CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOUTH-AFRICAN BOTANY.
lato lateribus inflexis, postice in appendicem bipartitam corni-
formem erectam producto.
Tota glabra, siccatione nigrescens. Tubera plura filiformia.
Folia rigida 1:5-2 cm. longa, 0:2-0'3 em. lata, caulinis basi am-
plexicaulibus, supernis auriculatis. Spica laxe 1—4-flora, sepius
biflora. Bractea sub quovis flore ovata acuta ovario brevior.
Sepala ovata acuta 1:2 cm. longa, 0°8 em. lata; altero parum
minore, luteo-virescentia. Petala 1:3 em. longa, 0'9 em. lata,
concava, marginibus crispis luteis. Labellum 1 em. longum, ap-
pendice 0'8 em. longa, luteum striis fuscis notatum, antice in,
medio caruncula conica elevata viridi preeditum. Rostelli brachia 7
patenti-incurva obtusissima. Antheræ loculi divaricati singulum
pone brachium singulum rostelli situm et in eo involutum. Ova-
rium subteres tortum, costis obtusis, 1'5 em. longum. (v. v.)—
Ceratandra Harveyana, Sond. in Linnea, xix. p. 108, non Lindl.*
-Hab. Inter Restiaceas in clivo orientali montis Tabularis supra
Kirstenbosch, alt. 2300 ped., flor. Dec. Legit H. Bolus anno
1879. Herb. No. 4564! Zeyher 1574!
A very curious plant, which affords an excellent instance of the
peculiarity exhibited by many Cape plants of springing up in
considerable numbers during certain years, while in several suc-
ceeding years they fail to appear, and are apparently lying dor-
mant, probably because the rainfall and requisite temperature
have not coincided in a favourable manner. In the summer of
1879 I saw this plant, with the allied C. Harveyana, Lindl.,
growing abundantly where I gathered it. In the summers of
1880, 1881, 1882, 1883 I sought itin vain. It is distinguished
from C. Harveyana by the smaller flowers and differently shaped
labellum. The latter species seems to be rare. Lindley only
knew it from a drawing and description by Harvey ; the drawing,
or a drawing, appears in Lindley's herbarium ; but, by a singular
error, Lindley himself affixed to the same sheet at a later date a
quite different species collected by Pappe in Swartland, unknown
to me, and, I believe, undescribed.
Since the above was written, I have seen specimens in the Cape
Government Herbarium collected by Pappe, which are over a foot
high and bearing 5-7 flowers.
* [The synonymy of this plant is rendered certain from a label in Lindley's
herbarium with a specimen of this plant communicated by Dr. Sonder, upon
which is written, in Sonder's handwriting, “Ceratandra bicolor, Sond., C. Hare
veyana, Sond. in Orch. Eck. & Zeyhr., non Lindl. fide cl. Harv. in litt." —N. E.
Bnows.]
ON THE TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 489
A Review of the Tuberibedring Species of Solanum.
By J. Q. Baxzz, F.R.S., F.LS.
[Read January 17, 1884.]
(Puates XLI.-XLVI.)
THE subjects of the differential characters, the relationship to
one another, and the climatic and geographical individuality of
the numerous types of tuber-bearing Solanums are of great
interest both from a botanical and economie point of view. As
there are many points which are still to be unravelled, I propose
in the present paper to pass in review the material whieh we
possess in England bearing upon the question. It was at the
instigation of Earl Cathcart that I undertook the inquiry ; and in
carrying it out I have gone through all the dried specimens at
Kew, the British Museum, and the Lindley herbarium, have care-
fully studied the wild types which we grow in the herbaceous
ground at Kew, and have visited the extensive trial-grounds of
Messrs. Sutton and Son at Reading, whose collection of culti-
vated types in aliving state is probably the most complete in
existence, and to whom I feel much indebted for their kind aid.
I propose in the first place to deal with the species and varieties
in detail geographically, then to summarize them from the point
of view of the systematie botanist, and finally to make a few
general remarks on the economie bearing of the facts.
1. CHILI.
1. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM, Linn.—The following is a descrip-
tion, made from the living plant, of typical S. tuberosum, as grown
in the herbaceous ground at Kew :—Rootstock bearing copious
large tubers. Stems stout, erect, flexuose, much branched,
1-2 feet long, slightly hairy, distinctly winged on the angles.
Leaves pseudo-stipulate, a fully developed one about half a foot
long, with 7-9 finely pilose oblong acute large leaflets, the side
ones stalked and unequally cordate at the base, the 1-2 lowest
pairs much dwarfed, leaving a naked petiole about an inch long;
the rhachis furnished with numerous small leaflets interspersed
between those of full size. Flowers numerous, arranged in
compound terminal cymes, with long peduncles ; pedicels hairy,
articulated about the middle. Calyx hairy, 4-3 in. long; teeth
deltoid-cuspidate, as long as, or a little longer than, the campa-
LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. 2R
490 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THÉ
nulate tube. Corolla dark lilac, subrotate, nearly an inch in
diameter, pilose externally ; segments deltoid, half as long as the
tube. Anthers bright orange-yellow, linear-oblong, nearly j in.
long; filaments very short. Berry perfectly globose, smooth,
under an inch in diameter.— o this type the following wild
Chilian specimens in the London herbaria evidently belong, viz. :—
(1) Bridges, 719, “In los Andes near rivers, province of Valdivia ;"
(2) Reynolds, 78, “ Antuco;" (3) Germain, “ Cordillera de
Maule ;” (4) Gillies, * Andes of Chile and Mendoza;" and (5)
Gillies, * At San Isidro, near the foot of the mountains of Men-
doza, March 1824."
2. SOLANUM ETUBEROSUM, Lindl.— his is figured and described
by Lindley in the * Botanical Register,’ tab. 1712, and is adopted
as a specles by Dunal. The specimen figured is now in the
Lindley collection at Cambridge. Lindley’s note upon it is as
follows :—“ Facies omnino S. £uberosi, sed tubera nulla profert :
flores majores sunt, brevius pedunculati, calyxque glaber est et
lucidus, nec pilis hispidus. Species certo certius distinctissima,
etsi notis levibus cognoscenda. This curious plant is a hardy
perennial, native of Chili, whence it was obtained some years
since by the Horticultural Society. It bears rich clusters of
purple blossoms, with a golden yellow centre, from July to
October, and is very easily multiplied by dividing its stout rooting
underground stems. Although extremely similar to the Potato
in appearance, yet its larger and more compact flowers, and its
want of the power of producing tubers, render it a proper plant
for a flower-garden.” To me it seems likely to be a variety of
tuberosum, marked by its want of tubers, its subglabrous leaves
and calyx, its short unpointed calyx-segments, and very large
bright-coloured corolla. A wild specimen, called S. etuberosum,
in the Chilian herbarium of Mr. E. C. Reed, labelled (by Dr.
Philippi ?) * Los Damos, Jan. 1872," differs from Lindley's type
by its more hairy leaves and ealyx and more pointed calyx-teeth.
3. SOLANUM FERNANDEZIANUM, Philippi ——This is a plant of
the island of Juan Fernandez, characterized in the ‘Linnea,
vol. xxix. p. 23. It looks to me likely to be a mere variety of
S. tuberosum, differing from the type by its slender stems, sub-
glabrous stem, leaves, and ealyx, very large thin narrow-oblong
pointed leaflets, small calyx, and small purple corolla. The
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 491
specimens I have seen are—(1) Ex herb. E. C. Reed ; (2) gathered
by Prof. Moseley, on the * Challenger? Expedition, Nov. 1875, in
flower; and (3) Bertero, labelled * Forte spontaneum; vulgo,
“papa silvestre’; tubercula gustu amara ; in sylvis umbrosis mon-
tium editorum ins. Juan Fernandez, April. 1830," leaves only.
4. SonANUM Macra, Schlecht.—This is mentioned vaguely by
Molina, but was first clearly characterized by Schlechtendahl in
his ‘ Hortus Halensis, p. 6. We have grown it now for upwards
of twenty years at Kew side by side with S. tuberosum, and it
has maintained its individuality. The following are my notes
upon it made this summer from the living plant in the Kew
herbaceous ground:—Rootstock bearing copious large tubers.
Stems stout, erect, flexuose, much branched, 1-2 feet long, slightly
hairy, strongly winged on the angles. Leaves pseudo-stipulate,
6-9 in. long, including the 14-2 in. petiole; large leaflets 5-7,
ovate, acute, thinly pilose, 2-3 in. long, the side ones stalked and
unequally cordate at the base; lowest pair of leaflets much
dwarfed; interspersed small ones few or none. Flowers in
copious compound long-peduncled cymes; pedicels downy, under
an inch long, articulated about the middle. Calyx 4-4 in. long,
hispid ; teeth deltoid-cuspidate, longer than the tube. Corolla
white, subrotate, $-1 in. diam.; segments deltoid, 2 in. long and
broad. Anthers j in. long, bright yellow; filament very short.
Style clavate, twice as long as the stamens. Fruit not seen.—
Schlechtendahl sums up its geographical range in Chili as fol-
lows :—“ Crescit maxima copia in littoris maris clivis argillosis
saxosis rupibusque (arenosa et fertilia loca spernens) inter 15-
400 ped. altitudinem, i unquam longius terram intrans quam 1-2
leguas, a portu Valparaiso regni Chilensis boream et austrum
versus." The wild specimens I have seen are as follows, viz. :—
(1) Matthews, 311, * Seaside, Valparaiso, Sept. 1830;" (2)
Bridges, 401, “ Valparaiso, near the coast;" (3) Harvey, “Common
near Valparaiso, April-July, 1856 ;" (4) Cuming, 555; (5) Mac-
rae, ** Valparaiso, Feb. 1825," in the Lindley herbarium. Accord-
ing to a note in the herbarium by Sir J. D. Hooker, the Kew
specimens were raised from small tubers given to the Garden by
Dr. Selater in 1562, and the plant bore no tubers in 1863 or 1864,
when grown in the arid sandy soil of the nursery pleasure-ground.
There were specimens in Gay's herbarium, dried, from the grounds
of M. Vilmorin, in Oct. 1865, with the following note :—“ Croit
282
492 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
spontanément à Valparaiso, d’où M. Blanchard, consul de France,
en ce lieu a rapporté des tubercules à M. Vilmorin, son parent,
qui les cultive depuis l'année 1854. Les tubercules, peu nom-
breux, sont trés petites et d'une saveur acre; ceux que j'ai vu
en Novembre étaient de forme ellipsoide et longs d'un pouce et
demi à 23.”
From all that we know it would appear therefore that in Chili
S. tuberosum is a plant of the hills of the interior, S. Maglia ot
the near neighbourhood of the coast. This is still further con-
firmed by the faet that the wild potato found by Darwin in the
Chonos Archipelago, in south latitude 44°-45°, is undoubtedly
conspecific with the S. Maglia of Valparaiso. Original specimens
from Darwin are in the Kew herbarium, and they are quite
characteristic of S. Maglia, differing only from the plant grown in
Kew Gardens just described by their larger (white) corolla and
more densely hispid calyx, with moreacuteteeth. Darwin’s note
on the plant, as printed at page 288 of the 1835 octavo edition
of the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle, is as follows :—“ Chonos Archi-
pelago.—The wild potato grows on the islands in great abun-
dance on the sandy shelly soil near the sea-beach. The tallest
plant was 4 feet in height. The tubers were generally small;
but I found one of an oval shape 2 inches in diameter. They
resembled in every respect and had the same smell as English
potatoes; but when boiled they shrunk mueh and were watery
and insipid, without any bitter taste. They are undoubtedly
here indigenous. They grow as far south, according to Mr. Low,
as latitude 50°, and are called Aquinas by the wild Indians of
that part. The Chilotan Indians have a different name for them.
Professor Henslow, who has examined the wild specimens which
I brought home, says they are the same with those described by
Mr. Sabine from Valparaiso; but they form a variety which by
some botanists has been considered as specifically distinct. It
is remarkable that the same plant should be found on the sterile
mountains of Central Chili, where a drop of rain does not fall for
more than six months, and within the damp forests of these
southern islands." The true explanation of what Darwin in the
last sentence, with characteristic sagacity, commented upon as
very remarkable, is evidently that the Chonos plant and that of
the Chilian Cordilleras are each distinct species.
The plant dealt with by Sabine in his well-known paper “ On
the Native Coyntry of the Wild Potato,” in the 5th volume
TUBFR-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 493
of the ‘Transactions of the Horticultural Society,’ is also un-
doubted Solanum Maglia, as just described. The history of the
plant is as follows :—-Two tubers were sent to the Society from
Chili in 1822 by Mr. Alexander Caldcleugh, Secretary to the
Legation at Rio Janeiro. They were planted in the garden at
Chiswick in richly-manured soil, and the produce was most
abundant. The two plants in a single season yielded about six
hundred tubers. These were of various sizes, a few as large or
larger than a pigeon’s egg, others as small as the original wild
ones, which were globose and under an inch in diameter. The
flavour of them when boiled was exactly that of a young culti-
vated potato. Sabine gives two excellent figures, a coloured
one of the stem, leaves, and flowers, life-size, on plate 11, and
on plate 9 figures of two tubers before and after cultivation.
Although these figures are cited by Dunal in his Monograph in
DeCandolle’s ‘Prodromus’ under S. tuberosum, there cannot be
any doubt that they represent excellently the present type.
5. SOLANUM COLLINUM, Dunal in DC. Prod. vol. xiii. p. 836.—
This is fully characterized by Dunal from Bertero’s No. 1328,
a plant labelled by the collector “ Papa cimarrona, incolis,” and
gathered “In fruticetis collium locis incultis Quillota, regni
Chilensis.” I have not seen an authentic specimen; but can-
not by the description distinguish it from S. Commersoni, to be
noticed directly.
2. BRAZIL, URUGUAY, AND ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
1. SOLANUM Commersont, Dunal.—This is fully described by
Dunal in DeCandolle’s * Prodromus, vol. xiii. p. 35, and by
Sendtner in ‘ Flora Brasiliensis,’ vol. x. p. 12. It is noticed by
Sabine in his paper on the Native Country of the Wild Potato,
and is well figured by him from Commerson's original specimens
on plate 10 of the 5th volume of the * Transactions of the Horti-
cultural Society. I have not seen it alive, and the following
description is drawn up from herbarium specimens. Stems
dwarfer and more slender than in ordinary S. tuberosum, the
rootstock bearing copious large tubers. Leaves sometimes, but
not always, pseudo-stipulate, 5-6 inches long when fully deve-
loped, with a naked petiole 1-14 in. long; 5-9 oblong acute or
often obtuse thin leaflets, the terminal ones much the longest,
the lowest pair much dwarfed; the rhachis entirely without any
494 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
small leaflets interspersed amongst the large ones. Flowers in lax
compound terminal cymes, just as in S. tuberosum and S. Maglia ;
pedicels long or short, articulated about the middle. Calyx i-i
in. long; teeth deltoid or lanceolate-deltoid, as long as the tube.
Corolla 3-3 in. long, pale lilac or white, the lanceolate-deltoid
Segments quite as long as the tube. Anthers orange-yellow,
longer than the corolla-tube. Style always distinctly exserted
beyond the anthers. Berry not seen.
The specimens I have seen which belong to S. Commersoni are
the following, viz. :—(1) Gibert, 110, * Montevideo ;” (2) Gibert,
906, “in silvaticis ad ripas Santa Lucia, Uruguay, Mch. 1869 ;”
(3) Gibert, 42, “ Parana, May 1856. Vulgo Batatilla. Croit
dans les lieux humides. Le tubereule a absolument le gotit de
la pomme de terre ordinaire ;” (4) Gibert, 54, “ Montevideo,
Mars 1858;” (5) Tweedie, received in 1837, * This variety of
the Pampas is finely scented ;” (6) Balansa, 2103 of his Paraguay
distribution: *Spontané? Rhizome produisant des tubercules
gros comme des noix. Fleurs blanches, L’ Assomption, sur les
bords humides des chemins, juin 1875 ;” (7) Lorentz, 966 of his
“ Flora Entreriana, Concepcion del Uruguay, 2 1877" (Grisebach's
note on the plant in ‘Symbolæ Argentine,’ p. 24, is * Tubera
purgantia: eorolla alba: Entrerios, ubique in campis post plu-
vios") ; (8) Gibert, 962, « Montevideo, inter rupes maritimas,
Maio 1868 ;" (9) Montevideo, Coll. M. Isabelle, from herb. Gay ;
(10) Gillies, “hedges, Buenos Ayres, May 1820;” (11) Capt.
King, “ Montevideo ;” (12) Gibert, 263, “ Bords du Rio Negro,
prés des Mercedes, sables, très commune, avril 1867 ;" and (13)
Four specimens from the Berlin herbarium gathered by Sello,
with a printed label * Brasil" (many of the plants distributed
with this label were really gathered at Montevideo).
SoLANUM OHRONDII, Carrière, which is fully described and
figured in the * Revue Horticole,’ 1883, pp. 496-500, figs. 99-100,
is clearly identical with S. Commersoni. Tubers of it were lately
brought by M. Ohrond, a surgeon in the French navy, from the
island of Goritti, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and grown
at Brest by M. Blanchard, gardener-in-chief of the Marine Hos-
pital, who gives his experience of it as follows :—
" From the time of its importation I have cultivated the plant,
or rather left it to itself to grow, for it is almost impossible to
destroy it when once it has become established in a piece of
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 495
ground. Each year, at theend of June or the beginning of July,
I have collected the tubers; but the rootstock creeps so widely
that always plenty have remained in the ground to furnish stock
for another year. It is my belief that it would be easy to im-
prove the tubers by simply cultivating them. Already the culti-
vated tubers are much better than those which I received from
M. Ohrond. The wild tubers were scarcely bigger than small
walnuts; but some of those of the cultivated plants have attained
the size of small hen's eggs. I may add that the tubers are quite
palatable, with a taste of chestnuts, but leaving in the mouth a
slight flavour of acidity, like that of a potato that has sprouted.
My workmen and I have tried them both boiled and baked in
the oven; the latter are preferable. As to the hardiness of the
plant it is complete, at least here at Brest. During the winter
of 1881, when the thermometer fell two degrees Centigrade below
freezing-point, the tubers took no harm, and up to the present
time the plant has not been found to suffer in the least from
disease.”
Besides S. Commersoni there are two well-marked distinct
species in Brazil with pinnate leaves—S. reptans of Bunbury and
S. tenue of Sendtner. These are fully described by Dunal and
Sendtner ; but, so far as is at present known, they do not produce
tubers. Besides these I have seen the following from the pre-
sent geographical area :—
Solanum Maglia, * Buenos Ayres, Tweedie;" * Hort. : brought
from Buenos Ayres;" and another, “ Hort. Glasgow, from wild
root."
Five specimens of a plant from Tweedie—two labelled * Uru-
guay;" two “This has a considerable quantity of a nasty soft
watery potato at its root, called Papas amarga, in consequence
of its bitter taste;" and one, * Papa amarga of Buenos Ayres.
Roots large, but poisonous.” This has the corolla of S. Maglia and
S. tuberosum, associated with leaves with as many as 9—11 leaflets,
with only a casual interspersed leaflet or none at all. This is
most likely a marked variety of S. tuberosum, and is well worthy
of further attention.
3. PERU, BOLIVIA, EOUADOR, AND COLOMBIA.
1. SOLANUM TuBEROSUM.—In their ‘ Flora Peruviana, vol. ii.
p. 38, Ruiz and Pavon say of S. tuberosum, “ Habitat in Peruviæ
496 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
et Chilensis regni cultis et in collibus Chaneay ad Jequam et
Pasamayo predia;” and in a letter to Lambert, cited by Mr.
Cruikshanks in Hooker's * Botanical Miscellany,’ vol. ii. p. 203,
Pavon writes :—* The Solanum tuberosum grows wild in the envi-
rons of Lima, and fourteen leagues from Lima on the coast."
There are two sheets of fine specimens gathered by Pavon in the
herbarium of the British Museum, labelled “ Patatas del Peru,”
on which I took the following notes :—Stem stout, elongated,
flexuose, slightly pilose. Leaves pseudo-stipulate, 6-8 in. long,
including the 1-13 in. petiole; leaflets broad ovate, cordate at
the base, acute, thin in texture, green and thinly pilose above,
grey and densely pilose beneath; main ones 9-11, the end one
24-3 in. long, 18-21 lines broad; lowest pair very small;
interspersed small leaflets many. Flowers in a dense long-
peduncled compound cyme; pedicels articulated at the middle.
Calyx jin. long, densely pilose; segments lanceolate-deltoid,
twice as long as the tube. Corolla white, under an inch in
diameter; teeth deltoid, half as long as the tube. Anthers
s in. long. Style much exserted. This, I should say, differs
from the typical Chilian S. tuberosum about as much as one of
the garden forms of potato differs from another. The following
dried specimens, which I have seen, from different parts of the
Andes all seem to me mere forms of S. tuberosum :—(1) A series
of eight different plants from Peru, gathered by Maclean, labelled
“Mottled,” “Yellow (Amarilla),” * White (Blanca) ” (these
three I presume to be cultivated plants), * Guayruma,” * Cho-
rilos" < San Mateo,” < wild, white-flowered, Huamantanga,
11,000 feet,” and “wild, blue-flowered, Huamantanga, 11,000 feet.”
(2) A dwarf slender subglabrous form, with ovoid fruit and
small lilac flowers, in Spruce's collection from the Andes of Quito,
No. 6123, “In monte Carguairago, alt. 12,000 pedes. This is
one of the Sacha-papas, or wild potatoes. Both tubers and
berries are edible ; the former reach the size of a pigeon's egg."
(3) Mandon, 397, * Andes of Bolivia, Prov. Larecaja: viciniis
Sorata, in scopulosis montis Illampu, Lancha de Cochepata.
Regio subalpina, 3500 metres, Nov. 1878.” (4) Matthews, 847,
* Peru, amongst rocks, Lomas of Amaneaes, J uly." (5) Matthews,
772, “ Peru, Cuesta de Purruchuca, April:" a subglabrous form,
with very large terminal and numerous very small side-leaflets,
large white flowers, and a very long style." (6) Matthews,
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 497
771, “Peru, Cuesta de Purruchuca, April:” a glabrous sarmen-
tose form, with small long-petioled acute leaflets very cordate at
the base, very numerous large white flowers, and a long style.
(7) Jameson, “ Valley of Lloa, Ecuador, at 8000 feet, in places
where the forest has been cleared with the object of cultivating
the soil." (8) Lobb, Colombia, very dwarf, with very hairy stems.
And (9) Fendler, 271, Venezuela, near Tovar.
In his recent botanical expedition to the Andes, M. Edouard
André paid special attention to the question of wild Potatoes,
and the following is what he says on the subject in the ‘ Illus-
tration Horticole’ in 1877, vol. xxiv. p. 114 :—
“I have found S. tuberosum, authentic and spontaneous, far
from any human habitation, in three different places.
“The first was the summit of Quindio, in Colombia, near the
volcano of Tolima, at 3500 metres above the sea, in 4°34! N. lat.
The plant formed small tufts in the vegetable mould of the
forest, amongst the stunted trees of this alpine region. Its long
branches were half subterranean and branched, and at their extre-
mity the tubers were of the dimensions of a small elongated nut,
feculent and slightly bitter. The flowers were white, with a lilac
tinge, smaller than in our cultivated varieties; but this I attri-
bute to the poverty of the plant in such a rigorous climate, only
1000 metres below the perpetual snows of Tolima.
“The second time was at Cauca, in the *boqueronnes" or copses
of the neighbourhood of the town of La Union, in 1° 33’ N. lat.
The altitude this time was very different, not above 1900 metres.
The plant was developed in all its beauty, amongst brushwood
composed of Siphocampylus, Sciadocalyx, Ageratum, Alonsoa,
Rubus, and Lamourouxia, with a flourishing vegetation and
covered with flowers. This was in May 1876. The stems rested
on the neighbouring bushes; tbeir foliage was vigorous, and
superb umbels of large violet flowers accompanied them.
“In the neighbourhood of the villages of this region the
cultivated plant does not at all present this aspect, but forms
short branched tufts, as in the fields of Europe. For the rest,
the wild tufts were numerous, scattered, far from any road from
which they might have been sown by accident, and they had com-
pletely the appearance of growing in a state of nature.
“The third time was not far from Lima, in the mountain of
Amancaes, where grows the Zsmene, and where, amongst the very
498 MR. J. G. BAKER ON TITE
poor herbage, the potato grows in abundance. It was spread
not less plentifully in the island of San Lorenzo, near Callao. In
these two localities it may perhaps have been brought by the
hand of man; but it does not seem likely."
Since I began this paper M. André has kindly sent me for
examination the beautiful series of dried specimens which he
brought home.
The Quindio plant is evidently identical with S. Otites, Dunal
in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1639. This is marked by its slender sarmen-
tose glabrous stems, petiole longer than in tuberosum, nine thin
oblong acute subglabrous leaflets 1-2 in. long, with sometimes
but not always two small ones below the nine, but none inter-
spersed amongst the large ones, a subglabrous calyx with deltoid
segments much shorter than the tube, a small whitish corolla
with deltoid lobes, and by its ovoid pointed fruit. The tubers,
which were previously unknown, are described by M. André as
being grey, oblong, 2-4 centimetres long, 1-1} cent. broad, with
a bitter taste. If not a distinct species, it must be considered a
well-marked variety of S. tuberosum.
The plant from La Union is evidently a distinct species. It
appears to be about midway between S. tuberosum and 5. terna-
tum of Ruiz and Pavon. M. André did not find any tubers ;
but thinks it quite possible that they may exist. As I cannot
identify it with any species already known, I have ventured to
characterize it as a novelty, excluding it for the present from the
category of tuber-bearing types.
SOLANUM ANDREANUM, n. sp.: herbaceum, subglabrum, tube-
ribus nullis vel ignotis, caule flexuoso, foliis atroviridibus pseudo-
stipulatis, petiolo producto, foliolis magnis oblongis acutis 3-5
basalibus parvis 1-2, accessoriis interjectis nullis, cymis laxis
multifloris pedunculatis, pedicellis subglabris supra medium
articulatis, calycis subglabri segmentis deltoideis, corolle vio-
lace: segmentis deltoideis, fructu ignoto.
Petiole above an ineh long when the small basal leaflets are
present; above 2 in. when they are absent. End-leaflets 22-3 in.
long, much narrowed at the base. Corolla an inch in diameter.
Anthers 4 in. long, with very short filaments. Style only pro-
truded a little beyond the anthers in the flower.
The Lima plant is a form of S. tuberosum, as here understood,
to whieh also must be referred specimens gathered by M. André
at Pasca, in New Granada, at an altitude of 2500 metres above
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 499
sea-level. His collection also includes fine specimens of S. ochra-
canthum, H. B. K., and S. caripense, H. B. K., which have com-
pound pinnate leaves, but are not tuber-bearing.
2. SOLANUM rwwrrE, Dunal.—This is fully characterized by
Dunal in vol. xiii. of the * Prodromus; p. 32, from a dried speci-
men in the herbarium of M. Boissier, gathered in Peru by Pavon.
It is said to differ from S. tuberosum by its more slender stems,
narrower leaf-segments, almost glabrous above and thinly hairy
beneath, and by its almost glabrous calyx. We have a plant at
Kew which nearly matches the description, * Matthews, 1965,
Casapi Peru.” I do not think that it is more than a slight
variety of S. tuberosum.
3. SOLANUM COLOMBIANUM, Dunal.—This is fully described by
Dunal in vol. xv. of the * Prodromus,’ p. 33, and I have examined
an excellent type-specimen at the British Museum, on which I
made the following notes:—Stems slender, glabrous, sarmen-
tose. Leaves pseudo-stipulate, 4-6 in. long, with a 1-12 in.
petiole; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, very acute;
main ones about 9, with numerous small ones interspersed ; end
one 1} in. long, 4-4 in. broad. Flowers in a long-peduncled
compound cyme; peduncle and pedicels nearly glabrous. Calyx
glabrous, 1 in. long; teeth deltoid, scarcely exceeding the tube.
Corolla small, lilac, with deltoid segments. This is Moritz 829,
from the colony of Tovar, in Venezuela. It is labelled “ Col.
Tovar; silv. mont. sponte.; fl. Mart. S. tuberoso simillimum
et tuberis «qualibus instructum, sapore paullo acriori.” Ido
not think that it is more than a slight variety of S. tuberosum.
4. SOLANUM VALENZUELÆ, Palacio.— All that is known of this
is contained in a letter from M. Palacio to M. DeCandolle, dated
London, February 1816, which is printed at p. 340, vol. ii. of
the Memoirs of the Paris Museum. It says:—* Dom. Eloy
Valenzuela, Cure of Bueamara, in the department of Giron, in
the province of Pampeluna, in New Granada, a pupil of Mutis,
found in 1809 a new species of potato on the borders of the
Maláve, at a height where the thermometer is 5? an hour before
sunrise. He has named it Solanum Papa; but as the name Papa
is common to all the potatoes, probably it would be well to call it
S. Valenzuele. Its root is easy to cook, white, of very good
500 MR. J. G, BAKER ON THE
taste, and as useful as that of the old kind." Then follows a
description, which quite fits for S. tuberosum except that the
berry is stated to be oblong, compressed, and two or three inches
in length. No specimens appear to have been sent to Europe,
and the plant has not since been heard of. It may perhaps be
identical with S. Otites, Dunal.
Solanum Maglia.—A plant in the Kew herbarium from Mr.
W. Nation, received in 1863, labelled “ Sandy hills of Lima,
common," I eannot distinguish from the Chilian S. Maglia.
The following note, which accompanies a bottle of Chunos or
dried Peruvian potatoes in the Kew Museum, may also be worth
placing on record :—
“Extract of a letter from Mr. W. Atherton, Liverpool, dated
Sept. 17, 1850, to the Seeretary of the Royal Institution.—The
natives of the interior of Peru prefer the Chuno to the potato in
any other form. It is universally used in the departments of
Cuzco, Lampa, Pimo, Chuquito, La Paz, Potosi, and elsewhere.
The manner of preparation, which mostly takes place at a great
elevation above the level of the sea, is to expose the potatoes,
throwing water on them. They become frozen during the night,
and the operation is repeated three successive evenings. They
are then dried in the sun, the rarefaction and dryness of the air
favouring this most effectually. Thus they are ready for use or
keeping."
4. MEXICO.
1. SOLANUM VERRUCOSUM, Schlecht.—This is fully characterized
and figured by Schlechtendahl in ‘ Hortus Halensis.’? The native
locality is stated to be “In regione Mineral de Monte Mexici
satis frequens, ad vias, in sylvis, muris, etc., a Julio ad Oct.
florens. C. Ehrenberg.” M. Alphonse DeCandolle has recorded
in the ‘Revue Horticole’ and elsewhere how it was cultivated
for many years by peasants in the neighbourhood of Geneva, and
how the cultivation was finally abandoned on account of the
smallness of the tubers, and because they did not, as was hoped,
resist the disease. The tubers, he states (Geog. Bot. vol. ii.
p. 815), are smaller and later in their development than in ordi-
nary S. tuberosum, of excellent taste, with yellow flesh. The
petiole is longer and the leaflets are fewer than in typical tube-
rosum, ovate, acute, densely hairy beneath, and the interspersed
smalllleaflets are not invariably present. The flowers are large
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 501
and deeply coloured, and the berry is globose and dotted all over
with white raised points. A specimen from Chiswick Gardens
in 1847, from tubers sent by Mr. C. A. Uhde, is in the Lindley
herbarium. I do not think it is more than a mere variety of
S. tuberosum.
2. SOLANUM sUAVEOLENS, Kunth & Bouché.—This I know
only from the full description in the ‘ Prodromus,’ and a specimen
dried from Kew Gardens in July 1874. The root is said to be
fibrous, annual, and quite devoid of tubers. In the specimen in
question the stem and leaves are nearly glabrous, the leaves con-
spicuously pseudo-stipulate, 6 or 8 inches long, with 9-11 large
acute oblong-lanceolate leaflets 2-3 inches long, without any
small ones interspersed. The flowers are small, white, and sweet-
scented, the shape of the corolla being precisely that of S. £ube-
vosum. The berry is said to be ovoid-globose, the size of a cherry,
green, and variegated with irregular paler longitudinal zones.
3. SOLANUM STOLONIFERUM, Schlecht.—This is said to be a
native of the foot of the well-known volcanic mountain of
Orizaba, at an elevation of 10,000 to 11,000 feet, and to be called
by the natives “ Papa cimarrona." It is said to have an annual
stoloniferous tuber-bearing rootstock, with long running stolons
and tubers the size of a hazel-nut. The following are my notes
on authentic specimens from the Leipsic garden, dried in Aug.
1840 :—Stems erect, slender, flexuose. Leaves pseudo-stipulate,
5-6 in. long, with a 1-12 in. petiole. Leaflets about 9, the lowest
pair small, with several small ones interspersed on the rhachis,
broad ovate, acute, much rounded at the base, the side ones
distinctly petioled, the end one an inch long; the upper surface
green and thinly hairy, the lower grey and densely hairy. Calyx
tin. long, densely bristly ; teeth lanceolate-deltoid, about as
long as the tube. Corolla small, white, with deltoid segments.
Anthers 4 in. long. Style much exserted. Berry subglobose.
4. SOLANUM DEMISSUM, Lindl.--This is fully described and
figured by Lindley, in vol. iii. of the ‘ Journal of the Horticultural
Society,’ pp. 68 & 69, and I have examined the type specimen in
the Lindley herbarium at Cambridge. The plant was received
from Mr. C. A. Uhde, marked “Native Mexican Potatoes,
growing at 8000 to 9000 feet elevation," and was cultivated at
502 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
Chiswick in 1847. I cannot see that it is more than a slight
variety of S. tuberosum, closely allied to S. verrucosum.
9. SOLANUM UTILE, Klotzsch.—This will be found fully de-
scribed at page 677 of the 13th volume of DeCandolle's * Pro-
dromus.’ It came from the mountains at an altitude of 10,000 feet
above sea-level from the Rio Frio, between Puebla and the city
of Mexico. I have not seen authenticated specimens, but cannot
make out from the description that it differs in any way essen-
tially from S. tuberosum.
6. SOLANUM SQUAMULOSUM, Mart. § Gal., from alpine woods
at Real del Monte, Mexico, No. 1221 of Galeotti’s distributed
collection. Of this the description is so brief that it is impossible
to judge from it. Dunal queries whether it is not a form of
S. verrucosum.
7. SOLANUM CARDIOPHYLLUM, Lindley.—This was received from
Herr Uhde along with S. demissum, and is described and figured
by Lindley at pp. 70 & 71 of the third volume of the * Journal of
the Horticultural Society.’ I have examined the type specimen
in the Lindley herbarium at Cambridge. It has the general
habit of S. tuberosum ; but there are no small leaflets interspersed
amongst the large ones, and the shape of the corolla is quite
different, so that it is clearly distinet specifically. The following
is a summary of its characters :—Rootstock producing globose
white watery tubers an inch in diameter. Whole plant quite
glabrous. Stems stout, erect, herbaceous, above a foot long,
Leaves glabrous, very dark green, half a foot long, conspicuously
pseudo-stipulate ; petiole above an inch long; leaflets 5, large,
ovate acute, the end one 2-25 inches long and nearly as broad,
the side ones distinctly stalked, the lower pair much the smallest ;
no small ones interspersed. Flowers in compound cymes, with
short peduncles and pedicels. Calyx glabrous; teeth deltoid, as
long as the tube. Corolla white, 2 in. diam., with lanceolate-
deltoid acute segments as long asthetube. Stamens longer than
the corolla-tube. Style scarcely longer than the stamens. A
native of the mountains of Central Mexico, at an elevation of
8000-9000 feet.
8. SOLANUM OXYCARPUM, Schiede.—This is a little-known very
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 508
distinet species from Central Mexico, described and figured by
Sehlechtendahl in * Hortus Halensis,’ p. 5, tab.3. It has slender
erect acutely-angled stems a span long, 9-11 oblong-lanceolate
very acute sessile leaflets, with no small ones interspersed, lax
few-flowered cymes, a small calyx with very acute lanceolate-
deltoid teeth, and an ovoid remarkably pointed berry, three times
as long as thick. It was collected by Schiede in stony ground at
Malpays de Joya, fruiting in the month of September, and its
tubers are said to be called * Papa cimarrona” by the natives.
The following numbers of distributed Mexican collections seem
to me to belong to forms of S. tuberosum, viz. :—F. Müller, 1673 ;
. Linden, 240, 244; Galeotti, 1156, 1175; Bourgeau, 346, 1676,
2864; Parry & Palmer, 633, 937, 938; Coulter, 1242. A plant
gathered in the mountains of Costa Rica, Endres 196, which I
have not myself seen, was identified by my colleague, Mr. N. E.
Brown, with a slender-stemmed form of S. tuberosum with narrow
leaflets and small flowers, found at Xalapa by Galeotti, which
closely approaches the Peruvian S. immite and the Venezuelan
S. colombianum.
5. SOUTH-WESTERN UNITED STATES.
1. SorANUM FENDLERI, 4. Gray.—This will be found described
by Dr. Asa Gray at p. 285 of the 22nd volume of the second
series of ‘ Silliman’s Journal,’ and under the name of S. tubero-
sum var. boreale in the second volume of Gray’s * Synoptical Flora
of North America, at p. 227. It is a native of the mountains of
New Mexico and Arizona. The specimens in the Kew herbarium
were collected in New Mexico by C. Wright, No. 1589, and in
the mountains of Prinos altos by Mr. E. L. Greene. It has
finely pubescent stems a span long, longer petioles than in typical
S. tuberosum, 3—7 thin pilose broad ovate subacute leaflets, with
few or no small ones interspersed, few-flowered cymes, small lilae
corollas with deltoid segments, and globose fruit. Dr. Torrey
states, in the ‘ Botany of the Mexican Boundary,’ p. 151, that in
the wild plant the tubers are seldom more than half an inch in
diameter.
2. SOLANUM Jamesi, Torrey.—This is a thoroughly distinct
species, of which we have grown a good supply at Kew this
year from tubers furnished by the Agricultural Department at
Washington. The following notes were taken from the living
504 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
specimens :—Tubers not above the size of small marbles. Stems
not above a span long, simple or branched, subglabrous or hairy.
Fully-developed leaf 2-3 in. long, including the 3-1 in. petiole;
leaflets 5-9, oblong-lanceolate, acute, without any interspersed
small ones ; end leaflet 1-13 in. long; side ones petioled, 1-3 in.
broad, unequally rounded at the base. Cymes few-flowered ;
pedicels short, finely pilose. Flower-calyx 4 in. long; teeth
deltoid, equalling the tube. Corolla white, 2 in. diam. ; segments
lanceolate-deltoid, as long as the tube. Anthers bright yellow,
% in. long. Style much exserted. Berry globose. It is a native
of the mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, and we
have the same plant from Mexico gathered by Bourgeau at Mont
Zacoalco, near Guadeloupe, No. 544 of his collection as distri-
buted. A full account of the discovery in Arizona of this and
the last, and of the kind of stations in which they grow, will be
found in a paper called * The Discovery of the Potato in Arizona,”
by Mr. J. G. Lemmon, of Oakland, in California, which was read
before the Californian Academy of Sciences at San Francisco on
Jan. 15, 1883, and published as a pamphlet by Messrs. Bacon
and Co., 508 Clay Street, San Francisco.
SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY.
So far as I can judge from the material and information which
we possess in England, out of twenty species which have been
named, six, viz. S. tuberosum, S. Maglia, S. Commersoni, S. cardio-
phyllum, S. Jamesii, and S. oxycarpum, possess a fair claim to be
considered as distinct species in a broad sense ; and of the others
eleven, viz. S. etuberosum, S. Fernandezianum, S. immite, S. colom-
bianum, S. Otites, S. Valenzuele, S. verrucosum, S. debile, S. stolo-
niferum, S. utile, S. squamulosum, and S. Fendleri, are certainly,
or probably, mere forms or varieties of S. tuberosum, and Ñ.
Ohrondii and S. collinum of S. Commersoni. The following are
brief diagnoses of the species, as I understand them, with their
habitats :—
l. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM, L.: tuberibus magnis, caule valido,
folis breviter petiolatis, foliolis multijugis ovatis vel oblongis
acutis multis minutis interjectis, corolle lilacine vel albe seg-
mentis brevibus deltoideis, fructu sæpissime globoso, stylo brevi
vel elongato .—Amndes of Chili, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and
Colombia; also in the mountains of Costa Rica, Mexico, and
the South-western United States.
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 505
2. SOLANUM MAGLIA, Schlecht. ; tuberibus magnis, caule valido,
foliis distincte petiolatis, foliolis paucijugis ovatis acutis, minutis
interjectis subnullis, corolle alb: segmentis brevibus deltoideis,
stylo elongato.—Shore of Chili, down south as far as the Chonos
Archipelago; also likely Peru.
9. SOLANUM COMMERSONI, Dunal; tuberibus magnitudine
mediocribus, caule gracili brevi, foliis distinete petiolatis, foliolis
5-9 oblongis obtusis vel subacutis, interjectis minutis nullis,
corolle albæ vel pallide lilacine segmentis lanceolato-deltoideis
tubo sublongioribus, stylo elongato.— Uruguay, Buenos Ayres,
and Argentine territory, in rocky and arid situations at a low
level.
4. SOLANUM CARDIOPHYLLUM, Lindley; uberibus magnis,
caule brevi valido, foliis distincte petiolatis atroviridibus glabris,
foliolis paucijugis ovatis acutis, minutis interjectis nullis, coroll:
albæ segmentis lanceolato-deltoideis tubo equilongis.— Mountains
of Central Mexico.
9. SOLANUM JAMESI, Torrey; tuberibus minutis globosis,
caule brevi gracili, foliis distinete petiolatis, foliolis 5-9 oblongis
acutis, interjectis minutis nullis, cymis paucifloris, corolle albæ
segmentis lanceolato-deltoideis tubo equilongis, fructu globoso.
— Mountains of South-western United States and Mexico.
6. SOLANUM OxYCARPUM, Schiede; tuberibus minutis, caule
brevi gracili, foliis distinete petiolatis, foliolis 9-11 oblongo-
lanceolatis acuminatis, interjectis minutis nullis, eymis laxis pau-
cifloris, floribus ignotis, fructu ellipsoideo cuspidato.— Mountains
of Central Mexico.
ECONOMIC SUGGESTIONS.
What Lord Cathcart asked for were any suggestions that a
botanist might be able to give, founded upon his knowledge of
the potato-plant and its geographical distribution, that were likely
to be of practical value to cultivators. In reviewing the subject
the considerations of this character that occur to me are these :—
In the first place, it always seems to me that cultivators work
upon the tacit assumption, if 1 may so express it, that the one
object in life of the potato-plant is to grow potatoes, and that this
assumption has no sound foundation in fact or reality. Solanum
is one of the largest genera in the vegetable kingdom. About
900 names stand in the botanical books as species, aad Bentham
and Hooker estimate that probably 700 of these are really
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX. 28
506 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE
distinct. Of these 700 it is only six that grow potatoes at all,
and the remainder all maintain their hold in the world as most
plants do, by means of their flowers, fruits, and seeds. I do not
think that the Chilian S. etuberosum and Mexican S. suaveolens
are more than mere forms of S. tuberosum, and they are said to
be quite destitute of tubers; and there is the fact noted by Sir
J. D. Hooker, that when S. Maglia was first grown at Kew, for
two years it did not yield any tubers. A great many of the culti-
vated varieties rarely produce flower and fruit. Any plant brought
to the tuber-bearing state is in a disorganized unhealthy condi-
tion, a fitting subject for the attacks of fungi and aphides. The
great difficulty with which we have to contend in fighting disease
is that in the potato, as in other cultivated species, we grow
in great masses plants which in a state of nature are scat-
tered amongst others. The relationship of tuber to fruit 1s
so clearly shown by one of the experiments of Mr. T. A. Knight
that I will cite it in this connection. * Every gardener knows i:
(he writes in * Philosophical Transactions,’ 1806, p. 297) “ that
early varieties of the potato never afford either blossoms or
seeds ; and I attributed this peculiarity to privation of nutriment,
owing to the tubers being formed preternaturally early, and
thence drawing off that portion of the true sap which, in the
ordinary course of nature, is employed in the formation and
nutrition of blossoms and seeds. I therefore in the last spring
planted some cuttings of a very early variety of the potato,
which had never been known to bloom in garden-pots, having
heaped the mould as high as I could above the level of the pot,
and planted the portion of the root nearly at the top of it.
When the plants had grown a few inches high, they were secured
to strong sticks, which had been fixed erect in the pot for that
purpose, and the mould was then washed away from their stems
by a strong current of water. Each plant was now suspended in
air, and had no communication with the soil in the pots, except
by its fibrous roots; and as these are perfectly distinct organs
from the runners that generate and feed the tubers, I could
readily prevent the formation of them. Efforts were soon made
by every plant to generate runners and tubers, but these were
destroyed as soon as they became perceptible. An increased
luxuriance of growth now became visible in every plant, numerous
blossoms were emitted, and every blossom afforded fruit."
TUBER-BEARING SPECIES OF SOLANUM. 507
Secondly, a suggestion as to what might be done towards
widening the power of climatic adaptation of the cultivated
potato. "There are certainly six distinct species of tuber-yielding
Solanum, each with its own distinctive climatie peculiarities. I
went to Mr. Sutton’s trial-grounds specially to investigate this
point, and came away fully satisfied that all the numerous vari-
eties in cultivation had originated from S. tuberosum *, as here
defined. As far as climate is concerned, it cannot be doubted
that Solanum Maglia (or the Darwin potato as we might suitably
christen it in English) would be better fitted to succeed in
England and Ireland than S. tuberosum, a plant of a compara-
tively dry climate. We have indisputable testimony that S.
Maglia and S. Commersoni yield readily an abundant supply of
eatable potatoes. What I should suggest is, that these should be
brought into the economic arena, and thoroughly tested as regards
their economic value, both as distinct types and when hybridized
with the innumerable tuberosum forms.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prite XLI.
Solanum tuberosum, from a wild specimen gathered in the Chilian Andes by
Bridges, No. 719.
Puare XLII.
Solanum Maglia, from a wild specimen gathered by Darwin in the Chonos
Archipelago.
Prate XLIII.
Solanum cardiophyllum, from Lindley’s type specimen, from the Chiswick
garden, 1847.
Prate XLIV.
Solanum Commersoni, from a wild specimen gathered at Montevideo by Gibert.
Prate XLV.
Solanum Jamesii, from a wild specimen gathered in New Mexico by C. Wright,
No. 1588.
Puate XLVI.
Solanum oxycarpum, after Schlechtendahl, from a wild specimen gathered
in Central Mexico by Schiede.
* Four old cultivated specimens in the Sloane herbarium at the British Mu-
seum and one from Philip Miller all belong to typical S. tuberosum.
508 MR. M. C. COOKE ON THE STRUCTURE
The Structure and Affinity of Spheria pocula, Schweinitz.
By M. C. Cooks, A.LS.
[Read January 17, 1884.]
(Puare XLVII.)
Ir has always been to me a greater pleasure to clear from obscu-
rities, and illustrate by new observations, the dubious or little-
known species of old authors, than to propose new species or new
genera, although circumstances so often compel me to the latter
course. The special instance which I desire now to place before
this Society is a species described by Schweinitz, and endorsed by
Fries, of which the fructification has been hitherto unknown or
disregarded, and called by him Spheria pocula. The earliest re-
cord I find is the description by Schweinitz himself in the ‘Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ for 1825
(vol. v. p. 7), in the following words :—“ Spheria (Poronia) pocula,
L. v. S. Resembling an inverted Peziza, bursting fasciculately
from beneath the epidermis, showing 2—4 pedicellate, pendulous
cupulas in a bunch, the margin of the cupula bent in and thick,
the disk flat and pruinose; colour of the whole fungus white,
tinged with brown; size of each cupula about one or two lines.
The perithecia are small, oblong, lutescent, crowded in a single
tier (monosticha), totally immersed in the pulverulently pruinose
disk, with black and scarcely prominent ostiola ; substance inter-
nally suberose, albescent ; externally, the cupule and proportion-
ably thick stipes into which each is contracted are somewhat
squamose or furfuraceous (plate ii. fig. 6). A most remarkable
species communicated to me by Dr. Torrey, bursting from be-
neath the epidermis of Fraxinus. It is strictly of this section,
and the only one, besides the European Poronia, which I consider
genuine."
Subsequently, that is in 1828, Fries published a brief diagnosis
of this same species in his * Elenchus (vol. ii. p. 60) under the
name of Spherta ( Poronia) pocula, Torrey, without quoting the
above, which probably he had never seen, and citing Torrey, not
Schweinitz, as the authority. The brief description was probably
drawn up by himself from specimens communicated to him, per-
haps by Dr. Torrey.
In the ‘Synopsis Fungorum, published by Schweinitz in
1834 (p. 189), the following and more detailed description is
given :—
AND AFFINITY OF SPHERIA POCULA. 509
~ “Suberosa-coriacea, stipitata; stipitibus fasciculatim ex epi-
dermide prorumpentibus, incurvis, sensim dilatatis in cupulas ob-
verse pendulas, extus ex albido-fuliginosis, demum subfurfuraceis ;
stipites semper crassi sunt. Cupulis excavatis, disco planiusculo,
margine crasso, obtusato, inflexo-pulverulento. ^ Peritheciis im-
mersis disco, minutis, monostichis lutescentibus, ostiolis nigris,
vix prominentibus. Substantia cupularis intus ex albo-fuliginea
aut badia, suberosa. Altitudo cæspitis et singularium eupularum
4-5 lineas, diameter disci 2-5 linearis. tate provectiori, sti-
pites fusco nigrescunt.”
In all these instances the species was classed with the Sphari-
acei, under what was then considered the subgenus Poronia, as
an ally of the widely-diffused Poronia punctata. More recently
it has been transferred by some authors to Hypocrea; and in this
view I believe the Rev. M. J. Berkeley concurred. Fries, in his
Summa Veg. Scan. (1846), placed it in the Dichenacei, in a genus
almost especially designed for its reception, under the name of
Enslinia (p. 399), which he characterized as analogous to Poronia.
Wherever it was placed it was taken for granted that it was asco-
mycetous, although evidently its structure was never properly
investigated. With a single specimen to operate upon, derived
directly from Schweinitz himself, and undoubtedly authentic, 1
have arrived at a different conclusion.
As already indicated, the entire fungus consists of a furfura-
ceous cup-shaped brownish receptacle, about one or two lines in
diameter, with a rather thick stem, bursting through the back of
Fraxinus, either singly or in clusters, after the manner of a species
of Peziza or Cenangium, but with this peculiarity, that the pune-
tate disk was turned from the light by the pendulous habit,
which is characterized as universal. Schweinitz says, “ Cupulas
obverse pendulas,” and again, “semper cupulis universis penden-
tibus.” This habit will be referred to again hereafter, although
apparently of slight importance here.
The disk is flattened and whitish, surrounded by the elevated
margin of the cup, the surface sprinkled with apparently blackish
points or dots, described, both by Fries and Schweinitz, as black
ostiole of the supposed immersed perithecia. In the genus Poronia,
as is well known, the perithecia are immersed in the substance of
the disk, and only the black ostiola are seen on the surface ; from
analogy, and a superficial examination with a pocket lens, the dots
on thedisk of the Pocula were assumed to be of the «ame character,
510 ON THE STRUCTURE OF SPHJERIA POCULA.
whereas the microscope shows this to have been an error, the sup-
posed ostiole being nothing more than pores, or openings in the
disk, with no alteration of colour. By soaking in water for an
hour or two my specimen became quite fleshy in its character, and
sections were readily cut through the disk, so thin as to reveal the
entire structure. This may be briefly described :—The pores
which are visible on the surface penetrate the disk in parallel
channels, at short distances apart, and are cylindrical, several
times longer than broad, with no perithecia (as supposed by
Schweinitz and Fries), but lined throughout with a layer of elon-
gated elliptical cells, closely packed side by side, and in no way
differing from the basidia which line the tubes of a Polyporus.
In some instances these basidia were still crowned by delicate
spicules, seen only when stained by aniline. The tubes contained
numerous hyaline spherical spores, about ‘004 millim. diameter,
and these seem to have been the cause of the white pulverulent
appearance of the disk. Between the parallel tubes the substance
was continuous, consisting of interlacing fibres proceeding from
the base of the basidia inwards and downwards, in the direction
of the stem. Hence the structure of the cup was a delicate
fibrous tissue, perforated by parallel pores, opening in the disk;
the whole internal surface of such pores being hymenial, lined
with closely-packed basidia, originally having delicate spicules at
their apices, bearing globose hyaline spores.
Such a structure is undoubtedly Hymenomycetal, and no
insinuation of Ascomycetal ; in fact, it is nothing else than the
structure of Polyporus or Porothelium, with a preference for the
former; and the species should in future be designated as Poly-
porus (Mesopus) Pocula (Schwein.), allied perhaps in habit to
Polyporus pendulus, but in substance to Polyporus Rhipidium.
The objections to this view cannot be formidable, if the structure
above described is accurate. The substance is no more fleshy than
that of many Polyporei. The size is often scarcely exceeded in
Polyporus Rhipidium, and hence dimensions would be no obstacle.
The cup-shape is almost the same in Polyporus pendulus, although
not so remarkably Pezizeform. In fact all the essential characters
of Polyporus are present; and although shaped so much like a
Peziza, we have the authority of Schweinitz for urging that the
disk is not permanently and by preference exposed fo the light,
as in Peziza and Poronia, but turned from the light, by the cups
always becoming pendulous, as is the habit in Polyporus and
other Hymenomycetes.
ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF ÆCIDIUM BELLIDIS. 511
Because Fries and Schweinitz were misled by external resem-
blance to refer this plant to Spheriacei (since they give no indi-
cation of having observed its structure under the microscope), it
cannot be contended that this is not the species of Schweinitz.
When it is remembered that the free globose spores are identical
in size and form with the spore-joints in many species of Hypocrea,
some excuse may be made for the supposition that it might be a
species of Hypocrea. I do not know that any except the original
specimens have ever been found ; and it is not surprising that the
fortunate possessors of a single cup or two should have hesitated
to cut in pleces and examine its structure as I have ventured to
do, in the hope of setting the question at rest as to what is the
Spheria pocula of Schweinitz.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVII.
Fig. 1. Cups in situ, natural size; 2, 3. Magnified bunches;
4. Magnified section. All after Schweinitz.
. Section of cupule, magnified 12 times.
. Section of hymenium, further magnified.
. Section of tubes, showing basidia lining them.
. Arrangement of basidia forming walls of tubes.
. Separate basidia, with spicules.
10. Spores. Figs, 8, 9, & 10 x 500 diameters.
Norr.—Since the above was in type I have discovered that
Berkeley and Curtis, in the fourth volume of the ‘ Proceedings
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences’ (1860), describe
this species anew as Polyporus Pocula, Berk. & Curt., but the
description appears always since to have been neglected, and
even to have passed from the memory of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley
himself.
SOM MND c
On the Life-history of ZEcidium bellidis, DC. By Cnanrxs B.
Prownrc'tr, M.R.C.S. (Communicated by W. T. THISELTON
Dxzz, C.M.G., F.L.S.)
[Read March 20, 1884.]
Tur Acidium upon the common Daisy (Bellis perennis, L.) has
hitherto, both by British and continental botanists, been regarded
as a mere variety of ZEcidiwm compositarum, Mart. During the
past four months this fungus has been made the subject of experi-
mental culture, by which it has been demonstrated that this view
512 ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF JECIDIUM BELLIDIS.
is incorrect, and that this Zcidium is a true heterecismal Uredine.
This ZEcidium differs from its allies in the time it appears, namely
during the late autumn and winter months, from November to
January. It has been made the subject of special observation for
many years past, as it recurs annually upon its host-plant in four
localities near Kings Lynn, and is never accompanied by any
other spore-form upon the same plant. During the past four
months these localities have been frequently visited, and the
daisies, as well as the other plants growing near them, carefully
from time to time examined, with the view of discovering its life-
history. The subjoined cultures were then made ; the only point
about which calling for remark is the length of time which elapsed
between the placing of the promycelial spores upon the host-
plant and the subsequent appearance of the spermogonia. In
most Uredines only about a week or ten days elapse before the
parasite makes its presence visible. In this case, however, the
interval was considerably longer: doubtless this is due to the
fact that all the processes of vegetation are carried on much more
slowly during the winter than is the case in summer. The same
remark applies to the production of the uredospores upon Luzula
campestris from the ecidiospores.
The ZEcidiwm is not a very common species, and has always
hitherto been met with in grassy pastures.
Two Puccinié occur upon various species of Luzule: one,
already known as British, has smooth elliptical uredospores, P.
oblongata (Link)— P. Luzule, Lib. The other, not previously
recorded from this country, P. obscura, Schrót., which has sub-
globose rough uredospores, is connected with ZEcidium bellidis.
Date of first
Ex Plant infected Infecting Date of appearance of
P- : material. infection. uredo.
235... Luzula campestris. Æcidium bellidis. 19 Nov., 1883. 20 Jan. 1884.
a Date of Date of appa ae
. nfecting infection. spermogonia. secidiospore.
Exp. Plant infected. ate 1883. P 1a 2i 1884.
237 Bellis perennis. Puccinia obscura. Dec. 12. Jan. 6. Jan. 25.
238 ” 2 DEI » Dec. 12. Jan. 6. Jan. 25.
289 , » » 5 Dec. 12. Jan. 6. Feb. 8.
240 » » Dm » Dec. 12. Jan. 6. Jan. 26
ON SOME DIATOMACEJE FROM THE ISLAND OF SOCOTRA. 513
On some Diatomace: from the Island of Socotra. By F. Kr os,
Hon. F.R.M.S. (Communicated by Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gop-
WIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S., F.L.S.)
[Read March 20, 1884.]
(Prats XLVIII.)
Tn material in which the following Diatomacee were found was
obtained by Prof. Bayley Balfour during a short visit to the island
in the cold season of 1880, and consisted of a mass of water-plants
containing small freshwater shells (the plants were I believe
gathered and brought to England as botanical specimens, and the
shells were living on them). Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen, to
whom they were sent, after picking out the shells, washed the
plants, and placed a drop of the washing under the microscope and
detected some diatoms in it; the remainder he sent to Dr. Bossey
of Redhill, from whom I received it with a request that I would
make * a list of the species contained in it; to report whether
it contained any one species peculiar to the island, and whether
the whole collection or any one species may indicate connexion
with Africa or India by land- or water-carriage, or by former
continuity of land."
After cleaning the crude material and eliminating the vege-
table débris and coarse sand, sufficient diatoms and fine sand
remained to fill about jj; of a small homeupathic tube. This
I divided into two densities: the heavier, eontaining the larger
forms and sand, was minute in quantity, yielded a new species
of Cerataulus, but by no means in abundance. I have probably
seen about thirty specimens; but, from its delicate nature, most
of them were broken.
The genus Cerataulus was constituted by Ehrenberg in 1843 to
receive a single species, C. turgidus. Grunow, in 1863, amended
the genus and added Biddulphia levis, Ehr., and two new spe-
cies of his own. All species of the genera Cerataulus and Bid-
dulphia are marine. Although I do not think that there is suffi-
cient generic distinction to warrant the constitution of the genus
Cerataulus, I have retained it for the Socotran diatom from
its great resemblance to C. levis. Indeed the resemblance is so
close, that a casual observer would at once refer it to that species.
A. careful examination and the employment of a high power
show some important distinctions: the striw of the latter are
LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XX. 2T
514 MR. F. KITTON ON SOME DIATOMACEJE
coarser, and the puncta of which they are composed are arranged
in straight lines reaching from the centre to the cireumference ;
the processes are also more conspicuous from being less marginal :
it is, moreover, a truly marine species, frequently occurring in
dredgings attached to marine Alge. On the former the strie
are delicate, and the puncta form straight and slightly curved
lines a short distance from the margin only, the larger portion of
the valve being closely but irregularly covered with small monili-
form granules, which sometimes appear to be arranged in rosette-
like patterns. These differences, together with its freshwater
habitat, are of sufficient value to constitute a new species, which
I characterize under the name of ; —
CERATAULUS SOCOTRENSIS, F. Kitton, n. Sp.
Frustulo ventro adspectu cylindrico ; cingulo dense punctato ; valvulis
circularibus vel late ellipticis, leviter bullato infra 2-4 processos margi-
nales; striis delicatis, prope marginem radiatim, per reliquum superficies
valvuli compacte sed irregulariter dispositis; setze 3 vel pluræ, in medio
site. Diametro *0023—:0028 pollic.
Frustule in front view cylindrical, cingulum very finely punc-
tate; valves cireular or broadly elliptical, slightly bullate below
the marginal processes, which vary from 2 to 4 in number; strie
delieate, radiating near the margin, closely but irregularly dis-
posed on the remainder of the valve ; three or more short sete
occur midway between the centre and cireumferenee. Diameter
‘0023 to ‘0028 of an inch.
Island of Socotra; attached to freshwater plants.
The following form, although not a new species, has, I believe,
only been found in two localities until detected in the Socotran
gathering, viz. in material collected by Dr. Unger in the island
of Cyprus, and described by Herr Grunow in ‘ Verhandl. der
k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Bd. xiii. 1863. It was subsequently found
by Colonel Mason in Belgaum, forming large masses ; in some he
sent me I found filaments 2 of an inch in length, and exceeding
the dy of an inch in breadth: in a dry state it has a beautiful
silvery green appearance. In single frustules it very closely re-
sembles Synedra Ulna. The frustules cohere very firmly, and
when treated with strong acids the filament usually separates at
the connecting-zones rather than where the frustules adhere.
FRAGILARIA UNGERIANA, Grun., l.c.
Frustules linear-narrow, with conspicuous marginal puncta,
FROM THE ISLAND OF SOCOTRA. 515
firmly coherent, often forming filaments of considerable length ;
valves narrow-linear, suddenly narrowing near the rounded
apices; margins punctate; the strim. become delicate as they
approach the centre. Length of valve :0090—01606, breadth
'0003.—Cyprus; Belgaum (India); island of Socotra.
The remaining forms observed are such as are usually met
with in freshwater gatherings. It will be seen that, with the
exception of two or three species of Navicula, they are all
parasitic :—
Cocconema lanceolatum. | Cocconeis pediculus.
cymbiforme. | Cyclotella Meneghiniana, var.
——— Cistula. | Eunotia pectinalis.
Cymbella bengalensis. | Navicula spherophora.
Gomphonema intricatum, var. ovalis.
affine. Amphora ovalis.
acuminatum. | Mastogloea Dansei.
Turris. | elliptica.
——— constrictum, var. subcapi- ^| Epithemia gibberula.
tutum. |! Achnanthes linearis.
The Diatomacez above recorded do not afford any indication
of connexion with India or Africa, either by bird- or water-
carriage or former continuity of land. Diatomaceous gatherings
from localities wide apart are sometimes difficult to distinguish
from each other. This is not unfrequently the case with fossil
deposits, partieularly those of freshwater origin.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVIII.
Fig. 1. Cerataulus socotrensis, Kitton, n. sp. X 600 diam.
2. Frustule of C. socotrensis. x 200.
3. Cerafaulus levis (Ehrenb.). x 400.
4. Fragilaria Ungeriana, Grun. Frustules, x 350.
5. Ditto. Part of valve, x 600.
6. Cymbella bengalensis, Grun. X 700.
INDEX.
Acacia retinodes, 75, 76.
Acalypha Baroni, 254; Lyallii, 255;
radula, 254.
Achnanthes coarctata, 315; delicatula,
315; gronlandica, 315; linearis,
515 ; longipes, 316, 317 ; marginata,
314; subsessilis, 315.
Achnanthidium arcticum, 315; flexel-
lum, 314.
Acriulus griegifolius, 336; madagasca-
riensis, 336, 337.
Acrotriche serrulata, 78.
Additions to Flora of Fiji, J. G. Baker
on, 358.
Adelaide, S. Austral., Tasmanian plants
found near, 72.
Adenanthus, sp., 73; terminalis, 79.
JEcidium bellidis, 511 ; compositarum,
var., 511.
, life-history of, by C. B.
Plowright, 511.
Aeranihus macrostachys, 331.
/Eschynomene acutangula, 130; Heurc-
keana, 130 ; laxiflora, 130.
Agathelpis, 340, 341; angustifolia, 343,
346, 351, 353, 358; parvifolia, 346.
Agauria buxifolia, 195 ; polyphylla, 194.
Ageratum, 497.
Agrostis quadriseta, 81.
Ajuga, 159; flaccida, 234 ; robusta, 235.
Alberta laurifolia, 167 ; minor, 167.
Alchemilla alpina, 137 ; bifurcata, 137 ;
madagascariensis, 137; potentilloides,
n Rutenbergii, 138 ; schizophylla,
Alectra pedicularioides, 214.
Algee, opinions sexual charac. of, 430 ;
Bennett, Berkeley, Cleve, Cooke, De
Bary, Hassall, Pringsheim, Wittrock,
H. C. Wood, 430, 431, 434.
Alismacese of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 308.
Alnus, 417; cordatum, 422 ; glutinosa,
419, 423 ; orientalis, 422.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL, XX.
Alnus Richardsoni, a fossil fruit from
the London Clay of Herne Bay, J. S.
Gardner on, 417.
Aloe capitata, 272; ciliaris, 273; del-
toideodonta, 271; humilis, 272 ; ma-
croclada, 273; oligophylla, 272;
pratensis, 272 ; Sahundra, 273 ; sapo-
naria, 272; striatula, 273; vera, 273.
Aloe of Madagascar, 237.
Alonsoa, 497.
Alsinese, develop. capsule of, 423; pla-
centa of, 423.
Alsodeia arborea, 89; squamosa, 89.
Amomum, starch-corpusc. of, 448.
Amphiprora duplex, 315; longa, 316;
nitzschioides, 316 ; paludosa, 315.
Amphora affinis, 316; cymbifera, 314,
317; Erebi, 317 ; Eunotia, 316; lan-
ceolata, 316; Leighsmithiana, 317 ;
lineata, 314; ovalis, 515; proteus, 314.
Anacardium occidentale, 58.
Anacharis, (ftnote) 433.
Anagallis, 159; nummularifolia, 196 ;
peploides, 196; tenella, 159, 196.
André, M. Edouard, Passiflorese coll. by
in N. Granada and Ecuador, 25.
Andropogon brachyatherum, 300; ci-
treus (in fevers), 71; involutus, 409 ;
Mannii, 300; notopogon, 409; tri-
chozygus, 300.
Androsace, 1,16; Chamejasme, 17, var.
coronata, 17; Croftii, 17 ; geraniifolia,
17 ; muscoidea, 18 ; rotundifolia, var.
macrocalyx, 16, var. Stracheyi, 16,
var. Thomsoni, 16; saxifragefolia,
16; selago, 18.
—, Indian species of, G. Watt on,1;
introductory remarks on, 2.
Angola, Monocotyledonous plant from,
H. N. Ridley on, 336.
Angrecum citratum, 331; Gilpine,
330; rectum, 330; recurvum, 330.
Anosporum nudicaule, 296.
2v
518
Anthospermum plicatum, 143; poly-
acanthum, 171; thymoides, 171.
Apetalon minutum, 308.
Aphelexis lycopodioides, 186; selagini-
folia, 186.
Arachis hypogea, elong. peduncles of,
310.
Araliacesz of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Arctic Diatoms, Prof. Cleve on, 313.
Ardisia bipinnata, 201 ; floribunda, 202;
fusco-pilosa, 200; laurifolia, 201; ni-
tidula, 200; pedunculata, 203; Sie-
beri, 201.
Arenaria serpyllifolia, 426; trinervia,
426; verna, 426, develop. capsules
of, 426.
Arethusa ecristata, 308.
Argyrolobium emirnense, 125; flacci-
dum, 125.
Aristea, 237; angustifolia, 269; clado-
carpa, 268; kitclüngii, 269; mada-
gascariensis, 270.
Aristolochia, used in midwifery, 69.
Armit, W. E., on medicinal plants of
N.W. Queensland, 69.
Avroidee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 308.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum, 302.
Artemisia moxa, 414.
Arthonia cinnabarina, var. adspersa, 58,
65; complanata, 59; complanatula,
59; polymorpha, 58; punctiformis,
68; spectabilis, 58 ; subpolymorpha,
58
Ascidium domingense, 53; monobac-
trium, 53, 83.
Asian Lichens, 48.
Aspilia, 159; Baroni, 188; Bojeri, 189.
Asplenium flabellifolium, 81.
Aulacomnion androgynum, 467 ; palus-
tre, gemm:e of, 465, 466 ; pseudo-
podia of, 465, 467.
Authors of ‘ Genera Plantarum,’ 304.
Badula laurifolia, 201.
Baeckia diffusa, 76.
Baker, J. G., Contributions to Flora of
Madagascar.—Pt. I. Polypetale, 87 ;
Pt. 11. Monopetale, 159; Pt. III.
Incomplete, Monocotyledons, and
Filices, 257.
=——, on recent additions to Flora of
Fiji, 358.
, Review tuber-bearing species of
Solanum, 489.
Balanophorce of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Balfour, I. Bayley, on a new sp. of Pan-
danus, 416.
Balsamina comorensis, 114; glanduli-
fera, 113; salicifolia, 115.
Bamboo of Madagascar, 237.
INDEX.
Bambusa alpina, 303.
: Bankas, native name for Cyperaceous
Indian plant, 409.
Banksia marginata, 74, 79; ornata, 73,
79.
Baron, Rev. R., coll. of Madagascar
plants, 87, 159.
Baronia parviflora, 79.
Bartholina Burmanniana, 473; Ethele,
472; pectinata, 473.
Bartsia, 340; gymnandra, 349, 358.
Batidee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Bellis perennis, 512.
Bembicia axillaris, 150.
Bennett, Alf. W., on Reproduction of
Zygnemacee, 430.
Bentham and Hooker’s ‘Genera Plan-
tarum,’ 304.
Beyeria opaca, malformation leaves of,
84; opaca, var. linearis, 84; viscosa,
84.
Bhaib (Pollinia eriopoda), 409.
Biatora Belangeri, 54.
Bicornella gracilis, 331.
Biddulphia aurita, 316.
Blumea balsamifera, 415.
Bolus, Harry, contributions to South-
African Botany, 467.
Bower, F. O., structure of stem of
Rhynchopetalum montanum, 440;
on gemmee of Aulacomnion palustre,
465.
Brachycorythis ovata, 486; pubescens,
486; tenuior, 486; Tysoni, 485.
Brachyloma ciliatum, 78. ;
Bromus arrhenatheroides, 301; avenoi-
des, 302 ; dissitiflorus, 301; patulus,
302; pectinatus, 301; scabridus,
301 ; sterilis, 301.
Broomeia, 311 ; congregata, 311; gua-
dalupensis, 311.
—, outer peridium of, G. Murray on,
311.
Brown, N. E., notes on South-African
Orchids, 467, 468, 472, 475, 478, 479:
Brownleea, 467, 469. :
Bryophyllum crenatum, 139; prolife-
rum, 139. 2r
Buddleia auriculata, 206; axillaris,
206 ; comorensis, 206; fusca, 205.
Burmah, lichens of, 49.
Burmannia ccelestis, 268; juncea, 268;
madagascariensis, 268.
Bursaria spinosa, 79.
Byssacei, 66.
Cadia anomala, 136; Ellisiana, 135;
pubescens, 135.
| Calastrophus fastigiatus,
florus, 73, 80.
74,80; lateri-
INDEX.
Callistemon coccineus, 81.
Calophyllum inophyllum, 56, 60.
Calyciflore of * Gen. Plantarum,' 306.
Calvcosia Hunteri, 364.
Calisaya anglica, 327, 328; Ledgeriana,
325, 328.
Camesperma calymega, 79.
Campanulacee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’
307.
of S. Australia, 78.
Camphor Ngai, from China, 414.
Canna, starch-corpusc. of, 448.
Capparides of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Caprifoliacee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’
307.
Cardiochlamys madagascariensis, 213.
Carex, 374 ; ampullacea, 298 ; Bellardi,
377; bipartita, 379 ; compacta, 395 ;
curvula, 378; dioica, 377; disticha,
298; divisa, 298; emirnensis, 298 ;
erinacea, 397; Esenbeckiana, 403;
Esenbeckii, 383, 389; filifolia, 382;
glauca, monstrosity of, 45; Hart-
wegii, 45 ; hermaphrodita, 377 ; in-
versa, 74, 84; linearis, 382, 383;
lucida, 377 ; microglochin, 401; mi-
rabilis, 379; monostachya, 403;
mutans, 383; myosuroides, 377;
phalaroides, 403 ; phleoides, 398 ; po-
lystacha, 45; pulicaris, 375 ; riparia,
392; Selloviana, 433 ; simpliciuscula,
380 ; spartea, 403 ; spherogyna, 298 ;
Sprengelii, 403; stenophylla, 378,
382; sylvatica, 375; tenella, 391;
trinervis, 382; uncinata, 390, 393;
uncinioides, 376 ; vidua, 303.
Careya arborea, in ulcers, 73,
Carissa cryptophlebia, 204; densiflora,
204; macrophylla, 204.
Caryophylles, develop. capsule of, 423 ;
placenta of, 423.
Cassia bark, 22.
Cassia lignea, W. T. Thiselton Dyer on,
19; export from China, 19; Ford’s
account of districts where cultivated,
20, 22; preparation of bark, 24;
source of, 19.
Cassinopsis ciliata, 118; madagascari-
ensis, 119.
Casuarina, fossil ally, 418.
—— distyla, 74.
Caustis pentandra, 74, 81.
Celastrus nossibseus, 89.
Celtis Harperi, 371.
Centipeda Cunninghami, 77.
Centrolepis aristata, 81 ; fascicularis,80.
Cephalophyton, 237; Parkeri, 250.
Cerastium glomeratum, develop. cap-
sules of, 427 ; quaternellum, 427 ; tri-
viale, 427.
519
Ceratandra bicolor, 487; Harveyana,488.
| Cerataulus levis, 513 ; socotrensis, 514;
turgidus, 513.
Ceratoneis arcus, 314.
Cheetoceras borealis, 317; decipiens,
317.
Chailletia Bojeri, 119 ; discolor, 119.
* Challenger' Exped. Lichens, 82.
China, Lichens of, 62.
Chiodecton subspheerale, 59.
Chlorophytum decipiens, 275 ;
florum, 275.
Chrysopia microphylla, 92.
Cinchona Calisaya, var. Ledgeriana,
How., and C. Ledgeriana (Moens),
J. E. Howard on, 317.
Cinchona, analysis barks of, 320, 322,
323; Calisaya, 317, 319, 325, Mark-
ham’s remarks on, 317; Calisaya,
var. Josephiana, 319, var. Ledgeri-
ana, 320, 321; caloptera, 325; cor-
difolia, 325 ; crispa, 327; Forbesiana,
324, hybridism of, 325; javanica,
320; Josephiana, 320; lancifolia,
325 ; Ledgeriana, 317, 318, 320, 324,
328, 329, var. microcarpa, 323; mag-
nifolia, 326; micrantha, 320, 325,
var. Calisayoides, 319; officinalis,
325, 322, not Uritusinga, var. angus-
tifglia, 325 ; Pahudiana, 325; Pata de
Gallinazo, 326; pubescens, 326;
Rajo, 324, 326; robusta, 327; succi-
rubra, 325, 326, 327; Urituainga, 326,
327.
Cinnamomum Burmanni, 22; Cassia,
19, 22, 23; Ford's account of dis-
tricts where cultivated, 20; obtusi-
folium, 23.
Citrus, organs secret. in, 455.
Cladina sylvatica, var. pycnoclada, 83.
Cladium glomeratum, 81; junceum,
81 ; schoenoides,81 ; tetraquetrum,81.
Cladonia decorticata, 66; pyxidata, var.
chlorophea, 58.
Cladoniei, 66.
Clarke, C. B., on Hemicarex and its
allies, 374.
Clematis dissecta, 87; grata, 88; pim-
pinellifolia, 88.
Clerodendron, 159; arenarium, 229;
emirnense, 228; Gordoni, 370; laxi-
florum, 229; Lehuntei, 369; petuni-
oides, 230; pyrifolium, 228; ramo-
sissimum, 228; rubellum, 229 ; ter-
nifolium, 229.
Cleve, Prof. P. T., on Arctic Diatoms,
313.
Cobresia caricina, 379;
378 ; scirpina, 377.
Coccocarpia aurantiaca, 54; azurella,
pubi-
schoenoides,
520
54; epitripta,54; molybdea, 54, 67,
var. incisa, 54; smaragdina, 54.
Cocconeis arctica, 315; costata, 315;
decipiens, 315; distans, 315; fin-
marchica, 315; glacialis, 317; pedi-
culus, 515; scutellum, 315, var.
stauroneiformis, 315.
Cocconema Cistula, 515; eymbiforme,
515; lanceolatum, 515.
Coll. of Lichens made in E. Asia by Dr.
A. C. Maingay, 48.
Collema conistizum, 50; leucocarpa, 50 ;
limosum, 62 ; thysanzoides, 50.
Collemacei, 50, 62, 66.
Collemei, 62, 66.
Colocasia, starch-corpusc. of, 448.
Composite of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
of S. Australia, 77.
Cones of Alnus Richardsonii, 419, 420
421.
Consul H. G. O'Neill on Mozambique
Copal, 406.
Contrib. to Flora of Madagascar, J. Q.
Baker on.— Pt. I. Polypetale, 87; Pt.
II. Monopetale, 159; Pt. lII. Mo-
nocotyledons &c., 257.
Contributions to South-African Botany
by H. Bolus, 467.
Convolvulus hastatus, 213; oligodon-
tus, 212. -
Cooke, M. C., on the structure and affi-
nities of Spheria pocula, 508.
Copaifera Gorskiana,408 ; Guibourtiana,
408.
Copal gum, 406, 408.
Correa speciosa, 79.
Corrigiola psammatrophoides, 238.
Coscinodiscus centralis, 317; excentri-
cus, 317; radiatus, 317; subglobo-
sus, 316; subtilis, 317.
Courtoisia cyperoides, 334.
Crassula centauroides, 139 ; nummula-
risefolia, 138.
Craterospermum, 436.
Crinum asiaticum, 271 ; firmifolium,
270; ligulatum, 270.
Crombie, Rev. J. M., Additions to Li-
chens of ‘Challenger ’ Exped., 82.
Crombie, Rev. J. M., & Dr. Nylander on
Dr. Maingay’s E.-Asian lichens, 48.
Crotalaria goreensis, 124; orthoclada
124; tenuis, 124.
Croton Argyrodaphne, 253; emirnen-
sis, 252; luteo-brunneus, 254; muri-
catus, 253; nitidulus, 253 ; sp ? used
for abortion, 69.
Cruciferz of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Cryptandra hispidula, 76.
Cryptocarya dealbata, 241; crassifolia,
241; myristicoides, 241.
*
INDEX.
Cryptomeria japonica, 186.
Cussonia fraxinifolia, 157 ; monophylla,
155; myriantha, 157; racemosa,
156; Vantsilana, 156.
Cyathea excelsa, 303; Hildebrandtii,
303; polyphlebia, 303 ; segregata, 303.
Cyathula globulifera, 238 ; spheeroce-
phala, 238.
Cycas, 440, 444, 445; circinalis, (ftnote)
444 ; revoluta, (ftnote) 444.
Cyclotella antiqua, 314; Meneghiniana,
var., 515.
Cymbella bengalensis, 515 ; Botellus,
314; maculata, 314; rupicola, 314.
Cymbidium aculeatum, 470; Sander-
sonii, 470, 472 ; tabulare, 470, 471;
ustulatum, 469, 473.
Cynodon Dactylon, 75 ; sp., 74.
Cynoglossum, 159; cernuum, 211;
discolor, 212; monophlebium, 211;
Rochelia, 211.
Cynosorchis gibbosa, 331; grandiflora,
331, 332, var. albata, 332, var. pur-
purea, 332; uniflora, 331.
Cy peracese of S. Australia, 73, 80.
Cyperus sequalis, 287 ; albo-marginatus,
282; alopecuroides, 283; alternifo-
lius, 289 ; amabilis, 283 ; ambongen-
sis, 286; articulatus, 291; atro-
brunneus, 281 ; atropurpureus, 281 ;
aurantiacus, 283; aureus, 283;
badius, 296 ; Bakeri, 290; Balfouri,
289; Baroni, 289; bicolor, 293;
Boivini, 281; brachiatus, 284; ca-
nescens, 295; capillaris, 280; capi-
tatus, 286; capitellatus, 286; com-
pressus, 284; corymbosus, 292, var.
Pangorei, 292; cruentus, 281; cus-
pidatus, 284; densifolius, 281 ; denu-
datus, 287; difformis, 290; diphyl-
lus, 292; distans, 290, var. major,
291; distichophyllus, 282; dives,
283, 293; dubius, 285; elegans,
288; exilis, 286; Eragrostis, 279;
eseulentus, 293 ; expansus, 282 ;
ferax, 295; flavescens, 279, var.
abyssinica, 279; flavicomus, 282;
flavidus, 287; flexuosus, 295; gale-
gensis, 285; Gardneri, 290; globo-
sus, 279, var. stricta, 280, var. tor-
tuosa, 280; gracilis,80; Gunnii, 295 ;
Haspan, 287; heterocladus, 292;
Hochstetteri, 282, var. russa, 282;
Hookerianus, 280; immensus, 294 ;
Iria, 289, 290 ; lævigatus, 282; Janceo-
latus, 279; lanceus, 281 ; latifolius,
291; latispicatus, 279; lepidus, 284 ;
ligularis, 295; longifolius, 288 ;
longus, 292, 293 ; luteus, 295; mada-
gascariensis, 287; Maderaspatanus,
INDEX.
284; maritimus, 285; microcarpus,
287; microlepis, 290; minor, 280;
mollis, 286 ; mucronatus, 282 ; multi-
bracteatus, 295; multieeps, 295;
Mundtii, 281, 282; nigro-viridis,
288; niloticus, 291; nitidus, 281;
niveus, 286, var. polyphylla, 286;
nudicaulis, 296; nutans, 291; obtu-
siflorus, 286; odoratus, 295; oligo-
stachyus, 283; ovularis, 296; pani-
coides, 290; patuliflorus, 282; pec-
tinatus, 284; pennatus, 204, 295;
pertenuis, 293; Pervillei, 287;
phleoides, 295; pilosus, 280, 281;
polystaehyus, 280, var. Hookeriana,
280, var. ferruginea, 280, var.
Thouarsii, 280, var. Baroni, 280;
Prescottianus, 295; pulcherrimus,
290 ; pygmeeus, 282; reptans, 281;
retusus, 282; rigidus, 285, 296;
Reestelii, 203; rotundus, 292, 293;
spheerocephalus, var. leucocephalus,
286; squarrosus, 284; stoloniferus,
286; strictus, 280; strigosus, 295 ;
tegetum, 292; tenuiflorus, 293;
tenuispicus, 287; textilis, 292; tor-
tuosus, 280; tremulus, 282; turfo-
sus, 281; umbellatus, 296, var. cylin-
drostachys, 296, var. panicea, 296;
uncinatus, 284.
Cyperus of Madagascar, 237.
Cytinacee of ‘Gen. Plautarum,’ 307.
Cytisus glomeratus, 134.
Dais, 237 ; glaucescens, 244; gnidioides,
244 ; involucrata, 244.
Daisy, fungus of, C. B. Plowright on,
511.
Dalbergia Barclayi, 129.
Dammara, fossil ally, 418.
Danais, 159; breviflora, 163; Gerrardi,
160 ; hispida, 161; ligustrifolia, 162 ;
mierocarpa, 163; pauciflora, 162;
pubescens, 164; rhamnifolia, 164;
ternata, 162; verticillata, 164; volu-
bilis, 161.
Daniella thurifera, 408.
Darchim—the Persian name for Cinna-
mon, 19.
Datura alba, fatal to cattle and horses, 71.
Dendrobium Gordoni, 372, 373; Hor-
nei, 373; macrophyllum, 373; Veit-
cliianum, 373.
Denticula tenuis, var. frigida, 314.
Descrip. & notes on new or rare Mono-
cotyl. Plants from Madagascar, by
H. N. Ridley, 329.
Desmodium monospermum, 131 ; radi-
atum, 131; triflorum, 132.
Develop. of Starch-grains in Laticife-
521
rous cells of Euphorbiacee, M. C.
Potter on, 416.
Dianthus barbatus, develop. capsulo
of, 424.
Diatoma tenue, var elongata, 314.
Diatomacesm from island of Socotra,
F. Kitton on, 513.
Diatoms coll. during Arctic Exped. of
Sir G. Nares, Prof. I. 'T. Cleve on, 313.
Dichetanthera arborea, 147 ; cordifolia,
146; oblongifolia, 147.
Dichodium byrsinum, 50.
Dichopsis Hornei, 367.
Dicoryphe stipulacea, 143; viticoides,
143.
Dicotyledons of Madagascar, 159.
Dictamnus Fraxinella, organs of secret.
in, 455, 462.
Didymoplexis, 308; micradenia, 311;
pallens, 308, 311, elongation pedicels
of, 308, 310.
Difformes of Madagascar, 289.
Dioscorea heteropoda, 271; hexagona,
333; pusilla, 333; pyrenaica, 333;
trichantha, 271.
Dipcadi, 237; comosum, 274; hetero-
cuspe, 274.
Disa, 467, 477; atricapilla, 481; bar-
bata, 482, 483; bracteata, 468; Bu-
chenaviana, 331; caulescens, 478;
cylindrica, (ftnote) 468; excelsa,
(ftnote) 479; fasciata, 481; filicornis,
480; graminifolia, 481, 412; lepto-
stachys, ({tnote) 468, 484; longicor-
nis, 479; lugens, 482, 483 ; maculata,
477, 478; melaleuca, 481; minor,
481 ; obtusa, 468; ocellata, 477, 478 ;
patens, 480; purpurascens, 482, 483 ;
reflexa, 480; Richardiana, 480; rosea,
481; secunda, 480 ; tenuis, 468, 469,
484; uncinata, 478; venosa, 479;
venusta, 482, 483.
Dischiama, 340; capitatum, 355 ; cha-
medryfolium, 351; ciliatum, 346,
351, 357; flaccum, 351, 357; fruti-
cosa, 351, 357; hispidum, 346;
spicatum, 355.
Disciflorz of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Discovery of Tasmanian plants near
Adelaide, S. Australia, by J. G. Otto
Tepper, 72. :
Disperis, 469 ; namaquensis, 486.
Distephanus populifolius, 179.
Dolicholobium Knollysii, 360; Mac-
gregori, 360. :
Dombeya glechomefolia, 101.
Drimia Cowanii, 334.
Drosera binata, 73, 76 ; rotundifolia,
glands in, 462.
Droseracee of S. Australia, 76.
522
Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, Note on
ducts recently received at Kew, 404.
Echinacanthus madagascariensis, 218.
Economie products recently recd. at
Kew, W. T. Thiselton Dyer on, 404.
Ecuador, Passiflores of, 25.
Elmocarpus alnifolius, 107; dasyan-
drus, 108; quercifolius, 108; rho-
danthus, 107 ; rufovestitus, 106 ; se-
riceus, 106; serratus, 106; subser-
ratus, 105.
Eleodendron oliganthum, 121;
sum, 122.
Elegantes of Madagascar, 288.
Elongation of pedicels of Didymoplexis
pallens, 308.
Elyna Bellardi, 377 ; capillifolia, 378,
382; caricina, 380; filifolia, 381;
humilis, 378; schcenoides, 378 ; sibi-
rica, 378; spicata, 375, 377.
Embelia concinna, 199; nummularie-
folia, 198; sarmentosa, 198 ; villosa,
199.
Emilia amplexicaulis, 190;
190.
Endococcus erraticus, 62 ; exocarpellus,
pilo-
sagittata,
Enhalus acoroides, 329.
Epacrideæ of * Gen. Plantarum, 307.
of S. Australia, 78.
Epallage, 159; anemonsfolia, 189;
dentata, 189; humifusa, 189; mini-
ma, 189.
Ephebacei, 66.
Epidendrum macrostachys, 331.
Epilobium tetragonum, var. pallidi-
florum, 77.
Epiphanes, 309 ; javanica, 309; micra-
denia, 310.
Epithemia gibberula, 515.
Equisetum maximum, var. proliferum,
malform. of, 47; var. serotinum, mal-
form. of, 47.
Eragrostis Brownii, 81.
Eranthemum, 340, 341; angustatum,
348 ; angustifolium, 343, 346, 351,
353; parviflorum, 345, 348; parvi-
folium, 346, 348.
Erechthites arguta, 77.
Ericaces of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Eriocaulon fluitans, 237, 277; pube-
scens, 279; setaceum, 278.
Eriophorum cannabinum, 410; como-
sum, 409, 410.
Eriosema Bojeri, 133; cajanoides, 134;
erinitum, 134; monophyllum, 134;
parviflorum, 134 ; procumbens, 131.
Eryngium vesiculosum, 81.
INDEX.
| Erythrea australis, a tonic, 71.
Cassia lignea, 19; on Economie pro- |
|
Erythroxylum Gerrardi, 109 ; jossini-
oides, 109; laurifolium, 110; pyri-
folium, 109.
Eucalyptus cosmaphylla, 77; leucoxy-
lon, 74; obliqua, 72, 74, 77; vos-
trata, 74; sp.? of S. Australia, 74.
Eugenia cuneifolia, 141; emirnensis,
145; glomerata, 145; mieropoda,
113; Parkeri, 144; phillyrezfolia,
115; vacciniifolia, 145.
Eulophia, 470; plicata (=Cymbidium
aculeatum), 470.
Eunotia arcus, 314; diodon, 314; pec-
tinalis, 515.
Euphorbia dracunculoides, 251; emir-
nensis, 251; ensifolia, 251; erythro-
xyloides, 252; pilulifera, in asthma,
71; scordifolia, 250; tomentosa,
250; trichophylla, 250; virgata, 251.
Euphorbiacee of S. Australia, 79 ;
starch-grains in laticiferous cells of,
446.
Euphrasia Brownii, 78.
Evodia celastracea, 117; Chapelieri, 118;
densiflora,117; madagascariensis, 118.
Exacum bulbilliferum, 209; rosulatum,
210; spathulatum, 210; quinque-
nervium, 210.
Exocarpus phyllanthoides, 249; xylo-
phylloides, 249.
Exotie Lichens of Dr. Maingay, Dr.
Nylander and Rev. J. M. Crombie
on, 48.
Faurea, 237 ; forficuliflora, 243.
Ferns of Madagascar, 237. l
Ficus bambusæfolia, 372 ; Baroni, 262 ;
brachyclada, 259; Cavei, 371; cla-
oxyloides, 260; longipes, 259; mar-
morata, 257; Masoni, 371; Melleri,
258; polyphlebia, 262; pyrifolia,
258; Smithii, 372; soroceoides, 258;
Storckii, 371; trichopoda, 261; tri-
chospheera, 261 ; xiphocuspis, 260.
Fiji, flora of, J. G. Baker on, 358.
Filices of Madagascar, J. G. Baker on,
237, 303 ; of S. Australia, 81.
Fimbristylis capillaris, 335; cinerea
335 ; schcenoides, var. ciliata, 333.
Fintelmannia restioides, 337; setifera,
337.
Flora of Fiji, J. G. Baker on, 358.
Flora of Madagascar, J. G. Baker on.—
Pt. I. Polypetale, 87 ; Pt. II. Mono-
petale, 159; Pt. III. Incomplete,
Monocotyledons, and Filices, 237.
Floridese of Madagascar, 268.
Forsythiopsis, 159 ; Baroni, 219.
Fossil fruit from London Clay, J. S.
INDEX.
Gardner on, 417; Brown, Carru-
thers, Ettingshausen on, 417, 418.
Fragilaria arctica, 316; islandica, 316 ;
oceanica, 316 ; striatula, 317. -
Fraxinus, 508, 509.
Frolichia caricoides, 377.
Geertneria, 159; arenaria, 209 ; cardio-
carpa, 209; inflexa, 209; macrobo-
trys, 208; macrostipula, 207; obo-
vata, 208; phyllosepala, 207; sphæ-
rocarpa, 208.
Garcinia Mangostana, 92; Melleri, 92 ;
pauciflora, 92.
Gardenia Gordoni, 361 ; Gorriei, 362 ;
Grievei, 361 ; Hillii, 362; taitensis,362.
Gardner, J. Starkie, on Alnus Richard-
soni, a fossil fruit from London Clay,
417.
Gastrodia, 309; javanica, 309.
Geaster, peridium of, 313.
Gemme of Aulacomnion palustre, F. O.
Bower on, 465.
Genista madagascariensis, 125.
Genera Plantarum, joint and separate
work of Authors of, 304.
Geraniacee of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Gerbera hypocheeridoides, 193.
Globularia, 340; Alypum, 341; bisna-
garica, 341, 358; cordifolia, 342;
nudicaulis, 342; orientalis, 342 ; py-
renaica, 342; spinosa, 342; vulgaris,
339, 341, 342, 358.
Glumiferg of Madagascar, 279.
Glyphis cicatricosa, 59, 65; cireum-
plexa, 59; favulosa, 65; heteroclita,
59; labyrinthica, 59.
Gomphalobium minus, 76.
Gomphonema acuminatum, 515; affine,
515 ; angustatum, 314; constrictum,
var. subcapitatum, 515; intricatum,
515; kamtschaticum, 315; Turris,515.
Goodenia geniculata, var. lanata, 78.
Goodenoviee of S. Australia, 78.
Graminee of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
——— of S. Australia, 81.
Grammatophora arctica, 316 ; islandica,
316.
Graphidiei, 49, 57, 65, 68.
Graphis adtenuans, 57, var. detecta, 57 ;
Aizeli, 57, 83; chrysentera, 58;
flexuosa, 58; leterocarpa, 49, 57 ;
inusta, 58 ; rigida, 58 ; scripta, 57, 65,
var. recta, 65, var. pulverulenta, 65, 83,
var. serpentina, 57; sophistica, 57 ;
subrigida, 58 ; subserpentina, 57.
Green, J. R., on Organs of Secretion in
Hypericacez, 451.
Grewia lanceolata, 104; polygama, in
dysentery, 70; polypyrena, 105.
523
Gum Copal (Ogea), 408.
Gymnandra borealis, 358 ; Gmelini, 358.
Gymnosporia berberidacea, 120; crate-
gina, 120; leptopus, 120; panicu-
lata, 121.
Gyrostomum scyphuliferum, 57.
Habenaria purpurea, 331.
Hakea rostrata, 79.
Halleria, 159; elliptica, 214; tetragona,
214.
Haloragee of S. Australia, 76.
Haloragis micrantha, 76 ; teucroides, 76.
Hartogia trilobocarpa, 119.
Haspani of Madagascar, 287.
Hebenstreitia, 340, 341; aurea, 344;
357; capitata, 348, 355; ciliata,
343, 344, 346, 348, 356; cordata,
347, 356, 358 ; dentata, 338, 343, 344,
347, 355, 356, 357; erinoides, 351;
fruticosa, 351; hispida, 346 ; integri-
folia, 343, 344, 354, 355, 357 ; ramo-
sissima, 357; repens, 357; scabra,
343, 354, 357 ; spicata, 348, 355, 357.
Hedychium flavescens, 268; peregri-
num, 268.
Heleocharis Baroni, 297 ; palustris, 297.
Helichrysum, 159; amplexicaule, 185 ;
Blundowskianum, 77; Bojerianum,
185, 186; bullatum, 184; emir-
nense, 184; cryptomerioides, 186;
flagellare, 183 ; fulvescens, 184; ob-
tusifolium, 77; patulum, 185; phy-
liceefolium, 183; retrorsum, 184;
semipapposum, 77 ; squarrosum, 184,
185; tanacetiflorum, 183; trinerva-
tum, 182.
Hemicarex and allies, C. B. Clarke on,
374.
Hemicarex curvirostris, 384; filicina,
384; Hookeri, 383; laxa, 385; pyg-
meea, 383; trinervis, 382.
Hemsley, W. B., on synon. of Didymo-
plexis and elong. of pedicels of D.
pallens, 308.
Herne Bay, fossil fruit from, 417.
Herschelia (sect. of Disa), 467.
Hibbertia hirsuta, 74, 81.
Hibiscus azureus, 98; columnaris, 101 ;
Ellisii, 100 ; liliiflorus, 101; oxali-
florus, 99.
Homalium africanum, 151; longisty-
lum, 151; Parkeri, 150; tetramerum,
151.
Homology of seta in Carex, 45.
Hooker and Bentham’s ‘ Genera Plan-
tarum,’ 304.
Hooker, Sir J. D., prelim. note on
Watt's Indian sp. of Primula and
Androsace, 1; on Cinchona, 319.
524
Horne, J., on Fijian plants, 359.
Howard, J. E., on Cinchona Calisaya,
var. Ledgeriaua, How., and C. Led-
geriana (Moens), 317.
Hoya Barracki. 369.
Humiriaceæ of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Hyacinthus cryptopodus, 274; lede-
bourioides, 275.
Hyalodiscus scoticus, 316.
Hydnophytum Wilkinsoni, 365; Wil-
soni, 365.
ITydrocharis, (ftnote) 433.
Hydrocotyle asiatica, 81, 152; hirta,
77; tussilaginifolia, 151.
Hydrophylax madagascariensis, 170.
Hymenocnemis madagascariensis, 169.
Hypericace:e, org. secret. in, J. R. Green
on, 451-461; views regarding, 454,
455.
Hypericinese of S. Australia, 75.
Hypericum, organs of secretion in, 451.
Hypericum Androszemum, 459; balea-
ricum, 452, 459 460; calycinum,
451, 452, 453, 459, 460, 462; hirci-
num, 451; hirsutum, 451, 453, 461,
462; japonicum, 75; montanum,
455; perforatum, 451, 453, 454, 455,
459, 460, 462; pyramidatum, 451;
tetrapterum, 452, 459, 461.
Hypoestes, 159; ascendens, 223; bra-
chiata, 2214; calaminthoides, 222;
comorensis, 223, 224; corymbosa,
223, 221; loniceroides, 225 ; pulchra,
225; rodriguesiana, 225
; sangui-
denta, 221; secundiflora, 224; ser-
pens, 223.
Impatiens capensis, 115, 116; como-
rensis, 114; emirnensis, 115; firmula,
1L4, 116; leptopoda, var. madagas-
cariensis, 115; Lyallii, 113; Ruten-
bergii, 115; salicifolia, 115; sulphu-
rata, 115; trichoceras, 116.
Incompletze of Madagascar, 237, 238.
Indian species of Primula and Andro-
sace, 1.
Indigofera, 401; Bojeri, 127, 128;
Heudelotii, 128; Lyallii, 128; Par-
keri, 126 ; pectinata, 127; peduncu-
lata, 127, 128; pinifolia, 127; pul-
chella, 128 ; stachyoides, 128; sub-
ulata, 127 ; thymoides, 126; trita, 127.
Inhambane Copal, 406.
Inthlaka, a gum-copal,
Iphigenia robusta, 275.
Tridew of S. Australia, SO.
Ismene, 497.
Isolepis Lichtensteiniana, 298.
Isopogon, fossil allied to, 423.
Ixora Carewi, 364; Joskei, 363.
407.
INDEX.
Jamaica, Myrica wax from, 413.
Japan, lichens of, 62.
Jasminum Kitchingii, 201; puberulum,
203.
Juncacere of S. Australia, 73, 80.
Juncellus of Madagascar, 282.
Juneus bufonius, 80; ceespitosus, 80 ;
pauciflorus, 81; planifolius, 80. `
Justicia chloroptera, 222 ; Commersoni,
222 ; haplostachya, 222; rhodoptera,
22].
Kalanchoe pumila, 139 ; trichantha, 140.
Kew, economic products received at, 404.
Kitchingia amplexicaulis, 112; graci-
lipes, 141; panduriformis, 141; par-
viflora, 141; peltata, 140; porphyro-
calyx, 142.
Kitton, T., on Diatomacer of Socotra,
513.
Kniphofia, 237; pallidiflora, 273.
Kobresia, 374, 375, 376 ; Bellardi, 377 ;
enpillifolia, 378, 379; caricina, 379,
382; cyperoides, 382; filifolia, 381 ;
filiformis, 377 ; globularis, 382 ; laxa,
385; pseudo-laxa, 375, 381; schcen-
oides, 378, 379 ; scirpina, 377, 3783
stenocarpa, 380, var. Royleana, 381 ;
trinervis, 383.
Kosteletskya hispida, 98.
Kyllinga elatior, 334.
Lagotis glauca, 358 ; Pallasii, 358.
Lamouroaüxia, 497.
Landolphia florida, 408.
Lasiopus ambiguus, 193 ; Bojeri, 193.
Laticiferous cells, starch-grains in, 446.
Lavandula vera, 231.
Leaves of Beyeria opaca malformed, 81.
Lebeckia retamoides, 123.
Lecanactis obfirmata, 65.
Lecanora achroa, 63, var. pheachroa,
53, 63; argopholis, 64; atra, 67;
aurantiaca, 63; callopisma, 63;
carnulenta, 63 ; cinerea, 64; citrina,
63; coccocarpiopsis, 62, 63; com-
pendiosa, 63; erysibopsis, 63; ery-
thrella, 63, 67; galactina, 63 ; ganga-
liza, 52; gangalizodes, 52; leptozona,
52; phegranifera, 53; punicea, 53;
saxicola, 62; subgangaliza, 67 ; vitel-
linula, 63.
Lecanorei, 53, 62, 67.
Lecidea acerina, 55; albuginosa, 68 ;
aromatica, 65; bacillifera, 55 ; chlo-
roconia, 56 ; dissimulabilis, 55; en-
teroleuca, 65, 67, 68 ; enteroleucella,
67 ; gelatinosa, 55; inusta, 68 ; Lepri-
eurioides, 56 ; Maingayensis, 67 ; ma-
laccensis, 55 ; mediocricula, 56, 64 ;
INDEX.
microphylliniza, 56; Moseleyi, 83;
parvifolia, 67, var. fibrillifera, 54;
premnea, 68; proboscidina, 54;
scripta, 68, var. serpentina, 68; stel-
lulata, 68; subalboatra, 49; subaro-
matica, 64; subbaculifera, 55; tra-
chona, 64; trachonopsis, 64; tri-
phragmia, 57 ; tritula, 64; vernalis,
67; vulpina, 56.
Lecideei, 49, 54, 64, 67.
Ledger, C., letter of, to Howard, on
Cinchona Calisaya, 318.
Leguminose of ‘ Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
— — of S. Australia, 76.
Lentibulariacez of S. Australia, 78.
Leptogium chloromelum, 50, var. com-
pactum, 50; tremelloides, 50, 66, 83,
var. azureum, 50.
Leptolena multiflora, 97; pauciflora,
96; turbinata, 97.
Leptospermum lanigerum, 73, 77; late-
rale, 74, var. linearis, 81.
Leptostacltyi of Madagascar, 295.
Leucodendron, fossil ally, 418.
Leucorchis, 308 ; sylvatica, 308.
Lichenacei, 49, 50, 62, 66.
Lichens of E. Asia, coll. by Dr. Main-
gay, described by Dr. Nylander and
Rev. J. M. Crombie, 48.
Lichens from Ascension, 83; Bermuda,
83; Burmah, 49; * Challenger’ Ex-
ped., 82; China, 62; Japan, 66;
Patagonia, 83; Philippines, 83;
enian Settlements 50; Teneriffe,
Licmophora Jurgensii, 316.
Life-history of Æcidium bellidis, by C.
.B. Plowright, 511.
Lightfootia, 159; madagascariensis,
194; subaphylla, 193.
Liliaceee. of S. Australia, 80.
Litanogenneton abyssinicum, 188.
Lindsaya linearis, 73, 81.
Liner of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Liparis ceespitosa, 330.
Lippia, 340; geminata, 226; oligo-
pus 225; ovata, 347, 553; sessi-
fera, 226.
Lister, Miss G., on origin of Placenta
in Alsines, 423,
Lobaria pulmonaria, 82.
Lobelia anceps, 78; Erinus, 441 ; Hart-
laubi, 194; macrostachya, 441; mi-
crosperma, 78; pedunculata, 78;
splendens, var. ignea, 441.
Lolium perenne, pistillody in, 46.
Lomaria capensis, 81.
Lonchocarpus cyanescens, 406.
London Clay, fossil fruit from, 417.
Lophatherum, 237 ; geminatum, 300.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XX.
525
Loranthus Baroni, 247 ; clavatus, 247 ;
diplocrater, 246; filiflorus, 246; go-
nocladus, 247; microlimbus, 246;
monophlebius, 247; pachyphyllus,
245, 246, 247; Parkeri, 245; rubro-
viridis, 245.
Lychnis diurna, develop. capsule of, 423.
Luzula campestris, uredospores of, 512.
Lycopodiacee of S. Australia, 81.
Lycopodium laterale, 73, 81.
Lyperia, 340; fragrans, 345, 358.
Lysimachia, 159; dubia, 197; parvi-
flora, 196.
Lythracee of S. Australia, 77.
Lythrum thymifolium, 77.
Maba lateriflora, 366.
Macaranga alnifolia, 256 ; boutonioides,
256; ciliata, 256; cupularis, 256;
echinocarpa, 255; macropoda, 257;
Maudslayi, 371; obovata, 256;
spherophylla, 257.
Machilus velutina, 22.
Madagascar, Ferns of, 303.
, Flora of, J. G. Baker on.—
Pt. I. Polypetale, 87; Pt. If. Mono-
petale, 159; Pt. IIf. Incompletee,
Monocotyledons, and Filices, 237.
Plants, H. N. Ridley on, 329.
Mesa lanceclata, 197; trichophlebia,
197.
Maingay, lichens coll. by, 48. _
Malformation of leaves of Beyeria opaca,
84.
Malform. of Equisetum maximum, var.
serotinum, 47.
Malvaceous shrubs of Queensland used
medicinally, 71.
Manulea, 340 ; tomentosa, 345.
Marianthus bignoniaceus, 74, 75.
Mariscus Jacquinii, 382 ; of Madagas-
car, 296 ; umbellatus, 296. ——
Masters, Dr. T. Maxwell, on Passiflorew
coll. by M. E. André in Ecuador and
New Granada, 25. ae
Mastoglea Dansei, 515; elliptica, 515.
Medinilla divaricata, 149; fasciculata,
148; papillosa, 148 ; parvifolia, 149.
Medusula tricosa, 58.
Melaleuca decussata, 77 ; squamea, 73,
77.
Melandrum, starch corpusc. of, 448.
Melhania laurifolia, 103.
Melosira Borreri, 316; nummuloides,
var. hyperborea, 313, 316; sulcata,
317.
Memecylon longicuspe, 150.
Meridion circulare, 314.
Mesanthemum platyphyllum, 278; pu-
bescens, 279; Rutenbergianum, 279.
2x
526
Mesocarpus, 436; parvulus, 437; re-
curvus, 437 ; scalaris, 436, 437.
Micrantha Calisayoides, 319, 328.
Micrantheum hexandrum, 74, 79.
Microdon, 340, 341; cylindricus, 358 ;
ovatus, 347.
Microglossa mikanioides, 182;
dioides, 182; sessilifolia, 182.
Micromeria, 159 ; flagellaris, 232; sphse-
rophylla, 232.
Microsteira Curtisii, 111.
Mimulopsis diffusa, 219;
220.
Moens, Mr., on Cinchona, 319.
Moloney, Capt. A., Gold-Coast pro-
ducts, 404, 408.
Monachochlamys, 159; flagellaris, 217.
Monadenia (sect. of Disa), 467, 468, 484.
Monochlamydee of ‘ Gen. Plantarum,’
307.
Monocotyledons of Madagascar, J. G.
Baker on, 237; H. N. Ridley on,
329.
Monopetale of Madagascar, 159.
Monstrosity of Carex glauca, 45.
Moquinia adenocarpa, 177.
Mougeotia, 435.
Mucuna paniculata, 132.
Mueller, Baron von, share in ‘ Genera
Plantarum,’ 304.
Mundulea revoluta, 129.
Murray, G., on outer peridium of
Broomeia, 311.
Musseenda hymenopogonoides, 166;
Landia, 166; trichophlebia, 166;
vestita, 166.
Myoporium tuberculatum, organs of
secretion in, 452.
Myosurandra moschata, 143.
Myrica Bojeriana, 267 ; cerifera, 413;
cordifolia, 413; microcarpa, 414;
phillyresefolia, 267 ; spathulata, 267.
Myrica-wax from Jamaica, 413.
Myriophyllum amphibium, 81; varii-
folium, 81.
Myrsinee of ‘ Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Myrtacez of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
of S. Australia, 76.
Myrtus, organs of secret. in, 454.
psia-
lanceolata,
Naiadaces of ‘ Gen. Plantarum,’ 308.
Nastus borbonicus, var. emirnensis,
302.
Navicula ambigua, 314; arctica, 317 ;
bomboides, var. media, 315 ; borealis,
314; cryptocephala, 314; didyma,
317; digitoradiata, 315; directa,
815; falaisiensis, 314; firma, 314;
fortis, 317; glacialis, 317 ; globiceps,
. 914; interrupta, 315; latefasciata,
INDEX.
315; liber, 317; littoralis, 315;
Lyra, var. elliptica, 315; mesolepta,
314; minutula, 314; ovalis, 515;
peregrina, 315; perpusilla, 314;
Pinnularia, 315 ; pusilla, 314; rhyn-
chocephala, 314; septentrionalis,
315; Smithii, 315, 317; sphsro-
phora, 515; subdivisa, 315; subin-
flata, 315; subsalina, 317; viridula,
314; vulpina, 314.
Nepenthacee of * Gen.
307.
Nephromium levigatum, 82.
New Granada, Passiflorese of, 25.
Ngai camphor, 414.
Nipa, fruit of, 422.
Nitzschia Amphiprora, 316; angularis,
317 ; Closterium, 317 ; glacialis, 316;
levissima, 316; marginulata, 316;
sigma, 317 ; vitrea, 316.
Note on gemme of Aulacomnion pa-
lustre, by F. O. Bower, 465.
Notes on origin of Cassia lignea, by W.
T. Thiselton Dyer, 19.
Notes on plants of N.W. Queensland
possessing medicinal properties, by
W. E. Armit, 69.
Notes on Plant Teratology, by H. N.
Ridley, 45.
Notes on some new Economie Products
recently received at Kew, by W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, 404.
Nyctaginee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Nylander, Dr., and Rev. J. Crombie on
E.-Asian lichens collected by Dr.
Maingay, 48.
Plantarum,’
Oberonia brevifolia, 330. :
Obetia, 237; ficifolia, 263; laciniata,
264; morifolia, 263, 264 ; pinnatifida,
264. :
Ocotea acuminata, 242 ; trichophlebia,
242.
Ogea gum, 408.
Olas of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Onagracee of S. Australia, 77.
Oncostemon, 159.
Oncostemum arthriticum, 202; Com-
mersonianum, 202; pedicellatum,
202 ; phyllanthoides, 203. :
On Hemicarex, Benth., and its allies, by
C. B. Clarke, 374.
On the Joint and Separate Work of the
authors of Bentham and Hooker's
* Genera Plantarum,’ 304.
Opegrapha adtinens, 58; subsiderella,
65; vulgatum, 58.
Opercularia varia, 77. _ aW
Orchidaceous gen. Didymoplexis, W.
B. Hemsley on, 308.
INDEX,
Orchidee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307;
of South Africa, 467 ; of S. Australia,
79.
Orchis mascula, 331.
Organs of Secretion in Hypericacee, J.
R. Green on, 451, 464.
Origin of Cassia lignea, W. T. Thiselton
Dyer on, 19.
Origin of Placenta in Tribe Alsineæ of
the Order Caryophylleg, by Miss G.
Lister, 423 ; summary, 428.
Orthocarpa, sect. of gen. Disa, 480.
Otiophora pauciflora, 170 ; scabra, 171.
Outer Peridium of Broomeia, G. Murray
on, 311.
Oxalis corymbosa, 112 ; simulans, 112;
stricta, 113; variabilis, 112 ; villosa,
112; xiphophylla, 112.
Palms of ‘ Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Panax cissiflorus, 154; ornifolius, 155;
tripinnatus, 153; zanthoxyloides,
154.
Pandanus, 359; leeryi, 416; Joskei,
416.
Pannaria pannosa, 52.
Paranthera ericoides, 79.
Parkia Parrii, 359.
Parmelia abyssinica, 51; cireumnodata,
51; conspersa, 66; intertexta, 51; la-
tissima, 49; malaccensis, 52 ; minor,
52; perlata, 82, var. ciliata, 82;
subconspersa, 66; subdissecta, 51;
sublevigata, 51; subrupta, 51; sul-
phurata, 49, 51; tabacina, 49, 51;
tiliacea, 51; tinctorum, 51, 66.
Parmeliei, 49, 51, 66.
Passiflora alba, 43 ; alata, 46; alnifolia,
35, 36, 37; Andreana, 37; anfracta,
38; arborea, 30, 31; bogotensis, 36;
capsularis, 38; Chelidonia, 37; co-
riacea, 34 ; emarginata, 32; eminula,
32; erythrophylla, 39; flexipes, 26;
foetida, 34, 35; glauca, 30, 43; gua-
zumifolia, 41; hispida, 35; ligularis,
40; Lindeniana, 32; longipes, 41;
lorifera, 42; lunata, 38; manicata,
28; maliformis, 40, var. pubescens,
40; macrocarpa, 40; macrophylla,
31; ocanensis, 32; ovata, 32, 33,
34; Pala, 36; pinnatistipula, 26;
pubera, 32; quadrangularis, 40, 41,
var. sulcata, 40; reflexiflora, 42;
resticulata, 42; retusa, 38; rubra,
38; sanguinolenta, 39; Seemanni,
40; spherocarpa, 31, 32, 33, var.
pilosula, 31; Sprucei, 41; atipulata,
91, 43 ; suberosa, 34, 36; 'Tacso, 28;
trinervia, 39; trisetosa, 39; vesper-
tilio, 38 ; vitifolia, 41.
527.
| Passiflorez of Ecuador and N. Granada,
Dr. Maxwell Masters on, 25.
Patersonia glauca, 73, 80; longisca
73, 80. PES
Pavonia Bojeri, 99; cuneifolia, 99 ; ma-
crotis, 98; platanifolia, 99; præ-
morsa, 99 ; Schimperiana, 99 ; urens,
99.
Payena Hillii, 368.
Peddiea, 237 ; involucrata, 244.
Peltigera canina, var. membranacea, 82 ;
rufescens, 82.
Pentas musssendoides, 165.
Peperomia Baroni, 239; borbonense,
239; subpeltatum, 239.
Peridiei, 61.
Peridium of Broomeia, G. Murray on,
311.
Persoonia Juniperina, 79.
Petalostigma quadriloculare, in fever, 71.
Petrophila, fossil ally, 418, 422.
Petrophiloides, 417, 418.
Peziza, 509, 510.
Phajus, starch-corpusc. of, 448.
Pharnaceum suffruticosum, 151.
Philippia, 159; macrocalyx,
oophylla, 195.
Philodendron, starch-corpusc. of, 448.
Phyllopodium, 341; heterophyllum,
358.
Phyllota pleurandroides, 76.
Physcia adglutinata, 62; ciliaris, 62 ;
flavicans, 83; foliicola, 52; leuco-
mela, var. angustifolia, 83; picta,
49, 62, 67 ; setosa, 62; speciosa, 67 ;
stellaris, 62.
Physciei, 49, 52, 62, 67.
Pilea hypnophila, 266 ; longifolia, 266 ;
macrodonta, 266 ; modesta, 266; te-
traphylla, 266.
Pimpinella bisecta, 152, 153;
teata, 152; tenuicaulis, 153.
Pistillody in Lolium perenne, 46.
Pittosporese of S. Australia, 75.
Placenta of Alsinex, 423.
, orig. of in Alsineæ, 423; in
Caryophyllee, 423; Silenesm, 423;
opinions on (Eichler, Lister, Payer,
Sachs), 427, 428.
Plants, Medicinal, of N.W. Queensland,
W. E. Armit on, 69.
—, Teratological notes on, H. N.
Ridley, 46.
Plectranthus hexaphyllus, 231; lavan-
duloides, 230.
Plectronia densiflora,167 ; Macconneli,
863; MacGregori, 363; umbellata,
168.
Pleurosigma angulare, 317 ;
195;
ebrac-
longum,
528
Plowright, C. B., on Life-history of |
ZEcidium bellidis, 511.
Poa ceespitosa, 81.
Podosira hormoides, 316.
Podosphenia gracilis, 317.
Pogonia, 309.
Pollinia eriopoda, 409, 410.
Polycenia hebenstreitioides, 355, 357.
Polygala abyssinica, 90; emirnensis, 89 ;
irregularis, 89; mucronata, 89.
Polygalee of S. Australia, 75.
Polygonacee of S. Australia, 79.
Polygonum brachypodum, 239; hasta-
tum, 239; minus, 79; pedunculare,
239; sagittatum, 239.
Polypetale of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306;
of Madagascar, J. G. Baker on, 87.
Polyporus pendulus, 510; Pocula, 510;
Rhipidium, 510.
Polystachya cultrata, 330 ; minutiflora,
330; rosellata, 330.
Poronia, 508; punctata, 509, 510.
Potamogeton natans, 81.
Potatoes, J. G. Baker on species of,
489-507.
Potter, M. C., on Develop. of Starch-
grains in Laticif. cells of Euphor-
biacesm, 446,
Prasophyllum patens, 79.
Primula, 1, 3 ; Clarkei, 4; concinna, 5;
denticulata, 3, 11; Dickieana, 9;
elongata, 8 ; Elwesiana, 13; farinosa,
2; filipes, 5; floribunda, 2; Gam-
beliana, 3; glabra, 7; Heydei, 5;
Hookeri, 14, 16; Kingii, 9; magel-
lanica, 2; minutissima, 14; Moor-
croftiana, 11; muscoides, 14, 15,
var. tenuiloba, 15; nivalis, 12; obco-
nica, 5; obtusifolia, 7, var. Griffithii,
8, var. Roylei, 8; petiolaris, 3, 11;
poculiformis, 5; pulchra, 3; purpu-
rea, 11 ; reptans, 14 ; rotundifolia, 3 ;
sapphirina, 10; sibirica, 3; soldanel-
loides, 10; Stirtoniana, 15; Stracheyi,
14; Stuartii, 8, 11; Stuartii, var.
typica, 12, var. purpurea, 8, 12, var.
Moorcroftiana, 12, var. macrocarpa,
12, var. lineariloba, 12 ; tenella 10,
13; tibetica, 6; uniflora, 12 ; vaginata,
4; Wattii, 10.
Primula, Indian species of, G. Watt
on, 1.
Primulacee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Proteacee, fossil ally, 418,
—— of S. Australia, 79.
Psiadia salviefolia, 181; urticeefolia, 181.
Psorospermum androsemifolium, 95;
brachypodum, 93; ferrovestitum, 93;
Forbesii, 94 ; microcarpum, 95 ; pau-
ciflorum, 94; venulosum, 93.
INDEX.
Psychotria ternifolia, 169; trichantha,
169.
Pteris aquilina, 81.
Pterocarpus indicus, 50, 57, 58.
Pterostylis, 85.
Pterygodium carnosum, 486 ; magnum,
486; rubiginosum, 486; venosum,
486 ; volucris, 487.
Puccinia Luzule, 512 ; oblongata, 512;
obscura, 512.
Pultenea canaliculata, 76;
76.
Pycreus of Madagascar, 279.
Pyrenocarpei, 49, 59, 65, 68.
Pyxine cocoés, 52; sorediata, 52.
Pyxinei, 52.
villifera,
Queensland, Medicinal plants of, 69.
Ramalina farinacea, 50, 66; gracilenta,
62; pollinaria f. humilis, 62.
Ramalinei, 50, 62, 66.
Raphoneis Quernerensis, 317.
Rathea floribunda, 26.
Recent additions to our Knowledge of
the Flora of Fiji, by J. G. Baker,
358.
Reproduction of Zygnemacee, by Alf.
W. Bennett, 430.
Resedaceee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
Restiaceee of S. Australia, 80.
Review of Tuber-bearing species of So-
lanum, by J. G. Baker, 489. 5
Rhabdonema arcuatum, 316; Torellii,
316.
Rhamnacee of S. Australia, 75.
Rhamnus frangula, 118.
Rhodoleena altivola, 95.
Rhoikosphenia curvata, 315. is
Rhus succedanea, 412, 413; vernici-
fera, 411, 413; yielding wax, 411.
Rhynchopetalum, 440; stem resembles
Cycads, 445 ; structure stem of, 440.
Rhynchosia caribea, 133; rhodo-
phylla, 133 ; versicolor, 132.
Rhynchospora leucocarpa, 335.
Ridley, H. N., Teratological notes on
plants, 45.
, Descrip. & notes on Monocotyl.
Madagascar plants, 329. :
Rolfe, R. A., on the Selaginee of Lin-
neus, Bergius, Linn. fil., and Thun-
berg, 338.
Rubiacez of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
of S. Australia, 77. :
Rubus, 497; australis, 136; discolor,
136; lucens, 136; myrianthus, 136
parvifolius, 137 ; pauciflorus, 136.
Rulingia madagascariensis, 104.
Rutacee of S. Australia, 75.
INDEX.
Sagina petala, develop. capsule of, 425.
Salvia, 159; parvifolia, 232.
Salvinia hastata, 303.
Santalum album, 22.
Sapotaceae of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Satyrium, 471, 474; bicallosum, ATA;
bracteatum, 474, var. latebracteatum,
474 ; foliosum, var. pelonioides, 476 ;
giganteum, 471; gracile, 331; Hal-
lackii, 476 ; Lindleyanum, 474; linea-
tum, var. y, 474; marginatum, 476 ;
parviflorum, 477 ; pedicellatum, 471,
472; pustulatum, 487; saxicolum,
474; striatum, 474; tabulare, 471,
472; trinerve, 331.
Saxifraga incrustata, glands in, 462.
Sceevola æmula, 78.
es 159; psychotrioides,
Schizeea bifida, 73, 81.
Schizodium maculatum, 479.
x e exinvoluerata, 97; rosea,
Schizonema Grevillei, 315.
Schenoxiphium, 374, 37 6, 385 ; Burkei,
376, 386; capense, 387; Dregeanum,
386 ; Ecklonii, 388 ; Lehmanni, 389 ;
Ludwigii, 386; Meyerianum, 386;
rufum, 376, 386; Sickmannianum,
387; Thunbergii, 376, 388.
Scheenus lanceus, 387; monoicus, 380 ;
tenuissimus, 80.
Scirpus Bellardi, 377; capillaris, 298 ;
corymbosus, 335; fluitans, 335;
inundatus, 80; lacustris, 297 ; Ly-
allii, 297 ; multicostatus, 298; tri-
chobasis, 298.
Scrophulariacer of S. Australia, 78.
Scytonema sp., 66.
Sebza Bojeri, 210; brachyphylla, 210.
Secretion in Hypericacee, J. R. Green
on, 451-464.
Selagineee describ. by Linneeus, Bergius,
Linn. fil., and Thunberg, R. A. Rolfe
on, 338.
Selaginella Preissiana, 82.
Selago, 840; albida, 348, 350, 357;
angustifolia, 353; articulata, 351,
358 ; bracteata, 354; canescens, 348,
349, 350, 857; capitata, 847, 353;
capituliflora, 358; cephalophora, 354,
358; ciliata, 348, 350; cinerascens,
348, 350 ; cinerea, 342, 348, 350, 358 ;
coccinea, 343, 344; congesta, 356,
398; cordata, 354, 358; corymbosa,
342, 347, 355, 357 ; decumbens, 351,
354, 358; diffusa, 352; divaricata,
349, 350, 357; Dregei 353, 358;
dubia, 343, 353; ericoides, 347;
fasciculata, 347, 348, 351, 356;
529
fruticosa, 338, 347,351, 355, 357, 858 ;
geniculata, 350, 357; glomerata, 353,
358; heterophylla, 343, 853, 354,
858; hirta, 351; hispida, 350, 857;
leptostachya, 350; lychnidea, 345;
muralis, 235; nigrescens, 350, 352;
nutans, 354, 358; ovata, 347, 353;
paniculata, 353, 358; polygaloides,
350, 358 ; polystachya, 342, 348, 349,
350, 357; prunastri, 344; pusilla,
354, 358; quadrangularis, 348, 351,
354, 357; rapunculoides, 342, 348,
344, 345, 356; rotundifolia, 350, 354,
scabrida, 352, 358; serrata, 347, 348,
357; spuria, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347,
356, 357; squarrosa, 356; stricta,
342, 346, 347, 350, 357; tephrodes,
346, 350; tomentosa, 345 ; triquetra,
350, 357 ; verbenacea, 348, 350.
Senecio, 159; Anampoza, 191; anga-
voniensis, 192; cochlearifolius, 193;
curvatus, 190; emirnensis, 192; lon-
giscapus, 193; multibracteatus, 192;
Parkeri, 191; polyrhizus, 192.
Sequoia Bowerbankii, 418.
Serapias tabularis, 471.
Sexual charac. of Zygnemacee, A. W.
Bennett on, 430.
Siegesbeckia abyssinica, 188; emirnen-
sis, 188.
Silenese, develop. capsule of, 423.
Siphocampylus, 497. 1x
Sirogonium punctatum, 433 ; stictitum,
Socotra, Diatomacere of, F. Kitton,513.
Solanum Andreanum, 498; apocyni-
folium, 213 ; aureum, 213; Benthami,
213; cardiophyllum, 502, 505; cari-
pense, 499; collinum, 493; colom-
bianum, 499 ; Commersoni, 493, 505 ;
demissum, 501; etuberosum, 490,
506 ; Fendleri, 503; Fernandezeanum,
490; flagelliferum, 213; immite,
499, 504; Jamesii, 503, 505 ; Maglia,
491, 505; ochracanthum, 499; Oh-
rondii, 494; Otites, 498 ; oxycarpum,
502, 505; Papa, 499 ; reptans, 495;
Seedii, 369 ; squamulosum, 502 ; sto-
loniferum, 501 ; suaveolens, 501, 506 ;
tenue, 495; ternatum, 498; triloba-
tum, 214; tuberosum, 489, 495, 497,
504, 507 ; utile, 502, 504; Valenzuele,
499; verrucosum, 500.
Solanum of Argentine Republic, 493 ; of
Bolivia, 495; of Brazil, 493 ; of Chili,
489; of Colombia, 495; of Ecuador,
495 ; of Mexico, 500; of Peru, 495 ;
of Uruguay, 493; of S.W. United
States, 503.
, Economic suggestions regarding,
530
505; Review tuber-bearing species
of, J. G. Baker, 489; Systematic
summary of tuber-bearing sp. of,
504.
Solubiles of Madagascar, 291.
South-African Botany, H. Bolus con-
trib. to, 467.
South Australia, plants of, coll. by J.
G. Otto Tepper, 75.
Sparmannia discolor, 102; subpalmata,
101.
Spergula arvensis, develop. capsule of,
425.
Spheeria pocula, 508, 511.
Sphendamnocarpus madagascariensis,
110.
Spirogyra 430, 436 ; Bennett's obs. on, |
431; Heeriana, conjug. of, 433 ; por-
ticalis, 433, 436 ; setiformis, 434, var.
inequalis, (ftnote) 434; nitida, (ft-
note) 434.
Spodiopogon angustifolius, 409, 410;
laniger, 409.
Sprengelia incarnata, 73, 78.
Spyridium Gunnii, 75.
Stachys, 159; debilis, 234; humifusa,
234; oligantha, 233, 234; sphero-
donta, 233.
Stakate, a Mozambique gum, 407,
Starch-grains in Euphorbiacer, Crüger
on, 446, 449; Meyen on, 446 ; Potter,
M. C., on, 446.
Stauroneis anceps, 314; aspera, var. in-
termedia, 315; spicula, 315.
Staurospermum, 436, 438 ; gracillimum,
438.
Stellaria Holostea, media, & uliginosa,
develop. capsules of, 426, 427.
Stem of Rhynchopetalum montanum,
struct. of, 440.
Stenocline ferruginea, 187 ; fruticosa,
186, 188; gymnocephala, 187; in-
cana, 187, 188.
Stenotaphrum complanatum, 299; oo-
stachyum, 299; unilaterale, 299.
Stereocaulei, 66.
Stereocaulon japonicum, 66; sphæro-
phoroides, 82.
Sticta Urvillei, var. orygmeoides, 83.
Stilbe pinastra, 344.
Stipa eminens, 300 ; madagascariensis,
300 ; Neesiana, 300.
Straits Settlements, lichens of, 50.
Striatella delicatula, 316.
Strobilanthes madagascariensis, 220.
Structure stem of Rhynchopetalum
montanum, F. O. Bower on, 440.
Stylidiese of S. Australia, 78.
Stylidium graminifolium, 78.
Styphelia concurva, 78 ; humifusa, 78.
INDEX.
| Surirella constricta, 314; ovata, 314;
Smithii, 314.
Symphonia eugenioides, 91; lepido-
carpa, 91; Melleri, 90; pauciflora,
90, 91.
Synedra affinis, 316, var. tabulata, 316 ;
commutata, var. septentrionalis, 316 ;
fulgens, 317 ; kamtschatica, 315, var.
minor, 315 ; nitzschioides, 315; pul-
chella, 314, var. saxonica, 314 ; super-
ba, 317; Vaucherie, 314.
Synonymy of Orchidaceous gen. Didy-
moplexis, and elongation of pedicels
of D. pallens after flowering, W. B.
Hemsley on, 308.
Taberneemontana sessilifolia,205 ; Thur-
stoni, 368.
Tacsonia bracteosa, 26; flexipes, 26 ;
floribunda, 26, 27, var. major, 26;
hederacea, 29; Jamesoni, 26 ; longi-
flora, 28; Mandoni, 26; manicata,
28; mixta, 28, 29, 30, var. bicoro-
nata, 29, var. quitensis, 28; mollissi-
ma, 29, 30; normalis, 28; pinnati-
stipula, 26 ; speciosa, 29, 30 ; Tacso,
28; tomentosa, 28, 30.
Tambourissa purpurea, 240 ; Rota, 240 ;
trichophylla, 240.
Tasmanian plants in S. Australia, J. G.
O. Tepper on, 72.
Tephrosia monantha, 128.
Tepper, J. G. Otto, on malformation
of Beyeria opaca, var. linearis, 84.
, on Tasmanian plants near Ade-
laide, S. Australia, 72.
Terat ological Notes on Plants. (I.), H.N.
Ridley on, 45.
Tetracera Boiviniana, 89; pauciflora,
88.
Tetraphis pellucida, reprod. of, 467.
Tetraspidium, 159; laxiflorum, 215.
Thalamiflore of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
of Madagascar, 87.
Thalassiosira Nordenskióldii, 316.
Thelotremei, 53, 67.
Thelotrema cavatum, 53; conforme, 53 ;
subconforme, 53.
Thunbergia platyphylla, 217.
Thysanotus dichotomus, 80.
Toddalia schmidelioides, 118.
Tournefortia levigata, 211; puberula,
211.
Trachylobium Hornemannianum, 406.
Trapa natans, rosaries made from, in
Italy, 414; verbanensis, 414.
Trema grisea, 263.
Triceratium arcticum, 316.
Tricoryne elatior, 80.
Triglochin striata, 80.
INDEX.
Trimen, Dr., on Cinchona Ledgeriana,
318, 319.
Trochetia pentaglossa, 102.
Trypethelium nigritulum, 61; platy-
stomum, 61; Sprengelii, 61, 69, 83 ;
virens, 61.
Tuber-bearing species of Solanum, J. G.
Baker on, 489.
Uapaca densifolia, 252; nitida, 252.
Umbelliferz of * Gen. Plantarum,’ 306.
of S. Australia, 77.
Uncinia, 374, 389 ; australis, 390, 393 ;
breviseta, 403; czespitosa, 393; cho-
rostachys, 399; compacta, 393, 394,
B. nervosa, 395, y. viridis, 395, 6. elon-
gata, 395; Cumingii, 399; debilior,
391; digyna, 403; distans, 390; di-
varicata, 395 ; Douglasii, 401 ; erina-
cea, 396, B. longifolia, 397 ; europea,
401; ferruginea, 394; filiformis, 391,
392; Galeottii, 400; gracilis, 400,
401, 8. gracilis, 400, y. macloviana,
400; Hookeri, 392; Jamaicensis,
399, 400; Kingii, 389, 395; lasio-
carpa, 398; Lechleriana, 396; Leh-
manni, 403; Lindleyana, 393 ; lepto-
stachya, 389; longearistata, 397 ;
longifolia, 398; macrolepis, 402; ma-
crophylla, 396 ; mexicana, 400; mi-
croglochin, 374, 401; montana, 402;
multifaria, 397, 8. maerostachya, 398 ;
nepalensis, 403 ; phalaroides, 396,403 ;
Philippi, 397; phleoides, 398, 8.
nux-nigra, 399, y. clavata, 399, 6. tri-
chocarpa, 399, e. longispica, 399;
phyllostachya, 403; rigidula, 394;
riparia, 392, (3. affinis, 392, y.
Banksii, 392; rubra, 390; rupestris,
392; scabra, 390; Selloviana, 403;
Sinclairii, 389, 394; spartea, 403;
Sprengelii, 403 ; tenella, 391; tenuis,
390; trichocarpa, 398; Urvillei,
398.
Urceolaria gypsacea, 67.
Urera oligoloba, 265; Radula, 265.
Urophyllum Lyallii, 165.
Usnea florida, 82; leucospilodea, 50;
trichodea, 50.
Usneei, 60.
Utricularia capensis, 216; dichotoma,
73, 78; linarioides, 217; lingulata,
216; Parkeri, 216; spartea, 216.
Vacciniacee of ‘Gen. Plantarum,’ 307.
Vaccinium emirnense, 194; fascicula-
tum, 194; Forbesii, 194; secundi-
florum, 194.
Vallisneria, (ftnote) 433.
Vandellia, 341; scabra, 358.
531
Van Gorkom, opinion on Cinchons,
325.
Vangueria emirnensis, 168.
Veprecella vestita, 146.
Vernonia, 159; aphanantha, 176; apo-
cynifolia, 175 ; arborea, 178 ; arguta,
175; Baroni, 173; brachyscypha,
178; cinerea, 175; delapsa, 172;
dissoluta, 174; fusco-pilosa, 179;
inulefolia, 180; leucophylla, 176;
Lyallii, 174; moquinioides, 177;
ochroleuca, 179; pachyclada, 178;
piptocarphoides, 177; quadriflora,
173 ; rhaponticoides, 180; sparsiflora,
172; tanalensis, 178.
Verrucaria anisomera, 61; augescens,
60; catervaria, 68 ; concatervata, 68 ;
ceyloniensis, 61 ; denudata, 60 ; elac-
tescens, 60; epapillata, 59; epider-
midis, 61 ; glabrata, 49, 60 ; glaucina,
66 ; heterochroa, 60, 83 ; malaccitula,
61; mastoidea, 59 ; nigrescens, var.
devians, 65, deparca, 65; nitida, 66,
69 ; ochraceoflava, 60 ; olivacea, 66 ;
pariata, 66; pleiomera, 68; porino-
psis, 68; santensis, 60, 65 ; sexlocu-
laris, 60; subglabrata, 60; subnec-
tenda, 61; tropica, 60; trypethe-
lizans, 60.
Vexillata, sect. of gen. Disa, 468, 479.
Vinea, 159; rosea, 205; trichophylla,
204.
Vincentia triflora, 105.
Viscum album, 248; echinocarpum,
248; multicostatum, 248; myrio-
phlebium, 248; pentanthum, 249;
triflorum, 249 ; tuberculatum, 248.
Vitex Bojeri, 227; Chrysomallum, 227 ;
ibarensis, 226; Melleri, 227 ; pachy-
clada, 227 ; phillyresefolia, 226.
Vitis biternata, 123; lenticellata, 122;
producta, 123; triteruata, 123.
Wahlenbergia madagascariensis, 194 ;
oppositifolia, 194.
Watt, G., on undescribed and imper-
fectly known Indian sp. of Primula
and Androsace, 1.
Wax from Rhus vernicifera, 411.
Weinmannia floribunda, 138.
West-African Indigo, 404.
West Indies, Myrica-wax from, 414.
Wisneria, 237 ; filifolia, 276.
Wormia artocarpifolia, 88.
Xanthosia dissecta, 77.
Xerochlamys pilosa, 96.
Xerophyta dasylirioides, 333, 334;
pinifolia, 334 ; spinulosa, 333.
Xylophylla ensifolia, 249.
532 INDEX.
Xyris capensis, 276,277; humilis, 277 ; Zygnemacese, filaments of, 435; litera-
operculata, 73, 80; platycaulis, 277 ; ture of, 439.
semifuscata, 277. , reproduction of, Alf. W. Bennett
on, 430:
Zieria veronica, 75. Zygoceros Balena, 316.
Zygnema, 430, 436; Bennett’s obs. on,
431. euius
END OF THE TWENTIETH VOLUME.
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Linn Soc.Journ Boy Vo. XX. Pul.
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PRIMULA
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: Fitch imp.
(A) PRIMULA PULCHRA (B) P.VAGINATA | eh uw
Linn.Soc.Journ Bor Vor XX Pr..3.
- GWau.
Fitch 7
)PCLARKEI. tube
A)PRIMULA FILIPES
JNFitch lith.
Linn. Soc. Journ Bor Vor.XX Fr 4.
*J.NFiteh lith,
; Fitch im
(A) PRIMULA CONCINNAJB) P GLABRA. nd
(C) PHEYDEI(D) P.MUSCOÍDES.
Mur ja v]
GWat Lm. Soc. Journ. Bor Von. XX Pr. B
MSmith hith.
PRIMULA OBTUSIFOLIA var GRIFFITHIT “Fitch imp
Linn. Soe Journ. Bort VoL. XX Pr. 6.
M.Smith kth Fitch imp
Linn.Soc. Journ Bot VoL XX Pr 7
PRIMULA KINGII. T ior.
LINN.Soc.JOURN.Bot VoL. XX Pr.8
M Smith lith
(A) PRIMULA DICKIEANA (B)PHOOKERI. Fitch imp.
LiuwN.Soc.JounN.Bor Vor XX Pu 8.
G Watt.
Fitch imp.
P. STUARTII, var. PURPUREA .
-—
M.Smith hth.
G Wax. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor Yon. XX Pu l0.
M Smith lith. l Tiech m
TE P STUARTII, var. MOORCROFTIANA . Tech. Sup
Linn. Soc:Journ BorVoLr. XX. Pr 1l.
Fitch imp.
(A) PRIMULA TIBETICA(B) P UNIFLORA.
(OF.SOLDANELLOIDES
LINN.Soc. Journ. Bor Vou. XX Pu 12
G Wott .
Fitch imp
(A) PRTMULA ELWESIANA (B) P. TENELLA .
G Wott,
Linn. Soc. Journ.Bor Vor. XX Pr 18.
J.N.Eitch hth. (A) PRIMULA
(B) P-REPTANS (C
MUSCOIDES Var. TENUILOBA.
)P. SAPPHIRINA (D) P.STIRTON IANA.
Fitch imp
Liuu.Soc.JounN.Bor. Von. XX Pr. 14
G Watt.
k, ee ay 1 |
> T. OR WO
ete | A
Se. A —
ART tom an, "TUM POP EXT UNA G,
N
T
) o TITRE
’ * Ee open en N
Fitch imp
PRIMULA WATTII
)
ANDROSACE CROFTII.
(B)
M.Smith lith.
G Watt. Linn. Soc Jdourn:BorNon.XXPu.15.
Fitch imp
M.Smith hth.
ANDROSACE ROTUNDIFOLIA var STRACHEYI
6.
.Soc.Jounw.Bor Vou.XXPul
LIND
1
G Watt.
Rees
rog
Fitch imp
E GERANIIFOLI
—3
A
ANDROSA(
ra
4
M.Smith hth.
yos : c lec n T 5 1
Ge Wokt . Linn. Soc.Journ Bor Yor. XX Pr JT.
M Smith lith. Fitch imp.
(A) A A SACE CHAMEJASME var. CORONATA
) A.ROTUNDIFOLIA var. THOMSONI.
oc. Journ:Bot
CPi.18
A
X
VOL.7
1
Q
D
Linn.
G. Watt .
Fitch amp.
DEA.
T
i
E
O (B) A.MUSCO
^
Ur
) ANDROSACE SELA
(
hth
ith ht
M En
+
D
-
Fitch imp.
Linw.Soe.Journ Bor Von. XX Pu 19.
TACSONIA FLORIBUNDA Va. MAJOR.
WH Fitch del .
JNFitch lith .
I WC HFiech del. Linn.Soc.Journ Bor Vou..XX Pu.20.
Fitch imp.
3
a lith.
+3.PASSIFLORA EMINULA.4-5 P.LORIFERA.
Duo Tepper del.ad nat .
Linn S06.JounN.Bor Vou XX Pr 2l.
)
J
(sughtyentarged,
IN Fitch imp.
MALFORMED LEAVES OF BEYERIA OPACA .
INFitch lith.
LiuN.Soc.JounN.Bor Vor. XX Pr.22.
M Smith de.
t. \
y
P &
i
ry Q4
A L * A
A et
€
DOANEAN EEES ES ^
Hanhart imp
Hammond lith .
SPARMANNIA DISCOLOR, Baker.
LixN.S8oc.JounwxBorVor.XX.Pr. 23.
M.Smuth del .
Hanhart imp
MICROSTEIRA CURTISII, Baker.
Hammond lith
_
"M Smith del. ; LiwN.Soc.Jounw.Bor Vor. XX.Pr.24.
Be SCTITSMATOCT.ADA P : S Baker, Hanhart imp.
M.Smith del, Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor Vor..XX Pr. 25.
AHammondiith. TETRASPIDIUM LAXIFLORUM, Baker. Hanhart imp.
T GBaker Linn.Soc Journ Bot. Vou. XXPr.26
Smith del MONACHOCHLAMYS FLAGELLARIS. — Hanhartimp —
T G Baker LimnSoc JounN.BoT VoL XXE; 27
oun del FORSYTHIOPSIS BARONI Hanhart ime
"W.B.Hemsley. LliwwN.Soc.JounN.Bor.Vor.XX Pr, 28.
MSmith delet lith DIDYMOPLEXIS PALLENS, Griffith. Hanhart imp.
plant, flower and clongated pedicels bearing mature capsules.
G Murray.
Linn.Soc. Journ Bot Vor. XA Pr 29.
A CD
BROOMEIA CONG REGATA ; Berk Hanhart imp
showing outer and inner perida
C.B.Clarke . Liu N.Soo.JounN.Bor Von.XX Pr..30.
JKFitchlith. HEMICAREX & ALLIE S. Fitch imp.
t2.Carex uncinoides. 4. Hemicarex Hookeri .56Hlaxa. "
7. Kobresia nitens 8. Schoenoxiphium Burkei.941 S. Thunbergn.
Lins. Soc. Journ Bor Vor XX.Fz.3i
S.Gardner.
*erjeau del. FRUIT OF ALNUS RICHARDSONI, &ES Mintern Bros .vup
Linn. Soc. JouRN.Bot.Vou. XX. Pr.32.
CHNIS DIURNA . JN Fitch. hth.
CAPSULE-DEVELOPMENT OF LY
G.Lister del.
Linn. Soc. JouRN. Bor. You. XX .PrL.33.
x105
G.Lister del . CAPSULE-DEVELOPMENT OF JNFitch lih.
1-8 SAGINA APETALA 9-14» SPERGULA ARVENSIS.
LiNN. Soe Journ.Bor Vor. X X.Pr,.34
G.Lister del . CAPSULE-DEVELOPMENT OF JN.Fitch lith.
+8 CERASTIUM TRIVIALE 9-15 C, QUATERNELLUM .
——————————————
Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor Von. XX.Fl.85.
CAPSULES & LONG SECTIONS ON FIRST APPEARANCE OF OVULES
1.DIANTHUS 2.LYCHNIS 3. SAGINA 4.SPERGULA 5-6. ARE NARIA
G Lister del . 7-8 STELLARIA 9 CE} ERAS TIUM . L Williams hth.
FOBower. LINN. Soc.JouRN. Bot.Vonu. XX. Pu.36.
W. Hood Fitch lith Hanhart imp
RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM
F.0.Bower LiwN.Soc.Jounn.Bor Vor. XX.Pr,.37
ap ee e
"casu EE RN ham eg e eR nectle s m z-
Po ee aT om
j PE ci 5 j = : do
wr me : E
W.Ho
lood Fitch ith . Hanhart imp
RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM
| A Bower del ad nat Linn. Soc.Journ. Bor Vou. XX Pl. 38.
à
komm
nr m
j.cambium 4
j} phioem
Berjeau lih . RHYNCHOPETALUM MONTANUM. Hanhart imp.
Linn. Soc Journ Bor Vor. XX F139.
JRGreen de.
ORGANS OF SECRETION IN HYPERICACER® Minten Bros imp
E Carter itk
J.G Baker. LiuN.Soc.JounN.Bor Von. XX.Pr 4.
Ms Baker del.
Linn .Soc. Journ. Bot VoL. XX.PL.42.
J.GBaker .
Fitch imp.
SOLANUM MAGLIA, Schlecht.
Linn.Soc. Journ, Bor.Vou.X X.PL 43.
JGBaker.
Fitch imp.
SOLANUM CARDIOPHYLLUM Lindl.
M®S Baker del.
Linn. Soc. Journ Bor. VoL. XX.PL 44.
J.G Baker.
SOLANUM COMM
M" Baker del.
JG Baker. Linn.Soc.Journ.Bor.You,.XX.Pr.45.
MTE Baker del SOLANUM JAMESII,Torrey. Fitch imp.
Linn.Soc.Journ.Bot.VoL.XX.Pri 46.
J.G.Baker .
Fiteh r
SOLANUM OXYCARPUM, Schiede .
* JN.Fitch lit.
Linn. Soc. Journ. Bor Vou.XX. Pr 47.
8.9.10. x 500.
MC.Cocke.del . IN.Fitch lih.
ooke POLYPORUS (MESOPUS) POCULA (Schwz. ,) JN. Fitch lith
Linw. Soc. Journ Bor. VoL. XX PL48.
X 200
PTWYTVVVUVVFYTYTWYVYTETVVEVVTVYVYTTTTTYVYVVVVUTI
SUTLAE x 600
x 400
T.Kitton del.
C
Jarman sc.
*
E
Lb
4.
SOCOTRAN DIATOMACE