RARE BOOKS

ADDISONIA

ainsi RPS

COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS
POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS

PLANTS

VOLUME 19
1935—1936

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
(ADDISON BROWN FUND)

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Vriesia Duvaliana

CONTENTS
Part 1

Aprit 25, 1935

Malachodendron pentagynum grandiflorum
Dianthus Knappii

Aglaonema modestum
Lupinus citrinus

Spiraea nipponica tosaensis

Triteleia Bridgesii

Mauchia hirtella

Costus Tappenbeckianus

Part 2
NOVEMBER 28, 1935

Azalea arboreseens

Billbergia macrocalyx

Spiranthes odorata

Boltonia latisquama

Callistemon speciosus

Calochortus albus

Silene virginica

Robinia ambigua

Part 3
JuLY 10, 1936

Billbergia pyramidalis

Helianthus tomentosus

Daphne Genkwa

Costus Malorteanus

Lupinus nanus

Begonia socotrana

Cyrilla arida

iv ADDISONIA

Part 4
NOVEMBER 30, 1936

633 Kalanchoé Aliciae 49
634 Carapa procera 51
635 Helianthus angustifolius 53
636 Ferraria undulata 55
637 Crassula perfoliata 57
638 Napoleona Miersii 59
639 Aster spectabilis 61
640 Stifftia chrysantha 63

Index 65

PLATE 609 ADDISONIA

MALACHODENDRON PENTAGYNUM GRANDIFLORUM

ADDISONIA 1
(Plate 609)
MALACHODENDRON PENTAGYNUM GRANDIFLORUM
Purple-stamened mountain camellia
Native of the southern Appalachian region
Family TERNSTROEMIACEAE Tra Family

whic ~ grandiflora Bean. Trees & Shrubs hardy in the British Isles.
Malachodendron pentagynum grandifiorum nov. comb.

Some of the most beautiful of flowering shrubs belong to the
Tea family, which has members in the warm and tropical regions of
both hemispheres. In Asia and North America alike, the genera
and species of the Ternstroemiaceae are apparently more numerous
on the eastern side of the land-masses, a situation that exists also
in other botanical families, indicating a close relationship between
the plants as well as the geological history and present climate of
these two regions.

Few members of the Tea family are hardy in the north tem-
perate regions. Stuartia Malachodendron has been raised as far
north as Long Island, but Franklinia Alatamaha and Malachoden-
dron pentagynum, especially the variety grandiflora, have proved
even more hardy and have been raised somewhat further north.

Malachodendron pentagynum has been known in cultivation since
about 1785, but is only occasionally seen now. It is not known
how long the variety grandiflora has been used in gardens. It was
first recorded in 1906 from cultivated plants in Pennsylvania, but
it was not given a varietal name until 1915. W. J. Bean, who
named the variety, describes the flowers as having purple stamens
and being larger than the typical yellow-stamened form. More
careful checking, however, shows both forms to have the same size
of flower in wild specimens, and the ‘‘purple-stamened’’ form to
have only the filaments purple, the anthers being yellow.

There has been some controversy over the inclusion of the present
subject in the genus Stuartia, but all other species of this genus
have a five-lobed capitate stigma with the styles united while this
has the styles completely free. The writer, therefore, prefers to
hold this species out as a monotypic genus.

Various records all point to the variety grandiflora as having
come from northern Georgia, locality doubtful. Recently, the
writer saw a colony in northeastern Georgia wherein the variety

2 ADDISONIA

and the typical form grew together on an open slope in the woods
near large colonies of Rhododendron maximum. The Malachoden-
dron formed well-rounded trees twelve to fifteen feet tall, with
single trunks three to four inches in diameter. This locality is
possibly the source of the cultivated plants.

While usually classed as a mountain plant, this species occurs
around the foothills, there being no record from much over two
thousand feet elevation. It is most plentiful in the Cumberland
Mountain region of Tennessee, but ranges into eastern Kentucky,
eastern Virginia (its only recorded occurrence on the Coastal
Plain), the Piedmont of North Carolina, and in the lower sections
of the mountains in southwestern North Carolina and northern
Georgia and Alabama.

The name Malachodendron is from the Greek, meaning Mallow-
tree.

The ‘‘purple-stamened’’ variety of the mountain camellia is a
shrub or small tree up to fifteen feet — the trunk and branches
clothed with close-fitting, dark brown bark, which becomes slightly
shreddy on the older portions. The tree aa well matured, has
a graceful, round-oval outline, the branching rather open. Th
leaves are two to six inches long; the petioles one-fourth to one-
half inch long, silky-hairy as are the young twigs, which are usually
red. The leaf-blade is broadly elliptic, acuminate at the tip, broadly
tapering at the base, deep, bright green, frequently reddish along
the edges, irregularly serrate, glabrous above, sparingly silk-
pubescent beneath, especially when young. The winter buds are
densely coated with silk hairs. The fiowers are creamy white, three
to four and one-half inches across, sessile from the leaf-axils 0
the year’s growth. The sepals are silky-pubescent, usually six im
number, one much smaller than the other five, ovate-lanceolate, the
tips rounded. The five petals are erose-margined, four slightly
different in size, imbricate in the bud, and all covered by the one
sai smaller outer petal, which is silky pubescent without. The
stamens are numerous, the filaments bright purple, the anthers
yellow, opening introrsely. The gynoecium consists of five com-
paratively slender free styles with small stigmatic tips and five
earpels united into a silkxy-pubescent, « ovoid body, the ovules two
in each cell. The fruit is a woody five valved capsule, the main
body globose-ovoid, tapering upward into a stout beak tipped with
the persistent styles. The seeds are golden-brown, flat, about one-
quarter inch in diameter, with a narrow wing-like margin.

E. J, ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1—A flowering goes Fig. 2.—The calyx. Fig.
ee wie grees Pek 3. Fig. 4.—The gynoecium X 144. Fig. 5—A ges capsule. Fig. 6.—

PLATE 610 ADDISONIA

DIANTHUS KNAPPII

ADDISONIA 3

(Plate 610)
DIANTHUS KNAPPII
Yellow Dianthus
Native of Hungary and Jugoslavia
Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pink Family

Dianthus liburnicus var. Knappii Pantoesek Oesterr. Bot. Zeitsch. 23: 4. 1878.
Dianthus Knappii Aschers. & Kan.; Pantoesek Oesterr. Bot. Zeitsch. as syn. 1873.
ee Knappit Aschers. & Kan.; Borbés Verh. Bot. Ber, Brand. 19: Abh. 10.

Many fine garden plants are included in the genus Dianthus and
most of these are of particular value for providing summer bloom
in the rock garden. Especially noteworthy is the subject of the
present plate for, so far can be ascertained, it is the only yellow-
flowered species in cultivation in North America. For this reason
it provides a pleasant relief from the prevailing red, pink, or white
flowers of other cultivated Dianthi.

Dianthus Knappii is one of the latest blooming members of the
genus. With some growers it has earned a reputation for ‘‘miffi-
ness’’—for failing to thrive and for dying out in an unaccountable
manner at times—but the plants at The New York Botanical Garden
have shown no evidence of distress and have grown well and
flowered freely in a well drained soil and a fully exposed position.
It may be that the plants grown here represent a robust form of
the species, but observation and previous experience make it seem
more likely that the provision of suitable soil and planting site
are the determining factors in achieving success with this plant.
The soil should be open and gritty in character, and although the
addition of lime in the form of old plaster rubble or limestone
chippings is appreciated this is by no means essential.

As with all other perennial Dianthi, the best results are obtained
only by frequent propagation and replacement of the old plants by
younger individuals. Dianthus Knappii is notoriously shy at pro-
ducing growths suitable for cuttings and for this reason it is often
impossible to maintain a stock by vegetative propagation, but seeds
are produced freely and these form a ready means of increase;
indeed, in a garden where weeding and cultivation do not receive
too careful attention, self-sown seedlings will often appear in
abundance.

The yellow dianthus is a perennial herb, arising from the crown
of a cluster of fibrous roots. The stems are somewhat glaucous

4 ADDISONIA

over a light green ground, eight to twelve inches tall, in great

numbers from the basal rosettes. The leaves are a bit more glaucous
than the stem, rather weak in texture, linear, one to three inches
long near the base, becoming shorter above. The flowers are borne
in a large termin ‘al eluster, usually with a few long-peduncled,
omaltat clusters from the upper leaf-axils. The larger heads are
eight to ten flowered, each calyx subtended by an Ercolesel of five
broadly lanceolate, acuminate bracts scarious below, green above.
The calyx is mar rke dly ribbed, with a dark spot at the top of the
tube between the lobes; the lobes are scarious, yellow-brown
subulate. The petals are ci Fite ed, the claw pale, the blade

varying from wedge-shaped to obovate, erose-lacerate at the apical
margin, brilliant lemon-yellow, often with a single median brown
spot, and usually with a few reddish-brown hairs near the base of the
blade. The exserted anthers are brown-lilac. The style is long
exserted, the stigma two-cleft.

T. H. Everett.

EXPLANATION OF PLaTeE. Fig. 1—Two flowering stems. Fig. 2.—The involucel,
calyx and stigmas X 3. Fig. 3.—A petal xX 2.

PLATE 611 ADDISONIA

AGLAONEMA MODESTUM

ADDISONIA 5
(Plate 611)
AGLAONEMA MODESTUM
Aglaonema
Native of southeastern China
Family ARACEAE Arum Family

Aglaonema modestum Schott; Engl. DC. Monog. Phan. 2: 442. 1879; Engl. Pflan-
zenreich 64 (IV—23Dc) : 29, fig. 18. 1915; Arae. *iesie. nos. 74, 258; Merr.

Aplechous: pS Br Sep os ae ser. 24; 39. 1885.

Aglaonema simplex L, H. Bailey Hortus 31. 1930, not of Blume.

Those who are interested in plants that will withstand the adverse
conditions characteristic of our modern houses and apartments
under city conditions should be familiar with the commonly cul-
tivated Aglaonema, or so-called Chinese evergreen. It was intro-
duced into England from China between 1880 and 1885, but just
when it was first introduced into the United States is not recorded,
although it is suspected that this was about 1900. In any case,
the plant is now an exceedingly popular one among apartment
dwellers, because it will thrive for an indefinite period when the
stems are cut and placed in water; and it is in this form that it
is chiefly sold and cultivated, although it is also used for decorative
effect in terraria. When grown in water the plants are naturally
not as vigorous as when grown in soil, producing fewer and smaller
leaves and rarely or never flowering, but better growth is obtained
by adding a little charcoal to the water. When grown in con-
servatories in rich soil the plants are much more luxuriant and
flower freely.

The genus Aglaonema is a characteristic one of tropical Asia,
about 41 species now being recognized, extending from the Khasia
Mountains in India to southeastern China southward to Malaysia
and the Philippines. Most of the species grow in nature in damp
shaded ravines or in wet soil near streams or among boulders on
steep forested slopes. Like many cultivated plants, the original
home of this species: was obscure, and again, like so many plants
described from cultivated specimens, the fact was overlooked in
1885 when it was renamed and redescribed, that six years previ-
ously it had been characterized under another name from herbarium
specimens. The original specimens were supposed to have been
collected by Gaudichaud in the Philippines, but if this be so, Gaudi-
chaud’s specimens must have been taken from cultivated plants.

6 ; ADDISONIA

It is more probable that Gaudichaud secured his specimens in
Macao. It may be that the species occurs in China now only in
cultivation, but it is apparent that the Chinese have cultivated it
for a very long time. It is suspected that its introduction into the
United States and its dissemination here were probably due to the

hinese themselves, because of their knowledge of the plant and
the ease with which it could be transplanted, propagated, and
grown.

The stems are tufted, several in a clump, unbranched, glabrous,

to fifty centimeters high, usually about one and one-half centi-
atre 3 in diameter ; the petiolar scars distinct, one to two and one-
half centimeters apart. The leaves are uniformly green, shining,
slightly paler beneath: the blades are oblong-ovate, slightly in-
equilateral, fourteen to twenty-five centimeters long, five to twelve
centimeters wide, the base obtuse to rounded, sometimes very

acumen two to three centimeters long, slightly faleate, the primary

lateral nerves five to eight on each side of the midrib, curved-

ascending: the petioles are green, about as long as the leaves, the

lower one-half somesueney sheathing: The inflorescences are
terminal, solitary or sometimes in pairs, one developing before the

ee the pedu ei up to 4 centimeters long. The spathes are

oblong-elliptic, open, slightly concave, about eight centimeters long
n

id, g
sessile ovaries: the truncate stigmas are brown, about one millimeter
iameter: the terminal part of the spadix is cylindrie, obtuse,
white, about five centimeters long and seven centimeters in —
composed = numerous sessile densely crowded anthers. The
is "aEhow
E. D. MERRILL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE, Fig. 1.—A flowering stem x %. Fig. 2.Spathe and
infloresence nat. size.

PLATE 612 ADDISONIA

LUPINUS CITRINUS

ADDISONIA 7
(Plate 612)
LUPINUS CITRINUS
Dwarf yellow lupine
Native of California
Family FABACEAE Pea Family
Lupinus citrinus Kellogg. Proceedings Calif. Acad. Sci. 7: 93. 1876.

Many and varied are the forms presented by the lupines, running
through nearly all colors and forms of growth. The greatest number
of species in any one region occur in the western United States,
where hillsides and valleys are made radiant in spring and summer
with their sheets of color. Both annual and perennial sorts are
of equal popularity and form handsome additions to our gardens.
The yellow-flowered species are perhaps not so numerous as are
the blue ones, but are equally attractive and desirable.

Our present subject is one of the lower-growing annuals, its soft,
white-hairy leaves making a pleasing contrast with the yellow
flowers.

This species was discovered in 1876 by Dr. Gustave Hisen, well
known for his studies on figs and raisins. His collections were
placed in the hands of Dr. Kellogg for determination, and a number
of new species were described from them.

Lupinus citrinus, whose flowers are entirely golden-yellow, is
known in the wild state only from Fresno County, California, where
it grows in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It usually is in
company with L. Stiversii, which has bicolored flowers, the standard
pale yellow, the wings and keel dull rose, and the leaves less hairy
than are those of L. citrinus.

The annual lupines are easily raised in any well-drained soil,
but the seed should be sown where they are to remain, as they do
not take kindly to transplanting.

The name Lupinus is from the Latin for wolf, in allusion to an
old fancy that the plants preyed on the soil in which they grew.

The dwarf yellow lupine is an annual herb, four to eight inches
tall, the entire plant except the corolla clothed with short, soft,
spreading hairs, the stem usually few-branched both from the base

and above. The palmately parted leaves consist of six to eight

8 ADDISONIA

oblanceolate leaflets ; — stipules _ narrowly lanceolate, translu-

ces, terminating all the branches, are two to
four inches op naderataly dense- piesa. The lanceolate bracts
are about the same length as the pedicels, and translucent. The

flowers are spreading in anthesis, soon recurving. The calyx is
about one-quarter inch long. The corolla is golden-yellow, three-
eighths inch long; the standard with dark spots near the center
base; the keel nearly straight, ciliate near the claws on the lower
edges. The ten stamens are mon nadelphous, the alternating anthers
of two different forms. The legume is easeatee glabrate, two- to
four-seeded, the seeds pale with black s
ite J. ALEXANDER.
EXPLANATION OF PLaTE. Fig. 1.—A flowering plant. Fig. 2—Standard. Fig. 3.—

A wing. ty Se ie keel. rig 5. —— androecium X 3. Fig. 6.—Calyx and
gynoecium X 7.—The ripe legum

PLATE 613 ADDISONIA

SPIRAEA NIPPONICA TOSAENSIS

ADDISONIA 9
(Plate 613)
SPIRAEA NIPPONICA TOSAENSIS
Tosa-shimotsuke—Tosa-Spiraea
Native of Japan, island of Shikoku, Province of Tosa
Family RosacEAE Rose Family

Spiraea tosaensis Yatabe, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 6: 6. 1892.
Spiraea bracteata var. tosaensis Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 13: 111. 1899.
Spiraea nipponica var, tosaensis Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 20: 28. 1906.

This interesting and handsome shrub, which seems to occur wild -
only in a restricted region on the island of Shikoku, has been in-
troduced into western gardens during the last few years. Reaching
usually not more than three to five feet in height, it is of lower
stature than S. nipponica, and its narrow leaves render it quite dis-
tinct. Its flowers are cream-colored and not quite as clear white
as might be desired from an ornamental point of view, but they
are set off to advantage by the purple-colored young shoots and
stems. The shrub in full bloom is so graceful and pretty that its
garden merit can not be denied, and in time it may become as much
of a favorite as S. nipponica itself. The winter of 1933-34, which
was one of the severest ever recorded in New York, proved that this
variety is quite as hardy as the species S. nipponica.

The type locality for this shrub is on the bank of the river
Watari-gawa in the Province of Tosa. The Japanese living there
know it under the name ‘‘ Mojihagi.’’

The Tosa Spiraea forms a much-branched shrub three to five
feet tall. Its branches at first are brown, then grayish brown, later
gray. The branchlets are slender, angular, and glabrous. The
young shoots of the current season are purplish. The leaves are

fi
terminate the leafy branchlets. Their disks are greenish yellow.
Henry TEUSCHER.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTe. Fig. 1.—A flowering branch. Fig. 2.—A flower X 4,
Fig. 3—Calyx and gynoecium X 4, Fig. 4.—A leaf.

PLATE 614 ADDISONIA

TRITELEIA BRIDGESII

ADDISONIA 11
(Plate 614)
TRITELEIA BRIDGESII
Bridges’ Brodiaea
Native of Northwestern U. 8.
Family ALLIACEAE ONION Family

Brodiaea Bridgesii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 237. 1879.
Triteleia Bridgesii Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 141. 1886.

Members of the genus Triteleia and its sister genus Brodiaea
are among the many showy bulbous plants which California has
contributed to horticulture. In the East, their chief value lies in
their use in rock gardens, where loose, gravelly soil and more per-
fect drainage can be given them. In the wild state, their choice
of habitat is variable, some growing on grassy slopes and meadows,
some in the drier or stony regions, or in chaparral country. Our
present subject is one which chooses the last-mentioned habitat.
It is one of the more deeply colored species and an addition to any
rock garden, where, when well settled plants throw up their flower
scapes, each bearing up to fifty reddish-purple flowers, a colony
is a desirable splash of color.

Triteleia Bridgesti was described as a Brodiaea in 1879 from
plants collected by Robert Bridges in Central California.

The genus Brodiaea has at various times been split into several
genera, reunited as one, and split and united again, so that several
combinations appear for most of the species. At present, it seems
advisable that the group with six perfect stamens with naked fila-
ments and stipitate ovary be kept as a separate genus—Triteleia.

In its natural range it is now known from southern Oregon
southward to Mariposa County, California, growing in open woods
and chaparral in heavy soi

The name Triteleia is eo the Greek, referring to the perfect
ternary arrangement of the floral parts.

Bridges’ brodiaea is a scapose herb arising from a fibrous-coated
corm. The leaves S vary in length from slightly shorter than the
scape to exceeding it in length, and become rather weak with age.
They are strap-shaped, one-eighth to three-quarters inch wide,
rather thin and fiat, usually three or four in number, all bas al.
The seape is scabrous, twelve to twenty-four ee tall, slightly
glaucous, terete. The translucent, somewhat s us bracts are
three-eighths to one-half inch long, the two ater eee than the
inner ones, each subtending a pees The inflorescence consists

12 ADDISONIA

of three to fifty flowers in an umbel on pedicels one to two and one-
aed gs long. The perianth is funnel-form, one to one and one-
qua inches long, the seri btig 8 long-attenuate below, all
peieht ape with darker The perianth lobes are about
three-eighths inch long, bluntly apiculate, ee The
six stamens are inserted in the throat in one row, the filaments
naked, dilated downward. The ova — is light violet, borne on a
slender stipe one-half to five-eighths inch long, the stigma capitate.

e capsule is ovoid, one-quarter inch long, dehiscent, the numer-
ous seeds black.

Epwarp J. ALEXANDER,

EXPLANATION OF PLatTH. Fig. 1.—A flowering plant and bulb. Fig. 2.—A portion
of ~~. 7 and 2 stamens. Fig. 3.—The gynoecium xX 2. Fig. 4.—A ripe
capsule, Fig. 5.—A seed x 2.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 615

MAUCHIA HIRTELLA

ADDISONIA 13

(Plate 615)
MAUCHIA HIRTELLA
Native of Louisiana and Texas
Family CARDUACEAE THISTLE Family

Bradburya hirtetla T. & G PI. N. A. 2: 250. 18.
Mauchia hirtella Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 352. 1891.

In the early thirties of the past century, Thomas Drummond
collected extensively in Texas and discovered many plant-novelties
which have permanently connected his name with the botany of
the state. The plant here illustrated is one of his discoveries.
Later it was found by the celebrated plant collectors Charles Wright
and Ferdinand Lindheimer. The plant is evidently rather widely
distributed, but it is seldom collected. In gross aspect it resembles
a slender golden-aster, but its technical characters are very dif-

erent

Recently it was found by Mary Debaillon in southwestern Louisi-
ana along the Southern Pacific Railroad lines, evidently naturalized
from Texas.

Plants begin to bloom when about three inches high, continuing
throughout the season, as they grow taller, until frost. The seeds
germinate in the late summer or fall. Though normally biennial,
if cut back before too many fruits form, the plants will grow on
into the third season; very dry weather in early fall or late summer
also seems to have the effect of arresting them and causing them
to continue as perennials. If the plants are kept thinned they
become quite floriferous—but if the seedlings are allowed to remain
in thick patches the plants are spindly and bloom sparingly.
Mauchia grows in a floriferous environment. Its associates are
skulleaps, bluets, herbertia, dayflowers, Mexican primroses, flaxes,
rain-lilies, morning-glories, poppy-mallows—many, many others.

The plants grow equally well in the native sandy-clay soil and on
gravelly roadbeds, the only requisite being comparative freedom
from such matted grasses as Bermuda and pasture grass.

The illustration was made from plants which have been growing
under glass at the Garden for several years.

Mauchia is a biennial or perennial — plant _ — hard root
producing many filiform fibres. The stem, up to tw alf
feet tall, is anc or branched at the ae moaistiaty. or r diffusely

14 : ADDISONIA

branched above, closely but minutely pubescent. The leaves are
numerous, alternate, often rather close together, ascending or
h

e
up to an inch long, deep-green, abruptly pointed and often tipped
with a cilium, very minutely pubescent and remotely long-ciliate.

ressed, 0
all scari ious-margined, acuminate, pubescent on the bright-green
midrib and minutely ciliate, armor aa refilexed. The ray is three-
quarters of an inch to an inch broad, flat, fruit-producing. The
ligules are clear-yellow, may 12 to 16, narrowly elliptic, revolute
at anthesis, soe et when spent, mostly 3 -toothed at the apex. The
isk i ow, about 40-flowered, the flowers sterile, corolla
about snehalt inch long. The limb is slightly longer than the
tube. The lobes are ovate, yellow. The achenes are obovoid, ribbed,
strigose. The pappus consists of rough capillary bristles.
JOHN K. SMALL.
Mary S. DEBAILLON.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.—Two flowering sprays. Fig. 2.—A ray floret

x3. Fig. 3—A disk forak vi 3. Fig. 4.—The SnYORUErS x i* Fig. 5.—The
open involucre, showing the receptacle <X 3 Fig. 6.—The

ADDISONIA

PLATE 616

COSTUS TAPPENBECKIANUS

ADDISONIA 15
(Plate 616)
COSTUS TAPPENBECKIANUS
Tappenbeck’s spiral-flag
Native of the Kamerun
Family ZINGIBERACEAE GINGER Family

Costus Tappenbeckianus Joh. Braun et K. Schum. Mitteil. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. 2:
152. 1889.

Members of the genus Costus are not commonly met in cultivation,
at least in temperate regions, although their richly colored foliage
and showy flowers render them attractive subjects for the embellish-
ment of a greenhouse wherein conditions suitable for the growing
of tropical plants are maintained. In such an environment they
grow luxuriantly and make no special demands upon the skill of
the cultivator. They appreciate a rich but sandy soil containing
an abundance of leafmold and a small proportion of peat-moss. As
is the case with most greenhouse plants demanding moist soil con-
ditions, the receptacles in which they are accommodated must be
provided with an ample quantity of drainage material. A humid
atmosphere and shade from bright sunshine are necessary for satis-
factory growth. In order to obtain finely developed specimens a
liberal feeding policy should be initiated when the pots are well
filled with roots.

Propagation may be effected by division of the rootstock, but a
more rapid increase is obtained by cutting the stems into pieces
each an inch or so long and placing these in a mixture of peat-
moss and sand in a propagating case where strong bottom heat is
available.

Our present subject is one of the rarely seen species in cultiva-
tion, and apparently rare even in the wild, as few herbarium speci-
mens are in existence. It was discovered by Johann Braun in 1888
in moist woods along small streams near the coast at Great Batanga
in the Kamerun, and live plants were taken to Berlin where it
flowered in April of the following year. The plants in the con-
servatory at The New York Botanical Garden, which were obtained
from the Botanical Gardens in Berlin in 1902 have flowered freely
each March for several years.

Since the more frequently seen species of Costus have their in-
florescence terminating a leafy stem, this one usually attracts atten-
tion by its separate flower-spikes, which are borne rather profusely.

16 ADDISONIA

C. Tappenbeckianus is also interesting in being the only terrestrial
member of an epiphytic group within the genus Costus.

The common name of spiral-flag was given in reference to the
spiral arrangement of the leaves up the stem, which is itself spiral
in this species.

inch long, four to six flowered, the bracts broadly elliptic, char-
taceous, dark reddish brown. The calyx is about three-eighths inch
long, the three lobes united into a eup-like body, the tips only free.
The corolla tube is white, the two lateral petals whitish, flushed pale
pink, lanceolate and acute, one and three-quarters inch long, the
lip two and one-half inches long, pale below, the upper portion light
rose with a double yellow median blotch, the apex irregularly three-
lobed, the margins irregular. The stamen is about an inch long, the
connective recurved at the tip, pale pinkish, the tip deeper colored,
acute, denticulate. The style is filiform, about one inch long;
the stigma two-lobed, the shorter lobe apically notched, the longer
fan-like, grooved ; the ovary inferior, three-loculed. Fruit not seen.

E. J. ALEXANDER.

T. H. Evererr.

LANATION on PLATE. g. 1.—A stem = 2 inflorescences. Fig. 2.—'
d calyx.

Exp Fig. ; feet
spread out, Fig. 3.—A lateral petal. Fig. 4.—The dorsal petals. Fig. 5.—
stamen. Fig. 6.—The gynoecium an yx.

PLATE GI7 ADDISONIA

AZALEA ARBORESCENS

ADDISONTA 17
(Plate 617)
AZALEA ARBORESCENS
Tree Azalea
Native of the southern Appalachians
Family Ertcacrar Heata Family

Azalea arborescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 152. 1814.
Rhododendron arborescens Torr, Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 425. 1824.

Our native Azaleas, other than A. calendulacea, are a much-
neglected source of summer-flowering shrubs, the present subject
being one of the best, both for attractiveness of foliage and flower,
and for fragrance of flower and leaf. The delightful spicy odor of
the flowers, and the coumarin or vanilla-like scent of the drying
leaves, as well as the clean, disease-free soft-green foliage are desir-
able items in shrubbery plantings.

This species is best grown in light shade, where the flowers tend
to be a pure, waxy white, in striking contrast to the widely spreading
red stamens and pistil. Our accompanying plate was made from a
painting of a plant grown in full sun, showing the characteristic
pink tinge which is present under such conditions.

While perfectly hardy in the north, the species is native in the
Appalachian mountain system from southern Pennsylvania to
Georgia, reaching its best development on rocky mountain slopes in
North Carolina and Tennessee, where it frequently grows in great
drifts on whole mountain-slopes. In one case, on Wayah Bald
mountain in North Carolina, at an elevation of five thousand five
hundred feet, it covers the entire top of the mountain with only
occasional interspersing of other shrubs... It is always easily dis-
tinguishable from the other American Azaleas by the long-exserted
and widely spreading red stamens, the large, white, spicy flowers,
the scent of the drying leaves, and the completely glabrous young
twigs.

The tree Azalea is a much-branched shrub up to nine feet tall,
rarely eighteen feet, the stems and older branches clothed with fine,
closely fitting, gray-brown to blackish-brown bark. The young
twigs are glabrous from the first, yellow-brown to red-brown with
a slight bloom. The winter buds are glabrous. The leaf-blades
are short-petioled, obovate to elliptic or oblanceolate, two to three
and one half inches long, obtuse or acutish, bright green above,
glaucous or greenish beneath, glabrous except for the ciliate margin

and scattered hairs on the midrib beneath, coumarin-scented when

18 ADDISONIA

dry. The flowers are borne after the leaves are mature, three to
six in a cluster, the pedicels glandular-hairy or occasionally glabrate.
The sepals are very small, glandular-ciliate. The corolla is white,
often flushed with pink, elandular-hirsute on the outside of the tube
and on the midrib of the lobes: the tube one to one and a half inches
= slightly dilated above; the lobes ovate and spreading. The
mens are five in number; the exserted portion of the oe
re, sg included portion densely pubescent; the anthers bro
The stigma is capitate, brown-red; the style slender ia
usually glabrous, the exserted part red; the ovary oblong-ellipsoid,
glandular setose. The capsule is oblong-ovoid, one-half to one-third
inch woe somewhat glandular. The seeds are light brownish,

chaff-li
EK. J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. dn 1.—A flowering branch. Fig. 2—-A stamen. Fig.
3.—The gynoecium, Fig, 4.—A late summer leaf, showing mature size,

ADDISONIA

PLATE 618

BILLBERGIA MACROCALYX

ADDISONTA 19
(Plate 618)
BILLBERGIA MACROCALYX
Large-calyxed Billbergia
Native of Brazil
Family BRoMELIACEAE PINEAPPLE Family
Billbergia macrocalye Hook. Bot. Mag. pl. 5114. 1859.

Members of the strictly American Pineapple family offer some of
the most startling color contrasts in nature in their inflorescence and
its surrounding bracts. The genus Billbergia is one of the most
brilliant of these, its flowers being mostly shades of green or blue,
or both, which make a striking contrast with the red or pink bracts
and flower stalk. Our present subject is a typical one of these, and
ean be depended upon to flower frequently once it is well settled into
growth.

Since most of the members of this family are epiphytes they make
rather interesting and attractive house-plants, needing only to have
water poured into the funnel-like hollow formed by the leaf bases
to keep them in good condition, but their price is rather prohibitive,
so that they are rarely seen outside of collections. They of course
do best under moist greenhouse conditions, shaded from the after-
noon sun, and develop their brightest coloring potted in a mixture
of fern-roots and sphagnum. Individual plants usually die after
flowering, but the majority send out basal shoots before doing so,
and these continue the plant’s existence, the process being repeated
by each plant that attains the flowering stage.

Our present subject is a native of Brazil.

The large-calyxed Billbergia is an epiphytic plant, with the leaves
in a closely set rosette with the bases cupped, forming a cylindrical
hollow within, The leaves are dark-green with irregularly scattered
yellowish spots, and transverse whitish bands on the back, one foot
to a foot and a half long, broadly ligulate, canaliculately concave,
swollen and inflated at the amplexicaul base, recurved at the acute

The inflorescence is a simple, thyrsiform spike, with several large,
slightly concave, deep rose-colored, ovate-lanceolate bracts. The
Seape and pedicels are dull red, but so covered with a farinose
tomentum as to appear pinkish-white. The three sepals are nar-
rowly oblong, roseate below and greenish above, the hypanthium
purplish-rose, the whole covered with the same farinos se tomentum.
The three petals are ligulate, yellow-green at center with blue-violet

20 ADDISONIA

margins ; the petal scales each two-toothed with a fringed appendage
at the base. The three stamens are a little shorter than the petals,

tary style is topped with the three stigmatic branches, all three
tightly convolute; the inferior ovary is many-ovuled. The fruit is
a berry-like capsule, the seeds naked.
E. J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE, Fig. a Fig. 2—A petal and attached
stamen x2, Fig. 3.—The a x3. Fig. 4,.—Upper | portion of a leaf. Fig.
5.—Bntire plant, much reduced.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 619

SVEN ) yee o BX

Tm 7, yt as Mes ss OS

SPIRANTHES ODORATA

a ee ge

ADDISONIA 21
(Plate 619)
SPIRANTHES ODORATA
Fragrant Ladies’-Tresses
Natwe of the southeastern United States
Family ORCHIDACEAE OrcHD Family

Neottia odorata Nutt. Jour. Acad, Phil. 7: 98. 1834,
Spiranthes odorata oe Gen. & S ie et 1840.

Gyrostachys odorata Kuntze, Rey. Gen

Ibidium odoratum House, in Mublentiergia re 128. 06.

The genus Spiranthes, long a complex concept, has finally been
interpreted as a quite simple one after the elimination of much
extraneous matter. Curiously enough the ‘‘splitting’’ in this case
has been generally accepted by taxonomic botanists. There are
fifteen species native in North America north of Mexico. The great
majority occur in the eastern United States.

The ladies’-tresses form the largest of the simple or natural genera
of orchids in northeastern North America, comprising at least nine
species in that area. The plant here illustrated has the largest
inflorescence and the most fragrant flowers among all the species
of the genus. Thomas Nuttall’s introductory remarks in publishing
the species a century ago as ‘‘The largest and finest Spiranthes in
the United States, possessed also of a very sensible and delicate
fragrance,’’ still holds good. This plant, outstanding as it is, has
not always received the consideration deserved, largely because its
favorite haunts are well off the beaten track. Deep swamps, par-
ticularly inaccessible river-swamps, are its usual habitats. The first
specimens were collected on the wet and muddy shores of the Neuse
River at Newbern, North Carolina, over a century ago.

We were not thoroughly convineed as to the specific validity of
this orchid until a living specimen, secured in New Orleans in the
spring of 1931, flowered at the Garden in the fall. The species
differs from Spivdniies cernua in the narrower, lanceolate, long-
acuminate bracts which are much elongate near the base of the spike,
and which do not enfold the ovary, in the narrowly linear-lanceolate
lateral sepals, and in a lacerate-fringed blunt lip. On the contrary,
cernua has ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate bracts that
enfold the ovary, lanceolate lateral sepals, and an erose-fringed lip.
The fragrance is pronounced at all times, but it greatly increases
toward evening and continues strong well into the night.
Species is confined to the southeastern Coastal Plain from Virginia

22 ADDISONIA

to Texas. Plants do well under glass at the north, beginning to
flower about the middle of October. A single spike of a robust
plant may remain in flower for a period of six to eight weeks.

The flowers of this plant, which are exceptionally large for the
genus, contain a great abundance of nectar. Bees are known to aid
in the pollination of the flowers in their search for the nectar;
while other insects are suspected to be involved, long vigils have
failed to catch them in action.

The fragrant ladies’-tresses is one to two feet = olabrous nearly
up to the inflorescence. The basal leaves are rect or ascending,
with linear or narrowly spatulate — four to auietean inches long.
The stem is erect, stout, arising from a cluster of long, fleshy tuber-
like roots, mostly sheathed by the feat bases. The stem-leaves are
several, with sheathing bases and erect or ascending linear-spatulate,
linear, or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate blades which are dull
on the back and shining on the face. The spike is short-peduncled,
three to otis — long, erect, the flowers mostly three-ranked on
the twisted r. The bracts are narrowly lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, aaciaily aicueae near the base of = spike. The ovary is
bright-green, glandular- pubescent. The perianth is greenish-white
or cream-color, nodding, five-eighths to anty three-fourths of an
ineh long. The interval sepals are — linear-lanceolate, in-
equilateral. The median sepal is similar in shape, but equilateral.
The lateral petals are linear, adherent a ‘the median sepal.

lip is strongly curved, but lanceolate in outline, with a pair of knob-
like i at the pase, with the edges lacinate. The column is
short. The anther is green and brown-tinged or brown-streaked,
acuminate. The stigma is broadly winged, thus rhombic when
spread out, broadly tapering to the apex which is at length split
after the gland i is removed. The pollen-masses are elongate. The
capsule is vallipeasd. about a half inch long, ribbed.

JoHN K. SMALL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. adit Sad acon, are x %. 2.—A lateral sepal,
enlarged. Fig. 3.—The median sepals, e ope a" Itieral petal, en enlarged.
Fig. 5.—Lip, i Fig. 6.—Androecium and Be . T—A basal 1

Fig. 8.—A plant much reduced.

PLATE 620 ADDISONIA

BOLTONIA LATISQUAMA

by
:
’
Pe
;
a
B.
2
is
&
Wil,
i;
Es

ADDISONIA 23
(Plate 620)
BOLTONIA LATISQUAMA
‘Pink’? Boltonia
Natwe of the west central U. S.
Family CarDUACEAE THISTLE Family
Boltonia latisquama A, Gray, Am, Journ. Se. (II) 33: 238, 1862.

Asters and Aster-like flowers are always high-ranking among fall-
flowering garden plants. By far the greatest number of these are
American, for the western hemisphere is the home par excellence
of the Composite Family. The smaller flowered types are exceed-
ingly useful for drift-planting, and their sprays of bloom, when
cut, are excellent for bouquet arrangement, as they lend an air
touch to the heavier types such as dahlias, marigolds, sunflowers
and china-asters.

The genus Boltonia is closely related to the Asters, having exactly
their outward appearance, but differing internally in the pappus,
which consists of a ring of small scales accompanied by two to four
long bristles, the -achene (seed) being much flattened and margined
or winged.

The species here illustrated is the more attractive horticulturally,
the much taller B. asteroides, usually cultivated in its white-flowered
form, being too rank and weak-stemmed for any but background or
wall plantings. B. latisquama, which grows three to four feet tall,
has larger, lavender-pink flowers and more sturdy stems.

Boltonias may be grown in any average garden soil in full sun,
as in the shade they form weak stems. They are propagated by
diviison of the roots, which is best done in the spring.

Boltonia latisquama is native in the central United States, being
known in the wild state in Kansas, Oklahoma, and western Missouri,
where it grows on the plains.

The genus is named after James Bolton, an Eighteenth Century
English botanist.

The ‘‘pink’’ boltonia is a perennial glabrous herb, the three- to
five-foot stems arising from a large fibrous — of roots. The
stem is erect, much-branched above, green, covered with a slight
glaucescence. The leaves are alternate, oblong fo " dilaneotlate: two
to three inches long, entire or the lower sparsely and minutely ser-

rate, sessile. The ones on the branches are much smaller, gradually
becoming seale-like. The heads are short-pediatnnted, terminating

24 ADDISONIA

long branchlets, one inch or more across the rays. The involucral
* racts are oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate, imbricate in several
ries. The ray-flowers vary in color from pinkish-lavender to
tieiviciee a are very numerous. The disk-flowers are light yel-
low. The ’achenes are flattened, the pappus of small scales accom-
panied by two or three prominent awns.
E. J. ALEXANDER.

XPLANATION OF PLATE, —A ee of the inflorescence. Fig. 2.—A ray
foret x2. Fig. 3-—A disk flows Fy 4.—A lower cauline leaf and portion of

ADDISONIA

PLATE G21

(
yy!

WY Wy

¥s :

ee

ny

\

1

Jy
p

F | 4

cms
wy

LM
ii)

.

\;

ist

\\

*

ANN

\i\

Ni

CALLISTEMON SPECIOSUS

ADDISONIA 25
(Plate 621)
CALLISTEMON SPECIOSUS
Showy Bottle-brush
Native of southern Australia
Family MyrtackaE Myrtie Family

Metrosideros speciosa Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. 1761. 1815,
Callistemon speciosus DC, Prod. 3: 224, 1828,

Among the many unusual plants in our greenhouses which have
come to us from Australia, the bottle-brushes are entitled to a
prominent place for showiness and long season of flower. The
unique form of the flower-spike, which is strikingly similar to a
bottle-brush, is responsible for the common name applied to most
members of this genus and the sister genus Melaleuca.

Numbering about twenty-five or thirty species, these are all native
to Australia, where they grow in the rather arid districts, making
small trees or shrubs, many with drooping branches. They are
striking sights when in flower, the whole tree appearing aglow with
what at a distance appears like plumes of color

They are suitable for outdoor planting in southern California
and Florida, where little water is necessary, but elsewhere must be
grown in a cool greenhouse with more water. They are propagated
with equal ease from seed or from cuttings of ripened wood.

The species are so similar that they may be distinguished only
with difficulty ; in fact, the genus is not satisfactorily known botani-
cally.

The present species is one of those longest in cultivation, differin
from its closely related congener C. lanceolatus by the denser spike
of flowers and the less distinct veins of the leaves.

The name Callistemon is from the Greek, meaning beautiful
stamen.

The showy bottle-brush is a large shrub or small tree up to forty
feet in height, with erect-spreading or pendulous branches. The
ate are Skaaen: lanceolate, firm and glabrous at maturity,
two to four inches long and about ‘one-fourth inch wide, the midvein
more prominent than the obscure lateral veins, the apex acute or
obtuse. The expanding pee are pale green with pink tinges, soft
and flexible, covered with silky white hairs. The inflorescence is a
dense spike three to five inches long, and about three inches thick.
The small nearly globular calyx has five orbicular sepals. The five
orbicular petals are early deciduous. The numerous stamens at-

26 ADDISONIA

tached at the top of the calyx-tube, are about one inch long, deep
bright red, the anthers versatile, red-brown, the pollen bright yellow.
The pubescent ovary is seated in the base of the calyx-tube, the
bright red style slender, with a capitate green stigma. The fruit is
a hard, woody, ovoid capsule, formed by the fusion of the calyx-tube
and ovary, the entire spike of capsules being long-persistent on the
plant and not opening until removed and allowed to dry out in
warmth, when the many small seeds are expelled.

E. J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF Puate. Fig. 1.—Flowering branch. Fig. 2.—A single flower.
Fig. 3.—Gynoecium, showing its position in the calyx.

FEATE 622 ADDISONIA

CALOCHORTUS ALBUS

ADDISONIA aT

(Plate 622)
CALOCHORTUS ALBUS
Fairy Lantern
Native of California
Family Lintackar Lity Family

Cyclobothra alba Benth. Trans. Hort. Soe. (II) 1: 413, P iz 14 f.3. 1834.
Calochortus albus Dougl.: Benth. Maund & Hensl. Bot. : pl. 48. 1838.
Cyclobothra paniculata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 20 under pl. 1662, 1834.

While the true tulips of our gardens are, in their wild state, con-
fined exclusively to the Old World, the western hemisphere has a
different kind of tulip just as exclusively its own. This is the genus
Calochortus, confined to North America from the Great Plains west-
ward, reaching its greatest development in the Pacific Coast region.
Commonly known as mariposa-tulips, star-tulips and globe-tulips,
they are native to a great variety of habitats, from hot arid regions
to grassy plains, meadows and shaded woodlands. The shaded
woodland types, the globe-tulips and star-tulips, are the most satis-
factory for eastern gardens, as they stand more moisture than most
others and are more amenable to our climatie conditions, but all
must have perfect drainage.

The species considered here is the most variable of the globe-tulip
group, this particular form, which inhabits the coast ranges, being
called ‘‘The Pearl,’’ differing from the ordinary form in its brown
shading and slightly more open flowers. There is also a pink-
flowered phase. In the wild state this species is native to California,
growing in shaded woodlands.

The name Calochortus is from the Greek, meaning beautiful grass.

The pearl Calochortus is a bulbous plant with a stem one to two
se tall, light green and glaucous, much-branched. The single leaf

asal, lanceolate, nine to fifteen inches long, one-third to one inch
Wide green and glaucous, streaked with red-brown below. The leaf-
like bracts are lanceolate-acuminate, those subtending branches one
to three inches long, those subtending flower-pedicels one-half to
one inch long, the same color as the basal leaf. The flowers are
subglobose, on slender nodding pedicels. The sepals are ovate-
acuminate, one-half to three-quarters of an inch me tinged and
veined with reddish-brown. The petals are pearly white, —
flushed brown-lilac on the lower portion, concave and strongly
arched, obtuse or acutish, an inch to an inch and a half ae the
inner face covered with long yellowish hairs above the gland; the
gland, which appears as a eallosity on the outer side, is a shallow

28 ADDISONIA

groove within, lunate, with four transverse scales, fringed with short,
close, yellow glandular hairs. The six stamens have white filaments
and yellow, basifixed anthers. The three pinkish stigmas are ee
recurved after anthesis, the ovary narrowly ellipsoidal with many
ovules. The fruit is a prominently wing-angled capsule, three-
earpellate, an inch to an inch aha a half aie

. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF Prats. Fig. 1.—Inflorescence. Fig. 2.—Basal leaf and bulb.
Fig. 3.—A sepal. Fig. 4.—A petal. Fig. 5—Two stamens. Fig. 6—The gynoecium.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 623

SILENE VIRGINICA

ADDISONIA 29
(Plate 623)
SILENE VIRGINICA
Fire-pink
Native of eastern United States
Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE PInK Family
Silene virginica L. Sp. Pl. 419. 1753.

Truly red flowers are usually such a novelty in temperate regions,
that one coming upon them in the wild must always pause to admire
their brillianey. Throughout the open woodlands of the southeast-
ern United States, the fire-pink is of frequent occurrence, its glowing
stars seeming somewhat misplaced in those untropical situations,
but always a reminder that with increasing warmth of climate,
brilliantly colored flowers become more frequent.

Of all temperate genera, the genus Silene seems to have the great- ~
est number of red-flowered species, there being three in eastern North
America and the same number on the Pacific Coast. The three
eastern species are somewhat similar, differing in habit and size and
form of leaf, the differences in flower size being not so marked. By
far the most common and widespread is Silene virginica, ranging
from southern New Jersey to southwestern New York, southwestern
Ontario, Minnesota = southward, but common only in the southern
portions of its r

It is quite a Seausile subject for large rock-gardens, but in the
northern sections it is not always reliably hardy unless raised from
seed, and even then may disappear during wet winters. Give it
some shade, a well-drained location and fairly light and porous soil,
with a light winter covering, and you will be well repaid each sum-
mer by its brilliant and cheery red star-like flowers.

The Silenes are all commonly called catchfly in reference to the
viscid hairs and glands on the stems and calyces of many species,
which act as a trap for would-be insect pilferers of nectar and pollen
without due return. These treasures are only for the long-tongued
bees, butterflies and moths, which are capable of pollination in
return for food.

The name Silene comes from the Greek word for saliva in allusion
to the viscid substance mentioned above.

The fire-pink is a perennial herb arising from a cluster of some-
what fleshy roots. The basal rosette is of dark-green, spatulate

30 ADDISONIA

leaves three to six inches long, the blade tapering to a long winged

petiole with a clasping base; eee and blade with coarsely long-

ciliate margins. The stem, varying from a few inches to two feet

in height, is simple below and branched above, sparsely pubescent
e

similar to the basal, the petioled upper ones becoming abruptl

shortened so that the first bracts of the inflorescence are lanceolate
to oblong. The inflorescence is cymosely paniculate, each ultimate
branchlet subtended by two sal lanceolate to ovate bracts, and
terminating in a flower. The calyx is tubular, one-half to three-
fourths inch long, viscid-pubescent, prominently veined, the calyx-
teeth ovate, obtuse, less than one-fifth the length of the tube. The
scarlet to crimson petals are distinctly divided into blade and claw;

the blade is three-fourths to one inch long, deeply cleft at the apex,
usually with a smaller tooth at about the middle on either margin
and crowned with two linear-oblong light red appendages at the
base; the claw is about one-eighth inch exserted from, and longer
than ‘the calyx, light red in color. The eight to ten exserted stamens
have yellowish filaments and yellow anthers. The styles are three
in number, greenish below and red above; the one-celled ovary nar-
rowly ellipsoid, the ovules on axile placenta. The calyx, after the
fiowering stage, becomes inflated and obovoid by the rapidly grow-
ing ovary, which at maturity dehisces by three or six teeth. The
numerous seeds are —— papillose, with a central attachment.
EK. J. ALEXAND

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 1.—Portions of the inflorescence. Fig. 2.—-Lower
Portion of same Fh ith: — a vs = B a8 —— and cadline leaves.
3.—A petal and one stamen. Fig, 4.—The

PLATE 624 ADDISONIA

ROBINIA AMBIGUA

ADDISONIA 31
(Plate 624)
ROBINIA AMBIGUA
Robinia pseudacacia x viscosa
Family LeguMINosAE Pea Family
Robinia dubia Foucault, you Bot. 2: 204. a
a hybri C. “1825.

Robinia intermedia Soulange-Bodin, Ann. Soc. Hort. 2:42. 1828,
Robinia dubia Foucault, Reich, Ie. Fl. Ger. 22: 93. 1885.

For some years two trees of a pink-flowering Robinia have been
under observation in this garden, which are located at the south-
western end of the Fruticetum. They have led to many inquiries
because they had no name. Close study reveals, at first, a certain
affinity to R. pseudacacia, with particular similarity in the closely
appressed pubescence of the young twigs, petioles and peduncles;
but the leaflets are slightly smaller and the thorns shorter. In their
habit of growth, time of flowering, and the shape of the racemes the
trees show an unmistakable resemblance to &. viscosa.

After much deliberation the conclusion was reached that these
two trees represent a form of Robinia ambigua, the hybrid between
R. pseudacacia and R. viscosa; although no trace of glands could be
detected, much less any viscidity, on any part of the plants, which,
according to all previous descriptions, is one of the distinguishing
characteristics of this hybrid.

The herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden contains a
specimen ($1737) collected in 1915 by Mrs. Orra Parker Phelps near
Norfolk, New York. Labeled R. pseudacacia, it bears the notation :
‘‘Eseaped in many places. Flowers pink. Blossoms as late as July
1.’ This specimen agrees perfectly with the two trees growing
here. How this hybrid Robinia came to Norfolk, and from where
the plants escaped which Mrs. Phelps observed, will be worthy of
further study. So far, R. ambigua has been known mainly from
France where it is said to have originated in cultivation from seed
of R. viscosa; although it was at one time in cultivation at the Ar-
nold Arboretum, having been received from Berckmans, Augusta,
Georgia. So far as is known, the hybrid has never been found with
the parents in a wild state.

. de Foucault in the Journal de Botanique describes FR.
ambigua (R. dubia, as he calls it) as follows: ‘‘T wigs, petioles and
peduncles partly glandular, rarely viscid; racemes axillary, loose,
and drooping ; bracts aera concave, and terminated by a long
bristle; calyx acuminate.’

ulis, petiolis, pedunculusque parce glandulosis, rarissime viscosis ;

* Ram
ae laxis, pendulis ; bracteis caducis, concavis, seta longa terminatis ; incon

32 ADDISONTA

About the color of the flowers Foucault says: ‘‘La corolle est
légérement colorée en rose,’’ which seems to suggest an even light
pink, somewhat like that of the flowers of R. viscosa.

Reichenbach, who gives a not very satisfactory colored plate of
R. dubia Fouc. in his Icones aeons Germanicae et Helvetiae, says
on page 93 of volume 22: ‘‘Corolla alba, vexillo roseo lavato.’’
(‘‘Flower white, standard pink-flushed.’’) is picture shows
clearly viscid glands on the peduncle as wall as on the seed pod. N
purple flush is indicated on the pedunele, petiole, or calyx.

Foucault says that his R. dubia resembles R. pseudacacia in its
long and loose flower racemes and in its habit of growth; while it
resembles FR. viscosa in the glandular branchlets and petioles, the
dark green foliage, short stipules and thorns, reddish calyx and
bracts, and in the period of flowering.

The two trees of R. ambigua from which the accompanying plate
was drawn do not show a trace of glands on any of their parts. In
that respect they rather resemble R. pseudacacia, except that the
fine, appressed pubescence of their twigs, petioles, and peduncles is
somewhat denser and persists longer. In their habit of growth and
in their rather short, dense flower racemes—which are decidedly not
long — — “<4 ‘lache’’), as Foucault describes them—they resem-
ble BR. v _ They commence to flower about two weeks later than
R. pse cae 7a, at the same time as R. viscosa, which agrees with
Foucault’s atebeaent: Thorns and stipules are short. The young
branchlets, as well as the upper side of the rachis, especially near the
base, the base of the peduncle and the calyx ar e flu shed with purple.
The ‘flo wers are creamy white; but the Sac in bud are apple-
blossom pink on the outside. "Inside, the standards are white with
a arnt nistinae shy bloteh near the base. The racemes
are fifteen t y-five flo ats quite dense, and at the average
only five to a esate long. The seed pods are usually not
more than five ——— long, frequently y three-seeded, and
then narrowed between the meee: The pods are smooth, their stalks
persistently eapecudivahenn

Perhaps the speculation is ee that this form of the hybrid
may have resulted from a cross in which R. pseudacacia, instead of
R. viscosa, was the seed-bearer; which could account for the lack of
glands, inherited from R. viscosa by the form which Foucault
describes,

For much information concerning R. ambigua, I am indebted to
Mr. Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, who also examined

ecimens from the two trees growing here, and who agrees with me
that they belong to R. ambigua.

H. TEUSCHER.

EXPLANATION OF PuatTH. Fig. 1.—A Sonntiee twig. Fig. 2.—The standard.
Fig. 3.—A ripe seed-pod, Fig 4.—A seed x

PLATE 625 ADDISONIA

BILLBERGIA PYRAMIDALIS

ADDISONIA 33

(Plate 625)

BILLBERGIA PYRAMIDALIS
Pyramid Billbergia
Native of southern Brazil

Family BroMELIACEAR PINEAPPLE Family

Billbergia pyramidalis Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. pl. 1068, 1827.
Bromelia pyramidalis Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. 1732. 1815.
Billbergia bicolor Lodd. Bot, Cab. pl. 1819. 1832.

Many and handsome are the startling color combinations to be
found in the Pineapple family, not the least striking being our
present subject. It has been in cultivation the longest of any in its
genus, having been introduced in 1815, and consequently a number
of horticultural varieties and hybrids have been made from it. Our
plant coincides quite well with the original description, so that we
may well look upon it as the typical form.

As with the other epiphytic bromeliads, these plants grow best
in a mixture of fern-roots and sphagnum, and are able to stand any
amount of temperature, but must have a considerable amount of
water during their growing season. They also make quite satis-
factory house plants, as they will tolerate a dry atmosphere, need-
ing Ss to have water always present within the cupped leaf-rosette.

yramid billbergia is an epiphytic plant with ten to Sma
leaves i in a "5 abi ees: involute and embracing one another to
a cupule in which water usually stands. The leaves are lorate erat
an ovate base, sghieor Sate to two feet long, rather thin in texture,

a foot = The lo we bract leaves are rose-red, tipped with
green, the upper ones entirely bright rose-red, three to four inches
long, ovate-acuminate. The flowers, twenty to ‘thirty i in number, are
borne in an erect, rather dense-flowered thyrse. The ovary is ob-
long-cylindrical, one-half to five-eighths inch ee ; = sepals pee
en about the same length as the ovary; both sepals and o

red with a white-mealy scurf. The petals are “purpliah-searlet,
perder with red-violet, two inches long, the upper i Bpreer-
ing. The three stigmas are twisted spirally together;
filamentary, nearly as long as the petals ; the ovary is pec antied
the ovules many in each cell. The six stamens are nearly as long
as the petals, three borne on the hypanthium, three attached to the
base of the petals between the scales. The fruit is an indehiscent

le.

capsule
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE e inflores and a leaf, Fig. 2.—A por-
tion of the peduncle, showing S, cattional bract with foliar tip. Fig. 3.—A petal
and stamen. 4.—A se Fig. i deat aa and androecium x 1.5. Fig. 6.—

Base of a patel showing the seales x

ADDISONIA

PLATE 626

HELIANTHUS TOMENTOSUS

ADDISONIA 85

(Plate 626)
HELIANTHUS TOMENTOSUS
Tomentose sunflower
Native of southeastern United States
Family CARDUACEAE THISTLE Family

Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 141. 1803.

The strictly American genus Helianthus has long been a favorite
in gardens for its late blooming season, ease of growth, and showy
flowers. Our present subject is one of the little-known and uncom-
mon species, but is deserving of cultivation for its clear lemon-yellow
flowers in half-nodding heads, and for its dark green foliage. The
plant is easy to handle and perfectly hardy, producing in the garden
many more flowers and more branched stems than in the wild state.
It is quite easily distinguished by the long, spreading involucral
bracts, the twisted lemon-colored ray-flowers, and the rough-pubes-
cent under surface of the leaves. It is native in mountain meadows
and on damp banks in the southern Appalachians and adjacent
regions from southern Virginia to northern Georgia, central Ala-
bama, and Mississippi, the more southerly stations being represented
by a slightly different form from that in the mountains. The plant
from which our plate was made was raised from seed collected in
southwestern North Carolina by the Southern Appalachian Expe-
dition in 1933.

Helianthus tomentosus is a perennial herb ap to four feet in
height. The stem is branched in the upper portion, usually reddish,
strongly striate, especially above, sparsely eabreminae below,
densely so above. The leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
the base abruptly tapering to a broadly cuneate-winged petiole, e, dark
green and very scabrous above, pale and harshly pubescent beneath,
the principal ones four to twelve inches long, the rameal and the
bracteal ones two or three inches long. The peduncles are densely
seabro-hirsute, more or less inflated “immediately below the head.
Bh heads are one to one and a half inches across, The involueral

alae somewhat twisted. The disk flowers are yellow. The achene

s about one-fifth inch eg. navate slightly seed the apex

cits dark brown or mottled, the pappus semi-deciduo
Epwarp J. pe ee

EXPLANATION oF PLate. Fig. 1.—A flowering spray. Fig. 2—A cauline leaf.

g. 3.—A ray floret. beg 4.—A ge — at anthesis x2, Fig. 5.—A disk floret
with the stigmas receptive x2. Fig. achene x 2.

PLATE 627 ADDISONIA

DAPHNE GENKWA

ADDISONIA 37

(Plate 627)
DAPHNE GENKWA
Native of Northeastern China
Family THYMELAEACEAE Mezereum Family

Daphne Genkiwa Sieb. & Zuee. 1835, Flora Japonica I. p. 137.
Daphne Fortunet Lindley 1846, Journal Royal Hort. Soc. I. p. 147.

This lovely Daphne is still extremely rare in cultivation, a fact
which seems rather deplorable, since no more desirable ornamental
plant has ever been introduced from Asia into the gardens of Europe
and America. It was first sent to England in 1844 by Robert
Fortune, who had collected it in China. Both there and in Japan
it is frequently grown as an ornamental shrub.

There is no valid reason for the scarcity of Daphne Genkwa in
occidental gardens, for, while it is true that seeds are quite unob-
tainable, cuttings—if taken in early summer—are no more difficult
to root than are those of Daphne Cneorum. When the young side-
shoots first begin to show signs of arresting their growth—yet while
they are still quite soft—is the time when they may best be used
for euttings. Severed from the main stem as close to their base as
possible, but without a ‘‘heel,’’ and inserted in moist sand, up to
75 per cent of them should root within two or three months. How-
ever, the open cutting-bench or the built-in propagating-frame in-
side a greenhouse has been found to give less satisfactory results
than a double-pot arrangement. This consists of a seed-pan with a
smaller pot inserted in its center. The space between the two holds
the rooting medium. The center-pot with its drainage hole closed
is kept filled with water. The whole arrangement is covered with
a bell-glass. Or, a wooden box or flat, elevated on upturned pots
with constantly wet cinders underneath, may be used. The four
sides of the box should be surrounded with panes of glass, with a
fifth pane asa cover. Ample light seems to be an important require-
ment for success.

Given an open, airy position and thorough drainage, the mature
plant is hardy in the vicinity of New York City. Indirect partial
shading, however, is advisable during the winter, since, at least here
in the eastern states, the flower-buds tend to be injured by the winter
sun. Daphne Genkwa flowers outdoors at the end of March or in
early April, but if kept in a pot in a cool greenhouse, it will bloom
without force during February. In flower it closely resembles a

38 ADDISONIA

small lilac, although it is scentless, and as a small potted plant it is
extremely decorative. There should be a future for this Asiatic
shrub as a winter-flowering pot plant.

short-acuminate or obtuse, are one to two inches long and about one-
half inch wide. They are fresh grass-green when young, later dark
green above and light green beneath, with scattered hairs along the
veins of the underside and ciliate hairs along the margin. Usually
the leaves are opposite but occasionally alternate leaves may be found
towards the base of the shoots. The lilac-colored flowers, which ap-

young shoots as these lengthen. The corolla-like calyx is funnel-
Shaped with four obtuse, spreading lobes. Four of the orange
anthers are inserted immediately below its mouth, four others below
them about halfway down the tube. As with all other species
of this genus, the flowers have no petals. As far as known to the

i is species has never produced fruits in cultivation. In
China and Japan and dried flowers and bark of Daphne Genkwa are
used medicinally in the same manner as those of Daphne Mezereum

are used in Europe.
Henry TEUSCHER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. — 1.—A flowering branch. Fig. 2.—A leafy branch.
ab Mm corolloid calyx laid open, showing the stamens x1.5. Fig. 4.—The
Di x 2.

PLATE 628 ADDISONIA

COSTUS MALORTEANUS

ADDISONIA 39

(Plate 628)
COSTUS MALORTEANUS
Malort’s Costus
Native of Costa Rica
Family ZIncIBERACEAE GIncER Family

Costus Malorteanus H. Wendl. in Hamb. Gartenz. 19: 30. 1863.

Members of the genus Costus are not often seen in cultivation out-
side of botanical collections, as the plants require too much room for
growth, and usually require a house with more moisture than the
average pot plant can tolerate. They are of value chiefly for their
foliage, as the flowers, though large, are of too fleeting a nature for
ornament. Our present subject is one of the finest, its rich green
foliage being handsomely barred with darker bands, the whole
covered with soft silky hairs. The-leaves are about one foot long
and eight inches wide, and grow close together in spiral arrange-
ment on the stem, which is two to three feet tall. The plant is native
to Costa Rica, where it was first collected by H. Wendland in 1857,
and introduced to cultivation by him, though it was not named until
1863.

Malort’s Costus is a perennial herb with stems eda three-fourths
inch thick, and one to three feet in height, softly hirs The lower
portion of the stem is covered with softly hirsute eaiiks sheaths ;
the upper portion is leaf-bearing. The ie aves are sage: arranged,
horizontally spreading, obovate, eight to twelve inches long and ‘five
to nine inches broad, abruptly narrowed to a short = the sheath
short, long-ciliate at the mouth: the blade is rich green above, ver-
tic ally bande d with nearly black cross-markings, savored with short,

abou . d
imbricated, okt green with a bright green margin ea central rib,
the apex broadly rounded and keeled, the lower portion crimson
within. The flowers are about two and one-half inches long, short-
lived, deliquescing i in the afternoon. The ovary is tae white.

he three calyx lobes are crimson, bluntly ovate, equal. The
corolla storer has a short hairy tube, the ieee, erect tickets are =
long, obtuse, light orange-yellow ; the lip golden-yellow with clos
set orange-r red ve inings on the expanded portion which consists of
one large three-lobed dorsal lobe a4 three small oma eee lobes
on the ventral side, all the lobes being sharply recurved. The fila-
ment is erect, broadly linear-oblong, dilated at the ‘middle, the tip

40 ADDISONIA

recurved ; the anther is oblong. The style is filamentary, the trans-
versely oblong stigma ciliate.
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. hs a ee gis jm and the two small floral leaves.
Fig. 2.—The upper petal. Fig. 3.—A lateral petal. Fig. 4.—The stamen. Fig. 5.—
Seed A ~teiee m, calyx and seitnedtiae: ace, Fig. 6.—-An inflorescence bract,
nner

ADDISONIA

PLATE 629

LUPINUS NANUS

ADDISONIA 41

(Plate 629)
LUPINUS NANUS
Dwarf lupine
Natwe of California and Oregon
Family FABAcEAE Pra Family

Lupinus nanus Dougl. ex Benth. in Trans. Hort. Soc. n.s. 1: 409. 1835.

While many of the lupines are more showy than Lupinus nanus,
this dwarf species is one of the neatest annuals to use for bedding
or asa pot plant. The low-growing species make quite a display in
the wild state, as they grow over great areas, making splashes of blue
on hillsides and valleys; and by their intermingling with other
plants forming varicolored carpets. This species was discovered in
Monterey County, California, by David Douglas in 1831-2, and
introduced to cultivation in Europe. It was at once well recom-
mended for its neat growth and long flowering period. It is now
known to range in the wild from western Oregon southward to Santa
Barbara and Kern Counties in California. Since it is very variable
in nature, no one variety covers the entire range.

The dwarf lupine is an annual herb, the stem usually branched at
the base. The stem is erect, eight to ‘fifteen ma aor tall, the pubes-
cence more or less villous, minutely spreading or essed. The
leaves are long-petioled, the leaflets five to seven, yaar to spatulate,
three-fourths to an inch long, appressed-hairy above. The flowers

rolla is three-eighths to five-eighths inch long, rich blue or occa-
sionally pink, often shaded with violet ; the standard ne cate ection
ar a prominent white or yellowish center with a few violet
pencilings, becoming all violet with age; the wings strongly auricled
above the white lines base, with radial violet veins extending
out from the auricle; the keel whitish blue with black-violet acumen,
the upper edges of the acumen ciliate. The ten stamens are mona-
delphous, the anthers alternately of two forms
appressed-pubescent, three-fourths to one and one-fourth inches long,
containing four to twelve variously mottled seeds.
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.
EXPLANATION OF Prate. Fig. 1,—A flower - gga leaf. a spray and inflorescence in

bud. Fig. 2—The standard. i Fig. 3.—A wing. oe. keel. Fig. 6.—The
androecium x 2.5, Fig. 6.—The calyx and hem ae dane x2. —A ripe legume.

PLATE 630 ADDISONIA

BEGONIA SOCOTRANA

ADDISONIA 43

(Plate 630)

BEGONIA SOCOTRANA
Native of Socotra
Family BEGONIACEAE Brconia Family

Begonia socotrane Hook. f., Gard. Chron. n.s. 15: 8, 1881,

Situated in the Indian Ocean about 140 miles off the northeast
eorner of Africa the hot and dry Island of Socotra is 72 miles long
and about 22 miles in width. The first scientific exploration of this
Island, which was undertaken in 1880 by an expedition led by Sir
Isaac Bayley Balfour, resulted in the discovery of a considerable
number of endemic plants, including the attractive Begonia soco-
trana. This species was found growing in the shade of boulders in
the higher regions of the Haghier hills on the north side of the
island, and living specimens were collected and shipped to England
where they flowered for the first time at Kew in December, 1880.
From these plants the type description of the species was made

Following its introduction into cultivation, Begonia socotrana
quickly became popular and hybridists early began to use it as a
parent. The results of their efforts are to be seen today in the mag-
nificent race of large-flowered fall-blooming varieties which have
been derived from Begonia socotrana and various tuberous-rooted
Andean species, as well as in the popular Christmas Begonias which
have B. socotrana and the South African B. Dregei as parents.

The first hybrid Begonia to be introduced having B. socotrana as
a parent was raised by Messrs. Veitch of England and was obtained
by fertilizing that species with pollen from a crimson-flowered
tuberous variety known as Vicountess Doneraile. This hybrid first
flowered in 1885 and was distributed three years later under the
name John Heal. In later years Veitch produced many fine Be-
gonias belonging to this group, some of the most popular being
Adonis, Winter Gem; Emita and Mrs. Heal. Together with Veitch,
Messrs. Clibran of England have been responsible for raising most
of the fall-flowering hybrids of this type in cultivation today.
Clibran’s introductions include Optima, Mrs. Clibran, Emily Clib-
ran, Fascination and Exquisite.

The first of the so-called Christmas Begonias was produced in
1892, when Messrs, Lemoine of France succeeded in erossing
B. socotrana with B. Dregei. This hybrid was named Gloire-de-
Lerraine. It was introduced in 1893 and in succeeding years be-

44 ADDISONIA

came, perhaps, the most popular Begonia ever brought into eulti-
vation. It is still raised, although other varieties which have been
derived from it now find greater favor with growers. Gloire-de-
Lorraine was followed by such varieties as Turnford Hall, Mrs.
Leopold de Rothschild and Amabilis and by the American-raised
Mrs. Peterson and Glory of Cincinnati. Two of the most popular
varieties of this section grown today are Melior and Lady Mac.

Despite the magnificence of its hybrid progeny, B. socotrana is
still worth while growing as a decorative plant. Its cultivation
involves no special problem providing tropical greenhouse condi-
tions are available. At the commencement of the growing season
(August or early September) the plants are repotted in a soil con-
taining a generous amount of leaf-mold and sharp sand. If increase
is desired, the cluster of bulblets which form the rootstock is divided,
each division consisting of four or five of these bulblets, a more com-
plete division being usually disastrous. Shade from bright sun-
shine, care in the matter of watering, and the maintenance of a
humid atmosphere provide the requisite growing conditions. The
blooming season is from mid-December until the end of January,
after which time the plants pass gradually into a dormant stage and
so remain until the following August.

Begonia socotrana is a sparsely hairy, tender, herbaceous peren-
nial with a rootstock consisting of tight clusters of pale green resting
buds or budlets at the surface of the ¢ ground. From each bud cluster
arises an erect, sparingly branched succulent stem Binelag from one
to three orbicular, peltate, succulent leaves, each up to seven inches

in diameter. The center of each leaf is strongly depressed and the

margins are recurved and crenate. The inflorescence is carried well
above the foliage; all the flowers are staminate except the terminal
one of each cyme-branch, which is pistillate. The flowers are of a
elear rose-pink color and measure approximately two inches across;
the staminate ones have four obovate petals, two of which are
smaller, and a central globose cluster of stamens furnished with
short filaments and bright yellow, clavate anthers with recurved
tips. The pistillate women each have six equal on igs peri-
anth segments; the = are bright yellow with short, spreading
and incurved arms and cordate stigmas. The ovary is three-angled,
with the dorsal cell seb tere winged.

T. H. Everett.
EXEL AN Aen or 1.—A flowering inflorescence. Fig. 2.—A lea
Fig. 3—A male Rn a with "he petals remov Baden Fig. 4.—A stamen <3.
Fig. 5. — female flower with the petals removed x2. Fig. 6—Front and rear view
of one of the stigmas x 2.5,

PLATE 631 ADDISONIA

eure

CYRILLA ARIDA

EE od OR ame

ADDISONIA 45

(Plate 631)
CYRILLA ARIDA

Titi
Natwe of the Lake Region, Florida
Family Cyrm.ackar Tritt Family

Cyrilla arida Small, Bull. Torrey Club, 51: 383. 1924.

The genus Cyrilla is a small assemblage of species centering in
the tropical American region, both insular and continental, and
extending well into the southeastern United States. About a half
dozen species represent the total—three of them in the southeastern
United States and the others in the Antilles and the tropical main-
land. C. racemiflora, which is the most common titi of our south-
eastern region—is the only species in the genus which occurs on
both sides of the Gulf Stream. However, we can safely assume that
all the titis, or their ancestors, of our southeastern mainland some-
time in the past came from the West Indies, either before there was
a Gulf Stream or when its course was different from that of the
present one. At one time, for example, this all-important ocean
current swept across the early foundation of northern Florida north
of the old Oligocene Island, or through what is now, in a general
way, the drainage of the Suwannee River (Little San Juan) and
out into the Atlantic Ocean near the present mouths of the St.
Johns and St. Marys Rivers. "Whatever agencies of dispersal were
active in that geologic age, they distributed Cyrilla to the lands
north and west of the course of the early Gulf Stream, with one
exception: that is the plant or its ancestors here illustrated and
discussed.

Our two other species of the southeast, Cyrilla racemiflora and
C. parvifolia, are plants of wet stream-banks, swamps, and ‘“bays.”’
Cyrilla parvifolia is a very outstanding plant in the Gulf Coastal
Plain east of the Mississippi River. This titi, also called white titi,
and its cousin the black titi or buckwheat bush (Cliftonia), dominate
the woody vegetation of the ‘‘bays’’ or bay-heads, so that ‘‘titibay’’
has naturally become the popular designation of the ‘‘bays’’ of that
region which are marked by this characteristic vegetation. In some
localities the shrubs grow in running or standing water during long
periods of each See: for the ‘‘bays’’ are small swamps at the sources
of sluggish str

To one Sanaana to seeing these shrubs in their normal habitats,
the surprise was great one day in the winter of 1920 to find a grove

46 ADDISONIA

containing both shrubs and trees of the species here illustrated (and
then undescribed), growing on the highest parts of the dry sand-
hills in Highlands County, Florida, on the backbone of the State.
Two distinet forms of branching were present in the two types of
plants. Some specimens had short stiff branches, while others had
long sinuous vine-like branches. The leaves are evergreen and the
plants are conspicuous both when in flower and in fruit. The
myriad panicles of flowers form a white cloud over the white sands;
then in the fruiting stage the white is supplanted by clear yellow,
creating a scene not duplicated elsewhere in our flora. Two years
ago the type locality was visited twice, first in September, with the
thermometer at seventy-five degrees, when the yellow fruits were
mature, then in December when the fruits had become dead ripe
and brown. The thermometer then indicated thirty degrees and a
strong gale was blowing the tiny capsules in every direction over the
desert sands.

A beginning has been made in the cultivation of this plant. Last
spring (1935) two dozen plants were placed in pots with a mixture
of humus and flat-woods sand and kept in aslat-house. This spring
(1936) twelve of the plants are alive and flourishing. A large
quantity of seeds have been distributed to the botanical gardens of
the Old World and to many growers in America.

The desert titi is a shrub or small tree with gray, glabrous twigs
an a _— gular leaf-sears. The leaves, clustered at the ends of
twi re about an inch long, glabrous, pale- -green when young, but
slightly Samkes ave than beneath, evergreen. The blades are
spatulate to narrowly elliptic, with an acute, callous, yellowish tip,
entire, with the midrib prominent on the lower side, impressed on
the upper side, faintly veined beneath, short-petioled. The panicles
are raceme-like, an inch and a to two and a half inches long.
The bracts are ‘subulate and the bractlets lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate. The pedicels are very short, glabrous, spreading. The

owers are white, numerous. The five sepals are succulent, lanceo-
late or tig ew pee one-twelfth of an inch long or nearly so,
pale-green, erect, acuminate. The five petals are white, lanceolate,
fightly 1 ea iat the sepals, acute, spreading, more or less invo-
lute. The five stamens are ascen in nee Wi with the filaments subulate,

ite, eonic-ovoid, seated on a green disk. The style is
very short; the stigma two-lobed. The capsule is globose-ovoid,
often depressed, yellow when mature, very persistent and ultimately
turning brown.
Joun K, SMALL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. eo apie branch. Fi gg gate x4, Fig. 3.
—Calyx, gynoecium, and 1 stamen, x 4. 4 4,—-Bud, x a Fi —Fruiting twig.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 632

VRIESIA DUVALIANA

ADDISONIA 47

(Plate 632)
VRIESIA DUVALIANA
Duval’s Vriesia
Native of southern Brazil
Family BRoMELIACEAE PINEAPPLE Family

Vriesia Duvaliana EB. Mon. Belg. Hort. 34: 105, pl. 7-8. 1884.
Tillandsia Duvaliana Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 48, 1888,

The genus Vriesia, though a member of the Pineapple family, does
not have flowers so attractively colored as do those most showy-
flowered members of the family, the Billbergias, as the colors of its
inflorescence are usually only various shades of red, yellow and
green—or occasionally pink or white. The species of Vriesia most
frequently seen in Bromeliad collections is V. carinata, which is
bright red and yellow bracted, with dull flowers. Our present sub-
ject is not even that showy, since the bracts during flowering are
dull red with green tips, and the flowers green, but since the flower
spike takes two or three months to pass through the blooming period,
it is a long-lasting decoration. The species was introduced into cul-
tivation about 1875 from southern Brazil. A number of hybrids
have been made, using it as a parent. Chief among these is V. ver-
saliensis (Rodig.) Truffaut, which is a hybrid between V. Duvaliana
and V. carinata, and has a shorter and broader inflorescence, as
would be expected.

As with other Bromeliads, Vriesias are best grown when potted
in a mixture of fern-root and sphagnum and kept in a house with
high temperature and an abundance of moisture.

Vriesia Duvaliana is an a Bk ed the leaves, about
ix to eight i

tion is oblong-linear, about nine inches long, strongly compressed
laterally, the iracts, bright. red with green tips, tinged with brown
dorsally, the flowers exserted on the ventral side. The bracts are
one and one-half to two inches long, broadly ey
keeled on the upper third, the lower bracts bro. d m

flated than the upper ones. The three calyx sobor a et: ond
inch long, blunt-tipped. The three petals are pres eae about
two inches long, only the upper half-inch exserted, bright yellow-

48 ADDISONIA

green, the included portion becoming pale yellow. The six stamens
i about the same length as the petals. The pistil is the same length

e stamens, the style filamentary, the branches connivent into
=" narrowly funnel-shaped tube, the stigmatic lobes subrotund,
epevee ee: The fruit is a three-angled capsule about two inches
ong.

Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE, at te tees | portion of the bat geen and a
ee Re. 2.—A sepal. nig 5 boil ay ee stamen. Fig. 4.—The gynoecium.
Fig. tyle tip, showing 8 5.—Entire plant, redu ced.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 633

KALANCHOE ALICIAE

ADDISONIA 49

(Plate 633)
KALANCHOE ALICIAE
Native of Madagascar

Family CrassuLACEAE Stonecrop Family

Kalanchoé Aliciae Hamet, in Bull, Soc. Bot. France, 57: 191. 1910.
Bryophyllum Aliciae Berger, in FE. & P. Nat. Pfl. ed. 2. 18a: 411. 1930.

Kalanchoé Aliciae is a native of the Island of Madagascar and was
first collected in 1894 by Forsyth Major, but was not described
botanically until sixteen years later. Recently it has found increas-
ing favor with fanciers of succulent plants and in consequence is
now becoming more plentiful in American gardens. It belongs
to a group of the genus characterized by drooping rather than erect
flowers. This group appears to be endemic to Madagascar and the
adjacent African mainland and is represented in cultivation by
such species as K. Daigremontiana, K. tubiflora and K. Fedtschenkot.

More than two hundred species of Kalanchoé have been described,
some of whose names are undoubtedly synonyms. The genus is
widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical parts of Africa
and Asia and has one representative (K. braziliensis) in tropical
America. In his recent treatment of the Crassulaceae Berger re-
fers Kalanchoé Aliciae, together with most other members of the
group having pendulous flowers, to Bryophyllum, basing his sepa-
ration on technical characters, but for the present it seems preferable
to retain the name Kalanchoé for our cultivated plant, particularly
as this is the treatment followed in the latest supplement to Bailey’s
Hortus.

The velvety leaves and orange flowers of Kalanchoé Aliciae give
to the plant a most distinctive appearance and render it worthy
of serious consideration by every gardner who grows succulent
plants and has facilities for accommodating specimens three to
four feet high. It responds to the cultivation appreciated by other
kinds of Kalanchoé, but because of its hairy leaves particularly
resents wetting of the foliage.

Kalanchoé Aliciae has a stout, erect, simple or occasionally
branched stem reaching a height of from two and one-half to four
feet. The leaves are opposite, broadly oblong-ovate to nearly round,
two to three inches long and nearly as broad. ey are borne on
stout petioles two to three inches long; at base they are frequently
broadly truncate and nearly or quite devoid of teeth ; the rest of the
margin, including the broadly rounded tip, is conspicuously serrate
with blunt teeth. At the summit of the petiole they frequently bear

50 ADDISONIA

a pair of small erect green appendages. The leaves and stems
are uniformly covered with fine, but rather stiff, erect, whitish hairs.
The terminal inflorescence is a trichotomous eyme with rather slen-
der branches. ee terminal branches are pe hertes and bear each
a nodding flower about an inch long. The calyx is cup-shaped,
aiadaucte rails scan ers four broadly deltoid acute teeth. Th
corolla is slender and tubular, —— expanded above with four
short ovate lobes conspicuously n tehed at the apex; within, the
corolla is beautifully marked with red against a vor background.
The eight stamens are attached to the corolla not far from its base
and the slender filaments extend to the base of the corolla lobe. The
four pistils are erect and connivent, ending in four slender styles

about as long as the corolla.

T. H. Everett.

EXPLANATION OF es Fig. 1—A flowering spray x %. Fig. 2.—Lower leaves

of the same spra Fig. 3.—The corolla laid open to show onitien of stamens x 1%.

Fig. 4.—Two corolla-lobes with stamens removed to show design of venation x14.
Fig. 5.—The gynoecium and glands x 144.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 634

CARAPA PROCERA

ADDISONIA 51
(Plate 634)
CARAPA PROCERA
Tall Carapa
Native of West Indies, Guiana, and Tropical West Africa

Family MELIACEAE Manocany Family

Xylocarpus procerus Steud. Nom. ed. ss 2:7
Racapa procera Roem, Syn, fase. 1: 123. 1846.
Toulouc couna gigantea Roem. Syn. fase. 1: 123. 1846.

Carapa is a member of the family which produces some of our
most valuable timbers. The genus comprises about twenty-four
species, most of which are African. Several species, however,
notably C. guianensis Aubl., are entirely American in their distri-
bution. C. guianensis is readily distinguished from the present
species by its tetramerous flowers.

C. procera, which is known in Africa by the native name of
Touloucouna, bears seeds which are very rich in oil, which natives
of the region put to many uses. It also produces a useful timber,
as do other members of the genus. The species thrives in green-
house cultivation and will attain large dimensions.

The tall carapa is a high much-branched tree, in nature attaining
a height of more than eighty feet. Its trunk is straight and robust,
with brownish rugose bark. The branches are long and spreading,
the branchlets brownish and glabrous. The leaves are alternate,
glabrous, equally pinnate, often over three feet in length. The
petiole and rachis are straight, somewhat rugose, and lenticellate.
The large glossy leaflets are twelve to twenty-four in number, wi
short stout swollen petiolules. The blades are coriaceous, elliptic-
oblong, obtuse to cuneate at base, short-acuminate at apex, entire
at margins, dark green above, somewhat paler beneath, with a promi-
nent midrib and several pairs of straight secondary nerves. e
numerous glabrous flowers are laxly arranged in long narrow axil-
lary and terminal panicles. The branchlets of the panicles and the
slender pedicels are minutely bracteolate at base. bea
five short, ovate, ciliate segments. The petals are five, alternate with
the calyx lobes, ‘ovate-oblong, carnose, yellowish-white, marked with
red or brown without. The filaments are united into a carnose
ee reigek Soe ten-dentate tube which is yellowish-white except at
the reddish a The anthers are ten, affixed wit
tally, ovate-otlong, sessile, bilocular, longitudinally dehiscing, alter-
nate with the lobes of the tube. The disk is carnose, cupuliform
reddish, denticulate at apex, forming a short tube around the ovary.

52 ADDISONIA

The ovary is ae five-angled, hestnageae | by a short style and

discoid stigm. The capsule is large, woody, rugose-tuberculate,

slightly aveatglak apiculate at apex, sealed, five-locular. The

locules are several- to many-seeded ; the seeds are three-angled, acute
at base, convex at apex

AvBert C, SMITH.
EXPLANATION OF ior ea ie ris, branch of the inflorescence. Fig. 2.—Interior
.—An anther x18. Fig. 4.—Inner organs of

surface
a flower, with sepals, pte a and Rh removed x 5. Fig. 3 leaflet with por-
tion of rachis, Fig. 6.—Entire leaf and tamborencenes, greatly reduced.

PLATE 635 ADDISONIA

|
‘ *
porensen
\ oer

HELIANTHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS

ADDISONIA 53
(Plate 635)
HELIANTHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS
Swamp Sunflower

Natwe of eastern United States from New York and
Missouri southward

Family CaRDUACEAE THISTLE Family

Helianthus angustifolius L. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753.

Yellow is a dominant color in the Thistle Family. In the east,
sunflowers (Helianthus), goldenrods (Solidago), golden-asters
(Chrysopsis), rosin-weeds (Silphium), gum-plants (@rindelia),
cone-flowers (Rudbeckia), tickseeds (Coreopsis), and sneezeweeds
(Helenium) are well-known examples, some of which are frequently
seen in gardens. All plants of some genera have yellow flowers
without exception ; in other genera more or less red has entered into
the corollas so that red or pink flowers result. In the sunflowers the
rays are usually yellow, but in many species the flowers of the disk
are dark.

The swamp sunflower is a gregarious plant. Spreading by under-
ground stolons it often forms extensive colonies. With few leaves
to distract the eye, at flowering time the numerous bright yellow
heads are unusually conspicuous. The plant usually flowers in the
Same months as the goldenrods, and like them has a long season.
Although the goldenrod may occur in large masses, the sunflower is
more showy as the yellow of the ray is of a purer tint and richer.
Like many other members of the Thistle Family, this sunflower has
become accustomed to a variety of soils and habitats, among them
thickets, open woods, marshes, edges of swamps, sandy hills, sandy
old fields, pinelands, sphagnum-magnolia swamps, and railroad em-
bankments. Consequently the plant lends itself readily to cultiva-
tion in almost any kind of soil, and is therefore frequently seen in
gardens, where it usually behaves as a biennial.

It is a curious fact that the sunflowers with many narrow leaves,
among them Helianthus orgyalis, H. polyphyllus, H. filiformis, have
very many flower-heads. The plants serve a good purpose where
a background of massed greenery furnished by the numerous con-
spicuously narrow leaves topped by a roof of yellow is required.

The swamp sunflower is a scabrous or hispidulous perennial.
stems are usually four or five feet tall and more or less branched.
The leaves are see and alternate, with linear, usually narro

54 ADDISONIA

linear, blades on the lower part of the stem, all entire and ultimately
strongly revolute, sessile, or on the lower part of the plant narrowed
into winged petiole-like bases. The flower-heads are on long, mos ly
naked peduncles. The involuere is nearly flat. The bracts are in
several rows, linear-lanceolate to linear-subulate, attenuate into
slender stipes, minutely pubescent or hispidulous. The ray-flowers
are mostly about fourteen in number. The ligules are bright-yellow,
firm and an readily shriveling. The low conic disk is dark choco-
late-bro
Joun K, SMALL.
mig fea or P Fig. Tip of a flowering plant, woot a % nat. size.

Fig. 2.—Disk-flower with 3 a a x x 414, Fig. 3.—Achenes x 2. 4,—Piece of
ateae iti leaves and axillary buds.

PLATE 636 ADDISONIA

FERRARIA UNDULATA

ADDISONIA 55

(Plate 636)
FERRARIA UNDULATA
Ferraria
Native of Cape Colony
Family IRmACEAE Tris Family

Ferraria undulata L, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1853. 1763.

Among the many oddities of the plant kingdom which have come
to us from the Cape of Good Hope, the endemic genus Ferraria
deserves high ranking. In that strange floral region, the Iris family
reaches its greatest center of distribution, and many fantastic flower
forms are developed. While this is not an extremely fantastic
flower, it is a curiosity within its family, for not many iridaceous
plants are pollinated by carrion insects, as this one must be, by
reason of its fetid odor.

Our present subject, being the oldest known species of the genus
of which it is the type, was known to the pre-Linnaean botanists, who
were apparently puzzled as to its relationships, as they called it vari-
ously Flos indicus, Gladiolus indicus, Narcissus indicus and Iris
stellata. It was figured in the works of Ferrari, Rudbeck, Morison,
and Barrelier under these older names, and by Miller and later
authors under the name given it by Burman and taken up by
Linnaeus.

The genus is named for Jean Baptiste Ferrari, an early Italian
botanist, by whom it was figured in 1646. Six of the seven known
species are endemic in the Cape Colony, one being endemic in An-
gola. The Cape species all have the dark greenish or purplish color
of the one illustrated; only the one from Angola is bright yellow.
The flowers last little more than half a day.

Ferrarias may be grown in a cool greenhouse under the same con-
ditions as the better-known South African bulbous plants such as
Ixia and Watsonia, and flower in February and March.

Ferraria undulata is a perennial plant arising from an irregularly
shaped co The lower portion of the stem is sheathed by five to
seven conduplicate leaves, dark blue-green in color and with a promi-
nent midrib. These become abruptly reduced to the much shorter
bracts of the much-branched inflorescence. Each of the inflores-
cence branches is terminated by a two-flowered spathe, the second
bract of which is narrow and pale colored and included within the
larger bract. The flower is long-pediceled, the perianth sessile on
the three-angled ovary, the pedicel and ovary concealed by the outer

56 ADDISONTA

floral bract. The perianth is about two inches across, the divisions
all similar in form, and cupped for the lower half. The o—
are greenish on the narrowed claw, and heavily streaked wit

purple; the expanded portion is dark brown-purple with i omaiat
ip a Setter the margin greenish-yellow, and tightly curled
and ecrisped. The filaments are united into a tube for four-fifths
of their nat the upper fifth free and spreading, the whole whitish
with brown-purple streaks. The anthers are opposite the style-
branches, the saes parallel. The style is greenish, somewhat clavate,
the three branches flattened, brown-purple, penicillate and yellowis sh
at the stigmatose tip.

Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fis: " te athe portion of the inflorescence. ga —
fn pase pr} at ec on 3.—The androecium from an unopened bud

Fig. 4.—The stigma and Seis * withe the top = — ovary x2. Fig. 5.—A A’ portion < ot
the Pa nA with the bracts 0 pened to w floral —o.

entire plant, much reduced, ee eaiee Sieer ‘half of a lea

PLATE 637 ADDISONIA

CRASSULA PERFOLIATA

ADDISONIA 57
(Plate 637)
CRASSULA PERFOLIATA
Native of South Africa
Family CrassULACEAE Sronecrop Family

Crassula perfoliata L. Sp. Pl. 404, 1753.
Rochea perfoliata DC. Prodr. 3: 393. 1828.

Crassula perfoliata is an old inhabitant of our gardens, and is
recorded as having been in cultivation since 1700. At the present
time it is often included in fancier’s collections of succulent plants
and is seen occasionally thriving in a sunny window under ordinary
dwelling-house conditions, although when fully developed the plant
is rather large for this use.

It is a native of South Africa and, like most succulent plants from
that region, when grown under glass in New York appreciates some
slight protection from the full intensity of the sun’s rays during the
hottest months of the year. At all other times full exposure to sun-
shine is desirable.

Crassula perfoliata grows best in an open, porous soil containing
a reasonable amount of lime, and as it makes a vigorous root-growth,
receptacles of ample size should be provided for its best develop-
ment. When these are well filled with roots occasional applications
of liquid stimulants are of benefit.

Growers inexperienced in the cultivation of succulents in pots fre-
quently stunt their plants by failing to supply sufficient water, be-
lieving that in this way they are simulating the natural conditions
under which such plants grow. Experience proves that under the
extremely artificial conditions imposed by indoor pot cultivation the
best results are obtained by supplying water sufficiently often and
in such quantities as to maintain the soil in a pleasantly moist con-
dition. This is especially important throughout the active grow-
ing season. No suspicion of stagnation must ever exist in the soil,
and to avoid this ample drainage must be provided.

Increase of this plant is readily secured by means of cuttings in-
serted firmly in sand which is maintained reasonably moist, the
cuttings being kept in a light airy place until they have rooted.

Crassula perfoliata forms a stout and fleshy, erect, leafy stem,
three or four feet in height and usually branched above. The leaves
are opposite, set closely together along the stem and form four dis-
tinct vertical ranks. Each pair of leaves is distinctly connate at the
base and the individuals are four to six inches long. They are nar-
rowly lanceolate in shape, tapering rather regularly from the base

58 ADDISONIA

o the acute apex, thick and fleshy, Sera ee beneath and broadly
is shallowly channeled above. The orescence is a terminal,
freely branched, trichotomous cyme, his: upper branches becoming
progressively shorter and the very short terminal ones bearing each
a salmon-pink flower. The five sepals are lanceolate, erect, united

slightly recurved and salmon-pink on the exposed inner side. The
stamens are ten in number, erect, somewhat shorter than the petals
and barely protruding from the flower. The five pistils are slendesty
fusiform, erect, and as long as the stamens.

T. H. Everett.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE, Fig. 1.—A branch of the inflorescence. Fig. 2.—A sone
x2. Fig. = —Three eoroliiobes = show position of stamens x 2 Fig. 4.
The gynoec x2. Wig. 5 Tes ealyx and pedicel bracts x2%. Fi ig. 6.—A 8
tion of the ak stem and a lea

PLATE 638 ADDISONIA

NAPOLEONA MIERSII

ADDISONIA 59

(Plate 638)
NAPOLEONA MIERSII
Napoleona
Natwe of Tropical West Africa
Family LecyTHIDACEAE BRAZIL-NUT Family

Napoleona Miersii J. D, Hooker, Bot. Mag. pl. 7199. 1891.

The genus Napoleona was for a number of years after its discoy-
ery in 1787 a much-argued affair, some botanists doubting its exis-
tence, others each insisting that the preceding writer on the genus
was wrong in his structural description. Some of the confusion was
cleared in 1874 when John Miers, checking up the work of the others,
came to the conclusion that each was dealing with a distinct species
and that apparently none had found the type species of Palisot de
Beauvois, discoverer of the genus. More recent work has fairly
cleared up the species of the genus; most of the eight species retained
by Miers still are valid, but a few more have been described, the
species now being fourteen in number.

After much confused discussion of botanical relationships, the
genus for a number of years has found a resting place in the
Lecythidaceae, in which it probably does not belong, for in its floral
structure it does not at all resemble members of that family. It will
probably some day be accepted as representing a distinct family,
related to the Myrtaceae.

The entire genus Napoleona is endemic in Tropical West Africa,
where the plants grow as large shrubs or small trees on river banks
and in the forests. The plants have much the aspect of a Camellia
when not in bloom, and flower very rarely in cultivation, requiring
tropical-house conditions.

The species here illustrated was first flowered at Kew in 1890 and
described as a new species by Sir Joseph Hooker the following year.
It is native to northern Nigeria.

to ten pairs of shallowly impressed veins. The flowers are sessile
on the branches and branchlets, often subtended by a few small
bracts. The five lobes of the calyx are ovate and acute, valvate in
bud, very thick and leathery, each lobe with a gland at one side near
the apex. The corolla and the staminal portions of the flower are

60 ADDISONIA

extremely curious in their structure. A vertical section through the
flower shows four series of these parts. The corolla consists of an
outer membranous ring, which is shallowly five lobed, each lobe radi-
ally seven-costate and plaited, each costa radially flattened on the
underside and terminating in a large, triangular, acute, lacerate-
margined edith. The expansion of the flower has partly pulled out
the interplait portions, showing the horizontal Se en of the bud
stage, thus giving a crinkled appearance to the outer floral ring.
The corolla i is tan without and tricolored within, being yellowish-tan
at the margin and becoming paler toward the radially starred cen-
tral ring of rose-crimson, this rose-crimson color being confined to
the costae, the basal portion being white. The second series of
structures is in the form of about seventy white, one-nerved flagellae,
horizontally outspread upon the corolla, and may be a corona or rep-
resent an outer ring of staminodia. The third 1 series of structures
consists of forty erect staminodia which are connate for two-thirds
of their length, the upper third free, the lobes slightly inflexed and
much crumpled; this ring is white with a rose-crimson ring of color
just above the base, and frequently with an apical spot of crimson
on some of the free tips. The inner or true staminal ring is perma-
nently inflexed, its twenty filaments free for the upper two-thirds,
flattened, with an apical groove on the under side, white, with the
apical portion bet The serial arrangement appears to be two
fertile stamens alternating with two stamens bearing rudimentary
anthers; the actual arrangement is five sets of four, the two outer
ones of each set being fertile, the two inner ones sterile. The anthers
are greenish-black, the pollen yellow. The fertile anthers are held
beneath the stigmatic disk when the flower first opens, but spring
above it at anthesis and remain so. The stigma is a five-angled,
fleshy disk, radially five-grooved; the style thick-columnar, five-
angled ; the ovary completely inferior in the base of the hypanthium.
The fruit is pomegranate-like, the large reniform seeds embedded in

a thin pulp.
EpwaArp J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTe. Fig. 1.—Flowering twigs. Fig. 2.—Vertical section of
~~ corolla corona and he es staminal mpadin, Fi x2, Fig. 3.—Two sterile stamens
d a fertile one x 3. 4.—Calyx and gynoecium x 2.

PLATE 639 ADDISONIA

ASTER SPECTABILIS

ADDISONIA 61
(Plate 639)
ASTER SPECTABILIS
Low Showy Aster
Native of Coastal region, North Carolina to Masssachusetts
Family CarpuacEar THISTLE Family

Aster spectabilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 209. 1789.

The colored asters dominate the violet end of the solar spectrum,
just as their relatives, the goldenrods and sunflowers, dominate the
middle of that spectrum. The technical differences between asters
and goldenrods, difficult or impossible to state in words, can in the
great majority of cases be solved by the eye alone, for neither yellow
asters nor purple goldenrods are known. White-rayed asters, how-
ever, are numerous among the nearly two hundred members of the
genus in North America, while in only one goldenrod (Solidago bi-
color) do the ray-flowers approach white in color. Great variety in
habit exists among the asters, though the differences in technical
characters frequently are slight. Yet, by the combination of habit
and technical characters, the species may be sorted into a number of
groups for the convenience of classification.

The plant here illustrated and described is one of four clearly
associated species. The geographic range of this entire—though
small—group is much more restricted than that of many other indi-
vidual species. The general range includes the area from Georgia
to Kentucky and northeastward to Massachusetts. However, one
species—Aster Smallii—is known from only one region in Nort
Carolina. The present plant has a wider range, extending through
the coastal parts from North Carolina to Massachusetts, but it is
apparently more abundant northward. It has recently been found
in one isolated colony in western North Carolina.

The plants of this showy aster are vigorous. Frequently many
stolons are produced at the base of the stem, and as these give rise
to new flowering stems, each season the number of plants in a colony
inereases. The brilliant violet-purple heads of these low asters all
lie in one plane instead of some standing very high while others
remain short; thus they produce a gorgeous carpet of color in the
fall. Like many plants with showy flowers, this aster naturally
seeks poor soil for its habitat. Dry sand, dry oak and pine-woods,
Sandy pine-barrens, rocky soil, and old stony pastures are among its
favorite haunts. Also like many other plants, this one can be im-

62 ADDISONIA

proved by cultivating it in good soil. The fresh plants give off a
tar-like odor.

low showy aster is a vigorous plant, the rootstock giving off
strong stolons. The stem is stiff, one to two feet tall, simple or
eorymbosely branched = often rough-pubescent below, usually
closely glandular abov The leaves are fir rm, two to seven inches
long, narrowed into adie petiole-like bases; the blades thickish,
sparingly shallow-serrate, minutely pubescent, especially beneath,
sometimes glabrous, the basal and lower cauline = ue broad-
ened upward. The heads are several or numero rymbose, ve
showy. The involucres are nearly hemispheric; ag Oey Seas Teak
oblong or slightly spatulate, glandular, imbricated in about five
series, the green obtusish tips lax or spreading. The ray-flowers are
fifteen to thirty, the ligules bright violet-purple, one-half to one inch
long. The pappus is whitish or sordid. The achenes are slightly

t:

pubescen
JoHN K. SMALL.

- _ EXpLANaTIoN oF Prare. Fig. 1.—Top of flowering branch x %. $e2—
Disk flowers x3. Fig. 4—-Young branch from a stolon, which will ae rise to a
flowering branch.

ADDISONIA

PLATE 640

STIFFTIA CHRYSANTHA

ADDISONIA 63
(Plate 640)
STIFFTIA CHRYSANTHA
Golden-flowered Stifftia
Native of southern Brazil
Family CarDUACEAE THISTLE Family

ia chrysantha Mikan, Del. a t ts
caeaste rasitionsis 8 Leandr, Sacra sakchr. Akad. Muench. 7: 235. pl. 14. 1821.
azia

The genus Stifftia, a member of the Tribe Mutisieae, i is ey
by about seven known species, which inhabit mountains in Guiana,
southern Brazil, and Patagonia, with one species ae from the
Amazon region. The species appear to be rare, S. chrysantha being
the most common and the only species frequently met with in culti-
vation.

Our species was first collected in the early part of the nineteenth
century in the Organ Mountains of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. It
has since been found from the State of Bahia southward to Sao
Paulo, and has also been reported from the Patagonian Andes. It
is a shrub of robust bushy habit, at length reaching a height of about
nine feet. The stiff green leaves, the orange corollas crowded into
large heads, and the copious pinkish-yellow pappus-hairs make this
striking plant very desirable for greenhouse cultivation. Several
colored plates have already been published, but all of them show the
corolla brownish or yellow, whereas it actually is pinkish-orange.
The specific name ‘‘golden-flowered,’’ which refers to the effect
given by the pappus, is consequently somewhat misleading.

The golden-flowered Stifftia is a copiously branching shrub with
stiff brownish branchlets. The leaves are alternate, short-petioled,
ue acre ae ooth, shining, and reticulate-veined on both
surfac cute or eebieinaae at base, short-acuminate at apex, entire

an

short and stout, bearing a few coriaceous scales, The turbinate in-
voluecre is composed of thirty to forty imbricate coriaceous bracts
which are closely appresse ssed when young, at length spreading. The
bracts vary in size, the outer ones being short and ovate, the inner
ones oblong-linear. The corolla is bom a Saco with five

ong narrow revolute lobes. The filam inserted on the
corolla distally, alternating with the pret joined = the anthers
below the middle. The anthers are two-lobed, rted, sagittate

and long-auricled at base. o The style is filiform, ‘ anented beyond the

64 ADDISONIA

anther tube, terminated by a bifid stigma of which the segments are
equal, acute, and pilose within. The achene is essentially glabrous
and slightly fre angles: The pappus consists of several rows of
long, unequal, and densely setulose hairs.

ALBERT C. SMITH.

EXPLANATION OF Pirate. Fig. 1.—A flowering branch x 3%. 2.—A flower,
showing the achene, pappus, coroila, and exserted staminal tube ial ‘se

INDE

X

Bold-face type is = = the Latin names of plants a SMALL
na

CAPITALS for

f families illustrated and for

of the

authors of the text; italics for other Latin names, including pin

Algaonema, 5
acutispathum
modestum, 5, 6, plate 611
simplex,
ARD J.: Azalea arbo-

55; jetta tomentoous, 35; Lu-
pinus us citri us nanus, 41 ;
aaleineieadion: pentogynum grandi-

Bridgesii, 11; Vriesia Duvaliana, 47
LLIACEAE: Triteleia Bridgesii, pl. 614
glaonema modestum, pl

Aristomenia fruticosa, 63
Arum family, 5
Aster, 61
Small, 6
poctaditie, 61, 62, plate 639

?

Emily Gibran, 43
Emita, 4

Exquisite, 43
Fascination, 4
Gloire-de-Lorraine, 43
pend of Cincinnati, 44

Mrs, Peterson, 44
Mrs. Leopold ‘de Rothschild, 44
a 43
socotrana, 43, = plate 630

Turnford H

- Linwerapr Deivaile, 43

egonia, 43,

family, 43

Braowtacehe: Begonia socotrana, pl.

65

ae oF
bicol

tat aot 19, 20, plate 618
amidalis, 33, 34, plate 625

pyram
Black Titi, 45

625;
Bryoph = om Aliciae,
Buckwheat bush, 45

Callistemon, 25
lanceolatus, 25
speciosus, 25, a

Calochortus albus,

Calochortus, pearl, er

C :

plate 621
7, 28, plate 622
? :
mountain, 2 :
purple-stamened mountain, 2
becca 51
> OL
har nsis, 51
procers, “a 3, 5 plate 634

Cin tall, 5

CARDDACEAE: Aster ese pl. 639 ;
Boltonia latisquama, pl. 620; Heli-
rian pds bing pl. e355 Heli-

tosus, p
htt, pl. 615; Mpta chrysantha,
oP

Car’ pe Dianthus Knappii,
pi. ‘610; Silene Bap ss pl. 623

Clifton ia, 45
hag 53

Costus, 15, 16

Malorteanus, 39, a _— 628
Tappenbeckianis, 1 , 16, plate
616

66

Costus, 7s 8,
ceaeceeent rtiota. 57, 58, plate 637
: Crassu a perfoliata, pl.
7s r; Kalanchod Tee pl. 633
pacieays

Cyr: Cyrilla arida, pl. 631
Daphne

Cne

Fortunei, ny!

37, 38, plate 627

Mezereum, 38
Desert titi, 4

th

ii, 3, > _ 610

liburnicus var. Knappit, 3
Dianthus, ge ae
Dwarf lupin

41
yellow fine: 7

EricackaE: Azalea stmt pl. 617
MAS s0co-

EVERETT, THO
trana, 43; Cr assula serfotate, 57;
Dianthus Knappii, 3; Kalanchoé
Aliciae, 49

FABACEAE: Lupinus citrinus, pl. 612;
nanus, pl. 629; Robinia
pt. 624

55
agrant ladies-tresses, 21, 22
Franklinia Alatamaha, 1
Ginger family, 15, on
Gladiolus

indicus
Globe
Golden-aster, 53

tifftia, 63
Goldenrod, 33, on
Grindelia, 53
Gum-plant, 53
Gyrostachys odorata, 21
Heath — 17
Helenium,
Soneaanen 38
ons, 53, 54, plate 635
atk y
orgyal ma
polyphylius, 53
tomentosus, 35, plate 626

ADDISONIA

LIbidium odoratum, 21
IRIDACEAE: Ferraria undulata, pl. 636
Tris family,
Tris stellata, 55

ia, 55

Kalanchoé, 4
Alicta>, 49, ~ plate 633
braziliensis
Dat aroneutanic 49
Fedtschenkot, 49
tubiflora, 49

Ladies-tresses, fragrant, 21, 22

pains Womonun ) Miersii pl.
LIACEAE: Calochortus albus, pl. 622

citrinus, 7, 8, plate 612
nanus, 41, ‘plat e 629
Stiversi i, 7

Mahogany family, 51
Malachodendron, 1, 2
— grandiflorum, 2,
late

p
Malort’s shod 39
Mai — hirtelia, 13, 14, plate 615
3

chia,
Mariposs tulip, 27
MELIACEAE: Carapa ——— pl. 634
jena, Etmer D.: Aglaonema mod-

estum, 5
Metrosidero ‘0s speciosa, 25
OF

ellia.

Myrraceas: Callistemon speciosus, pl.
621

Myrtle family, 25

Napoleona, 59
Miersii, 59, 60, plate 638

Narcissus indicus
Neottia odorata, 21

Onion family, a
Orchid family, 21
ORCHIDACEAE: Spiranthes odorata, pl.
619

Pea family, 7, 31,
Pearl Cal ochortus 27
fom te vere fd 19, 33, 47

ADDISONIA

Pink family, 3, 29

Plazia braziliensis, 63

Siesta gs mountain camellia, 1
Pyramid billbergia, 3

acapa procera, 51
Thododendron aeniaok 17

Robinia ; ambigus, 31, 32, plate 624
dubia, 31,
hybrida, es
intermedia, 31
eudacacia, 31, 32
pse ee x viscosa, 31

Rochea ‘porfolia iata , OF
ROSACEAE : Spiraea nipponica tosaensis,
8

Showy aster, low, 6
Showy bottle-brush, 45
Silene virginica, 29, 30, plate 623
Silphium, 53
Ss JoHN K.: Aster spectabilis,
61; Cyrilla arida, 45; Fg thus
angustifolius, 53; Mauchia hirtella,
a ne Sigg becreotay odorata, 2
ERT Carapa procera,
Sl: 1; Stiff tia caegetnthd, 63
Sneezeweed,
Solidago, 53
bicolor, 61

pine tosaensis, 9
nipponiea tosaensis, 9, plate 613
tosaensis,
Spiral-flag, Tappenbeck’s, 15, 16
Spiranthes, 21

cernua,
odorata, 21, 22, plate 619
Star tulip, 27

chrysantha, 63, 64, plate 640
Stifftia, guide fomered 63
Stonecrop fami 9,

Stuarti
Malachode

ndron, 1
pentagyna grandiflora, 1

67

oe 53
yam 3

P;
ree entose, 35
Swamp eaalret 53

Tall carapa,
Tappenbeck ees flag, 15, 16
ea famil

Malachodendron

SCH
375 Robinia ambigua, 31; Spirae
nippon nica t
Thistle family, = "93, 35, 53, 61, 63
ee : aphne Ge nkewa, pl.

ka eed, 5
Tillandsia Dwwailese. 47
amily, 45

Briageatl, 11, 12, plate 614
Tulip, 2
Vriesia, 4
eas
sone ew 48, plate 632
versaliensis, 4

Watsonia, 55
White titi, 45

Xylocarpus procerus, 51
Yellow dianthus, 3

ZINGIBERACEAE: Costus Malorteanus, pL
628; Costus Tappenbeckianus, pl. 616