CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Vol. 1, No. 1, 1985 pA CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interd1sciplinaire HM CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS Hamilton, Ontario Ca Tel. (416) 527-1158 Subscriptions Each volume will consist of four (4) issues. Each issue will have between 40-50 pp. Subscriptions will be sold by volume, NOT by calendar year Institutions: $18.00 per volume for Canada: $20.00 for USA and overseas. Individuals: $14.00 per volume for Canada: $16.00 for USA and overseas. Single issue: $5.00 ee should be made payable to the Royal Botanical Gardens (CCHHS), and mailed : CCHHS, Royal Botanical Gardens x 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 Abonnements Chaque volume comprendra quatre pl numéros de 40 & 40 pages. Les abonnements se vendront par volume et NON PAS 4a I’année. Organismes: 18 $ par volume au Canada: 20 $ aux E.-U. et ailleurs Particuliers: 14$ par volume au Canada; 16'S$iaux E.-U. et ailleurs Prix du numéro a la piéce:5 $ Les chéques doivent étre libellés a |’ordre de Royal Botanical Gardens (CCHHS) et envoyés a: safe! Royal Botanical Gardens ox 399, Sranttne Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal The Centre for Canadian Historical Horticultural Studies (CCHHS) was established at the Royal Botanical Gardens, oe Ontario, in 1979 through an endowment from the Dunington Grubb Foundation. The funct tions of CCHHS are to collect documentation on all aspects of the history pe Cone dian horticulture and to facilitate publication of original research in its journal Canadian Horticultural History . HISTOIRE DE L‘HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Le Centre for Canadian Historical Horticultural “pert (CCHHS) a été créé au Royal Botanical Gardens pe Hamilton (Ontario) en 1979 grace 4 une donation de la fondation Dunington Grubb. Le CCHHS a pour mission de ecualiie des documents sur tout ce qui concerne chavecsiary canadienne et de permettre la publication d'études originales dans sa revue intitulée Histoire de l’horticulture au Canada CCHHS Executive Committee Harold Dixon, Financial advisor, Hamilton, Ontario Art C. Drysdale, Toronto, Onta Jack Lord, Co-ordinator of Sekaatian: Royal Botanical Gardens Allen P. Paterson, Director, Royal Botanical Gardens Charles G. Roland, Jason A. Reaivost Professor of the History of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont Ina Vrugtman, Curator CCHHS ‘iva Editor CHH; Librarian, Royal Botanical Gardens. Comité exécutif du CCHHS Harold Dixon, conseiller financier, Hamilton (Ontario) Art C. Drysdale, Toronto, Ontario Jack Lord, coordonnateur de |’éducation, Royal — Gardens Allen P. Paterson, directeur, Royal Botanical Garden Charles G. Roland, Jason A. Hannah Professeur de v histoire de la Medecine, Universite Ina ba st curatrice du CCHHS et rédattrice en chef de I’Histoire de I’horticulture u Canada; bibliothécaire, Royal Botanical Gardens CCHHS Advisory Council Vf Conseil consultatif du CCHHS Susan Buggey, Parks Canada, bite ig Manitoba / Parcs Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba Pleasance Crawford, Toronto, Onta Dorothy Duncan, Ontario Historical Seri Toronto, = Harry Pietersma, Upper Canada Village, Morrisburg, Ontar ntario Roger Vick, Devonian Botanical Garden, Edmonton, Alberta INTRODUCTION: CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY It is not long since garden history began to claim for itself the status of a discipline in its own right. Depths of study, techniques and the scholars themselves have all in that time became more sophisticated and in their turn have adapted proven methodology from disciplines more firmly based. Every oo has its own garden saya the development of which can be shown to be as significant to that country’s culture its more commonly documented princes and politicians. cual s garden history is de beginning to be carefully recorded. What early gard the 16 from revolutionary America concentrated in the south east. As in older cultures much research is possible only from sites and relevant documentation yet some seminal in- ok can still be gathered from word of mouth. Thus in 1979 the Centre for Canadian Historical Horticultural Studies was established at the Royal Botanical Gardens Library with endowment funds from the Dunington Grubb Foundation The purpose of the Centre is to function as a national repository for literature, docu- ments and artifacts relevant to the history of Canadian horticulture; to collect biographi- cal information on Canadian horticulturists, plant breeders, nurserymen, landscape designers a rs, amateur as well as professional, who have made a significant con- tribution to horticulture in Canada; to collect and compile information on cultiva breeding and selection and introductions of Canadian origin; to collect information on similar collections held by other institutions and individuals. 1985 sees this publication of the Journal of CCHHS. It is called Canadian Hon History; an interdisciplinary journal. The word horticulture is panies advisedly, no exclude but to inc a that which ‘gardening’ might appear to avoid. Thus the cite mented ris c ercial plant growing operation long before its products grace a en are perfectly valid grist to the mill. The contents of the inaugural issue of Canadia orticultural History indicate this approach with pa oy botanical col- It is intended that each volume will contain four issues: the editor (and Curator of CCHHS) will welcome original contributions, book reviews and notices of meetin ngs and activities. Allen Paterson, irector Royal Botanical Gardens INTRODUCTION: HISTOIRE DE L‘HORTICULTURE AU CANADA Il y a peu de —— que fe ate des jardins est cig une discipline 4 proprement parler. Les études se sont approfondies, les techniques sont devenues plus élaborées et les spécialistes plus aacaae Ils ont - apté a leurs vnscnit les méthodes mises a |’épreuve dans d’autres disciplines plus ancienne I! existe dans chaque pays une histoire des jardins, dont |’évolution est aussi symbolique d’une culture que l'histoire de ses rois et ses chefs politiques. Ce n’est que maintenant que l'on commence a répertorier soigneuse sement I'histoire des jardins au Canada. Malgré leur apparente simplicité, les premiers jardins refletent une grande diversité de cultures. et en fouillant les archives que I’on peut procéder aux recherches. On parvient toutefois a recueillir aussi des renseignements sur les specie ice gt qui ont été transmis oralement de génération en génération jusqu’a nos jou En 1979, s’est donc créé, a la bibli iotheque des Royal Botanical Gardens, le Centre for Canadian Historical Horticultural Studies, grace a une donation de la fondation Dunington Grubb. Le Centre fera 7 quelque sorte office de musée national, dans lequel on rassemblera la littérature, les documents et les objects concernant |’ histoire de I’horticulture au Canada; il recueillera pt renseignements biographiques sur les horticulteurs, les pépiniéristes, jardiniers paysagistes et autres, amateurs aussi bien que professionnels, qui largement contribué au développement de I’horticulture au C iretess a recueillera des renseignements - introduction de variétés d’origine canadienne obtenues par croisements et sélection; enfin, il recueillera des renseignements sur les collections se trouvant dans d'autres subliekene ou chez des particuliers. 1985 assiste @ la naissance de la revue du CCHHS, Histoire de I’horticulture au Canada I S‘agit d'une r revue interdisciplinaire, et c’est & bon escient que |’on emploie le terme pl i pr de I'horticulture au Canada des études sur les botanistes herborisateurs de XIXe siecle dans le Haut et le Bas-Canada et sur les premiers hr teripanede de I’Ontario. Il est prévu que ey volume comportera quatre numéros: la rédactrice en chef (et curatrice du CCHHS) accueillera avec plaisir tout article original, Critique de livres et avis de réunions et autres activités. Allen Paterson irecteur Royal Botanical Gardens Canadian Horticultural History Histoire de I’horticulture au Canada 1 (1): 7-13, 198 ANNE MARY PERCEVAL (1790-1876), AN EARLY BOTANICAL COLLECTOR IN LOWER CANADA! James S. Pringle Royal Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 Abstract Anne Mary Perceval (1790-1876) was the daughter of Sir Charles Flower. Bt., Lord Mayor of London. She came to Quebec in 1810 when her husban rs. Perceval, along with William and Harriet Sheppard, was probably recruited as a collector for Hooker’s Flora by the Countess of Dalhousie. Her collecting sites included Sillery, Ste.-Foy, and Cap Rouge; recipients of specimens, besides Hooker, included Darlington, Torrey, and Schweinitz. She returned to Britain in 1829, and spent her latter years on the Isle of Lewis, Abstract ne Mary Perceval (1790-1876) était la fille de Sir S tederg? dapat lord-maire de poode, Elle vint au Québec en 1810 lorsque son mari y fut nommé contréleur es douanes de Sa Majesté. Les Perceval achetérent, a ‘Sillery, un grand domaine retourne en Angleterre en 1829 et passa les derniéres années de sa vie a |'ile Lewis. The standard reference on the flora of Canada (as presently bounded), from the time of its completion in 1840 until the appearance of Macoun’‘s Catalogue of fgets Plants 43 years later, was Sir William Jackson Hooker's (1829-1840) Flora peageesa et ache . Since Hooker himself did not visit British North America, those who collected nts for him are important in the histo orks. Nevertheless, basic biographical data on some ese persons remain conspicuously deficient in the literature of botanical Hada In snd paper, biographical data are presented on “Mrs. Per ie ite col- cev w da lector of ca. 150 species in Hooker’s Flora Boreali- nernal. ane sight times in Torrey & Gray’s (1838-1843) A Flora of North America e Mary Flower, later Mrs. Pages was born 14 January 1790, in England, probably in or near London. She was the eldest of the eight chil- dren of Charles me (Sir Charles Flower of Lobb, County Oxford, and Woodford, County Essex, 1st Baronet, after 8 December 1809) and Anne Flower, née Squire (Collen, 1840). The family was wealthy, as indicated by Miss Flower’ s dowry of £40,000, and her later inheritance of £100,000. In 1809, Charles Flower became Lord Mayor of London, and Anne Flower, as his eldest daughter, thereby became Lady Mayoress, her mother having died in 1803. On 6 August 1810 (Annual Register 52:413. 1812), Anne Flower married Michael Henry Perceval, a member of the family of the Earls of Egmont and ' Contribution No. 54 from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.2 Mr. Perceval was appointed His ee Collector of Customs for Québec, which post brought him about £8000 p annum in fees. He was also appointed to the powerful Executive and serine Councils of Lower —— During the War of 1812-1814, Perceval served as aint aide-de-camp to Governor Sir George Prévost. In 1813, he was ap- pointed magistrate, eith jurisdiction throughout Lower Canada, and in 1826, he was nam i Superintendent of the Port of Québec. In 1815, the Percevals Québe City, built in 1780 by General Henry Watson Powell and subsequently the residence of Sir James Craig, Governor of Lower and Upper Canada. This estate was renamed Spencer Wood. Spencer Wood comprised over 40 ha, including extensive wooded tracts ideal for soa tere Adam Kidd, a Québec poet, wrote of this estate in 1830: “This is one of the most beautiful spots in Lower Canada, and the property of the late Hon. Michael Henry Perceval, who resided there with his accomplished family, whose highly cultivated minds rendered my visits to Spencer Wood doubly interesting. The grounds and grand walks are tastefully laid out, inter- spersed with great variety of trees, planted by the hand of nature. The scenery is altogether magnificent, and Tee’ toward the east, where the great precipices overhang Wolfe’s Cov n a tribute to Mrs. Perceval’s memory, Mrs. Peter Sheppard? wrote: “She was eminently fitted to grace Spencer Wood -- her beauty, her refined and cordial manners made her receptions eminently attractive. Her education was perfect, she was mistress of four languages, English, French, Italian and Latin, which studies she took great trouble in keeping up and which she herself taught to her children, ten in number, besides teaching them the piano, the harp and drawing.’ Among the many distinguished visitors at Spencer Wood were Christian — Ramsay,4 Countess of Dalhousie, whose husband, the 9th Earl, had been med Governor-in-Chief of the British North American provinces in 1819; came to Spencer Wood on “botanizing expeditions,” were cited many times in the Flora Boreali-Americana as contributors of Canadian specimens. La dy Dalhousie was a notable recruiter for the causes of botany and of Sir William’s Flora, as attested to by Mr. Sheppard (1864): “She succeeded in imbuing her lady friends with a love of botany; some of whom made marked advances in The spelling ee appears invariably in all of the biographical references cited in hee: present paper. Hooker's attention — tly was drawn to this mt 3 in 9; used ‘Per caver" " consistently after te, in contrast to ‘Percival’ Parts of his Flora published earlier and in his patna 3g; ister-in-law of William Sheppard, —— association with the Percevals and contributions to Québec floristics are noted belo y Dalhousie’s away: name is given as “Christina” in some botanical references, appears “Chri ot 3 ) o ae $ a ie aa 5 5 @ ALL i Edinburgh —_ — in tbe sue Tiirenséide — Debrett’s peerages. The spelling "Broun sega g to poet & Cuthbertson, not adopt y La Dathousie’ s une weet later geneentiocs . this branch of natural history,” particularly, he noted, Mrs. Sheppard. Mrs. Sheppard subsequently made remarkable achievements in natural history, e.g., siderable knowledge of the vocabulary and literature of conchology (LaRocque, 1935). It was probably Lady Dalhousie and Mrs. Sheppard who interested Mrs. Perceval in collecting botanical specimens. Adjacent to Spencer Wood on the west was Woodfield, which in 1816 was purchased by the Percevals’ friend William Sheppard. This property com- prised “a magnificent villa surrounded by 100 acres of parkland and orchards.” sacs al pice museum, and a library of ca. 3000 volumes. Thus Sillery’s botanical community sake had the best resources available for identifying plant gst and for other aspects of botanical study. Outside, there were gardens, greenhouses, and aviaries (Savard, 1976) In 1828, Mrs. Perceval and the children left Québec to spend a year in Florence, Italy, expecting to return. Mr. Perceval, having obtained sick leave, planned to join them in the autumn of 1829, but died at sea en route, and the family never resumed residence at Spencer Wood. f the Percevals’ ten children, the best known was the eldest, Major- General Spencer Perceval of the Coldstream Guards. The fourth of the five daughters, Mary Jane, married Sir James Matheson, 1st Baronet, who, as a partner in Jardine, Matheson & Co., had amassed a fortune in the tea trade; his weahicred of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides in 1844, and later of Harris, made h the second-largest landed proprietor in the United Kingdom (Boase, 1897). =“ was at Lewis Castle, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland, the home of her son-in- law, that Anne Perceval died 23 November 1876, in her 87th year. Sp r Wood was sold in 1833 to Henry Atkinson, a Québec mer- chant and president of the Horticultural Society of Québec. The estate remained attractive to horticulturists and to naturalists, and Atkinson hosted John James udubon there in 1842. In 1849, he divided the property into two parts, with the principal residence and over half the land being sold to become the official residence of the Governor of:the Province of Canada and, after Confederation, the Lieutenant Governor of Québec. The original house was destroyed by fire e : works on the birds of Canada, likewise appreciated its wooded expanses. The grounds of Spencer Grange have since Sia divided into residential lots, but the larger portion of the original Spencer remains as parkland, now cailed the Bois de Coulonge (from recent maps and J.-P. Bernard, in ms., 1983). (Except where other sources are cited biographical information on the Perceval family and historical information on ein cer Wood and Woodfield, including the quotations from Kidd and Mrs. P. Sheppard, are from LeMoine, 1882. Some information on M.H. Perceval is from F.J. Audet, in ms. “Les législateurs du Bas-Canada,” sent by J. P. Bernard, 1983.) The records attributed to Mrs. Perceval by Hooker indicate that she teristic of restricted habitats, such as the orchids Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl. and Arethusa bu/bosa L., must then as now have been rare in that area. Among the species chosen for citation by Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) were several naturalized species then not widely established in North Am merica, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (as S. inflata Smith) and Descurainia vets (L.) P.B. Webb ex Prantl (as Sisymbrium sophia L.). An album of herbarium specimens presented by Mrs. Perceval to Dr. William Darlington, physician and botanical author at West Chester, Pennsyl- }. This album, 9 X 7% inches, was bound at Québec by T. Cary, Jun., & Co., and was presented to Darlington in 1826. This presentation, doubtless made at the but include some collected by Lady Dalhousie, mostly from Sorel and a few collected by William piveiats Most of the first hundred or sO specimens are Apecotn these estates were situated atop the — steep ae of the St. wrence, Woodfield was the source of s species, . Andromeda 2 taceant Link and Cheadandne cabeutis “ Moench hen known as Andromeda polifolia L. and A. calyculata L., respectively). Other wetland botanizing, evidently engendered an interest in natural history in Neilson’s son John, Jr., later known as an author of popular works on Canadian birds.) Hooker’s (1829-1840) notes on the distribution of Tiarella cordifolia L. and Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. (as A. monoica (L.) Ell.) indicate that Mrs. Perceval made a trip or trips to Montréal and an unspecified locality in Upper Canada (probably Kingston or York [Toronto] ) on which she collected plants. Mrs. Perceval’s own small herbarium was discovered * the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa some time in the twentieth cen , and is now These specimens bear the locality data Sillery, Spencer Wood, Ste.-Foy, and Cap Rouge (Bernard, in ms., 1983). Boivin (1980) concluded that this osteo dated 1820, was apparently the oldest series of Canadian plant extant in Canada. Little is certain about the history of these nit ei = tere were remounted years ago on standard herbarium sheets, with new labels, and Ssore ca. 175 km moe from Québec City, was the home town of Eliza Cleghorn (née Power), em of Robert Cleghorn, eect Basen of otto Bonny Nursery in Montréal, Provided a home for Frederick Pursh du uring the latter's last illness and who himself collected at least 74 specimens for Hooker tale Cetin dinle Sete iends of Lord and Lady Dalhousie, who regularly visited Blink Bonny when they came to Montréal. the original format, handwriting, etc. are unknown. Mr. William J. Cody (in epist. 1981, 1983), curator at DAO, believes that this herbarium was probably among specimens stored in the attic of an old header-house until they were found by Harold A. Senn ca. 1938. (Dr. Senn is uncertain _ - the history of aes lg How this herbarium arrived at the Cen | Experimental d by fire prior to 1864 -- presumably in the fire that destroyed rpctegeted in 1842 (see Savard, 1976). Also, considering Sheppard's life span (1784-1867), it is difficult to imagine a sequence of ownership by which Richens in his or Mrs. Sheppard’ ; tageeg rh would have come to DAO. (Had any such specimens existed at the e of Mr. or Mrs. Sheppard’s death, the most likely recipient would have reese one of the herbaria in the province of Québec now amalgamated MTM J.M. LeMoine seems to be a more likely intermediary. Since Mrs. Preseval did not know, when she left Spencer Wood in 1828, that she would not return, the herbarium was pro obably among the contents of the house when it was purchased by LeMoine’s father-in-law. By the time LeMoine iy in 1912, the position of Dominion Botanist had been established sa some time and there was a significant herbarium under his jurisdiction, a logical ee ar for LeMoine, in his later years, or for the executors of his na to send such a collection. out 100 specimens collected by Mrs. Perceval are in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (PH). These are from the herbarium of Lewis David von Schweinitz.© Mrs. Perceval’s name (spelled "Percival’’) appears as no. 66 in Schweinitz’s manuscript list of ‘‘Contributores”’ of specimens.” The format indicates, although inconclusively, that Schweinitz, like his friend Darlington, received specimens directly from Mrs. Perceval, as does the quantity of specimens At least one specimen, and presumably others, collected by Mrs. Perceval are now in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden (NY), ex herb. Columbia College. The one noted in this study, Nuphar microphyllum (Pers.) Fern. from “near Québec,” is mounted on the same sheet as a specimen from the St. John River, New Brunswick, collected by George Upham Hay in 1885 and bearing the printed label “Ex herb. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada”’ (P.K. it WYohes unlikely that John Macoun (curator at the Geological and Natural History Survey in 1885) had such specimens available for distribution; the col- lection was not cited in his Catalogue. Probably Mrs. Perceval had sent speci- Schweinitz) or some other United States botanist of the time whose specimens were later acquired by Columbia College. It is also possible, although unlikely reviously, some of these specimens were believed to have come ye the her- barium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert, but this is now believed to be incorrect, ccording to Dr.James A. Mears (pers. comm., 1983). Dr. Mears also provided the estimate of the number 7 This list is pad at the Academy of sige Sciences of ip anagtacimn The list of 108 “Contributores” is to be distinguished from the better-known list 0’ f 93 “Botanical c ondents,” in Hresiees Mrs. Perceval’s name git oat appear. absence of the usual ‘Torrey Herbarium” stamp seen on mounting sheets from Torrey’s own herbarium. e Flora were based on this manuscript, the subsequent disposition of which is unknown. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | am grateful to Dr. William R. Overlease for providing the opportunity to examine the album of specimens at DWC; to Mr. William J. Cody and, in- Dr. Stuckey, Dr. Anton A. eznicek, Dr. Edward G. Voss, and Dr. Rogers McVaugh reviewed the Manuscript at various stages and provided comments and suggestions that are much appreciated. SSheppard also indicated that he had had access to a manuscript by Pursh, listing plants of the Ottawa Valley, during the preparation of his 1831-1832 paper. This may hav n the manuscript seen by Hooker, before it was sent to the latter. However, some of the species attribu by Sheppard to the Ottawa Valley “on the authority of Pursh, ” namely Allium tricoccum Ait., Iris sibirica L., and Quercus coccinea Minchh. (the last two doubt- less misidentifications), not appear in Hooker's Flora, indicating either that a different manuscript existed or that Hooker rejected some of Pursh’s reports. LITERATURE CITED Boase, F. 1892-1921. Modern English Biography. Truro, England: Netherton nd Worth. 6 vols. Reprinted 1965. London: Frank Cass & Co. (Sir James Matheson, Bt., in vol. 2. Ty Boivin, B. 1980. Survey of Canadian herbaria. Provancheria 10. 187 pp. Collen, G.W., ed. & reviser. ane Debrett’s Baronetage of England. London: William Pickering. xxx Hooker, W.J. 1829 [1833’] -1840. Flora Boreali-Americana; or, the Botany of the Northern Parts of British America ... London: Henry G. Bohn. 2 vols. + atlas. Republished 1960. Weinheim: H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer). LaRocque, A. 1935. A neglected work on the shells of Quebec. Canad. Field-Nat. 49:147-150. LeMoine, J.M. 1882. Picturesque Quebec: a Sequel to Quebec Past and Present. Montreal: Dawson Brothers. xiv + 535 pp. + 4 maps McCord, D.R. 1864. Notes on the habitats and varieties of some Canadian ferns. Canad. Naturalist Geol., ser. Il, 1:354-362. Nelmes, E., & W. Cuthbertson. 1932. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine Dedications 1827- 1927: Ba and Biographical Notes. London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd. xxi + 400 p Ramsay, E.B. 1928. Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character, ed. 16. Edinburgh: The Bodley Head. xxx + 351 pp. Savard, P. 1976. Sheppard, William. /n: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume IX, 1861 to 1870. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. pp.718-719. asain W. 1931-1832. Notes on some of the plants of Lower Canada. Trans. t. Hist. Soc. Quebec, ser. |, 2:39-64; 3:83-127. Republished 1927. Sheppard, W. 1864. Natural History Society: Annual Conversazione: Hon. Mr. Sheppard’s address. Canad. Naturalist Geol., ser. II, 1: 753-57. Torrey, J., & A. Gray. 1838-1843. A Flora of North America: Containing Abridged Descriptions of All the Known Indigenous and Naturalized Plants Growing North of Mexico; ale feng Sed to the Natural System. New York: Wiley & Put 2v Reprinted 1969 with introduction by J. Ewan. New York: bets bes Company. Gentiana andrewsii, a species opened ed Grisebach based on specimens collected in Canada by C.C. Todd and Robert Cleghor: Canadian gta bn History Histoire de |’ ulture au Canada 1 (1) 14-27, 1985. CLEMENT CHARLES TODD (d.1828), AN EARLY NATURALIST AND BOTANICAL COLLECTOR IN UPPER CANADA’ James S. Pringle Royal Botanical Gardens, oar 399, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3H8 Abstract Clement Charles Todd (d. 1828), a naval surgeon, served at Kingston and in the London for further study in ace and died there while awaiting duty on H.W, Bayfield’s Gu/nare expeditio Abstract Clement Charles Todd était Se dans la marine. I! a servi a Kingston et pen- dant la bataille du lac Champlain avant d’étre envoyé a Penetanguishene en 1819. aes ses recherches, Au moment os son décés, il s’apprétait 4 participer r le Gu/nare @ expédition de H.W. Bayfie For the preparation of his Flore Boreali-Americana (Hooker, 1829-1840), Sir William Jackson Hooker had three major sources of botanical specimens from Upper Canada: John Goldie, who collected at several localities on Lake Ontario, and also south of Lake Simcoe; James Macnab, who, with Robert Brown, travelled from Niagara Falls to Goderich (specimens received by Hooker in time for citation in parts 8-12 of the Flora): and C.C. Todd, the subject of the present paper. Small numbers of specimens from Upper Canada were collected by David Douglas near Amherstburg and at several other localities; by Anne Mary Flower Perceval, on a visit to an unspecified locality; by Lewis Caleb Beck and Benjamin Daniel Greene at Niagara Falls;and by John Richardson and Thomas Drummond, as noted below. Biographical data on these collectors, except for Todd and Mrs. Perceval, can readily be located in the standard references on botanical biography compiled by Barnhart, Desmond, and Stafleu & Cowan. Nevertheless, although Todd contributed the largest number of specimens from Upper Canada cited by Hooker, very little about him appears in the literature of botanical history. Hooker’s a citation of Todd’s collections was “Lake Huron. Dr. Todd.” Silene arm ., however, Hooker referred to “the plants gathered at co or Military establishments. Accordingly, biographical information on Todd was sought in publications and records dealing with the naval history of Canada lGontribution No. 85 from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario. rn f ne) No, PENETANGUI Black Bye i“ th 4 Ri, ISHENE ce naval & military establishments Georgian Bay x puoitoH S ? anne" oo" Young {303 peecernnees sang sue yeet K ea eon Lake Ontario Fig. 1. Map showing the area in which C.C. Todd collected plants and localities mentioned in the text. Information on Todd’s years at Penetanguishene was found primarily in e library of Huronia Historical Parks, Midland, Ontario. Historians on contract have searched for pertinent material in the Public Records Office, Kew2 (cited in not part of the Royal Botanic on the opposite side of the Br of data on persons con Although at Kew, the Public Records Office is Gardens. It is a separate institution itish Rail/London Trans- with the Royal Navy. this paper as P.R.O.); the Public Archives of Canada (P.A.C.); the a Polar Research Foundation, Cambridge, U.K.; and elsewhere, and have assembled copies of such material at Midland. aR unately, the individual eauathans cannot be acknowledged here, as their respective contributions were not recorded at Midland. information on Todd’s early life has been found in this study. He ered aa his surgical training through apprenticeship, which was still a ctice in the early 1800s, rather than at a university, as indicated by Franklin’ S (1828) use of ’’C.C, Todd, Esq.,”" as contrasted with “John Richardson, "in the same work. According to the records of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, “Clement Charles Todd first appeared before the Court of Examiners on 7th May 1813 when he passed the examination for naval assistant and paid the fee of £2.2.0” (E.H. Cornelius, in epist., 29 March 1983, in archives of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton). Todd entered the service of the Royal Navy on 11 March 1814 (P.R.O. Adm. 104/20), as Hospital Mate, and was sent to the Naval Hospital at eipoak cS i?) xe) ~ *; i?) o a i¥) ge [) 3. n oO a2) ct oO 3 S oO a —. oe pars > 2 ta) = a wn > wn yn a ot © | ct wm Cc a 2 © ° a @ ° ® = Qa. Nn: according to the subsequent consensus — to engage the U.S. Navy off Plattsburg. e Battie of Lake Champlain saw tremendous carnage on both sides, and Confiance was increasingly incapacitated as the battle went on. The wounded, below deck, repeatedly had to be moved lest they drown as the list of the ship ek ve she took on more ee Todd himself was wounded by a agit seamen during this battle (ibid. and in epist. to Pring, 12 September 1814, both quoted in Wood, 1926). By 2 October 1814, with the negotiations at Ghent approaching their conclusion, Todd was again serving at the Naval Hospital in Kingston. He re- mained there until the hospital was closed in June 1817. Then he was assigned to the Naval Establishment at the Grand River, an observation post on Lake Erie at the present site of Port Maitland. (P.R.O. Adm. 104/1 and 104/20; P.A.C. R.G. 8, Series Il], Vol. 22.) March 1819, Todd went to the Naval Establishment at Assistant Surgeon but was, in fact, the only medical officer at the Naval Establish- ment. His performance in this demanding role earned him a commendation from the commanding officer, Capt. Samuel Roberts (in epist. to John Wilson Croker, First Secretary to the Admiralty, 17 December 1822, P.A.C. Adm. 1/2431): r account of the ee of Lake Champlain has recently been published by ‘Berton set. got 388-399), based ean on the documents quoted as Wood (1926). woman mentioned by Robertson iy have been the wife of the flagship’s steward, bisa by Berton from another source. His uniform good conduct during the time that he served under my orders on Lake Huron and his studied attention to those that came under his medical care deserves from me the highest praise. Todd remained at Penetanguishene for nine years. Already being in- terested in diverse aspects of the natural sciences, he compiled records on climatic ovis Sagi on the dates of flowering of some of the native plant species, on me dates of maturity of the vegetable crops, on the spawning of fishes, an iggeorcen seasonal phenomena. Todd (1828) eventually published a paper sain these observations; this is probably the earliest paper to record phenological observations from Upper Canada. Todd had already begun his botanical collecting prior to the events of April 1825 noted below. His interest in botany is eviden t from the phenological Septentrionalis for plant identification. An additional stimulus to collect her- barium specimens came when his nephew, the son of William Todd of London, required specimens for his botanical studies in school, and C.C. Todd was asked to provide some specimens from Upper Canada. (See letters to Hooker from Richardson, C.C. Todd, and W. Todd, quoted below.) n 1825, the officers of the Second Land Expedition to the Polar Sea, under ie (later 88 Sir) John Franklin, nib pectin abbot They had come from York via Yonge Street to Lake Simcoe, thence from the head of down the Nottawasaga Riv nd around the peninsula to Penetanguishene. Besides Franklin, this party included four men notable in the history - a floristics. The Surgeon- -naturalist, (later Sir) John Richar dso n, M.D., ccom- the expedition as assistant naturalist was Thomas Drummond. Drummond was then beginning his career as one of the most important early plant collectors in the interior of western British North America and later in Texas. Another officer was Lieut. (later Capt. Sir) George Back, who collected specimens from Hoo before leaving the Royal Navy to become an officer of a British trading company in India. These men remained at Penetanguishene from 15 April to 23 April 1825, when ice conditions permitted their travel northward by canoe. By this time, and in all slnersasrioyy before being assigned to this remote outpost, Todd had married, as indicated by Franklin. The latter wrote to Mrs. Rentoie (22 April 1825, letter r now at Scott Polar Research Foundation) that here, these form a social party and cause the time to pass very pleasantly.” Likewise, in his journal of the Paiaeesad (Scott Polar Research Praasdation MS 248/280/1-2), Franklin acknowledged “the obliging attentions of Lieut Coltman of the 76th regt., and of Mr Todd the Assistant Surgeon, and of the Ladies of these Gentlemen.” There were evidently no children, as the occupants of the Assistant Surgeon’s house are stated to be Todd, his wife, and a servant (Anonymous, 1981). anklin’s journal also provides a description of Penetanguishene in 1825: "The dwelling houses of the officers, though small, are very comfortable, of th i Todd’s house was described (Anonymous, 1981) as "’a log building,” 24 X 16 feet, “clap boarded and lined, with a shingled roof.” This served as living quarters only, as the buildings of the Naval Establishment also included a hos- pital. A replica of this house has been built at the reconstruction of the Naval Reataahurabes at Penetanguishene. Richardson recognized the value of his fellow surgeon’s diverse namely observations. Todd agreed to prepare the paper mentioned above, which Richard- son included in the appendices to Franklin’s narrative, along with a cae of ne oaies data prepared by Todd. In particular, Richardson recognized that Penetanguishene (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Hooker Correspondence, Misc. Letters 1818-30 XLIV:140): Mr. Tod [sic] assistant surgeon to a small Naval oipsr gunitioetg here has been collecting oon: plants. | have urged him a more extensive collection this summer te as he ican going to Kaeo next antes will furnish him with a letter of introduction to yo Todd jetta Richardson's — and began collecting specimens for Hooker in 1825, as indicated in a letter to Hooker the following spring, here quoted in full (R. B. G. .. Kew, Hooker Caer dence Misc. Letters 1818-30 XLIV:171 Naval Depot acts [sic] Lake Huron, Canada, April oTth, 1826. Sir: In April 1825, | had the honor of seeing, Dr. Richardson at this place, who hearing that it was my intention to return to England in a short time, very politely furnished me with a would be pleased to receive any specimens of Plants | might collect -- having been much disappointed in my intended visit to England, | seize the first opportunity of forwarding herewith, some seeds of native plants, collected during the Season of 1825, together with a List of dried specimens which it is my intention to send you, whenever a convenient & safe opportunity may present. Sir | have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble servant (signed) C.C. Todd Asst Surgeon. R.N. Since Todd’s plans to return to England in 1826 did not materialize, he continued to collect plants in the Penetanguishene area in that year. On 6 June 1827, he did leave Penetanguishene, having been succeeded by James McNicoll (commemorated in the town name Port McNicoll). Upon his return to England, Todd sent a shipment of botanical specimens, which he had collected in 1825, 1826, and 1827, to Hooker. A subsequent letter (R.B.G., Kew, Hooker Corres- so ane. can 1818-30 XLIV:172 provides further details on Todd’s collect 11 Nelson Terrace City Road, London December 30th 1827. Sir: beg to acknowledge the receipt of the communication you did me the honor to make, and am much gratified to hear, you deem my small collection of Plants worthy your notice. ad two years since, separated a few species of each genus, which it was my Intention to have forwarded to you on were marked with your name. After | had the pleasure of an As the whole collection is entirely at your disposal, | beg you will not hesitate to make the use of them you may please. | shall however, deem it a favor if you will condescend to return me two specimens of each, when convenient to yourself, 46 Top! n paragraph 5 and ‘Detail’ in paragraph 6 are uncertain, the former because of oe briana the latter because of damage to the paper by the sealing wax. will be necessary for me to inform you that the specimens in some of the top Papers were collected last season, on my Journey between fponcineniyer and York, Upper Canada. they consi f of Anthemis nobilis,5 Rubus (quinque lobatis foliis ). poste ig Vitis, Asclepias &c.-- During my residence at Penetangueshene | kept a Meteor- —— Journal &c. which is now in the hands of Dr. Richard- | have there given a List a the Phenogamous Plants, tats i with a few observations as to soil, medical use &c. | am sorry my superficial acquaintance with Botany, did not admit of my giving a more scientific Detail. | rest in hope of returning to Canada, next season, should | be so fortunate, it will give me an opportunity of making a larger and more satisfactory collection. | have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble servant (signed) C.C. Todd Member of the Royal College of Surgeons : Asst Suregon Royal Nav n leave from his responsibilities to the Royal Navy, Todd furthered his rgical ae dies in London. During this time, he evidently resided at the home of his brother William, 11 Nelson Terrace, as indicated in the letter above. This is a unit of row housing just east of the present site of the Angel underground station, part of a yellow-brick, three-storey, rather plain but not unattractive building. The building was extensively restored in 1982, and presumably has changed little in appearance. On 28 December 1827, Todd again Ag cata before pe Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. On this occasion, he passed the examination for the Diploma of Membership of the Colles and paid the fee of £22.0.0. (E.H. Cornelius, loc. cit.) (Todd’s salary at Kingston had been £1 per day.) Shortly thereafter, he was promoted to the rank of Surgeon, R.N. Todd (see letter of 30 December 1827, above) had hoped to return to Canada as surgeon and naturalist on an expedition to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, then being organized by Capt. (later Adm.) Henry Wolsey Bayfield. Bayfield was one of the most important persons in the history of the charting of the Sonly one specimen of Anthemis collected by Todd is at K. It was identified A. Cotula “3 tend labelled “Lake Huron, Dr. Todd” by Hooker, without further detai Great Lakes and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (White, 1913). He had doubtless met Gulna medical officer, but specifically requested Todd, is indicated in his fat . gots (25 May 1828, P.A.C. Adm. 1/1576): Royal Navy Surgeon C.C. Todd, whose abilities were well known to Com- modore Barrie® and myself whilst he served on the Lakes, is peculiarly well qualified for this Service. Independently of his Mr. Todd is also a good geometrician and therefore would greatly add to our strength in relation to the Survey. Bayfield’s request for Todd’s services was granted, according to Bayfield’s letter of 22 November 1828 to John Harris, another officer in the Royal Navy (Harris Papers, Victoria canes Library, Toronto). However, according to Bayfield {ibid.), Todd ‘died suddenly in London after having obtained his promotion.” Therefore, it was William Kelly, a naval surgeon brought out of retirement, rather than Todd, who sailed aboard Gu/nare, did some botanical collecting on the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and met the famous natura- list John James Audubon there (St. John, 1922). di fferent account of Todd’s death was adhe by egredn (1912), who and s bu uried o Michelle Quealey, Supervisor, Library Services, gota eigtbad Parks (pers. comm., 1983). It was based on easily by someone who had lived at Penetanguishene in Todd’s time, as told to Osborne, whose paper was published er Todd’s death. Bayfield’s pica in contrast, was contemporary, and his pineal is in harmony with other information indicating that Todd's service at Penetanguishene had terminated prior to his death, and placing him in London at the time. Bayfield’s sides Bap that Todd died between 25 May and 22 November 1828. Frederick Lennox Ingall (1836), an army officer (commissioned in 1836) stationed at Penetanguishene from 1830 to 1837, has provided a description of vegetation of the Penetanguishene Peninsula an Simcoe area shortly d’s time. Much land had remained uncleared, in part extensive tracts had b held in reserve for mili use. Forests consisted ky points” shana e. The forests on the east side of Penetanguishene Harbour had been cleared Pie the Naval Establishment to the summit of the hill above for many years. There were some settlements on the west side, but clearing was less extensive there. 6, og Raa, SL ae a - . . 4 7 Al at i g of the Navy at Kingston. Farther from Penetanguishene, Ingall noted that “wide, sandy, flat beach” along the northeast shore of Nottawasaga Bay, and, inland from this virginiana L.|, gooseberries, naira and raspberries, and abundance of beauti- ful flowering shrubs and plan Species noted by Ingall as being especially frequent in the area included “Lilium canadense’ Sa ae L. philadelphicumL.’), Monotropa uniflora L.., and Lobelia cardinalis L. Both Todd (as recorded by Hooker, 1829-1841) and [L.] by Ingall and P. pensy/lvanica L. by Hooker; = P. hete erophylla Nees ), called “ Ground Plum” by the local residents, who made ’ ‘an excellent preserve” from its fruit axa of restricted distribution indicate the extent of Todd’s efforts to These include species of the deciduous forests, such as Ga/earis spectabil (L.) Raf. (Orchis spectabilis L.)2 Osm orhiza longistylis (Torr) D , and re- d by Ingall, such as Go odyera Ii eBE (Willd.) R.Br. and Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton. Outwash plains, kames, and beaches from former lake levels provide extensive sandy habitats in the area ord support relatively open woods, whence probably came such species as Si/ene antirrhina L., Polygala polygama Walter, Dalibarda repens L. (the latter two rare this far west), and Phyto/acca americana L. (P. decandra L.) (locally common, but disjunct this far north). coe habitats were represented by Vaccinium oxycoccus L., V. macroca iton, and Andromeda glaucophylla Link (A. polifolia L.), perhaps cies near the Georgian Bay shore at Penetanguishene, where they still occur. The dune-panne complexes along some of the shores were evidently favoured sites for rarities, with Todd’s collections including many of the charac- teristic species, e.g. fpraises glauca Raf. (P. caroliniana Michx.), Primula mistassinica Michx. (P. hornemanniana Lehm.), pas arkansana (Nutt.) Brig. (Micromeria glabella (Mich) Benth.), Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton (Gerardia purpurea (L.), and Lobelia kalmii L. from the wet depressions; 7On nomic grounds, one might assume this reference was to L. michiga. Farw. It is L. percha ig however, that to this day is notably frequent along the sara and cobbly shores of the enetanguishene Peninsula. Lilium michiganense is very rare that far north, and is unknown from the immediate vicinity of Penetanguishene. These species are confused surprisingly often, in a ot their different aspects. Boo cae on the frequency and distribution of species in the vicinity of Penetanguishene are based largely on information graciously supplied by Dr. Anton Reznicek (in apie. .. 1983). %cu rrently sagas names are used here, with the names used by Hooker, if different, in parentheses Linum medium (Planch.) Britton (L. virginianum L.), Hypericum kalmianum L., Artemisia caudata Michx. (A. desertorum Spreng. 5 Hookeriana Besser ex ook.) from higher sites in the younger dunes; and the locally rare Halenia deflexa (J.E. Smith) Griseb. perhaps from the older dunes colonized by cedars. Willd.), and quite likely of the locally rare species Panicum virgatum L. and Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. (C. intermedius Pursh) as well. Todd's collection also included number of acid-soil speci Oxalis montana Raf. (O. acetose/la L.) aiid Panax trifolius L., that are Selathvaly common north of the Shei River, where soils are derived from the granitic rocks of the Canadian Shield, but are uncommon or rare southward. Two in particular, Hypericum ellipticum Hook and Viola lanceolata L., strongly suggest that Todd travelled to granitic localities, perhaps to the Severn River (an impor- tant canoe route), as these species are unknown nearer Penetanguishene.!® Reznicek (in epist., 1983) has concluded, however, that Todd probably ‘’never calcareous shores of the Penetang Peninsula,”” his collections lacked “such typical cedar-swamp orchids as Platanthera obtusata eres ex St wes Goodyera repens (L.) R ne and Listera cordata (L.) R.Br. as well a pecies well known from bogs in the Penetang Peninsula such as hetantnars Dlph. ariglottis (Willd.) Lindl. Ne Kalmia angustifolia L." [authors‘ names added]. Collections of historical significance include several naturalized species. Of particular interest is Hesperis matronalis L., from “the shores of Lake Huron,” no a Murray (V. tricolor x arvensis edb DC.), which, in contrast, is still very uncommon in the Georgian Bay ar At least five of Todd’s collections are ied epoch significant. One is the holotype of the name Linum sel hs ‘lan ti Britt n. Todd's s spec ecimen (1983), who tentatively assigned this name to synonymy under A. drummondii A. Gray, pending examination of the Todd specimen A few of the species sent by Todd to Hooker raise questions as to their origin. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. is restricted in its distribution in On tario, with no records from the Penetanguishene or Severn River areas (see Soper & between Penesenmishone. cee Lake rs (Bobbette & Webber. 1 979). Upon vertification “es a ——— Agric jus (A, fel Britt. had not been distin i from H. c. er’s time). H. canadense also be mentioned is might ioned as evidence of a potato on 24 Heimburger, 1982, which oe unpublished studies by Morse).” Suitable er, and j i rom other persons; or that he collected specimens on a trip to Lake Erie, where H. tomentosa and S. virginica are known. Although these explanations might seem unlikely in view of the fact that Todd specifically noted that he had made other collections en route to York, it is likely that he was more concerned about the sequence of taxa in his collection than about the provenances of his specimens. In addition, Hooker’s Flora appears to state that Todd collected Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. (as sat prrenane: — Ait.) in New Brunswick. use is rege merely a eagle sequence of provenances and collectors’ no specimen of bor nr a Kew labelled as having been paca nt ‘Todd in New presciaee ick. Following the death of C.C. Todd, Hooker received the following letter from a Todd (R.B.G., Kew, Hooker Correspondence: Misc. Letters 1818-30 XLIV 11 Nelson Terrace City Road 11 May 1829 Dear Sir-- looking over the papers of my late Brother, Mr. C:C: Todd, late Surgeon R:N: | find two letters from yourself, in warded to you from hence -- Doubtlessly you have heard of his melancholy Death from yr friend Dr. Richardson,1? which the Specimens will materially forward his exertion, particularly as his Uncle had left a short account of many of them, you will therefore pe Biogen to forward them as under; sincerely hoping hey may have been serviceable to you in the compilation of your Flora, te have the honour to remain Sir Your Obedient Servant Wm Todd Address 11 Nelson Terrace City Road ented reports of Hudsonia near Washago circulated among amateur pagar gs in Ontris in the 1960s, but a visit to the =. leit on aot this species said to be abundant indicated that these reports were n Sedum acre L. 12 Todd's death is not mentioned in Richardson’s letters to Hooker from this period. “As under” in this letter is uncertain. 25 As there are no later letters from William Todd in Hooker's correspon- dence, it may be assumed that Hooker acceded to this request. However, since William Todd would not likely have known how many species or how many specimens of each had been collected by his brother, it may also be assumed that Hooker retained a thorough representation of Todd’s collections. In fact, he retained enough to distribute some duplicates to colleagues in Scotland. These specimens are now at E and E-GL (Hedge & Lamond, 1970).13 There is no indication that William Todd’s son, whose name has not been encountered in this study, achieved anything significant in botany, and it is unlikely that the specimens sent to him are extant. The specimens that Hooker retained for his own herbarium were among those that he took with him when he left Glasgow to become director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. These are now at K. In 1828, Richardson, then at the Royal Marine Infirmary, Chatham, Kent, sent Hooker Todd’s account of the medicinal properties of some of the plants he had collected (Richardson, in epist. to Hooker, 28 July 1828, R.B.G Kew, Hooker Correspondence, Misc. Letters 1818-30 XLIV:144). The fate of this account is known; it does ‘not appear among Hooker’s letters ete Richardson or Todd. Some sont in the Flora Boreali-Americana, such a Such comments, however, are few, and some are based on Richardson’s obser- vations made farther west, so it appears that most of this ican has been lost. Todd is commemorated not only by the citations in Hooker’s Flora, oh also in the name of Todd Point, given by Bayfield to the southwest point o hammerhead-shaped secondary peninsula at the north end of the Tohetitukhens Peninsula. (See White, 1913.) At the reconstruction of the Naval i Asst. Surgeon and Mrs. Todd are annually portrayed by summer employee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS am very grateful to Ms. Michelle Quealey for assembling material on ge se for my study at Midland; to the library staff at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for access to correspondence in the archives; to Mr. Eustace Cornelius for ce ig ae from the records of the Royal College of Surgeons of England; to Dr. Anton A. Reznicek for information on the distribution of plant species in be sf as and for helpful comments on a preliminary version of the manuscript; and to Drs. Ronald L. Stuckey, Edward G. Voss, and Rogers McVaugh for ae oa the manuscript at subsequent stages in its development. 13 abbreviations for herbaria cg Holmgren, P.K., W. Keuken, & E.K. Schofield. een — Herbariorum. Part | e Herbaria of the World, ed. 7. Regnum Veg. 106. vii pp LITERATURE CITED Anonymous, 1981. Historic Naval and Military Establishments Historical Resource Manual. Midland Ontario: Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Huronia Historical Parks. [xi] +320 pp. Berton, P. 1981. Flames Peg the Border 1813-1814. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 492 p Bobbette, R.S.W., & J.M. So 1979. Botanical Inventory of the Copeland Forest Resources Management Area. Barrie: R.S.W. Bobbette. 4 vols. (only vol. 1 issued in more than one copy). Franklin, si 1828. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar in the Years 1825, 1826, and 1827. London: J. Murray. Republished 1971, Edmonton: M.G. Hurtig. xxiv + 320 + clvii pp. + 31 pl. + 6 maps. Hedge, |.C., & J.M. Lamond, eds. 1970. Index of Collectors in the Sagopa He rbarium. ‘Edinbu rgh: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. v + 147 p Hooker, W.J. 1829 [1833"] - 1840. Flora Boreali-Americana; or, the Botany -, the Northern Parts of British America ... London: Henry G. Bohn. Republished 1960. Weinheim: H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer). 2 vols. + atlas. “1.” [Ingall, F.L.] 1836. Penetanguashene. Harbour, garrison, village and neigh- urhood. Montreal Gazette vol. XLIV, no. 142, 22 November 1836, p. 2, and vol. XLIV, no. 144, 26 November 1836, p.2 Osborne, A.C. 1912-1917. Old Penetanguishene: sketches Sa its pioneer, naval and diipcsd days. Simcoe County Pioneer and Historical Society, Pioneer Papers Nos. 5 & 6. 164 pp. + 14 pl. (Material stad primarily from No. 5 1912.) Pursh, F. 1813 [“1814"]. Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America. London: White, Cochrane, and Co. Republished 1979 with introduction by J. Ewan. Vaduz: J. Cramer. 2 vols. Rollins, R.C. 1983. Interspecific hybridization and taxon uniformity in Arabis (Cruciferae). Amer. J. Bot. 70:625-634. St. John, ‘ 1922. A botanical exploration of the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence including an annotated list of the species of vascular plants. Victoria Memorial Museum Memoir 126 (No. 4, Biol. Ser.). iii + 130 pp. + frontispiece + 2 maps. Soper, J.H., & M.L. Heimburger. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. xxxi + 495 pp. Todd, C.C. 1828. General sila on the climate of Penetanguishene. /n: Franklin (1828), q.v., pp. cvi-c White, J. 1913. Place-names in a Bay (including the North Channel). ntario Historical Society Papers and Records 11:5-81. Wood, W., ed. 1926. oe British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812. Volume Il, Part Champlain Society rcs 15. Republished 1968. New York: PS asihe Press. viii + 539 p ae Pee ra PROVINCE OF QUEBEC i) ° iP OTTAWA RIVER MANITOUL ISLAND GEORGIAN te, BAY Q a, 0 o,. 0 eo Ney LAKE HURON OWEN PORT ELGIN SOUND 2 @ SCARBORO HEIGHTS NOGVALS ORONTO LAKE ONTARIO GUELPH & © MITCHELL GALTe a Hatten “ PARIS ® FRUITLAND SS ¢ JORUMMONDVWLLE ROCHESTER, @ ARKONA WINONA 7 NIAGARA FA NEW YORK e@SCOTLAND — RIDGEVILLE S ® FONTHIL J @ SARNIA @ LONDON FENWICK @ * LAMBETH Laie @ BUFFALO. NEW YORK NIAGARA PENINSULA o> MONTREAL Settlements in southern Ontario with nurseries established before 1915, Canadian Horticultural History Histoire de I’horticulture au Canada 1 : 64, 1985 SOME EARLY ONTARIO NURSERYMEN* Pleasance Crawford 39 MacPherson Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5R 1W7 Abstract A nursery of fruit trees was mentioned in Upper Canada (now the Canadian pro- vince of Ontario) as early as 1800. Before 1915, at least 125 nurseries are known av d, Many were apparently short-lived, but spanned several decades and involved t ° ne n proprietors. M - m listed general nursery stock, although early 19th-century nurserymen con- centrated at fi n fruit trees, rath an on ornamental trees and shrubs; si perennials; greenhouse plants, bedding-out plants, and roses; and plants for ae colder parts of country. This paper provides an overview of Ontario nursery development from 1800 through 1914, then focuses on the nurseries founded by James Dougall in southwestern i isti ar I i nurseries is appended, with references included to advertisements or mentions in the agricultural press, and to their catalogues or trade cards, if now in public or private collections. Abstr. Dés 1800, on entend parler de pépiniéres d’arbres fruitiers dans le Haut-Canada (maintenant |’Ontario). On sait qu’il y en eut au moins 125 avant 1915. Parmi celles-ci, beaucoup ne connurent qu’une bréve existence, mais certaines abe plusieurs décennies et eurent plus d’une generation de gage barney pa plupa pépiniéri font ét ue, au débu a xIxe pais ils se soient intéressés surtou ut aux arbres peaters plut t qu’aux ae et arbustes décoratifs; les pépiniéristes de la fin du XIX se ieactaiaava dans les petits fruits, herbacées vivaces, plantes de serre, plantes os geen et roses et, enfin, plantes pour les régions froides du pays. Cet 2 of p r4 ai pone r4 - Onta de 1800 4 1914, puis se concentre sur ra = ines fondées par Sorepieag Dougal dans le sud-ouest de |’Ontario, aprés 1840. On vera en annexe un e pré- liminaire des quelque 125 pépiniéres wea existaient en Ontario ost a mali Guerre mondiale, ainsi que des références aux annonces ou mentions qui par- aissaient dans la presse agricole et aux canistons Ou cartes affaires qui peuvent se trouver actuell t dans | Hecti publiques ou privées, Sometimes I‘m tempted to think that there are just two kinds of people in the world: those who can‘t bear to throw away a fruitwood cutting, a peach seed- ling, a strawberry clone, a phlox division, or a jade plant leaf; and those who can. ose who can’t end up in the nursery business; and those who can eventually become their customers. William apse of the oe of York* was clearly one who couldn't, especially when it came to fruit stock. A series of advertisements in The Upper Canada Gazette, sobilahed at ene suggests that, although Bond may have changed his plan to establish a commercial nursery on his acre of land near the heart of town, he did not stop propagating plants there. Bond’s nursery was the earliest | have yet come across in Upper Canada *Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was the Town of York until 1834. %This paper was the Symposium on Garden History in Southern Ontario, March 30, 1984, a be eg wal core: Cathie. The ce was sponsored by Hu mber Arboretum, Rexdale, Ontar he first ad, which ran in the Gazette from March through May 1801, appears to have been Bond’s, although it bore no name: Fruit Trees for Sale. About 2000 Fruit trees of various kinds from the viz.—Apple, pear, peach, plumb, cherry, apricot, nectarine, quince, goosberry, currant, grape, mulberry, &c. Also a few Lumberdy poplar and arealia or locus trees Bond's first signed ad ran in the Gazette in September and October 1801, and cannot have gone unnoticed by readers; for it began, in large typeface, “To be given away,’ That beautifully situated Lot...fronting on Ontario and Duchess Streets [and] the buildings thereon The conditions are.. a {the purchaser — purchase, not less than two thousand Apple Trees at three shillings N.Y.C. [New York Currency] each; after which will be added as a further present, about one c.—There are forty of the above Apple Trees, as also the Peach and Cherry Trees, planted regular as an Orchard, several of which — in blossom last spring, and must be considered as very valuable. Bond apparently still found no takers for his two thousand apple trees and other fruit stock; but that didn’t keep him from further multiplying and dividing it. From November 1803 to March 1804, he advertised in the Gazette: .. That highly cultivated Lot belonging to the Subscriber, containing from ten to twelve thousand fruit trees, of all descriptions, suitable to the climate, and which are now in a highly flourishing condition--to- gether with the Buildings thereon... In place of his giveaway noe of 1801, he promised “a liberal credit’’ for ‘’two- thirds of the purchase mone T in a Gazette ad dated June 1804, Bond announced that the pro- perty would ‘be sold at auction on August 20, and gave a fuller assessment of the nursery stock: one Acre, together with a Nursery thereon of about ten be ijeodeaie Apple, three hundred Peach and nine Cherry Trees full of Fru sides black and red Plumbs, a and white Currants, English Goosbere ilacs, Rose-bushes, &c. ... }he Nursery is in such a fin ate of forwardness, that if sold in sph two to three years (at wee nnd the Apple Trees will be fit to transplant) at the moderate price of one shilling each, would repay a sum double to that asked for the whole... sarge of apple trees on Bond’s acre increased five-fold between 1801 — 1804. and yet, for most of that time, he was apparently not engaged as a commercial nurseryman. A problem in nursery history research is trying to separate people like Bond -—who started nursery gardens and sold plants on a hort-term basis, or who sold them casually to neighbours from time to time— : CATALOGU OF FRUIT & ORN sain Nae TREES, Flowering Spruds, GARDEN SEEDS AND GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS, BULBOUS ROOTS & FLOWER SEEDS, CULTIVATED AND FOR SALE AT THE TORONTO NURSERY: Dundas Street, near York, BY WILLIAM W. CUSTEAD. erie YORK: Printed by William Lyon Mackenzie, F Printer to the House of Assembly. 7827. EB I ES SE Front cover of the 18-page 1827 catalogue of William W. Custead’s Toronto Nursery, west of York. (Metropolitan Toronto Library Board, Canada) 31 from people dedicated to establishing long-term nursery businesses. So far, my method has been not to discount anyone. The appendix, therefore, lists every person | have come across who seemed ever to have produced outdoor plants for sale in what we now call the province of Ontario.* William Custead began in 1811 “...raising a few trees [particularly the apple] for his own use.” His Toronto Nursery on Dundas Street, near Yor : “perhaps never have been thought of, had there not been apples and crabapples, 25 of pears, 17 of plums, 6 of cherries, 9 of peaches, and 2 of nectarines, as well as soft fruits, ornamental trees, flowering shrubs, biennials and perennials, bulbous roots, greenhouse plants, and flower, vegetable, and herb seeds. “in any part of the Canadas or the adjoining states,” should place orders, and their orders would be packed and sent. It thanked “those gentlemen who have fostered [this] establishment by presents of plants, seeds, &c,” and pro- mised prices not exceeding, and in general one third less, than those of the nurseries at New York.2 Chauncey Beadle, M.D. Niagara Peninsula.” His St. Catharines Nursery was begun in the 1830's and had, - beh) < = ish) < o H p ) at 9 o an =e wn me =] & rm o ™ — s ® ba ~ oO lad Maryville Lodge, Elizabeth Russell of Russell Abbey, W.B. Jarvis of Rosedale, D’Arcy Boulton Jr. of The Grange, and John Macaulay of Elmsley Villa took an ) Like Custead and Beadle, most early nurserymen concentrated on pro- duction of fruit stock, but carried a certain number of ornamentals — especially thorny ones useful for hedging— as well. The number of nurserymen in Upper Canada grew as the province itself grew. Samuel Taylor may have started a nursery at Fonthill in 1837, although the date now seems impossible to sub- stantiate.? George Leslie, an already-established seedsman, planted the first *The present-day Province of Ontario was known as Upper Canada from 1791 until 1841; and as Canada West from 1841 until 1867, the year of Confederation. ** The Niagara Peninsula, comprised of the former Lincoln and Welland Counties, and now the Regional Municipality of Niagara, is Ontario’s tender fruits-producing area. stock at his Toronto Nursery in 1842. 6 John Gray’s Grange Conservatories at Toronto featured greenhouse plants in an 1846 catalogue, but also mentioned fruit trees, small fruits, and some ornamentals. 7 Other early Ontario nurseries included: John Goldie’s, on his farm near Ayr, established in the 1840's Hubbard’s Guelph Nursery, established by 1848; James Dougall’s Rosebank Nursery, established in Anderdon Township near Amherstburg by 1849; Josiah x Marston’s nursery at L‘Orignal, established before 1850; John A. Bruce's at a i 71; John Wade’s Hamilton Gardens in Hamilton Township near Port vic established before 1851; Charles Arnold’s Paris Nurseries, estab- lished in 1853: David Nicol’s nursery at mes established about 1854; and C.E. Woolverton’s and A.M. Smith’s Grimsby Nursery, established in 1856. The Appendix lists more than 125 nurseries established between 1800 and 1914. 8 e early nurseries solicited business through broadsides such as an 1837 one from Charles Barnhart, through ads in newspapers and agricultural journals, and through catalogues printed both separately and as part of adver- tisements. To bring good business, a great many potential customers had to be reached. Thus poet Dougall, with his nursery near the Detroit River, advertised in the Montreal Witness, the Canadian Agricul/turist, and The [Toronto] Globe, as well as locally. 1853. 1854. PERIODICAL | |DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FRUIT TREES, CULTICATED ANP FOR SALE AT THE TORONTO NURSERY, KING STREET East, GEORGE LESLIE, PROPRIETOR i bi t - With anmereas hints alan Baap TORONTO 2 2 PRINTED BY MESNRY STEPHENS, KING STREET WEST. Front cover of the 1853 1853. : catalogue of George Leslie’s Toronto Nurseries, east oO —, (Public Archives of nada, Ottawa, Can If business was to be more than local, nursery a was as important as advertising, as suggested by this 1845 Chauncey Beadle It may be well to observe, for the information of those who live at a distance, that St. Catharines is situated on the Welland Canal, which connects lakes Erie and Ontario, Rin good facilities for trans- portation to any of the ports on those lakes George Leslie’s Toronto Nurseries partnership, from 1845 through 1848, with — tiie nger’s and Patrick Barry’s Mt. Hope Nurseries of Rochester, New York, 10 was natural and easy because Lake Ontario steamers connected the be cities. For the same reasons, the Chase Brothers’ Rochester Nurseries could maintain a branch at Colborne, in the second half of the century. cae exchanged by John and James Goldie and John Turnbull in the eee 1850's discussed the need of and excellent prospects for a nursery business near the growing populations of Hamilton and Dundas. James Dougall’s s lecatie on near Windsor —not to mention his control of the Detroit River ferries and a har? 2: besbone him trade from urbane Detroiters as well as from farmers, orchardists and market gardeners on both shores. The completion x the Grand Trunk Railway and its Great Western connection to Windsor, in the 1850’s, n Brothers Company, Nurserymen, in Pelham zowrshiy. a spur from the Michigan Central was carried right onto the nursery grounds. order business was so important to nurseries that some had their own iene stations. Leslieville was a postal village near George Leslie’s Toronto Nurseries; and the Niagara Peninsula post office called Brown’s Nurseries was operated from 1897 to 1910 for the exclusive use of that establishment?4 (wh ich was, by the way, the branch of a Rochester nursery). Representatives who could take orders at some distance from the nursery could obviously increase the volume of business. William Custead of York. as (where it was the prominent businessman Jesse Ket tchum), Richmond Hill, nore Esquesing, Dundas, Niagara, anes near sanee Port Hope, to attract customers. As early as 1849 James Se s brother John was using his own Montreal_home garden to display ornamentals and take orders for the Windsor nursery. 16 From about 1850 onward, however, nursery agents were likely to be travelling salesmen whose exploits, more often dishonest than otherwise (if we believe only what their detractors wrote about them) formed a colourful part of Canadian nursery history. These agents called on would-be customers in their homes during the winter; tempted them with fruits, flowers , and ornamental trees shown in the : c printed and — bound in Rochester, New York; quoted low prices; and solicited orders for spring delivery. (We are fortunate to have at the Royal Botanical Gardens in aa ee a small collection of those now very ap sce books.) The ces of “the picture book gentry” were so well documented by Chita tel press uae disgruntled farmers, oa era nurserymen that a few passages will give some idea of what was going on from the 1850's right into the 20th century, not only in Ontario but wherever in Canada settlement was taking place. One can easily imagine what a temptation it was for a farm family, seeing these pictures by tamplight in the familiarity of home after a long day’s work, to place trust, and an order, with a travelling nursery agent. [1861, in the Canadian Agriculturist: | ...It appears that at the present time, owing to the unsettled state of affairs in the Southern States, “Yankee tree pedlars’’ who usually spend their winters there taking up orders for trees, have made Canada their field of operations, and at the present time probably there is not a Homestead throughout the length and breadth of the land that has not been visited by these gentry... ! [1870:] [To the Editor of the Canada Farmer:] Sir: | want to tell people to look out for these Tree Agents. They are them to you...! know that is a fact for | caught them at it this summer...| , Mr. Editor, if there is no way to punish the scamps that go around telling such lies... 18 [1873, from Niagara Peninsula nurseryman A.M. Smith’s prize essay on Impositions of Dishonest Tree Pedlars: Of all the plagues with which Canadian fruit growers are afflicted, either of beasts, birds or insects, there is none so annoying, and...so destructive, and so hard to exterminate, as dishonest tree pediers... 19 [1890, at the Annual Meeting of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario] _..The nursery jobber fills the orchards of our farmers with the very cheapest trees that are to be ad...The experience of the farmer is that seven out of every ten trees are a failure...{The farmers] have been so persistently humbugged that...you cannot arouse in them any interest in fruit-qrowing unless you point out some more satisfactory mode of dealing... 0 nd farmers were not the only ones duped by tree agents. Paris, Ontario, nurseryman Charles Arnold relayed to the Canadian Agricul/turist in 1861 this story told him by a wily agent: thing, and | will give you now, a dollar apiece for every Carthagenian Horse Chestnut you will bring me; ‘Oh!’ says Mr. Amateur, ‘beg pardon, beg your pardon, --Carthagenian, --Carthagenian Horse Chestnuts, are they? certainly, certainly,’ and then he gives me the cash without another word.” “Then,” adds the man with the pictures, when relating the story..., "God knows | never heard of Carthagenian Horse Chestnut before. 2) ee lithograph of —- t, Ni .M. Dewey, n.d ae ca, 1880.) a Botanical da) Fruit Grow aie several reputable Ontario nurserymen addressed the e through their adverti sy salesmen receive a new certificate every n imposters, ’’ “Delos White Beadle (son of Chauncey, and series customers in 1864.4“ But continually plagued with agents falsely claiming to represent him, he tried another course in 1870 by giving notice that ‘‘No travelling agents are sent out from these Nurseries,” and naminy instead dealers rh pagina nan Goderich who would supply first-quality stock purchased only om h A.M. Smith advised buyers in 1876 to visit his Dominion Nursery at Grimsby: Call and examine our stock, or send to us for a price list, before giving your orders to /rresponsible Tree Pedlers from The States. Prices to suit the times, and varieties guaranteed true to name 24 In a c.1881 catalogue he explained further: ..We prefer dealing directly with planters, consequently we send out no nib 08 agents; but we employ local agents to sell in their own im- mediate neleonye then people will bes when they are buying of responsible men In a July 1875 ad for his five-year old ie ete Nurseries, Dexter D’Everardo devoted a more elaborate paragraph to the subje .. The a s — trees weak: the intervention of canvassers havie g been, as it were, forced upon us by the American dealers, | Pea recpoeen iy intimate to the Sab and people generally, both in town and country, that a Dae from sis Nursery, furnishe d with a ublic.26 1905, a catalogue from Fonthill PR Sates, by then owned by William Wellington and Edward Morris, printed this CAUTION. The reputation of our firm for square and honest dealing, pensed with retains some of our literature, including order blanks. Do not be deceived. When you are solicited for an order demand of the agent to show his Certificate of Agency, which is pasted in his plate book, and which is signed by us, and if he cannot produce this he is not one of our duly-appointed agents.2 $s no wonder that Canadian nurserymen did react so strongly to dis- honest Sorel reputation-damaging tactics; for they had made huge investments not only of personal reputation but of time and manpower, and in land, stock, equipment, and specialized structures. The tools of early nurserymen like Turn-of-the-century scenes at other nurseries photographed for their catalogues ‘aie for The Canadian Horticulturist show the extent and complexity of some of the larger operations 5.29 t Morris, Stone, and Wellington’s Fonthill Nurseries, packing crews were ekecabrost working in the filtered light of a woodlot still visible today near the entrance to the Wellington Heights subdivision. hotograph of the kigld season crew at E.D. Smith’s Helderleigh Nurseries at Winona gives some idea of the welcomed, although — in- ves ok in local boy- and sft made by a large nursery operati Photographs from Brown Brothers Company, at Brown’s Nurseries, show specialized storage and packing buildings including what was claimed in 1907 to be the “best storage building for nursery stock on the continent. Ove M) Acres The Fonthill Nurseries . Canade's Greatest Nurseries. tos, Send now ~~ our catalogue of New Specialties, and 25c for our alawinum Pocke' tm ieroscope, just the ning see a ie prosalay gg mes — xa -_ sid bern for bie Lege oy Liberal induc eme nts ta ‘Sa lesmen nto Plica See ding nol e 163. STONE & WELLINGTON , - = - - “TORONTO ¥ Advertisement showing the outdoor packing area at The Fonthill Nurseries. The Canadian Horticulturist, Vol, XXVIII, No. 5, May 1905. (Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario, Canada) e nurseries mentioned so far produced general nursery stock: fruit trees and Ss fruits, with a list of ornamentals whose length and diversity de- pended on the interests of the nurseryman and the needs and aspirations of his ose clientele. In the second half of the 19th century and into the 20th, however, a new breed of nurseryman also appeared: the specialist. There were ee oe in small a. such as: A.M. Smith of Grimsby and St. Catharines — who ialized more more in small fruits as time went on; W.W. Hilborn of Asko. TA. Robinson of Owen Sound; and William Fleming of Owen Sound. e were specialists” in herbaceous perennials, such as: Charles Ernest Nursery Company; John Cavers, succeeded by Erick Erickson, at Douglas Gar- € y dens in Oakville; and Mary Eliza Blacklock and Minerva Castle of Rowancroft Gardens in Meadowvale. - Rants Canadian ront cover of the 1892 WENTWORTH! : be STREET . _— Hamilton, Ontario, Royal Botanical " Gardens, Ontario, Canada) here were specialists in greenhouse plants, bedding-out sed bars roses, such as Webster Brothers of Hamilton and E.M. Mitchell of Port Hop And there were 2 few specialists in the hybridization and sale of par- ticular genera. H.H. f of Simcoe, for example, was respected for his breed- ing work with gladioli od cannas.3! There ocated mainly past Dewere ok i awa River ht and in Lgarla “Ontario o, and interested in test a few plants each year for hardiness, a scientific attempt to produce hardiness information for Ontario ath dog oak oS he 1886 Act establishing bg Dominion northern nurserymen their contemporaries near teks ie ie the western end of epee Fiera had therefore to experiment and take risks. Josiah Marston de lage: to the Canadian Agriculturist from L’Orignal (northeast of Ottawa) in 1850: ..|. am anxious to import into the district all the fine varieties of fruit that can be obtained. With this object in view, | intend, as soon as circumstances will admit, to try all the different kinds, in order to ascertain which will suit our climate best...) now have in my nursery grounds 25,000 apple trees and 500 cherry trees...33 39 James Cumming promoted his Lyn Nurseries in The [Toronto] G/obe in 1876 by pointing out: These nurseries are situated six miles west of Brockville in nearly the local ‘Nursery like this, where only the choice, highly-flavoured sorts are PAU VELNG, such as have stood the test of fifteen years experience T.C. Reid of the Belleville Nurseries, who was featured as a leading Ontario nurseryman by The Canadian oe in 1904, still felt that he was serving a limited clientele when he sa My object is to get hardy stock which will suit the northern climate... when | started here some eight years ago, many people said that nur- sery stock could not be grown successfully at Belleville. However, | have succeeded well enough to now have about 35 acres in nursery stock of different lines...32 Interestingly, st the Niagara Peninsula nurseries built reputations for hardy stock. Morris, Stone, and Wellington’s Fonthill Nurseries, for in- stance, shipped stock tty ‘across Canada, to northern Europe, and into the north- ern states, By 1892, to facilitate such orders, they had established branch offices in Toronto; Montreal; Victoria, B.C.; Rochester, New York; Madison, isconsin; and Lewiston, Main e.36 Some of these customers may have been satisfied, but—as Edwinna von Seaver points out—Canadian prairie customers eventually supported pioneering nurserymen in their own provinces. 37 With 125 nurseries in the Appendix, and a history going _ a least to 1800, this has to be a cursory look at early Ontario nurserymen. By of con- soi I‘d like to suggest how ete bet each may have been ee eattiis — James Dougall —in more deta Dougall was born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1810; came to Canada in 1826; and died in Windsor in 1888. An entry for Dougall, identifying him as a merchant, horticulturist, and politician, and covering his numerous family con- ” Vol. XI of the Canadian Biographical al eagle He married into the Babys, a prominent Windsor family. His brother John lived in Montreal, married a ch and, for s gave generously to education for all by building the first schoolhouse at Sandwich (renamed Windsor at his suggestion); by establishing an integrated school near Amherstburg where, previously, there had been no educational opportunities for black children; and by serving as a school trustee for 41 years. At his own merely mentions the nursery business he maintained —in addition to these other commitments — from at least 1849 through the late 1870's; and so | shall concentrate now on that side of his life. James Dougall (1810-1888), {Hiram Walker Historical Museum, Windsor, Ontario, Canada) James Dougall’s first nursery was established in the 1840° s at Rosebank, de ad, praising his very extensive and well-grown collection, mentioning the "state of maturity in his extensive orchard,” and concludin ...A sense of duty impels us thus to make honorable mention of the one one much to advance both the agricultural as well as the horticultural interests of Canada.39 In 1850-51, the Canadian Agricu/turist reprinted articles on fruit growing which Dougall was writing for the Montreal Witness*’ and it named “Mr. Dougall’s Establishment at Amherstburg,” plus Mr. Fleming’s and Mr. Leslie’s in Toronto, as ‘well-known’ nurseries. 1 After Dougall moved from Rosebank to Windsor in 1854, ads in the newly founded: Windsor Herald mentioned ‘Fresh Garden Seeds” raised at the Windsor Nurseries; pear, apple, cherry, and other fruit trees; small fruits; te and foreign almonds, chesnuts [sic], walnuts, filberts, and mulberries; and t following listed as ornamental trees: sine tain Ash — common and w siping Tulip Tree, Black Walnut, Horse Ches ut, rei varieties of Double Flowering Thorns, Weeping Trees of Many Sorts, ‘Eve ergreens, many rare varieties, Roses, a splendid collection. [Also:] Tulips & Hyacinths, ee finest stock in the country, Privet for Hedges, extra size.” 41 The ad pointed out that: ... he Nurseries are situated immediately print Detroit, within five minutes distance of the centre of the city, and as their [sic] is no duty on nursery productions, (ns Subscriber] ‘has pais facility to carry on the business to advantage. This statement, plus the featuring of ornamentals in the Montreal Witness s, and a statement under ‘Ornamental Trees, &c.’’ in the 1874 catalogue regarding tariffs, suggest that Dougall’s customers for ornamentals were mainly in the big cities. In 1862 —apparently to ease heavy debts incurred in other business ventures — Dougall used the Ca nadian Agriculturist to notify ‘’Nurserymen, Tree Agents, and Fruit Growers” of a Great Catalogue Auction Sale...of the whole of the immense stock of Windsor Nurseries...As the Proprietor is discontinuing the business.. 44 Yet in 1864, he was advertising i in the first issue of the new Canada Farmer his dwarf pears, apples, grape vines, ene roses, Ornamental trees, shrubs, &c. to be sold very low,” and adding: ‘‘Orders must be sent to the Subscriber, as no agents are employed.’ “45 In 1867 Dougall consolidated his over two decades’ experience in a 38- page book: The Canadian Fruit-Culturist; or, Letters to an Intending Fruit- Grower, on the Proper Location, Soil, Preparation, Planting, and After-Cultiva- tion of Orchards, Vineyards, and Gardens; with Directions for the Best Mode ry, 2} Quince, Gooseberry, Currant, lackberry, and Sekai: Suitable for Upper and Lower Canada, published by John Dougall & Son, Montreal, and sold at bookstores and through Windsor Nursery ads. It came in two editions: stiff Paper covers, 25c, or bound in muslin, 50c. 46 The National Library at Ottawa has an original copy of Dougall’s book. Although catalogues were peaks ned in Windsor Nurseries ads of 1862, 1864, 1870, 1874, and 1876, a7 n 1874 catalogue in the Hiram Walker Collection and an 1875 catalogue at he Royal Botanical Gardens are the few survivors. Beginning with the 1862 auction, Windsor Nurseries ads usually empha- sized low prices, perhaps reflecting Dougall’s financial difficulties, but certainly reflecting increasing competition among Ontario nurseries. A tiny — almost illegible—ad ran in The Daily Globe, Toronto, in the spring of 1876: ..Fine healthy trees at extremely low prices...Orders for $10 and up- wards, if accompanied with the cash, will be packed free of charge and freight pre-paid to the nearest railway station...very low rates made to wholesale purchasers, and Granges... 48 Dougall wrote in The Canadian Horticulturist in 1879 that, although he had never done hybridizing, he had made and named some plant selections. 49 Freek Vrugtman has listed Dougall placa: the ‘Rose Bank’ peach, about 1854; the ‘Weeping Napoleon’ cherry in 1871; the ‘Dougall’ or ‘Dougall’ $ Early’ cherry me 1874; the ‘Windsor’ sweet cherry by 1881; the ‘Dougall Best’ yellow plum, by 1884; as well as a series of eight lilacs named for members of the British pes family, of which ‘Albert the Good’, ‘Prince of Wales’, and ‘Princess Alexandra’—listed in Dougall’s 1874 catalogue — are still in cultivation. 50 Dougall was present at the annual meeting of the Fruit Growers’ Associa- versation during the meeting, might also have agreed that their careers as nursery- men had been both challenging and fulfilling. Charles Arnold (1818- 1883), 1890. (Royal Botanical Gar- dens, Ontario, Canada) elos White Beadle reset 4. April 1904. (Royal Sotaniead Gardens, Ontario, Canada) REFERENCES: Tjohn Ross Robertson, in Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto (Toronto: John Ross Robertson, 1894), Vol. 1, ch. LXXXVI, pp. 290-291, referred to Mr. William Bond, “so early as 1800,” as having “established at York a nursery ten and introduced there most of the useful fruits.”’ William W. Custead, Catalogue of Fruit & Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Garden Seeds and Green-House Plants, Bulbous Roots & Flower Seeds, Cultivated and For Sale at the Toronto Nursery, Dundas Street, near York (York: William Lyon MacKenzie, 1827). 3Pleasance Crawford, “Some Early Niagara Peninsula Nurserymen,” in: John iak and Wesley B. Turner, eds., Agricu/ture and Farm Life in the Niagara Pensinsula. Proceedings, Fifth Annual Niagara Peninsula History Conference, Brock sorea 16-17 April 1983 (St. Catharines: Brock University, 1983), pp. 67-69. 4Charles Barnhart, i Catalogue of Fruit & Ornamental Trees & Arubs, Bulbous Roots, &c. &c. Cultivated and for Sale at the Toronto Nursery, on Dundas St., 12 miles from City Toronto (Toronto: April 1837) (broadside). "Crawford, “Some Early Niagara Peninsula Nurserymen,” pp. 71-74. 5 George Leslie ., “Horticultural Reminiscences,” The Canadian Horti- cu/turist, ania 1889) :157-158. 7Pleasance Crawford, wo wad Garden,” The Canadian Collector, 19(July/ August 1984):2 8The Appendix originally appeared as: Pleasance Crawford, “Some Early Ontario Nurserymen. A List prepared for a Symposium on Garden History in Southern Ontario sponsored by Humber Arboretum and held March 30, 1984, at The Old Mill, Toronto” (typescript), 1984. 9Catalogue of Fruit Trees, cultivated and for sale at the St. Catharines Nur- sery, by Chauncey Beadle. —Advertisement,” The [St. Catharines] soins Oct. 9, 1845. 10 gene . ae Leslie, ‘Horticultural Reminiscences.” M1 john a to James Goldie, personal letters dated Dec. 11, 1846, and oldie, pe Feb. 13, 1847, and Mar. 17, 1857 (Goldie Papers, Archives of Ontario). 12Crawford, “Some Early Niagara Peninsula Nurserymen,” p. 64. 13“One of nerd s Leading Nurseries,” The Canadian Horticulturist, XXVI\I (Sept. 1904):381; and ““An Establishment That Does Credit to Canada,” The Cua Horticulturist, XXX(Sept. 1907):223. 14 Colin Troup, Bi cise Villages in the Niagara Peninsula,”” in: Villages in the Niagar: sula. Proceedings, Second Annual Niagara Peninsula His- tory po Pron (St. Catharines: Brock University, 1980), p. 97. 15custead, Cata/ogue..., p. [ii]. 16arold C. Cross, “Rose Growing in Colonial Canada,” The ey Rose Annual 1961 (Toronto: Canadian Rose Society, 1961), pp. 54-55. \7sThe Fruit Business —Caution to the Public,” Canadian Agricu/turist, X\\I| (Mar. 1, 1861):148-150. 18.1 positions by Tree Agents,’ Canada Farmer, \\(Feb. 15, 1870):67-68. 19, wu. Smith, “Prize Essay on Impositions of Dishonest Tree Pedlars,” in: Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association, Annua/ Report for 1873, pp. 38-39. 207 H. Race, “‘Humbugs in Horticulture,” in: Ontario Fruit Growers’ Associa- tion, Annual Report for 1890, pp. 63-64. 21 Charles Arnold, “The Tree Peddling Business,” Canadian Agricu/turist, X\\| , 1861):210-211. (Punctuation has been slightly changed by the author, for comprehensibility. 22st. Catharines ey EP NE Beadle, Proprietor” (advertisement), Canada Farmer, 1(Jan. 15, 1864):16. 23ugy Catharines Nurseries, Notice” (advertisement), Canada Farmer, 2(June 15, 1870):239, and 2(July 15, 1870):279. 24.4199,000 Fruit and Ornamental Trees For Sale at the New Dominion Nursery, Grimsby, Ont....” (advertisement), Welland Tribune, Aug. 25, 1876 et seq. 25, M. Smith’s & Co.’s Catalogue of Small Fruit Plants, Grape Vines, &c. Grown at the Dominion Fruit Gardens, St. Catharines, Ontario, and Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Grown at the Dominion Nurseries, btn Ont. (St. Catharines: E.S. Leavenworth, n.d.[c. 18817], p. [ii 26uThe Fonthill Nursery” (advertisement), Welland Tribune, July 20, 1875 et seq. 27stone & Wellington, Toronto, Ontario, est. 1837, be Fonthill Nurseries (Toronto: Stone & Wellington, n.d. [c. 1905?]), p 28Welland County, Instrument No. 379, Bargain & Sale, Dec. 31, 1869, re- gistered May 12, 1870. 29The Canadian Horticulturist ran two series ae illustrated articles featuring prominent Ontario nurseries: in 1904 a 1907. 30a, Establishment That Does Credit to Canada,” The Canadian Horticulturist, XX (Sept. 1907):220-223. 31 Edwinna von Baeyer, Rhetoric and Roses. A History of Canadian Gardening 1900-1930. (Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1984), pp. 161-163. 32Pleasance Crawford. “The Ontario Home Landscape: 1890-1914” (type- ). Wegman Fellowship report, Department of Landscape Archi- tecture, University of Toronto, 1981, pp. 42-44. 33 Report on Mr. Marston’s Nursery,’ Canadian Agricu!/turist, \\(Feb. 1850):42. 341 vn Nurseries” (advertisement), The [Toronto] G/obe, Apr. 18, 1876 et 35-The Belleville Nurseries,” The Canadian Horticulturist, XXV\\(Oct. 1894): 419-421. 36-The Town of Welland and Fonthill Nurseries,” The [Toronto] Saturday Globe, July 23, 1892, pp. 1-2 37 Edwinna von Baeyer, pp. 131-141. 38Cross, “‘Rose Growing in Colonial Canada,” pp. 54-55. 39” Rosebank Nursery, Amherstburg,” Canadian Agricu/turist, \(Sept. 1, 1849): 240. 40 james Dougall, "The Importance of Orchard Planting,’’ Canadian Agricul turist, li(Jan. 1850):13, 11(Feb. 1850):42, and I1(Mar. ae ah 65-66; and James Dougall, “The Apple, ” Ibid., HII(Apr. 1851):86-8 41 Canadian Agricu/turist, \\\(Mar. 1851):71. 42 windsor Nurseries” (advertisement), Windsor Herald, Jan.6, 1855 et seq. 43 James Dougall, Descriptive Catalogue of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Small ruits Cultivated and for Sale at the Windsor Nurseries, a Ontario, Canada (Montreal: ‘‘Witness” Printing House, 1874), p 44Great Catalogue Auction Sale!’’ (advertisement), Canadian Agricul/turist, ug. 18, 1862 et seq 4S Windsor Nurseries’ (advertisement), Canada Farmer, | (Jan. 15, 1864):16. 46 james Dougall, The Canadian Fruit-Culturist... (Montreal: John Dougall & Son, Publishers, 1867). 47 np Collation of Various Researchers’ Notes on Dougall, James (1810-1889), Essex County Nurseryman,” compiled by and available from the author on request, lists all Dougall advertisements and other references found by the author to date. 48 Windsor deadpan (advertisement), The [Toronto] Daily Globe, Mar. 3, 1876 et seq. 49 James Dougall, “On om Fine Fruits from Seed,” The Canadian Horti- cu/turist, \\(Jan. 1879):4-9. 50 Freek Vrugtman, ‘James Dougall, 1810-1888,’ Proceedings, International Lilac Society, 11th Annual Convention, Ottawa, 28-29 May 1982 (\nter- national Lilac Society, 1982), pp. 28-32. 51 Best Trees Adapted for Hedges and Shelter,”’ in: Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association, Annual Report for 1878, pp. 33-34. APPENDIX A Preliminary Listing of Early Ontario Nurserymen Upper Canada/Canada West/Ontario nurserymen who produced and sold plants for use outdoors before 1915 are the focus of this list. Seedsmen, florists, and landscape gardeners are included only if they were also nurserymen The list is mainly the compilation of an accumulation of research notes. In a few cases it gives beginning and ending dates for a firm; but in most cases it merely gives dates or gore nee found by chance. It is presented not as a finished product but as a framework upon which to continue building a his- tory of early Ontario dest ibe e framework for the list was Ina Vrugtman’s “Preliminary Listing of 19th lio Canadian Nurseries, Seed Business & Florists ‘’ (typescript), Hamilton, Royal Botanical Gardens, March 10, 1981. | am also indebted to Mrs Vrugtman for ee sharing of research notes and slides. | am grateful to Jo hn additions to his ' boner collection of catalogues, post cards, trade Gadé and illustrated covers; and to fellow Ontario garden history researcher Dana Hopson, who told me about the nursery references in John Goldie’s letters. abbreviations used: Cc ey ‘st = Canadian Agriculturist = Canadian Horticulturist Ec. pach es Canada Fa Jags Cdn. Florist = Canadian Flor. MTL = Metropolitan Toronto ii RBG = Royal Botanical Gar CCHHS = Centre for Canadian ed Me Horticultural Studies 47 6v NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS ONTARIO rope DATES/ COMMENTS LOCATION REFERENCES William Adam same Yonge-Street-Road, ads in Farmers’ Journ “‘gardner and seedsm York Welland Canal Fo Spf tea “Nursery Seedsman i i listing in York directory, 1833-34 Arkona Horticultural W.W. Hilborn Arkona; later 1884-1886 pingty wee nursery stock. Hilborn described in Farm Leamington & price list at R om Arkona; 1894 article as “prominent ort. srtioll. 1894 .306- horticulturist’ & ‘‘grower of strawberries 308, gives Hilborn’ s address as and peaches’ had Experimental Farm Leamin c.1905 Arkona Nurseries B. Gott Arkona Gott, of Arkona Nurseries, Arkona, trees? (his address was on “Forest Tree addressed Fruit Growers’ Assn. of Seeds and Seedlings’’) Ont. in 1880 Arnold Park Nursery D. Caldwell & Sons Galt ad in beeps 2 Historical Atlas of general nursery stock Waterloo & Wellington Counties Gavan ag Auburn Nurseries; Auburn Nurseries Ltd. Ww urgess (and others) Queenston, Simcoe, and (as of 1912) kville ads in C. Hort.,1912 & 1913 general nursery stock including ‘‘pedi- tinent in the winter of 1912- Charles Baker same Ridout Street, London ad in C.F/orist, Aug. 15, 1906 “florist & nurseryman” The D.W. Beadle Nursery Company D.W Beadle; and St. Catharines 1887-1895 general nursery 7 (see also St. Catharines Nurseries) Parnall, Neil Morrison Belleville Nurseries William C. Reid Belleville listed as leaps as early as 1894 hardy ornamental stock, with 35 acres in and as late as 1909 in sp ge city cultivation in 1904 directories; subject o article Oct. 27, 1904, a 419- a. Chas. H. Biggar same Drummondville ads in Welland Tribune, spring 1875 “peach trees” William Bond same? York “So yi as 1800", ere a to fruit trees J.R. Robertson's Landm Toronto (Toronto: 1894). : ‘ toe 290-91 Brockton oo also John Gray Sr. & Toronto ad in D.W. Beadle’s Canadian Fruit, “Nurserymen and on, with “a John Gray & Co, John Gray, Jr.? Flower, and Kitchen Gardener choice st — ey ae and Pesititlns (Toronto: 1872);ad in The [Toronto] Trees, pom ~ ~ ca —_ - ra Globe, Apr. 18, 1876. joke Gray Jr. was successor in nursery business to John Gr r., at latter's death in 1878, according to biographica sketch in History of Toronto and ‘ounty of se 4 Ontario (Toronto: 1286) v.2, p.56. Brown Brothers rd Ridgeville 1890-1922 general nursery stock. parent company ompany, Nurserymen Morris, Pres,, & in Rochester, NY David Z. Morris, Sec.-Treas John A. Bruce & Co. John A, Bruce Hamilton est. 1850, with extensive operation nurserymen and seed merchants, 1850 involving production seed, 1871; seed merchants only, after 1871 nursery stock, & greenhouse plants until 1871 when nursery pa business was purchased by David Murray (see Rosedale Nurseries.) John Calcott same Lambeth ad in C. Farmer, Aug. |, 1864, "white or hedge willows ...any number p. 224 of cuttings’ John A, Campbell same Simcoe ad in C. Hort., 1902 gladioli. catalogue offered. (see also: Maple Avenue Gardens.) C.W.F. Carpenter same Winona 1905 confirmation of order nursery stock (see also: Gri Dal Sinha ky John Burtniak Orchards and Nurseries.) Colle AR. Cass same L’Orignal ad in C. Farmer, Aug. 1, 1864, p. 224 = ‘‘choice strawberry plants by mail’’ (see also: Josiah C. rston.) Cavers Bros. (see same? Galt ad in C. Hort. 1901 “dealers in Nursery Stock” also: Douglas ns.) Central Nursery: A.G, Hull & Son; St. Catharines c. 1880-c, 1974 general nursery stock Central Nurseries then Lewis J. Hull: then David J. Hull Chase Brothers Company of Ontario, Ltd. same? Colborne ““1857-1901"', according to trade card in John Burtniak Collection; RBG has tree one s case, wit no date. “‘Nurseryme anne nu rsery viosk NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS ONTARIO SELECTED DATES/ COMMENTS LOCATION REFERENCES City Nurseries Henry Slight Toronto est. 1876, according to biographical 1876- Pres as nurseryman; then solely sketch in History of Toronto and as flo County of York, Ontario (Toronto: 1885) v.|, p. 498» regular — in Toronto city directories, 1880-1898 M.S. Cochran same St. Catharines ads in nip Catharines Journa/, spring- summer 1844 ‘100 thrifty young mountain ash trees” The Connon Floral Co. Ltd.; then John Connon Co, Lt John Connon Stoney Creek & Hamilton now Waterdown took over The Webster Flora Company Limited (which ei in 1906; florist & nursery busines to present florists & nurserymen Cremorne Gardens ee in St. Catharines directories nurseryman, 1870's gardener, nurseryman, and florist Davidson’s Nurseries 7: iegied e1 d 1974, according to article i Landwebe e/Paysage p canes, July/Aug. 1974, p.1 fruit trees; then yey ornamental trees & perennial plant Deer Park Conservatories 1898 catalogue of ‘Seeds, Plants, Bulbs’’ at University of Guelph Library; still in business, as Grainger’'s Flowers primarily seeds and tender plants, but also shrubs, vines, and hardy perennials. Dominion Nursery ads in Welland Tribune, summer 1876 general nursery stock Domini me onary Gardens; Dominion Nurseries (Smith a Reed) Edward D. St. Catharines James The Davidson Burlington Family; then Cecil and Constance (Davidson) Danielson Grainger Bros, Deer Park and Toronto A.M. Smith Grimsby A.M. Smith St. Catharines Edwin L. Reed firm name registration, 1899; ads in C. Hort., 1901-05 general nursery stock Douglas Gardens John L. Cavers Oakville reference to a “Mr. Cavers" as a perennials & bedding plants (d, 1916); nurseryman in Annual Report of succeeded in 1917 the Fruit Growers’ Assn. of Ont. by si Erickson for 1880, p, 65. rt, ads for (see pe pa Gardens, 1911 through pan ari) 1918. The Fenwick Harvey Wesley Pelham Township firm name registration, 1914; O. “‘nurserymen” Nurseries Wills & Osmand Greenwood dissolved from firm, Pi Greenwood a 1918 - ~ Fisher & Barron; Chas. triad & Fonthill c. 1900? to present. specialists in clematis and climbing Barrons William Bar ag firm name registration roses later, John H Elinor (Fisher & Barron), 1919 James Fleming & Co. James Fleming Yonge Street, This firm name seems to hav Fleming's emphasis was on seeds and Toronto appeare ed — Fleming, semuiiahed tender plants, but he grew a few hardy since 1837 as Yonge Street Nursery, items, moved into pte ate Hall, c.1862 An article on “Mr, Fleming’s Nursery,” t. Farmer, — 1871, described his business in deta Wm. Fleming, same Owen Sound C. Hort, ads, 1905, 1912; Fruit “hardy small fruits... also Garden Roots, Nurseryman Grower ad, 1911 including Rhubarb, Asparagus, etc.. The Fonthill Nursery Dexter D’Ever- 1870-1876 general nursery stock (D'Everardo & Page) ardo & William Page The Fonthill Nurseries general nursery stock (Stone & Wellington) Edward Morris & Co, Edward Morris, Fonthill 1876-1879 Squire W, Hill Samuel J, Wetherald, (& Balfour?) Morris, Stone, & Edward ge = 1879-1902 Wellington George A. Stone, & William E. Wellington eins Edward Y 1 : eer Melineron William Lew Wellington Wellington & Davidson F.W. Wellington & SE,” 1910-1968 Davi : later, F avidson, William Wellington John Forsyth same Box 1135 nC. Farmer "grape vines” Toronto Post Office al 18. an & Mar 15, 1870 Charles Franks same Y onge-street- “ ‘hs Ppp ne os at tiers seeds, plants, and roots road and Market- i listing in 1833-4 “Nursery seedsman and soos ier aarcidiee” Place, York York Flivetee Fruitland Nurseries G.M. Hill; then Fruitland ads in ee Fruit Grower, general nursery stock G.M, Hill & Son 1908-1911 8 NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS ONTARIO dtodd laaad COMMENTS LOCATION REFE A. Gilchrist same “Oaklea”, Toronto ad inC. Florist, Clematis paniculata, Junction Feb, 15, 1906 houseplants John Goldie same “Greenfield”, near Ayr 1840‘s through 1860's se beyond?), — fruit trees, ornamental trees and shrubs, J Go i hea e (in aldwin herb perennials, greenhouse plants Room) mention e pepe and any plant names, incl. som al discuss buying, tal an names, mentioned in letters to son James exchanging plants. Goldie Alexander Gordon same ...the trees may be ads in The poe, Patriot, ...has recently arrived in Toronto with seen’ t Mr. March-May most extensive assortment of [general Drum amc Grounds, nursery stock] and...is about to estab corner of Yonge and lish a permanent nursery in the Richmond Streets’, vicinity..."’ York A.W. Graham same St. Thomas ads in C. Hort.,1901, 1903 trees E.O. Graham, same? Pelham Toronto sales office Graham's “saad listed at Rochester, Nurseryman listed in Toronto directories, NY, in 1890 directory. (see also Pelham 1890-1895 Nursery Compan ie ) Graham Bros, same Ottawa 1898 bea - sega Plants, primarily gion but also shrubs, vines, Bulbs, etc.’’ at University of small fruits, e Auctch: norwry John Gray, Sr, Toronto alogue of Greenhouse biting mentions ‘‘...ch I of Fruit Conservatories cultivated and for Sale by Joh Trees.. Flo owe ring Shrubs, ‘aes Gray, at the psi Conservatories” Plants... Hovey’s Seedling Strawberry, dated Feb 6, in MTL uropean Grape Vines,..&c."’ Baldwin Room Grape Dale Orchards & C.P. Carpenter & Winona (and acquired H.C, Kerman’‘s Grimsby general nursery stock eries Sons; then C.W.F. Grimsby?) Nursery in 1899; ads in C. Hort., Carpenter 1905 The Grimsby Nursery A. M. Smith & Grimsby 1856-1868 general nursery stock (see sade : yhas. Edw Dominion Nurseries; A.M. Smit Woolverton & Smith Woolverton; then Co.) : ys mit hen 2 1887-1890 Smith & Kerman Dymore Kerman; then Smith & Kerman A.M. Smith & ~ 1890? hg C. Kerman; Herbert ae - 1897-1899 * = | = = * ~~ * Kerman & Edward A. Rainey; then C.P. Carpenter rimsby 1899-? & Sons (and Winona) Grimsby ee 0, CW. F. Grimsby firm name registration, 1904 (see also: C.W.F Carpenter arpenter; Grape Dale Orchards & Nurseries Henry Harris Groff same Simcoe 1890's through 1933. Groff was a hybrid gladioli and cannas banker by profession, but was also a respected plant hybridist. RBG has one of his gladioli lists. Guelph Nursery E. Hubbard Guelph mentioned 1848 & 1853 fruit trees in Agricu/turist & Canadian Journal: (Sept. 15, 1848):151, C. Agricu/turist: V( 1853):23 Hamilton Gardens John Wade Port Hope W.H. sit Canada, ee present, Smith:”...nursery — called the and future...v.2, 1851, p.205; ‘Ham ilton stevia ut two miles C. Agric waver letter ie the east from Port Ho editor, VilI(Apr. 1856) :92 ® The Hamilton Nurseries Warren A. Hamilton t. by 1862; still in business in wholesale & retail fruit & ornamental Holto 1895, described as comprising 50 trees, shrubs, & herbaceous plants on “a land in C, Farmer, , 1867, pp. 141-42 Helderleigh Fruits mith; Winona 1882-1947. The name Helderleigh general nursery stock arms and Nurseries; then E.D. Smith, Nurseries was abandoned aroun Helderleigh Nurseries; Armand Smith, & 1908 E mith & Sons Leon Smith Highland Nurseries Jess McCombs, Fonthill mentioned in History of the Mngr. Village of Fonthill, (1944;1963) Hollydale Nurseries John Sharman Oakville oto of entrance, n.d, but c, 1900, general nursery stoek? at Archives of Ontario, pabioct collection #81703 Humber Nurseries (See Sheridan Nurseries) same Scotland C. Hort. ads, c.1900-1904 dahlias S. Hunter & Son Imperial Nurseries William Julian Welland County firm name registration, 1918 NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS ONTARIO SELECTED DATES/ COMMENTS LOCATION REFERENCES Island he bl ahs Chas. H, Snow Cummings ad in C. Hort.,1905 strawberry plants ant Nurs: Bridge Jas. E, Johnson same Simcoe ad in Fruit Grower, 1911 “Strawberry plants” James Johnston same Norval listing in Mitchell’s Toronto listed as “nurseryman” and a Directory for 1864-5 available, through Toronto acai eorge Leslie or Toronto a ct William Kauffman, as a landscape Charles Kelly same Hamilton c. tie 7 by “nurseryman” Kingston Nursery —, 4 col Cataraqui 1892 or beyo fruit & ornamental trees. Dt was (which see) ; (elle Intelligencer in also a landscape gardener, a (so anes wrongly Hort. superintendent of Cataraqui spelled Nichol). biographical sketch, Cemeter y 1892, pp. 132- 34 4 Lake View Nursery John Gray Sr. Toront ads in Apr., May, June ogi C.Agst.; general nursery stock note: i. 2. Robertson, pty that Toronto’ s w Avenue was wisn om . .after the well sc nursery’ of that name.’ rd View Nursery’’, published i in C. ge Apr. 2, 1860 William Lambert same King St. = Toronto listed in Toronto city directory, 1856 “nurseryman”’ John Logan same Yonge Str et/ Church erase Toronto io vs 1843-4 Toronto city direct nurseryman a seedsman at first; then seedsma Lyn Nurseries James Cumming Lyn (see also: 1861' Prescagies to its 187 eles Bagot fruit trees David Nicol) Binds ads, spring 6 “likely to grow in this hardea climate. John E. McCombs & same Fenwick 1930's general nursery stock . Son, Nurserymen J.H. McCombs Nurseries JH. phe (see Fonthill teens or early 1920's — card in ad Bo i$ John Burtniak Collectio d, ” fa) e ~~ ~ ~ - McCombs & Son, Nurserymen; and Union Nurseries.) aalade io rsery Hilliard L.McConnell, Port Burwell 1912; To with Simpsons Sears fruit trees & small pe later, Compa joined by Spencer D. Ltd. in 1978, as it is still general nursery sto McConnell and, later, D.S. McConnell Allan McIntosh same Dundela 1835 to? propagation and dissemination of the ‘McIntosh Red’ apple, a seedling found and transplanted by his father, John McIntosh Maple Avenue Gardens Campbell Bros. Simcoe Cdn. Glad. Soc. Annual, gladioli a also: John A. Feb. 1928, p. 61 mpbell; Henry soc Groff.) Maple Shade Nurseries R. Kittlewell Westminster ad in ///ustrated Historical ie general nursery stock of Middlesex, Ont. 1878, p Maplehurst Nursery P, Blanchard Grimsby ad in C. Hort., 1901 trumpet creepers, note: Blanchard was Lin ey ene i s foreman at Mapleh aw Josiah C. Marston same nak ie (see Report on Mr, Marston’ : Nursery”, fruit trees & maple sugar a o: A.R. Cass.) C. ryt II(Feb, 1850):4 Mitchell Bros. same Port Hope ads and mentions in Port Hope Guide, _ bedding, house, and vegetable plants (see also: Ontario 1871 Gardens.) The Mitchell Nursery ? Mitchell ads in Cdn, Flo houseplan Co. 1905. 1913 tend Svan (other fo doe stock?) E. & J. Moore same Hamilton 1851 list at RBG, according nurseryman, lumber merchant, an etc. Edward Morris & Co. Edward Morris Ridgeville ad in Welland Tribune, spring 1875 French roses (see also: Fonthill Nurseries) Mt. Hope Nurseries Robert Smiley Hamilton 1848 cited by Vrugtman (branch of Ellwanger & Barry’s Hope Nurseries at Rochester?) David Murray, Nursery- same Hamilton 1873 catalogue at RBG man & Florist (see also: Rosebank Nurseries.) general nursery stock NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS ONTARIO SELECTED DATES/ COMMENTS LOCATION REFERENCES B.R. Nelles same Grimsby listed in Historical Atlas of Lincoln "Nurseryman & Fruit Grower’ and Welland Counties, 1876 Niagara Falls Nurseries B. Morden Niagara Falls South ads in Welland Tribune, winter- “ornamental trees” spring, 1894 David Nicol (see also: same Lyn (see also: Lyn c. 1854—c, 1865? Aber biographical fruit & ornamental trees Kingston Nursery.) Nurseries) sketch Nicol). i May 1892, pp. 132-34 The Ontario Gardens E.M. Mitchell (see Port Hope also: Mitchell Bros.) 1893, 1910-1921 catalogues & wholesale price list at RBG wholesale & retail general nursery stock The Ontario Nurseries John Elmer Crow & ndrew J. Bea North Pelham firm name registration, 1899 “‘nurserymen”’ William Page, Nurseryman same Fonthill; Welland listings in Province of Ontario (see also: The Fonthill Nursery.) Gazetteer and Directory, 1869; a Evans’ Gazetteer & Business Directory $ of Lincoln & Welland Counties, 1879 Paris Nurseries Charles Arnold Paris est. 1853, see: C. Hort. 13(Oct. 1890): a widely respected hybridist & 282-83; and Standard Cyclopedia o nurseryman, specializing in fruits Horticu/ture, v.3, 1915, p.1564 Richard Parris same York listing in 1833-4 York directory “‘Market-garden and Nursery” John S. Pearce & Co. John S, Pearce London 1898 catalogue of ‘Seeds’ at primarily seeds, but also shrubs, vines, University of Guelph library small fruits, and hardy perennials Pelham Nursery Earle Stanley Pelham “est. 1886", according to an early general nursery stock. note: Toronto ompany Wellington; later, 20th century catalogue; ‘‘successors office at same address (49 Wellington Earle sani to raham’', acco ordin to East) as Stone & Wellington Wellington & 1896 Toronto directory; ae in St aor C. Wellington Toronto directories, 1896-1950 (& beyond?) Pineland Park Gardens ? Chester Ave., ad in C. Hort., 1908, p. 89 “hardy herbaceous perennials” Scarboro Hts, Quetton St. George, same York ad in York Gazette, Feb. 20, 1808 seeds; peach, ‘plumb’, nectarine, Merchant apricot, pear, and quince trees Chas. S, Racey same Grimsby listing in Platt‘s ibd Western “‘nurseryman”’ Gazetteer and Business Directory, e i: = = 1868 eS John Reid ‘same Sarnia sinc. me for ’ nr s New “Plant Nursery” eo Hollyhock Seed’, 1872 Renfrew Fruit & ? Arnprior 1878 catalogue (in private “large and small fruit, ornamental Floral Company collection) trees and shrubs, Grape Vines, Bedding Plants, Roses, &c.” Renfrew Nurseries ? Renfrew ad in C. Hort., April 1905, p. 162 T.C. Robinson same Owen Sound 1888 catalogue at RBG; catalogue (in private son incr says first spring catalogue sent out fruit trees, small fruits, grape vines, etc, Rosebank Nursery James Dougall (see also: Windsor Nurseries Amherstburg 1840's - 1853 fruit trees, shrubs, and flowers Rosebank Nursery John Holder St. Catharines ads in St. Catharines Conuaeem summer 1859; listings in St. Catharines prabeibalbey 1860s; ads in Welland Tribune, 1889-1 Raia x gardener’’; ursery’’: “nurseryman, seedsman, & florist’’; “floris Rosedale Nurseries David Murray Hamilton described as ' ‘nurseryman of nurseryman & florist amilton” in Cdn. Ag’st,Aug. 1861, p.500. i 74 came frag | to the nursery business of Bruce & Co.”’ (which see). C. Fier ads 1871, 1873 Rowancroft Gardens Mary Eliz Meadowvale est. 1914; through 1960‘s herbaceous perennial specialists Blacklock, ee also Minerva Castle Ryerse Bros. same Simcoe ad in C. Hort., 1914 perennials St. Catharines Nursery; St, Catharines Nurseries Chauncey Beadle; White Beadle; then Delos White Beadle then Delos Whi Beadle & Thornes St. Catharines 1830's-c.1854; c.1854-1863; 1863-1870; 1870-? general nursery stock NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS ONTARIO SELECTED DATES/ COMMENTS LOCATION REFERENCES B.W. Secord same Fonthill description as ‘the growing nursery busi of B.W. Secord” in The St. Catharines, Pelham & Welland Electric Railway Company Prospectus, c, 1905 Sheridan Nurseries Howard B. a Clarkson n,b. the Grubbs first established general nursery stock L.A. Palit one “Humber Nurseries’, in 1911; they Grubb and, sub- bought the one near Clarkson i learentiy. others, 1914 andc ghee the nurseries’ name at that t J.A. Simmers; Joseph A, Simmers, Toronto 1856-1919 (and beyond?). see rimarily seeds, a also bulbs and then Simmers’ joined and succeeded Catalogue o h Flowering Bulbs, general nursery stoc ns Anton a 1860, at Archives o tario Hermann Simmers eneral Annual Seed Catalogue, 1898, at University of Guelph libra = biographical sketch in History ronto and County of York, Ontario std 1885), v.‘l, pp. 424-25. A.M, Smith & Co. Smith & Grimsby firm name registration, 1881 Dennis Vanduzer Smith & Kerman A.M. Smith & St. Catharines firm name registration, 1887; prizes Dymore Kerman (see also: Dominion Nursery; Dominion Fruit Gardens.) offered in Toronto Horticultural ociety show, 1888, firm name dissolution, 1890 The Specialty Nursery Company Charles Ernest olverton Grimsby Yam gerbe 1905” in its sta irm name dissolution registere 7 “devoted to the propagation of specialties in hardy perennials and ruits”’ Standard Nursery Anson Roszel! Fonthill firm name registration, 1930 Star Nurseries, also called The Thomas W. owman and Son Co., Ltd. Thomas W. Bowman and Son Ridgeville c. 1873 general nursery stock James Stock same 16 Palace Street, oronto 1862-3, cited by Vrugtman nurseryman, seedsman, & florist Taylor Nurseries Isabella C.C. Taylor Lincoln County firm name registration, 1933 Samuel Taylor same Fonthill said by e accounts to have had a ae established 1837 sf Toronto Nurseries George Leslie A Toronto 184244 general nursery stock George Le " 1844-48 a Sr., in partner- ship with Sanies raetigett ad and Patrick Barry of Rochester, George Leslie * 1849-c.60 be other Ross & Son c.1860-1891 or beyond ads in C. Hort.,Oct. 1912, Mar. 1913, etc. The Toronto Nursery William W. Custéad; then Charles Barnhart Dundas Street, near est, 1811, according = Catalogue of Fruit & Ornament & Ornamental Trees & Shrubs.,,etc., ach 1837, in MTL/Baldwin Roo general nursery stock Joseph Tweddle same Fruitland; din C. Hort., 1905; and in “Grape-vine Esprealiets.: Stoney Creek Weekly Fruit sti 1911 “Grape Vin Union Nurseries A.M. Mosley & Fonthill in business “for years” snore general nursery stock .H. McCombs; to 1920's? py sgl stil later, Harold business in 194 M. Mosley Dennis Vanduzer same Grimsby listing in Historical Atlas o urseryman & Fruit Grower’ Lincoln and Welland prada 1876 ‘a also: A.M. Smith & Co.) H.P. Van Wagner same Stoney Creek ad in C. Hort., Mar.,1912 "'gladioli & dahlias” NAME OF FIRM PRINCIPALS NTARIO LOCATION SE pond D DATES/ REFE CES COMMENTS Watts Nursery Co. Frank C, Welland County firm name registrations, period 1918-1922 The Webster Floral Company, Li d (see also: fe Connon Floral Co. Ltd.) dep Brothers eed business, est, sian 1883?) Hamilton regular & aggressive advertising in C. Hort. in early 1900’s. taken over by John Connon c.190 wholesale & retail ornamental shrubs hardy perennials The Welland Nursery any ystems Hs, K, Baillie & Stewart E. faiteon: also Fred W. Wellington Welland County firm name. registration, 1923 J.F, Westland same Yonge St., listing in 1843 city directory nursery pi pe (also had seed Toronto store at 168 King St.) Whiting Nursery Co. Herbert M, — g Welland firm name registration, (in both Whiting Coun counties), 1912 Windsor Nurseries James Dougal Windsor 1853-1876 or beyond general nursery stock (see also: 0 Ss tesies Winona Nursery J. Wesley Smith Winona 1886-87 price list in John general nursery stock Company & Ira E. Vanduzer; Burtniak Collection; listing in then J. Wesley Morrey’s Directory, sad in Smith & Son(s) C. Hort., ben 0; paid ne Union Co.'s Farmer's & Bus Directory, 1006-0 ds in - Hort., 1902-1905 (& "a hanes ) J.H. Wismer same Port Elgin ads in C. Hort.., 1901-1910 general nursery stock, with ‘‘northern trees” Yonge Street Nursery and Flower Garden; Yonge Street Nursery James Fleming Yonge Street, Toronto est. 1837. ad, oe wip reat Mar. 1845, me ns “*...Flow Roots, Fruit pi 4 Ornamental, rene "Fruit Trees, Seeds, general nursery stock ERs ea ip Zid, ST uta ES [NURSERIES at F Stone © vering® THE ree coy ne ONTHILLC.ONT OFFICE 49 WELLINGTON ST EAST ONTO Feb. 7, 1939. Bird’s- eye ardens, Ontario, Canada Nurseries on letterhead used late 1930s. (Royal Botanical view of Fonthill in For this nurseryman see entry under Adams, Willi _ Arnold, Char Baillie, ‘Chane Hy. Kingsley , Charles Balfour, ? Barnhart, seit Barron, Willia Bea, Andrew Beadle, » Chminicy Beadle Biggar, Chas Blacklock, Mary Eliza ha rd, i Buchanan, Thomas Carpenter, C.P., & Sons Carpenter, C.W.F. Castle, Minera Cave «esa ane Chase Brothers Cochra Caainen: gee Crow, John Elmer Cumming, James :s avicleo son F Davidson, Say Davidson, S.E Dougall, James Dunington-Grubb, Howard B. Dunington-Grubb, L.A. Emmons, Eleanor Emmons, John Erickson, Erick Fisher, Chas. Fleming, James Fleming, Wm. Forsyth, John Franks, Charles me Paris Nurseries — ‘phar Company Fonthill Nurseries Toronto Nursery Fisher & Barron; Barrons Ontario Nurseries St. Catharines Nu D.W. Beadle uses Company: * Catharines Nurser ame =e oft Gardens Maplehurst Nursery same Thomas Ww. some & Son Co., ie & Co. St. Catharines — — urn Nurse sam point Park Nursery wiie — Avenue Gardens ace Dale Orchards & Nurseries; imsby Nursery G Grape Dale ssc egg & Nurseries; Grimsby Nu same Rowancroft Gardens same Douglas Gard Chase paaues Chaaseriy of Ontario, Ltd. same Connon Floral Co. Ltd.; John Connon Co, Lt Davidson’ i oe es i urseries Fonthill Nurseries Fonthill a. elland ! aid Seeman Fonthill sures osebank Nur VAI; ri, I | ¥Windso urseries Humber Nurseries; Yonge Street Nursery and Flower Garden same same same td: Sara ine Goldie ordon, pes B Gray, John, Sr. Greenwood, Osmand Groff, Henry Harris erman, Dymore Kerman, Herbert C. Keyes, Thomas Kittlewell, R. mbert, William Leslie, George Sr., & Sons Logan, John McCombs McConnel pen eine 2 Hilliard cs, Morris, Edward “esas —— bs Morrison, Neil same same same Arkona Nurseries same same same Deer Park hr —— Nurseries Ait Shaner rth Farm Fruitland Fonthill +t Central Nursery Central Nursery same Cremorne Gardens same same abe Nurseries Grit ner Spr A.M. Sm “ee: Co. nae Nu ery D.W. Beadle Nursery mages td _— Shade Nurse wists Nurseries same Highland Nurseries me J.H. McCombs Nurseries; McConnell Nursery Co. Ltd. same same eid tario Gardens ance Falls Nurseries same Brown Brot ssi > aay Fonthill Nurser Edward Morris Brown Brothers Company D.W. Beadle Nursery Co nion Nurseries Union Nurseries osedale Nurseries —— ingston Nursery; dg Fonthill cape oealy e Nursery Fok same John S. Pearce & Co. Watts Nursery Co. Watts Nursery Co. Grimsby Nursery Reed, Edwin L. Reid, Joh Reid, william S Robinso iG: Ross, J. McPherson, & Son et Smiley, Robert Smith, A.M, Smith, Armand Smith, Smith, * Wesley, & Sons Smith, Snow, a H. Stock, James Ronen, “Earle Stanley Wellington, : ete Wellington Wellington, Lae . Wellington, William Wellington, William E. Woolverton, Charles Edward Woolverton, Charles Ernest Dominion Neal Geen: — Nurs Dalieville Nurseries sam Toronto Nurseries =; Nursery same Hollyaale emia J.A. Sim oe Saainerd Dominion Nursery; Smith & Kerm Island - a “et se ay Plant same Fonthill Nurseries Taylor Nurseries wa teal Nursery Co. Watts Aactheah Co. A.M. Smith & Co.; Winona lores canny same Hamilton Gardens Watts Nursery Co, Webster Floral Co., Ltd. Fonthill Nurseries Fonthill Nurseries same Fonthill Nurseries Fenwick Nurseries same Grimsby Nu Specialty nee eel Company Bh *. : i ‘ay Cine NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Canadian Horticultural History publishes original research papers on the history of Canadian horticulture and related disciplines. The wide range of interest ° all phases of horticulture is interpreted in the broadest sense to include these subject areas: historical garden restorations and recons So biographies of Canadia n horticult — and landscape designers; histories of botanical gardens, arboreta, pecevicieveal stat , com- mercial nurseries and seed firms; sachened of plant breeding work and of hie hee and the northern United States; and comprehensive bibliographies. There is no limit on the length of papers provided length is appropriate to content. Equally oe are short communications, book reviews, announcements and news of conferen Manuscripts: Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be sent to the Editor, Canadian Horticultural History, CCHHS, Royal Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8. Manuscripts should be sent in duplicate (original and one copy), including illustrations (originals); typed on one side of the paper, double-spaced with — margin (at least 5 cm). Manuscripts will be accepted and published in English or rench. The author(s) should provide a short (200 words) informative abstract which will be translated into Canada’s other official language. Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the manuscript. Literature citations should conform to the formats below: Book Pomeroy, E.M. 1956. William Saunders and his five sons: the story of the Marquis Wheat Family. Toronto: Ryerson Press. xiii 192 pp + 3 pl. Wilson, E.H. 1927. Plant hunting. Boston: Stratford Company. 2 vols. Chapter in a book of multiple authorship. Stothers, D.M., & R.A. Yarnell. 1977. An agricultural revolution in the lower Great akes. /n: Romans, R.C., ed. Geobotany. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 209-232. Thesis or dissertation. Waterston, C.M. 1978. The Hermitage: an siitaae in landscape reconstruction. M.Sc. thesis, University of Guelph. ix + 137 p Journal article. Schuyler, D. 1984. The evolution of the Anglo-American rural cemetary: landscape architecture as social and cultural history. J. Gard. Hist. 4:291-304. Barker, W.G., 1.V. Hall, L.E. Aalders & G.W. Wood. 1964. The lowbush blueberry in- dustry in eastern Canada. Econ. Bot. 18:357-365. i Bulletin or journal in which each issue comprises one article, independently paged. Bowden, W.M. 1976. A survey of wisterias in southern Ontario. Roy. Bot. Gard. Techn. ull. 8. 15 pp Abbreviations of journal titles according to B-P-H, Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum, Lawrence, G.H.M. et al. 1968, Pittsburgh: Hunt Botanical Library. Acknowledgements, if needed, should appear at the end of the article before the re- ferences. Footnotes should be kept to a minimum and should be numbered consecutively. The author(s) will receive proofs, which they are requested to correct and return before the stated deadline. Minor changes can be accommodated, but an extra charge will made for excessive additions and changes. Papers will be refereed by independent re- viewers. Authors are encouraged to suggest the names of two qualified reviewers. Final selection will be the prerogative of the Editor. Illustrations —— All photos should be submitted unmounted as black and white glossy prints (preferably 5” x 7” or 127 mm x 178 mm) showing good contrast and clear definition of outline. erste graphs, diagrams and artists’ renderings should be executed in black drawing ink nN good quality white paper. Page proportions should be considered in preparing such sient als. Captions should be typed on separate paper and appended to appropriate illustrations. Tables will be laid out by the typesetter; however, the type size, page size and pro- portions should be taken into account when composing tables in rough form. Page size is 9” x 6” (22. cm x 15cm). Page Charges © page charges are levied; however, voluntary contributions toward publication costs are welcomed from authors associated with institutions having such funds available. Reprints: Each contributor will receive, free of charge, three copies of the issue in which the article appeared. Reprints of the article can be obtained at a reduced rate, without covers and with the scotia pagination, if ordered prior to publication. AVIS AUX COLLABORATEURS DE LA REVUE L’Histoire de |’horticulture au Canada publie des ae ole ip sur I’histoire de |’horti- culture et des disciplines connexes au Canada. Elle e de tous les aspects de I’horti- culture dans son acception la plus large et couvre fe domaines suivants: la restaura- tion et la reconstruction de jardins historiques; la biographie d’horticulteurs et de jar- diniers paysagistes canadiens; I’historique de jardins botaniques, bokeh de stations m semences ot e qui constitue maintenant le Canada et le nord des Etats-Unis, et des asst ae exhaustives. ous ne aateve pas la longueur des articles, pourvu qu’elle soit adaptée a leur contenu. Nous acceptons également de brefs communiqués, des ipeies de livres, Ae avis et nouvelles concernant des colloques. Manuscrits Les manuscrits que I’on souhaite faire publier doivent étre envoyés a la rédactrice en chef, Histoire de |’horticulture au ne peta Royal Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamil- ton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3HB8. Ils doivent étre envoyés en double exemplaire (original et une copie) a oe d’ iiigeirations Leriginaiow et tapés sur un seul cété de la page, a double interligne, avec une bonne marge (au moins 5 cm). Nous acceptons et publions des manuscrits en anglais my en francais. Les auteurs doivent également envoyer un bref résumé (200 mots) de leur article, qui sera traduit dans |’autre langue officielle du Canada. Les pages doivent étre numérotées consécutivement dans tout le manuscrit Les références des citations devraient respecter la présentation indiquée ci-dessous: Livre Pomeroy, E.M. 1956. William Saunders and his ie sons: the story of the Marquis Wheat Family. Toronto: Ryerson Press. xiii 192 pp. + 3 pl. Wilson, E.H. 1927. Plant hunting. Boston: Stratford — 2 vols. Chapitre d’un livre rédigé par plusieurs auteurs Stothers, D.M., & R.A. Yarnell. 1977. An agricultural revolution in the lower Great es. Jn: Romans, R.C., ed. Geobotany. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 209-232. Thése ou mémoire Waterston, C.M. 1978. The Hermitage: an exercise in landscape reconstruction. M. Sc. thesis, University of Guelph. ix + 137 pp Article de journal Schuyler, D. 1984. The evolution of the Anglo-American rural cemetary: landscape aeacmies as social and cultural history. J. Gard. Hist. 4:291-304 Barker, W.G., . Hall, L.E. Aalders & G.W. Wood. 1964. The lowbush blueberry industry in oui Canada. Econ. Bot. 18:357-365. Bulletin ou journal dont chaque numéro comprend un article, paginé individuellement Bowden, W.M. eis A survey of wisterias in southern Ontario. Roy. Bot. Gard. Techn. Bull. 8. 1 cigs lone my titres de journaux: Voir B-P-H-, Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum, e, G.H.M. et al. 1968. Pittsburgh: Hunt Botanical Library. Les remerciements doivent figurer, le cas échéant, a la fin des articles, avant les ré- férences. On limitera au maximum les notes en bas de page et on les numérotera consécutivement. Les auteurs recevront les épreuves qu’ils sont priés de corriger et de renvoyer avant la date limite fixée. I! sera possible de faire des changements mineurs, mais, par contre, les critiques indépendants, et nous encourageons les auteurs a proposer le nom de deux critiques compétents. En dernier ressort, ce sera la rédactrice en chef qui fera le choix des articles publiés. Illustrations hs piece des gan (de preference a 8 ah sta staid mm x 178 mm) en noir et blanc sur papier glac on montées, ot le contra t les contours sont clairs. Les Ghia: patticak diagrammes et croquis Prt hes fae exécutés a l’encre de Chine noire sur du papier blanc de bonne qualité, en tenant compte du format des pages. tenir compte de la dimension des caractéres, du format de la page et des proportions. Les pages sont de 9” x 6” (22 cm x 15 cm). Frais” La publication des articles est gratuite. Néanmoins, nous sommes toujours reconnais- sants des contributions aux frais que pourraient verser les auteurs associés a des organismes ayant a leur disposition des fonds a cet effet Réimpression Chaque collaborateur recevra gratuitement trois exemplaires du numéro dans lequel son article parait. Pour obtenir des réimpressions de I’article a un tarif réduit, sans couver- ture et avec la pagination originale, il suffit d’en faire la demande avant la publication, Translation services: Charlez Translation Ltd., Toronto, Canada