CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Vol. 3, No. 1, 1995 Seg? CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8N 3H8 Tel. (905) 527-1158 Fax (905) 577-0375 Canadian Horticultural History publishes original rescarch papers on the history of Canadian horti- culture and related disciplines the aden sone to tnclude these hile areas: Mstoricel garden — - reconstructions; gardens, arbo- a. biograph dito Ul 4 A ff at + + a3 1 4 r > } 5B WOR alg Yen | 7 : kL L : 1 4: t + 1 5 41 1 nw Qo A and the northern United States; and prehensive bibliographies. There is no limit on the length of sy -. ided | gth i ot r i t t nm tally bl hort i i k reviews. j f confe hiarearte de Peordiculeure 4 au Cueto pete des Ctudes Griginales vip P histoire se é horticulture et on acceptation la plus large et cowvre. donc les domaines suivants: la restauration et la reconstruction de jardins ; historique de jardins botaniques, d’acboretume, de stations expérimentale, é pépiniéres commerciales et de maisons produisant des semences. On y trouvera des Comptes rendus de travaux sur & culture et la een de plantes, d Pr | Jnis, } h ne limitons pas la longueur des oes, ) pourve qu elle soit poder a leur contenu. Nous ron | ner. we Pas Ina Vrugtman, Editor/Rédactrice en chef Sihiseuheal Each volume consists of four (4) issues. Each issue has 40-50 pp. Subscriptions sold by volume, NOT by calendar year. Institutions: $35.00 per volume for Canada; $38.00 for USA and overseas. Individuals: $30.00 per volume for Canada; $33.00 for USA and overseas. — issues: $5.00 (Vol. 1); $7.00 (Vol. 2); $10.00 (Vol. 3) and mailed to: CCHHS, alee Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 Chaque volume comprendra quatre ioe numéros de 40 4 50 pages. Les abonnements se vendront par volume et NON PAS a 5 % P ; $38 pour E-U " ssa Sa 1 @¢an nn e290 nn £: Prix du numéro a iss piéce: ery 00 (Vol. 1); $7. 00 (Vol. 2); aes ye ry 3) T a a” Mhelléc 32 PDP 4 IR 4 (CCHHS) et envoyés a: CCHHS, Royal Botantical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Vol. 3, No. 1, 1995 MISSOURI BOTANICAL AUG 2 4 1995 GARDEN LIBRARY CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8N 3H8 Tel. (905) 527-1158 Fax (905) 577-0375 Note fron the Editor It is with much pleasure and relief, that we publish this issue of CHH/HHC. The hiatus between the previous issue, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1991, and this issue, vol. 3, no. 1, 1995, resulted from staff cuts caused by the times. We were fortunate when Yvonne Cunnington volunteered her time and talents in editing and preparing this issue for publication. We are indebted to her. INA VRUGTMAN, Editor YONNE CUNNINGTON, Guest Editor CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY HISTOIRE DE L’HORTICULTURE AU CANADA Vol. 3, No. 1, 1995 CONTENTS — 1-21 — Canadian botanical specimens collected 1826-1828 by the Countess of Dalhousie, acquired by the Royal Botanical Gardens JAMES S. PRINGLE Historic herbarium specimens of cultivated plants at Eldon House, London, Ontari James S. PRINGLE — 25-46 — Joseph Earnshaw and the design of Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario PLEASANCE CRAWFORD — 47-48 — What Pandora’s boxes revealed HEATHER NIGH — 49-50 — Miscellaneous announcements Canadian Horticultural History/Histoire de l’horticul Canada 3(1): 1-21, 1995 CANADIAN BOTANICAL SPECIMENS COLLECTED 1826-1828 BY THE COUNTESS OF DALHOUSIE, ACQUIRED BY THE ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS' JAMES S. PRINGLE Royal Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 Abstract The Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario, has acquired herbarium speci- mens collected 1825-1827, mostly in Québec, by the Countess of Dalhousie, who is noted for her contributions of botanical specimens for the studies of Sir William Jackson Hooker. Résumé Les Jardins botaniques royaux d’Hamilton, Ontario, ont acquis des spécimens Wherbier récoltés de aeee a ae seg cabin au Québec, par “ Comtesse de Dalhousie. Cett po botaniques aux études de Sir William Hooker. Traduction de Céline Arsenault, Jardin botanique de Montréal Introduction Marie Elwood (1987) of the Nova Scotia Provincial Museum recently re- ported the discovery of a substantial collection of material amassed by George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, while he was Governor-in-Chief of British North America. Of greatest interest to Dr. Elwood were paintings and sketches by John Elliott Woolford and John Crawford Young, the former having been commissioned to record Lord Dalhousie’s activities and obser- vations in British North America. Other items significant to Canadian his- tory included archit land g plans and drawings for projects in the Canadas and Nova Scotia during the Earl’s governorship, and paint- ings and caricatures by Lady Dalhousie, lampooning members of Halifax society and its military establishment. These items were at the ancestral home of Lady Dalhousie’s family in Scotland, and at the time of their dis- covery were still in the possession of collateral descendents of the Coun- tess. Following Dr. Elwood’s expressions of interest, the owner offered these items for sale, and those mentioned above, among others, were acquired by a consortium of four Canadian cultural institutions, viz. the Nova Scotia Provincial Museum, the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, the National IContribution No. 79 f he Royal B ical Gard Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Archives of Canada, and the National Gallery, with the aid of a Cultural Property Grant. Herbarium specimens collected by Lady Dalhousie were also noted, but were not included in the original purchase. Dr. Elwood brought these to the attention of Allen Paterson,” Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, who negotiated on behalf of the R.B.G. to purchase the specimens discussed here. About the same time, a handsomely bound album containing other botanical specimens collected by Lady Dalhousie, which had been the prop- erty of the Earl’s family, was offered for sale at auction. Mr. Paterson submit- ted a bid for this album on behalf of the Royal Botanical Gardens, but it was acquired by a higher bidder. ographical Notes on the 9th Earl and the Countess of Dalhousie Christian Broun, who became the Countess of Dalhousie, was born 28 Feb- ruary 1786, presumably at the family home in Colstoun, near Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland. She married George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, 14 May 1805. During his military the Earl traveled extensively and resided in several different parts of the British Empire, and it was through accompanying him that Lady Dalhousie was able to collect botanical specimens in diverse regions. Following service in the Napoleonic Wars as one of Wellington’s generals, he was appointed Lieutenant-Gover- nor of Nova Scotia in 1816, and remained in that post until he was ap- pointed Governor-in-Chief of the British Provinces in North America fol- lowing the death of the Duke of Richmond. He arrived at Québec City, the administrative capital of British North America, as Governor-in-Chief in June 1820. During his governorship he made frequent tours of the coun- tryside in both Lower and Upper Canada,* being particularly concerned with the promotion and improvement of agriculture, and also visited Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In Upper Canada he took considerable interest in the progress of the Rideau Canal, then under construction. He became known as a patron of social and cultural institutions. While Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of Nova Scotia he at least laid the groundwork for the establishment of Dalhousie University, although it did not function as a university until considerably later. He was one of the founders of the Literary and Histori- cal Society of Quebec in 1824, and provided valuable support for the estab- lishment of the Natural History Society of Montreal in 1827 (Zeller 1987; Burroughs 1988; Duchesne & Carle 1990). ?Allen Paterson retired as Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens in September 1993. ‘Lady Dalhousie’s A name appears as “Christina” in some recent references, but — ently as “Christian” in older works, including biographical notes by her friends (e.g 1928), as well as in aries Peer d Dr. Elwood’s (1987) paper. The name ‘aaa was not infrequently given to females in her time is still so used in the Broun family (M. Elwood, pers. comm. 1993) *From 1791 to 1841 Lower Canada was a province — of that portion of present-day Québec within the watershed of the St. Lawrence Rive d Gulf; Upper Canada was that prion of present-day brguesbes within the Great Lakes Saint Lawrence watershed. The name 867. Co. il 1 PP y Canada until Se oe Governors in British North America during the 1820s and 1830s inevita- bly became embroiled in controversy, because of the increasing public de- mand for home rule that led to the Papineau and Mackenzie rebellions in 1837, and the power struggles associated with the proposal to unite the Canadas into one province. Lord Dalhousie was recalled in 1829, and, after returning briefly to Britain, he was named Commander-in-Chief of the Brit- ish forces in India. He remained in India until 1832; then, because his health had deteriorated in the tropical climate, he retired to Scotland, where he died in 1838. Lady Dalhousie survived him until 22 June 1839 (Burroughs 1988). She was characterized by her friend (no relation) Dean Ramsay (1928 ed. seen in this study; also in Nelmes & Cuthbertson 1932) as being “emi- nently distinguished for a fund of the most varied knowledge, for a clear and powerful judgment, for acute observation, for a kind heart, a brilliant wit.” Botanical Contributions of Lady Dalhousie The specimens discussed in the present paper represent only a small part of Lady Dalhousie’s botanical activities. She had prepared specimens from Nova Scotia while the Earl was Lieutenant-Governor of that province, and had presented an herbarium of specimens from British North America to the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1824 (LeMoine 1882; Duchesne & Carle 1990), supplemented by another gift of ca. 400 speci- mens collected in 1827 (Dalhousie 1829; Boivin 1980), the latter including many of the same species as those represented in the collection discussed here. These collections were presumably among the natural-history speci- mens destroyed by the fires that ravaged the quarters of the Society in 1854 and 1860, although other specimens that Lady Dalhousie collected in Nova Scotia are extant in Edinburgh. Her best-known botanical contributions are specimens obtained in India in 1830 and 1831, in recognition of which the Scottish botanist Robert Graham honoured her in the generic name Dalhousiea Graham ex Benth., for a genus of Fabaceae native to India. Hooker also named a Himalayan fern? Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. (Aspleniaceae), Lady Dalhousie having discovered the species and collected the type spec i- men at Simla. Lady Dalhousie’s herbarium of Indian plants, comprising ca. 1200 specimens, was presented to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ca. 1837 (Nelmes & Cuthbertson 1932). She also collected botanical specimens in Brazil, Madeira, Malaya, Morocco, St. Helena, and South Africa. Some of these specimens, which she sent to William Jackson Hooker, are now in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; others are in the herbaria of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, the botanical garden at Geneva, a Kee oe plete Ith - : ] at , disjunctly, Erthi 4 a oe J 3: Ye It ‘i a J fof. IL TI “4 /LE. j ) Ce Chr. Bhp H. oe Grisebach, a = German bolanist vee studied Spetpes ie in risa s herbarium at Kem, but this apace species is now included in Swertia aliata . Don ex C. Don) B.L. Burtt (Gentianaceae). ee ee Lady Dalhousie, born Christian Broun, the wife of George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie. Switzerland, and the university at Florence, Italy (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954; odge & Lamond 1970; Boivin 1980). According to Burroughs (1988), the Earl and Countess established a “botanical garden” at Québec and sent many Canadian plants to Scotland for the gardens of Dalhousie Castle, near Bonnyrigg, Midlothian. William Jackson Hooker’s (1829-1841) Flora Boreali-Americana served as the standard flora for present-day Canada for many years, and the impor- tance of individuals in the history of the floristic exploration of Canada during the early nineteenth century is largely proportionate to the number of their specimens cited in that flora. Several earlier floras had included Upper and Lower Canada and all or part of present-day Atlantic Canada in their coverage, and had been based in part on Canadian specimens (per- haps most notably those obtained by André Michaux on his expedition to Lac Mistassini), but Hooker’s was the first to concentrate on British North America. Although Hooker did not visit North America himself, he had i ae access to many newly collected specimens from many parts of present-day Canada (Zeller 1987; Pringle in press and references cited therein). Many of Hooker’s specimens from Lower Canada were sent to him by a coterie of individuals prominent in Québec society. In addition to Lady Dalhousie, these included Anne Mary Perceval, née Flower, wife of the col- lector of customs for Québec, William Sheppard, a Québec businessman, and Mrs. Sheppard, née Harriet Campbell. All were active in the founding and activities of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, and all botanized, often together, in natural habitats in Sillery and other localities in the vicinity of Québec City (LeMoine 1882; Pringle 1986, in press and references cited therein; Zeller 1987; Duchesne & Carle 1990). Description of the Collection at the Royal Botanical Gardens Most of the specimens acquired by the R.B.G. are mounted with narrow strips of paper that are glued to the interior recto surface of folded sheets of paper ca. 16 x 12% inches (ca. 42.8 x 31.6 cm), the surface after folding being ca. 8 x 12% inches (ca. 21.4 x 31.6 cm). A few specimens are loose in the folders. Although all of the paper is similar in appearance and texture, there is a surprising diversity of watermarks. Probably the best known to antiquarians is J. Whatman Turkey Mill 1822 (with arms featuring a seated Ancient Greek warrior, with shield and spear); others are T. Barratt 1825 (with arms featuring a lion standing upright, in face view, holding a sceptre, in an oval surmounted by a crown); Brocklesby & Morbey 1823; Brocklesby & Morbey 1825; J. Budgen 1820 (this and the next with the lion noted above); J. Budgen 1825; Munn & Stephens 1824 (and arms with the Greek warrior noted above); J. Rump 1825; and WW&l (with a crest; paper gilt- edged). The genus name is written in the upper right corner of the outside of the folder; the full scientific name of the species (but without the au- thor’s name) appears in the upper right corner of the surface on which the specimen is mounted; and the date and locality data, when present, are generally in the lower right corner, all in the same handwriting. Although some genera are represented by more than one specimen, none of the folders is a genus cover; each contains only one mounted specimen (or rarely two mounted on the same sheet). Twenty-four specimens, grouped together when they were acquired by the R.B.G., lack any identifications. These may have been collected (or in the case of those marked “A.,” dis- cussed below, acquired) by Lady Dalhousie later than those that were iden- tified, or in some cases left unidentified because they represented espe- cially “difficult” genera such as Carex. Of those specimens that bear locality data, by far the majority were ob- tained at Sorel, Lower Canada. Sorel, ca. 70 km downriver from Montréal, was the site of the summer residence of the Governor-in Chief, at which the Earl, who detested Québec City, and the Countess spent as much time as possible. The Earl had plans drawn up for a much larger official viceregal summer residence at Sorel, and personally purchased fifty acres there in 1821 (Burroughs 1988). The Percevals were frequent guests of Lord and sine ci Table a List of specimens from the herbarium of Lady Dalhousie, — habetically by original identification, with dates and localities collection and modern identifications by the present author.” Original identification Locality Date Present Identification Acer - - Acer oo ze Acer - Acer sacchari Acer St. Ann 26 Sept 1826 Acer sa hain Sil var. saccharum m um - ~ Acer spicatum Lam Acer striatum Sorel 25 May 1827 Acer pensylvanicum L stri ~ - cer pensylvanicum L. iv - Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. Actaea rubra - 23 May 1827 Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. Adiantum pedatum . Sorel June 1826 Adiantum pedatum L. var. pedatum Amphicarpa - - Ay Sigg bracteata (L.) Andromeda calyculata Sorel 16 May 1827 Chamantaphe calyculata (L.) M pensylvanica Sorel Anemone ado L Anemone virginiana - oT bap _ * sche Anemone poh nse L Anthemis arvi Sorel 28 July Anthemis a Apios tuberosa Sorel 22 tte ips 7 americana ee Moat var. merica Apocynum androsaemifolium - - Aporymum Dctichaemiption Apocynum cannabinum Sorel July 1827 Fite cannabinum L. Aralia racemosa Sorel 30 July 1827 Aralia racemosa L. rbutus uva-ursi - - Arctostaphylos uva—ursi (L.) preng. var. coactilis Fern. & J.F. Arethusa bulbosa - - Arethusa bulbosa L Arethusa bulbosa Sorel June 1826 Arethusa bu Aronia = - Amelanchier ee eigen (Tausch.) R Aronia - - Amelanchier dadieclate (Tausch.) — i “5 Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Aronia - - Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Asarum canadense Sorel 28 May 1827 Aree canadense L. var. Asarum canadense - - Asari canadense L. var. . ‘anadense Asclepias tuberosa . UpperCanada 1826 Aap tuberosa L. ssp. Aspidium - - ction sets bled Ase ex Willd.) A. Gra Aspidium rm folder empty Aspidium achrostichoides [sic] - ~ Polystichum acrostichoides a (Michx.) Schott Aspidium bulbiferum - 11 August 1827 “— ane bulbifera (L.) Aspidium bulbiferum =~ - essa bulbifera (L.) : rnh. Aspidium bulbiferum - 11 August 1827 Outi bulbifera (L.) Aster Sorel September 1827 — cordifolia L. var. cordifolius Table 1. (Continued) Original identification Locality Date Present Identification Aster Sorel September 1827 py at ee Sis ssp. pone Aster - - pins ware ont Aster - - Aster puniceus L. var. puniceus Aster - - Aster ig L. var. Aster - - Atser prunicrus L. var. niceus Aster - - Aster puniceus L. var. niceus Aster acumin Sorel September 1827 — Aster acuminatus Michx. Aster aauat [sic] Sorel 30 August 1827 Aster cordifolius L. var. cordifolius Aster patens Sorel August & Aster novae—angliae L. September 1 Aster rigida [sic] Sorel 12 September Aster linariifolius L. 1827 Aster uniflorus - - Aster nemoralis Aiton Bidens - - Bidens frondosa L. Bidens - - Bidens tripartita L. s. lat. Botrychium fumarioides - - waco annette (J.F. mel.) Ri multifidu Botrychium virginianum - 6 July 1827 Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. var. virginianum Bunias edentula - 25 July 1828 Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. ssp. edentula Campanula aparinoides Sorel 20 July 1827 Campanula aparinoides Pursh var. grandiflora Campanula rotundifolia Grand Falls 25 Sept 1827 Campanula rotundifolia L. of the Chaudiere of the Ottawa = - Cardamine pensylvanica L. Caulophyllum thalictroides Quebec 27 May 1827 Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx, var. giganteum Far w. Celastrus scandens Sorel June 1827 Celastrus scandens L. Cephalanthus occidentalis Sorel 10 August 1827 = Cephalanthus occidentalis L clone a Sorel 8 August 1827 lone glabra L. Chimaphylla [sic] umbellata Sorel 18 July [no year] servis umbellata am Blake Chimaphylla [sic] umbellata _ Riviere 24 July 1828 Chimaphila umbellata du Loup (L.) Bart. var. 3 lica Blake Circaea lutetiana - - Circaea lutetiana L. var. canadensis L. Cissus hederacea Sorel 27 July 1827 Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kerner) Fritsch Claytonia virginiana . Sorel May 1826 Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Clematis Sorel 1827 Clematis integrifolia L. Table 1. (Continued) Original identification Locality Date Present Identification Clematis -— - Clematis tod Convallaria Sorel 27 May 1827 Polygona riba. ) races Convallaria Sorel 27 May 1827 Polygonatum ea (Willd.) Pur Convallaria trifolia Sorel June 1827 Maianthemum fee (L.) Slo Convallaria trifolia Sorel June 1827 Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Convolvulus sepium Sorel June 1827 a i sepium (L.) R. Br. mericana (Sims) Brummitt Convolvulus stans Sorel 15 June 1827 ae ee (L.) ithamaeus Coptis trifolia ~ 16 May 1827 cp inl iL ) — var. Coptis trifolia - 16 May 1827 cpt trifolia (L.) Salisb. var. oenlandica (Fern.) Gcsecth Cornus A. - - Cornus alternifolia L.fil. Cornus - ~ Cornus a Michx. var. peamere Cornus canadensis Sorel 6 June 1827 cone us ca Corydalis - ~ Adlumia fungi (Aiton) Greene Corydalis glauca Sorel June 1827 oes gs pia (L.) Crataegus = 28 May 1827 Grats a Ashe Crataegus Sorel 28 May 1827 ia mais Ashe var. basilica (Beadle) Phipps Cynoglossum - = Cynoglossum officinale L — anetinum Sorel 28 May 1827 C ium arietinum R.Br ium humile A. Sorel May 1826 Cypripedium acaule Aiton ah parviflorum Sorel 29 May 1827 Cypripedium calceolus L. var. rviflorum (Salisb.) Fern Cypripedium pubescens A. - - Cypri ipedium calceolus L. var. ; pubescens (Willd.) Correll Cypripedium pubescens Quebec June 1827 Cypripedium calceol ; bescens (Willd.) Correll ypripedium spectabile Sorel 16 June [no year] Cypripedium reginae Walt. Cymbidium pulchellum - 1 July 1827 “ Eee tuberosum (L.) Cymbidium pulchellum Sorel 13 July 1827 Calon tuberosum (L.) B.S. Dicksonia pilosiuscula Sorel] 12 July 1827 Dennstocdtia punctilobula : Me ( ) Moore Dicksonia pilosiuscula S ~ Dennstaedtia punctilobula chx.) Moor Diervilla acs Sorel 19 June 1827 Diervilla a ~ Digittaria [sic ~ ~ Digitaria isc m ( Schreber ex open ) : Muhl. Dracaena borealis A. Sorel 25 May 1827 Clintonia borealis (Aiton) s Raf. Epigaea repens Sorel 6 May 1827 Epigaea repens L. —8— Table 1. (Continued) Original identification Locality Date Present Identification Equisetum scinpoides _ 6 June 1828 Equisetum scinpoides Michx. eebeee 6 May 1827 Erythronium americanum Ker—Gawl. ssp. americanum Erythronium americanum - 6 May 1827 Erythronium americanum Ker—Gawl. ssp canum Eupatorium - - Eupatorium maculatum L. ssp. maculatum var. maculatum Eupatorium ageritoides [sic] Sorel 1 Sept 1827 Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var. m Galium - - Galium palustre L. Galium bermudianum = 1 July 1827 Galium lanceolatum Torr. Galium micranthum = 19 August 1827 — — Michx. Galium tinctorum - - Galiu ssp. boreale Galium tinctorum = 19 August 1828 Galium ane Michx. Galium triflorum Sorel 30 June 1827 Galium triflorum rene Gaultheria procu _ 16 July 1827 Gaultheria procumbens Gentiana amarelloides vel a Sorel 3 September 1827 Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) mall var. quinquefolia Gentiana fimbnata Quebec - ianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub s. lat. ee Gentianopsis crin (Froel.) Ma, probably added later and not fr Québec City area) Gentiana saponaria Sorel 27 August 1827 — sore Griseb. rew. Gerardia flava Upper - Aumidoote pst an oR (L.) Canada Raf. var. intercedens Pennell Gerardiaglaucaor quercifolia A. Upper = Aureolaria virginica (L.) Canada Penne Gerardia purpurea Sorel 30 August 1827 = Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. paupercula Geum album Sorel 20 June 1827 Geum aes Geum rivale - June 1827 con Geum strictum Sorel 27 June 1827 pigert L. var. given Fern. Gnaphalium plantaginium Sorel 7 June 1827 Antennaria neodioica Gre: 2 — : ssp. canadensis ae Bayer & Stebbins Gnaphalium uliginosum Sorel August 1827 Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Gratiola ie - Gratiola neglecta Torr. var. Gratiola = - Gratiola neglecta Torr. var. cla Hedysarum acuminatum Sorel 16 July 1827 Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood Hedysarum canadense - - Desmodium canadense (L.) Hepatica triloba Quebec 29 April 1827 Hepatica acutiloba DC. Hieracium - - — canadense Michx. Hieracium - - Horas canadense Michx. Table 1. (Continued) Original identification Locality Date Present Identification Hieracium - - a canadense Michx. Hyoscyamus niger - - Habis niger L Hypericum - - lypericum can nadense Mic hx lypericum Sorel 31 August 1827 = Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason Hypericum - - Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason Hypericum canadense Sorel 13 August 1827 — Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknel Hypoxis erecta A. baal Canada 1826 Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Ilex canadensis 6 June 1828 Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loese Inis virginica - 12 June 1827 Tris versicolor L. ot ee — A. - - folder empty poor A. = - Lathyrus japonicus Willd. Lesher myrtifolius Sorel 6 August 1827 Lathyrus palustris L. Lathyrus palustris - 20 July 1827 Lathyrus palustris L. Lilium Sorel July [no year] Lilium canadense L. s. str. Lindernia dilatata Sorel 13 August 1827 lan dubia (L.) nell Lobelia - - Labelie kalmii L. Lobelia cardinalis Sorel 20 July 1827 Lobelia cardinalis L. ssp. cardinalis var. cardinalis Lobelia cardinalis Sorel 20 July 1827 Lobelia cardinalis L. ssp. cardinal. dinalis Lobelia inflata Sorel 30 July 1827 Lobelia inflata L Lobelia kalmii Quebec August [no year] Lobelia kalmii L. Lobelia kalmii St. Ann on 24 September Lobelia kalmii L. Ottawa 1827 Lonicera - - Lonicera dioica L. var. orientalis Gleason Lonicera - - Lonicera dioica L. var. orientalis Gleason Lycopodium annotinum Sorel 31 July 1827 Lycopodium annotinum L. var. annotinum Lycopodium dendroideum Sorel 19 August 1827 9s nin dendroideum Mich Lycopus americana Sorel 1 August 1827 Fpeeines americana Muhl. ex Lysimachia - - : aes ciliata L. Lysimachia capitata - ~ Lysimachia thyrsi Lysimachia racemosa ~ 21 July 1828 Lysimachia terrestris re ) B.S.P. Melampyrum americanum - 27 July 1827 oo ar. americanum mie ) Melanthium glaucum = - Tigudeis ie Pursh ssp. glaucus “the | i long as the specimen n (illegible abbr.] had been dio tn by cattle” Mentha - Men ~ arv Mentha - Men Menyanthes trifolia [sic] Sorel 21 May 1827 Menyanthest nfl. L. Mimulus ringens Sorel 26 July 1827 Mimulus ri i ingens Mitchella repens Sorel 30 June 1827 Mitchella ri L. Mitella cordifolia Sorel 5 June [noyear] Mitella os ite SOV one Table 1. (Continued) Original identification Locality Date Present Identification Mitella diphylla - 26 May 1827 Mitella diphylla L. Monarda - - rda fistulosa L - - Monarda fistulosa L. Myosotis lappula - 21 July 1827 la squarrosa (Retz.) Dumott. ssp. squarrosa Myrrhis canadensis - 14 June 1828 meee claytonii (Michx.) B. Clarke Neotia [sic] . LakeSimcoe - Pace romanzoffiana Cham. Neotia [sic] aestivalis Sorel 30 August 1827 gree cernua (L.) Neotia [sic] pubescens - - Goa pubescens (Willd.) Nuphar lutea Sorel 19 June 1827 Napa variegatum — Oenothera - - Ocnothera fruticosa glauca (Michx.) poe Oenothera pusilla _ - othera athe ag Onoclea sensibilis ~ - Onoclea sensi Orchis - - Platanthera Skcighats (Willd.) Lindl. var. blephariglottis (with a leaf of Platanthera orbiculata eae Lindl. var. Orchis - - Plataihera hookeri (Torr.) dl. Orchis - 10 July 1827 Platanthera hyperborea (L.) indl. var. huronensi. (Nutt.) Luer Orchis - - thera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. var. huronensis (Nutt.) Luer Orchis - - Platanthera oans'eg (Michx.) Don lacera (folder also octeill Helenium autumnale L.) Orchis = ~- Platanthera orbiculata shin Lindl. var. culata Orchis a — sistas orbiculata (Pursh) Lindi. var. orbicu Orchis = - Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. var. orbiculata Orchis dilatata - - Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. Orchis discolor ?? - 21 July 1828 Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Hultén Orchis grandiflora Quebec June [no year] Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. Orchis orbiculata ~ a Platanthera orbiculata sate ane Lindl. var. Osmunda interrupta Sorel 4 June 1827 poo aie CL uth 4D, known as Toronto Trust Cemeteries and hereafter referred to as ], les and Regulations Toronto, Ontario, Canada. a A ies 1826-1891 (Toronto: Dudley and Burns, Printers, [1891]), p.15; and Joan Miles, Editor, West Toronto Junction Revisited (Toronto: wen a ce ncion eugana Srai i) pp-10-19. r Ibid., p- oe and TTC archives, c 3. Ibid., 4. Pleasance ecu d, aes Engelhardt (1830-1897): Landscape Designer,” G Canadi Yearbook VIII (1984) :168- s) s eigen penton. a on Caeaeriey secon S29 1894) ‘prepared! in eT 1988 for ‘ aioae as ied 6. Pleasance Crawford, “H.A. Engelhardt,” Appendix A, pp. 5.174.179; and Pleasance Crawford, “Of Grounds Popugals ine Our The Teenie aping of bivipn Buildings in 19th Century On- ca Society da Bulletin 11,3 (September 1986):6. 7.11TG, sian uae ny for April 11, 1889, pp. ier Forest Lawn Cemetery was not new, having been laid out in ye! y its cto harks E. Claene oer to William Hodge, “Buffalo Cemeteries,” Pr 8. TTC, minute books, entry for April 11, 1889, p-215. 9. TTC, minute books, entry for April 17, 1889, pp.216-217. 10. TTC, minute books, entry for April 17, 1889, pp.217-219; and ee es typescript of “AGREEMENT. Earnshaw and The Toronto General Burying Groun 11. TTC, minute books, report of John Harvie, Trustee, April 1889, p. ae : 12. TTC, minute books, entry for May 2, 1889, p.223.; and “The New Western Cemetery,” The World (Toronto, May 4, 1889). 13. TTC, minutes books, entry for May 2, 1889, p.221. 14. TTC, minute books, entry for May 28, 1889, p-226. 15. Ibid., p.226. 6. TTC, minute books, entry for June 26, 1889, p.231. 17. The original drawing, framed and in good condition, hangs in the Family Room of the Prospect Cemetery ES osc building. 18. Interview with Jack Radecki, Supervisor of Arbor Services, TTC, August 27, 1990, a sound cassette and transcript of which is in the TTC archives. 19. The drawings described are in the TTC archives. 20. TTC, esto Sketch [1891], p.15; and TTC archives, 1890 lippi bout P: oo Cemet 1. TTC, Hiskeical Sieh [1891], pp.15-16. = Ibid., p.15. TTC archives, unidentified [1891?] newspaper clipping. 24. Blanche a ward » Spring G: sped Cemetery: A Self-Guided Walking Tour Seats) Center for N s, University of Cincinnati, 1985), 2s Cemetery of Spring Grove, microfiches of lot cards for graves of Henry, J. : , Joseph, and Mrs. Mary Earnshaw, as seen April 24, 1990 26. Cincinnati city directories, 1831-1906, ined in microfict d/or original f tth Cincinnati Historical Society, April 28, 1990. 27. The Cincinnati Cemetery of Spring Grove: Reports, Forms, Etc., Enlarged Edition (Cincinnati: Bradley & Webb, Printers, 1862), pp.6-7. 28. Blanche Linden-Ward and David G. Sloane, “Spring Grove: The Founding of mbes s Rural Cemetery, 1845-1855,” Queen City Heritage 43, 1(Spring 1985):17-32; and Spring Grove Cem- etery: its History and Improvements, with Observations on Ancient and Modern Places a ehatione (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1869, pp.1-29. 29. James A. Green, “A Centennial History of the e Cemetery of Spring Grove: A Record of a Century of Devoted and Consecrated Effort” (unpublished 1944 typescript, in possession of Cemetery of ay repos. ch. IV, p.14; dave camer i Cemetery o of a igri ‘gah Sola Etc., pp.6-7; an ers, and sey (cemetery typescript, revised 04/90), p.6. - The Cemetery of Spring Grove: awe Forms, Etc., pp. oe vs: 1 aoe LE 1 A eethait, | ae 1902, quoted in 1 full below in this ee: spoke of his “having baba couaipeceecd with the Cem- ee, ee etery of Spring Grove for more than forty five years.” This suggests that the connection went back at least to 1857. 32. “Historic Notes and Extensive Files Tell Tale of Early Company History,” Tower: A Publication of McGill, Smith Punshon International, Inc., 9,1[1988]:1 33. Sidney re Maxwell, The Suburbs of Cincinnati (New York: Arno Press, 1974 reprint of 1870 edition), p 34. Susan ‘allen, setter » shinies cnmaetee- nse sar tga sas 11, pAO90. ‘Aen, as a in Preser vation tion and oe was at the time preparing a nomination for Highland Lawn Ces for submission to the National Register of Historic Pla 35. McGill Smith Punshon, Inc. archives, Plat Book #7 Ae 1885-1893). 36. arenas Notes and Extensive Files Tell Tale,” Tower, p.2. 37.1 38. sen Allen, jens ie Ricewnre giao with encloues, igs 11, MD: rege as eg Preser- vation tion and Archaeology, was at the time preparing a Columbian Park, for submission to the National | Register of Historic Places. 39. “Historic Notes and Extensive Files Tell Tale,” pp.1-2, plus looseleaf insert; interviews with Beth Anne Osgood, Allison Leavitt, Ron Roat, and Stephen C. Roat, McGill Smith Punshon, Inc., Cincinnati, April 27, 1990; and Stephen C. Roat, letter to Pleasance Crawford, May 10, 1990, with enclosures. McGill Smith Punshon, Inc. archives, Plat Book #8 (for c.1896). 40. This text can be seen in the Cemetery of Spring Grove, on the bronze pre near the precnagsid chip apeeed in section 116, lot 28. nese i ney own time in Ci nae wie 1990, Par) +t f, cn £2 ¢ D. “ne Earnshaw’s work for the cemetery may yet be found among its 19th-century records. 41. Cemetery of Spring Grove, microfiches of lot cards for graves of Joseph, Eleanor Isabelle, Laura, and Ella May Earnshaw, as seen April 24, 1990. 42. “Great Shaft Is Erected Where Engineer’s Labor Won Success,” The Cincinnati Times Star (Monday, June 28, 1915), p.12. This article is illustrated with two aed = of = ee aes one bed a grey- Ih K papi: pis cag Sarmahae) the latter being 43. Ci pe f lot cards and f section 116, lot 28. 44. “Great Shaft 8 ‘Riccoed” The Cincinnati Times Star (June 28, 1915), p.12. 45. Ibid., p.12. 46. “Historic Notes and Extensive Files Lae Tale,” ieee p.2. 47. Allison Leavitt, ASLA, is the MSP 1 p y king he C tery of Spring Grove. Additional References The Cemetery of Spring Grove. “A Visitors Guide to the Beauty and History of Spring Grove” (map and accompanying text). Cincinnati: The Cemetery of Spring Grove, n.d. but available in 1990. Coutts, Sally. “Easeful Death in Toronto: A History of Mount Pleasant Cemetery.” Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada Bulletin 11,3 (September 1986):8-10. “Deaths. - utilis - Joseph Earnshaw.” The Enquirer (Cincinnati, Sunday, Janu- ary 14, 1906), p Hunt, John Dixon, tie David Schuyler, eds. “Cemetery & Garden” issue, Journal of Garden History 4,3 (July-September 1984). Jackson, Kenneth T., and Camilo Jose Vergara. Silent Cities: The Evolution of the Ameri- can Cemetery. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 1 Linden-Ward, Blanche. “Cemeteries.” In: Tishler, William H.., i. American Land- scape Architecture. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1989, pp.120-125. iit HE ace Linden-Ward, Blanche, and Alan Ward. “Spring Grove: The Role of the Rural Cem- etery in American Landscape Design.” Landscape Architecture 75,5 (October 1985):126-131, 140. Miles, Joan, and Pleasance Crawford. The Heritage and Natural Features of Prospect Cemetery: A Walking Guide. (Toronto: Toronto Trust Cemeteries, 1990.] Simonds, O.C. “Strauch. Adolph.” In: Bailey, L.H., ed. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, Vol.11]. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915, p.1598. Simonds, O.C. Landscape-Gardening. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920. Ch.XVII, “Cemeteries,” pp.290-309. Sloane, David Charles. The Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American History. Balti- more: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Toronto Trust Cemeteries. “Arboretum Guide, Prospect Cemetery, with Arbore- tum List and Location Index, Common Name Index, Key Plan, and Arbore- tum Plan.” Toronto: Toronto Trust Cemeteries, rev. 04/88. Acknowledgments It was Joan Miles who, as President of the West Toronto Junction Historical Society, invited my help with a walking tour at Prospect Cemetery’s 100th anniversary celebration. Her invitation led me to discover the cemetery and to try to learn something about its designer. From that point on, Louise Winton, Eric Tappenden, Jack Radecki, Nancy Lovell, and Bob Smith of Toronto Trust Cemeteries provided continuous encouragement. Louise Winton’s help with research of Trust records was invaluable. I also appreciated the friendliness of Grace Russell, Jack McAfee, Jr., Barbara Rothan, Thomas Smith, and others at Spring Grove Cemetery. I am grateful to Ron Roat, President, and Stephen L. Roat, Vice Presi- dent, Surveying Services, McGill Smith Punshon, Inc., for their keen inter- est in their firm’s history and their willingness to give me access to its early records. Finally, I thank Charles Crawford, Ann Milovsoroff, Steve Roat, Eric Tappenden, Edwinna von Baeyer, Ina Vrugtman, and Louise Winton for reading and commenting on earlier versions of this manuscript. (Verbatim text of the original planting plan for Prospect Cemetery) Appendix Planting Plan PROSPECT CEMETERY Toronto, Canada. Joseph Earnshaw, Landscape Engineer, Cincinnati, O. July 1889. Scale 1" = 100". Reference Table. Deciduous Trees and Shrubs. No. Genus Species 1 Acer Maple Cercis Red Bud 13. Negundo Box Elder 14 ~— Liriodendron 18 Salix Willow 19 ‘Tilia Linden 20 Ulmus Elm 21 = Althaca 22 = Alnus Alder 23. ~—-Berberry 24 Button Bush Dasycarpum, Rubrum, Striped, Sugar, Black, Norway, Ps.Platan. Horsechestnut Cut-leaved, White, Willow American Hornbeam Pumila, Wild-red, Black Canadensis White, Red-cained Yellow Wood Paniculata European, American Aceroides Tulipifera Red, Pin, Black, White, Burr Glabra, Typhina American White, Weeping American, European American, Campestris, Montana SHRUBS Officinalis Incana, Mountain Canadensis, Vulgaris Occidentalis Reference Table. Deciduous Shrubs and Conifers. No. Genus Species 25 Clethra Alnifolia 26 ~=Deutzia Crenata, Scabra 27 Kalmia Swamp Laurel 28 Honeysuckle Coerulea, Oblongifolia 29. Sambucus Canadian Elder 30 = Spirea Tomentosa, Billiardi, Revisii one Ne Syringa Purple Lilac Sassafras Officinale Symphoricarpus Snow Berry Ribes Floridum Rhodora Canadensis Viburnum Opulus, Acerifolium Snowball Weigela Rosea CONFIERS Abies Spruce White, Norway, Dwarf, Black “Fir Balsam, Silver, Nordmann “Hemlock Canadensis Cypress Nutkaensis Juniper American, Irish, Swedish, Savin Pine American, White, Dwarf, Scotch, Swiss, Cembra Thuya Occidentalis Taxus Yew Canadensis SHRUBS Buxus Box Common Ilex Holly American Canadian Horticultural Hi /Hi i le lh icul C. da 3(1): 47-48, 1995 y ( t/—46, WHAT PANDORA’S BOXES REVEALED HEATHER NicH! al Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 There were three boxes. Ina handed them to me. The tops were cracking with age and occasionally as I thumbed through them I found it necessary to grab a tissue to stifle an oncoming sneeze. Several yellowing papers were labelled “Soldier Settlement Board of Canada”, folders probably used to chart the movement of Canadian soldiers during World War I - totally non- indicative of the material on which I would be working over the next few months. Inside these file folders were letters, registration material, photo- graphs, drawings, letterheads, certificates, bills of sale, minutes of early meetings, as well as the occasional Supreme Court transcript - a written history of the earliest days of the Canadian Horticultural Council Plant Registration Committee, and rescued by the Royal Botanical Gardens from the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa in the early 1980s. My task for the following months was to document and catalogue each piece of information found in the files. To some this might seem a rather monotonous and tedious job; however, as I progressed through file after file, these documents became alive with human stories - of a love and pas- sion for growing and creating, of commitment to an undertaking, of frus- tration, and often patience worn thin in the red tape and challenges faced. The files ultimately came to be social histories, accomplishments, disap- pointments and triumphs of individual growers. In many cases, the files allowed the reader to fill in the story where merely dates and names had previously been. They were, as is true of all written words, a unique state- ment of the times - through language, process and events. The pages took on personalities and Nellie Stockford was one of those. The Canadian Horticultural Council (C.H.C.) was formed during 1922 with plant registration as its foremost concern. In 1923 eight applications were reviewed from various parts of Ontario with five of these showing “out- standing merit” - a strawberry, a rose, two raspberries and one carnation (The Canadian Horticulturist, Nov. 1923, 253). It is probable that the following story as told through correspondence and documents involved one of the other three applicants. Nellie M. Stockford was a young entrepreneur of the post World War I era. Her letter- head advised she was a “Grower of Gladioli, Guelph, Ontario.” Her tena- cious efforts to have a Gladiolus cultivar registered by the C.H.C. spans a ms © / 565 oe > ee t 1 . cs a ba L 1 ; mH HEATHER NIGH is a bibliogray currently working with /HH pp g ale A i decade, and boasts a file containing numerous letters, documents dated August 1923 onward, plus a beautiful handpainted sketch of her creation, Gladiolus ‘Margaret Lewtas’, for which she was presented with the C.H.C. the Award of Merit. The $5.00 initial registration fee was surmountable for Nellie, the name was shown to be previously unused and the flower was touted by experts in the field as “having early blooms, long stems, flowers even on the stem and colour an unusual shade of cerise,” (File Rec. No. 1, Aug. 3, 1923, Sept. 14, 1923). However, other obstacles were not so easily overcome. Accepted for recording (the step prior to registration) by the C.H.C. on August 23, 1923, Nellie sent out six bulbs of fine quality to Ottawa in 1923. Ottawa had suggested fifty-four. A request came back for eighteen more to be dispersed across the various regions of Canada. Nellie replied graciously, “I wish to do what is usual in such matters, in fact I should like to be gener- ous, but as this number represents one hundred and thirty five dollars ($135.00) and my supply is limited...I wonder if I sent some for this year and some for next year.” The C.H.C. accepted this offer on the understand- ing that Nellie’s prize Gladiolus could not be registered until such a time as the variety had been officially tried in each province of Canada. By Novem- ber 1926 Nellie had received no reports on her Gladiolus and requested the bulbs and increase be returned to her. In 1928, she was still requesting her bulbs. According to correspondence dated 1933, it was thought by many, in- cluding the Dominion Horticulturalist William Macoun, that the Gladiolus ‘Margaret Lewtas’ was the first plant registered by the newly formed C.H.C., and according to the Canadian Gladiolus Society, Bulletin No.1, the Award of Merit, which she received from the C.H.C., included the immediate reg- istration of the plant. This was not the case for Nellie’s Gladiolus. In the end, Nellie Stockford never did receive her registration as it was deemed that her plant was not distinctive enough and that it had many qualities of a previously registered Gladiolus. A frustrated and disappointed Nellie Stockford went on to create three more gladioli, thereby adding further to t llection of documents which shed light on her struggles and triumphs, as well as those of the early C.H.C. Plant Registration Committee. The files in those dusty boxes may be old and yellowed, but they contain much more than the simple facts: they bring the past back to life, shed light on its human drama, and times yield the pected, such as the lovely Gladiolus ‘Margaret Lewtas’ watercolour. And in the end, these old files will surely add to our understanding of Canada’s rich horticultural past. MISCELLANEOUS ANNOUNCEMENTS Manual of Old-Fashioned Flowers, by Lys de Bray. Oxford Illustrated Press, 1984, 218 pp.; water-colour illustrations and colour photographs by the author. ISBN 0 902280 91 0. Although written for the British scene to instruct gardeners how to grow favorite old-fashioned flowers and where to obtain older varieties of seeds, bulbs or plants, Canadian gardeners may nonetheless find this book a use- ful source for obtaining seeds when used in conjunction with The Plant Finder. Florists’ Flowers and Societies, by Ruth Duthie. Shire Publications, 1988, 96 pp. Soft cover, b.& w. and colour illustrations; list of references. ISBN 0 85263 953 8. This book traces the wide-spread and i i tin growing eight classic florists’ flowers — auricula, polyanthus, hyacinth, anemone, ranuncu- lus, tulip, pink and carnation —from the seventeenth century to the present day. Present-day florists’ societi 1 specialist i listed, but aside from one exception, The American Primrose Society, they are all British. The Historical Gardener: Plants and Practices of the Past, published and edited by Kathleen McClelland. 1910 North 35th Place, Mt. Vernon WA 98273-8981, USA. Newsletter issued in March, June, September and De- cember, $14.00 U.S. for Canadian subscriptions; (reprints of back issues, $4.00 U.S./issue, $16.00 U.S./year; send a stamped, self-addressed enve- lope for index of 1992-93 articles). ISSN 1067-5973. Of interest to both professional and back-yard historical gardeners in the United States and Canada, this newsletter established in 1992, publishes information on historical gardening resources such as seed and nursery companies, museums, newsletters, books, organizations, and archival col- lections. Although American historical references predominate, Canadian horticultural history is not excluded; the fall 1994 issue (Vol.3, No.3), for example, includes articles on “The Gibson House Garden of Ontario” in present-day North York; and on Fort Vancouver, now located in Vancouver, Washington, which was established in 1824 as the Hudson’s Bay Company’s most important outpost in British North America. The Landscape Universe: Historic Designed Landscapes in Context, de- signed and edited by Charles A. Birnbaum. Proceedings, expanded and illustrated papers from a National symposium, Armor Hall at Wave Hill, Bronx, New York, 1993, 113 pp.; soft-cover, includes b. & w. photographs and illustrations. Published by and available from The Catalog of Land- — 49— scape Records in the United States at Wave Hill, 675 West 252nd Street, Bronx, New York 10471. The publication of the papers from the Landscape Universe symposium includes essays by landscape scholars and practitioners on important fig- ures in American landscape history, including Jens Jensen, the Olmstead brothers and André Parmentier, as well as papers on aspects of historic landscape preservation. Pioneers of American Landscape Design: An Annotated Bibliography, ed- ited by Charles A. Birnbaum and Lisa E. Crowder. The Catalogue of Land- scape Records in the United States at Wave Hill, 1993, 142 pp.; soft-cover, includes bibliographic references, b. & w. illustrations and photographs. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Docu- ments, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, D.C. 20402-9328. ISBN 0-16-041974-3. A source book for researchers seeking information on historical figures who made a significant impact on American landscape design, this biblio- graphical publication includes a representative cross-section of such pio- neers as landscape gardeners, horticulturalists, nursery owners, landscape architects, cemetery designers, educators and writers. For each of the sixty- one entries prepared by scholars or landscape experts, there is a brief bio- graphical profile, annotated period and modern sources, information on the location and contents of archival collections, and an illustration of the pioneer or related landscape project. The National Trust Guide to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, Third Edition, revised and edited by Rosemary Joekes. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1984. 691 pp., colour and b. & w. photographs. ISBN 0-393-01876-8. Of particular interest to horticultural historians is the chapter on “Gar- dens and Landscape Parks”, with an introduction by Miles Hadfield, which briefly summarizes the history of British garden and landscape design, as well as the role of the National Trust in preserving some of Britain’s finest historic gardens. Among the gardens included are Hidcote Manor in Gloucestershire, Nymans in West Sussex, and Sissinghurst Castle in Kent. Labyrinth, the newsletter of the New England Garden History Society of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society has been published semiannually since its first issue, Fall/Winter 1990. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society has played a vital role in the his- tory and development of American horticulture since 1829, and its collec- tions of books, periodicals, and horticultural art rank among the finest in the world. The New England Garden History Society promotes the study of the history of New England gardening and landscape design and encour- ages the preservation of gardens and landscapes. Address correspondence to: Labyrinth, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Horticultural Hall, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Telephone (617) 536-9280. wat OB ene =i Ss