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ENGLISH BOTANY;
COLOURED FIGURES
er
BRITISH. PLANTS. EDITED BY JOHN T. BOSWELL SYME, F.LS. Erc.
THE POPULAR PORTION BY MRS. LANKESTER,
AUTHOR OF “WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE,” “ THE BRITISH FERNS,” ETC.
THE FIGURES BY J. SOWERBY, P.LS, J. D* C. SOWERBY, F.LS, J. W. SALTER, ALS, FGS AND
JOHN EDWARD SOWERBY ILLUSTRATOR OF THE “FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN,” “GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN,
‘WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE,” ETC. ETC.
Third Edition, ENLARGED, RE-ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, ae : AND ENTIRELY REVISED. a & HONS OF ALL THE SPECIES BY THE EDITOR. :
WITH DESCRIP?
VOLUME. a i
“LONDON:
ENGLISH BOTANY.
ORDER LXXXVII._GRAMINA.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with tufted or creeping soboliferous rhizomes. Stem cylindrical or 2-edged, com- monly hollow except at the nodes, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, distichous, sheathing, with the sheath almost always split to the base, or rarely only at the apex, generally with a small prominent scale (ligule) at the apex of the sheath, between the stem and the
ina; lamina usually linear, rarely lanceolate, with parallel vena- tion. Flowers perfect or unisexual, and in that case monecious, very rarely diecious or polygamous, in spikelets arranged in panicles, spikes, or compound spikes; the part of the stem passing through the inflorescence is termed the rachis. Glumes 2 at the base of the spikelet, rarely solitary or absent. Florets in the spikelets, when - more than 1, arranged on an azis, bifarious, each enclosed between | : 2 glumelles (pales) or scarious bracts, generally — cond ee cts
2 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Tree L—ORYZE.
Spikelets closed during flowering, arranged in a lax open panicle, laterally compressed, each containing a single © einen or unisexual floret (in the latter case moneecious or ), some- times accompanied by the rudiments of 1 or 2 other florets. Glumes both absent or rudimentary. Pales glumelike, equal or nearly so, the lower one keeled, 5- to 7-ribbed, the upper one 3- or rarely 5- ribbed. Stamens 6, 3, 2,or 1. Styles short; stigmas 2, protruded at the base of the floret, between the margins of the pales. Caryops free, laterally compressed, not furrowed.
GENUS .—LEERSIA,. Soland.
Spikelets shortly stalked, arranged in a Jax open panicle, sometimes enclosed in the uppermost leaf-sheath, laterally compressed, closed during ‘flowering, each here. a single perfect flower, or in some
ja single male flower without the rudiment of another.
; 1, boatshaped-compressed and keeled, not awned, parchmentlike. “ Lodicules 2, membranous. Stamens 6, 3,2,0r1. Styles 2, short, terminal; stigma feathery, protruded at the sides of the flower. Caryops glabrous, free from but closely enveloped by the pales, strongly laterally compressed, not furrowed.
—— ‘There is but one
ae A eee ele grasses : sGal
_SPECTES ; L-LEERSIA ORYZOIDES. Soland. ; Prats MDCLXXXVI.
Reich. To. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLEXXI. Fig. 494,
=”. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. N No. 1582.
GRAMINA, Ss
Brockenhurst Bridge. In several places by the side of the Mole, Surrey, from East Moulsey to Brockham Bridge, and by the canal near Woking Station, Surrey.
England. Perennial. Late Autumn.
Rootstock extensively creeping, sie small tufts of stems and long white scaly stolons. Stems erect or somewhat decumbent and subgeniculate at the base, cylindrical, smooth with downy nodes, simple or sparingly branched near the base, 9 inches to 4 feet re Leaves numerous, flat, 3 inches to 1 foot long by 4 to 4 inch b gradually acuminated, pale green, thin, rough, with bristles on the mar- gins, and on the midrib fccath, especially t towards the base. Sheaths covering the internodes and frequently even the nodes, rough. Li short, about half as long as broad, blunt, arowe dontioaiaae: Puncle 2 to 9 inches long, frequently remaining permanently included in the slightly swollen sheath of the uppermost leaf, but sometimes wholly exserted: in the former case, the spikelets are nearly all perfect ; in the latter, some or even all of them have occasionally the ovary abortive. Rachis striated, rough; panicle branches, especially the ultimate ones, capillary, fle exOOIS, rough. Spikelets very shortly stalked, articulated to the pedicels, } to } inch long. Glumes absent. Lower ‘pale much more curved than the upper, and abruptly acu- minated into a short blunt point, nearly white and transparent with a green stripe along the lateral rib, which is nearer to the margi than to ne Rie minutely pubescent, with longer hairs along ie
margins, lateral ribs, and keel, especially on the latter ; sae pale | Hices. a little lenges than the lower, strongly ciliated on the keel, especially to the apex. Stamens sometimes only 2 in the eub- -
4 ENGLISH BOTANY.
pound spike, or rarely in 2 rows in a unilateral simple spike or spike- like raceme, laterally compressed, each containing a single perfect floret, sometimes with a rudimentary one above it. Glumes conspicuous. Pales large, nearly equal, the lower one usually keeled, the upper one
2-ribbed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Styles long or rather short; stigmas 2, protruded at the apex of the floret or shins its middle, between the tips or edges of the pales. Caryops free, laterally compressed, not furrowed
GENUS II—SPARTINA. Schreb.
Spikelets sessile, arranged unilaterally in 2 rows on the racemosely dis- posed branches of a compound spike, laterally compressed, closed during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret without the rudiment of another. Glumes 2, unequal, the upper one much the larger and equalling or exceeding the pales, greatly laterally compressed, keeled, pointed or very shortly awned, sub-coriaceous. ales 2, — the upper one much the longer, the lower one lanceolate, compressed keeled, entire or notched at the apex, not awned, upper pale folded
in two with 2 app t raised into keels. Lodicules roy ee Seno & Styles es elongated, more or less coherent nt ; stigmas long, rather thick, shortly hairy, protruded at the — the feact, Caryops alecan, free, strongly laterally co ess furrowed.
‘The name of this genus is derived from the Greek, ox : made of the Lygeum Spartum and like material are sil ellod spate by tho <a Spaniards call the Stipa tenacissima Esparto.
SPECIES L-SPARTINA STRICTA. Roth.
GRAMINA, 5
short, fimbriate. Leaves with their apices rarely extending to the top of the second sheath above them, shorter than the spikes, broadly linear, flat, smooth, with closely-placed thick glaucous cartilaginous ribs on the face, dark green and shining on the back. Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, terminal, approximate sessile, or the upper ones shortly stalked, erect, closely applied to each other by their backs, unilateral; rachis flexuous, flattened on the back, smooth, extending beyond the base of the uppermost spikelet, but not conspicuously exceeding and often falling short of its glumes. Spikelets 6 to 10 in each spike, erect, alternate, about half their own length apart, sessile, linear-lanceolate. Glumes unequal, pubescent, the lower one about two-thirds the length of the upper, acuminate; the upper one bidentate, with a very — short terminal awn, 1-ribbed, coarsely and shortly ciliated on the keel.
In muddy salt marshes covered at high water, especially near the mouths of tidal rivers. Rather local, but abundant in many places on the south and east coast from Devon to Lincoln.
England. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn,
Root extensively i | seats the stems in small tufts. Flowering stems 6 inches to 1 foot high, rarely more, though I have
seen specimens 2 feet high. Hoo rather succulent, easily broken, - knots covered by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by 4 + inch broad, erect, stiff but not tough. Spikes 2 to 3} inches lng, all so closely applied that they give the inflorescence the appearance of asingle spike; this is particularly the case when there are only. 9 spikes. rh tgp to } inch long, pale yellowish-olive. Anthers yel- lowish-white. Stigmas very p 1, nearly white: Plant with a strong ¢ odour 1 bling that of th “orig, aici
- : a — awn or mucro, and the sides have each a
6 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Leaves with their apices extending beyond the top of the second sheath above them, as long as or intiger than the spikes, broadly- linear, flat, smooth, with closely-placed thick glaucous cartilaginous ribs on the face, dark green and shining on the back. Spikes 5 to 8 (rarely 3 or 4 or more than 8), terminal, sub-approximate, sessile, erect, the uppermost one stalked, loosely applied to each other, dis- tichous, slightly unilateral ; rachis slightly flexuous, triquetro-trigo- nous, smooth, extending besoad the glumes of the uppermost spikelet for a distance about equal to these ihe, Spikelets 8 to 20 in each spike, erect, alternate, more than half their own length apart, sessile, - linear-lanceolate. Glumes unequal, glabrous or sub-glabrous the lower one about half the length of the upper, acuminate, the upper one entire, gradually accuminated or obliquely truncate at the apex, which has no distinct awn, 3-ribbed, rough on the keel.
On mud in tidal rivers, submerged at low water. Rare; abundant on the mud-flats of the river r Itchen, cwagestd introduced from | moka : oe pega” Late Summer, Autumn. Very near s. stricta, of which Dr. J. Hooker, in his admirable “ Student's Flora,” regards it as a a while Dr. Asa Gray con-
: siders it as but a Mae} of S. stricta. _alterniflora is
ra long by 1 to } in inch ety not contracted aad | articulated a the base as in S. stricta; the spikes, besides being more pena _ are more slender, more distant, more loosely applied, and from 3 to “ inches long or more. The point of the rachis is prolonged much further beyond the uppermost spikelet, and has the spikelets more. dintychous and placed further apart than in S. stricta; the spikelets are rather smaller, scarcely } inch long, and glabrous; the outer glume _ is shorter, the inner one not conspicuously notched, and without an. conspicuous lateral
Many-spiked Cord Grass.
= 1a states that at otiaaplel this grass is « regularly cut down o the ove haehubeaboninorty ons wor : y Bie Ride,
yor reeds for —— ceca oma
GRAMINA. %
a single perfect floret without the rudiment of another. Glumes 2, nearly equal, rounded on the back, obtuse and not awned, subscarious, longer than the pales. Pales 2, unequal, scarious, truncate, not awned, the lower one the larger, rounded on the back, inclosing the upper one, upper one with 2 ribs. Lodicules 2, very minute. Stamens 3. Styles 2, free; stigmas very long, slender, hairy, pro- truded at the apex of the fewer, Caryops glabrous, free, laterally compressed, not furrowed.
Name from yapai, on the ground, and é&ypwertc, grass.
SPECIES I—-CHAMAGROSTIS MINIMA. Borkh. PLATE | Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXII. Fig. 453. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1089. Mibora verna, Pal. de Beawy. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. Ill. p. 444. Parl. Fl.
Ital. Vol. I. p. 103. Reichel, c. p. 57.
M. minima, Desv. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 401. Duwmort. Agrost. Belg. p. 137. Knappia agrostidea. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1127,
Sturmia verna, Pers. Syn. Vol. 1. p. 76.
S. minima, Hoppe. Gaud. Fl. Helv. Vol. I. p. 148.
Agrostis minima. Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 93.
The only known species.
In sandy pastures by the sea. Very local. Anglesea. Not un- common in Jersey. It is said to have occurred near Leigh, Essex; but there are no specimens in existence to confirm this unlikely locality. _ About twenty years ago it was abundant on Gosford Links, Hadding-
ton, where I believe it was sown by the late covets on wl
de 1 a :
‘raised points, the lower ones ptr di ated i ie } b hs, sexe os gaan narrower and longer ale ha
listic ous Hort scarcely ig Climes lead-xc ith with : rican keel the outer one subsaccat
4 to} inch ager r w 12 beet: ciara ae
8 ENGLISH BOTANY.
these it is difficult to es — ought to be adopted. I have fol- lowed Kunth, Koch, Mr. Bentham, and Dr. Hooker in calling it Cha- magrostis minima, a isa s generic name—Mibora is older, and on this account has been adopted by Professor Babington. But ete authors have not adopted the oldest generic name in similar
s; as, for example, Arctium is universally employed by them jitoad of Lappa. French authors of course may be put out of the question, as they invariably give the preference to a name bestowed on a plant by a Frenchman whenever there is a shadow of an excuse for doing so.
Early Sand-Grass.
GENUS IV—-CYNODON. Rich.
Spikelets sessile, arranged unilaterally in 2 rows on the digitately disposed branches of a compound spike, laterally compressed, closed during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret with the rudiment of a second one above it. Glumes 2, nearly equal, keeled, . pointed but not awned, subscarious, rather shorter than the pales.
: — equal, parchment-like, pointed but not awned, the lower one
at-shaped, bluntly keeled aid inclosing the upper one, the upper
ons with 2 small approximate keels on the back separated by a furrow.
Lodicules 2, fleshy. Stamens 3. Styles 2, short, separate ; stigmas
_ long, rather thick, densely hairy, protruded below the apex of the flower. Caryops glabrous, free, laterally compressed, not furrowed.
“The derivation ea
SPECIES L-CYNODON DACTYLON. Pos : PLatTE MDCXC.
< 3 ‘Boieh To. FL Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXII. Fig. 454.
a No. 1581. anes on ee Bee 850.
GRAMINA. Mi
in the neighbourhood of Penzance and Poole. Vazon Bay, Guernsey. It used to be naturalised on Kew Green, near the church, where [ gathered it in 1852; but I am not aware if it still maintains its station there. | England. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Stems prostrate, 3 inches to 3 feet long, rooting at intervals, and sending up barren and flowering shoots 2 inches to 1 foot high. Barren shoots often prostrate, densely clothed with distichous rigid glaucous leaves 1 to 3 inches long. These leaves are glaucous, narrowed towards the apex, glabrous or slightly hairy beneath, with numerous close ribs, and wi with a few long cilie at the top of the sleet on each side of the obscurely marked dee Spikes 2 to 2 inches long. Glumes more or less tinged with purple. qs inch long. Lower pale ciliated. Stigmas crorane about the middle of the pales, not between their tips as in the other Spartinex.
Creeping Dog's-tooth-Grass. French, Chiendent dactyle. German, Gefingerter Hundszahn.
This curious little grass is very local, and confined almost entirely to the south coast. For a long time it was supposed to be peculiar to Penzance, but now both the Devon and Dorset coasts claim it as a rare native. It is, however, highly probable that minute search would at least tend to increase its stations, as few even amongst — working Botanists are sufficiently critical in grasses to assure us that all its stations are ascertained. It throws out long, very tough runners, which creep for many yards through and over the loose soil, rooting at every joint, and furnished with flat, rather short, leaves, of a slightly glaucous hue. When in bloom the grass has a very pecu- iar aspect, differing from that 4 ports Its. : Tong runners OF Semon tad ie rapid growl: tenner ae
complete mesh-work of ¢ “ ‘ping nae Ep helt A 4 sand from the action ntti - - nt ae
10 ENGLISH BOTANY.
floret sometimes absent. Stamens 3 or 2. Styles long; stigmas 2, protruded at the apex of the floret between the tips if the pales. Caryops dorsally — not furrowed, or furrowed on the face furthest from-the ra
GENUS V—DIGITARIA. Scop.
Spikelets in pairs, one of which is sessile, the other shortly stalked, arranged unilaterally in 2 rows on the digitately or racemose-digitately disposed branches of a compound spike, dorsally plano-convex, closed during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret with the rudi- ment of a second neuter one beneath it. Glumes 2, very unequal, the lower one minute or obsolete, the upper one shorter than the pales, 5 to 7 ribbed on the back, acute but not awned, subscarious. Pales 2, equal, parchment-like, not ribbed, smooth, acute but not awned,
: —- not keeled on the back, the neuter floret with but 1 pale, 2 is ribbed and resembles the upper glume. Lodicules 2, fleshy. me Stamens, 3. Styles 2, terminal, elongate; stigmas short, rather thick,
lumose, protruded at the apex of the flower. _ Caryops glabrous, free, bi-convex, not furrowed.
‘This genus is named in allusion to the Giegocs Bo a ee _ le —
SPECIES L-DIGITARIA HUMIFUSA. Pers. -Prare MDCXCI.
Reick Ya: Fic Genta ot Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXX
ts Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 878. filiformis, Rol. Reich. Ie. lc. p. 68. ae ose glabra, Rom. & Sehultes. Parl. Fi. Ital: Vol. I p. 127.
a = ambiguum. D. €. Fl. Fr. Vol. I. p. 127. : ae : cum glabrum, Gaud. Hook. fil. Stud. Fl p. 425. Kock. Syn. ee oor aan Gren. & Godr. FI. de Fr. eer as Kunth, Enum. Plant.
~ ie - Spikes 2 to 8, a : ical. Lower glume rudi- __ Pale of the neuter aieaen ioe
: “hsvish sand Bungay, ‘Suffolk,
GRAMINA. 11
“ Norfolk ” (Hooker and Arnott’s “ British Flora”); but the station, if it exist, appears to be unknown to the Rev. Kirby Trimmer.
England. Annual. eigen Autumn.
nger ribs. Spikes 4 to 3 inches JON ok approximate, ulti- mately flees Spikelets about +1; inch long, at first green, ulti- mately more or less tinged with dark purple, the lower one nearly sessile, the upper one of each pair with a stalk of about t its own length. Lower glume absent or very small. Glabrous Finger-Grass. German, Blut-Hirse.
Its spreading claw-like habit has obtained for it the name of crab-grass as well as finger-grass in the United States. In New York we saw it about houses growing much in the same manner as Poa annua with us, and we were inclined to look upon it in this position to be as with us an introduced agrarian. We say this on the assumption that D. sanguinale is scarcely separable from the D. humifusa, In Ger- many the allied species yields a small grain, much in demand as a substitute for sago and arrowroot.
GENUS VI-ECHI NOCHL OA. Pal. de Beauv.
Spikelets subsessile, in shortly. stalked pairs and fascicles, uni- pm ten in 21 rows on 1 the racemosely
i u se no" : d,s mc wee
: tot Kd onthe ak the ower
Se a fleshy. Stamens af ‘Styles 2 2, terminal, | or trade
12 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES I-ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLL Pal. de Beaw. Pirate MDCXCTI.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXCI. Figs. 515 and 516.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2167.
gery Crus-galli, Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 143. Dumort. Agrost. Belg.
ne eat. Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed.i. No. 876. Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 425. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 892. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIL. p- 460. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 115.
Leaves glabrous, without any ligule. Branches of the spikes alternate, compound; rachis angular, hispid on the angles. Spike- lets pubescent. Pale of the neuter floret mucronate or more or less longly awned.
* In cultivated ground and waste places. Imperfectly naturalised. Jt used to occur year after year in Battersea Fields. In 1852 and 1853 it came up abundantly on the mud from the Thames laid down _ on what is now Battersea Park. It has also been reported from near
Guildford and Godalming, Surrey. In ‘the: “ British Flora” i it is
curred near Thetford, N , and several loc: are given for eu Middlesex ¥ in Trimen and Dyer's “Flora” of fat county, viz. near Hampton Court, Appleton, and Barnet, &c., but it would perhaps be better to expunge it from the British = even
. ie is a naturalised plant.
[England.] Anmual. Autumn.
Stems. numerous, often rooting at the base, geniculate oe stout, oe 1 to 3 feet high, generally bran ched. Leaves 3 inches to 1 foot ae _
4 a ‘dull pants n, with rather tant ribs and 9 toll stronger . oe
GRAMINA. 13
GENUS VII.—SETARIA. Pal. de Beaw.
Spikelets subsessile, in small fascicles arranged on every side of the rachis of a dense cylindrical or slightly lobed spikelike panicle, dorsally plano-convex, closed during flowering, each surrounded at the base by an involucre of stiff bristles, and containing a single perfect floret with an imperfect male one beneath it. Glumes 2, very unequal, the lower one much smaller than the upper, the upper rather shorter than the pales, indistinctly ribbed, pointed but not awned, scarious. Pales 2, equal, parchmentlike, indistinctly ribbed or transversely rugose, acute, but not awned, concave, but not keeled on the back, the lower floret with 1 or 2 pales, the lower of which or the only one is indistinctly ribbed and resembles the upper glume. Lodicules 2, fleshy. Siatiehs
3 in the perfect flower, but usually only 1 or 2 in the male flower. Styles 2, terminal, elongate; stigmas short, thick, hairy, protruded at the apex of the flower. Caryops glabrous, free, plano-convex, not furrowed.
ge al 1S
This genus of Grasses is so called from seta, a bristle or hair.
SPECIES I—-SETARIA VIRIDIS. Pal. de Beaw. PLATE MDCXCIII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Me I Tab. CLXXXVIIL. Fig. 510. _ Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice 475. acorns viride, Tinn, Sm. Bag Bat ed. i. No. 875
14 ENGLISH BOTANY.
ae on wc bomen more or less geniculate, branched tuwards the ending, 3 to 18 inches high. Leaves 1 to 6 inches lon ng by 4 to 2 inch broad, lively green with a paler midrib, with tant scabrous ribs and serongly scabrous margins. Ligule oe of a tuft of hairs. Panicle $ to 3 inches long. Bristles 4 ‘6: ‘, inch long. Spikelets } inch long. Green Bristle-Grass.
French, Sétaria vert. German, Griiner Fennich. This grass grows on sandy soils in some districts, and is in some countries a troublesome weed. It produces abundance of seed, of which small birds are very fond,
SPECIES I—SETARIA VERTICILLATA. Pal. de Beau. Pirate MDCXCIV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXXVIII. Fig. 511. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1974. ‘Panicum verticillatum, Linn. roe eigen ie i. No. 874. Panicle spikelike, ¢ ty 1, rather dense, interrupted and broken , = * the base, not lobed. Bristles of each spikelet 1 to 4, but co. , equalling or slightly arene the tomes but "weet talee ws fous See inting , green, often tinged with purple. Upper glume as ety as the fertile floret. _ Upper pale of the male floret one-third the length of the lower, which about equals the fertile floret; pales of the fertile floret equal, finely punctured, but not transversely wrinkled. _ Tn cultivated fields in Surrey and Norfolk, but scarcely pufficiently | well established to be included in the British lists. Indeed I have heard of no well-authenticated notice of its occurrence, except asa
- = weed in Chelsea Botanical Garden, since Battersea Hehe s were con- _ a verted into Battersea Park.
Oo ae Annual. Late or. Autumn.
GRAMINA. 15
These are introduced plants, and so generally so over a great part of the world that it is difficult to make ont their original type or habitat, but they have probably travelled from the East to the West, following man as a tiller of the soil wherever he extends his localisation for this purpose. The confusion of the species is not greater than that of the genera in this group: Echinochloa, Panicum, Setaria, and others are often referred to the same genus.
Trise [V.—PHALARIDEZ.
Spikelets closed during flowering, arranged in a dense cylindrical or ovoid spikelike panicle, rarely in a lax open panicle, not unilateral, laterally compressed, each containing a single perfect floret, with 1 or 2 inferior imperfect flowers, either scalelike and neuter, or more developed and male. Glumes equal, or the lower one shorter, but still very conspicuous, the upper one or both, as long as the florets. Pales closed during flowering, the lower one keeled, the upper one of the neuter flowers absent. Stamens 3, more rarely 2. Styles long; stigmas 2, protruded at the apex of the floret between the tips of the pales. Caryops laterally compressed, not furrowed.
GENUS VIT.—HIEROCHLOE. Gwmel.
Spikelets stalked, arranged in a lax open or rarely contracted panicle, laterally compressed, biconvex, closed during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret, with 2 male florets i it. Glumes a; equal, j nearly as as the floret, keeled, shi :
es it, but not awned, sca
ae two Greek words, lpi, sr snd ae a grass,— “iy A‘ 3
ay i eee
16 . ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES I-HIEROCHLOE* BOREALIS. Rim. & Schultes. Pirate MDCXCV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXXITI. Fig. 500. H. odorata, Wahl. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 895. Holeus odoratus, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 1485.
Rootstock extensively creeping, with elongate stolons. Leaves flat. Panicle open during and after flowering, with capillary flexuous spreading branches. Pedicels wholly ¢ plabrous: Glumes acuminate. Pales of the male florets mucronate, that of the perfect floret acute.
In damp places by the sides of rivers and streams. Very local. Abundant by the river near Thurso, Caithness. Said to have been found by Mr. G. Don in Glen Cally, Forfarshire.
Scotland. Perennial. Late spring, early Summer (?).
| ‘ootstock slender, whitish, throwing off stolons which produce in be summer _ autumn — — stems at a considerable distance
: ht deep green, "eco cul pe nee ory gone on the Ss sheaths smooth ; ligule membranous, parabolical.. Flower- ing stems in the wild plant 6 to 15 inches oe the sheaths not
extending above the middle; the uppermost lamina § long, and the longest not above 2 inches ; ; ligule much longer bee kn lanceolate. Panicle 1 to 2 inches ‘long, the lower branches about halt = the length of the panicle, widely spreading. Florets drooping, } inch long. Glumes shining, scarious, very pale green, ti nged with purple. _ Pales of the male flower scabrous and , hairy, the lower one : strongly ciliated on the margins, acuminate and mucronate, but the - mucro is so short that it scarcely deserves the name of an awn. Pales : the fertile flower narrower than those of the male pai —_ is, Plant with the scent of Anthoxanthum. r Babingto: states that bapa age flowers in ily: aad Be Se
Garden oe from :
GRAMINA. 17
This grass, dedicated to the Virgin Mary on account of its sweetness, is strewn about Catholic churches on festival days. It is called Vanilla Grass on account of its perfume, which latter, it would seem, is of the same kind as that of the Anthoxanthum odoratum, to which, indeed, it is not distantly allied.
GENUS IX.—_ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn.
Spikelets persistent, subsessile or very shortly stalked, arranged in a rather dense spikelike panicle sometimes slightly interrupted towards the base, laterally compressed, slightly biconvex, closed during flower- ing, each containing a single perfect floret, with 2 neuter florets beneath it. Glumes 2, very unequal, the lower one smaller, keeled, scarious, pointed or mucronate, the upper one as long as or longer than the florets, keeled with 2 ribs besides the keel, gab hanrhacnouc. mucronate. Pales of the perfect floret 2, minute, rounded on the back, not awned, scarious; pale of the neuter florets 1, emarginate, awned about the middle or towards the base, the awn ae the lower floret straight, of the upper one bent. Lodicules absent. Stamens 2. Styles “rather long; stigmas very long, slender, hairy, protruded at the apex of the flower. Catyops glabrous, free, oval-oblong, slightly laterally com- — not channelled.
The of the name of this rangi arene rte ere Ear@éc, yellow. :
ee Carrmozancnox ODORATUM, Tim
| Centre —" Fr es :
18 ENGLISH BOTANY.
In meadows, pastures, woods, &c. Very common, and generally distributed. Var. f 1 “i common, but still very frequent.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer to Autumn.
Rootstock tufted, not creeping, producing several or numerous stems. Stems simple, 8 inches to 3 “feet high, erect, from a more or less geniculate ‘smooth or sometimes slightly rough i in var. 8. Leaves of the catantnal barren shoots longer than those on the elas stems, often 1 foot long, very go to those of Hierochloe t
numerous ribs and usually distant haes bright green, smooth and shining beneath where there is a strong keel as in Hiicrsckins borealis, but they are very slightly rough on the margins: uppermost stem-leaf % to 2 inches long (the lower ones a little more), with a long lanceo- late li Panicle 1 to 4 inches long, the larger examples with it obed and interrupted at the base than it is in the Bettis oes stalked, } $ inch long, slightly spread-
x from glabrous with a few ciliz
er r densel 2 pubescens, A ovata groan! share coos otched, both wit . from
rter than its pale; that of the upper about « ing and slightly - Pales of the: ‘ertile ees shorter than ioe of giant florets, and without any awn. Anthers purple or eye yellow. Plant with - the scent of woodruff when it is in process of drying, but t not odorous : _ fresh like Hierochloe odorata.
— Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass. ee ‘Brom F Flouve odorante. German, Gemeines Ruchgras.
GRAMINA. 19
three leads is found to answer the same purpose. ‘Such flavoured hay,” says Professor Buckman, ‘‘ we have found in practice to be eaten with avidity, and to do more good than ordinary flavourless herbages.”’
One of the chief merits of this grass is its early growth, and the fact that it elena to — _— vapise! =p flowering stalks till the end of autumn. hardy y upholds its claim to a place in the composition of all permanent pastures.
GENUS X.—_DIGRAPHIS. Trin.
Spikelets persistent, shortly stalked, arranged in a long narrow rather dense panicle with short lateral branches spreading during flowering and adpressed afterwards, laterally compressed, closed during lowering, | each containing a single perfect floret, with the minute scalelike rudi- ments of 2 saint florets beneathit. Glumes 2, equal, longer than the floret, strongly keeled, but not evidently winged, each with 2 ribs in addition to the keel, mucronate, parchmentlike. Pales of the per- fect floret 2, faintly keeled, pointed but not awned, the lower one ultimately cartilaginous and a little larger than the upper; pale of the neuter florets 1, very minute, scarious, not awned. Stamens 3. Styles 2, long; stigmas long, thick, plumose, protruded ‘at the apex of the flower. Caryops glabroas, free, anaes — com- pressed, not channelled.
The derivation is from dvw, two, and ypadic, a oe
SPECIES L-DIGRAPHIS ARUNDINACEA in, a
20 ENGLISH BOTANY.
to 1 foot long by $ to 1 inch broad, with a short membranous ligule. Panicle 4 to 7 inches long, open at the time of flowering, afterwards contracted, the longest branches about 2 inches long, bare of spikelets for about 4 inch, the uppermost branches with spikelets nearly to the base. Spikelets about 4 inch long, green, or tinged with reddish- purple. Lowest glumes 3-ribbed, gradually acuminated. Pales a little shorter than the glumes, glabrous, shining, ciliated, with 2 pilose scalelike barren florets at the base, about half the length of the pales. _ A-variety with the leaves striped with white is common in gardens under the name of “ Ribbon Grass,” or “ Gardener’s Garters.” Ribbon Grass. German, Glanzgras. French, Baldingere colorée.
This grass is generally distributed in sluggish rivers, pond sides, and marshy places, in all of which the sportsman welcomes . as a covert for water-fowl.
The Variegated Ribbon or Striped Grass of our gardens is a variety of a more dwarf habit ‘and less tendency—like all or orelae plants—to flower. A still more dwarf tufted variety, even less disposed to flower, is for these qualities much
. a in modern ribbon borders.
GENUS XI-PHALARIS. Lim ann.
leach vith
e ones ee tely pace and Lee little larger — a ; pale oF ie eee florets 1, very minute, A us, SS. Styles 2, very long} co i at the p r
GRAMINA, 21
swollen at the base, leafy for three-quarters of their length. Panicle very dense, spikelike, ovate-ovoid or oblong-ovoid. Spikelets persistent. Glumes half-elliptical, white, with a green band at the origin of the keel, and another parallel to the inner margin over the 1 or 2 ribs; wing of the keel commencing near the base and terminating at the apex, broadest about one-fourth from the apex, where it is more than half the width of the glume, white, finely serrulate on the margin. Barren florets linear, half as long as the fertile flower, ciliated.
In waste places near towns, and the borders of fields where it has been cultivated; indeed, were it not for cultivation, cleaning of bird- cages, and pthaaeead bird-catching, the plant would no doubt dis- appear from Britain, so it has little claim to be ees perly naturalised plant. |
_ (England, Scotland, Ireland.] Annual. Late Summer, Autumn.
Stems 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long by + to 3 inch broad, the uppermost sheath greatly swollen and forming a spathe in which the young panicle is included, but ultimately the panicle is exserted for about twice the lene of the uppermost sheath. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long by about # inch broad. Spikelets 1 inch long. Pales a little shorter than the glumes, at first green, ultimately shining, coriaceous, and light brown, closely atime 3 the seed, = in this state constituting the “ canary seed” so much used b bird fanciers, for which the plant is cultivated as a crop in = gee in the south of England, especially in Kent. —
Canary-Grass. German, Kanarien-Hirse. eos oo i aie of eater Bape and snow maar in
72 ENGLISH BOTANY.
GENUS XIU—ALOPECURUS. Linn.
Spikelets very shortly stalked, articulated to the pedicles, deciduous, arranged in a very dense cylindrical or fusiform or ovoid spikelike panicle, laterally compressed, plano-convex, closed during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret, without any rudiment of a second. Glumes 2, equal, longer than the florets, keeled, acute, or obtuse, not awned, often more or less connected at the base, subherbaceous. Pale 1, keeled, with 2 ribs on each side besides the keel, usually with a dorsal awn, scarious. Lodicules absent. Stamens 3. Styles 2, long or Ber often more or less united; stigmas long, rather thick, hairy, } protruded at the apex of the foket: Caryops glabrous, free, elliptical and laterally compressed, not channelled.
Se Oe eee Sas et Wie Greek wor adwrnt, a fox, and oipa, a tail.
aoe Vol. L. Tab. C C UNS T Ballot, Fi. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 476. _
7 Annual. Stems erect, sarcely geniculate, branched fro the lower en: Leaves thin, with rather few and distant broad slightly-raised
| - pee pee, not —— —— narrowly esaeens -fusiform,
os -anches ae with a single pkeleks Spikelets oval-elliptical. ‘Cs — nearly to the middle, converging at the tips, ees acuminate, glabrous; keel slightly winged, ciliated with long hairs _ ae siege and with very short ones above the aiid Awn from near the base of the pale, and rere as C2 again as the _
GRAMINA 93
es from the lowest nodes in all but weak stems. Barren shoots none. Sheaths slightly rough, the lower ones shorter than, the upper ones longer than their leaves. Ligule prominent, rather blunt, longer than the diameter of the stem. Longest leaves 3 to 4 inches long b y 4 inch broad; the uppermost leaves, especially on the branches, under an inch lone. Panicle 1 to 4 inches long, more lax than in any of the other British species of Alopecurus. Glumes, exclusive of the awn, about } inch long, green, with darker bands along th e ribs, ulti- rad usually tinged with red or purple on the outside, and often with a purplish-brown spot at the apex. Keel of the glumes broadest - about one-fourth from the apex, and narrowing off from that point both to the apex and to the base, where it disappears. Awns slender, exserted for about the length of the spikelet. — yellow- ish-white or purple. : | the vies sometimes, when growing in barren ground, s are slightly aC e ulate at the base, but the habit of the stems resembles that of the canary-grass more "than it does the other species of A rus.
Slender Foz-tail Grass. French, Vulpin des champs. German, Acker-Fuchsschwanz.
This is an agrarian species, well known, under the name of Black Grass, as a common and detested weed in the poor exhausted arable field.
SPECIES I-A LOPECURUS PALUSTRIS. Prares MDCC. MDCCI. MDCCII.
Perennial. Stems more or less geniculate, honed! deccmnbest, and | often rooting at the basal joints, simple or branched knots. ee thin, with “numerous” “distant a ribs, or : = beg with a few greatly- : ‘slight
from the en |
24 | ENGLISH BOTANY.
more rarely terrestrial, the lower joints slender or slightly swollen, simple or branched from the lower knots. Leaves thin, with numer- ous close broad slightly-raised slightly-rough ribs, pale green, slightly glaucous. Panicle narrowly-cylindrical, rounded at the base and apex, frequently slightly attenuated towards the apex ; panicle- branches mostly with 2 to 4 spikelets. Spikelets oval-oblong. Glumes united only at the very base, obtuse, almost truncate, membranous, pubescent, a little shorter than the pales, pale green, with darker green stripes; keel not winged, ciliated with long stiff hairs through- out. Awn from a little below the middle of the pale and extending very little beyond the glumes. Anthers shortly-oblong, orange- scarlet or yellowish-white. In shallow pools, splashes, and ditches; very rarely on the ground. Local, and confined to the southern half of England, excluding apparently be heat hie reaching to Norfolk, from whence the specimen figured in the first edition of “English Botany ” was ob- tained; Gactworas Warwickshire (Mr. H. Bromwich): ; Oakmere, : hactiteh Aer C. Bailey); and Denbigh. Said to have been found by fe and Forfar, but: these counties cannot be included i in nfirmed.
+. - they have co:
: land. ‘Perennial. Early Summer to Autumn. _ Stems numerous, more or less decumbent at the base and genicu-— oe lat, sometimes with the lower joints slightly Sey 6 a 18 Sore
long, the upper ita ae Tarren shoots are gts ometimes ( :
GRAMINA, 25
Sus-Srecies I.—Alopecurus geniculatus. Prate MDCCI. Reich. Te. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXVIII. Fig. 472. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2164.
Stems geniculate, decumbent and usually rooting at the base, floating or terrestrial, the lower joints slender or rarely slightly swollen, simple, branched from the lower knots. Leaves thin, with numerous close broad slightly raised rough ribs, dull green, slightly glaucous. Panicle cylindrical, rounded at the base and apex, not tapering more towards the apex than the base; panicle-branches mostly with 2 to 4 spikelets. Spikelets oblong. Glumes united only at = Mot base, subacute, as long as the pales, , pubescent,
arth a fed coloured or more rarely green stripe on each side of jhe keel, and another at the apex, parallel to the inner margin; keel not winged, ciliated with long silky hairs throughout. Awn from below the middle of the pale and nearly as long again as the glumes. Anthers narrowly oblong, yellowish-white or purple, changing to orange-brown.
In meadows and wet places, and occasionally floating in the water in ponds and ditches. Common, and generally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer to Autumn.
Stems 3 to 18 inches long, geniculate, the last joint aes the panicle erect ; lowest joint sometimes glans swollen, when it has een mistaken for A. bulbosus. ves similar to t snes aioet He s
ol on ate
re, eee saat oe or ee a 7? £246.45 eee
art. “Aven ae 4 down on =e 8 ga, ich, even
26 ENGLISH BOTANY.
are certainly slight, but they appear to be quite constant. Both Mr. H. C. Watson and myself have raised A. fulvus from seed, and find it retains its characters, such as they are. A. pronus (Mitten) I have always understood to be a form of A. eniculatus, with the stems not geniculate. Dr. Hooker, however, in the “ Student's Flora,” says, it is a “ prostrate form” of A. pratensis. As I have not seen the plant, I am unable to offer any opinion. The Rev. W. W. Newbould informs me that from a casual examination of the specimens, named A. pronus, in Mr. Borrer’s Herbarium at Kew, he is inclined to think that there is either a mixture of speci- mens of A. geniculatus and A. pratensis, or that they are hybrids. If the latter be the case, probably A. pronus is the same as A. pratensis- geniculatus Wichura (A. hybridus, Wimmer), mentioned in Garcke’s ‘¢ Flora of Nord- und Mittel-Deutschland” (ed. vi. p. 438), of which I have specimens from Bremen, collected by Dr. Foeke.
Bent-stemmed Foxtail-Grass. French, _ genowillé. German, Geknieter Fuchsschwanz.
_ Hi— Alopecurus bulbosus. Linn. | -Prare MDCCII. , Reich, ts Fl. Germ. it Hale. Vol. 1. Tab. CLXXVIII. Fig. 474, -Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1355 Stems usually more or less eee erect, or decumbent but not rooting at the base, terrestrial, simple, the lowest joints swollen into an ovoid corm tapering upwards. Leaves rather thick, with
- “numerous close broad prominent slightly rough carti!
ribs, _ pale green, slightly glaucous. Panicle fusiform-cylindrieal, abruptly pointed at the base and apex, broadest in the middle; panicle- branches mostly with 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets narrowly oblong.
= _ Glumes free to the very base, acuminate and shortly mucronate, as long as the pales, somewhat parchmentlike, thinly pubescent, pale
green, with a dark lead-coloured stripe on each side of the keel, and another parallel to the inner margin at the apex; keel not > Sant ee are also the cee? with om capes hairs in the
GRAMINA. 27
been found by Mr. Drummond near Douglas, Cork, but has not been observed recently.
England. Perennial. Early Summer.
Extremely similar to A. geniculatus, but with the base of the stems swollen into bulblike corms. The lower joints of the stem are never rooting, the stem is more slender and rey, less geniculate, and the
upper leat commonly much further f the panicle than in A. ge-
niculatus. The leaves are narrower and have more prominent nerves than in A. geniculatus, and are commonly channelled. The panicle, which is # to 2 inches long, is more slender and more fusiform than that of A. geniculatus ; the ‘spikelets are narrower, but rather longer (4 inch). "The glumes are much more acuminate. Spit mucronate, and are — with fewer and shorter hairs ; the keel and ribs on
have long hairs, at least in the lower part, but not so long as those eo the keel of A. geniculatus.
I have never gathered A. bulbosus, but Mr. F. Stratton has sent me numerous fresh specimens from Brading, Isle of Wight, some of ren I have in cultivation.
m still in some doubt if A. fulvus, A. geniculatus, and A. ‘tices ought to be considered merely as subspecies of one super- species. Dr. Bromfield, in “ Phytol.,” ser. i. vol. ili. p. 1080, says, “T cannot rid my mind of the impression that A. bulbosus and fulvus are but states or perhaps permanent varieties of A. geniculatus, much as I should wish to be convinced to the contrary by the many and able botanists who still keep them apart.” And the Messrs. Paget, in the “ Nat. Hist. of Yarmouth,” say of A. fulvus, geniculatus, and
ilbosus, that they ‘‘ may be traced into one another by the closest
and most regular gradations.” I quote the last — from the a : Cacaieg Britannies,” not having access to the above-ns ee
oo Foctail-Grass.
28 ENGLISH BOTANY.
as long as the pales, somewhat parchmentlike, thinly pubescent, pale
2yish-green, with a dark green stripe on each side of the keel, and another parallel to the inner margin extending nearly to the base ; keel not winged, ciliated (as are also the ribs) with long silky hairs throughout. Awn from below the middle of the pales, dnd about as long again as the glumes. Anthers narrowly oblong, yellowish-white or purple, changing to orange-brown.
In meadows and pastures, and by roadsides, &c. Very common, and universally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer.
Czspitose, producing very gic stolons, which send up barren shoots at a short distance from the parent. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, rather stout, the uppermost leaf ey at a considerable distance below the panicle. Leaves of the barren shoots 9 to 18 inches long
by 4 to 8 broad; those of the flowering stem shorter, the uppermost -stem-leaf sometimes not more than 1 inch long; sheaths smooth; ligule blunt, about as long as broad. Panicle 1 to 3 inches long by £ t@ } inch broad. i: long, sine vt
?rofessor Babington salt. 1 base of the
"OTESSO} Bab Ine Tt : ‘in narshes the stem becomes fleshy, and the plant may be taken for A. bulbosus”
Meadow Foxtail-Grass. | French, pin des prés. German, Wiesen-Pucksscharans. m.: _s - . RE SM See | 7 7s, where it. is an extremely valuable pasture
gras beng relished Dy all cattle, i re del ath eer roto and
-
greater on a clayey loam than on & sandy soil, and that the quantity of nutritive of three to ten. It does not arrive at maturity _ till the pat gear at apearpne ya pees = is inferior to many grasses for ‘the purposes of - — eee: It fl
yields a con uae crop of leaves if mown
|
GRAMINA. 29
thick, with a few very prominent slightly rough cartilaginous ribs, bright green, not glaucous; ligule short, blunt. Panicle oblong- cylindrical, subtruncate at the base, abruptly rounded at the apex, broadest near the base; panicle-branches with 2 to 6 spikelets. Spikelets oval-oblong. Glames united at the base for about one-fourth of their length, subconnivent at the tips, gradually acuminate and acute, as long as the pales, at sca henncea: densely or thinly silky- pubescent, preenish-white, with a dark green or dark purple narrow stripe on each side of the keel, and another parallel to the inner margin extending nearly to the base; keel not winged, ciliated (as are also the ribs) with very long silky hairs throughout. Awn absent, or from a little below the middle of the pale, and extending beyond the glumes for about half their length, and often much less. Anthers oblong, yellowish-white. — Var. a, genuinus.
Panicle compact. Glumes slightly connivent, rather abruptly acu- minate, marked with green or greenish-black lines, rarely tinged with purple. Awn absent, or if present scarcely extending beyond the glumes.
Var. 8, Watsoni.
Panicle rather lax, usually longer than that of var. a. Glumes connivent at the tips, more gradually acute than those of var. a, with _ lead-coloured or purple lines, and ote nica also oie bee nar an | Awn extending es ceas the glumes for a = me-fourth of — their |
co
In wet t paces 0 on | mountains. i ‘Not untouen in the Jes — [ ns, reaching Canlochan @ SS
head .d sparingly above Loch Kander, hea of Glen Calter: in wich county it is said to occur also on
Ben-maec-dhui, and B
© Ben Lawers, W. H. Campbell,” but T never oni Bod te plant oa
mountain, though I searched for it careful ;” Ross and mr de given as ¢ ounties
oe
| : aa but T have not seen specimens from either. , Ve : n Cadickan Glen : a oe H.C. Watson) ; awe ok Kander, head of Glen ie, _ eee
ch-1 ee Fe em ae Te a ae
20 ENGLISH BOTANY.
shorter, and about 1 inch broad, differing from those of A. pratensis in the very greatly elevated ribs above and glossy smoothness beneath.
Spike 2 to 1} inch long, very ad from the long white hairs on the margins of the glumes. Spikelets } inch long.
‘ar. 8 shows some approach towards A. pratensis. Some of of my Glen Callater specimens are 2 feet high with as spike 1} inch long. Spikelets 1 inch long, the glumes more “gradually and more connivent: ‘at the tips than in var. a, and the awn purple and about half as long as the spikelet. The leaves, however, are precisely similar to those of A. alpinus, var. e, and very different trom those of A. pratensis and the continental A. nigrescens (Horn).
Alpine Foztail-Grass.
GENUS XUL—PHLEUM. Linn.
Spikelets persistent, subsessile, arranged in a very dense cylindrical or ovoid spikelike panicle, laterally compressed, nearly flat on each face, closed during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret, in some species with the rudiment of a second neuter one above it.
_ 2, gt _ than the eaniiets —— obliquely truncate
-onate parehn ke. Pales 2, scarious, oe bee one a hed tranente: and eels toothed at the a _ 3- or rarely 5-ribbed, rarely awned; the upper one with 2 approximate keels. Lodicules 2, bilobed. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rather long, or _ short; stigmas ioe thick, plumose, protruded at the apex of the floret. Caryops glabrous, os ovoid, gies compres 3¢ d, not channelled. |
‘Name from the Greek, @éwe, the name of the Saccharum cphelniced, Lam. (See Fraas. “ Synopsis,” p. 299.) : ;
SPECIES I. — PHLEUM ALPINUM. Linn. PLatE MDCCV.
eh To. Ft. Gorm. et Helv. Vol. L Tab. CLXXIX. Fig. 484. Fl. Gall. et G Germ. Exsicc. No. 1358.
rm : oie i inflateds Teale oe S = anicle varying fic Pi oid oo
W th the sides straight anc neate, terminating in a slightly
the base and apex, very oS
GRAMINA. 31
diverging awn, which is as long as the glumes; keel and some- times the scabrous awn ciliated with long stiff hairs. Lower pale 3-ribbed. Rudimentary floret absent.
In marshy places on mountains. Local. Not unfrequent in the glens of the Clova Mountains, Forfarshire. I gathered it in 1851 very sparingly on Ben Lawers, Perthshire, and abundantly on Loch- na-gar and Cairn-towl, Aberdeenshire; in this county it is also reported on good authority from the watercourse, Loch Kander, at the head of Loch Callander, Ben Avon, Ben-mac-dbui, Ben-a-buird, and Braeriach. It is also said to have been found by Dickson on Garvay Moor, Inver- ness-shire; but Dickson’s stations are not to be trusted.
Scotland: Perennial. Autumn.
Stem 3 to 18 inches high, usually more or less curved at the base. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, } to 4 inch broad, gradually tapering to
e point, rough on the edges; the uppermost one } to 1 inch long, much shorter than its sheath, which is slightly swollen. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long. Spikelets (exclusive of the awn) 3 inch long. Glumes parchmentlike, rounded-truncate at the apex, green on the back, more or less tinged with purple towards the edges and apex, ciliated with very long hairs on the keel, each one terminated by a long rough awn, which is without ciliz, except at the very base. :
In the typical Phleum alpinum of Scandinavia the awn is more or less ciliated; but in all the British specimens the awn is simply scabrous, or with a few cilie at the base: this form is identical with the Swiss plant named Phleum commutatum by Gaudin, which by general consent is now sunk under Phleum alpinum, Zinn. The form of the panicle and inflation of the upper sheath vary so much that —
they are worthless as
Alpine Timothy-Grass. ‘French, Fltole des Alpes. German, Gehirgslische.
mt Mighty elevated and sightly vw
on ENGLISH BOTANY.
dense. Spikelets spreading, narrowly oblong, with the sides straight and parallel towards the apex. Glumes treneates terminating in an erect scabrous awn, about half as long as the glumes; keel ciliated with long stiff hairs, the cilia ceasing a little way below the awn. Lower pale 3-ribbed. Rudimentary floret absent.
Var. a, genuinum. Pirate MDCCVI. P. pratense and P. intermedium, Jord. Bor. Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IL. p. 693. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXIX. Fig. 482. Billot, Fi. Gall. et Germ. Exsiee. No. 2759.
Stem erect, scarcely geniculate and rarely swollen at the base. Leaves broad. Spike thick, long, cylindrical. Glumes pale greenish,
a handeenad ea
— Te. Le. Tab. _CLXaI. Fig. = P. preteen Beinn, Jon ope FL du Centr. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 693.
Stems more or less decumbent ees pence and often swollen at the base. Leaves rather narrow. Spikes slender, usually more or less fusiform or ovoid. Glumes nearly white, with green keels, and often slightly tinged with purple.
Common, and universally distributed in England and the south of Scotland. More rare in the north, and probably introduced in the
A : Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetlands. Not abouts ies Vorlons Var. 6
‘ in Deid a common; but I do not possess specimens from any
of Fife, deere this is = eee a
GRAMINA. so
ae ioe moped widely different, they are completely connected by termediate forms. Anthers rs usually yellowish-white in var. B, Common Timothy-Grass. French, Fléole des prés. German, Timothee-Gras.
It is stated that this grass was first recommended for agricultural use about twenty years ago under the name of Timothy grass, an appellation it received from Timothy Hanson, who cultivated it on a considerable scale for agricultural purposes in North America. It is a hard coarse grass, not much liked by horses, goats, cows, or sheep, and swine refuse it.
Tt is used as a shifting grass crop in Canada, where on the shores of the lakes we have seen immense crops as tall as wheat with spikes quite half a foot long.
It is not used as a self-grass in England, as it is too long in coming to perfection ; but it is the chief source of the rough but nutritious winter fodder in some of the— States, where natural meadow does not yield the herbage that it does at home.
Timothy grass has been highly recommended for the purpose of hay, as the stems during the time the seeds are ripe co contain more nutritive matter than that of most other
superior quantity of nutritive matter in the stems of tlte seed crop. Mr. Sinclair therefore considers it unfit for cultivation by itself as a husbandry grass, but of great ee as a constituent of any mixture of grasses for permanent pasture, or the alternate
usbandry, where it should always form a part of the crop. It grows best in most aie soils, and is common throughout the whole of Britain
SPECIES II—-PHLEUM BOEHMERIL. Sehrad. Prats MDCOVIIL.
Reich. Te. FL Germ. et Helv. Vol. i Tab. CLAXX, Fig. oes . Bill . Exsice. No. 13.
stan and reer so ) at te ape rather dense. e . re
34 ENGLISH BOTANY.
In chalky and sandy fields. Very local. Bartlow Hills, Essex; Mildenhall and Kentford, Suffolk; Hardingham, Mundford, Beach- anwell, Narborough, and Martham, Norfolk; Hildersham (close by ‘the Essex station), Cambridgeshire, and formerly in several other stations in the same county; Hertfordshire. I have a specimen said to be collected in a chalk-pit near Rochester, Kent, by Mr. William Mclvor in 1846: it is an extremely luxuriant one, leading one to suspect that the example is a cultivated one.
England. Perennial. Summer.
Plant growing in small tufts, producing numerous stems from 3 to 20 inches high. Leaves with rough ribs and very rough 8, those even of the barren shoots short, from 1 to 3 inches, the “eer most ae oe 4 to + meh mies by 3 —_ broad. Panicle 4 2 to
— Purple-stalked Tint Grom -
sree ae s1V-PHLEUM, ARENARIUM. Linn, : - Phare MDCCIX. — . k ‘Reich, Te. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXX ms sone FL Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 477. ae is arenaria, Huds. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 222. Chilochloa arenaria, Pal. de Beaw:. Reich. Te. Le. p. 64. é Annual. - Stem erect or ascending from a curved or sighely 2 ae : Ame slender base, simple, or feinched at the base. Leaves flat, with ete ice elevated eee te smooth fe Be which : to 7 are :
ee eT ee ee ee
GRAMINA. 35
Links at Rattray Head, Aberdeenshire, but there appears to be no record of its occurrence on the west coast, though it has been found in the Isle of Man. Local, but widely distributed in Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Early Summer.
Plant growing in small tufts. Stems 2 inches to 1 foot high, the outer ones in each tuft geniculate at the base, and generally branched, with the branches very short, and commonly about equal in lengt oth among themselves in each tuft: in consequence of this a tuft of the plant has one set of panicles near the ground and another raised con- siderably above it. Leaves very short, rarely 1 inch long, } to 1 inch broad, the uppermost stem-leaf } to 2 inch long, with a very long ligule, that of the lower leaves being ne Spikelets } inch long. n with a dark k green band on each side of the keel,
: the Metatien th the | © of which are white and shining ; inner margins of the dikes farnished with a few bristles, shorter than those of the keel. Anthers yellowish-white.
Sand Timothy-Grass.
7@
Trine VI.—SESLERIEZ.
Spikelets closed during flowering, arranged in a dense cylindrical or ovoid or rarely unilateral spikelike panicle, slightly laterally com- _ pressed, each containing 2 to 13 perfect florets. Glumes equal, or the lower one shorter, but still very conspicuous. Pales 2, a o the lower one not keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short; stigmas 2, very =
long, protruded at the mae of the floret between the tips of the pal i. A : be bi ae eee : in
386 ENGLISH BOTANY.
dorsally compressed, convex on the back, flat and not furrowed, but with a basal impression on the face.
Named after Leonard Sesler, an Italian botanist.
SPECIES I-SESLERIA CHRULEA. Scop. Prate MDCCX. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXVIITI. Fig. 444.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 479. Cynosurus ceruleus, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 106.
Rootstock not stoloniferous. Leaves long, flat, parallel-sided, abruptly pointed and terminated by a very short mucro. Panicle spikelike, short, ovoid or oblong, rather lax. Spikelets 2- to 3-flowered. Glumes nearly as long as the florets, abruptly acuminated, usually denticulate towards the apex, terminated by an awn about one-fourth
_ their own length. Lower pale 5-ribbed, the midrib excurrent into a
short awn, about one-fourth the Jength of the pale, lateral ribs or at Teast one Agee of them also excurrent in the form of teeth or very
‘Oe ee cnpecalle noe a mica-slate, and a and on : ed ocal. It occurs in the counties of York, Durham, North-
dsuhertacd: Westmoreland, and Cumberland, and sisi in the Scotch : ‘Highlands, i in Perth, Stirling, and Ross. Local in Ireland, and ¢ con- _ fined to the western counties, from Lough ttc tes
— Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. —
- Plant growing in dense or more usually in loose tufts; in the former case, the ranches of the rootstock are short, in the latter often _ several inches long, with numerous radical fibres, and thickly clothed __ with the decayed sheaths and bases of the leaves. Stem 2 to 18 | inches long, very slender, leafy at the base, and with 1 or 2 ery § : leaves above the basal tuft, sed or less decumbent, at least in fruit,
when it is often prostrate-arching. Leaves variable in length and th even in the same pant 3 z a to 1 os et sets me
more or less rough on the : erous moy ) he
4
GRAMINA, 37
Trine VII.—AGROSTIDE#.
Spikelets open during flowering, arranged in a lax open panicle, or more rarely in a dense cylindrical spikelike panicle, laterally com- pressed, each containing a single perfect floret, sometimes with a superior rudimentary one, very rarely with 2 or more perfect florets. Glumes equal or unequal, at least one of them longer than the florets. Pales scarious, the lower one keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short; stigmas 2, protruded at the base of the florets between the margins of the pales. Caryops subcylindrical or compressed, with a furrow line on the inner face, loosely covered by the pales.
GENUS XV—GASTRIDIUM. Pal. de Beauv.
Spikelets shortly stalked, arranged in a narrow compact dense lobed panicle with short lateral branches which are spreading during flower- ing and afterwards adpressed, laterally compressed, open during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret without the rudiment of a second. Glumes 2, nearly equal, both much longer than the floret, bluntly keeled, acute but not awned, swollen and ultimately indurated at the base, subscarious. Pales 2, very unequal, hyaline,
the lower one very shortly bearded at the base, truncate and denticulate
at the apex, with or without a bent dorsal awn ; upper pale very ae 2
minute, with 2 keels. Lodicules 2, entire. Siaaenn s 8 Styles 2 Pe ron ae Se at the sides of the floret fee
38 ENGLISH BOTANY.
shining, glabrous, scabrous on the keel. Lower pale hairy or pube- scent, ipeclly towards the margins in the apical half. Awn from about one-fourth below the apex of the pale, nearly as long as the . ance. or even exceeding them, sometimes absent. In cornfields, dry pastures, roadsides, and waste places. Local. Confined to the south of England, reaching north to Glamorgan (or perhaps Flint), Warwick, and Norfolk.
— Annual. Summer, Autumn.
: seas smooth, the uj permost one nightly swollen, longer anicle
: to 4 ssl long, clove and lobed before and after flowering but = = branches oot Adee! es hastidesl are experied, ay ull s
" en ‘part 0 raging oe fos pin a foe - rte oreo ge pex of the glumes eee way beyond = - a a yellow.
Auned Nilgrass. Si 1B Snith my of thin, “An aumaal grog grown g (though rare) in such fields near the sea as are overflowed” It is This konetes: not confined to
the coast, as it occurs in Surrey. - o It is recorded by Mr. Pirin aos as having tun gtore nt Seer Valley (see “ Botany of Worcester,” p. 61), In this position i ee S of the sea-side flora which still lingers in rp cbit oc nn ag marine condition, when in fact this line of country j e of the “ oS —adaiel Sedans ndaptencoae oe
GRAMINA. 39
awn, subscarious. Pales 2, very unequal, membranous, the lower one bearded at the base, terminating in 2 bristles at the apex, and with an extremely long bent dorsal awn; upper pale shorter than the lower, with 2 keels. Lodicules 2, entire or denticulate. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, sessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the floret between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, free, _ elliptical-fusiform, slightly furrowed on the inner face. _
The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words Aaywe, a hare, and
obpa, a tail—hare’s tail.
SPECIES L-LAGURUS OVATUS. Lin.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XCI. Fig. 169. Billot, F). Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 182.
_ The only known species.
Sandy places by the sea. Very local. Near the most northern martello tower, Vazon Bay, Guernsey; L’Ancresse Common in the same island (Mr. ©. Bailey and Mrs. Russell); Sewer’s End, near Saf- fron Walden, Essex, about 1842, but no doubt a casual introduction.
Channel Islands. Annual. Early Summer.
Plant growing in tufts. Stems slightly geniculate at the base, then erect or ascending, unequal, 2 to 18 inches high, usually sae from the lower nodes, leafy towards the base. Leavesinthe Guernsey __
_ specimens 4 to 2 inches long. by 4 4 to = fick broad, ue clothe a as with white "soft pub ripper sheaths swollen and all | , ; ligule obtuse, aaah as long as broad, ’
SU Th! lay
ding beyond the clumes, | Pee d fully twi \ ‘ : — terminate the pale. Ant ers ye . . Ovate Hare ‘staid. as = :
- . spikelike before and after flowering. Pedicels
40 ENGLISH BOTANY.
GENUS XVIL—POLYPOGON. Desf.
Spikelets shortly stalked, arranged in a narrow compact cylindrical or lobed often spikelike panicle with short lateral branches which are spreading only during the time of flowering, laterally compressed, open during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret without the rudiment of a second. Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the floret, bluntly keeled, notched at the apex, with a long awn proceeding from the bottom of the notch, scarious. Pales 2, unequal, membranous, the lower one not bearded at the base, entire or denticulate, with a short awn from the back immediately below the apex, or awnless; upper pale smaller, with 2 keels. Lodicules 2, glabrous. Stamens 3.
Stigmas 2, subsessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets _ between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, free, ovoid, not compressed, with a shallow furrow on the inner face.
The derivation of oo name of this genus appears to be from zoAuvc, much, and : Toye, a ——— of the florets.
_ SPECIES I—POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS. Desf. Prare MDCCXIII.
_ Ie. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Yet E Teh UE Big 170. illot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. a /panicea, Ait. Sm. ‘Engl. oe oe Anipevicras: Mowepbtianain Linn. Spec. Plant. P. 89. A. paniceus, Lam. Fl. Fr. Vol. TIL. p. 560 Phleum crinitum, Schreb. Sm. Fl. Brit. Va Ep (a &
Annual. Panicle very dense, oblong, with Spproxt ate te spent a eo branches when in flower, but closed, cylindrical, s vy lobed
base, the upper portion thickened, as long as br a thi breadi eg ‘Measured at the apex), much short - than t
GRAMINA, eee
local. Near Porchester, and at several places in Portsea Island, Hants; Plumstead Practice Ground, immediately to the south of the butts, aud near Erith, Kent; near the “ World’s End,” Canvey Island, Essex, and found by Ray in the same county near Purfleet and a mile and a half above Tilbury Fort; Cley and Brancaster, Norfolk ; near St. Sampson’s, Guernsey. It has occurred as a casual by the Berkley Canal, Gloucester; and on the ballast heaps about Sunderland, Durham; and St. David’s, Fife.
— Annual. Summer, Autumn.
Plant in tufts with numerous stems, which are frequentl somewhat duce tent and geniculate and occasionally bechiett nf the base in luxuriant eeepes from 3 inches to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 6 inches = by } to } inch broad, with numerous slender very scabrous unequal ribe, pale green; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one swollen; ligule long, laciniate. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, more distinctly lobed in the larger examples than in the smaller. Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, +); inch long. Glumes membranous, whitish, | with a green stripe from the base of the awn “rind to the base on each side of the keel. Awns white, giving a be appearance to the panicle, especially i in the larger examples. n, de France,” and Professor Parlatore, ae ai Italiana,” describe the glumes as entire; they are not so in the dried British, nor in any foreign specimens that I have examined, but I have not had fresh examples to see if the glumes were entire in such. The apical lobes of the glumes, however, are much shorter and blunter than in P. maritimus ( Willd), w hich i is a et me of P. oo which :
not been detected oe
InP. Mosapeluede 4 re bee pales mais long as the glumes,
and the outer pales may be fo und in the | —— awns, and oe 2 =
_ SPECIES 11-POLYPOGON LITTORALIS. ‘Sm.
ae _ they would have had a wider range, and have occurred less ha i:
42 ENGLISH BOTANY.
when in flower, but closed, oblong-fusiform, much lobed, and scarcely spikelike before and after flowering. Pedicels articulated at the base, _ upwards, longer than broad. Glumes acuminate, acute, indistinctly notched at the apex, with very minute acute lobes, finely scabrous-pubescent, ciliated with thick cartilaginous hairs on the keel slender ones on the margins and apex, with a scabrous dorsal awn inging immediately below the apex, from one-half to three-fourths as bes as the glumes. Lower pale acuminate and bidentate at the apex, with a very slightly scabrous awn from the bottom of the notch, varying from as long as to two and a half times as long as the re marshes near the sea and tidal rivers. Very local, usually growing with P. Monspeliensis. Near Porchester and Portaes, Hants; Plumstead Practice Ground, and near Erith, Kent; Essex coast (?), said to have been found by Dickson, but not confirmed by recent cneeress Cley and near Wells, Norfolk; St. Sampson’s, Guernsey.
_ England. Perennial. Summer. : Stems 9 inches to 8 fest high Longest lesres 2 to 6 inches long ppl yap ee ar esha var age
> I
1g considera i: roeeier to that * Inch pa laine of the awns. : oe of P. Monspeliensi
Pos eed Diese Both species are very free seeding grasses, and thidie seniin genet Siaidity Ga cates tion in any part of England, so that were these grasses part of our aboriginal Flora, sparingly, They are grasses, against which no ee should — ieee omens
*
GRAMINA. 43
acute but not awned, scarious. Pales 2, unequal, hyaline, the lower one very slightly bearded at the base, keeled, truncate and denticulate at the apex (rarely acute and entire), with or without a bent dorsal awn; the upper one smaller, with 2 keels, or sometimes very minute or ‘kent. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3, more rarely]. Stigmas 2, subsessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, free, elliptical-ovoid, not compremed: with a shallow furrow on the inner face.
The name of this genus is derived from the Greek aypwortc, the name of some grass, perhaps from daypdc, a field.
Section I—APERA. Pal. de Beauv.
Lower glume smaller than the upper one. Lower pale entire, with an awn a little below the apex more than thrice as long as the pale; upper pale little shorter than the lower one.
SPECIES I-AGROSTIS ANEMAGROSTIS. Pirates MDCCXV. MDCCXVI.
Annual. Without radical leaves. Panicle lax, open during and after flowering or always closed. Lower glume shorter and narrower than the upper one. Lower pale longer than the lower glume, acute. Awn dorsal, slender, slightly bent, from immediately below the apex of the pale, three to four times the ‘Tength of the pale. Aid ae pale but little shorter than the lower.
44 ENGLISH BOTANY,
Stems several, 8 inches to 3 feet high, erect, straight, or slightly geniculate at the base, simple or branched from the lower nodes. Longest leaves 2 to 5 inches long by } to 1 inch broad, with numerous slender rough ribs, pale dull green; sheaths slightly rough, the
uppermost one not inflated, only than its leaf; ligule long, laciniate. Panicle 2 to 10 inches long by 1 to 5 inches broad when expanded, green or more or less coed with purplish-brown, ultimately pale olive. Panicle-branches capillary, oe, the longer ones bare of florets for half their length. Spikelets j', inch long, exclusive of the awns. Glumes scabrous on the back. Awns very long and slender. I have retained the name A. Spica-venti for this subspecies, because
been known by this name as distinct from A. interrupta from ce time of Linnzus; and under these ecompeeasibes it seems the least of two evils to give an entirely new name to the superspecies.
Apera purpurea of Palisot de Beauvais, a South European variety
of A. ‘ Seacasw sas, with short but spreading branches, is the connecting link between A. Spica-venti and A. interrupta.
Spreading Silky Bent-Grass. oe Agrostide jouet du vent. German, Gemeiner Windhaln.
Citi open =~ via ac te a
it
Sus-Srrcms I.—Agrostis i PLATE spate
"Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. . Fig. 128.
Apera interrupta, Pal. de Beauv. Bab. Saat Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 406. Koch, Syn.
Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 904. Reich. Ie. lc. p. 7.
emagrostis interrupta, Trin. Fund. Agr. p. 18. : ‘Paid closed before, during, and after flowering. Longest ‘ae _ branches usually shorter than the internode between them and the : boned se the shorter ones bearing eens to the base. _ Anthers :
GRAMINA. 45
shorter than the internodes, and always adpressed. This and the vee anthers seem the only tangible distinctions between A. inter- and A. Spica-venti. The spikelets of the two are undistinguish- able e, cesta that those of A. interrupta appear to be always green, ever tinged with purple. Dense-flowered Silky Bent-Grass. German, Unterbrochener Windhalm. This species is found in the same fields with the former one. It is of no agricultural value, but its presence indicates light land.
Section 11.—TRICHODIUM. Mich.
Lower glume larger than the upper one. Lower pale truncate and denticulate at the apex. Awn from about or below the middle or near the base of the pale, not extending beyond the pale more than the length of the latter. Upper pale absent or very minute.
SPECIES I1I—AGROSTIS SETACEA. Cur. Pirate MDCCXVIL. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1977. Trichodium setaceum, Rim. & Schultes, ioe Veg. Vol. II. p. 280. Vilfa setacea, Pal. de Beawv. Agrost. p
Densely cespitose, without cline Stems erect or ascending, not
Yooting at the base. Radical leaves numerous, in compact erect
fascicles, setaceous, involute, glaucous. Stem leaves few, short, alittle | broader than the radical Jeaves, involute; sheaths nearly smooth, th
46 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Plant growing in dense tufts. Radical leaves very numerous, 2 to 9 inches long, very slender, always much shorter than the stem. Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, smooth. Uppermost stem leaf $ to 1 inch long.
anicle 1 to 4 inches long, even in the latter case with the branches ; not more than an inch long. Spikelets 1 to Linch long. Glumes green, tinged with purple, especially towards the margins and apex, ulti- mately straw-colour. Anthers oblong, purple.
According to Dr. Bromfield the panicle is but little expanded at any time, spreading a little only in fine weather and at certain times of the day, and collapsing even then when gathered.
The awn is usually described as s springing from the base of the pale, but in the specimens ee = Isle of Wight, Devon, and Cornw which [ have examined, i s from a point a little below halfway between the middle and the aes of the pale.
Bristle-leaved Bent Grass. SPECIES TII—AGROSTIS CANINA. Lim. Prare MDCCXVIII. ae To. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. LXXIV. Figs. 128 and 129.
“— Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ . Exsiec. No, 3486. 'ieakoie
, Schrad. Rom. & Schultes, ‘ata Veg. Vol. IL. p. 277. Agrulancaninay, Pal. de Bon. Agron. p 5.
a Loosely ceespitose, with c or without stolons. oo erect or ascending,
_ few, in loose trailing fascicles, setaceous, involute, green (in the British plant). Stem leaves several, moderately long, linear, flat; sheaths quite si smooth, the uppermost one not above ‘iene as long as its leaf; ligule oblong: -lanceolate, long, scarcely laciniate. Panicle oval-oblong,
Tax, open during flowering, ae irregularly closed afterwards; __ branches long, longer than the internodes of the rachis, slightly ace all of them bare of florets towards the base for about half their length. . Glumes broadly lanceolate, acuminate, lower one a little longer and der than the other, scabrous on the keel throughout. Lower pale fourths bees ebepeae of the — ue. ssietid truncate, _
nO
GRAMINA. 47
what channelled, 1 to 4 inches long. Stem leaves 3 or 4, the upper- most one 1 to 3 inches long, by 745 to $ inch broad; sheaths quite smooth, the uppermost one less than twice as long as its leaf; ligule long, laciniate at the apex vid: Panicle 1 to 5 inches long; panicle-branches very slender, the longest 1 to 24 incheslong. Spikelets 7/5 inch long, exclusive of the awns. Glumes b — with a green mi midrib, rarely wholly pale green. Anthers oblong, purple, tg ed in pro- portion than those of A. setacea. Lower “pale longer in proportion to the glumes, and with a much narrower truncate apex hh that of A. setacea, and differing also in having the 2 excurrent ribs forming only small teeth, not short sete.
The very lax panicle and the root leaves not being densely tufted distinguish A. canina from A. setacea at first sight.
Brown Bent Grass. French, Agrostide des chiens. German, Hunds-Straussgras.
Section II]._EU-AGROSTIS. Godr.
Lower glume a little larger than the upper one. Lower pale trun- cate and denticulate at the apex. Awn absent or from below the middle of the pale. Upper pale conspicuous, at least half as long as the outer.
SPECIES IV—AGROSTIS ALBA. Linn. Prares MDCCXIX. MDCCXX.
Raich oP. Gorm. ob lr, Vol I. Tab. XY. and XVI Fig. 18 fo 196, : rapinieanie re ess ore emer 9. Linn. ex part
: and bear a considerable resemblance to those of Alope
Ye ENGLISH BOTANY.
thirds of the length of the pale beyond its apex. Upper pale about three-fourths the length of the lower one.
Var. a, genuina. Prats MDCCXIX. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1361. A. alba, Sm. Engl. Bot. No. 1189. 2
Stem rooting only at the base. Panicle lax, branches mostly bare
of florets at the base. Var. 8, stolonifera. Sm. Prats MDCCXX. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 3938. A. stolonifera, Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1532. Linn. (?) ex parte. A. alba, var. B, subrepens, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 407.
Stem rooting extensively at the lower joints. Panicle dense, some- aa spikelike and lobed before and after flowering, with the branches _ much more numerous at each node of the rachis than in var. a, and
_ most of the shorter ones furnished with spikelets down to the —. Tn marshes, meadows, damp woods, and pastures, and frequently : floating i in shallow water. Very common, and generally featbaied. Var. B, on sands and clayey banks, chiefly by the sea and tidal rivers from Devon and the — Wight north to —— _ Orkney. , England, Seti Indand Pocanal Scnnie Astana A very variable plant, scarcely tufted, and with elongate barren _ shoots which sometimes, when floating in water, attain a great length
and A. geniculatus. Flowering stems 1 to 3 feet hi high. - “Leaves all similar, the lon ngest ones 3 inches to i foot long by } to} inch one — = to 9 inches ae sually dor but in var. 6 -
ie 36, —
; ari ty nt =
a
GRAMINA. 49
essor Buckman writes: ‘“‘ Our own experiments have convinced us that several acknowledged varieties can be grown from the seed of a single plant, and we have no doubt but that additional permanent forms may be easily obtained.
“ The presence or absence of the awn, or its relative length, is by no means certain ;
80 the — is longer or smailer, and the stolons longer or shorter, according to
; but a slut which will grow in a wet ditch, on the tops of the
stony Cotswolda or mat together the sands of Dorset and other districts, may be expected to be as variable in its size and appearance as it 1 is catholic in its tastes.
mmen
“ At the same time,” says Sinclair, ‘‘it is a poor grass, and — will not eat much of it, if other kinds are plentiful.”
It may be well © remark that in a field once under the plough, near Cirencester, but afterwards made part of an irrigated meadow, the Agrostis assumed the same form as in the neighbouring irrigated fields, thus changing from <A. alba to A. alba var. stolonifera under irrigation ; and we have no doubt the true A. alba of the wet meadow would change in the arable to the congested form. The A. alba var. stolo- nifera is nevertheless an established agrarian weed; and when we say that over a
part of England this plant costs the farmer ae 1s. to 20s. an acre to keep it in check, some notion may be formed of its hindrance to farming, when it is allowed by an outgoing tenant to make head, as the loss indicated does not represent the failure in crops from its occupying the place of the crop plant itself.
Consequent on the neglect of this pest, Professor Buckman calculates that for the last seven years it has cost him a rent-charge of fourteen per cent.
This shows how important it is to keep land free from this and every other kind of couch grass, for, as it must be removed if good crops are to be obtained, it will be found that a great part of the expense of labour and machinery on a farm is after all connected more or less therewith, and of all couchlike grasses the A. stolonifera or Fiorin is the most troublesome. The collected rhizomes of this and Triticum haye | been recommended to leg Wars dg too ee geo lac pare aa gaat that it contains a bitter tracti t at all
50 ENGLISH BOTANY.
the back from the middle to the apex. Outer pale about two-thirds the length of the lower glume, narrowly truncate, and with 2 minute teeth at the apex. Awn usually absent; when present, from below the middle of the pale and extending about two-thirds the length of the pale beyond its apex. Upper pale about two-thirds the length of the lower one. Var. a, genuina. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. LXXV. Fig. 13. Stems tall, at least five or six times as long as the panicle.
Var. B, pumila. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. LXXV. Fig. 132. A. pumila, Linn. Mant. 1. p. 31. D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. II. p. 22. Stems very short, as long as to thrice as long as the panicle. Leaves narrower ; : epikelete smaller ; and glumes broader than in var. @. On dey heaths and pastures, and by roadsides. Common and _ universally distributed. Var. @ chiefly in hilly districts, and dry barge paces from eS ee ree Kent north to Skye and Aberdeen,
gle at Het . Per esc a oo Autumn, _Very similar to ll, with which h hiti ften confounded, but it
hie
| ing, , but afterwards, and byt the trichotomous divisions —— <i conn’ i ——— eons RF grees are smaller, “heist
poe never hosting The eo are Seton wolee'g ; fe of ~ esi oo
= - Ramil 410 inch
I IR Se EE = os 3 e i ct 7 : z ee a sit es * rf
GRAMINA. I
This grass is said to be disliked by cattle generally, and is not of sufficient import- ance to merit the attention of agriculturists. It grows on dry heaths and pastures, sometimes at an elevation of nearly 2,000 feet above the sea.
GENUS XIX.—-PSAMMA. Pal. de Beauv.
Spikelets shortly stalked, arranged in a very dense fusiform-cylin- drical or slightly lobed spikelike panicle which has short adpressed lateral branches, laterally compressed, biconvex, open during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret, with the superior stalklike rudiment of a second. Glumes 2, nearly equal, a little longer than the floret, keeled, acute, but not awned, parchmentlike. ales 2, nearly equal, parchmentlike, the lower one shortly bearded at the base, keeled, 5-ribbed, bidentate and mucronate at the apex, very shortly awned; the upper one with 2 keels. Lodicules 2, lanceolate. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas 2, sessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, free, oblong, deeply furrowed on the inner face.
The derivation of the name of this genus of grasses is from the Greek word Wapypn, sand, in allusion to the locality in which the species delights.
SPECIESI—PSAMMA ARENARIA. Rém. & Schultes. Pirate MDCCXXII. Reich. Ic. Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. Vol. I. Tab, LXXXV. hee 157.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1779.
Ps. littoralis, Pal. md Pou. Agrost. p. hila , Host ;
ae oe "Past, FL Ital. Vol. L p. 214. Sen. Eno, PL = oo
Jn lo s sand ay r = Rather ¢ oe nos a n,
52 ENGLISH BOTANY.
filled wita pith. “es about as long - shoe stem, rigid, channelled or involute, with numerous thick | ous negeniad pubescent glaucous ribs above; feavee. = of lnseaciaat barren shoots,
sometimes nearly flat, and then about 1 inch broad, but the aaa leaves not above half that width; sheaths smooth; ligule very long, laciniate. Panicle 3 to 6 inches long by about 2 inch wide, attenuated at the base and apex, very dense. Glames | 4 inch — rough on the keel in the upper half. Pales about +! Linch shorter than the glumes, the lower one of the same parchmentlike texture as the glumes, and with a very short awn from a little below the apex, and not extending greatly beyond it, often not at all. Hairs at the base of the pales less than half their 1 length. Inner pale nearly as long as the outer, but of a thinner texture.
Leaves resembling those of Triticum junceum, but longer, more erect and more rigid, all of them becoming almost convolute when dry.
Murram. German, Gemeiner Sandhalm.
is known as Mat Grass, or Murram. Dr. Prior says the latter name is ae from the Gaelic muram, or the Danish marhalm, sea haulm or straw. Its value as a natural sand-binder cannot be overrated ; many thousand acres, on various parts of our coast, are preserved from being overwhelmed by the drifting sand by means of its agency. » the —_— — ~ fs Jast eatery & jarge district on the eastern side of Scotl d and rendered
mo b — fy cae Py cage pe) 1 ee eaves ~f 41h, 5 p- rh a 5 3
in afew
to the weaken ddebeuctinn of the Murram that grew upon it. This g
_ found growing on sandy shores, should always be ‘carefully preserved by of lea Acts =. boheicoer ine — been passed to protect it, —
of the eonst ine, an
1. ae ef
- embankments. te this it may i praia that 34 is . : but inasmuch as we have grown it on the sandy clays of the I from the s oe
GRAMINA. 53
with a stalklike superior rudiment. Glumes 2, nearly equal, or the lower one a little longer than the upper, much longer than the florets, parchmentlike or membranous, keeled, very acute or mucronate, but not awned. Pales 2, unequal, the lower one conspicuously bearded at the base, keeled, truncate or denticulate at the apex, with a straight or bent dorsal or subapical awn; upper pale smaller, with 2 small keels on the back. Lodicules 2, lanceolate. Stamens 3. Stigmas subsessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, free, narrowly oblong and slightly dorsally compressed.
The name of this genus of grasses is derived from xaAapoc, a reed, and &ypwartc, @ grass.
SPECIESI-CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEIOS. oth. ‘Pirate MDCCXXIT. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. LXXXITV. Fig. 154. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 687. Arundo Epigeios, Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i: No. 403; and Engl. FI. Vol. L p. 169.
Leaves broadly linear, firm, with numerous raised cartilaginous nearly equal rough ribs and very scabrous margins, dull green, slightly glaucous; sheaths slightly rough, the upper one longer than its leaf; ligule very long, lanceolate, laciniate. Panicle erect, chiong-tnnceclaie,
or lanceolate-cylindrical, rather dense, closed and lobed, except at the moment of flowering, when it opens slightly ; panicle-branches very rough. Spikelets crowded = subunilateral on the ultimate branches _
of = ae nes lance olte-buate, ea! scabrous: on . the 2
54 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Rootstock creeping, with long scaly stolons. Stems 2 to 6 feet high, stout, rough, erect. Leaves of the barren radical tuft 1 to 2 feet long, the lower stem leaves COnSEIEFSUTY longer, the uppermost one 6 inches to 1 foot or more long, 3 to 3 inch broad, flat, but becoming acess when the plant is gathered or late in the season, when they
: wither. Panicle 6 inches to 1 foot long, 1 to 2 inches broad; rary very numerous at each node, forming half-whorls, the longest from 2 to 3 inches, unbranched and bare of spikelets for about half their length at the base, the shorter ones branched to about } inch from the base. Spikelets nearly } inch long, usually dull purple a purplish-brown, but sometimes wholly pale green. Hairs white, ultimately about as long as the glumes.
Wood Small Reed. French, Arundo épigeios. German, Land-Schilf. This is one of our handsomest grasses, and would seem to be more common than is generally mie We have found it in quantity in the woods at Oakley Park, _ Cirencester. I iSiesr de aga bee woods of Dorset. Its silky hairs give the — . g asp tol Sage ae ae
ek ee ot Helv. ‘Vol. Lab. XXXII eo ee Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 418. _ SACS ahs coos nig, Sin. ce Bot. ed. i. No. 2159; sod Bog. Vol 1 Pp AeU,.
| ae linear, fianeia: wish numerous siete si goal puberuent ribs es porate in the uppermost leaves) and finely scabrous 1 | pale green; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one about as long « as its Meads Teale rather short, oblong, laciniate. Panicle drooping at the apex, broadly oblong-lanceolate, rather lax, loosely a irregulafly - _ ¢losed before and after flowering, at which time it is widely =_ oe le-branches slightly rough. Spikelets laxly placed all x round : ultimate branches of the panicle. Glumes lanceolate. late,
j rough « on ome ive in win —— perine membranous.
GRAMINA. 55
in England, extending from Devon, Isle of Wight, and Kent to Lan- cashire and Worhambarlaad said to occur near Pennicuik, Edin- burgh, planted ( ?).
England. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn.
Rootstock creeping, with lone stolons. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, much more slender and smooth than that of C. Epigeios. Leaves + to + inch broad, much less pid, and with the ribs little elevated, and every third or fourth rib stronger than the others. Panicle 3 to
9 inches long. Branches more slender, smaller, and fewer at each node than in the panicle of C. Epigeios. Glumes +3, inch long, brownish-purple, rarely green. Inner pale not at all bifid, and with the extremely short awn springing from near the apex of the pale instead of from the middle, as in C. Epigeios.
The earlier British botanists, such elndcon and Withering, trans- posed the names of this and the last species, from a Linnean error in
quoting the synonyms. Purple-flowered Small Reed. French, Calamgrostis lancéolé. German, Lanzettliches Schilf.
SPECIES Il-CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA. Nutt.
Piares MDCCXXV. MDCCXXVI.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. LX XVIII. Fig. 142.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 3936.
C. neglecta, Fl. Wett. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 7
Arundo stricta, Schrad. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No, 2160; and Engl. Fl. Vol. x
RI7L a ek Beitr. Vol. VL p. 137. Pinna pean: Enum. Plant. VoL eS 249.
56 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. a, genuina. Pirate MDCCXXYV. C. stricta, Hook. Brit. Fl. ed. iv. p. 34.
Uppermost ligule scarcely so long as broad, very obtuse. Lowest glume lanceolate, gradually tapering to the point; upper glume elliptical-lanceolate, rather abruptly acute. Awn scarcely exceeding the lower pale. Hairs at the base of the florets about half as long as the glumes.
Var. 6, Hookert. Pratre MDCCXXVI. C. Lapponica, Hook. Brit. Fl. ed. iv. p. 34 (non Hartm.).
Ligule rather longer than broad, subacute. Both glumes elliptical-
lanceolate and abruptly pointed, but the upper one a little broader than the lower. Awn slightly exceeding the lower pale. Hairs at
| the base of the florets about three-fourths the length of the glumes. Panicle shorter and denser than in var. «.
_ In marshes on the gravelly shores of lakes. Very rare. Formerly found at Whitemore Marsh, about a mile from Forfar, but now de- stroyed by drainage; Oakmere, Cheshire. Var. @ confined to Ireland.
On the shores and islands of — Neagh, in the counties Ar- magh (?),* Antrim, and Derry.
England, [Scotland] (extinct), I — (var. p only). Pere .
Rootstock shortly creeping, with rather short slender lite:
Stems 1 to 3 feet high, slender, erect, radical leaves very slender, 6 inches to 1 foot long, those of the stem a little broader (about Jy as fom — and 3 to 1 6 ee Foe le Panicle 3 to 8 inches long in the © oe dak mer Glomes ee with a broad —
ji longer SP tay it ought to indebted to Mr. S. A. stewart,
; : j
GRAMINA. yf
seem to be from the books. I cannot find it at Babington’s station on Shane’s Castle Island. It is certainly extinct on Harbour Island, as I fear is the fate also of Carex Buxbaumii. On the little islet near Magharry it is in some plenty, but the bounds are so small that it
will scarcely continue very long even there. The Rev. Mr. Robin-
son had another station on the County Tyrone shore of Lough Neagh, but he has not seen it for some time, and fears that it has disappeared from that station also.” Mr. Stewart could not find a single specimen in the station in County Derry, where he gathered it four years ago. Narrow Small Reed. German, Vernachlissigtes Schilf.
Tre VITI.—PHRAGMITIDE.
Spikelets open during flowering, arranged in a lax open panicle, late-
ly compressed, each containing 1 to 7 perfect florets, sometimes with a male one at the base. Glumes equal or slightly unequal, as long as or shorter than the florets. Pales 2, scarious, the lower one keeled. Stamens 3. Styles long; stigmas 2, protruded near the apex of the florets, between the margins of the pales. Caryops laterally com- pressed.
GENUS XXI.—P HRAGMITE S. Trin.
Spikelets stalked, pie oo in a loose open panicle, with ene
sare ne at = petal seo of flowering, : :
1 to 6 stalked perfect ie cath pete ae one at the cee a . Glumes 2, very SS the lower ¢ one much oe cmon es —
‘brou , free, oblong-ovoid, ora ras 3e name of this pees of grasses is derived from or a sete,
58 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES L_-PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS. Zrin. Prare MDCCXXVII. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXXXYV. Fig. 502. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 90. Arundo Phragmites, Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 401; and Engl. Fi. Vol. I. p- 168.
Leaves rough on the edges ; ligule composed of very short equal
hairs. Glumes very acute, entire at the apex.
Var. a, vulgaris. Gren. & Godr. Arundo Phragmites, “ Merat.” Dwmort. Agrost. Belg. p. 125. Stems erect. Spikelets 3- to 6-flowered.
Var. 8, nigricans. Gren. & Godr. A. nigricans, “ Morn” Dumort. Agrost. Belg. p. 125, and Tab. IX. Fig. 35. _A. Pseudo-phrag tes, Lej. “Spa. Vol. I. p- 43.” Test. Gren. & Godr. . Stems erect. _ Spikelets 1- to 2-flowered. _ Stems shorter and more ves nar’ -and panicle much sn r than i in var. a.
satealting from Conswall, the Tele of Wight, and ener to Coa ind | ae Shetland. Var. 6, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and ay elsewhere. - Var. y, on the south shore of the Isle of Wight.
England, Scotland, — Perennial. Late snouts
2 -Rootstock extensively er g, thick, and articulated. Seas, 3 to 58 feet high or more in var. a. Radical - none. Leaves numerous, often secund, the longest 9 to 18 inches 2 to iyinch tg — penpals eat to the acute
~~
GRAMINA, 59
Var. 8 is probably merely a depauperate state of Ph. communis, though the acute Dumortier admits it asa species. In it the stems are from 18 inches to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long by } to 3 inch broad, more glaucous than in var. 2. Panicle 3 to 6 inches. long, with the pikes blacker than in var. #, each containing a single male floret, sometimes with 1 female one above it.
Var. y I have not seen. Dr. Bromfield describes it as springing from the steep —— banks of wet clay on the southern shores of the Isle of Wight, with the stems “ depending like long and slender ropes, or trailing i ina straight or serpentine direction, on the shingly beach or smooth and level sand, and that without rooting at the joints, to the length of 20, or 40, or even 50 feet. I have never observed the ex- tremities of the stolons to blossom under these circumstances, as indeed they could scarcely be expected to do with so exhausting a length of _ iihetat) the leaves too are very short, as if imperfectly developed,
sasionally a few radicles are em from one or other of the Phytol.” vol. i. p. 146. : Common Reed. _ French, Roseau commun. German, Gemeines Rohr.
Although this grass has no agricultural merits, yet it is serviceable in many points of view. In Sweden the country people use the panicle to dye woollen cloth green. The reeds are used for thatching, and are found to be more durable than straw. Garden screens are made of them, and they form a good foundation for plaster floors ; they are also in demand by brickmakers. Till the introduction (in the seventh century) of pens made boise = Berd of birds, they were used for writing. They
also occasionally serve for arrows. The young shoots when cut off from the root
where not mane to the light, ‘make an excellent ee. The nest of > sedge-
is g y : ad. Peiguciapials ses ee ee
mere —. a age food oes. _—. laeedevas nn —
60 ENGLISH BOTANY.
margins of the pales. Caryops fusiform, with a furrow on the inner face, closely covered by the pales.
GENUS XXU.—MILIUM. Linn.
Spikelets stalked, arranged in a loose open panicle with elongate branches which are spreading at least during the time of flowering, slightly dorsally compressed, biconvex, open during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret, without the rudiment of another. Glumes 2, nearly equal, as long as the florets, concave, pointed but not awned, subherbaceous. Pales 2, equal, shining, not keeled, not awned, not bearded at the base, subcoriaceous ultimately undurated, the upper one concave, notched at the apex, embraced by the lower one. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3. Styles 2, short; stigmas plumose, protruded at the sides of the floret between the basal margins of the one Caryops _ free, oblong, dorsally eoenpreased, flattened
and furrowed on the inner face.
a. iiss ie en of ‘grasses is ee ey a thousand, or the Celtic Se i this haces ak
of me HaLrGiess Ul LOS secus.
| SPECIES 1-MILT UM EFFUSUM. Linn. : : PL ATE MDCC "ahs ‘
Reich: Te. FL Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. a Fig. 159. Pilot, Fi. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1 Agrostis effusa, D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. Ti. ae":
Perennial. Stem smooth. Leaves broadly I ftacai: Panicle large,
compound, lax; panicle-branches capillary, very unequal, slightly SS
rough, in half whorls, spreading-deflexed. Spikelets distant. ‘Glumes oval, acute, very slightly shagreened. cs In woods. Not uncommon in England. Move rare Ta Sadhana at least to the north of the Forth and Clyde, but extending to = : oT Rather rare in Ireland, but widely distributed.
Scotland, lease "Perennial. ‘Summer. .¢ x short stolons and tufts of
GRAMINA. 61
spread i ypreatertal unbranched for half of their length, or more. Prikelets 4 inch long. Glumes pale green, rather dim, with numerous very minute rounded points on their surface, and 3 faint ribs. Outer pale a little shorter than the glume, ultimately hard, shining, and yellowish. Anthers yellow
Plant with much the habit of the lax-panicled species of the genus Panicum, to which some authors think Milium allied, considering that the lower glume is wanting, and what is here described as the lower glume is really the upper glume, and the apparent upper glume is the solitary pale of a neuter floret.
Wood Millet Grass. French, Millet étalé. German, Gemeines Flattergras.
This grass in its natural state seems to be confined to woods as its place of growth. When transplanted, however, it will thrive and grow in open exposed situations. Birds are remarkably fond of the seeds; and near game covers a better grass cannot _ be encouraged, as it saves the cornfields.
Trine X.—AVENE.
Spikelets open during flowering, arranged in a lax open panicle or rarely in a cylindrical or ovoid spikelike panicle, cylindrical or slightly laterally compressed, each containing commonly 2 or 3 perfect florets, sometimes the upper one neuter, and very rarely the lowest one male ; rarely there are 4 to 9 perfect florets. Glumes usually as long or longer than the florets. Pales herbaceous or scarious, the lower one rounded or keeled on the back, often ultimately indurated, with a — dorsal awn which is commonly twisted and bent. Style very short or _
absent; stigmas 2, protruded at the base of the florets between the a ie
margins of the pales, or rarely included. Caryops eee compressed | and ioceu or slightly —— — sed, d, and w a far ,
- GENUS XXII—CORY¥NEPHORUS. Pa a Besws. - Spikelets stalked, arranged in a rather com
oe
pact panicle with short
branches which are spreading only during the time of flowering,
lich ghdly. laterally compressed, biconvex, open during flowering, each , 2 perfect florets, the lower one sessile, the upper one stalked.
: nearly equal, longer than the florets, keeled, pointed but
4 = Pales 2, — scarious, the lower one ¢ 1 ; got al awn, which is jointed
el rate i in ‘the upper portion, and with a ri Ted —
artic was = 6 Sees at the
62 ENGLISH BOTANY.
apex, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, bifid. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, terminal, sessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets, between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, ovoid, with a narrow furrow on the inner face.
The name of this genus of grasses is derived from the Greek words xopwrn, a club, and %opde, bearing.
SPECIES L-CORYNEPHORUS CANESCENS. Pal. de Beaw. . Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XCIV. Fig. 178 Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 91. Aira canescens, Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1190; and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 105. Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 437. - Perennial. Stems fasciculate, usually geniculate at the base. Radi- cal = densely fasciculate, very numerous, setaceous, very rough, _ glaucous. Panicle oblong-lanceolate and open during flowering, ahier: — par ney rowly oblong, and lobed ; panicle-branches short. ar a Heed shorter than the glumes, its terminal portion filiform, gradually dilated upwards until at the apex it becomes nearly a as bas as fee lower portion. —— On sandy coasts. Very rare. The only places in Britain where there can be no doubt that it occurs are Lowestoft Denes, in Suffolk, - and Yarmouth Dene: Norfolk. “In J ersey it occurs on the Quenvais, and on the sands of St. Brélade’s and St. Aubin’s Bays. Tt has been reported from the counties of Somerset, Dorset, Kent, and seins y oe and ‘the sesooe , :
2 ham; bie last almost
Perennial. Summer a
slender set setaceous | fe Jeaves, ies 8s inches ur plis h shee : - stems ‘ 9
oS nt growing in ioe cohering but very dense t able fascicles of
GRAMINA, 63 base, but gradually thickening nearly to the apex. Anthers dark purple.
Grey Hair-Grass. French, Corynéphore blanchdétre. German, Graues Silbergras,
GENUS XXIV._AIRA. Linn.
Spikelets stalked, arranged in a loose or rarely compact panicle with long (rarely sheets. branches which are spreading at least during the time of flowering, laterally compressed, biconvex, open during flowering, each containing 2 or rarely 3 perfect florets, or 2 perfect florets and a stalklike rudiment, all the florets sessile, or — the upper one or ones stalked. Glumes 2, nearly equal, as long as or longer than the florets, keeled, scarious. Pales 2, unequal, scarious, the lower one concave, rounded on the back, bifid or den- ticulate at the apex, usually with a dorsal awn, which is bent,-more — rarely straight, but never articulated or clavate, nor surrounded by a ring of hairs in the middle, usually from below the middle of the pale. Upper pale bifid, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, lanceolate, ae Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose, protruded a the base of the florets between the margins of the pales, chy glabrous, fusiform, flat, or with a narrow ecco on the inner face.
The derivation of the name of this genus of grasses ie feoen eigees; to Seah; on account of the supposed peneaving inne of some af the —
Perennial. . Spikelets wa sub-c mp im
Fobeceis cl dtd does 20 oret d y stipitate _ Lower pale scarious, smooth, not hardening over the | s, truncate and denticulate at the apex. Awn dorsal, teint twisted at wok base, eetily incurved, but not distinctly geni ile
SPECIES L-ATRA MAJOR Pares MDCCXXX. MDOCXXXI.
64 ENGLISH BOTANY.
shorter than its sheath; sheaths smooth or nearly so; ligule long, acute, laciniate. Panicle lax or rather lax, pyramidal, drooping at the apex, open while in flower and more or less so after flowering; panicle- branches slender, spreading, and the longer ones often slightly recurved, rough or smooth. Spikelets numerous, on thick pedicels, shorter than the spikelets. Lower pale truncate and with 4 small teeth at the apex. Awn dorsal, from near the base or above middle of the pale, slightly in- curved, not distinctly twisted at the base, rarely extending beyond the pale, and never more than one-fourth beyond it, scarcely exceeding the glumes. Second floret shortly stipitate; third floret reduced to a pedicel with a small apical tuft of hairs resembling that at the base of the two perfect florets. Sus-Srecies L—Aira ceespitosa. Linn. Prare MDCCXXX.
Reich. Ye. Fl, Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab, XCVI. Figs. 185 to 169. Billot, FL Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1587.
Panicle-branches all slightly reflexed, rough. Glumes rough on the keel. Awn _ mail above the base of the pale,
Vax a, genuina. Leaves long, ultimately slightly arching outwards. Panicle large, very lax. Spikelets ily silvery-grey or yellowish-white. | Var: B, brevifolia. Parnell. : Leaves short, straight. Panicle smaller and more compact than in var. «; the spikelets a little larger, purplish-lead-calour with whitish
Var. y, Pseud-alpina.
m6 short, straight. Panicle similar to that of var. 8, but it smoother panicle-branches. — Spikelets larger, pale olive, often eee rplish oer green, usually if not _— Vivi-
aon woods aod ty roadsides. Common, Van ° te in oe datricts = moun- mount: but rather
GRAMINA, 65
— long, by } to } inch broad, with 3 or 4 broad ribs on each side f the oarra gir clothed with minute asperities pointing forward; the feel 4 th larger prickles, also pointing towards the apex of the leaf. Stam 2 to 4 feet high, with its leaves much shorter than the radical ones, but otherwise resembling them, flat, but as well as the radical ones becoming involute when dry. Panicle 6 ito 15 inches
long, y a half as broad. Spikelets very numerous, } inch long. has the stems 15 paguene e 2 feet ew = a leaves
2 to 6 ‘inches long, and erect, not arching as ; the panicle more compact, 2 to 4 inches long; the Gckalete 4 al Tittle larger, and much more deeply coloured.
Jar. y is similar to var. A in its short leaves and low stems. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, almost always viviparous. Spikelets nearly } inch long.
Tufted Hair-Grass. French, Canche gazonnante. German, Rosenformige Schmiele. This ¢ , a Das By ope ie a igh my pp pas and parks, as it grows into large tufts, and fi i iti the surfa which ave
termed by farmers rough cups or hossacks, and are , difficult to get rid of. From the extreme roughness and coarseness of the leaves cattle seldom touch it, and as it contains but little nutritive matter it is not worth the attention of the agriculturist. It is a sure indication, wherever found on the farm, that the land wants under- draining, without shtick no cutting it out will destroy it. But the efficiency of
and vary considerably both in size and colour.
Sus-Specres IL.—Aira _— Linn. —
nt anaes Engl. Bot. ed. i, No, 2162. es sae "Bb Sy Vo Vol Tp 68-
cae oe on the Lar or : tos ro ge ) ards the ap oe only. frm stave te mie oth pl and ut gy
On rocky débris on ¢ high onion: Rare. Most. y ent ) irlic ‘is said to have occurred in many other places in it has been 80 confounded with the var. ee of » ee
66 ENGLISH BOTANY.
leaves 2 to 6 inches long by 1 to } inch broad, rather smoother than those of A. caspitosa; the panicle from 1 to 4 inches long, with fewer and considerably larger spikelets than in A. cespitosa, vars. a and 6, but undistinguishable from those of var. y, except by the smoother midrib. I have never gathered any but viviparous specimens, and a my Scandinavian specimens of A. alpina are also viviparous.
I can see no invariable difference between A. ceespitosa and A. alpina, except that in the former the awn is inserted below the middle of the pale, and in A. alpina above it. The awn in A. alpina is wake, not more bent nor more twisted at the base than that of A. czespitosa.
Alpine Hair-Grass.
Section II—AVENELLA. Koch.
Perennial. Spikelets scarcely compressed, with 2 perfect florets, but no third rudimentary one, the second floret distinctly stipitate. Lower pale subscarious, slightly rough with minute blunt points, not hard- _ ening over the caryops, truncate and denticulate at the apex. Awn
poe —_ bused: at 2 base, geniculate. Florets with con-
: : ; the base.
Perennial. Czspitose. Radical leaves sinha aise chan- nelled, or folded together, pithent evident ribs, a ne dull green or glaucous. Stem leaves few, rough, the upper one much shorter than its sheath; shieathar slightly rough (at least the lower ones); ligule prominent, obtuse or acute, split. Panicle very lax, erect or drooping at the apex, open while in flower, and partially so
after — — capillary, flexuous, ee * or
8 pairs, suberect or pate a ‘Spikelets rather few, on pedicels,
—. spikelets. Lower pale truncate, and with 4 small :
i, g in the middle, about fies bea : and glumes Second floret sort stipitate; third floret
GRAMINA. 67
Sus-Sescmss L—Aira eu-flexuosa. Pirate MDCCXXXII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XCV. Fig. 182. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1587. A. flexuosa, Arct. Plur. Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIT. p. 508. Avenella flexuosa, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 246. Avena flexuosa, Mert. & Koch. Fl. Deutschl. Vol. I. p. 570.
Leaves filiform, channelled above, with a few prominent lines beneath, firm, nearly smooth, dark green, not glaucous. Ligule of uppermost leaf oblong, obtuse, split, not longer than the diameter of the stem opposite to it. Panicle erect, or rarely slightly drooping at the summit. Pedicels of all the florets slender, equalling or exc the spikelets. Second floret very shortly stipitate, the portion of axis between the two being scarcely a fourth of the length of the second spikelet.
Var. a, genuina.
Panicle open. Spikelets rather large. Glumes variegated with light purple shading into red, with yellowish-white scarious tips. Var. B, montana. A. montana, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 96 (ex parte ?). Panicle contracted, at least after Howertng. b eoa larger than |
+
in var. ra Glumes of a muck
aianes face, and a ie pontine a on the under. Upper- : ta eo 3 nh — ‘the apex of the branches, } to} inch Jong. Gl
Ps aeGoarth longer than the
__ The var. on ee oe same ration to the nora form of A. Bee flexuosa that oes to tosa.
68 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Sus-Srecms 1—Aira uliginosa. Weihe. Prats MDCCXXXIII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XCV. Figs. 183 and 184. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2174. A. flexuosa, var. 3, Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 436. A. discolor, “ Thuill.” Duwmort. Agrost. Belg. p. 130. A. setacea, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. i. p. 30, test. Trimen, Journ. Bot. 1869, p- 342. Deschampsia Thuillieri, Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIL. p- 508. D. discolor, Crep. Fl. Belg. ed. ii. p. 342.
Leaves filiform, conduplicate, with a few prominent lines beneath, flaccid, nearly inanoeths, pale glaucous green. Ligule of uppermost leaf linear-lanceolate, very acute, lacerate, five or six times the diameter of the stem opposite to it. Panicle drooping at the summit. Pedicels of the lateral florets thickened upwards, shorter than the spikelets. Second floret usually longly stipitate, the portion of the axis between the two being often equal to half the length of the second spikelet.
In wet turfy bogs. Apparently local, but probably widely dis- tributed. Fleetpondnorth, Hants; Woking Common, Surrey; Stratton Heath (?) and Cawston Decoy, Norfolk. Fortarshire; “ Loch of Drum,” Kincardineshire, “ Lak Cosas. Aberdeenshire,” Dr. J. Roy. “Near Clifden Roundstone and Kilkieran, Connemara.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. Very near A. eu-flexuosa, but the radical leaves are longer (3 to .
inches), more slender, not semicylindrical, but folded into a gutter, and very glaucous; the ligule of the uppermost stem leaf is five or six
: : times longer and very acute ; ee panicle is usually ps oe
a 5 or 6 a the a ck are + 5 inch eteg te more numerous and 1 Leese :
if ago imag to = montana ‘or it, he ¢ wiih sa. Dr. Teme, however, | aga ived._
GRAMINA. 69
their opinions during their lifetime, and if their views alter, will demand to be judged by their latest published opinions. In the case of A. setacea, no doubt, Hudson’s first impression was right, but an excep- tional case like this is no ground for establishing a precedent for depriving botanists of the right to withdraw statements which they subsequently believe to be erroneous. Bog Hair-Grass. German, Sumpf-Schmiele.
Section II].—AIRELLA. Dumort.
Annual. Spikelets with 2 perfect florets, but no third rudimentary one; the second floret sessile, or very shortly stipitate—the axis not being developed between it and the first floret, or but slightly developed. Lower pale at first subscarious, but at length becoming hardened over the caryops, bifid, with 2 rather long acute subsetaceous cusps at the apex. Awn dorsal, evidently twisted at the base, geni- culate. Florets without hairs at the base, or with very short ones.
SPECIES IL—AIRA CARYOPHYLLEBEA. Lin. Prats MDCCXXXTIV.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. - Tab. XCIV. Fig. 180,
Billot, F\. Gall. et Germ. Exsicce,
Avena caryophyllea, Wigg. Koch, ya FL Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 922. Airopsis caryophyllea, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 78.
Annual. Radical leaves none. Stem leaves setaceous, involute, :
“cep ernie slightly rough, ewe ene oa n+ eclopans one e much | ae :
pkccicts. Cries | ‘in 2 long narrow
‘longer get the iat ‘Lower pee oe i: ar the middle of
70 ENGLISH BOTANY.
| Var. a, genuina. A. caryophyllea, Bor. Fl. du Centr. de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 701.
Stems few from each root, short. Panicle short, somewhat trian- gular; panicle-branches ascending after flowering. Spikelets few, in lax corymbs at the extremity of the branches of the panicle. Florets both sessile and both awned.
Var. 8, patulipes. A. patulipes, Jord. Bor. Fl. du Centr. de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 701.
Stems rather numerous from each root, short. Panicle subtri- angular; a spreading, divaricate after flowering. Spike- lets few, larger than in var. a, in lax corymbs at the extremity of the branches of the panicle. Florets both sessile, and both awned.
Var. y, aggregata. A. aggregata, Timeroy, and A. plesiantha, Jord. Bor. Fl. du Centr. de la Fr. ed. iii. pp. 701, 702.
Stems numerous from each root, tall. Panicle oblong; panicle- branches ascending, erect after flowering. Spikelets numerous, smaller than in vars. « and @, aggregated into rather dense racemes at the ex- tremity of the panicle-branches. Florets both sessile, and both awned. In dry fields and waste places, and on rocks and banks. Common,
s iad generally distributed. htt distribution of the varieties I am
: z unable to give, having few specimens of A. caryophyllea, which have
not been collected by ayaa T possess var. « from Somerset, Surrey, Norfolk, and Fife; var. 6 from oS Yorkshire, collected Be Mr. Clackma hire, Kincardineshire, and
see var. @ and api fe fans © out p oo — less in
: a eececkly into on n had they not been ut also by th
GRAMINA,. 71
judicious Professor Boreau. Besides these varieties there exists in France and Belgium another, called A. multiculmis by M. Dumortier, and accepted as a species by MM. Jordan and Boreau. It is ve likely to occur in England, although I have not seen specimens. t
most nearly resembles the var. aggregata, but has the panicle still more compact, having somewhat the aspect of Corynephorus cane- scens. Both the florets are awned, but the second one is shortly stipitate
% Provincialis (Jord.) is perhaps another beige: found in the south of France, and not likely to occur in Britain. It is readily dis- tinguished by the lower floret not being awned
There is a closely allied species, or possibly only well-marked sub- species of A caryophyllea, viz. A. capillaris, Mert. & Koch, common in the south of Europe, with much iaate ockelit a more panicle, and the lower floret (or both florets) without an awn, to which A. rea Gaud., A. Tenorii, (Fuss., and A. Cupaniana, Guss., are to be referred, A. Provincialis, Jord. , being the connecting link, which possibly ought to be referred to this second subspecies.
Silvery Hair- Grass. French, Canche caryophyllée, German, Nelkenblittriger Hafer.
SPECIES IV—AIRA PRAICOX. Linn. Pirate MDCCXXXV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L. pass XCIV. Fig. 179. Billot, Fi. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. Avena preecox, Pal. de Beauv. Koch, ee Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 922. Airopsis precox, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 78. Trisetum precox, Dumort. Agrost. Belg. p. 122. Annual. Radical leaves 1 none. Stem leaves setaceous, deeply —— yale green,
: paper yp sae vu than the Poway ease chek as “fe the spikelets. Lower pale terminating in 2 long tapering acute ser- rated cusps. Awn dorsal, from one-third above the base of the pale, A twisted i in | the lower half, geniculate: about the middle, from half to - two-thirds as 1d le — of the lower |
oe Z : floret SET much shorter than. that of aes upperone. Second _- a ar — very shortly stipitate ; third floret —— sbeent. oo
of short hairs at the base.
a2 ENGLISH BOTANY.
On dry banks, rocks, and wall-tops, and in sandy pastures. Rather common, and generally distributed.
- England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Early Summer.
Plant growing in small tufts, with few or numerous — 1 to 8 inches high, erect or ascending, or sometimes decumbent. Leaves 3 to 13 inch long, the uppermost leaf } to 3 2 inch long ; panicle } to 14 inch long, always contracted. Spikelets # inch long, pale green. Glumes green with broad white scarious margins, acute, mas on the keel. Lower pale ultimately hard, rough with small points, brown.
In the usual state of this plant, the panicle is continuous, but in luxuriant forms it is sometimes interrupted; each of the panicle- branches bears rarely more than 3 spikelets, arranged in a racemose manner.
When in flower it cannot be confounded with any other British grass, but in its earlier stage it bears a striking resemblance to starved specimens of A. caryophyllea, before the panicle of the latter opens; and as A. caryophyllea is from a fortnight to three weeks later in flowering than A. precox, it is possible that some of the records of A. preecox belong to A. caryophyllea. My own experience
is that though A. IEE is as widely distributed as A. caryophyllea, —— abundan
Early Hair-Grass. French, Canche précose. German, Friihzeitiger Hafer.
GENUS XXV—AVENA. Linn.
Spikelets more or less distinctiy stalked, arranged in a loose open or compact panicle, which is rarely reduced to a racemose or very rarely to a compact spikelike panicle, at first cylindrical, afterwards slightly
laterally compressed, open during flowering, each containing 2 to 8 ee — the — one nometimnes male, = upper one often imperfect or e <like rudiment. - Glumes 2, a
7
GRAMINA, © is
them. Caryops downy at the apex or glabrous, with or without a furrow on the inner face.
The derivation of the name of this genus of grasses is from aveo, to desire, because cattle are fond of it.
Sus-Genus I.—TRISETUM. Pers.
Perennial. Spikelets small, compressed. Glumes subscarious, 1- to 3-nerved. Lower pale permanently membranous, keeled, awned. Caryops subcylindrical, not furrowed, usually glabrous.
SPECIES I—AVENA FLAVESCENS. Linn.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L. Tab. CII. Figs. 204 to 206.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1374.
Trisetum flavescens, Pal. de Beauv. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 410. Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 298. Fries, Samm. Veg. Scand. p. 78. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 523. Crep. Man. Fl. Belg. ed. ii. p. 344. Parl. FI. Ital. Vol. I. p. 260. Dumort. Agrost. Belg. p. 122.
T. pratense, Pers. Syn. Plant. Vol. I. p. 97.
Perennial. Rootstock shortly creeping, stoloniferous. Stems rather few in each tuft, glabrous, with pubescent knots. Leaves linear, flaccid, thin, with numerous slender slightly raised ribs, pubescent above, ‘but scarcely so beneath, green; lower sheaths pipes the _— ones mag 2 omen: a Mig ees rruncat Panicle A i
Ord nc nes OD un er us,
siiles sty to the base. "pedicels Mion than + pope pikes ats,
Ne numerous, at first linear-ellipt
if lle “Glumes —: anequal, rou: Vf as long as the oa
oe onthe Kel, acuminate the lowe it half as long |
1 ae that of “the lowest floret — as” long as” the = : eos : he w mal eeneies have —
74 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Generally distributed in England; more rare in Scotland, extending north to Aberdeen and Stirling. Not common in Ireland, and there found chiefly in the south and middle of the island.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Rootstock shortly creeping, producing at its apex a small dense tuft consisting of stems and barren shoots, and producing rather short slender subterranean stolons, which in the succeeding year produce tufts similar to those of the parent, from which they become discon- nected. Stems 9 inches to 2 feet high. Longest leaves 2 to 4 inches long by } to 4 inch bed, eradually tapering. pipusass 2 to 6 inches long. “Spikelets 3 1 to 1 inch long, exclusive of the a
the Continent a : variety of this plant occurs, with the spikelets variegated with violet, bat I have seen no British specimens of this
.
eo Oat-Grass. French, Avoine cultivée. German, Gemeiner Hafer.
This is our smallest-fowered Oat-grass, and is distinguished by its panicles of _ pie = eee ea florets. It is frequent in the meadow, and ‘tetas
"Gee Boae nt —AVENASTRUM. Koch.
~ Perennial. Spikelets erect, large or rather large, slightly com
pressed. Glumes subscarious, 1 to 3-nerved. Lowest floret pales Lower pale scarious, at length parchment-like, not keeled, awned. ert fie fusiform, with a furrow on the inner face, _— at Rene
SPECIES I—A VENA Sgetucehcce he! Linn. Beih. To. FL Germ. et Holr. Vol. Tab. CV. ais. Exsice.
= peers kom. & Schule Syst. Veg. Vol. it = 662, Dumort, Agrost, “ — —e _
oe numerous in eac
GRAMINA. 75
slender, rough. Pedicels shorter than the spikelets. Spikelets erect, few, Di caeedgualnped 2- to 4-flowered, shining, green, variegated with violet and white. Glumes nearly equal, rough on the keel, acuminate, the lower one 1-nerved, the upper one eS rather larger than the lower, and nearly as long as the spikelet. Lower pale gradually acuminate, terminated by 2 “short acute teeth, ultimately - parchment-like with scarious margins. Awn from a little above the middle of the pale, that of the lower floret twice as long as the upper glume. Axis bearded at the base of the florets, the hairs of the second floret more than half the length of its lower pale.
In meadows and by the banks of streams. Rather sparingly but widely distributed, extending from Cornwall, Isle of Wight, and Kent to Orkney and Shetland. Not unfrequent, and generally — distributed in Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Stems 1 to 2 feet high. Longest leaves 2 to 6 inches long by { to
1 inch broad, rather abruptly pointed at the apex. Panicle 2 to 6 inches long. Spikelets } to = inch long, exclusive of the awns, varie-
ted with pale or dark purple, green, ‘and white. Awns brown.
Downy Oat-Grass. French, Avoine pubescente. German, Weichhaariger Hafer.
This species is common in mountain pastures, especially in limestone districts, and indeed follows the chalk and oolites into the valleys. Of little acpreterte Nonan ae Teh and maples like all grasses of e downy character.
SPECIES UL—AVEN A PRATENSIS. in:
h tuft,
ves gerry Loe ae as rather | sin ch
76 ENGLISH BOTANY.
spikelet. Lower pale gradually acuminate, terminated by 2 acute rough teeth, ultimately parchment-like, with scarious margins. Awn fiom a little above the middle of the pale, that of the lowest floret about twice as long as the upper glume. Axis bearded at the base of the florets, the hairs of the second floret less than a tenth the length of its pale.
Var. a, genuinum.
Pirate MDCCXXXIX. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. L. Tab. CII. Fig. 207. A. pratensis, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1204; and Engl. Fl. Vol. L. p. 164.
Stem and sheaths cylindrical. Panicle-branches often solitary (at least from the upper nodes of the rachis), short, usually = very rarely with even 2 spikelets.
Var. 8, alpina. | Reich. Ic, Fl, Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CIV. Fig. 212. A. alpina, Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 301. eich. Ic. Le. p. 22. Koch, Syn. FI. = et Helv. ed. ii. p. 918. _ planiculmis. ‘Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No, 2161 (non Selirad.).
Stem and sheaths more or less compressed, the latter rougher and the leaves broader than in var.. Panicle-branches mostly in pairs, the longer one of each pair usually with 2 or even 3 spikelets, which are considerably larger than those of var.e. Awns of the florets usually longer from the bend to the apex than in var. a.
Var. a on dry pastures, downs, and rocks, particularly of chalk or
_ trap. Rather common, and generally distributed. Var. 8 on ledges of rocks in mountainous and hilly districts. Apparently neither form Be has been observed in Ireland.
England, Scotland. Perennial. =
: Plant one in dense tufts somewhat like those of Aira ag at of the barren tufts eis wpe ty to}
GRAMINA. vue
4 to 9 inches long. Spikelets 3 to 1 inch long. Though the extreme examples of the alpine form are very different from A. pratensis of lowland pastures, the transition between the two is so gradual that all idea of separating them into species has been given up by common consent.
A third variety, A. bromoides (Zinn.), is frequent in the south of Europe. It has the spikelets smaller, although the florets are usually more numerous than in var. «. The glumes and pales are also broader in proportion.
A. pratensis much resembles A. pubescens, but forms dense tufts; the leaves are narrower, thicker, with stronger nerves and rough edges, and are glaucous above and glabrous. The sheaths also are never pubescent, the stems are more rigid, the spikelets larger and usually less highly coloured, and the hairs at the base of the florets are much shorter in A. pratensis than in A. pubescens.
Glabrous Oat-Grass. French, Avoine des prés. German, Wiesen-Hafer. This grass is wrongly named “ meadow,” as it is seldom if ever found in a position that is worthy of that name. It possesses hard eutting leaves. Sinclair says that
“its nutritive matter contains a less proportion of bitter extractive and saline matters than any other of the Oat-grasses that have been submitted to experiment.”
Sus-Genus II].—EU-AVENA. Gren. & Godr. Annual. Spikelets ultimately drooping or nodding, large, scarcely compressed. Glumes herbaceous, many-nerved. Lowest wpticeied oS perfect. Lower pale subherbaceous, at length coriaceous, not keeled, __ more or less distinctly awned, at least in the lower florets. 7 : ——— the inner face, -
"SPECIES Iv _AVENA STRIGOSA. Schr. Prats MDCC: XL. Reich. To. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CVI Fig. a7.
~Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 27
Danth:
thonia ae Se a ——
78 ENGLISH BOTANY.
with violet at the base and with dark awns. Glumes nearly equal, as long as the spikelets, herbaceous, with broad scarious margins, the lower one 5- to 7-ribbed, the upper 7- to 9-ribbed. Lower pale lanceolate, gradually acuminate, terminated by 2 long scabrous setz about half the length of the rest of the pale or more, ultimately coriaceous and brown towards the base, with a few long scattered whitish hairs near the middle or wholly glabrous, 5-nerved, with the nerves conspicuous towards the apex and vanishing towards the base. Awn present in all the florets, from about the middle of the pale, that of the lowest floret about twice as long as the upper glume. Axis not fragile beneath the lowest floret, abroiie except at the base of the upper floret, the hairs at the base of the second floret scarcely reaching to the base of the pale.
A weed in cultivated fields. Scarcely naturalised in England and the south of Scotland, but frequent in the north, extending to Orkney and Shetland. Rather 1 rare, but widely daistbated 3 6 Fieland.
: [agiend, | wom — Annual. Summer.
lways with. a long ra ae ee awn. ae mt also 4 is ack dashes d, more acuminate, and more strongly nerved towards the
Phe Tartarian or Potatoe oat, Avena Orientalis, which is also fre-
.e glume the lower pale not terminating m 2 Fae the — or even ‘oth the florets without an awn.
A. strigosa and A. Orientalis tion is t com-
1% ‘not always effected Lehre the anthers | prin pe — the
which time Boye inn be found em pty of pollen; at least
he case i in the county of Fife. As sc, however, though ertil ed in the ‘same ised occas! onal vy be — with
GRAMINA. 79
SPECIES V—AVENA FATUA, Lin. Prare MDCCXLI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CVI. Fig. 218. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1372.
Annual. Without radical leaves or barren shoots. Leaves dd broadly linear, flaccid, thin, flat, with numerous slender rough ribs every third, fourth or fifth of which is stronger than the others, dull green; sheaths smooth; ligule short, laciniate. Panicle sub-erect, very lax, at first subsecund, ultimately spreading in all directions. Pedicels capillary, mostly longer than the spikelets. Spikelets droop- ing, ultimately pendulous, numerous, opening widely during and after flowering, 3-flowered, more rarely 2-flowered, green, with dark brown awns. Glumes equal, longer than the spikelets, herbaceous, with narrow scarious margins, both commonly with 9 ribs. Lower pale lanceolate, gradually acuminate, terminated by 2 short scabrous set less than one-tenth the length of the rest of the pale, ultimately coriaceous and usually dark-brown, with numerous long close yellow or orange hairs on the back and sides, extending from the base to the middle or only at the base, or very rarely wholly glabrous, 5-nerved, the nerves rather faint and vanishing about half-way down towards the base. Awn present in all the jie from about the middle of the pale, that of the lowest floret about twice as long as the upper
glume. Axis fragile beneath the lowest floret, hairy at the base of a : :
the florets, the hairs at the base of the second floret exter beyond the base of the Lo for about = of its —
Se voor
hairs from the base —— i“ where re — wn si - ra < brown. mmr enies
5 py intermedia. me - comin in LindBl, Bot. Not. 1841, p. 151. a Pe _ Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ote ep 917. oe
gene |
80 ENGLISH BOTANY.
in Ireland, where it occurs in counties Kerry, Cork, and Dublin. Var. 8, Claygate, Surrey (Mr. H. C. Watson), Bluntisham, Hunts (Rev. W. W. Newbould); Knutsford, Cheshire (the Hon. J. L. Warren); and doubtless elsewhere.
England, [Scotland], Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stout. Leaves 6 inches to 1 foot or more long, 3 to 2 inch broad, dull green, darker on the back, often with a few long scattered hairs. Panicle 6 inches to 1 foot or more long. Spikelets 3 to 1 inch long exclusive of the awns. Lower pale ulti- mately very dark brown in var. «, but much paler in var. B.
fatua is readily ished from A. strigosa by its very lax panicle ultimately spreading i in all directions, by its more equal glumes, which are longer in proportion to the florets, by its lower pale being darker in hor eal usually densely clothed in the lower half with bristly hairs, which are at first pale but ultimately become dull Satie arte ‘and having the apex terminated by 2 very short instead of 2 very long sete.
In habit A. fatua closely cg ap the cultivated oat, A. sativa, aot it has the panicle larger an an d more Spreading, the ‘fl orets all ; the lower ner ved, and tiseally hairy. The florets in A. fatua open and allow the stigmas to protrude usually before the anthers are empty of pollen; and from the fragility of the axis of the spikelet the florets drop more readily
a strigosa or. A. sativa.
_ The two vars. were first noticed in Britain, as far as I am aware, in Grays s ‘ Natural Arrangement of British Plants,’ where our var. 6 is made the type of the species ; but it seems to 'be less abundant begesin ibe a both in Britain and on the Continent.
Wild Oat. French, honden follette. German, Flug- or Wind-Hafer.
oo Tenis one ofthe most mihiovons of agrvian wes and ait grows fn cor crops, if its eeds 1 t the corn is cut, the sowing of these render it difficult
Ulli IS Vie, UO
ct sty ies om hn arin on in th ce of hairs at the ook atte tively at i a poor sample f market
ate Y ee ¥ ioe! will be
ara with son mays in better soils
: “ ime 2 rs ‘ Holeus ayenaceus, Scop. (Sm. Engi Bot. ei. No. a8. —
GRAMINA. | 81
40 Ibs. a bushel, in poor lands soon become awned and weigh under 38 Ib. per bushel. No wonder, then, that nk eel should be made a test of quality.
We conclude, then, that the A. strigosa, A. fatua, and A. sativa are, to say the least, very near relatives.
The use of the wild oat, with its brown hairy seed and twisted awn, as an artificial fly is well known; the uncoiling of the awn when wetted causing those contortions by which it imitates a fly in trouble. It is of common use with rustic fishermen. These awns also make excellent Beate being very sensitive to the humidity of the atmosphere, which causes them to expand; and during dry weather they contract.
Sus-Gexus IV.—ARRHENATHERUM. Pal. de Beauv.
Perennial. Spikelets erect, rather large, slightly compressed. Glumes subherbaceous, 1- to 3-nerved. Lower floret usually male. Lower pale subherbaceous, ultimately parchment-like, keeled, con- spicuously awned in the lower floret, but very ia so in the upper one. Caryops elliptical, dorsally compressed with a furrow on the inner face, pubescent at the apex.
The name of this genus of grasses is derived from the words anv, male, and a®ip, an awn.
SPECIES VI-AVENA ELATIOR. Lim *
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XCVIII. Figs. 192 and 193. Arrh
enatherum elatius, Mert. & Koch. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ake ne Les
Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. TIL. p. 520. Parl. ie es dn sa ae Man. FI. Belg. ed. ii. p. 344.
“A. avenscoum, Pal. de Beaws. Bab, Man. Brit. Bot!ed. vi. p. 411. Hook oa
Brit. Fi. ed. v vill. ai 544. Kunth, Enum. Plant Vol. L a = eich Toe
$2 ENGLISH BOTANY.
purple. Glumes unequal, herbaceous, with broad scarious margins, the lower one small, 1-ribbed, the upper one twice as long as the lower, and nearly as long as the florets, 3- to 5-ribbed. Lower pale lanceolate, gradually acuminate, terminated by 2 rather short tapering cusps, ultimately parchment-like, hairy or glabrous. Awn of the lower or male flower from about the middle of the pale, and about twice as long as the upper glume, bent’ in the middle; awn of the upper or perfect floret inserted at the bottom of the notch between the cusps of the pale, straight, and extending but little beyond the pale, being about twice as long as the cusps. Axis not fragile, with a short tuft of hairs at the base of the florets, hairs at the base of the second floret about one-eighth the length of the pale.
Var. a, genuina.
A. elatior, Wild. Spee. Plant. Vol. I. p. 443.
Arrhenatherum elatius, Presl. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p.703. Lower joints of the stem not swollen. Knots glabrous. Lower
: Lots more or —— hairy. | ‘Var. bs nodosum. Reich. ‘ walbosa, Wild. D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. VI. p. 261. Arrhenatherum bulbosum, Presl. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 703.
Lower joints of the stem swollen into bulblike knobs, mostly one above the other. Knots of the stem usually pubescent. Lower 25 glabrous. Panicle-branches usually ‘aceasta in var a.
In cultivated fields, - ss sigesig pa in meadows and woods. Vary ted. Var. 8 nearly as common in some
common,
oe districts as the types form, expecially when the _ grows in culti- : ; vated d. |
groun England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Stems 18 inches to 6 es high, slender, terete, smooth. Barren less than half che heig] i ae ge eames
GRAMINA. — 83
eee, the uppermost one much longer than broad, and gradually tapering upwards. False Oat-Grass. French, Arrhénathére élevée. German, Hoker Wiesenhafer.
This is a large succulent species of grass, greatly aiding the grass crop almost every- where, but is not much relished on account of the quantity of bitter extractive matter it contains.
The variety bulbosum is interesting from the fact that the swollen nodes give the appearance to the quasi roots of a vac! of small onions ; hence the name “ Onion Couch.” It is common in poor sandy soils, whence it is difficult of eradication.
All the forms of this grass are particularly liable to attacks of Uredo Segetum.
GENUS XXVI—HOLCUS. Linn.
Spikelets stalked, arranged in a rather loose panicle, with rather elongate branches which are spreading only during the time of flowering, laterally compressed, biconvex, open during flowering, each containing a single perfect floret, with a male floret above it. Glumes 2, nearly equal in length, but the upper much broader than the lower, as long as or longer than the florets, compressed and keeled, not awned, parchmentlike. Pales 2, nearly equal, membranous, or ulti- mately parchmentlike, the lower one keeled, obtuse, entire, awnless or very rarely awned in the lower floret, but with a dorsal bent awn in the upper floret; upper pale truncate wie dentate at the apex, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, glabrous. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, subsessile, plumose, _ protruded at the sides of the florets between the basal margins of the — pales. Caryops free, glabrous, oblong-cylinedrical, not furrowed. | a
The name of this genus of grasses is derived. from the Greek words, Bebe ond oe édcw, I draw. A name given to. — that were a to have oo
ater dmmareenenma nite:
_ $PECIES [-HOLCUS. MOL — ‘Piate MDCCXLUI.
oe — Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XOVIL Bet 191.
li , Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2174. eee wees eet D.€. Ml Fe. Vol. IIL p. 4.
Spa creeping, producing scattered :
84 ENGLISH BOTANY.
puberulent or subglabrous ; ligule short, oblong. Knots of the stem much more densely pubescent than the sheaths. Panicle erect, open during the time of flowering, closed before and after it ; pees brian short, branched, thinly hairy. Glumes unequal, acuminate, submucronate, longer than the flowers, subglabrous or clothed with very short sparse pubescence, ciliated with stiff hairs on the keel, the upper one larger than the lower, with the lateral ribs rather nearer to the ribs than to the inner margin. Lower | = the lower or perfect flower glabrous, shining, not awned; pale of
_upper or male flower glabrous, shining, awned. Awn from ee one-third below the apex of the pale, at = straight, ultimately genicu- late, but not hooked, extending beyond the pale about the length of the latter, and about one-third longer than the upper glume, scabrous throughout. Axis with a tuft of unequal hairs at the base of the upper or male floret, hi Pn from a —— to one-third the length
stures, and on hedgebanks. Rather common, and
Flow owering stems sie tees wo 8 les barren stems 1 foot to : 18 inches. Eanes of the flowering shoots 4 to 8 inches long by } to 4 inch broad; those of the barren stems shorter and narrower. Panicle 2 to 5 inches long. Spikelets 1 inch long, whitish. Glumes with the lateral ribs of the upper one and the keel of both green, or ane purple, their surface clothed with minute tubercles producing short hairs. Anthers dark purple. Creeping Soft-Grass. enk Houlque molle. German, Weiches Honiggras.
- ‘This Grass is common on light barren soils, either in woods or open pastures, but Ao - neither cows, horses nor sheep thrive on it. Pigs are said to be fond of the roots, which . —— — ~ nutritive matter, having very much the flavour of new meal. It nischievoi weed when it occurs in arable land, and is only got
of of by deep ploughing, — Ss
-HoLcUS. LANATUS. Linn,
GRAMINA. 85
the leaves appear to be radical. Leaves broadly linear, thin, flaccid, flat, with numerous slightly unequal thick slightly prominent ribs per- manently pubescent, ciliated, but not rough on the margins ; sheaths pubescent; ligule short, oblong. Knots of the stem neureely more pubescent ee the sheaths. Panicle erect, open during the time of flowering, closed before and partially closed after it; panicle- branches short, branched, thinly hairy. Glumes unequal, subobtuse, both shortly awned, longer than the flowers, finely pubescent, ciliated with stiff hairs on the keel, the upper one larger than the lower, ovate- oblong and acute in profile, with the lateral ribs about equidistant from the keel and the inner margin. Lower pale of the lower or perfect floret glabrous, shining, not awned. Lower pale of the upper or male floret shining, awned. Awn from about one-fourth from the apex of the pale, and about half as long again as the pale, at first slightly curved and extending a little heyousl the glumes, ultimately hooked and included within the glumes, smooth throughout, or scabrous only at the apex. Axis without hairs at the base of the upper or male
ret.
In meadows, pants, woods, hedges, &c. Common, and univer-
sally distributed. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Plant growing in dense tufts. Pols felis 2 stems 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 6 inches to 1 foot long, by 1 to 3 broad, whitish on account t of
the copious pubescence with which they are clothed. Panicle2to5
_— in flower.
oo = peas a
: and incladed within the glumes. ‘Yotta : ee - Foech Honlque lemenies. | German, Wolpe Hin oe
inches long, very similar to that of H. ig bn but more 8D apis a a Hin with pink. ee, :
86 ENGLISH BOTANY.
If made into hay the seeds are scattered wherever the hay is carried. It has spread all over the United States, no doubt taken there in grass seeds.
Tre XI.—_FESTUCEA.
Spikelets open during flowering, arranged in a lax open panicle, or more rarely in a compact spikelike panicle, rarely unilateral on the branches of a compound spike, or distichous in a simple or sub- simple spike or raceme, cylindrical or laterally compressed, each con- taining 2 to many perfect florets, very rarely with but a single one. Glumes shorter than the florets, rarely equalling them. Pales herba- ceous, or at length parchmentlike, the lower one rounded or keeled on the back, obtuse or pointed, without an awn, or with a straight dorsal or apical awn, which occurs chiefly in the species of those eo which have very numerous florets much longer than the
es. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Styles very shext or absent; stigmas protruded at the base of the florets, between the margins of eo! cae nantes —— a —s with a facrow inner face.
pre XXVIL—TRIODIA. R. ie
Spats: shortly stalked, arranged in a nearly ahajde distichously 2 subeacenions panicle, scarcely compressed, open during flowering, — each containing 2 to 5 perfect florets. Glumes 2, nearly equal, as long
as or a little shorter than the florets, keeled, poinbed but not awned, - subherbaceous. Pales 2, the lower one rounded on the back, 3-toothed at the apex, but not distinctly awned, parchmentlike; upper pale
_ entire, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 3, somewhat fleshy. Stamens 3. | Styles 2, -
as . terminal; stigmas plumose, protruded at the sides of the floret: = , the basal a the pales. Caryops free, gla :
fattened on the inner fie, but a fred, .
a |
inch bond.
GRAMINA. 87
SPECIES I—-TRIODIA DECUMBENS. Pal. de Beaw. Pirate MDCCXLYV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXVI. Fig. 433. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1376. Poa decumbens, With. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 792. Festuca decumbens, Linn. Spec. Plant. p. 110. Danthonia decumbens, D.C. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. II. p. 561. Parl. FI. Ital. Vol. I. p. 297. Crep. Man. Fl. Belg. ed. ii. Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh. Garcke, Fl. von Nord- coud Mittel-Deutschland, ed. vi. p. 488. Gren. Fl. de la Chaine Jurass. p. 905. Ceespitose. Stem at first decumbent, afterwards ascendin erect while in flower, slightly compressed, smooth, leafy to above the middle and frequently up to the panicle. Leaves rather rigid, nar- rowly linear, flat at the base, channelled towards the apex, keeled, with numerous strong veins, rough on the edges, glaucous above, green beneath; sheaths thinly pubescent, bearded at the apex; ligule composed of short hairs. Panicle subracemose; panicle-branches erect, 1- to 3-flowered. Pedicels about as long as the spikelets or longer, slightly thickened upwards. Spikelets few, ovoid, scarcely compressed, green, slightly tinged with violet, 3- to 5-flowered. Glumes about as long as the florets, acute, 3-nerved. Lower pale 3-toothed at the apex, the central tooth sometimes produced into a mucro. : On hilly pastures, heaths, and more ~~ in scenes _ common, and generally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland.
Stems 6 to 21 inches Feeh “i!
5 pe ay ict, Dos 2 in ication that the whole of the oe igh ce lea
cn
88 ENGLISH BOTANY.
very short lateral branches spreading only at the time of flowering, laterally compressed, open during flowering, each containing 2 to 5 perfect florets. Glumes 2, unequal, both shorter than the florets, keeled, pointed or mucronate, but not awned, scarious, the lower one 1-ribbed and smaller than the upper, which is 3-ribbed. Pales 2, the lower one keeled, entire, and pointed, or bifid and very shortly awned from between the teeth; upper pale bidentate, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, oblong, entire, or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles 2, terminal, very short; stigmas plumose, protruded at the sides of the floret, between the ‘tana margins of the pales. Caryops glabrous, free, oblong, laterally compressed, not furrowed. This genus of grass was named in honour of a German botanist, G. F. Kéler.
SPECIES I-KOELERIA CRISTATA. Pers. Pirate MDCCXLVI.
Reich, Ic. Fi. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. XCIIL. Fig. 174. Billot, Fi. Gall. et . No. 1365. Aira cristata, Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 648; and Engl. Fl. Vol. L p. 101. Poa cristata, Wild. D.C. FL. Fr. Vol. ITI. p. 65. Festuca cristata, Poll. Fl. Veron. Vol. Lp. 121. Airochlon cristata, Links én. Sym. Br. p07. Paral, Grases of Great Britain,
p. 4
Perennial. Tootstock: casptose, many-headed, producing 1 numerous flowering stems and barren » Stems erect from a slightly curved base, pubescent or puberulent, leafy nearly to the middle. _ Leaves narrowly linear, flat or involute, with several thick continuous cartilaginous ribs, generally pubescent; sheaths more or less jake: scent, not filamentous at the edges; ligule very short, truncate. Panicle pyramidal-oblong or subcylindrical, more or less lobed, its __ short branches spreading during the time of flowering, but adpressed both before and afterwards. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered. eines acu- woe eee or scabrous, or glabrous and scabrous on the keel
: Lower pale acuminate or acute, as not awned.
Se ee ee r
‘purple. —
GRAMINA. 89
ated at the base and apex, slightly lobed. Glumes smooth and shining, with only the keel scabrous.
Var. y, albescens. K. albescens, D.C. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. Ill. p. 526. Bor. Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IL. p. 718. K. arenaria, Dwmort. Agrost. Belg. p. 115.
Leaves narrow, involute. Panicle slender, cylindrical, lobed and frequently interrupted towards the base. Glumes glabrous and shining, scabrous on the keel. Lower pale less acuminate than in vars. « and B.
Var. « rather common, and generally distributed, extending north to Sutherland and Ross. Var. 6 on downs and chalky banks, appa- rently confined to England, from whence I have specimens from Somerset, Kent, and Cambridge. Var. y in sandy places by the sea: Quenvais, Jersey, Mr. H. C. Watson; it should be looked for on the southern and western shores of England. Not unfrequent, and gene- rally distributed in Ireland; but I have no means of knowing which of the varieties occur in that island.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Stems 3 to 18 inches high, or even more in var. e, in which case it is probably the K. pyramidalis of Rochel. Leaves green, slightly glaucous above, 2 inches to 1 foot long, by } inch broad or more in var. a, and considerably less in vars. 8 and 7; the uppermost stem-leaf _
inch long, silvery.
} to 14 inch long flat. Panicle 1 to 3 “inches a ‘oes ao about
GENUS XXIXMO OLINIA. ‘Schrank.
Gekclets stalked, arranged in a compact or lax panicle with :
] short or = branches, iene Compress
90 ENGLISH BOTANY.
the lower one rounded or faintly keeled on the back, entire or dentate, not awned or shortly awned, rather strongly ribbed, parchmentlike; upper pale obtuse or bifid, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3. Styles 2, terminal, very short; stigmas hairy, protruded at the sides of the flower between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops free, glabrous, oblong or fusiform, furrowed on the inner face.
This genus of grasses was named in honour of G. J. Molina, an Italian botanist.
SPECIES I-MOLINIA CHRULEA. Minch. Pirate MDCCXLVIL. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 94.
cerulea, Linn. Mant. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 750; and Engl. Fi. Vol. I p. 11S, ceruleum, Gaud. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 77. Aira cerulea, Linn. Spec. Pl. p. 95. Festuca csrulea, D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. III. p- 46. Bor. Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. | Vol. IL. p. 716.
Hlelini and barren stems fasciculate, the former with the up- --permost ; near the base of the stem, without leafless scales at the base. Leaves elongate, erect or ascending, not rete — : formed of a ring of hairs. Panicle beidhes ¢ erect or or 2 sending, short or or elongate. Glumes 1-ribbed. Lower pale rounded on the eed, an
entire, acuminate, but not awned, with 3 slightly pr ribs; : nel cote Vat. & genuina. ehh Gea Vol. I. Tab. CL. Fig. 372. o . — Reich, Te. Le. p- 47.
. : , Dumort. Agrost. Belg. p- 108.
aves , rarely — the base of Sen evil, Panicle
short ‘usually wholly
ed 9 with tarde
GRAMINA. 91
long lateral branches. Spikelets green, with the glumes and pales narrowly (rarely broadly) edged with purple, and usually with fewer florets than in var. a.
On heaths and in moist woods. Rather common, and generally . distributed. Var. 6 in marshy woods, by the sides of streams, and on mountains.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Plant growing in dense circular tussocks, composed of closely placed tufts, the base of each of which is enlarged and somewhat bulbous and white. Var. has the stems 6 inches to 2 feet high, destitute of knots, except close to the base, where there is a single one. Radical leaves none. Leaves few, sheathing the flowering stem about as far as the middle, the lower one short, the longest from 2 inches to 1 _ foot long by to 4 inch broad, tapering towards the base and apex, ve acute, flat, rather stiff, with slender slightly rough closely placed ribs, every ‘third, fourth, or fifth of which is stronger than the others, glabrous or sparingly hairy above, dull bluish-green; sheaths shorter than the leaves, smooth, often tinged with | purple ; ; ligule rudi- mentary, with a few short hairs. Panicle 2 to 10 inches long, narrow. Spikelets 1 to } inch long, dull purple, sometimes tinged with green, 2- or 3-flowered; the uppermost floret rudimentary minute. Anthers and stigmas purple.
Var. 8 has the stem 1 to 3 feet high or more. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long. Panicle 4 to 18 inches long, baci the branches much longer, and the spikelets more distant than in a, green, with the glumes
and pales edged with purple. When the spikelets of var. 8 have buta
single floret, the plant is the M. depauperata of Lindley, — is fat ae a starved state of the lax-panicled form of M. cerulea. It is indeed | said that M. pa art er has the pale 5-ribbed instead of
92 ENGLISH BOTANY.
pressed, open during flowering, each containing 1 to 3 perfect florets, with a clavate padementary one above one Glumes 2, slightly unequal, as long as or a little shorter than the florets, concave, not awned, 3- to 7-ribbed, scarious. Pales 2, the lower one rounded on the back, entire, not awned, strongly ribbed, parchmentlike; upper pale 2-toothed, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3. Styles 2, terminal, very short; stigmas plumose, protruded at the sides of the flower between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops free, glabrous, elliptical, flattened and furrowed on the inner face.
The name of this genus of grasses is derived from the word Mel, honey, on account of the sweetness of its stem.
SPECIES I-MELICA NUTANS. Lina.
Pirate MDCCXLVIILI.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. I. Tab. CLXVII. Fig. 437. Billot, F). Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2974. M. Montana, Huds. D.C. F1. Fr. Vol. III. p. 31.
Enenen; scancely. paepiboen, ‘Shortly arecping, stoloniferous
: Leaves linear, tape tapering ermal: ‘och end, flat, with numerous very slender ribs, slightly pubescent above, bright green; sheaths slightly pubescent-scabrous, the lowest with undeveloped lamine, split at the very apex only, the uppermost one about as long as its leaf; ligule very short, truncate, without appendages. Panicle drooping, linear, nearly simple, racemose, rather lax, secund. Panicle-branches finely pubescent, all simple ind arching-spreading, or the lower ones, with
2 to 4 racemed spikelets and ~~ to the rachis. Pedicels mostly
: elses ren itimately o7 fertil
oo a terminal neuter ane _ Glumes a little shorter than La al, obtuse, maroon-red, with pale scarious edges, the up
longer — the ge Pee ae oval, eAcione:
ly punctate-scabrous, aid ea
le eds se ‘of rocks. Rather scarce,
ae York north to Aber-
GRAMINA. 93
2 inches long. Spikelets } to 3 inch long. Foret floret about 4 inch long. Pale of the neuter flower obovate, turbinate, oblicvely truncate, and with the edges inflexed. Nodding Melic-Grass. French, Mélique penchée. German, Nickendes Perlgras. From the early growth of this a — its enous well in open situations when cultivated, it is worthy of agricultural
SPECIES IL-MELICA UNIFLORA. Retz. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLX VII. Fig. 436. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1594.
Rootstock slender, scarcely cespitose, creeping, stoloniferous. Stems slender, erect. Leaves linear, tapering towards each end, flat, with numerous slender ribs, slightly pubescent above, bright green; rp pubescent, entire, the uppermost one shorter eg: its leaf, all
2; ligule nearly absent, but with a long subulate pubescent siciale at the top of the sheath, on the side of dis stem opposite the lamina. Panicle erect, pyramidal, slightly compound, very lax, equal. Panicle-branches finely scabrous, most of them branched at the apex, simple, spreading-ascending. Pedicels mostly longer than the spike- lets. Spikelets ultimately obovate-oblong, with 1 ee floret and a terminal neuter floret. Glumes as long as or a little longer than the ~ spikelet, oval-oblong, abruptly acuminate, maroon-red, with pale edges, the upper one conspicuously larger than the lower. Lower 2
rally distributed in fugue « en de south ae Soxcand, ae rare north of the Forth and Clyde, tk ough said to extend to Kin- SS
: , Stgme Lo ® fet heh, Lonet Jeeves 48 inches ng by
Panicle 3 to 8 inches longs lowest panicle-branches pi ikelets } ¢ tof _ ong. _ Lowest floret about
M. nutans, bat even when not Le tower the reinarkable os from the ligu it on the opp ate mile of bam .
. 94 ENGLISH BOTANY.
spikelets with longer more acuminate — and only a single fertile floret, are more conspicuous characters ? Wood Mole. Crass French, Mélique uniflore. German, Hinbliithiges Perlgras. The most natural place of growth of this grass is in rocky moist shady woods, having a clayey soil, situated about 300 feet above the sea. It has not been found in America,
or further north than a latitude of 62°, Its limit of altitude seems to be about 1 000 feet above the sea.
GENUS XXXI—CAT ABROSA. Pal. de Beauv.
Spikelets stalked, arranged in a loose open panicle, subcylindrical or slightly laterally compressed and biconvex, open during flower- ing, each containing 2, or, more rarely, 1 or 3, perfect florets, of which the lowest is sessile and the uppermost stalked, sometimes with 1 or 2 stalk-like rudi e the perfect florets or floret. Glumes 2, unequal, both Shutter than the floret, concave, not awned, 1- or cr aaa 3-ribbed, scarious. Pales 2; the lower one concave, keeled, ounded or truncate and erose- da tenlated at the apex, not awned, 3- to 7 -ribbed, with the ribs not extending to the apex, parchment-like, with a broad scarious apex; upper pale lanceolate, truncate or emar- ginate, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, lanceolate. Stamens 3, Styles 2, very short, terminal; stigmas plumose, protruded at the sides of the flower between the basal ee of the pales. Caryops free, glabrous, obo- vate, laterally compre not furrowed.
The name of this genus of plants is derived from the Greek word, caraBowac, an
| SPEOUES LC AT ABROSA AQUATICA. Paul. de Bean.
Prater MDCCL. Bois. To. F. Germ. ot Hel. Vol I Tab. CL. Fig. 374. > FL. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. Exsice. No. 2175.
itica, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1557. & Eng. FL Vol. I. p.101, aquatica, Presl ; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 933. (non Wahl.) 8, Reich. Fi. G Ge sire de ale : Kol. Dc. HL Fr. Vol. mere es ss voting ‘at the base. Lee flaccid, — : e oblong-tria lar, rounded at the apex.
“Sane 2- rarely 1- 3- or 4- _ - ad Lower = = h 3 very
GRAMINA. 95
In ditches, by the margins of pools and ponds, and on wet sand; rather scarce but distributed over the whole island, reaching to Ork- ney and Shetland. Widely distributed throughout Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Stems extensively creeping and rooting, producing long leafy barren branches which are often floating and sometimes attain the length of 2 or 3 feet. Flowering stems 3 inches to 2 feet high, erect or ascending, leafy up to the panicle. Longest leaves 1 to 9 ‘inches long by 4 to § of an inch broad, thin, slightly glaucous, the lower ones often produc- ing barren shoots from their axils. Panicle 1 to 10 inches long, with numerous spreading branches } to 3 inches long, arranged in half- whorls, with the — in each whorl unequal and distantly -
branched. Spikelets y+ to 1 inch long, not contiguous. Glumes unequal, much shorter than the spikelets, truncate, erose-denticulate, often violet, the outer one much the smaller and without ribs, the upper one broadly obovate and 3-ribbed at the base. Outer pale truncate, erose and scarious at the apex, with the 3 ribs running into the white scarious part, greenish or yellowish olive, often tinged with dull purple but having the ribs green.
Professor Babington states that though the spikelets are usually 2-
they are sometimes 3- to 5-flowered, but I have not seen the plant with more than 3-flowered spikelets. metimes, when growing on wet sand by the i. the stems are only 2 or 3 inches high and the spikelets are commonly Piet but it seems impossible to draw a line of demarcation between this and the ordinary form Water Whorl-Grass. French, Catabrose aquatique. German, Wansers Queligras. a This is sid to be one of the ewestst of British grass, the young Teves and por. : tions of the stem b noe _ Tiquorice. Waterfowl are fond of the seeds and young shoots. "Gal atthe oeves : _ with relish, but as the plant is strictly aquatic, oe places and pools, it is unfit for cultivation. Oe ; ee and wet sway if me of our rivers it assumes a ines ind tephily picuous form, but if from any cause the water recedes for some- _ time it grow I and i icuou
2 in inv me mth hor of ive . i 7 s high, each caly P .
96 ENGLISH BOTANY.
florets. Glumes persistent, very unequal, the lower one the smaller, both shorter than the florets, not awned, subscarious. Pales 2, the lower one concave, rounded on the back, truncate or obtuse, not awned, with 7 prominent ribs, subherbaceous, more or less scarious at the apex ; upper pale bidentate, 2-ribbed, the ribs very finely ciliated. icules 2, truncate. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Styles 2, terminal, short, persistent; stigmas clothed with plumose hairs, protruded at the sides of the flower between the margins of the pales. Caryops free, glabrous, oblong, furrowed on the inner face. The name of this genus is derived from the Greek word y\ucic, sweet, in allusion to the saccharine nature of some of the species.
Section L—EU-GLYCERIA. Ledeb.
Spikelets very long, cylindrical before flowering, afterwards linear, or oblong-linear, and laterally compressed. Lodicules cohering. Stems weak. Leaves flaccid.
SPECIES I-GLYCERIA FLUITANS. BR. Br.
Prarzs MDCCLII. MDCCLIL Poa fluitans, Scop. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 548.
_ Festuca fluitans, Linn. Spec. Plant p. 111.
Perennial. Rootstock subcespitose, without male stolons. Stems procumbent and rooting at the base, and then ascending or sub- erect, rather stout, weak. Leaves flaccid, ecedly ae parallel-sided, rounded or abruptly acuminate at the apex, ultimately flat, with numerous very slender ribs, pale glaucous ee. often Poms : _ sheaths compressed, ancipitate; ligule prominent, triangular, subacute, often lacerate. Panicle erect or drooping at the apex,
: a elongate, subsecured, lax, sometimes nearly simple and racemose,
- sometimes compound, Panicle tenet commonly 2 or 3 or 5 at the lower _— — — bac par sree He those at each of the
GRAMINA. 97
[Sus-Srscies 1—Glyceria eu-fluitans. Prats MDCCLI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLIT. Fig. 380. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 483. G. fluitans, Fries. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 415. et Auct. Plur.
Sheaths scarcely furrowed or slightly furrowed. Panicle slender, subracemose. Rachis smooth. Panicle-branches 2 or 3 together at the lower nodes of the rachis, spreading in flower, at other times adpressed, or diverging in fruit, 1 of those at each of the lower nodes longer than the others and bearing several racemosely ar- ranged spikelets, but not again branched; the other branch or pair of branches with but a single spikelet. Spikelets linear, acute, with 7 to 15 florets inserted on i axis at distances equal to about twice their breadth. Lower pale (in profile) 5 or 6 times as long as broad, obliquely truncate, subacute, narrowly scarious at the apex. Anthers about 5 times as long as broad. Caryops narrowly eliptical.
Var. «, genuina. G. fluitans, Townsend. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. ii. Vol. V. p. 104. Sheaths scarcely furrowed. Lower panicle-branches in pairs. Var. B, pedicellata. G. pedicellata, Towns. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. ii. Vol. V. p. 108.
Sheaths slightly furrowed. Lower hPa Cee ostly in threes. lane rather — tion totheir
land , Scotland, Ireland. “Perennial. a on : Stems 1 to 3 fect high, thick, weak, rooting at the base, and then 4 Lees 3 nes to 1 ot lng, bp 9 4 inch bro upth ? its leaf; ae Dhani a
98 ENGLISH BOTANY.
referring to the figure of “Festuca fluitans” in Curtis’ Flora Lon- donensis, fasc. i. tab. 18, as ‘‘a good plate” of his G. pedicellata. Floating Meadow-Grass. French, Glycérie aquatique. German, Fluthende Schwaden.
The Floating Meadow-Grasses are very variable. They have all, however, one character in common, namely, that from their situations they are extremely liable to become ergotised ; and we have reason to think that the greediness with which cattle eat them, is, when in this state, not without much danger, especially to gravid animals,
In several parts of Germany this grass is cultivated for its seeds, which form the manna croup of the shops, and are considered a delicacy in soups and gruels. Birds
it is said are fond of the seeds, which, when pounded into meal, make bread very little inferior to wheaten bread.
Sus-Speecies Il—Glyceria plicata. ries. Prars MDCCLII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLIII. Fig. 381. _ Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 183. - _ A UOS ee
ee ee 2 >
. 7 compound, or slender and ae kemeobertoeinenttg Pansies 3 Ge eer aes adpres uring flowering
- and diverging in fruit, 1 of those at each oF ths wee nodes longer than the others, usually greatly so, and bearing several racemosely arranged spikelets, or compound and bearing branches with racemosely ieiied spikelets, the other branches with a single spikelet, or (rarely ) one of them with 2 or 3 spikelets. Spikelets oblong-linear, obtuse, with 4 to 12 florets inserted on the axis at distances about equal to their _ breadth. Lower pale (in profile) 3 or 4 times as long as broad, trun- __ __ eateerose, subobtuse, broadly scarious at the apex. Anthers about | twice as ee as broad. Caryops broadly —- :
Var. a, genuina.
ale cgenly compound, with the branch i in Suit in t fives at ee Spikel ts all
P talked.
GRAMINA. 99
than Cowdenbeath, Fife, though I believe I gathered it near Swan- bister, Orkney, but I have preserved no specimens from that locality in my herbarium, and as it was in the year 1849 I cannot now speak with certainty. In Ireland it is recorded from counties Dublin, Galway, and Mayo. The variety 6 appears to be nearly as common as the type.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Very near G. eu-fluitans, but occasionally attaining a larger size and with the spikelets shorter and thicker than those of G. eu-fluitans— comparing spikelets of each plant which have the same number of florets, but as the number of florets in the spikelet varies in each sub- species, 5 a of G. oS with numerous florets will be con- siderably longer than those of G. eu-fluitans with few: in G. plicata, in fact, the length of the spikelets varies from } to 1 inch. This comparative shortness arises from the florets being placed closer to each other on the axis of the spikelet of G. plicata. The florets are also shorter, } to 4 inch long, the lower pale is broader in proportion | to its length, more strongly ribbed, blunter, and more scarious at the apex, which is often shortly 3- to 5-toothed. Anthers only about half as long as in G. eu-fluitans, caryops shorter and broader, and rachis is slightly rough in the upper
G. plicata var. a cannot well be mistaken for G. eu-fluitans on account of the compound panicle with much more numerous spikelets, but var. 6 and transition states between var. @ and var. § require minute examination to separate them from G. eu-fluitans.
When growing in dry places G. plicata var. 6 is densely ceepitose, a the stems sometimes not above 3 or 4 oe Tong, and the oe oS nr cael eee ace oe
A third subspecies of &
>“ Beorion I.-MEGACHLOA.
| Eeidets * rather short, | alipea-ovid wed slightly Seared before iweriong:: : ds oblong and greatly laterally compressed.
ag firm ¢ or aoe
dicules free ‘from each other. Stem stout, oe Leaves hacts oe
100 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES I1—GLYCERIA AQUATICA. Sm. Puiare MDCCLI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLIT. Fig. 379. -. Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2176. G. spectabilis, Mert. & Koch. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 932. Poa aa. Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1315. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. - viii.
Hytrockia aquatica, Hartm. Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 316.
Perennial. Rootstock extensively creeping, not czspitose, with long subterranean leafless stolons terminating in leafy barren stems. Stems erect, very stout, rigid. Leaves very stiff, broadly linear, parallel-sided, abruptly-acuminated and hooded and mucronate at the apex, With numerous broad elevated ribs; sheaths compressed, anci- pitate ; ligule short, truncate, with an elongate central point. Panicle erect, pyramidal, equal, rather lax, very compound. Panicle-branches commouly 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis, somewhat unequal, all of
| teen bearing numerous a diverging during and after flower-
ing. Spikelets shortly st stalked, short, oblong-lliptical and compressed ae 1 and greatly compressed, 4-
1 9-flowered, ‘olive. Glumes slightly unequal, the upper one the larger, but considerably shorter than the lowest floret. Lower pale
subobtuse, scarcely scarious at the apex, with 7 prominent ribs.
By the edges of ditches and —_ rivers and ponds; rather common
of Lindores, Fife. In Aberdeenshire it is merely naturalised, according to Dr. Dickie’s Botanist’s Guide. It is also reported from Forfar and “guiende but those counties are so much to the north of its ascertained
‘ cd until —— cocupice an area of about 30 square yards; oe jl ntr oduced dit will soon have
mores EO eae eee
GRAMINA. 101
4 to 14 inches long by 2 to 6 inches broad, with very numerous —— lets. Florets } inch long, rarely viviparous. Anthers y
Reed Meadow-Grass. French, Glycérie flottante. German, Wasser Schwaden.
This is a true aquatic species of grass, usually growing in water, either of ponds or rivers. Its panicles of neatly formed awnless locuste of flowers are very imposing, and its foliage is at all times broad and conspicuous, so that this grass is a fine covert for waterfowl. On cultivating this grass in plots of land out ot the water curious results were arrived at, which suggest the propriety of continuing to repeat the e2 ments. It is one of the few aquatic species which will live out of water, acnaehd it is even then too harsh to be of any value.
The leaves of this grass are particularly liable to attacks of Uredo longissima, Sow., Elongated Uredo, which occurs in long olive-brown slits beneath the epidermis of the leaves.
GENUS XXXUI.—SCLEROCHLOA. Pal. de Beaw. Bab.
Spikelets ( excepting the terminal ones) subsessile or very shortly stalked, arranged in a lax or dense panicle, which is usually more or less distichously unilateral and sometimes reduced to a_spikelike raceme, slightly laterally compressed before flowering, open during flowering, each containing 3 to 11 perfect florets. anne persistent, unequal or nearly equal, both shorter than the florets, not awned, subscarious. Pales 2, the lower one concave, rounded on the back, ©
at least towards the base, but often keeled towards the ae not a awned, with 5 (rarely 3) eos faint bse parchme no
102 ENGLISH BOTANY.
back, indistinctly keeled towards the apex only. Caryops oblong- linear, not furrowed on its face.
SPECIESI—SCLEROCHLOA MARITIMA. Lindi. (non Reich.) Piate MDCCLIV. Reich. Te, Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLI. Fig. 377.
Glyceria maritima, Wahl. Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 118. Hook, Stud. Fl. p. 445. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 933. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 77. Gren, & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIT. p. 535. Crep. Man. FI. Belg. ed. ii. p. 347, & Not. Fase. v. pp. 209 & 246. Reich. Ic. 1.c. p. 48.
- Puccinellia maritima, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 570. Poa maritima, Huds. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1140. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii.
Wid dence: Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 394.
Rootstock densely cepitose, producing very numerous elongate decumbent or prostrate leafy barren stems or shoots, which sometimes root at the nodes, and a few flowering stems. Flowering stems = or erect usually from a curved or geniculate base, rather Leaves of the barren stems distichously spreading, thick and
= mens bely flat with a few very thick prominent cartilaginous ribs _ sheaths smooth, the uppermost one longer than its leaf; ligule sh truncate. Panicle unilaterally distichous. Rachis with distant zn Panicle-branches rather slender, rigid, 2 or 3 at each of the lower
siely disposed on and siccees to the br 5 of he | spikelets: on short thick | le ay =
. but not excurrent. : — oe
GRAMINA, 103
Var. 6, dejlexa.
Panicle-branches deflexed or reflexed in fruit.
In salt marshes and on moist shores of the sea and tidal rivers ; common, and generally distributed. Var. 6 Rhyl, Flint, Mr. J. Whittaker; “at the farthest extremity of the St. Helen’s Spit,” Isle of Wight, Dr. Bromfield in “ Flora Vectensis.”
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
t growing in dense tufts, with very numerous trailing and iter rooting barren shoots, from a few inches to 1 foot or more long, with numerous spreading distichous leaves 1 to 4 inches oe These leaves appear rush-like, but are really folded together. Flowe ing stems 6 inches to 2 feet high. Panicle 2 to 6 ‘inches long; thes longest branches 1 to 24 inches. Spikelets } to 4 inch long, accord- ing “to the number of florets, pale green, often tinged with purple, especially on one side. Florets 1 to } inch long.
Creeping Sea Meadow- Grass.
SPECIES U—-SCLEROCHLOA MULTICULMIS. Piates MDCCLV. MDCCLVI. Glyceria distans, Hook fil. Stud. Fl. p. 446.
-Rootstock cxespitose, producing a few short ascending or erect leafy barren shoots, which do not root at the nodes, and very) numerous flowering stems. Flowering stems erect or a from a curved or geniculate base. Leaves of the barren shoot scendi fing as or erect, rather thick but not at a — — more or r Tess ho 0 ed
Panicle a see or more or pe Gintichon sly ut later al, rather Jax, ‘ines onP ag or tease ise ia 5 a Bahia ith | distant nodes. Panicle-branches weak or rather rigid,
104 ENGLISH BOTANY.
and subcompressed. Lower glume faintly 1-ribbed, the upper one 3-ribbed. Lower pale more or less broadly scarious at the apex, obtuse or acute, sometimes mucronate, faintly or rather strongly 5- ribbed, with the midrib falling short of the apex or excurrent. Anthers oblong.
Sus-Srecres L—§clerochloa distans. Bab. Prats MDCCLYV.
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLI. Figs. 375 & 376. Billot, F1. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 184. Glyceria distans, Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 118. Koch, Syn. Fi. Germ. et Hely. ed. ii. . 932. Fries, Mant. ii. p.10, & Summ. Veg. Scand. p.77. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de
Fr, Vol. III. p. 556. Crep. Man. Fl. Belg. ed. ii. p. 347, & Not. Fase. 5, pp. 209 & 226. Reich. Ic. l.c. p. 47.
Puecinellia distans, Parl. Fi. Ital. Vol. I. p. 367.
Poa distans, Lann. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 986. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii.
| Pectin dae, Komik, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 393. erga stems rather weak. Leaves gradually hooded at the
ne = C " Panicle nearly. equal, lax, triangular or oblong in outline.
S es very slender or cay lary, weak, from 3 to 6 at the lower ‘utes of the rachis, but generally 5, unequal, the longer ones rane hed and bare of spikelets me ae base for nearly half their _ascending- spreading in flower, reflexed in fruit. Spikelets distichously ‘and spicato-racemosely Toe on the branches of the panicle ; the lateral ones on extremely short thick pedicels, which are slightly dilated upwards and usually about as long as the lower glume; all 3- to 8-flowered, usually 5- or &-flowered, at first com- od subeylindrical, afterwards oblong-elliptical and much com-
pressed. Lower pale broadly scarious at the apex, obtuse, not —
: - mucronate, very faintly 5-ribbed, with the midrib fallin ee — oblong.
short of the e
GRAMINA. 105
Rare inland. Var. 6 in the west of England: Bideford, Devon; Beadley Bay, Gloucester; Breedon, Leicestershire ; and near Dublin.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or perennial (?). Summer, Autumn.
Stems 3 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves with the barren shoots 1 to 6 inches long by }5 to } inch broad, slightly glaucous. aie leaves short, the uppermost one § to 3 inches long. Panicle 2 to 10 inches long, pyramidal. Spikelets 4 1 to 4 inch long, often tinged with purple, but sometimes wholly green. Florets 74, to } inch long.
The var. 9 is scarcely deserving of separation from the :
S. distans bears considerable resemblance to S. maritima, but the barren shoots are not prostrate, and the leaves on them are not spread- ing, not fleshy, nor conduplicate ; the flowering stems are more nume- rous, weaker; the panicle is nearly equal, not “unilateral ; the panicle- branches more numerous, more slender, and more of them bare of
spikelets at the base ; the pedicels are considerably shorter; the
ies Meadow-Grass. French, Glycérie écartée. German, Abstehender Schwingel.
Sus-Species I11.—Sclerochloa Borreri. Bab.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsiec. No. 2177. ee oo Glyceria Borreri, Bab. ee ee ean caer Crep, Mon,
ae branched and bare of spikelets at the base for Soak one-eighth to ne-thirc _ of their Jength, — in flower, ascending or g in fruit. Spikelets unilaterally, — =
i posed. ont the branches of rata nicle the lateral ce
106 ENGLISH BOTANY.
pressed. Lower pale narrowly scarious at the apex, subacute, mucro- nate, 5-ribbed, with three of the ribs prominent and the midrib reaching the apex and extending beyond it forming a mucro. Anthers quadrate-oblong.
In salt marshes and waste places by the sea and tidal rivers, local. Confined to the south and east coast of England, from Sussex to Suffolk, or perhaps York. Frequent along the estuary of the Thames, especially on the Kentish shore. I have seen no specimens from any stations north of Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, where I have gathered it plentifully, but the Rev. W. W. Newbould has found it at Lowestoft, Suffolk. In Ireland it occurs at North Lots, near the mouth of the Liffey; at Sandy Mount, and along Dublin Bay.
England, Ireland. Biennial or perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Stems 6 to 18 inches high. Leaves 2 to 10 inches long by 1 to 4 inch broad, boat-shaped at the extremity, abgntly claucous. Panicle z i to 6 inches long. Spikel ~ og s to } inch long, rarely faintly - ae ee with aa _Florets 7 peck ee ong. Very similar to S dutans, | intermediate ch alehgoee it and
- a included wiiea a ae the loweat whorl of issues pointing i ina - different from my of the others. If these lowest ‘branches are
Sea op supposes te his pitti ono nome published nS iculus of his “Notes.” I have Kote me at present spec s, raised from the seed of the Essex plant, i
8 . dist and = Borreri oe :
GRAMINA. 107
as subspecies, and have thought it best to give a new name to the aggregate under which I have included them.
Borrer’s Meadow- Grass.
SPECIES IL—_SCLEROCHLOA PROCUMBENS. Pal. de Beaw. Puate MDCCLVILI.
Billot, Fi. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2587.
Glyceria procumbens, Sm. Brit. Fl. Vol. I. p. 119. Hook. fil. Stud. FI. p. 446. Gren. & Godr, Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 537. Crep, Man. FI. Belg. ed. ii. p. 347, & note fase. 5, p. 208.
‘Scleropoa procumbens, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 474.
oe Curt. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 532. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii.
eee proctinberis, Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 393.
Rootstock czspitose, producing a few short ascending leafy barren shoots which do not root at the nodes, and very numerous flowering stems. Flowering stems rather stout, Wek ascending or decumbent or procumbent, sometimes from a curved or geblealate base. Leaves of the barren shoots ascending or erect, linear, rather thick, but not at all fleshy, flat, deeply hooded at the apex, with numerous thick prominent cartilaginous ribs. Stem leaves similar to those of the barren shoots ; sheaths smooth, the upper one longer than its leaf; ligule elongate, narrowly triangular, acute. Panicle distichously unilateral, dense, ovate- or lanceolate-oblong. Rachis with approxi- _ mate nodes, trigonous. Panicle-branches rigid, 2 or 3 at each of
the lower nodes of the rachis, the longer ones bare of spikelets and S — unbranched at the: io for from. — to eineha-a88 of = ae
“branches of the pniele; the : 3- red, but 1 5-flowered. Lower gme re, the upper one Sched.
: J0V er om —_— broadly scarious at the apex, subobtuse, sometimes
t ly 1 cronate, rather strongly 5-ribbed, with — the ribs prominent
towards» Apes; an the midrib reaching the apex or sometimes sight excurrent and seed a minute mucro. _Anthers quadrate-
hough extending 1 - com cai ae Sat Son
108 ENGLISH BOTANY.
of any well authenticated Scotch station, though it is said to occur in Forfarshire. Widely distributed in the south and east of Ireland.
England, Ireland. Biennial or perennial (?). Summer, Autumn.
Stems 3 to 18 inches high, rather thick but weak, sometimes in dry mer quite prostrate. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long by } to 1 inch broad. Panicle 1 to 3 inches long, the branches in the middle as long as those at the base. Spikelets } to inch long. Florets Linch ]
_ Distinguished from S. Borreri by its more compact and more perfectly unilateral panicle, with the lower branches much shorter in proportion to the middle ones, by its longer spikelets and florets, by its lower pale being more strongly ribbed towards the apex in fruit, and with its midrib either not excurrent or forming only a very minute mucro. The leaves also are broader, and the ligule much longer and more acute.
S. distans, S. Borreri, and S. procumbens, are all perennant: generally the plant dies after once flowering, but sometimes the root remains alive, and throws up flowering stems the second year.
_ Section IL—SCLEROPOA. Griesb.
Rachis and panicle-branches _ancipitate-triquetrous. Spikelets
_ broadly elliptical and greatly laterally compressed before flowering. Glumes nearly equal, both 1-ribbed, or rarely the upper one 3-ribbed.
__ Lower pale 3-ribbed, conspicuously keeled in the apical half. Caryops _ ovoid-linear, furrowed on the face. : :
SPECIES V-SCLEROCHLOA RIGIDA. Link. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. OXLIX. Fig. 370. rigida, Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 119. Hook. jil. Stud. Fi. p. 446. _ | a rigida, Griesb. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I p. 473. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. p58. Se |
Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1371. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii.
, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 892 Koel, Syn. Fl. Germ. ot Helv.
GRAMINA. 109
late base. Leaves narrowly linear, thin, not at all fleshy, nearly flat, tapering to the apex, with numerous slender prominent cartilaginous ribs; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one shorter than its leaf; ligule elthueste, narrowly triangular, acute, often lacerate. Panicle distich- ously unilateral, racemose in the upper half, rather dense, triangular- oblong or linear-oblong. Rachis with approximate nodes, ancipitate- triquetrous. Panicle-branches rigid, solitary at each node of the rachis, the lowest ones forked from the base, the upper ones simple, ascending-erect in flower, ascending-spreading in fruit. Spikelets rather numerous, unilaterally, distichously, and racemosely disposed on and slightly diverging from the lower branches of the panicle, solitary and terminal on those in the upper half of the panicle; the lateral ones on pedicels about as long as the glumes; all 5- to 10-flowered, but usually 6- or 7-flowered. Glumes acute, scarcely hooded, 1-ribbed, rarely the upper one 3-ribbed, the upper one cover- ing half the second floret and reaching up nearly to the base of the fourth floret. Florets separated from each other by a portion of the rachis as long as the width of the lower pale. Lower pale narrowly scarious at the apex, oblong-lanceolate in profile, gradually tapering to the apex, sub-obtuse, faintly mucronate, obsoletely 3-ribbed, the lateral ribs scarcely distinguishable, the midrib slender, excurrent, and forming a mucro.
On dry barren ground, wall tops, and rocks. Commonand generally __ distributed in Bnglend, more rare in Scotland, where it appears to be ce confined to the eastern coast, reaching to the shores of the Dornoch Firth, Ross-shire. Rather local, but eae detathiseil 5 in Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer. - i
Plant oreg gal jous.
a 4 inches, about ry times as “Tong: as broad. Spikelets green, fre-
: voonsad tinged with purple, 7, to } inch, ig according to the — . — eal florets. Florets 4 ee long. ae
| Hard Meadow-Grass. | — oe
sa | : Id , especially
Stems rather few i in each individ bt, _ os lono to
istric ‘ _ Wherever it occurs in a district, we assume that it indicates a eo
110 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES VI-SCLEROCHLOA LOLIACEA. Woods. Pirate MDCCLIX. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXXV. Fig. 274. Billot, F1. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. 2586. Glyceria loliacea, Watson ; Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 446. Scleropoa loliacea, Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. Catapodium loliaceum, Link ; Lindl. Syn. Brit. FL { p- "997. Parl. Fi. Ttal. Vol. I. p- 478. eich. Ic. lc. p. 32. Poa loliacea, Huds. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. 0. Triticum loliaceam, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 221, & Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 185. T. Rottbéllia, D.C. FL Fr. Vol. III. p. 86. Brachypodium loliaceum Rém. & Schultes ; Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 75. Festuca rottbéllioides, Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 395.
Annual. Without barren shoots. Flowering stems rather few, rather stout, rigid, decumbent or ascending from a curved or geniculate base, sometimes curved throughout. Leaves narrowly linear, thin, not at all fleshy, nearly flat, tapering to the apex, with
numerous slender prominent cartilaginous ribs; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one about as long as its leaf; ligule elongate, oblong, truncate, often erose-denticulate. Puzicle distichously unilateral, ‘spicate, rather dense, linear. Rachis with approximate nodes, ancipi- tate-triquetrous. -Panicle-branches all simple, rigid, solitary at each node of the rachis, resembling very short pedicels, or the lower ones slightly . loneatedt and with 2 bo. > spikelets, — os Bowes ao fruit.
a v7 disposed
on and adpressed to the lower branches of the gras solitary and.
_ terminal on the extremely short branches of the upper half of the
_ panicle, or throughout; the lateral and solitary ones subsessile; all 5-
: to eeestige: _— oe - or r 8-flowered. Glumes obtuse, sometimes he rd dy. “1p ~
m1 ¢ nate. [igiauaty rib “thick, shortly excur-
oe xy = sea; rather pee a
GRAMINA. 111 and reliable testimony. Rather local, but widely distributed in England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer.
Plant growing ‘in small compound tufts with rather few stems in each individual tuft, 2 to 6 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. Panicle 1 to 24 inches long by } to 1} inch broad. Spikelets green, rarely tinged ‘with pale purple, } to 2 inch long. Florets about zy Inch long.
Plant with the habit of Triticum, but the spike is unilateral with a distinct back and a face, the spikelets are not quite sessile, and the inary panicle-branches are sometimes developed, though rarely above 4, inch long exclusive of the terminal spikelet.
Dwarf Meadow-Grass.
French, Glycérie Ivraie.
GENUS II—POA. Linn.
Spikelets stalked, arranged in a loose open or somewhat contracted panicle, laterally compressed, open during flowering, each containing 2 to 8 perfect florets. Glumes 2, nearly equal, both shorter than the florets, not awned, usually both 3-ribbed, subherbaceous with scarious margins, rarely wticlls subscarious. Pales 2, the lower one compressed, keeled, throughout entire, not awned, 3- to 5-ribbed, subherbaceous with scarious margins; upper pale 2-cleft, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, entire or bilobed. Stamens 3. Styles 2, terminal, very short; aS eae plumose, , protruded at the sides - Pere foo between oe basal margins sof the
CIES I-POA ANNUA Lin Reich, Te. Fl. Germ. ot Helv. Vol. Tab. CLY. Figs. 887 and 388.
on a Germ. Exsice. No. 93.
ual or Saenedal. No rootstock, stolons or or barren Sects: Stem
o from a eee
base which i is some-
: ts ai ut Olle thir Ss : ° Leaves t flaccid, “
112 ENGLISH BOTANY.
rather broadly linear, flat, abruptly pointed and hooded at the apex, bright green; sheaths smooth, strongly ancipitate, none of them dilated, the uppermost one longer than its leaf; ligule very prominent, oblong obtuse or truncate. Panicle erect, more or less distichously weilaneral, deltoid or deltoid-triangular in outline, lax. Panicle-branches from 1 to 4 at the lower nodes of the rachis, but generally 2, unequal, the longer ones bare of spikelets and unbranched at the base for from one-third to half their length, spreading-ascending in flower, spreading o r ascending- spreading in fruit, smooth. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2-to €-fiiWieted, usually 4- or 5-flowered. Florets not connected at the base by arach- noid hairs. Lower glume 1-ribbed, the upper 3-ribbed. Lower pale green rarely suffused with purple, broadly white and scarious at the apex, with or without a red or purplish line between the green and white, subacute, faintly 5-ribbed, with the ribs more or less silky-hairy towards the base.
In waste places, cultivated ground, roadsides, meadows, &c.; ex- tremely common, and universally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring to Winter.
Stems 2 to 18 inches long. Leaves 1 to 6 inches by yi 15 to $ inch. Panicle 3 to 4 inches. Spikelets 4 to} —_ Florets } inch.
of a rootstock. The wai plant is much softer and less rigid a the genus. The leaves are often crimped at the
__P. supina, Schrad, is said to be a mountain form with highly
. coloured mpikelets, but I have not seen specimens :
: French, Paturin annuel. German, einjdhriges iene.
Wide pain te ld sek examen species to be found on way-sides and hedges, and chien y enom amet Thee eaten Sa. oS git or bwe hink= and ae it for er al the year round, he ac Se hoe It is o ver, in damp pastures that it
GRAMINA. oe 113
leafy barren shoots, but no stolons, and with several flowering stems. Barren shoots on slender stalks or subsessile, swollen into elliptical-lan- ceolate bulbs at the base, with the outer sheaths membranous. Flower- ing stems erect or ascending from a geniculate base which is swollen into a more slender bulb than that of the barren shoots, slender, rather wiry, straight; the uppermost knot about one-third or one-fourth above the base. Leaves of the barren shoots and base of stem thin, flaccid, narrowly linear, flat, with a very deep central furrow, rather gradually pointed and hooded at the apex, bright green; stem leaves extremely short, channelled, and more hooded. than those of the barren shoots; sheaths smooth, indistinctly ancipitate, the lowest ones greatly dilated, the uppermost one many times longer than its leaf; ligule very prominent, oblong-lanceolate, subacute. Panicle erect, nearly equal,
deltoid-ovoid in flower, subcylindrical-ovoid in fruit, dense. Panicle- branches 1 to 3 at the lowest nodes of the rachis, but generally 2, unequal, the longer ones bare of spikelets and unbranched at the base for from one-fifth to one-third of their length, ascending-spreading in flower, erect and adpressed in fruit, slightly rough. Spikelets ovate, 3- to 6-flowered, usually 4- or 5-flowered. Florets connected at the base by arachnoid hairs. Glumes both 3-ribbed or the lower one 1-ribbed. Lower pale acuminate and very acute, indistinctly 5-ribbed, with the midrib and marginal ribs silky-hairy towards the base,
green, more or less tinged ih purple, rather broadly 7 and scarious at the apex. |
On sand and fine atte. on the seashore. Devon; oe = St. Helen’s Spit, Isle
ae _ Flowering stems 3. inches to 1; inch
most stem leaf 1 to 4 4 inch long by Ty to its palbe, 1 rhich
114 ENGLISH BOTANY.
The bulbs remain when the plant is subjected to pot culture. They divide like shallots, and the cloves afterwards usually become more or less evidently stal
Bulbous Meadow-Grass. French, Pdturin bulbeuw. German, Zawiebeliges Rispengras.
SPECIES T1.—POA ALPINA. [inn. Prate MDCCLXIT. Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLVI. Figs. 392 and 393. Billot, F1. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1380.
Perennial. Rootstock thick, shortly creeping, usually without estival leafy barren shoots or stolons, with subsolitary flowering stems. Flowering stems erect, often from a curved base which is swollen into a cylindrical bulb, with the outer sheaths fibrous, slender, rather wiry, generally bent at the knots, the uppermost knot about one-third or one-fourth above the base. Leaves at the base of the flowering stem thick, firm, broadly linear, nearly flat, abruptly pointed and hooded at the apex, green, slightly glaucous ; stem leaves ex- tremely | short, channelled, and more hooded at the apex than the radical ones ; _ smooth, ancipitate ; ligule very prominent, oblong-lanceolate, truncate and erose. Panicle erect, nearly equal, or somewhat distichously unilateral, deltoid-ovoid in flower, rhombic- ovoid in fruit, rather dense. Panicle-branches 1 to 3 at the lowest nodes of the rachis, but generally 2, unequal, the longer ones bare of spikelets and unbranched at the base for from one-third to one-half their length, spreading in flower, erect-ascending or ascending in fruit, slightly rough. Spikelets ovate, 2- to 6-flowered, usually 4- or
= _ 5-flowered. Florets not connected at the base by arachnoid hairs.
= —- both 3-ribbed, or the lower one I-ribbed. Lower pale acumi- te and —— indistinctly 5-ribbed, with the midrib and marginal Ot -hairy in the lower two-thirds, green, often more or tae suf-
GRAMINA. 11s
serotina. Leaves 1 to 5 inches long by % to - inch broad, almost fleshy. Panicle 3 to 2 inches long, most commonly viviparous. Spike- lets 4 to } inch long. Florets } inch long.
Out of thousands of wild specimens I have never seen one with the rootstock and base of the stem unclothed with the decayed bases of former leafsheaths, which give it the sub-bulbous appearance above mentioned; but in cultivation, either from more rapid es of the rootstock, or more rapid decay of the leafsheaths, this i sometimes disappears, as may be seen in the original figure in “ English rae which is given in the present edition on the right of the
at
Alpine Meadow-Grass.
French, Paturin des Alpes. German, Gebirgs-Itispengras.
SPECIES IV—POA LAXA. Hanke. Piares MDCCLXIIL. MDCCLXIV.
Rootstock rather slender, very shortly or not at all creeping, ceespi- tose, with estival leafy barren shoots but no stolons, with numerous or several flowering stems. Flowering stems erect or ascending some- times from a curved or geniculate base which is scarcely swells, with the outer sheaths membranous, slender, weak, not bent at the upper knots; the uppermost knot at about one-fourth above the base. Leaves at the base of the flowering stem thin, narrowly linear, tapering, flat, gradually pointed and not hooded, or rather abruptly pointed and hooded at the apex; stem leaves not much cpr! than the =— oo ones, and in other respects similar to them; sheaths wa uppermost one longer than its leaf; ligule very prominent, oblong- triangular, subtruncate and pera Panicle — drooping
pr al he ele a sid ON ees
AP enTT Aaah td
ee ust stcewards, cr slaeable cc ha ‘form: Tather lax rather dense. Panicle-branches 1 to 3 at ‘the lowest 1 nod: s of th rachis, but generally 2, unequal, the longer one : celets unbranched at the base for half or two-thi - ing or erect in flower and fruit, or spreading in fr — rough. ate oS — 2 See 6-lowe ered, 2 -
i
116 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Sus-Srecres I1—Poa stricta. Lindeberg. Pirate MDCCLXIITI. Fries, Herb. Norm. Fasc. xv. No. 94. Poa laxa, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 413. Poa laxa var. vivipara, Anderss. Gram. Scand. p. 43. Rootstock shortly creeping, somewhat oblique, cespitose at the apex. Stems firm, straight. Leaves flat, gradually tapering to the apex, not hooded; uppermost sheath 2 to 4 times longer than its leaf; ligules all donate: Panicle open in flower and more so after- oe Panicle-branches slender, diverging in flower, afterwards spreading. Spikelets ovate, 2- to loweied. always (?) viviparous. Florets scarcely connected by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale some- what acuminate and acute, dark purple, narrowly g ereen on the keel, __ with rather narrow brownish-white margins. 3 ee rocky débris and damp ledges of rocks, on high mountains, very eo Loch-na-gar, Aberdeen, whee I have gathered it on the rocky a aie — the south-east corner of the great precipice, and on | in the corrie of n-an-ean. Ben Sakae Inverness, Prof.
; ifts eC tne 2 to 12 ion stems | ) inches to 1 foot high. Longest iat Leena epee stem leaf } to 2 inches long. Panicle 1 to 24 inches lon g, resembling — oo. he of bt poe but always slightly drooping at the apex. Spikel 4d inch long. Florets about 4 inch, almost all viviparous and wi a are not so appear to produce no seed. Anther:
ind Norway, me is not known to occu in the Se Europe.
_ Straight-Stemmed Meadow-Grase. - oS © Sue-Seatms eons -eu-laxa, — ee
“5 a ee ag ee ee
GRAMINA. 7
curving by their own weight. Leaves flat towards the base, chan- nelled, and abruptly pointed and hooded at the apex ; uppermost sheath 2 to 3 times as long as its leaf; ligule of the uppermost stem leaf elongate, those of the lower leaves and of the barren shoots quadrate, not longer than broad. Panicle slightly open and rhom- boidal in flower, closed and fusiform-cylindrical in fruit. Panicle- branches very slender, ascending in flower, erect in fruit. Spike- lets ovate, 1- to 4-flowered, but generally 2- or 3-flowered, never (?) viviparous. Florets very slightly connected by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale subacute, glaucous green, more or less faintly stained with purple, with broad brownish-white margins.
On rocky débris and dry ledges of rocks, on high mountains; rare. Loch-na-gar, Aberdeen, where I have gathered it on the rocky débris under the south-east corner of the great: precipice, and on rocks at the north-west margin of the same corrie, and on rocks on the north slope of Cairn-Towl, Aberdeen. Ben Nevis, Inverness. “Mr. John Mackay ” (Smith, “ English Botany ”’).
= Perennial. Autumn.
118 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES V.—POA GLAUCA. Smith. Pirates MDCCLV. MDCCLXVI. MDCCLXVIL. P. nemoralis, var. glauca, Hook fil. Stud. Fl. p. 43. non Koch.
Rootstock slender, more or less shortly creeping, with solitary or few or numerous flowering stems, not stoloniferous, or with very short autumnal stolons, without xstival leafy barren shoots. Stems erect, usually from a curved base, not swollen at the base, glaucous ;_ the uppermost knot rarely higher than from one-sixth or one-third above the base, rarely near the middle of the stem. Leaves linear, parallel-sided and abruptly pointed and hooded, or narrowly linear, tapering towards the apex and gradually pointed and hooded, glaucous, often intensely so; sheaths smooth or nearly so, compressed and ancipitate, the ‘uppermost one as long as or a little longer than its leaf; ligule rather prominent, quadrate or a little bronder than long, truncate. Panicle erect, Mists tiiaaly-inilateo, more rarely decal i oo —— slightly drooping at the apex, triangular in flower and
vards, or rhombic-ovoid in flower and linear afterwards, lax. Panicle-branches 1 to 5 at the lowest nodes of the rachis, but | icin 2, the longest 0 s unbranched and bare of spikelets at the
base for from oubidied 1s tall these Wicglly Watending Si See ad
sometimes in fruit, but more often erect and adpressed in fruit, more or less scabrous. Spikelets ovate-oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, 2- to 6-flowered. Glumes both 3-ribbed. Flovets free, or more or less connected at the base by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale subacute “ subobtuse, igen 5-ribbed, with the midribs and marginal-ribs
silky-hairy at the base or in the lower half, glaucous-green, more or less suffused with purple, with a reddish-brown blotch near the te | — narrow on scarious margins.
pee ena p _— cesia. Smith.
GRAMINA. 119
sheaths nearly smooth, acutely ancipitate, the uppermost one a little longer than its leaf ; ligule more than twice as broad as long, obliquely truncate and obtase-atipled. Panicle erect, distichously unilateral, deltoid-triangular in flower and° fruit, or somewhat rhombic in fruit. Panicle-branches 2 to 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis, but usually 2 or 3, rigid, spreading in flower and fruit, or ascending in fruit, bare of spikelets and unbranched at the base for about one-third to one-half their length, scabrous. Spikelets ovate-oblong, 3- to 6-flowered, but usually 4- or 5-flowered. Glumes acute, both shorter than the lowest floret. Florets not connected at the base by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale subobtuse, glaucous-green, variegated with pale purple and reddish, with rather narrow white scarious margins.
Said by Smith to have been sent from Scotland to Mr. Fairbairn of Chelsea Garden, and also sent to himself from the garden of Mr. J. Mackay, who alleged that he had brought it from Ben Lawers and other Highland mountains, but no wild specimens are known to exist.
Scotland? Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Plant growing in dense tufts producing a succession of Te flowering stems 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1§ to 3 inches long by } 1 inch broad, very similar to those of Poa pratensis, var. sib carahee but intensely glaucous, or rather cxsious, as there is a blue tinge in the white. vera 1 to 4inches long. Spikelets } to } inch Tong. Florets } inch lon, I am indebted es Mr. T. Moore for living specimens from Chelsea Garden of the plant from which the ee ke description was taken. th’s - herbarium ; — so
: sown, while Ertan ond PI Balfouril alive in culti aia Gs dhe open peo: ~ Ca sts Modi Grave.
Sus-Specres » T—Poa eu-glaucs. im. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1720. a, Sm. Eng. ite sia, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. sp i ora meaner 2
.
120 ENGLISH BOTANY.
solitary, or more rarely 2 to 5, erect, slightly curved throughout, usually sharply curved or geniculate at the base, rather slender, rigid, smooth, intensely . glaucous; the uppermost knot one-fifth to one- sixth above the base. Leaves narrowly linear, tapering, gradually pointed and slightly hooded at the apex, intensely glaucous; sheaths nearly smooth, acutely ancipitate, the uppermost one a little longer than its leaf; ligule about thrice as broad as long, truncate. Panicle erect, distichously unilateral, triangular in flower, rhombic or oblong in fruit; panicle-branches 1 to 3 at the lower nodes of the rachis, but generally 2, rigid, spreading in flower, ascending or erect in fruit, bare of spikelets and unbranched at the base for from one-half to two- thirds of their length, scabrous. Spikelets elliptical, 2- to 6-flowered, usually 2- or 3-flowered. Glumes acuminate, the larger one as long as or very little shorter than the first floret. Florets not connected at the base by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale acute or subacute, dark purple more or less tinged with samba reddish-brown towards the apex, with narrow white scarious margi : On damp ledges of rock on high witagstin: rare, and very local. Snowdon, —— am — sep and Glen Isla, Forfar; Stuich- n west side of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
:E seit , Scotland: Poncanial. Late Summer, Autumn.
- Rootstock often an inch or more in length, slender. Stems 4 inches to 1 foot high, solitary or few together, eas the apex of the root-
stock. Leaves 3 to 2 inches long, by zz to 1; inch broad. Panicle 2 inch to 3 inches long. Spikelets yy to 4 inch long. Florets to inch
sce Differs from P. cesia in the rootstock being conspicuc rs creeping and the plant not at all czespitose, in the stem being more slender and i its. _ uppermost knot lower down, in the leaves being much nar tapering, more gradually pointed, and not boat-shaped at ne are fewer leaves at the base of the stems the penile i : lax and has longer branches ; the spikel ts are 1 i ibe re acuminate and longer
terminating
don = i P. ie : : have t too —— - :
GRAMINA. int
Sus-Specres IIL.—Poa Balfourii. “ Parnell.” (Bab.) Prats MDCCLXVII. Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLVIII. Fig. 400. P. cxsia, Reich. Ic. l.c. p. 51. P. nemoralis, var. ¢, Hook & Arn. Brit. FI. ed. viii. p. 553. P. glauca, var. a, Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 128 (ex parte).
Subcespitose. Rootstock rather shortly creeping. Flowermg stems few or rather numerous, erect, straight, usually sharply curved or geni- culate at the base, slender, not rigid, smooth, glaucous; the uppermost knot one-third or one-fourth above the base, rarely near the middle (?).. Leaves narrowly linear, narrowed upwards, gradually pointed and hooded at the apex, glaucous; sheaths nearly smooth, ancipitate, the uppermost one about as long as its leaf; ligule about twice as broad as long, obliquely-truncate, Gbttae: Pinte erect, or slightly secundly
g, more or less distichously unilateral (particularly in small examples), rhombic-triangular in flower, oblong or linear in fruit. Panicle-branches 2 to 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis, but usually 2, not rigid, spreading-ascending or ascending in flower, erect and often adpressed in fruit, the longer ones bare of spikelets and unbranched at the base for from one-third to one-half their length, scabrous. Spike- lets elliptical, 2- to 5-flowered, but usually 3- or 4-flowered. Glumes acuminate, the larger one as long as or even a little longer than the first floret. Florets more or less connected at the base by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale subobtuse or subacute, pale green variegated with ee violet wah: a relish: bern stain at the apex, am with sagas
| oe fo) Var. A, a aud. a
| -B, Ralb w a ee : oe oralis, var. montana, Bab. Msn. But Bote. p12 nom Goad. o a eae Le
122 ENGLISH BOTANY.
On rocky débris and ledges of rock on mountains. Not uncommon. Snowdon, Carnarvon (?); Ingleborough, Yorkshire (?); the Cheviots, Northumberland (!); Clova Mountain, Forfarshire; Ben Voirlich and the Breadalbane Mountains, Perthshire. “ Las oe, Mr. R. Mackay, also on rocks north base of the Mourne at Castleton ” Brae- mar. (Dickie’s Botanist’s Guide.)
England, Scotland. Perennial. Late Summer.
Stems 6 to 8 inches high. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long by ¥ az to inch broad. Panicle 1 to 5 inches long. Spikelets 1 to + inch ce Florets } inch long
Very closely allied to P. eu-glauca, from which it is often impossible to distinguish it in herbarium specimens: but the two forms are readily separable when growing. P. Balfourii grows in tufts and has the flowering stem and panicle-branches weak, “not rig gid as in P. eu-
_ glauca; the ligule is eae and the whole plant is ae glaucous, and without the bluish or cxsious tinge of P. eu-glauca. The panicle is longer and narrower, much more closed in fruit, except in small nt we mes in bana oe Later are often istesarad even
ian cime panicle becomes oe over P to one ade:
Bee
forms of P. nemorediss, although Dr. Parnell himself, in his descrip- tion, distinguishes his a3 montana from P. nemoralis by the ligules”
oF the former bein very yicuous. The presence or —— of
: eed on a Rena yoott anaes come specs of Poa more fen develo oped than in others. —
I do not venture to La continental oe under the sub- acies ~ oe account of not —s cone © authentic :
GRAMINA. 123
numerous flowering stems, not stoloniferous, or with very short autum- nal stolons, without estival leafy barren shoots. Stems erect, not swollen at the base, green, rarely glaucous; the uppermost knot about the middle of the stem. Leaves narrowly linear, tapering towards the apex, gradually pointed and hooded, green, rarely slightly glaucous ; sheaths smooth, slightly compressed and bluntly ancipitate, the upper one usually shorter than its leaf, rarely as long as its leaf; ligule extremely short, truncate. Panicle erect or drooping at the apex, usually nearly equal and pyramidal in flower, but sometimes par- tially distichously secund and oblong in flower, usually closed and linear in fruit. Panicle-branches 1 to 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis, but usually 3 or 4, the longer ones unbranched and bare o. spikelets at the base for about half their length, spreading or spread- ing-ascending in flower, commonly erect and often adpressed in fruit, scabrous. Spikelets elliptical-lanceolate, 1- to 6-flowered. Glumes both 3-nerved. Florets free, or more or less connected at the base by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale acute or subacute, obsoletely 5-ribbed,
with the midrib and marginal ribs silky-hairy in the lower third, wholly pale green, rarely tinged with pale purple, especially towards the tip, with narrow white scarious margins.
Var. a, vulgaris. Gaud.
Green. Stem weak, not at all rigid. ) shorter than its deaf. —- erect | or Senses
124 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. 6, glaucantha. Reich. P. nemoralis, var. glauca, Bab, Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 413. (non Gaud.? )
Glaucous. Stem rather firm. Uppermost sheath about as long as its leaf. Panicle slightly drooping, lax, equal, pyramidal in flower, closed afterwards. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, glaucous green, sometimes tinged with pale purple.
Var. ¢, Parnellit, Hook & Arn. Pirate MDCCLXIX. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 3685.
Slightly glaucous. Stem rather weak. Uppermost sheath as long as or even longer than its leaf. Panicle secundly drooping,* tad: equal, broadly ‘pyramidal and open in flower, closed afterwards. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, but usually 2- or 3-flowered, green, often faintly anged with purple.
Var. &, divaricata.
"Green. Stem rather weak. Uppermost sheath as long as or longer than its leaf. Panicle erect, lax, distichously unilateral, oblong-trian- gular and open in flower and fruit. Spikelets 1- to 4-flowered, but usually 2-flowered, green, often tinged with pale purple.
Varieties a and Bi in woods and on hedge banks, rather se and generally distributed in England; more rare in Scotland, exten ing to Elgin and Dade Var. y on walls and in pa ane :
England acl Scotland. Var. 3 on mountains (Snowdon ?). Var. « on rocks, Teesdale. Var. £ in woods in hill y districts, Breadalbane
and Braemar. Some of these varieties occur in oe east weed —— of et) but I do not know which.
GRAMINA. 125
forms differ by having the ligule extremely short, and the uppermost knot always about the middle of the stem ; most of the forms of P. nemoralis besides are far less glaucous in colour and have the spikelets much less tinged with violet, but certainly it is sometimes difficult (at least when the plants are dried) to separate some of the forms of P. nemoralis from some of those of P. glauca. Wood Meadow- Grass. French, Pdtwrin des bois. German, Hain-Rispengras.
SPECIES VI—POA COMPRESSA. Linn. Prats MDCCLXX. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. : ues CLVIII. Fig. 401. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice
Not cespitose. Rootstock an extensively creeping, producing few or several flowering stems and long or short stolons terminating in vernal or estival leafy shoots or leafy barren stems. Flowering stems erect or ascending from a curved or geniculate base, not swollen at the base, green; the uppermost knot usually above the middle of the stem. Leaves narrowly linear, parallel-sided, rather abruptly pointed and hooded at the apex, dull opaque green ; sheaths smooth or nearly so, very greatly compressed and ancipitate, the uppermost one about as long as or longer than its leaf; ligule slightly prominent, 4 or 5 times as broad as long, transversely truncate. Panicle erect, indistinctly distichously unilateral, oblong or rhombic-oblong in flower, narrowly oblong and lobed afterwards, dense. Panicle-branches 2 to 5 at the lowest nodes of the rachis, but generally 2, the longest ones un- branched and cesses of reer at the base for from one-fourth ; ascending in Agirhe and erect = ae ral
_ 8-ribbed or more rarely 5-ribbed, ¥ v - silky-hairy at the base or in the iets
tly tinged with pale dusky — and mich very harrow white — estes
126 ENGLISH BOTANY.
9-flowered. Florets connected by arachnoid hairs. Lower pale obso-
_letely 3-ribbed. Var. 8, polynoda. ‘ P. polynoda, Parnell, Grasses of Britain, p. 84. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iv. p. 403.
Uppermost knot above the middle of the stem, often two-thirds from the base. Spikelets 4- to 6-flowered. Florets free or with but a single arachnoid hair at the base.. Lower pale obsoletely 5-ribbed. Stem more decumbent, knots more numerous, ligule longer, panicle more contracted and with shorter branches than in var. a.
In dry fields and on banks, on walls and amongst rocky débris. Not very common but generally distributed in England. Local in Scotland and very scarce north of the Forth and Clyde, though it is said to occur in Forfarshire, and I have myself gathered it on the shores of the Dornoch Firth, near the Mickle Ferry, Rosshire: in this last station, however, it may have been introduced, as it was in but small quantity.
_ Very rare in Ireland, the only certain locality being in the neighbour- : heat of rene ‘Var. P im very dry places and among stones. s 3 Perennial. Summer.
s soli oy or in 1 loose tufts 6 inches to 2 feet high ; brownish
5 knots 5 of th ei ataie usually -purple. Lperoeed leaves 1 to 4 inches_ 1 to acl broad. Panicle 2 inches long.
~~ by ty Spikelets} ets inch "ong. Florets about t wa feng.
pole oe as a variety, an wid perhaps it ral be considered as a
_ depauperised state, but I have not been able to test this by cultivation. —
_ The extremes are certainly widely different in appearance, but it | is
= — to draw a line between them, as there is no constant corre-
—— Iatic ' distinctive characters. Poa subcompressa, Parnell,is one of inks faheciguiladds: Geen, Lavin: 5-ribbed pales and distineth ly webbed - florets.
= de fee se ee ee i‘. ele $ less ome nice at SAE a nl. 2) guards
GRAMINA. 127
SPECIES VIL—POA PRATENSIS. Linn. Piates MDCCLXXI. MDCCLXXII Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. its Tab. CLXI. Figs. 413 to 417. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 3488.
Rootstock slender, sane creeping, producing few or several flowering stems, and long or short stolons terminating in vernal or vestival leafy barren shoots. Flowering stems erect, usually curved at the base, not swollen at the hase, green or slightly glaucous ; the uppermost knot one-fourth to one-third above the base. Leaves linear or narrowly linear, parallel-sided, rather abruptly pointed and hooded at the apex, bright green or slightly glaucous; sheaths smooth or nearly so, compressed, those of the barren shoots greatly so, and ancipitate, the uppermost one on the stem about two or three times as long as its leaf; ligule rather prominent, rather broader than long, obliquely truncate. Panicle more or less drooping at the apex, equal, oblong-pyramidal or deltoid pyramidal i in flower and fruit, or rhombic- oblong or narrowly oblong in fruit, lax or rather dense. Panicle- branches 2 to 5 at the fewest nodes of the rachis, but generally 3 to 5, the longest ones unbranched and bare of spikelets at the base for from one-fourth to one-half their length, spreading and often arching- drooping in flower and fruit, or ascending or even erect in fruit, eabrous. Spikelets lanceolate-elliptical, 2- to 6-flowered, but usu- ally 3- or 4-flowered. Lower glume 1-ribbed, a pes one 3-ribbed. | Florets connected at the base by numerous arachnoid : ee acuminate sod acute, peoseiepey 5 abhet. wih, the midrib and : | in the lower :
ia te ’ t, green. Panicle bl S-pyral inet, mer a oe ,
hairs. ae
128 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. y, subcerulea. Sm. Prats MDCCLXXII. P. subcerulea, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1004.
Leaves of the barren shoots as broad as those of the stem, short, flat, slightly glaucous or purplish. Panicle deltoid-pyramidal, com- monly rather few-flowered, open after flowering.
Var. 5, strigosa. Gaud.
Leaves of the barren shoots much narrower than those of the stem, at length convolute, slightly glaucous or purplish. Panicle oblong, closed after flowering.
In meadows, pastures, cultivated ground, and waste places; very common and universally distributed. Var. & chiefly in woods and shady places. Var. y in dry places, especially wall-tops and stony ground and on mountains. Var. 4 on wall-tops and stony and sandy
nace | , Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
. Var. has the stems 9 inches to 2 fest high, Ingest leaves 4 to 8 inches long i. Panicle 2 to 5 inches; eoreoha about % inch; florets y'5 inch, green, or slightly tinged with dull
i |
: var . B has the stems 1 to 2 feet high, leaves of the barren shoots 6 inches to 1 foot long by +4; to 74 inch broad, those of the stem shorter and } to 1 inch broad. Panicle 3 to 6 inches long. Spikelets and florets shout the same size as in var. «, or a little sma er, green.
Var.y has the stems 3 to 8 inches high, the longest meee 1 to 3 inches long by § inch broad, the uppermost stem leaf mu h hooded, so as to be boat-s . Panicle 1 to 2 inches long. Spikelets broader in = han in vars. a and A, always more or less tinged with
Ete
: Yar 3 as the stems 6 to 18 inches high, | leaves of the barren.
1 by its numerous :
ry acute eower ple with its ribs Dos: a
ie smaller than inthe
GRAMINA. 129
SPECIES IX—POA TRIVIALIS. Linn. Prats MDCCLXXITI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXIL Figs. 418 to 420. Billot, Fi. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2588.
Cespitose. Rootstock not at all creeping, producing several or numerous flowering stems, and numerous short or elongate xstival bar- ren shoots or decumbent stems, but no subterranean stolons. Flower- ing stem erect, curved or geniculate at the base, and sometimes rooting at the lower knots, not swollen at the base; green, the uppermost knot usually from one-third above the base to a little below the middle of the stem. Leaves linear, tapering towards the apex, gradually pointed, flat, green; sheaths rough, rarely smooth, compressed, those of the barren shoots greatly so and ancipitate, the uppermost one on the stem about twice as long as its leaf; ligule very prominent, longer than broad, lanceolate-triangular, acute. Panicle erect, equal, pyra- midal or oblong-pyramidal in flower and fruit, very lax. Panicle- branches 3 to 6 at the lowest nodes of the rachis, but usually 5, the longest ones unbranched and bare of spikelets at the base for about half their length, spreading in flower and fruit or ascending in fruit, scabrous. Suileelots elliptical, 2 to 4 flowered, but usually 3-flowered. Lower glume 1-ribbed, upper one 3-ribbed. Florets connected at the base by numerous arachnoid hairs. Lower pale acute, conspicuously 5-ribbed, the midrib alone silky-hairy in the —
lower half, green, occasionally tinged with purple, and with ol S _
white — ——- towards the — : Var stra
P. sabe, Bh. D.C 0. FL Fr. Vol. IU. gia
ee Var. B, Kili. — | a P. Ried, “D.0. Syn. Gall. 1607.*” Test. Gaud. Agrest. Hal VoLke 211. x : She oaths s smooth. : ee
In soya pestares, aide hed pitied ; very com- and g a. distributed. Var. Ps in woods : ; es
130 ENGLISH BOTANY.
broad. Panicle 3 to 9 inches long. Spikelets 1 inch long. Florets yy inch long. Very similar to P. pratensis, but usually taller and with a larger panicle, which does not droop at the apex. The leaves taper more ually towards the apex and are less hooded; the panicle-branches are more numerous at the lower nodes of the rachis; the spikelets are smaller and fewer flowered; and the lower pale more regularly curved on the back, not distinctly acuminate, and glabrous on the mar;
gins.
Var. @ is very readily to be distinguished from P. pratensis by its rough sheaths, but the most important characters which separate P. trivialis from P. pratensis are, the absence of a creeping root and subterranean stolons in the former and its long acute ligule.
Rough Meadow- Grass. French, Patwrin commun, German, Gemeines Rispengras.
GENUS XXXV.-BRIZ A, Linn.
_ Spikelets stalked, arranged in a very loose open panicle, laterally _ compressed, open during flowering, each containing 3 to 10 perfect _ florets. Glumes 2, nearly equal, subrotund, concave, both shorter _ than the spikelets, not keeled, not awned, 7- to 9-ribbed, scarious. Pales 2, the lower one concave, rounded on the back, not keeled, cordate at the base, entire and obtuse, not awned, faintly 7- to 9- ribbed, scarious; upper pale suborbicular, truncate, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, entire or sub-bilobed. Stamens 3. Styles 2, short, persistent ; stigmas plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets between the basal margin of the pales. Caryops adherent to the upper pale, glabrous, roundish-ovate, convex on the outside, concave within.
™ Tei)
The name of this genus is derived from the Greck word Bpilw, I balance, owing
from the ends of a balance
SPECIES I-BRIZA MEDIA. Lim. : Prars MDCCLEXIV. =” i. Ie. FI. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXV. Fig. 429.0 Pl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice.No.1575. 0
GRAMINA. 131
smooth, the uppermost one very slightly inflated, much longer than its leaf, frequently eight or ten times as long, and very rarely so little as twice as long ; ligule slightly prominent, generally broader than long, obtuse, rarely sub-acute, erose. Panicle erect, deltoid-pyramidal, lax, open. Panicle-branches in pairs, spreading, once or twice tricho- tomous, slightly scabrous. Spikelets drooping or pendulous, roundish- deltoid, compressed, 4- to 9-flowered, but usually 7-flowered. Glumes broadly oval-obovate, concave and hooded towards the apex, shorter and narrower than the lower pales of the florets contiguous to them, dull purple, rarely green, with broad white scarious margins. Lower pale quadrate-oval, concave, hooded towards the apex, slightly in- durated and boat-shaped in fruit, purple, rarely green, with broad white scarious margins. Anthers purple or yellow, exserted.
In meadows, pastures, downs, and heaths. Rather common, and generally distributed in England and the south of Scotland, extending north to Ross and Lanark. It occurs in Orkney, but possibly it may have been introduced there with grass seeds. Frequent throughout Treland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
about as broad.
a French, Brize commune. German, Gemeines 2 rg A beantiful grass, often gathered to form winter bouquets. Al
.
§ Eb coat
132 ENGLISH BOTANY. .
SPECIES IL—BRIZA MINOR. Linn. Pirate MDCCLXXV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CLXV. Figs. 428 and 430. Billot, Fl. Gall, et Germ. Exsice. No. 1379.
Annual. Without a rootstock, Flowering stems several or nu- merous, appearing in succession, simple or branched from the lower knots, without radical leaves. Leaves flaccid, very broadly linear, tapering towards both ends, flat, with rather numerous widely placed ribs, pale yellowish-green, slightly glaucous ; uppermost stem- leaf smaller than the others, but in other respects similar to them ; sheaths nearly smooth, the uppermost one considerably inflated and longer than its leaf, but rarely so much as twice as long ; ligule very prominent, much longer than broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, laciniate. ipa erect, pyramidal-subspherical, lax, open. Panicle-branches in pairs, spreading, twice or thrice or four times trichotomous, aie | ipauclens slightly drooping, ovate-deltoid or
ovate-triangular, 5- to 9-flowered, but generally 7- or 8-flowered. Glumes broadly oval-obovate, concave and almost saccate towards the
- apex, as long as or longer than and as broad as the lower pales of the florets contiguous to them, green, rarely purplish, with very broad white scarious margins. Lower pale suborbicular, concave, saccate towards the apex, greatly indurated, vs = — in fruit, green, with very broad white scarious margins. Anthers purple, included or nearly so.
In dry cultivated fields, generally among corn, rare and very local. Confined to the south-west of England, from Cornwall and Devon, or perhaps Somerset, to Hants, near Southampton and Ryde. Very rare in Ireland, where it occurs in fields at Black Rock, near Cork. Fre- ey in Jersey and Guernsey.
England. Ireland. Annual. Summer.
oe "Stone 6 inches to 2 feet high, thicker bet not so wiry as those of B. pram Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by } to § inch broad. Panicle -
: th " Florets J Tz inch long. eadily media by ite titted ‘flowering stems, some- . saeclotaig Short: branches terminating in panicles from the
ots: ader, , more flaccid, and yellow-green tender much nailer ‘then the others, not
GRAMINA. _ 133
GENUS XXXVI—CYNOSURUS. Linn.
Spikelets subsessile or very shortly stalked, disposed in pairs, one of which. is fertile, the other barren and resembling a pectinated bract placed behind its fertile spikelet, unilaterally arranged in a dense continuous or slightly interrupted spike-like panicle, laterally com-
ressed, open during flowering, each fertile one containing 2 to 5
perfect florets. Glomes of the perfect florets 2, nearly equal, strongly’ keeled, shorter than floret, pointed, 1-ribbed, scarious. ales of the fertile florets 2, the lower one rounded on the back, 2-toothed, with an awn from between the teeth, 5-ribbed, the ribs all converging into the awn; upper pale 2-toothed, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3. Styles 2, very short, terminal; stigmas plumose, protraded at the sides of the re between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops usually adhering to the upper pale, glabrous, oblong-convex on the back, slightly furrowed on the inner face.
From two Greek words, xiwy and ovpa, a tail—dog’s tail.
Section I.—EU-CYNOSURUS. Coss. & Germ.
Panicle linear. Sterile spikelets destitute of glumes, with the pales acuminate and mucronate. Lower pale of the fertile floret with an awn shorter than itself.
SPECIES I-CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS. — - Prare MDCCLXXVI. : Reich. Ic. Fi. Germ. et Helv. Vol: I. Tab. oo Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1383. oe ae ee - Perennial. Cxspitose. Rootstock with 1 aoe ; hort barren tufts, ae several flowering stems or rarely only one. “Flowering stems | erect, rather rigid, leafless at the apex ; uppermost knot oe middle of the stem. Leaves narrowly ont tapering : apex, rather rigid, with a few closely-placed ele = th, bright green ; sheaths smooth, the upperme @ as long as its leaf; ligule slightly prominent, cat ee
ist: ENGLISH BOTANY.
serrulate on the keel, all empty. Fertile spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, shorter than the barren spikelets. Glumes of the fertile florets nearly equal linear-lanceolate, shortly mucronate. Lower pales of the fertile florets lanceolate, acuminate, indistinctly 2-toothed, scabrous. Awn from between the teeth of the pale, and from one-third to one-fourth of its length.
In pastures and meadows and by roadsides, very common, and universally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer.
Plant growing in small tufts, with radical leaves 1 to 6 inches long, and flowering stems 9 inches to 2} feet high. Uppermost stem-leaf 1 to 3 inches lon ng. Pans icle 1 to 4 inches long by 4 to 3 inch broad. Barren — to } 1 inch long. Fertile spikelets 1 1 to + inch long. Florets 35 inch long, exclusive of the awn. Pales of both usually green, but sometimes tinged with pale purple. Anthers pale purple.
Florets occasionally viviparous.
Crested Dog’s-tail-Grass. —— Cynosure & créte. German, Gemeines Kammgras.
a ee
a : stures, often forming a considerable portion of lta gael adliy It seldom grows more than 18 inches high, and in very d t On dry upland pastures this grass forms the principal herbage, and being relished by sheep, must be regarded. as one of our most useful kinds; but upon moist land its produce is too small to recommend it for cultivation. The slender stem of this grass is valuable for making he eee Hoes, See weyers ey ee er
Section I.—PHALONA. Dumort.
_ Panicle ovoid or ovate, contracted. Sterile spikelets desgtinte of _ glumes ; with the pales acuminate and lonely awned. Lower ope of Cae fertile — with an awn longer than itself.
GRAMINA,. 135
at the apex ; uppermost knot usually above the middle of the stem. Leaves broadly linear, tapering towards the apex, flaccid, with nu- merous rather distant faintly-elevated ribs, rough on the margins and keel, yellowish-green; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one a little inflated, about as long as its leaf; ligule very prominent, oblong, much longer than boda, obtuse, often higher at one side than at the other. Panicle spike-like, ovoid or shlongaveid, continuous, often lobed, distichously unilateral. Panicle-branches short, unequal, the liner ones usually several times dichotomous and bearing numerous spikelets, the uppermost ones or all the branches once dichotomous and bearing 2 or 4 spikelets, ascending, rough. Sterile spikelets without glumes, with the pales equally Siaiant, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keel, with an awn about their own length, the uppermost ones sometimes containing a floret. Fertile spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, as long as the barren spikelets. Glumes of the fertile florets sally equal, strap-shaped-lanceolate, insensibly attenuated into an awn about half their own length. Lower pales of the fertile florets ellip- tical-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply 2-toothed, scabrous towards the apex. Awn from between the teeth of the pale, and equalling it in — or a little longer.
n sandy pastures. Very rare, and confined to the Channel Islands. Below Fort Regent, Jersey; near Port de Fer and other places, Guernsey. In England it is also occasionally to be met with — as a casual introduction in cultivated felda sown with corn, Italian rye-grass, or clover.
Channel Islands [England]. Arinoal: Summer
Stems 3 inches to 2 feet high in the Channel I. ‘Sometimes between 3 or 4 feet when growing in Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by + to @ inch broad; i in the c cornfield speci- . mens often much longer and broader. ‘Panicle } inch to 2 inches long ae (or in the cultivated state. sometimes 3 or 4 inches) by 3 to 3; inch oe broad. Barren Ase about 4 inch long, exclusive of . awns. a ong. Florets } inc long. ae oe Dog. s-tail-Grass. - French, — hévissé.
GENUS | XXXVIL—DjA OTYLIs. Linn.
(136 ENGLISH BOTANY.
open during flowering, each containing 8 to 11 perfect florets. - Glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the spikelets, keeled, mucronate, 1- to 5-ribbed, subherbaceous. Pales 2, the lower one keeled, entire or notched at the apex, mucronate or shortly awned from immediately below the tip, with 5 or more ribs, the ribs converging into the mucro or awn. Upper pale bifid or truncate, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, bifid. Stamens 3. Styles 2, short or rather long; stigmas long and phimose or short and hairy. Caryops free, glabrous, oblong or obovate, placed convex or subtregonous, with or without a furrow on the inner face. The name of this genus is derived from daxrvXoc, a finger.
SPECIES I—DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. Linz. Pirate MDCCLXXVIIL.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. cae CXLVIL. Figs. 363 and 364. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2591. _ Densely cexspitose rootstock, not creeping. Flowering stems ascend- ing or erect. Leaves rather flaccid, broadly linear, gradually tapering to the apex, which is slightly hooded, ultimately nearly flat (in the British form), strongly keeled, with numerous broad continuous flat- tened slightly scabrous ribs ; sheaths compressed, strongly ancipitate,
us and minutely pubescent, the uppermost one about as long as ite leat: ligule very prominent, triangular, acute, generally lacerate. Panicle erect or slightly drooping when in flower, distichously uni- lateral. Panicle-branches solitary at the lower nodes of the rachis, the lowest ones usually elongate and bare of spikelets at their base for half their length or more ; the upper ones very short, all bearing unilateral clusters of spikelets towards the apex: or in small speci- a mens the lower elongate panicle-branches wanting, and the spikelets Lee. ae unilateral Py Bh snes — nem
ee ae a Tee ee ea
GRAMINA. 137
wards nearly flat, more or less glaucous. Panicle 2 to 8 inches long or more in large specimens. Spikelets about } inch long. Florets
+ inch long, scr ami of the glumes. Lower pale green, or more or leas tinged with purplish-red. Anthers pela purple, es to eee isck range:
In the south and west of Europe there isa small glaucous form with involute leaves” ooh a compact semi-cylindrical panicle (D. Hispanica, Linn. reas may occur in the Channel Islands or south-
west of Englan Rough Cock’s-foot-Grass. French, Dactyle aggloméré. German, Gemeines Knaulgras.
A very valuable agricultural grass. Horses, re and sheep eat it with greediness, and fatten well in pastures in which it aboun
GENUS XXXVII—FESTUCA. Linn.
Spikelets stalked or subsessile, disposed in a lax and open, or dense and contracted panicle, or in a racemose or spikelike and generally unilateral panicle, at first cylindrical, afterwards compressed, open during flowering, each containing 8 to 12 perfect florets. Glumes 2, shorter than the florets, or the larger one nearly equalling them, more or less unequal, the lower one sometimes very minute or obsolete, keeled, acuminate or acuminate-aristate, scarious or subherbaceous. Pales 2, the lower one faintly keeled or rounded on the back, entire or 2-toothed, pointed or awned, with an excurrent mid-rib, the lateral — ribs vanishing below the apex, membranous or parchment-like; upper
pale acute, 2-toothed, 2-ribbed, scarious. Lodicules 2, entire or 2- lobed. Stamens 3, more rarely 1 or 2. Stigmas 2, sessile or F sub- oo
sessile, terminal, plumose, protruded at the he sides of :
the basal margins of the pales. Caryops generally adhering
upper pale, glabrous, oblong, convex on the tak, concave or fur- rowed within. esas the i — to the base. :
- I. rw. £8 eer eer Gee ‘ 1 1 fr , Signifying mesqiges mf : 44
— [_VULPIA. Gmel.
Gi
oe ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES lL—-FESTUCA UNIGLUMIS. Soland. Prats MDCCLXXIX.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXXX. Fig. 291. Billot, F). Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2593. F. bromoides, “ Innn.” Orep. Man. Fl. de Belg. ed. ii. p. 353. (Non Sm.) Vulpia uniglumis, Dumort. Agrost. Belg. p. 101. Parl. Fi. Ital. ‘Vol. I. p. 424.
Reich. Ic. 1. ¢. p. 35. Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 314. NV. a Godr. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 568. (Non Link, nec
Vv. eee Tink, Hort. Reg. Berol. p. 147.
Annual. Without tufts of radical leaves. Stems ascending or erect from a decumbent and geniculate base, usually branched from the lower nodes. Leaves narrowly linear, channelled, ultimately convolute, with a few very broad thick raised finely-downy ribs, green ; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one considerably longer than its leaf (usually more than twice as long) ; ligule extremely short,
truncate in the middle, but produced into an auricle on each side of _ the base of the leaf. Panicle short, dense, semi-cylindrical, oblong, _ simple, racemose, ¢ ay tichously unilateral. Panicle-branches all reduced _ to pedicels bearing singl le spikelets. Pedicels applied to the rachis, ds, mostly shorter than the spikelets. aa lets a to (flowered erect. Glumes very unequal ; lower glum
sixth the par of the the upper g florets (exclusive of the = Saas attenuated into a sca
awn about one-fourth of its own length. Florets imbricated, ae
separated in fruit. Lower pale gradually attenuated into an awn exceeding its own length, at least in the lower florets, scabrous on _ the keel and awn, and sometimes slightly punctate-scabrous towards
me apex, elsewhere mutes Anthers 3 (or =) Hook. Jil. ye
a. —- more or "less aay suena an over. Anther 1
GRAMINA. 139
of stem about equal to its own length between its apex and the base of the panicle. Panicle 14 to 34 inches Jong. Spikelets resembling those of Bromus Madritensis in miniature, 1 to 14 inch long. (exclusive of the ~ pale green, wil white-margined pales, and purple or whitish a The lower perio is very variable in size and shape; in the smallest form it is = obtuse, while when most developed it is acute or even awned. Lower pales of the lower florets slightly overlapping those of the upper florets. Single-glumed Fescue-Grass. French, Fétuque uniglume.
SPECIES U—FESTUCA MYUROS. Lin. Puates MDCCLXXX. MDCCLXXXI. MDCCLXXXITI. Vulpia Mynuros, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 418.
Annual. Without tufts of radical leaves. Stems erect from a slightly geniculate but rarely decumbent base, simple, or branched from the lower nodes in luxuriant examples. Leaves very narrowly linear, channelled, ultimately convolute, with a few very broad thick slightly-raised downy ribs, green, the upper ones slightly glaucous; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one considerably larger than its leaf, usually about twice as long ; ligule extremely short, truncate in the middle, but produced into an auricle on each side of the base of the leaf. Panicle long or short, dense or rather lax, somewhat semi-cylin-
- drical, linear or obloni, branched towarie the Laie ee re E halt, simple and racemose Loesch = sc memes less distich
10us florets, or rarely nearly & as s long, eabihy or subulate. the low r pales becoming ‘evalate. ae ake ie aay attenu- an awn seceding its own length, scabrous on the keel a
140 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Sus-Spzcms 1—Festuca ambigua. Le Gall. Pirate MDCCLXXX. Bab. Eng. Suppl. Bot. No. 2970. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. ii. p. 418. F. Myurus proper, var. ambigua. Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 449. F. Pseudo-myurus, var. Lloyd, Fl. de l'Ouest de la Fr. ed. ii. p. 589. F. uniglumis, var. 8, Brom. Fl. Vect. p. 606. Vulpia ambigua, A. G. More, Proceed. Linn. Soc. Lon. Botany, Vol. VI. p. 190.
Stems erect or ascending, decumbent and geniculate at the base. Uppermost sheath reaching nearly or quite up to the panicle. Panicle erect, occupying from one-third to one-half of the whole length of the stem, dense, continuous, fusiform-semi-cylindrical, distichously unilateral, branched towards the base only. Lowest panicle-branches from one-sixth to one-third the length of the panicle, closely adpressed. Upper glume subobtuse, mucronate, 3 to 6 times as long as the lower one, and from one-fourth to one-half the length of the contiguous floret, exclusive of the awn of the latter. Florets purplish-brown, slightly enlarged upwards after flowering. Lower pale not ciliated, punctate-scabrous.
_ On loose blown sand. Very local. At St. Helen’s Spit, Isle of Wight (Mr. A. G. More). On the an Ryde, Isle of Wigh t (Dr. Brom- field), i in 1839, but I am informed that this station is now built upon.
- England. Annual. Early Summer.
Stems numerous, 3 to 15 inches high, in luxuriant examples with branches produced from the nodes terminating in small panicles, but in weak specimens these branches are wanting. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, very narrow, convolute, the upper ones slightly glaucous. Panicle very dense, 2 to 6 inches long by 4 to 3 inch broad in the middle, and tapering to each end. Spikelets 3- Pes 7-flowered, 4 to 3 inch long, exclusive of the awns, at first pale yellowish-green, but _ soon becoming tinged with reddish or or purplish-brown. Awns pale y Vety vintlar is habe tc but with the panicle tapering ie similar in habit to jumis, t e panicle ete itwneds apex, = beasiched at the base, though the branches closely ap lied to th
ta he |
s closely e: dona a ” The spikelets are much smaller and the oe in \ proportion ; the glumes less unequal and the outer t, n them ,and the stamen only 1.
more slender and rather less nai is eidhesed.
on ‘a Balmato ee om the ec Wight specimens sent me =
GRAMINA. - 141-
Sus-Srecres Il.—Festuca Pseudo-myuros. Soyer-Willemet. Pirate MDCCLXXXT. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. COXXX. Fig. 290. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 487. F. Mynuros, Poll. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1412, and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 143. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 18. Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol I. p. 396. F. bromoides, var. 3, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 557. Vulpia Pseudo-myuros, Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 37, and Ic. 1. c. p. 34. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 564. V. Mynros, Gmel. Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 13. V. Myuros, var. a. Parl. Fi. Ital. Vol. I. p. 418.
Stems erect, slightly geniculate at the base. Uppermost sheath reaching nearly or quite up to the panicle. Panicle drooping at the apex, at least in luxuriant specimens, occupying from one-half to one- third of the whole length of the stem, rather dense, tapering towards the apex, slightly interrupted below, continuous above, linear, di- stichously sub-unilateral, branched towards the base only. Lowest panicle-branches from one-sixth to one-third the length of the panicle. Upper glume subulate, 2 to 3 times as long as the lower one, and a little more than half the length of the contiguous floret, exclusive of
the awn of the latter. Florets green, slightly enlarged geno after
flowering. Lower pale not ciliated, punctate-scabrous. . On wall-tops and on dry waste ground. Rather common, and widely distributed in England, extending from Cornseall Dare Isle
of Wight, and Kent, north to Chester and York. Rare in roms: a 3
Middleton, County Cork (the Rev. T. Albin), — Jor near Holly Mount, Mayo (Cyb. Hib.)
- England, Ireland.
Stems 8 to 30 inches high. Leave 1 tod i coches Tong, vey narrow, a soon orem convolute and oo.
=
ages iret ons Eee exclusive of
+
142 ENGLISH BOTANY.
not feel at all confident that Mr. Lloyd and Dr. Hooker are not correct in placing F. ambigua as a variety of F. Pseudo-myuros. Mouse-tail Fescue-Grass. French, Fétuque fausse queue de rat. German, Miiuseschwanz-Schwingel.
Sus-Srecies Il.—Festuca sciuroides. Roth. Pirate MDCCLXXXII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXXX. Fig. 293.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 488.
F. bromoides, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1411, and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 142. (an
Tann, ?
F. aun var. a, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 557. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ.
et Helv. ed. ii. p. 937.
Vulpia sciuroides, Gmel. Gren. & Godr. Fi. de Fr. Vol. IIT. p. 65.
'V. bromoides, Dumort. Reich. Ic. l.c. p. 35.
V. Myuros, 8, bromoides, Parl. Fl. Ital, Vol I. p. 419.
Stems erect. Uppermost sheath ultimately falling far short of the
base of the panicle and leaving a portion of the stem exposed at the _ apex. Panicle erect, rarely occupying more than one-sixth part of
the whole stem, pod Sermons, not so much, rather dense or rather
S sC tin : p : narrowly oblong , slightly di
or unilateral, s ibs wih “ati usually to st the mide: Teen scenes from one-third to one-half the length of the
panicle. Upper glume subulate, scarcely twice as long as the lower,
and about five-sixths the length of the contiguous floret, exclusive of
the awn of the latter. Florets green, rarely tinged with purplish,
greatly enlarged upwards after flowering. Lower pale not ciliated, —
a ee a or nearly smooth. __In dry pastures waste places, by road-sides and on wall-tops. _
‘Cailtien sa penerally distributed, extending north to — el gs aaa oe Sue Ireland. Auondl Summer. :
oe ’ usually 1 6 inches to 1 Biot high, bat : varying from 3 a to 3 rie = anicle 2 to 4 inches long. Spikelets ¢ to 4 ong, exc ze ive > of the wns. — inch ne without sv
oh - "upper pat exserted £ from :
Bee soe the rachis, short,
GRAMINA. : 143
contiguous floret; in the florets when in fruit being more separated, and making a greater angle with the axis of the spikelet, so that the awns cia greatly; and in the lower pale being usually less scabro
Barren Fescue-Grass. French, Fétuque queue d’écurewil. German, Hichhornschwanz-Schavingel.
Section I].—EU-FESTUCA.
Panicle contracted or diffuse at the time of flowering, compound. Lower glume a little smaller than the upper, but never minute. Lower pale semi-cylindrical, rounded on the back, with a terminal awn shorter than the pale. Stamens 3.
Perennial, with the lower leaves, or sometimes all the leaves, seta- ceous or linear, conduplicate or convolute; ligule auricled.
SPECIES IIlI—FESTUCA OVINA. Lin. Pirates MDCCLXXXIIT. MDCCLXXXIV. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2977. F. ovina proper, Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 448. F. ovina, var. a, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 557.
Perennial. Densely cespitose. Rootstock with erect branches, with very numerous tufts of radical leaves and several flowering stems, but no stolons. Flowering stems erect or ascending from the very base, slender, slightly angular, 8 sughy rough towards the apex, with barren tufts
of leaves E = from tha tower at the fe —— : . - ae
obsolete, except at the ma gins of th od it
an auricle on each side of the stem. Panicle erect, short, lax, rhombic-
triangular and open in flower, Tnear cod closed at other times, | Fatichoosly unilateral. lewis — ra nches 1 or 2 at the lower
, other times; pepe ponicle-branch simple at ag Wants © Is b : : ; a.
~ ssi lightly unequal, ocodase aa
nalate, “the perone rth of the” spikelet. Lower pale oo.
144 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. a, genuina. Pirate MDCCLXXXITII. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXXXL Figs. 294 and 296. ' FP. ovina, Sibth. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 570. Leaves all setaceous, flaccid, green, the radical ones much shorter than the flowering stem. Lower pale shortly awned.
Var. , tenuifolia. Prats MDCCLXXXIV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. I. Tab. CXXXI. Fig. 295 and 296, F. tenuifolia, Sibth. Gren. & God. Fl, de Fr. Vol. III. p. 570.
Leaves all setaceous, flaccid, green, the radical ones long and slen- der, at least half as long as the flowering stem, and often as long. Lower pale mucronate, not awned, smooth.
Spikelets often hie ae on mountains, and in Orkney at the sea-level.
Var. y, glauca. Koch. F. glauca, Lam. Diet. Vol. IL. p. 459.
‘Leaves all thickly setaceous, rather rigid, often recurved, glaucous, _ shorter than the flowering stems. Lower pale shortly awed, smooth or ——
Var. 3, major.
Reich. Te. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. I. Tab. CXXXII. Fig. F. duriuscula, Reich. Gren & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. ne Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 409?
Stem-leaves rather broader than the others. Lowe pale —s shortly awned. . Stem Pes panicle and spikelets larger than in “the preceding
varieties.
_ Var. a common and generally distributed in dry pastures and on - joke Var. 6 chiefly in mountainous districts and in woods. Var. , on dunes — the sea-shore or more rarely inland. Var. 3 in
GRAMINA. 145 inch; in var.¢ the spikelets are } to $ inch long, and the florets 1 inch.
Sheep's Fescue- Grass. French, Fétuque des brebis. German, Schaf Schwingel.
SPECIES IV—FESTUCA RUBRA. Lin. Prares MDCCLXXXV. MDCCLXXXVI.
Perennial. Loosely cxspitose or not cxspitose. Rootstock with horizontal branches, with rather numerous or few tufts of radical leaves and flowering stems, and short or elongate stolons. Flowering stems erect : a curved base, stout, striate, smooth or slightly rough towards the apex, without any barren tufts proceeding from its lower knots at the time of flowering, so that it does not appear to be surrounded by radical leaves. Leaves all narrowly linear or linear, con- duplicate or channelled, or those of the flowering stem nearly flat, all more or less keeled, green or glaucous ; ligule shanlete; except at the margins of the leaf, where it is produced into an auricle on each side of the stem. Panicle erect or slightly secundly drooping, rather long, very lax, triangular and open in flower and afterwards, or linear and closed in flower, distichously unilateral. Lower panicle-branches 2 at the lower nodes of the rachis, elongate, spreading in flower and sometimes afterwards; uppermost panicle-branches simple, and re- duced to short pedicels bearing single spikelets. Spikelets 3- to 12-flowered, elliptical or oblong-elliptical . Glumes unequal, | lanceolate, the upper one from half eae again to twice as long as the low
one, and one-third to one-fourth as long as. the spikelet. ie — a > than stool, :
se
very narrowly scarious- at the 3 apex, “smooth or more al is : oe
esis . Sco Leste & auriuscula. oe oe
a i eles, Gee. & Godr. Fi. de Fr. VoL TIL p. 574 Parl. Fl tal. Yate a F. ovina, var. 8, duriuscula, He Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. vit. p. F. rubr nee Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 419.
146 ENGLISH BOTANY.
In meadows and pastures, &c. Extremely common and uni- versally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Stems 9 inches to 3 feet high. Radical leaves 2 inches to 1 foot long: Panicle 2 to 7 inches long. Spikelets 1 to } inch long, usually 5 or 6 florets, green or glaucous, often more “or less tinged with purple. Florets $ to } inch long. Lower pale smooth or more or less pubescent, sometimes terminated by an awn half its own length.
A very variable plant, but usually larger and stouter than any of the states of F. ovina, with the stem-leaves more numerous, and always either flat or widely channelled, so as to show the upper sur- face, which bears a few broad | greatly-raised finely-pubescent ribs, but the chief point of difference is in the mode of growth.
In F. ovina the rootstock divides into numerous erect straight branches, each of these branches is often again branched at intervals, but the branches all remain as nearly parallel as may be, the outside ones in large tufts however being pushed out of the erect into an ascending position by the pressure exerted on them by = the central ones. _ i ultimate branch bears numerous closely-
_ placed leaves, of which h the itera are withered by the time of flowering. The flowering stem forms a continuation of the line
of the rootstock without any curve at the base, though often with a
bend at its first node above the base, and is not separated from the tufts of radical leaves by any portion " clothed with leafless sheaths, or sheaths of which the lamine have decayed. :
In Festuca duriuscula the rootstock divides into shot horizontal branches, produced ae stolons orange in the summer or autumn of the preceding year. ese branches diverge horizon and are _ clothed with sheaths which are either leafless or Reale Aelia quite withered at the time of flowering, some of them terminating in barren tufts of leaves, others in flowering stems, the base in both being _ sharply bent round from the horizontal direction of the rootstock- _ branches into the vertical one of the barren tufts and flowering stems. ___ Under the name of Festuca duriuscula, from Continental botanists, I find about an equal number of —— of the ious described above under that name, and of the large agi es ig Gvins, | theme t
=
as var. major. Unfortunately “ y set: of Billot’s collection. Under the name “nines Koch, . and Reichen i dout less
GRAMINA. 147
species under one name and separated slight varieties as distinct species. In writing a systematic work even of the smallest pretensions (how much more then on the scale of Linneus’ writings), it will always be found that some of the sections have been more completely studied than others ; and when these least-considered groups come in their turn to be described, time and opportunity are pesnestty <d ting to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion respecting them. They have to ok worked out as best they can to take their place in the work, and form those weak points in it of which critics are so prone to lay hold and cry *« Ex uno disce omnes.”
Probably much of the alpine viviparous Festuca belongs really to F. duriuscula ; bat I have collected the true F. ovina viviparous in Orkney and Mull; anda non-viviparous state brought into Balmuto Garden, has this year (1871) become viviparous. ” Probably this is owing to the beard summer, as I have seen Alopecurus pratensis and Cynosurus tus viviparous in places where I could not have failed to observe them had they been so in previous years.
F. cexsia, Sm. Engl. Bot. Ed. I. No. 1917, judging from the plate, is apparently a form of F. duriuscula and not of F. ovina, though doubtless Smith included under that name glaucous states of the true F. ovina.
Hard Fescue-Grass.
French, Fétuque dure. German, Starkerer Schwingel. Sus-Srecies I].—Festuca arenaria. Osbeck. Prare MDCCLXXXVIL. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2184.
F. rubra, var. arenaria, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. od vip 10 Kuck, sm P Germ. a et Helv. ed. ii. p. 939. ee F. rr, Sn Bg. Bote No, 206
‘148 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Very closely allied to F. duriuscula, of which many think it to be but a maritime variety. The mode of growth is the same, but hes stolons, and consequently the branches of the rootstock, are so m lengthened that there is no tendency to a cespitose habit. The leaves of the barren tufts are disposed on shoots which are usually so elongated that they appear as barren stems; thee are more rigid, from the ribs being thicker and more cartilaginous, and have the two edges so closely applied that they appear rush- like: they are always more or less glaucous, which is only occasionally the case in F. durius- “ie The lower sheaths of F. rubra are always pubescent, while they
re only occasionally so in F. duriuscula. The stem-leaves are more ssvahiite. the lower ones being conduplicate like those of the barren ‘shoots, and the uppermost ones deeply channelled, with fewer, more prominent, and more hairy ribs than in F. duriu scula. The panicle is more often drooping and secund; the panicle-branches less rigid; the spikelets iiig broader, usually with more numerous florets, and ss glaucous. Lower pale usually pubescent, very rarely wholly
rbrous. , Creeping Fescue-Grass. Frenck, Fétuque rouge. German, Rother Schwingel.
‘HEDONORUS. Pal. de Beauv.
diffuse at the time of flowering, any nearly simple and spikelike Lower glume a little smaller than the upper, but never minute. Lower pale lanceolate, semi-cylindrical, rounded on the back, not awned, or with an awn at or from a little below the apex much shorter than the pale. Stamens 3. Perennials, with all the leaves broad and flat; ligule not auricled.
SPECIES V—_FESTUCA SYLVATICA. vill
"Reich. Te. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L Tab. OXXX. Fig. 326. .. No. 887.
GRAMINA. 149 |
prominent rough ribs and scabrous margins, yellowish-green; sheaths rough, the uppermost one about as long or a little longer than its leaf; ligule prominent, as long as broad, laciniate. Panicle equal, lax, erect and open and pyramidal in flower, secundly drooping and closed in fruit. Lower panicle-branches 1 to 5 at each node of the rachis, but generally 3, elongated, spreading-ascending in flower, and ascend- ing-erect in fruit, the uppermost ones shorter, but not reduced to pedicels. Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, but usually 3- or 4-flowered, at first linear-elliptical, afterwards oval. Glumes unequal, linear, mu- cronate, both 1-ribbed, the lower one little more than half as long and half as broad as the upper, the upper about half as long as the spikelet and subulate. Lower pale narrowly lanceolate, longly acuminate and mucronate (almost awned), strongly 3-ribbed when dry, with the midrib excurrent, finely punctate-scabrous, scarcely scarious at the apex, pale green. Var. a, genuina. Pirate MDCCLXXXVII. F. calamaria, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1005. Leaves very broadly linear. Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered.
Var. 6, decidua. Piare MDCCLXXXVIIL F, decidua, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 2266. Leaves linear. Spikelets 2- to B-flowered, con with a one or two flowers perfect. Whole plant emaller then in var. : ee oe - Inwoods. Local and rare. Sparingly distributed from Sussex, Wilts, and Gloucester, to Banff, Elgin, and Inverness. Rare but widely : distributed i in Ireland. Var. B, Sussex, Westmoreland, and. Ayr.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
= Plant ceorme in dense circular tufts, the eae of the thizome
bs ino very short and terminating in several stems of both kinds, but
it radical leaves—the lower sheaths of both barren and flower-
s being rown aving no lamine. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high. Longest leaves 9 ‘aha to 1 foot long, by 3 seer inch 7 in
ae a; tot aber {nc in 8. : inches | | Sidhe Fh ing ot ne
150 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. A is rather a small state than a true variety, and is noticed here only because it was given as species by Smith in his earlier works. Wood Fescue-Grass. French, Fétuque du Bois. German, Wald Schwingel.
SPECIES VI-FESTUCA ELATIOR. “Lim.” Sm. Prates MDCCLXXXIX. MDCCXC. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLI. Fig. 334. F. arundinacea, “ Schreb.” Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. ii. p. 42. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 948. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 75. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 580. Parl. Fi. Ital. Vol. I. p. 453. Reich. Ic. Lc. p. 40. Schedonorus elatior, Rim. & Schultes ; Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 313. Bacetum elatius. Parn. Grasses of Brit. p. 107. Ceespitose. Rootstock with rather short thick creeping branches terminating in tufts of flowering and barren stems, and with rather short stout stolons terminating in barren stems. Flowering stems erect from the base, very stout, smooth, leafy, with all the sheaths furnished _ with laminz, but the lowest laminz withered by the time of flowering. _ Leaves all very broadly linear, flat, very firm, tapering towards the apex for the last quarter of their length, with numerous thick very — rough riba, and. very scabrous margins, dull green above, 2 i shining-green below; sheaths ahiooth or rough, the upper- niet oa many (two to six) times longer than its leaf; ligule ex- pone short, many times broader than long, truncate, Panicle equal, lax, more or less secundly drooping and ovate-pyramidal acid opens ix Rowe. erect and closed or open in fruit. Lower panic branches two at each node of the rachis, each branch of the ase bearing several spikelets, but the one much longer and more 7.
__divaricate in fruit; the uppermost 0 ones shorter, and a iw of eat:
solitary and reduced to pedicels bearing a angle spikelet; all very _seabrous. & usually 5- or 6-flowered,
: 1 Glumes un- al, la ‘subacute or even mucronate, the lower one 1-
ed. and he quarters hig fh Laid which is 3-ribbed. :
GRAMINA. 151
Var. a, genuina. F. elatior, Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1593.
Sheaths usually smooth, or the lowest ones slightly rough. Panicle closed in fruit. Var. 6, arundinacea. Prare MDCCXC. F: arundinacea, Schreb. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 420.
Sheaths very rough, especially the lower ones. Panicle-branches divaricate after flowering.
Plant larger and stouter, ribs of the leaves and panicle-branches more scabrous than in var. «.
On meadows and banks by the sides of streams and near the coast, rather common and generally distributed. Var. 8 on wet banks and moist sand by the sea, on the south coast of England, in Devon- shire, the Isle of Wight, and Kent.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Var. « is a large coarse grass, growing in tufts, which rapidly increase in size, from the stout stolons extending annually consider-
ably in advance of the flowering stems. Stems usually 3 or 4 feet hi ee Lag serving from 2 to 5 feet. ae hein 1 to 2 feet ue ae eflexed, the t ae
152 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES VU—FESTUCA PRATENSIS. “Huds.” Hook. PLaTEs MDCCXCTI. MDCCXCII. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 3270.
Loosely ceespitose. Rootstock with short slender creeping branches terminating in small tufts of flowering and barren stems or solitary flowering stems, and with very short slender stolons terminating in barren stems. Flowering stem erect from a more or less curved or geniculate base, rather slender, leafy, with all the sheaths furnished with lamin, but the lowest lamine frequently withered by the time of flowering. Leaves all linear or broadly linear, flat, tapering gradually from the base to the apex, with numerous father thick, slightly prominent smooth ribs, and slightly scabrous margins, bright yellowish-green on both sides, but more shining below; sheaths smooth, the uppermost one two or three times longer than its leaf; ligule very short, _ several times broader than long, truncate, lacerate. Panicle lax, distichously unilateral or Sivichons, erect or scarcely droop ing and « and narrowly triangular-oblong or linear-oblong i flower, erect ok closed in fruit. Lower panicle-branches two
at each node of the rachis, one branch of the pair bearing several spikelets, and the other commonly but a single spikelet, ascending in flower, erect and adpressed in fruit, the upper ones shorter, and a number of them solitary and reduced to very short pedicels bearing a single spikelet or sometimes all or nearly all solitary and reduced to very short pedicels bearing a single spikelet; all smooth or slightly scabrous.. Spikelets 5- to 12-flowered, but usually 7- to 9-flowered, at first fusiform-cylindrical, afterwards linear-elliptical.._ -Glumes slightly unequal, lanceolate, subobtuse, the lower one 1-ribbed and three: marters he length. of the upper one, which is 3-ribbed. Lower oo, , acute or mucronate, rarely _
oo shortly awned, faintly ‘S-ribbed hee ary, with the midrib nearly
res excurren Seon a little below the
erally more or less
pt eich: Lancers white and scarious at the margins — die |
we 2
153
Var. a, genuina. Pirate MDCCXCI.
F. pratensis, Huds. Sm. Engl. ed. i. No. 1592; and Engl. FI. Vol. I. p. 147. Gren. Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 518. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 75. F. elatior, Linn. Fl. Suec. (non Spec. Plant.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p- 943. Parl. Fi. Ttal. Vol. I. p. 455. - Schedonorus pratensis, Rim. & Schultes ; Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 5312. Bucetum pratense, Parn. Grass. of Brit. p. 105.
Panicle compound. Lower panicle branches in pairs, one branch of each pair bearing several spikelets.
Var. 6, loliacea. Prats MDCCXCII. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLI. Fig. 333. F. loliacea, Huds. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. p. 1821; and Engl. Fl. Vol. L. p. 146. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 914. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. L. p. 456. Schedonorus loliaceus, Rim. & Schultes ; Lindl. Syn. Br. Fl. p. 313. Brachypodium loliacium, Fries, Mant. iii. p. 15, and Summ. Veg. Scand, p. 75. Glyceria loliacea, Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIL. p. 532. Lolium festucaceum, Link, Hort. Berol. Vol. I. p. 273. Bucetum loliaceum, Parn. Grass. Brit. p. 104.
Panicle reduced to a simple distichous spike-like raceme. Panicle branches all reduced to very short 1-flowered pedicels or rarely the lowest ones with more than 1 spikelet. ce
In meadows. Common and generally eekrigns Var. 6 more local, but not rare, often — with the ¢ 0 'y form. :
Stems 18 inches to 8 fost hig , 7 inches |
leaves 4 inches Lot tng in vat by Fo tach road |
B to 7 inches long in var. 23 5 to 10 inches long im in var. 6. Spil 7s Florets 3 inch | 2
: ln Var. 8 thingh the apie isle or nasty so, i i wally r, and the spikelets larger. it has the leaves - much
and usuall |
r. a closely i estables i small states of F. eae but it is more slender and flaccid, with shorter and narrower leaves, more tapering ae beri apex, and with much slenderer and smoother ribs; the
: is much narrower and less branched, scarcely drooping, “with the
2 sepe rate and usually more nu er SO mc ta towards ae
ong in var. = ion a
more distichous = piped unilateral, a. ted de - a are much narrower, more .
154 ENGLISH BOTANY.
and not only one as in Lolium. It might also possibly be mistaken
for Glyceria fluitans, but the pales are not truncate nor 7-ribbed as in that plant.
depauperised F. pratensis, I am unacquainted with it in the living state, though the variety above mentioned is common. Meadow Fescue-Grass.
GENUS XXXIX._BROMUS. Lunn.
eOe fe beg sc ; ie cs : aoe i a _ compressed, open during lowering, with 4 to 15 perfect florets. Glumes _ 2, shorter than the florets, unequal, or nearly equal concave or keeled,
GRAMINA. 155
with an awn shorter than itself, or very rarely longer, or sometimes absent. Perennials.
SPECIES L-BROMUS GIGANTEUS. Lim. Pirates MDCCXCIIT. MDCCXCIV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L het CXLV. Fig. 358. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. 888. Festuca gigantea, Villars; Bab. aie Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 419; et Auct. Plur. Bucetum giganteum, Parnell, Grass. of Brit. p. 108.
Perennial. Rather loosely cxspitose. Rootstock not creeping or stoloniferous, producing several tall flowering and short barren stems. Flowering stems stout. Leaves flaccid, very broadly linear, gradually tapering from a little above the base to the apex, very acute, flat, with very numerous slender unequally raised slightly scabrous ribs, and very scabrous margins, very finely scabrous-puberulent between the ribs, bright green; sheaths split to the base, sulcate, nearly smooth, or the lower ones scabrous, often puberulent, the uppermost one about as long as its leaf ; ligule slightly prominent, broader than long, trun: cate, lacerate, hashes on one side than on the other. Panicle ioe drooping large, lax, open and semi-pyramidal in flower and fruit. Rachis ace distant nodes, scabrous. Panicle-branches 2 at the lower nodes of the rachis, the longer ones penis and bare of florets at .
the base for about half their length, arching-spreading in flower, _ :
scabrous. Spikelets applied to the branches of tg ‘ieeicle ubcylindrical 2
cute ot ane, edly sarions onthe margins, the mena longer than the lower and with 3 rominent jnacgor with 1
| Awa oii the bottom of the notch of the pale, erect, usually , once a d a half to twice as long as the pale, more resol ong > pa e. 7 at the apex. Stigmas s pringing from the
156 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. 6, triflorus. Pirate MDCCXCIV.
B. triflorus, Linn. Spec. Plant. p. 115. Festuca triflora, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1918.
Spikelets 3- or 4-flowered. Plant smaller, leaves narrower, panicle less drooping and less decund, and spikelets more lanceolate than in var. «. In woods and in hedges. Rather common and generally distributed _ in England, more rare and local in Scotland, though extending as far
north as Argyle and Elgin. Frequent eee Ireland. Var. 6 not rare.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Stems 2 to 4 feet high or more. Longest leaves 9 to 18 inches long, by 3 to ¢ broad, the uppermost and lowermost shorter and narrower on the middle of the ei all awned at the base. Panicle 9 © cadens to 1 foot long or more. ikelets pale n, 3 to 2 inch long, exclusive of the awns 2 : poet Y Var. ie iil cca w: smaller state of the plant, and it is dif- ficult to draw any line between it and var. a This plant is intermediate in its churkebaes between Festuca and Bromus. Jt has the habit and awn of the latter, but the glabrous ovary and terminal styles of the Festucw, and the inner pale is less ciliated on the ribs than in Bromus. I have retained the plant in the genus Bromus, in which Linnzeus placed it, on account of its - similarity to Bromus asper, and unlikeness to any of the true estuce.
Tail Brome-Grass. French, Fétugue élaneée. German, Riason Sclwingel. —— ee ASPER. me,
=
pon Ha Fl. Angi. el. isp oi ! "us asper, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p76, aoe . al. Rather oe exspitose. — oonlteck not creeping or ~~ —— hoes flor verin, or short barren stems.
-hing, very broadly linear, 28 bs : Malte to te get,
GRAMINA. 157
long spreading-reflexed hairs, the uppermost one shorter than its leaf, and sometimes subglabrous ; ligule prominent, longer than broad, lacerate, equal. Panicle secundly drooping, very large, lax, open and semi-pyramidal in flower and fruit. Rachis with distant nodes, pubescent. Panicle-branches 2 to 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis, the longer ones unbranched and bare of florets at the base for about half their length, arching-spreading in flower, scabrous. Spike- lets drooping, linear-fusiform-cylindrical before flowering, afterwards wedge-shaped-oblong and compressed, ultimately oblong 5- to 9-flow- ered. Glumes lanceolate, acute, not awned, broadly scarious on the margins, the upper one-third longer than the lower (or sometimes not much larger) and with 3 prominent ribs, the lower one with 1 Florets widely open during the time of flowering. Lower pale oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, deeply bidentate, with rather broad scarious margins and apices, with 3 faint pubescent ribs, slightly scabrous towards the apex. Awn from the bottom of the notch of the pale, - usually from one-half as long to as long as the pale, more rarely not longer than half the pale. Ovary woolly at the apex. Stigma springing from a little below the apex of the ovary.
Ls Var. 6, serotinus.
Pirate MDCCXCV.
B. serotinus, Beneken. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 724. Garcke, Fl. v. Nord- & Mittel-Deutschz. ed. vi. pe
Sheaths all with spreading-reflexed hairs. Panicle-branches ah
2 at the lower nodes of the rachis (at least in the wild state), each of == them bearing several — Glumes int ‘Pales _— - 8
brous on each side of the midi
? Var. 7 Be eneker
Reich. Ic, Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. OXLV. Be. 357. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 887.
: _—-B. asper, Beneken Garcke, 1. ec. p. 459.
oe er + sheaths ~Segigerepteg Panicle-branches 3 to 6 at the hatchet
158 ENGLISH BOTANY.
" Argyle and Elein. Frequent and generally distributed in Ireland. Var. 6 doubtfully indigenous. “ Near the ‘Plough,’ Camberwell,” “in Sowerby’s herbarium.” (Dr. Trimen, ‘Journ. Bot.’ 187 0, p- 378); Kensington Gardens! (Hon. J. L. Warren, ‘ Journ. Bot.’ 1871, p. 238).
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
A robust grass, with the stems 2 to 6 feet high. Longest leaves 9 inches to 2 feet by } to 1 inch broad. Panicle 9 to 18 inches long or more. Spikelets 3 to 1 inch long, exclusive of the awns. Florets 4 inch long, exclusive of the awns.
Sometimes confused by young botanists with B. giganteus, but the leaves are more hairy, and the sheaths, or at least the lower ones, with long spreading-reflexed hairs; the panicles and spikelets are more drooping; the spikelets longer, with shorter awns; the ovary is hairy at the apex, pa the stigmas are not terminal.
The only form that is certainly wild in Britain, so far as is yet known, i is the B. serotinus = Beneken.
och
7 by cee seat Sa "by B a8) us asper.
‘The number of branches of the panicle at ae ee pe epoa a is
a aereceet of but little im i ee In specimens from Lyons, col- : + ahs and Wwe:
. ac cin ut thi al Bot,” Sept 1870, wishes to substitute the name Bromus ramosus of Hud st _e ition of the “ Flora
3 W f Ai setacea, Dr. Trimen, fortunately oa ic — is not age to ihe a to disturb ge lees accepted
aarige Trespe,
GRAMINA. 159
SPECIES IL—BROMUS ERECTUS. Huds. Pirate MDCCXCVI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. " pe CXLVI. Fig. 360. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1093. Schedonorus erectus, Fries, Sui, Vee Scand. p. 76.
Perennial. Very densely cxspitose. Rootstock shortly creeping, —
but not stoloniferous, each branch ending in tufts of several flowering stems and barren shoots or short barren stems. Flowering stems rather stout, wiry. Leaves rigid, very narrowly linear, the radical ones and those of the barren shoots conduplicate, ciliated ; those of the stem broader, flat or widely channelled, glabrous, all dark green; sheaths split only at the apex, deeply striate, usually pilose with distant spreading-ascending hairs, or nearly glabrous, the uppermost one about as long as its leaf; ligule short, broader than long, trun- cate. Panicle erect, nearly simple, rather small, dense, contracted, oblong in flower and fruit. Rachis with rather distant nodes, glabrous or slightly scabrous. Panicle-branches 2 to 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis, most of them bearing only a single spikelet, not more than 2 at each node bearing 2 or 3 spikelets, these being bare of spikelets and unbranched for about half their length, nearly erect in flower and fruit, slightly scabrous. Spikelets erect, linear-fusiform-cylin- drical before flowering, afterwards oblong and compressed, 4- to 12- flowered. Glumes lanceolate, with subulate points, very acute, but not awned, narrowly scabrous on the margins, the upper one about one-—
sixth longer than the lower, and with 3 prominent ribs, the lowerone =>
with 1 ub. -Florets widely open during the time of flowering,
Lower pale oblong-lanceolate, — shortly bidentate, eee - rather narrow scarious margins and apices, with 5 or 7 rather faint —__
scabrous-pubescent ribs. Awn fGen the bottom of the notch of the — pale, about one half of the length of the pale. Ovary woolly at the a oo ee Var. 2, genuinus. | us "Lower = ale glabrous or nearly so, Sat on the ribs.
160 ENGLISH BOTANY.
the north and west. Doubtfully native in Scotland, though it has been found in New Abbey Churchyard, Kirkcudbright, below: Salis- bury Craigs, Edinburgh, and near Pettycur and Dunfermline, Fife. Rare in Ireland, but occurring in Counties Cork and Galway, and near Dublin. Var. 8. Combe Hay, near Bath (Mr. T. Dutton).
England, Scotland (?), Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Stems 18 inches to 3 feet high or more, with their bases enclosed in decayed leaf-sheaths. Longest leaves 6 inches to 1 foot long or more; stem-leaves shorter and broader, 1} toi inch broad. Panicle 25 to 6 inches ence Spikelets 3 to 14 inch long, exclusive of the awn. Florets } to 2 inch long. Spikelets prettily variegated with green, pale red or purple, and white, somewhat like those of Avena pratensis and pubescens. Anthers reddish-purple.
Upright-perennial Brome-Grass. French, Brome dressé. German, Aufrechte Trespe.
_ SEcTIoN ley ties etetpemtenes Gren. & Godr. ? Spice enlarged towards the apex during and after flowering.
Florets penceely « open during flowering. ‘Lower pale subulate, semi- cylindrical, keeled, with an awn exceeding its length, usually very
aS greatly so. Stamens 2 or 3, rarely 1.
Biennials or annuals.
SPECIES IV—BROMUS MADRITENSIS. Linn. Pare MDCCXCVIL. --Billot, Fl. Gall. ot Geen Exsice. No. 1098. B. diandrus, Curt. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 421. Sm. fee Bot. edt ie 1006 ; and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 160. oo — D.C. Fi. Fr. Vol. v. P- 276.
ar owl r, more or less reath split half way down, ©
Taneeolate. Panicle aes: : —
upper ones glabrous; ligule oy
oF io — oe
GRAMINA. 161
with 2 or 3 spikelets, and mostly all shorter than the spikelets (exclu- sive of the awns), suberect in flower and fruit, slightly scabrous or pubescent. Spikelets erect, linear-elliptical before flowering, oblong and enlarged upwards during flowering, and inversely triangular with concave sides in fruit, 5- to 15- flowered. Glumes subulate, very acute, but not awned, broadly scarious on the margins, the upper one about thrice as long as the lower, and with 3 prominent ribs, the lower with lrib. Florets distinct, diverging and slightly curved outwards in fruit. Lower pale linear-lanceolate-subulate, deeply bidentate, with 2 long apical teeth about one-sixth the length of the pale, with rather broad scarious margins and apices, with 7 rather faint ribs, of which the two marginal ones are contiguous, finely punctate-scabrous, or more rarely pubescent. Awn from the bottom of the notch of the pale, about as long as the pale, straight in flower, curved outwards in fruit. Sta- mens 2, more rarely 1 or 3.
Var. a, Curtis. Bab.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLI. Fig. 342.
B. Madritensis, Rim. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. Vol. Il. p. 648. Reich. Ic. 1. c. p. 41. Panicle oblong, rather dense. Rachis and panicle-branches slightly
scabrous, not pubescent. Glumes and pales minutely punctate-
scabrous, but not pubescent.
Var. 8, rigidus. Bab. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLII. Fig.
341, a B. ——— ” Rom. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. Vol. IE p 651. — Sas Le op 41. (non Koch). ee
a
Panicle very Ses, inversely deltoid. Rachis a
minutely pubescent, the latter very short. Glumes and pales sa :
cent with long close hairs. On sandy banks and dry waste places, oo on wall-tops. Local and confined to the south of England, from Devon, mainland Hants, and» Kent; to Pembroke, Carmarthen, es and Gloucester, and | : : asual it has been found i in
| ae not native. Var. 6, Jerscy, — and Sark, also aa De .
a Annual or Biennial. oe hie Lor ongest Teas 1 to 4 inches by
162 ENGLISH BOTANY.
inch broad. Panicle 2 to 5 inches long. Spikelets 1 to ate exclusive of the awns. Florets about 1 inch, exclusive of the a
In var. 6 the panicle, in the specimens I have seen, is iat above 14 to 2 inches, exclusive of the awns, and the panicle-branches are sinuses shorter and fewer. Possibly it ought to be considered a distinct sub- species, but I have never seen it alive, though I have looked carefully for it both in Jersey and Guernsey. In habit it — B. fas-
ciculatus. Presl.
Upright-annual Brome-Grass.
SPECIES V-BROMUS MAXIMUS. Desv. Piare MDCCXCVIIL. Reich. Ic. Fl, Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLU. Fig. 338. Billot, F\. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc B. rigidus, Koch? Fl. Germ. et ely. ed. ii. p. 949. —— FL. de l'Ouest de Ia Fr. ed. ii. p. 598. (non Roth). _B. ambigens, Jord. in Billot, Annot. p. 229. Biennial or annual? Stems stout, ascending from a more or less geniculate or curved base. Leaves rather broadly linear, more or less oO pubescent ; sheaths split half way down, cylindrical, pubescent; ligule Laer about : as long as — lecerate. Panicle at first
: cakey Gage ahs (es WA oceans Ra open at least in flower. Rachis with distant nodes, rather thinly setosely-pubescent (or in Continental forms densely aetinnrie Panicle-branches 2 to
6 at the lower nodes of the rachis, rarely bearing more than a single spikelet, sometimes 1 or 2 of them with 2 or 3 spikelets, and (in the Jersey plant) most of them shorter than the spikelets, or several | - — nem as long as the spikelets (exclusive of their awn), ascending-
| spreading or spreading in flower and fruit, or suberect in fruit, more Q or less setosely-pubescent like the rachis. Spikelets erect or slightly — _ drooping,. linear-elliptical before flowering, oblong and enlarged up- wards during flowering, and ultimately oblong-wedge-shaped, with str matt sides, 4- to 12-flowered. Glumes- oo very ite, wned y scarious on the margins, the upper one mger bacon the lower and B-ribbed, the ——
more or less geniculate or aber
GRAMINA. © | 163
(usually from half as long again to twice as long), straight in flower and fruit. Stamens 2, more rarely 3.
In sandy places and by road-sides. Very local. Abundant on the Quenyais, more sparingly in St. Aubin’s Bay, and at St. Clement’s Jersey.
Channel Islands. Biennial or Annual. Early Summer.
The Jersey plant has the stems 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, by § to 4 inch broad. Panicle rather dense, 3 to 8 inches long. Spikelets green, 1 to 13 inches long, exclusive ‘of the awns. The florets about 4 inch long. Awns 1} to 2 inches long. Pedicels of the lateral spikelets much shorter than the spikelets,
Readily distinguished from B. Madritensis by its more lax and rt Me slightly secundly-droopin g panicle, with much larger spikelets, which have their florets less separated in fruit and not at all curved; the awns, also, are longer in proportion and never at all curved out- wards in fruit, so that the fruiting spikelets are regularly wedge-sha with straight ‘sides, in B. maximus: while in B. Madritensis they are much wider at the apex and have concave sides.
The Jersey plant belongs to a group of varieties or subspecies (I do not venture to say which) included under the name B. maximus. Our plant appears to be precisely the B. rigidus, var. a, of Lloyd, the
- Maximus, var. 2 minor, of Grenier & Godron, and the B. ambigens of Jordan. B. rigidus of Roth and Recchesback | is a distinct plant, doubtless the pubescent state of B. Madritensis.
Great Brome-Grass..
SPECIES VL-BROMUS ede miont sence Linn, PLATE MDCCXCTX.
Reich. in. Fh Geen, ot Hlalv. Vol I. Tab. OXLIL Fig. 339. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1095. ‘Schedonoras sterilis, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 76,
Biennial or annual ? Stems rather a
: te way down, cylindrical, cuately pubescent or subglabrous, the eS ae st one ne wholly glabrous ; ligu t a ae ese droopin ‘Si lower and fruit i “nes rly single — and seer theckte with distant nodes, . ere "Pani
164 ENGLISH BOTANY.
ing-reflexed in flower and fruit, finely setosely-scabrous. Spike- at drooping, linear-elliptical before flowering, oblong and enlarged upwards durstie flowering, and ultimately oblong-wedge-shaped, with straight sides, / to 10-flowered. Glumes lanceolate-subulate, very acute, but not awned, broadly scarious on the margins, the upper one twice as long as the lower and strongly 3-ribbed, the lower one 1-ribbed. Florets scarcely overlapping, but not diverge or at all curved outwards in fruit. Lower pale Tincar- lanceolate-subulate, deeply bidentate, with 2 long apical teeth about one-tenth the length of the pale, with broad scarious margins and apices, with 7 prominent and nearly equidistant ribs, scabrous-puberulent. Awn from the bottom of the notch of the pale, a little longer than the pale, usually about one-fourth longer, straight in flower and fruit. Stamens 3.
In dry places, especially by road-sides. Frequent in England and the south of Scotland, but rather rare, or at least local, north of the Forth and Clyde, though extending to Elgin, Banff, ‘isd the neigh- bourhood of Glasgow. Local, but widely distributed, in Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Annual. Summer.
Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high. Longest leaves 3 to 8 inches long, by } to } inch broad. Panicle 6 to 10 inches ge Spikelets 3 to 1} inch’ long, exclusive of the awns. Florets 1 to 2 inch long, exclusive of the awn. Awns 3 to 1 inch long. Pedicels of the
lateral spikelets nearly as long as the spikelets.
___ B. sterilis has much the aspect of the large open-panicled forms of B. maximus, such as B. Borei of Jordan, but the panicle is much more lax, the branches more capillary, longer, and greatly arching- drooping; the rachis not at all pubescent; the spikelets smaller, green or urple, with the awns shorter in proportion; apes more unequal. th B. maximus and B. sterilis are ordinaril arily biennial, but occa- ae. lants of each may be found flowering in autumn—probably
| from the earlier ripened seeds of the same year, or else
: i; a apnea which have remained dormant in the ground until the
Barren Brome-Grass. cumeen, Brome stérile. — Taube Trespe.
| Szotrox. Ill. —SERRAFALOUS. Parl.
GRAMINA. 165
SPECIES VII-BROMUS SECALINUS. Linn. Pirates MDCCC. MDCCCI. Serrafalcus secalinus, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 421. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIT. p. 588. Parl. Fi. Ital. Vol. I. p. 338.
Biennial or annual. Stem nearly glabrous, except on the knots. Leaves thinly pubescent, deep green; sheaths split at the apex only, glabrous, or pubescent with very short reflexed hairs. Panicle erect in flower, and (especially in luxuriant examples) more or. less secundly-drooping in fruit, simple or slightly branched, rather lax. Rachis with distant nodes. Panicle-branches 3 to 6 (rarely only 2) at the lower nodes of the rachis, unequal, a few of the longest with from 2 to 5 spikelets, unbranched and bare of spikelets for half their length, not more than the length of 2 internodes, the shortest and those in the upper part of the panicle reduced to pedicels, scabrous or hispid-pubescent, ascending-erect in flower, arching-ascending in fruit. Pedicels longer than or about as long as their spikelets. Spikelets erect in dower, drooping in fruit, at first elliptical-lan- ceolate and acute, ultimately oval-ovate and sub-obtuse, 5- to 15- flowered, green. Glumes unequal, the inner or larger one extending half way to the apex of the third floret.* Floreta imbricated in flower, but separate in fruit, from the margins of the lower pales becoming involute. Lower pale with the margins regularly curved from the base to the apex, 5-ribbed, notched at the apex, glabrous
or pubescent, with narrow scarious margins. Awn from the bottom |
the notch of the pale, straight or flexuous, very rarely bent out-
Se ee eee —
varying pale a long asthe lower.
gn
: Pare MDCCC.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXCIV. Fig. 353.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1093.
'B. secalinus, Schrad. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1171, and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 154,
ee _Sheaths mia ied or Somes so, Panicle-branches scabrous, Spike-
166 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Var. 8, velutinus, Piate MDCCCI. Reich. Ie. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXCIV. Fig. 350. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 185. B. velutinus, Sehrad. Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 159. B. multifiorus. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1884.
Sheaths pubescent with short hairs. Panicle-branches hispid- pubescent. Spikelets finely pubescent. Awns erect.
In cultivated fields, and occasionally by roadsides. Rather scarce. Generally but thinly distributed throughout England, but not persis- tent in its stations. Imperfectly naturalised in Sect though it has been found as far north as Ross and Isla. Uncertain in its appearance, and ill-established in Ireland, though extending from north to south. Var. 8. is more rare and less thoroughly established in England than var. «.; it appears to be most frequent in the Metro- : _— counties.
England Seon] oe Biennial or annual (?). Autumn.
Stems 1 “to 2 feet fot oie ee Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, by 4 tod inch broad. © Panicle 2 to 10 inches —— ose z tol inch
Readily distinguishable from all its allies. pases in Diein by the florets being rene — from each other when i in fruit.
“Many authors divide this species into two varieties according io te _ size of the spikelets ; the type being re form with smaller spikelets, whether they be glabrous or pubescent ; the second form, Bromus — grossus, D. C., being that with wee spikelets, and with the florets __ more separated in fruit on account of the margins of the lower pale
ae sr tm beyond the caryops, and consequently becoming more
| iassesiack figures a variety divergens, in which the awns are
in rae ech _—— < o
rrence of this form i in Britain.
MINA. 167
GRA
split at the apex only, pubescent with short or long reflexed hairs. Panicle erect or secundly drooping in flower and fruit, simple or rarely slightly branched, lax in flower, contracted in fruit. Rachis with rather distant nodes. Panicle-branches 2 to 3 at the lower nodes of the rachis, unequal, all reduced to pedicels, or a few of the longest ones at the lower nodes with from 2 to 3 spikelets, unbranched and bare of spikelets for half their length, not more than the length of two internodes, the shortest of the lower ones and all those in the upper part of the panicle reduced to pedicels, scabrous. Longest pedicels longer than or about equal to their spikelets, the upper ones ‘asuthy” shorter than the spikelets. Spikelets erect or drooping in flower and fruit, at first oval-lanceolate or lanceolate, ultimately oval- or oblong-lanceolate, always acute, 4- to 10-flowered, green or more or less tinged with brownish-purple. Glumes unequal, the inner or largest one extending half way to the apex of the fourth floret.* Florets closely imbricated in flower and fruit. Lower pale, regularly curved on the margins from the base to the apex, or with a very obtuse angle a little beyond the middle on each side, 5-ribbed, notched at the apex, glabrous or puberulent, rarely pubescent, with narrow scarious margins. Awn from the bottom of the notch of the pale, straight and erect, as long as, or a little longer, than the pale. Upper pale a little shorter than the lower.
Sus-Srecies lL—Bromus eu-racemosus. PLare MDCCCIIL. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. I. Tab. recs 348. Billot, Fi. reer Hxsice. , 2185.. kK n ‘
sus, Fries, Bot. ed. i No. 1070. Kok Syn. FL Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 946.
" Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p.422. Gren. Fl. du Jure, p. 922.
Panicks erect in flower and fruit. Pukka all Safely more ie than 1-flowered, the upper ones much shorter a their spikelets. Spike iS ultimately oval-lanceolate, acute. Lower pale uniformly d on the margins from the base to the apes — _ Mathers four
Mosk: IIE p: 10;-sed Geum Vaso Haak 76 Sm Bag SS
racemosus, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 391. Bab. FL Ca .B. 308, a1 ay lo
168 : ENGLISH BOTANY.
Newbould tells me he believes it is abundant in Essex, and probably occurs in Herts. I have a specimen from Alloa, Clackmannanshire, collected by Dr. Carrington. In the “ Cybele Hibernica,” it is said to be not unfrequent in Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial. Summer.
Stems 18 inches to 3 feet high, erect. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, and about } inch broad. Panicle 2 to 6 inches long. Spikelets 4 to 3 inch long. 8) green, always glabrous. Florets 1 inch long, exclusive of the awns. Awns long, purple.
A much Pano and often a taller plant than B. secalinus, with smaller and more acute fructing spikelets. Florets not separated in fruit, and the margins of the pale not rolled inwards in fruit.
The greater part of what has been called B. racemosus in Britain is doubtless a small state of B. commutatus, while in some cases the name has been applied to a glabrous state of B. mollis, but besides these, we have in Britain the plant named B. racemosus on the Conti- nent. -
| Racemose Brome-Grass.
French, Brome des Prés. German, Traubenformige Trespe.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L Tab. CXLIIL Fig. 47.
Billot, F1. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1091.
B. pratensis, Ehrh. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. Sub. No. 1984. Fries, Mant ¢ lil. p. 9, & Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 76.
B. racemosus, var. commutatus, Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 451.
B. arvensis, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 920, & Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 155.
Serrafaleus commutatus, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 422. Parl. Fi. Ital. Vol. L p- 390. Gren. § Godr. Vol. III. p. 589.
' Panicle drooping, except in starved specimens, when it is scknetinisens
erect. Lower panicle-branches frequently with 2 or more spike- — lets. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, always very acute. Lower pale
not uniformly curved on the margins from the base to the apex,
a but with an obtuse angle a little beyond the middle on each side. By: roadsides and in res and cultivated ground. Rather common. Cease distributed in a More local in Seat
oe upper ones and those of the florets on the
GRAMINA. 169
to 18 inches long, $ to 11 inches long, often wend tinged with reddish. Florets 1 to 4 inch long, exclusive of the awn
Very similar to 8. eu-racemosus, but with the stem more slender, and the panicle and spikelets usually larger and more or less drooping, in consequence of their weight. Spikelets more pointed, and dimmer in colour, often with a faint tinge of reddish brown; the margins of the pales with an obtuse angle, so that in profile they : are aeniagbe's while in B. eu-racemosus they are half-oval. The margins of t pales are more involute in fruit in B. commutatus than in B. eu- racemosus, but much less so than in B. secalinus.
Confused Brome-Grass. French, Serrafaleus confondu. German, Traubenformige Trespe.
SPECIES IX—BROMUS MOLLIS. fim. Piates MDCCCIV. MDCCCV.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLIII. Figs. 345 and 346. Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1091. Serrafaleus mollis, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 395. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 422.
Biennial or annual. Stem erect or ascending or decumbent, finely pubescent or puberulent, more pubescent on the knots. Leaves pubescent, greyish-green ; sheaths split at the apex only, densely pubescent with long or short reflexed hairs. Panicle erect in flower and fruit, simple or slightly branched, rather dense or dense, slightly open in flower,. contracted in fruit. Rachis usually with approximate nodes. Panicle branches 1 to 5 at the lower nodes of the rachis unequal, sometimes all cothicad to pedicels, but more commonly the _ longer ones branched, and bearing from 2 to 4 spikelets, unbranched _ - apd bare of spikelets for half their length, not more than the length — ec of two internodes of the rachis, the shortest of the lower ones and _
all those in the upper part of the panicle, or all of them reduced to : 2
pedicels, pubescent. Pedicels mostly shorter than their —-* the |
almost obsolete. Spikelets erect in flower mis ce ‘first oy ee orang and acute, ultimately oval and obtuse or subobtuse,
xten tending half way to the apex of the fifth, or even of the eigl th, orets: very closely imbricated in flower and fruit. Lower pale with: ~ m — eran. _— on the margins, | half ri between the middle —
, greyish-green. Glumes unequal, the inner or larger 0 one
at the ss se Laat : oe
(170 ENGLISH BOTANY.
straight and erect, or bent outwards in fruit, usually a little shorter than the pale. Upper pale a little shorter than the lower.
Var. a, genuinus. Piate MDCCCIV. B. mollis, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 76. B. Ferronii “ Mabille,” test. Lloyd, F). de ’ Ouest de la France, ed. ii. p- 595. (A small form with a nearly simple contracted panicle.) Serrafaleus mollis, Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 590.
Stems erect or ascending. Spikelets pubescent. Awns nearly straight and erect. Var. 2, glabrescens, Coss. B. mollis, leiostachys, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 76, and B. hordeacens, “ Linn.”
Fries. Mant. iii. p. 11, & Summ. Veg. Scand. pp. 76, 248. Serrafaleus hordeaceus, Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p- 590. (A small form with a contracted simple panicle.)
Stems erect or ascending. Spikelets subglabrous, or rarely quite gla- = brous. Awns nearly straight and erect. Usually smaller than var. a.
1 malities Hy FL. de Ouest de la Fr. ed. ii. p. 595. Bor. Fi. du Centr. de la Fr. ed. iii. Pca is Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIL p. 591.
Stems ascending. Spikelets densely pubescent. Awns bent ee in fruit. Panicle always nearly simple and contracted.
Very common and generally distributed. Var. 8 generally in drier places than var. «; but small forms both of a and @ are to be found in sand and dry places on the sea-shore. Var. y on sandy sea-shores __ in Cornwall and the Channel Islands; and I have a a collected _
by the late Mr. M‘Nab at Balmae, Kirkeudbéy itshire, so it is — J ocere found along the western coast of ——
Su ammer r to pon
beg ¢ from a few Gecck, : : Brikelots 4 inch to 1 2: e longer. |
GRAMINA. 171
Var. y is remarkable for the awns ultimately twisting outwards, a character which has remained constant under cultivation through several years. I have raised it from seed collected at the Lizard, Cornwall, by Mr. C. Bailey, in July 1866, for five years.
Distinguished from B. eu-racemosus by its more pubescent sheaths, by its more dense panicle, by its florets being more closely imbricated, oe fod the lower pale being strongly angled on each side beyond the
= rom B. commutatus it is separable by its erect and denser panicle, by its less acute spikelets, by its more closely imbricated florets, and by the margins of the lower pale having a more pro- minent ancle. The spikelets are of a greyer green “and the pales have broader pale scarious margins, so that their colour is less uni- form than that of B. eu-racemosus and B. commutatus.
From B. secalinus it may be known by the florets not being separated in fruit, and by the leaf sheaths being densely pubescent.
Sojt Brome-Grass. German, Weichhaarige Trespe.
SPECIES X¥—-BROMUS ARVENSIS. Lin. Pratre MDCCCVIL.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXLIII. Fig. 348 Serrafalcus arvensis, Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 323. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 423. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIT. p. 588.
Annual or biennial. Stem erect or ascending, very clea quite glabrous ; knots subglabrous. Leaves pubescent, green; sheaths
split at the apex only, densely pubescent with short reflexed hairs.
Panicle erect in flower and fruit, much branched or rarely only —
slightly branched, very lax, widely open in flower, and slightly so in -
_ fruit. Rachis with very distant nodes. Panicle branches 1 to 7 at the — lower nodes of the rachis, unequal, very rarely all reduced to pedicels,
= _ the longer ones commonly branched and bearing from 2 to 12 spike- —
lets, unbranched and bare of spikelets for half or two-thirds of their _ . usually about the length of three internodes of the rachis, the _ shorter of the lower ones and all pe" of the upper part of the panicle, — ae rarely all of them, reduced to pedicels, finely scabrous. Pedicels. except a few of the lateral ones, Tonger than their spikelets. Spikelets — : slightly droop ing in flower, erect in fruit, at first Imear-subcylin-
t comme snp | and subobtuse, 6- to. 12- a oe
172 ENGLISH BOTANY.
fruit. Lower pale, with a prominent obtuse angle on the margins half way between the middle and the apex at each side, deeply bidentate at ‘the apex, quite glabrous or very minutely scabrous, with broad white scarious margins. Awn from the bottom of the notch of the pale, straight, erect or slightly curving outwards, a little longer than the pale. Upper pale nearly as long as the lower.
In fields of saintfoin and clover, and by waysides; doubtless intro- duced with foreign seed, but plentiful in Kent and Cambridge, and more sparingly in Surrey and Essex and York; on waste ground in Middlesex and Hampshire ; also on ballast hills at Middlesborough, Durham ; and Charleston, and Inverkeithing, Fife.
[England]. Annual or biennial. Summer, Autumn.
Stems 6 to 30 inches high, wiry. Leaves similar to those = the preceding species, but narrower, sometimes not more than ;1, inch broad. Panicle 1 to 9 inches long. Spikelets } to 1 inch long. Florets 4 to 3 inch long.
_ A well-marked species, distinguished in its fully developed form by its very lax open roundish-pyramidal panicle, with long capillary branches, —— ey arching from the weight of the spikelets
in flower, but become firmer, nearly st ie and ascending in fruit. _ The spikelets are pong and more para llel-sided than in any other of our species; the pales narrower, ‘with 2 more acute and longer teeth at the apex, and enn gs are prettily variegated with green and purple, with white
Our plate represents the ucts much more secundly droopin; than it ever is in a living plant, the branches having apparently all been bent over in one direction to get the panicle within the com of the ss sl ae ed specimens sometimes have the panicle nearly or exte
ae simple, but they still have the long slender capillary branches, alth ough these are reduced to pedicels.
__ B. arvensis is sometimes confounded with B. patulus, M. & K., a
- = not sufficiently naturalised to be deserving of a place in the - British Flora as yet, though it seems to be more now than it
vas | fae patul us has the panicle caatles than that “
nsi drooping with shorter branches and larg
pan cre are drooping in fi
aden have ooekes lower pales:
GRAMINA, 173
Tre XII.—TRITICEZ.
Spikelets usually open during flowering, sessile or subsessile, arranged in a simple distichous spike, the rachis of which is excavated to receive them and has at each notch a single spikelet containing 2 to 30 perfect florets. Glumes 2 or 1. Styles absent; stigmas 2, usually protruded at the base of the florets between the margins of the pales. Caryops dorsally compressed, with a furrow on the inner face.
GENUS XL—BRACHYPODIUM. Pal. de Beauv.
Spikelets subsessile, solitary, arranged alternately within their — broadsides to the rachis in a distichous simple spike, at first cylin- drical, afterwards slightly laterally compressed, open during flower- ing, each containing 5 to 10 perfect florets. Glumes 2, opposite, placed right and left of the rachis, shorter than the florets, un- equal, mucronate, strongly-ribbed, subherbaceous. Pales 2; lower one linear-lanceolate, concave, entire, mucronate or awned, sub- herbaceous; upper pale entire and rounded at the apex, 2-ribbed. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, sessile, terminal, plumose, protruded at the sides of the floret between the basal margin of the pales. Caryops slightly adhering to the upper pale, downy at the apex, narrowly oblong, convex on the back, furrowed on the inner face.
The name of this genus comes secretes dibs nk wt ft om vy aS :
short eee of the spikelets.
Reich. Te. F. oe ee Vol. I, Tab, CXXVI. Figs. 277, 278 and 279, a et Germ. Exsicc. No. 489.
wiatee Pal. de Boome. eg! p- 101. Reich. s ee Pp. 32.
Retention a, Sm. Engl. FL. Vol. L. p. 149, ‘pon Vell Triticum i eu a Plat. Vol. Zp. 445. ‘Fein, Com.
: oi without stolons, 7
174 ENGLISH BOTANY.
with numerous unequal slightly elevated ribs, and smooth mar- gins, yellowish green or bright green, hairy with long soft hairs; sheaths pubescent with long soft spreading-reflexed hairs, or sub- glabrous; ligule deltoid, subacute. Spike simple, lax, arching-droop- ing. Spikelets adpressed to rachis, except at the time of flowering, at first linear-cylindrical-lanceolate, and very acute, ultimately ob- long-linear, 5- to 12-flowered, more or less pubescent or glabrous. Inner glume two-thirds the length of the contiguous floret, mu- cronate or shortly awned, 7-ribbed. Lower pale gradually acumi- minate and acute, 7-ribbed towards the apex. Awn as long as or longer than the pale, at least in the upper florets. Upper pale a little shorter than and about as broad as the lower one.
Var. 2, pubescens.. Spikelets more or less villose-pubescent.
Var. 6, ‘ as
_ Spikelets glabrous. : In woods | and forsee and aly on open banks. Rather common nd , d, a ng north to Orkney. hs or
— Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Sanna ia t growing in small or large round tufts. Stems 9 sag! to2
i gees usually arching towards the circumference of Leaves of the barren stems or shoots 6 to 18 inches long, we tok 4 inch broad. Stem leaves 2 to 8 broad. Uppermost stem “Jeaf 4 to 9 inches long, } to 3 inch broad. pee 2 to 8 inches long, with 3 — to 10 spikelets. Spikelets § to 14 inches long. Florets about 3 2 inch long at the base of the spikelet, rapidly diminishing in size towards = ee apex of the spikelet. Glumes and om commonly more or less
: t, at least towards the sides and ape ‘form with | — I ae" only in Fi fe, bet
False Wood Brome-Grass. ni an, 1, Wald Seals
SPECIES Il—BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM. Pal. de Beauv.
Pirate MDCCCVIILI.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CX XVII. Figs. 281 and 282.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1981.
Bromus pinnatus, Linn. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 730.
Festuca pinnata, Huds. Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 150.
Triticum pinnatum, Monch; Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 445. Parn. Grass. of
Brit. pp. 290-296.
Perennial. Subczespitose or scarcely cxspitose. Rootstock with creeping branches, terminating in tufts of numerous barren stems or barren shoots and flowering stems, and with autumnal or hybernal stolons terminating in barren stems. Stems erect, unbranched, or branched at the base. Leaves firm or rather firm, broadly linear, tapering from below the middle to the apex, very acute, with nume- rous nearly equal greatly elevated ribs, and scabrous margins, yellow- ish green, often with a glaucous tinge, hairy with short hairs, or subglabrous ; sheaths glabrous, or pubescent with short reflexed hairs ; ligule subquadrate, obtuse. Spike simple, rather lax or dense, erect or very slightly arching-drooping. Spikelets diverging from the rachis, at first linear-cylindrical-fusiform and acute, ultimately elliptical-linear, 7- to 20-flowered, glabrous or more or less pubes- cent. Inner glume about half the length of the contiguous floret, acute or mucronate, 7-ribbed. Lower pale abruptly acuminate and subacute, 7-ribbed towards the apex. Awn shorter than the pale, usually not half as long, and frequently reduced to a mere mucro.
one.
Var. «,
. Spikelets glabrous. Var. A, alli Spikelets more or ioe finely pubescent with short hairs. : oe _ On downs and in pastures, especia cially in chalk districts. _ ather local, but frequent in the Seek ‘and east of England, seaching . to Yorkshire. It-has been reported from both Scotland and a
| Perennial. Summer. Leaves of f the barren broad.
Upper pale as —-* as and broader towards the —_ than the lower ao
& bet oouee ‘is —_ doubt B. sylvaticum sae — Inistaken a
eo vis ENGLISH BOTANY.
— with 3 to 12 spikelets. Spikelets } to 1} long, sometimes ‘slightly curved outwards when it is Bromus corniculatus, Lam. F1, Fr. Vol. III. p. 608. Florets 3 inch long. ‘ery similar to B. sylvaticum, but always distinguishable by its 8 root. The stems are more rigid. The leaves are stiffer and more rect, and become involute when withered from the shrivelling of the thick ribs on the upper surface. The spikelets are broader in the middle and more nearly erect. Tne awns are much shorter. The lower pale broader, and the upper pale longer and broader. Barren False-Brome-Grass. French, Brachypode primielle.
GENUS XLI—TRITICUM. Linn.
Spikelets quite sessile, solitary, arranged alternately with their broadsides to the rachis in a distichous simple spike, laterally com- pressed, flat on both sides or turgid, usually open during flowerin each containing 2 to 12 perfect florets, generally with 1 or 2 a or neuter florets above them. Glumes 2, opposite, placed right and left of the rachis, equal, shorter than the florets, rounded or keeled
. on the back, many nerved, obtuse or awnei, subcoriaceous or sub- ee 8
‘baceous. Pales 25 the lower one concave, entire, apiculate or ~ awned, subherbaceous or subcoriaceous ; ; upper pale 2-toothed or notched, 2-ribbed. Loins 2, entire. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, sessile, terminal, plumose, usually protruded at the sides of the floret betwhen the basal margins of the pales, or included. Caryops free or adhering to the upper pale, pilose at the apex, oblong, convex on the back, furrowed on the inner face. All the British specimens belong to the section Agropyrum, expose: the spikelets not turgid, and being perennial plants. | The name of this genus comes from the Latin word tero, to — because its pro- ee flour. Re
| af SPECIES I-TRITICUM CANINUM. ke
Bo Phare MDCCCIX. © a
le Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol, I. Tab. CHIE. Bg 254,
Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2598. ee ; n. D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. IT. ‘p85. oe
, Rom. —— aes & God ‘FL de Fe, Vol. P. ons
GRAMINA. | 177
Stems fasciculate, erect, flexuous, weak, hollow. Leaves flaccid, broadly linear, gradually tapering to the apex, very acute, flat, not involute when dry, with numerous slender unequal non-contiguous slightly scabrous ribs, thinly pubescent with short rather soft lak bright green. Spike slightly arching or erect, rather lax, rarely com-
pact, with prominent scale-like bracts at the base of the lower spikelets. Rachis not fragile, glabrous or pubescent, scabrous on the angles. Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, longer than the internodes, and sometimes equalling 2 internodes, fusiform, slightly compressed. Glumes vari- able in length, from half as long to as long as the spikelet, the lower one usually equalling the first floret, not overlapping each other at the base, linear-elliptical, acuminate and very acute, or even shortly awned, strongly ribbed. Lower pale linear-lanceolate, gradually pointed and acute, with 2 very obscure teeth at the apex, smooth towards the base, distinctly 5-ribbed in the apical third, awned, very rarely only mucronate. Awn slender, usually as long as the pale, or sometimes longer, rarely only half as long, or in some of the florets reduced to a short mucro.
Var. a, genuinum. Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered. Awn as long as or longer than the . Var. 8, biflorum, Mitt. (2) T. alpinum, Don. MS. Spikelets about 2-flowered. — narrower than in var. 2, nuR : _ smooth on both sides. ; In woods and shady places, and on ee a at S
from Cornwall and Kent to S
ok Herbarium.” Mr. W. Mitten. — - 2 om Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. la Summe
wine in small lax tufts, with a few shal” hone i tems— on — 18 inches to 3 feet high. Leaves 6 inches _ ‘1 to 3 inch broad. Spikes 3 to 6 inches long. Spike- Tong, exclusive of the awns. ee to oo long,
is said to be ‘ae running cme roots. =
- yather scarce. Thinly but widely distributed throughout Britain, im Ireland. Var. 6, “Rocks ox Ben Lawers. GD Don in os :
178 ENGLISH BOTANY.
SPECIES I—TRITICUM REPENS. Lim. Pratss MDCCCX. MDCCCXI. MDCCCXI.
Not ceespitose or loosely caespitose. Rootstock exclusively creeping with long stolons. Stems solitary or subsolitary or fasciculate, erect or ascending, straight or slightly flexuous, or geniculate at the base, firm. Leaves flaccid or firm, broadly linear, tapering to the apex, acute, flat, sometimes involute when dry, with numerous unequal, slender and non-contiguous, or thick cartilaginous and contiguous, scabrous ribs, with or without distant long or rather long soft hairs, bright green or more or less glaucous. Spike erect or more or less arching, compact, sometimes lax at the base, or wholly lax, with indistinct scale-like bracts at the base of the lower spike- lets, or without them. Rachis pubescent or glabrous, scabrous or smooth on the angles, not fragile when dry. Spikelets 3- to 12- flowered, longer than the internodes, elliptical or elliptical-wedge- shaped or elliptical-linear, compressed. Glumes commonly three- quarters the length of the spikelets, but sometimes not more than half their length, usually a little shorter than the first floret, linear- lanceolate, acuminate, acute, or awned, or obtuse, strongly ribbed when dry. Lower pale linear-lanceolate, gradually pointed and acute, or obtuse, smooth, indistinctly 5-ribbed at the apex only, mucro- nate or awned, or apiculate. Awn when present short, usually shorter than the pale, rarely as long, but more commonly represented by a short mucro, or by an apiculus only.
Sus-Sreces 1—Triticum eu-repens. Pirate MDCCCX.
_ Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. I. Tab. CXX. Figs. 257 to 261. _Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2597. 'T. repens, Auct. Plur. Duval-Jouve, Mém. del Acad. de Montpelier, Vol. VIL. p. 371. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 424. Hook. fil. Stud. Fl. p. 453. gr repens, Pal. de Beauv. Gren. ode. M.de Br. Vol. I. p 608 Parl.
"FL Teal. Vol I. p. 496. Reich. Te. Le.p. 30.
ms solitary or subsolitar y yrarely in loose faces, erect straight : — pa —- daccid, not d: when dry, erou
GRAMINA. 179
often scabrous on the angles. Spikelets more or less diverging from the rachis, 3- to 7-flowered, generally equalling 2 or even 3 internodes, ultimately elliptical or elliptical-wedgeshaped, much compressed. Glumes usually at least three-fourths the length of the spikelets, and always more than half their length, commonly acute or awned, rarely obtuse. Lower pales acute or awned, or rarely obtuse with a very short apiculus. Axis of spikelets scabrous, with slender internodes.
Var. a, genuinum. Duval-Jouve.
Glumes lanceolate-acute. Pales mucronate.
Var. 6B, barbatum. Duval-Jouwve.
Glumes tapering, subulate or awned. Pales awned.
Var. y, obtusum.
Glumes obtuse, obliquely-truncate. Pales obtuse, with a minute apiculus.
In cultivated ground and waste places, by road-sides, and on the sea-shore, occasionally in woods. Common and universally dis- tributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer.
Very variable. Stems 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves 2 inches to 1 foot
mg by 4 to 3 inch broad, sometimes rather firm when growing in ¢ soils, with slender shy ee per ribs, which are not cartila nous, and each of whic hed with a row of minute a Spike 2 to 8 inches long, not more ro lies one-fourth the same sr 3 its stem, and often much shorter in proj ne neierably fro te long, usually so crowded — Baws —— cont bk a -Tachis, but 3 m luxuriant specimens
ems
‘tion of their noth compact. The spikelets | r sid = in thaebeme to
ales are
180 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Sus-Srecies Il.—Triticum pungens. Koch. Pirate MDCCCXI.
T. repens, var. y. Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 183 (in part, ?). T. littorale, Host; Duval-Jowve, Mém. de VY Acad. de Montpel. Vol. VII. pp. 374 and
377.
Agropyrum pungens, Rém. § Schultes, Syst. Veg. p. 753. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 498.
A. pungens and A. pyenanthum, Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. TIT. p. 606. A. littorale and A. acutum, Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. p. 30. Stems in rather dense fascicles, erect, rarely ascending, straight, solid in the upper internodes. Leaves firm, distinctly and regularly in- volute, especially towards the apex when fading or dry, with numerous thick very prominent slightly unequal contiguous ribs, each of which is furnished with a single row of asperities, and usually glabrous, green or glaucous. Spike erect, compact, occupying one-fourth to one-tenth of the whole stem. Rachis rigid, glabrous or pubescent, scabrous on the Bae Spikelets more or less diverging from the rachis, 5- to 12- flowered, A Sond Pa 2 or even 3 internodes, oer aipteal
eee is ee ‘den haped, much compressed. :
ualiwa press the apex. ‘Pales mucronate or awned, or obeaat wi ‘csi a very short apiculus. Axis of spikelets puberulent (“ glal Duval-Jouve, ) with rather broad internodes a —
Var. a, genuinum. Prats MDCCCXI. Beich. Ie. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXXIL. Fig. 266 (A. skh - Glumes and _ subobtuse, apiculate or very — mucronate,
ae Var. B, iii oe Bue 10, Gor Her Vl. ub, XE ig 358, a oo
GRAMINA. 181
with the spikelets more diverging from the rachis than in vars. e and 6. Plant more glaucous.
On sea-shores, especially by the banks of tidal rivers and back- waters. Probably common in England. I have specimens from Devon, Isle of Wight, Sussex, Kent, and Essex. Babington gives it as a native of Scotland, though without naming any definite station. In Ireland it is said, in the “ Cybele Hibernica,” to be “ probably common.” I have seen specimens from the neighbourhood of Dublin.
England, Scotland (?), Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer.
Stem 1 to : feet high, usually rigid. Leaves 3 inches to 1 foot long by + to 4 inch broad, remarkable for their greatly raised ribs resembling those of Elymus arenarius, commonly more or less glau- cous above and green below, but very variable in colour. Spikes 2 to 10 mens long. Spikelets 3 to § inch long, usually glaucous. Florets 1 to } inch long.
¥ ery ‘Variable j in size and colour, and exhibiting the same variations
ur in T. eu-repens, from which indeed it can only be certainly distinguished by the structure of the leaves: the very prominent cartilaginous ribs in T. pungens completely fillmg up the upper surface of the leaf ; these cartilaginous ribs shrivel in drying, and consequently, when the leaves are no longer in vigorous growth, and more so when the leaves are allowed to wither, the upper surface of the leaf contracts more than the lower, and consequently the edges of the leaves become involute, especially towards the -
— becomes pungent. plant grows in compact tufts of flowering and barrer
oe is pe the case in T. eu-repens, iat ae it eee oces occur in that plant.
The Rev. V. W. Newbould informs me that T. repens, var. nin Smith’s Herbarium, is represented by T. pungens. |
sionally : os oe
I suspect that T. repens, 6. littoreum, Bab. Man. Hive Bot ed. vi. oS
p. 424, ought also be referred to T. pungens, as the —— —_ : “involute ” makes it probable that there must be cartilaginous ne the upper side ; al have not seen — ied by Paseaees
8.
oe i 7 variety (4. intermedium) occurs on the roast _ faland ‘stations, which has _ not been detected in Britain, though it ; izht to-
182 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Sus-Sprcies I.—Triticum acutum. D.0¢. Prate MDCCCXII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L Tab. CXXI. Fig. 262. Duval-Jouve, Mém. de Acad. de Montpelier, Vol. VIL. p. 387, and Planche, 20, Fig. 3. Optime!
T. laxum, Fries. Mant. IIL. p, 13, and Summ. Veg. Scand. pp. 74 and 249. T. pungens, Pers.? Syn. PL. p. 109. “TT. affine, Dethharding,” teste Reic acutum, Rim. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. Vol. IT. p. 751. Gren. & Godr. Fl. tole Vol, III. p. 605. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 499.
Stems in loose fascicles or solitary, ascending or suberect, usually from a decumbent and geniculate base, solid. Leaves firm, involute, especially towards the apex when fading or dry, with numerous thick rather prominent unequal contiguous subcartilaginous ribs, each of which is thickly clothed with minute asperities, not disposed in 1 or 2 regular lines, and glabrous or with a few rather long _ soft distant hairs, green or glaucous. Spike more or less slightly _ arching, lax, one-half to one-fourth of the whole stem. Rachis rather : gs glabrous, scabrous or smooth on the angles, not fone Spike- lets adpressed to the rachis or slightly curv 5- to 8-
: Sowers, but little longer than the internodes, and very nas equal- ling 2 internodes, ultimately linear-elliptical, slightly compressed. Glumes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the spikelets, rarely half the length, subobtuse or subacute or apiculate, with a smooth keel. ales obtuse, apiculate or more rarely mucronate, or very rarely shortly awned. Axis of the wilkdlate puberulent, with the internodes broad, greatly enlarged upwards.
_ On sandy sea-shores, Probably common and generally distributed, S shank I have not seen specimens from north of St. Andrews, _ and Cumberland. In Ireland, according to the “Cybele Hibe
a itis —os and extends from north to south of the island.
nd, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn.
oe inches to 3 feet high. Leaves I to 18 inches oi by } to pe Spik e 3 to 10 inches Se aeent s to 1 inch long.
- GRAMINA. 183
agri are easily dried flat, which it is difficult to do with e of pungens. The ribs of the leaves of T. acutum are also thickly covered all over with very minute asperities, not with a single row of large ones as we find in T. pungens. The spike is lax, and occupies
a much greater part of the stem than in T. pungens. The spikelets are more closely applied to the rachis, usually longer and narrower in proportion. The axis of the spikelet is more distinetly puberulent,
so as almost to deserve to be called minutely pubescent.
The characters which distinguish T. acutum from T. junceum will be mentioned under that species.
Perhaps T. pungens and T. acutum ought to be combined in a ver- species distinct from T. repens on account of the different structure of the leaves. I have repeatedly endeavoured to raise our two maritime forms of Triticum from seed, but never could get it to germinate; as in many other extensively creeping plants, the seed
a to be but rarely perfec
[ have followed Mr. Lloyd (“ FI. de YOuest de la France,” ed. il.
p. 600) in joining T. pungens, Awet., campestre, G. §& Gr., and acutum, D. C., with T. repens, rather than Dr. Hooker ( Stud. Flora,” p. 454), who considers them as subspecies of T. junceum, with which they have certainly far less affinity than they have with T. repens, but it would be highly desirable that they should be raised from seed, should any botanist on the coast be fortunate enough to obtain it.
The figure which Reichenbach gives of “'T. acutum,” in the Ic. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. Tab. CX XII. Fig. 266,* appears to me to represent T. pungens; while that of A. affine, Tab. CXXI. Fig. 262, is a fair representation of T. acutum.
Decumbent Sea Couch-Grass. German, Spitziger Weizen.
SPECIES UL—TRITICUM JUNCEUM. in
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. L. Tab. OXXT
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2985.
‘Ducal-Jouve, Mém. de Y Acad. de Montpeion, Vol. VEE p _ 390.
Agropyram junceum, Pal. de Beauv.; TES Pari. _ FL Ital. Vol. Lp. 502.
a _ Not _chempitone. Rootstock extensively er with Tong stolons.
"mart set en tapering to the apex, greatly | : Loo oanelameraaal oan gam
Wwttes UR
aly hates velvety SACLE Dy
ee each of which he i
i of a b bach Tn me
184 ENGLISH BOTANY.
ually more or less slightly arching, lax, one-half to one-fourth of the whole stem. Rachis rather firm, glabrous, smooth on the angles, readily breaking across at the nodes when dry. Spikelets adpressed to the rachis, 4- to 8-flowered, as long as or a little longer than the internodes but not equalling 2 internodes, ultimately linear-elliptical, slightly compressed. Glumes half to three-fourths the length of the spikelets, obtuse truncate or subapiculate, with a smooth indistinct keel. Pales obtuse, obliquely-truncate or notched, apiculate, not awned. Axis of the spikelets puberulent, with the internodes greatly enlarged upwards.
On sandy sea-shores, and on dunes where there is loose sand; common and generally distributed, extending north to Orkney.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.
Stems 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 8 inches long by 1 to dinch broad, very glaucous. Spike 2 to 9 inches long. Spikelets 3 to ly inch long. Florets $ to 2 inch long. ery in habit to T. acutum, but with the leaves narrower and ultimately much more involute, thicker, or even somewhat fleshy, with the ribs fewer, much more prominent, and more cartilaginous, _ crvon 4 clothed with a pile of very short white hairs, the upper _ surface more glaucous. The rachis is remarkable for the facilit ty soe which it c ultimately breaks across at the nodes, thus’ separating in: with the spikelets attached to their apex. The ae sae fainter and more numerous ril les are more obtuse, and commonly more or less notched, and the apiculus is shorter. The whole plant is usually more glaucous, —— the upper side of the leaves and the spikelets.
Sand Couch-Grass. German, Binsenformiger Weizen. GENUS Dg 8 ily 8 29 # IU M. Linn.
oo _ Spikelets quite sessile, solitary, arranged alternately edgeways to.
its rachis i in a distichous simple spike, Interally compressed, flat on
both sides, open oS flow ‘ing, each containing 3 to 20 perfect Glum: pera CRSecegie Ee . ;
slet away from ihe his,
: r y one on the side next the
one or acute, not awed sub- oo : a
tS Se
GRAMINA, 185
3. Stigmas 2, terminal, sessile, plumose, protruded at the sides of the floret between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops free, or rarely adhering to the upper pale, wholly glabrous, oblong, convex on the back, broadly furrowed on the inner face.
The derivation of the name of this genus is supposed to be from linwm, flax ; and. colo, I till.
SPECIES I—-LOLIUM PERENNE, “ Linz.,” Hook. fil. Pruates MDCCCXIV. MDCCCXYV.
Perennial, biennial, or annual. Spikelets 3- to 20-flowered, linear- elliptical, tapering from the middle to the apex, not truncate. Glumes shorter than the spikelets (except in monstrous. forms), equalling or shorter than the contiguous floret. Florets linear-lanceolate, slightly curved on the inner margin in profile, not turgid in fruit. Lower pale not indurated in fruit, elliptical-linear, obtuse or faintly notched with blunt cusps, not awned or with a slender awn. Caryops linear-
oblong, about half the length of and a little narrower than the pales.
Sus-Srecies L—Lolium eu-perenne. Prats MDCCCXIV.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXII. Fig. 35. Billot, F). Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 2778. L. perenne, Auct. Plur. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No, 315, &.
Perennial, with barren shoots. Flowering stems several, usually decumbent and geniculate at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, taper- ing slightly to the oe deep green. Spikelets closely applied to
the rachis, except during the time of flowering, when they diverge a : oe; 3- to 11-flowered. Lower pale not awned. :
Var. «, genuinum, Godr. an robust. Spikelets 7- to 11-flowered.
Var. B, tenue.
= Len, Lion, Spec. Plant. p. 122 (non Guss.).
ike — = pgm 3- to A-flowered. Whole pnt much —
186 ENGLISH BOTANY.
outwards towards the circumference of the tuft, from their bases being usually decumbent and geniculate. Stems 18 inches to 2 feet high, or a little more, erect or ascending. Leaves 3 inches to 1 foot long by } to finch broad, those of the barren shoots conduplicate when oung. Spikes 3 to 10 inches long. Spikelets 1 to % inch long.
F lorets + inch long.
Var. tenue is rather a starved state than a true variety.
Monstrosities of the spike are not unfrequent. Sometimes it is compound, especially towards the base: sometimes the rachis is shortened and the spikelets diverge widely, forming a flattened, oblong, blunt spike: sometimes the florets are fasciculate within the glumes, and in this case are frequently inflated and abbreviated, so as to be ovoid, and sometimes shorter than the glumes.
Common or Perennial Rye-Grass, French, Ivraie vivace. German, Englisches Raygras.
Sus-Srecizs I.—Lolium Italicum. 4A. Braun. Pirate MDCCCXYV. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. LXXVIL (CXILL) Figs. 238 and 239, xsice. No. 1392.
_ L. Boucheanum, Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 436,
= fe with barren shoots, or more often biennial. Stems nume-
rous, usually nearly straight throughout, rarely decumbent and geni- culate at the base. Leaves broadly linear, tapering greatly to the apex, yellowish-green, Spikelets loosely applied to the rachis, except during the time of flowering, when they diverge greatly, 5- to 12- flowered. Lower pale with a long slender awn, :
’ Tn cultivated fields, and by roadsides and waste places. Not unfre- quent, but always escaped from cultivation. :
to be merely ‘ren shoots
GRAMINA. 187 mud dredged from the Thames and deposited on the ground now occupied by Battersea Park.
Ttalian Rye-Grass. French, Ivraie d’Italie. German, Italienisches Raygras.
SPECIES I—LOLIUM TEMULENTUM. Lins. Pirates MDCCCXVI. MDCCCXVIL.
Annual. Spikelets ultimately wedge-shaped, very obtuse or trun- cate at the apex, 3- to 9-flowered. Glumes as long as or longer than the spikelets, and many times exceeding the contiguous floret. Florets turgid i in fruit, half ovate-ovoid, greatly curved on the inner margin in profile. Lower pale somewhat indurated in fruit, oval, deeply notched with subacute cusps, with a stout awn of variable length, or not awned. Caryops oblong-ovoid, nearly as long as and as broad as the upper pale.
Var. a, genuinum. Pirate MDCCCXVI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXI. Figs. 231 and 233.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 3944. L. temulentum, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1124, and Engl. FI. Vol. L. p. 174,
Awns longer than the pales.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I, Tab. OX. Fig, 2 229, Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice.
No. 491. | . _ Le arvense, With. Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 1125; Bagh WL Vol. y.174 (oom
Schrad. nec Reich.). L. robustum, Reich. Fl. Germ. Excurs. p. 139, ants Fl. Germ. ot Helv, Vol. I. p.25. -Awns shorter than the florets or absent. . _ Incultivated fields. Rather rare, though asp, distributed, wend: ¢ north to Argyle and Moray, though itis not more than naturalised tlan = * may be in a seme abundant i in
188 ENGLISH BOTANY.
‘Florets 1 to inch long, exclusive of age awns. Rachis sometimes smooth, ‘sometimes pulverulent, scabro
Re eadily distinguishable from all Se forms of L. perenne by its blunt or truncate fruiting spikelets, long rigid glumes, turgid florets, and large brown caryops.
Lolium linicola, Sidr} is a very distinct plant, which, strangely enough, has net confounded with the variety of L. temulentum termed L. arvense by Withering. It may be readily known from L. eckateutain by its more slender stem; by its narrower leaves; by the spikelets tapering slightly from beyond the middle to the a which is obtuse but not truncate; by the glume being little shorter than, or at most equal to, the spikelet, though always : as long as, or longer than the contiguous floret; by the florets being narrower and less turgid, the lower pales less indurated, and by the caryops being considerably smaller and narrower in proportion. The awn is entirely
absent, or more rarely present, and then very short. It cannot be dicistdeved as a naturalised plant, though it has occurred in flax fields in several places.
Common Darnel.
French, Ivraie enivrante. German, Tawmel Lolch.
Tre XIII._ROTTBOELLIE®.
_ Spikelets open ‘ganas flowering, sessile, arranged in a simple, di- stichous or unilateral spike, the rachis of which is excavated to receive them, and has at each notch a single solitary spikelet, containing a single perfect floret, and sometimes a superior rudiment. Glumes 2 or 1. Stigmas 2, sessile, protruded at the base of the florets between the margins of the pales, Caryops dorsally compressed, with a furrow
on the inner face. ;
GENUS ATUI.—_LEPTURUS. R. Br. Spikelets quite sessile, solitary, arranged alternately in a simple os Siete, in the excavations of the rachis of which they are ecmpletely
sunk when closed, open during flowering, each containing a single
pa Sank _— with the masse rudiment of a second neuter one
oret nearly equal ; 2 or 1 in all
. the only one on the side of the _
ng as or longer than the floret, not : Pal
GRAMINA. | . 189
brous, narrowly oblong, convex on the back, furrowed on the inner “The name of this genus of plants is derived from Nerréc, slender ; and odpé, a tail— in allusion to its taper slender spikes.
SPECIES I—LEPTURUS FILIFORMIS. Tri. Pirate MDCCCXVIIL. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CVIII. Fig. 223. Billot, F1. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 2190. L. incurvatus, # filiformis, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. vi. p. 426. Ophiurns filiformis, Rim. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. Vol. II. p. 797. O. incurvatus, Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 295. Rotbillia filiformis, Roth. Bertol. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 766. R. incurvata, Sm. Engl. Bot. ed. i. No. 760, and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 175.
Flowering stems erect or decumbent, much branched. Ligule very short, truncate. Spikes slender, cylindrical, scarcely tapering to the apex, straight or. very slightly curved. Lateral florets with 2 glumes. Pales as long as the glumes.
In salt marshes and waste places by the sea, and on the margins of tidal rivers. Common and generally distributed in the southern half
of England, less common in the north. Very local in Scotland, where -_ I know of no stations but Aberledy Bay, Haddington ; and Blackness, Linlithgow. Possibly it may have been ined near Inverkeithing, Fife; bat it is doubtful whether the plant which occurred there was the native L. filiformis, or the continental sub-species L. incur-— vatus, which has occurred on ballast at St. Davids, in the neighbour- hood of Inverkeithing. Frequent but rather local all x round the Irish coast.
— ee Ireland. Perennial Sammes Autumn,
— See 4 inch, closely fitting into the excavations of the rachis, so en the plants _ in —— the ee resemble slender Glues. eee in fl 20uS, | 3-ribbed.
190 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Trrre XIV._HORDEIEE
Spikelets usually open during flowering, sessile or subsessile, arranged in a simple distichous spike, the rachis of which is exca- vated to receive them, and has at each notch 2 to 6 spikelets placed side by side, each spikelet containing 1 or more perfect florets; some- times the lateral spikelets have only a floret. Glumes 2. Stipenas 2, sessile, usually protruded at the base of the florets between the mar- gins of the pales. Caryops dorsally compressed, with a furrow on the
inner face.
GENUS XLIV—ELYMUS. Linn.
Spikelets quite sessile, in pairs or threes at each node of the rachis, arranged in a simple spike, open during flowering, each containing 2 to 4 perfect florets. Glumes 2 to each epikelet, nearly equal in all the florets, both of them on the side of the spikelet farthest from the rachis, a little shorter or a little longer than the florets, not awned, subcori- aceous or subherbaceous. Pales 2, the lower one rounded on the
back, acuminate, pointed or mucronate or awned, subherbaceous or subcoriaceous. Upper pale, 2-toothed, 2-keeled, scarious. Lodicules 2, entire. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, sessile, inserted a little below the | summit of the ovary, plumose, protruded at the sides of the florets _ between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops adhering to the oie pubescent at the apex, narrowly linear, convex on the back, furrowed on the inner face. _ This genus derives its name from the country where the species are abundant— Elyma, i in
SPECIES I-ELYMUS ARENARIUS. Linn. = ee as CXVL. Figs, 247 and 248. ue | y creeping, with long stolons, Leaves broadly ye eis
h and green ae ag ligule a Spike ver fle | Sat se were at the opike in pave pie ee
( threes, need epteinoae with He a per=
191 points, not awned, as long as the florets, glabrous, usually pubescent at the apex, and frequently ciliated with long soft hairs on the keel and
lateral margins near the apex. Lower pale linear—lanceolate, acumi- nate, shortly mucronate but not awned, densely pubescent with short hairs
On sandy sea-shores and on dunes amongst loose sand. Rather rare. Possibly in Devon and Dorset and South Wales, and certainly from Essex and North Wales northward to Orkney and Shetland. Rare and very local in Ireland, where it is chiefly found on the north
coast. England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer.
Plant growing in large roundish tufts, beyond the cireumference of which the barren tufts of the stolons come up singly. Leaves 6 inches to 3 feet long by } to $ inch broad. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, inclining towards the circumference of the tufts. Spikes 6 inches to 1 foot long, straight or slightly arched. Spikelets 3 to 1 inch long. Florets 3 to 1 inch long,
Elymus geniculatus, Curtis, which was alleged to have been found by Dickson near Gravesend, but which is now known only as a cultivated plant, resembles E. arenarius, but has the rootstock far less creeping, and the stolons so short that their barren shoots come up close to the parent tufts. The leaves are about half the breadth of those of E. arenarius. The spike is not so dense, and the spikelets in the middle of the spike are rarely more than 2 together, and the upper ones are often solitary. The glumes are subulate, glabrous, and much longer than the florets. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered. The lower pales are subulate, shortly Lalasaege The benny of the — - relied on as a character, is apparentl monstrosity: out of : —_ ee a by me not ¢ ‘one had the spike
geniculate. Sand Lyme-G Grass. ;
GENUS XALV.-_HO RDE U M. Linn.
Spike sais quite sessile, or the lateral ones shortly stalked, i in es oe — mee in 1 pairs, at each node of the rachis, arranged i in a : simple
192 ENGLISH BOTANY.
and longly awned, subherbaceous. Pales 2, the lower one rounded on the back, longly awned, or rarely not awned in the lateral spike- lets, subherbaceous. Upper pale 2-toothed, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2 entire. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, inserted a little below the summit of the ovary, sessile, plumose, usually protruded at the sides of the floret between the basal margins of the pales. Caryops adhering to the pales, pubescent at the apex, convex on the back, furrowed on the inner face. ** Hordeum,” the Latin name of barley.
SPECIES I-HORDEUM SYLVATICUM. Huds. Piatre MDCCCXX.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXV. Fig. 246.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 490.
Elymus Europeus, Linn. Sim: fox Bot. ed. i. No. 1317 and Engl. Fl. Vol. I. p. 178. Kunth, Enum. Fl. ed. i. p. 482. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 954. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 74. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. IIL. p. 597. Parl. Fi. Ital. Vol. I. p. 524. Reich. Ic. l.c. p. 28.
i pebvdergones: with barren shoots. Loosely cxspitose. Flowering stems, erect, from a shortly and slightly curved base, which is clothed with brownish fibres derived from decayed leaf sheaths; knots pubescent. Leaves broadly linear, tapering from a little below the middle to the apex, very acute, with numerous slender distant scabrous unequal ribs, usually thinly pubescent with rather long soft hairs, bright but rather dark green; sheaths pubescent, with rather short and = reflexed faire the: uppermost one usually subglabrous; ligule ve short, truncate. Spike erect, fusiform-cylindrical. Spikelets ied
_ to the rachis, in threes, the lateral ones perfect, sometimes with a second floret, the central one usually male. Glumes of the lateral __ spikelet linear-subulate, insensibly attenuated into awns of about their own length, not ciliated, those of the central spikelet nar- rower when it is male, smooth, with the awn scabrous. Florets all a sessile within, the glumes. Lower pales elliptical-linear, acuminate, bidentate, faintly 3-nerved and scabrous towards the apex. Awn
It oods and copses, chiclly cm chalk nd. cite. Rare. Ex- from Wilts, Hants, Kent, and Essex, north to Chester and ‘Very rave in Treland, where the only bbtion isa
ibernic esomte it wo be native
| om the bottom of the notch of the pale, and y about twice its - a usuall |
at Mount Merrion, Dublin; = the a a : : . o
193
Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves 3.inches to 1 foot long. Spike 1 to 4 inches long. Spikelets 3 3 to 3 inch long, exclusive of the awns.
Wood Barley.
SPECIES 1—HORDEUM PRATENSE. duds. Pirate MDCCCXXI.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. 1. Tab. CXVII. p. 251.
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1391.
H. secalinum, Schreb. Koch. Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 955. Fries. Summ, Veg. Scand. p. 74. Gren. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. TIT. p. 595. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 521.
H. murinum, var. 6, Linn. Spec. Plant. p. 126.
Perennial, with barren shoots or barren stems. Rather loosely -exspitose. Flowering stem erect from a shortly and slightly curved or geniculate base, which is clothed with brownish withered leaf- sheaths; knots glabrous. Leaves rather firm, narrowly linear, taper- ing from a little below the middle to the apex, very acute, with numerous slender rather approximate very scabrous nearly equal ribs, pubescent with rather short and rather stiff hairs, bright-green ; lowest sheath pubescent with rather short stiff reflexed hairs, all except the lowest glabrous; ligule very short, truncate. Spike erect, oblong-linear, parallel: peed, tetragonal, compressed, olive-green. _ Spikelets ascending, diverging slightly from the rachis, in threes, the lateral ones male, the central one perfect. Glumes of all the spikelets setaceous, insensibly attenuated into awns about twice their oie length, very scabrous, as well as their awn. Central spikelet with _ its floret sessile, the lateral ones with their florets stipitate within — _ the glumes. Lower pale of the central spikelets al-] acuminate, entire, faintly 3-ribbed towards the apex, wholly glabrous, _
eng ,and as long a8 the awns of
with a terminal awn about its own length. ge glumes : lower pale of the lateral spikelets sl nd 1 narrower so than sein of the central floret, very indistinetly ribbed and con-
rr fined by an awn shorter than its own length and much s an those of its glumes. _ In meadows and pastures, sea¥ ont thee drier parts of | salt iis: Fre me ges and oh corte distributed i in n England, es ecial ly — the xhbo d of Be i ale, where it grows on the Scotch ‘side of the a dae ean le ba : -
Ss
194 ENGLISH BOTANY.
Salisbury Craigs, Edinburgh, where it does not now exist; Kincardine, Clackmannan; and St. Andrew’s, Fife. Local, and usually near the coast in the south and east of Ireland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Flowering stems few or rather numerous, 1 to 3 feet high, slender, stiff, flowering nearly together. Barren stems 1 to 8 inches high. Leaves 1 to 5 inches long, by } to 4 inch broad, the uppermost stem leaf generally shorter and broader than the others. Spike 14 to 5 inches long. Perfect florets # inch long, later florets 4 inch’ long in both cases, exclusive of the awns. Fertile spikelets $ to 3 inch, inclusive of the awns.
Grenier & Godron, and some other authors, strangely enough, state that this species is biennial. It is as truly perennial as Cynosurus cristatus or Dactylis glomerata.
Meadow Barley.
SPECIES I1—HORDEUM MURINUM. Linn. Auct. Pirate MDCCCXXI. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tab. CXVIL. Fig. 249. Billot, FI. Gall. et Germ. Exsice. No. 1599.
Biennial or annual, without barren shoots. Flowering stems as- cending, from a longly geniculate base; knots glabrous. Leaves very flaccid, broadly linear, tapering from ‘ae base to the apex, very acute, with numerous slender distant slightly-scabrous unequal ribs, pu- bescent with rather short and rather stiff hairs, pale green, slightly glau- cous ; lowest sheath usually pubescent, with rather short and rather
stiff hairs, all except the lowest always glabrous; ligule very short, truncate. Spike erect or slightly inclined, broadly oblong. linear, usually
aS slightly enlarged upwards, tetragonal, much compressed, glaucous-
green. Spikelets ascending-erect, scarcely diverging from the rachis, in threes, the lateral ones male, the central one perfect. Glumes of , the central floret lanceolate-linear, attenuated into awns of about
a a 3 their own length, ciliated with long stiff hairs: inner glume of
4 the lateral spikelet linear-subulate, insensibly attenuated into an awn ut three times its own length, and a little shorter than those of cent ral spike scabrous, and ciliated with rather short hairs on
cenatans,
GRAMINA. 195 with its floret sessile, the lateral ones with their florets indistinctly stipitate within the glumes. Lower pales of all the florets elliptical- linear, acuminate, entire; that-of the central floret strongly 3-ribbed throughout, wholly glabrous, with a terminal awn of more than three times its own length, and twice as long as the awns of the glumes: lower pale of the lateral florets exceeding that of the central floret, faintly 3-ribbed towards the apex, glabrous or slightly scabrous, pu- bescent towards the apex, terminated by an awn of about twice its own length, a little shorter than that of the central floret, but much exceeding those of the glumes.
On dry banks by roadsides and in waste places, especially in the neighbourhood of towns and villages, and by the sea. Common and generally distributed in England and the south-east of Scotland. North of the Forth it is nearly restricted to the coast, extending to Kincardineshire, and as an introduced plant to Aberdeen and Moray. Very rare in Ireland, and confined to the south and east of the island. ‘ Only in and about towns and buildings, possibly introduced ” (“ Cyb. Hib.”).
England, Scotland, Ireland. CR oonciomt: or Annual. Early Summer
Usually biennial, but occasionally annual from plants springing from early ripened seeds, and flowering during the first year. Stems numerous, 6 inches to 2 feet high, weak, usually geniculate for about half their length, flowering in long succession. Leaves 2 to 6 inches g by 4 to 5 inch broad. Spikes 2 to 4 inches long, perfect floret _
1 inch long. Lateral florets +4, to 3 inch long, exclusive of the : aah * fertile spikelet 1} to 2 inches long, including the awn. ae
This can scarce confounded with H. prat 1
nearer the eice pore _the ge tanta more td,
_ being larger and much broader i in p ~ an
Dla less diverging awns, and by the whole Cg ode claucous French, Orge queue de rat. German, Miuse Gerste,
SPEC ES IV. ~ oa gtr MARITIMUM. With.
oo - Reich. To Fl. Germ. ot Helv Vol 1 ab, CXVIL Bg 250. | see
oe oot ee s
(196 ENGLISH BOTANY.
from the base, or erect or ascending from a longly geniculate base ; knots glabrous. Leaves rather firm, narrowly linear, tapering from the base to the apex, with numerous slender approximate scabrous nearly-equal ribs, pubescent with very short stiff hairs, pale glaucous- green; lowest sheath puberulent, with very short reflexed hairs, or glabrous, all except the lowest one always glabrous ; ligule very short, truncate. Spike erect, oblong-linear or oblong, usually nar- rowed upwards, cylindrical-tetragonal, slightly compressed, glaucous- green. Spikelets ascending, the lowest ones often spreading and diverging widely from the rachis, in threes, the lateral ones male, the central one perfect. Glumes of the central floret cylindrical-setaceous, attenuated into awns about twice their own length, not ciliated or scabrous: inner glume of the lateral florets half oval-lanceolate, curved towards the side of the central floret, and nearly straight on the side next the outer glume of the spikelet to which it belongs, terminated by an awn about twice its own length, and a little longer than that of the central spikelet, not ciliated or viebtous: : outer plums _of the lateral spikelets setaceous and awn-like throughout, scabrous, heen ho ‘point of its awn equalling that of the central floret, and consequently a lit tle shorter than that of the inner glume of the lateral : gables Florets all nearly sessile within their glumes. Lower pales of all the florets elliptical-linear, entire, indistinctly 3-ribbed towards the apex, and glabrous: that of the central floret with a stout. awn nearly twice its own length, and a little longer than that of its own ee and equalling that of the inner glume of the lateral spikelets : lower pale of the lateral florets with an awn of about its own length, and scarcely half as long as that of the central floret. In salt marshes and in meadows by the sea and tidal rivers, and on _ embankments and by roadsides in such localities. Rather frequentand _ eet distributed in the south of England, reaching north to
leaf 4 to 1 inch long, and usually broader than the others; upper-—
most sheath greatly swollen. Spikes 3 to 2 inches long. Spikelets }
inch =e without the awn. Fertile floret 3 2 to } inch Tong, including the
Soenbies H. murinum, but with narrower and firmer leaves, shorter and narrower spikes, with more rigid and much more di- verging awns, but best known by the unilateral wing-like development of the inner olume of the lateral florets.
Sea-Barley. German, Meerstrands Gerste.
True I. (dis).*NARDER.
_ Spikelets closed during flowering, sessile, arranged in 2 unilateral rows in a simple spike, the rachis of which is excavated te receive them, and has at each notch a single spikelet containing 1 perfect floret. Glumes absent. Style short ; stigma 1, very long, protruded at the apex of the florets between the tips of the pales. Caryops linear- trigonous, with a furrow on the inner face.
GENUS I.(bis) -NARDUS. Linn.
Spikelets quite sessile, solitary, arranged in 2 rows in a unilateral simple spike, closed during flowering, each containing a single
perfect florgt. Glumes absent. Pales 2, the ore one — oF
keeled, awned, parchment-like; upper pale entire.
Lodicules absent. Stamens 3. Style 1, iene: eae by a 7 ‘single long slender pubescent stigma, protraded at the apex of the =
ores between .the tips of the pales. — Caryops a — line -_trigonous, channelled on the inner face. |
eo Greek vépdoc, cme plant wth a ponsteting odour. Wis pi ese oo — say.
‘SPECIES I-NARDUS STRICTA. Linn, Prare MDCCCXXIV- :
- ‘pak ML Germ. et Holv. Vl. I Tab. CLXX. Fig. 450.0 oe No. 189. o
198 ENGLISH BOTANY.
On heaths, moors, and in sterile pastures, especially in upland districts. Locally common and widely distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Densely cxspitose, each tussock consisting of numerous tufts densely arranged in a chordorrhizal manner; each tuft is enveloped at the base by a few dilated lanceolate leafless sheaths, so as to be somewhat bulbous, and to bear some resemblance to those of J uncus squarrosus in miniature. Leaves chiefly radical, thickly setaceous, rigid, 2 to 9 inches long, spreading; sheaths 1 to 4 inches long, those of the radical leaves all of the same length ; ligule elongate, truncate on the radical leaves, longer and lanceolate, and bifid on the stem leaves. Flowering stems 4 to 18 inches long, wiry, usually leaf- less above the level of the sheaths of the radical leaves, but sometimes with a single leaf similar to the radical ones, but smaller and scarcely so long as its sheath, which is split only at the apex. Spikes 1} to 4 inches long, unilateral. Spikelets adpressed to the rachis, distichously unilateral, each with a minute scale at the base, probably representing an abortive bract, for, from its position opposite the lower pale, it cannot be the outer glume, as in that case
_ the inner glume would be entirely abortive, while, so far as I know, _ if there be but one glume present, it is always the inner one, and besides, there is no appearance of articulation of this scale to the _achis. Spikelets purple, about 1 inch long, exclusive of the awn, which is from 4 to 1 inch more. Lower pale subulate, acuminate,
Mat-Grass. French, Nard roide. German, Steifes Borstengras.
— EXCLUDED SPECIES.
-—s«éDIGITARIA SANGUINALIS. Pal. de Beaw.
An introduced casual, not persistent in its stations and less so than ‘ ly, for it appears to have been at one time found year sfier =
Li Ce
GRAMINA, 199
PANICUM MILIACEUM. Linn. On rubbish heaps, chiefly about London, but not established.
SETARIA ITALICA. Pal. de Beaw.
Occasionally about London, doubtless scattered with the refuse of birdcages, being often given to birds under the name of Italian millet. -
SETARIA GLAUCA. Pal. de Beaw.
In waste places. It has occurred in Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and Hants. In 1853 it was abundant on the mud dredged from the Thames and laid on Battersea Fields. It is liable to be passed over when young as §. viridis, for it is only as the fruit ripens that the involucral bristles assume their characteristic orange tinge, and the lower pale shows the transverse wrinkles which distinguish it from
. viridis. PHALARIS PARADOXA. Lin.
In corn-fields at Swanage, Dorset, found by Mr. Hussey, but it has not, I believe, occurred since 1851. It has also been found near Huddersfield, introduced with foreign wool, but the plants in that locality scarcely deserve to be mentioned any more than those from the distillery refuse of Wandsworth and Mitcham.
PHLEUM MICHELII au. :
Said to have been found on the summit of the highest mountains —
in Forfarshire by G. Don, but by no one else. Mr. H. C. Watson
suggests that possibly the long-awned form of Alopecurus alpinus,
to which I have given the name Watsoni, may have been mistaken for it.
PHLEUM ASPERUM. Jac.
; from Somerset, Gloucester (believed to be an escape from. : the Duchess of Portland’s garden at Badminton), Oxford, Cam- ae —— ed with P, Béhmeri), nasi Bedford (an error),
ies casi bs, bie. betes eidlesied ah Cobbone, Kent: by
Villiam Maclvor_ aes sie but oe se mies cs : S
200 ENGLISH BOTANY.
PHLEUM TENUE. Schrad.
A weed in a bed of onions at Thirsk, Jaevsagens found by Mr. J. G. Baker.
PSAMMA BALTICA. Bom. & Schulies.
Ross Links, north-east of Belford, Northumberland. Mr. William Richardson in “ Journ. Bot.” Jan. 1872, p. 21. I have not seen any specimen, but the name is suthentiontad by Dr. Trimen, who, how- ever, judiciously says, ‘Further examination of the station will, however, be desirable before we publish a figure and full description of A(nmophila) Baltica as a British plant.”
STIPA PENNATA. Linn.
Said to have been found in Ken (Caen) Wood, Hampstead, London (an impossible station); Rumbold’s Moor, Yorkshire, by Samuel Gibson (an unreliable authority). Long Sleadale, about six miles north of Kendal, Westmoreland, Dr. Richardson and Mr. Lawson (from a garden?). Mr. J. Tatham says ina letter to Mr. H. C. Watson, that
he has wild specimens gathered in Westmoreland by the late J. Gough, of Kendal, “ Comp. Cyb. Brit.” p. 593. So very conspicuous a grass -eould scarcely be overlooked by modern botanists, so that no doubt there has been some error or imposition in saying it occurred wild in
AVE NA SUBSPICATA. Lik. “In Alpibus Angliz.” Andersson, Gram. Scand. p. 69. Unknown _as a British plant by the botanists of this country.
AVENA PLANICULMIS. Schrad. ee "Reported f Forfar through mistake of name—A. pratensis var. alpina, being g 80 called | Smith; Glen Sannox, on the ascent of
- Goatfell frot 7 e Isle 0 f Arran, Mr. Stewart Murray; it Dr. "Balfour and and | ep sh rehed for it ae vain, :
GRAMINA. 201 ERAGROSTIS POHOIDES. Pal. de Beaw. In a new made road at Birkenhead, Chester, Mr. F. M. Webb.
POA DISSITIFLORA. Bom. § Schulies.
The Rev. W. W. Newbould identifies a Poa from Ben Lawers contained in Smith’s Herbarium with P. dissitiflora, Rim. § Schultes, on the authority of authentic specimens from Greenland, collected by Hornemann, contained in the Kew Herbarium. From a misapprehen- sion on my part, I believed that Mr. Newbould had identified the plant figured in English Botany by Smith as Poa glauca with P. dis- sitiflora, but in a subsequent letter Mr. Newbould explains that this is not the fact, so that the name “ dissitiflora” on Pl. MDCCLXVI. will be found in the Errata to this volume corrected into “ eu-glauca.” Being unable at present to visit the Kew Herbarium, I can offer no opinion on the subject, though, from what Mr. Newbould writes, P. dissitiflora must be either the plant I have called P. Balfourii, 6. ambigua, or P. nemoralis, 3. glaucantha. Romer & Schultes’ descrip- tion is insufficient to decide the point.
POA SUDETICA. Hanke.
“Kew Grounds, Dr. Hooker, and Warwick, Mr. Kirk.” Comp. “‘Cyb. Brit.” p. 594. Ihave gathered it also in Battersea Fields in 1853, on mud dredged from the Thames; and, in the same = the grounds of Chelsea Hospital.
BROMUS TECTORUM. Lin. oe In waste places near towns and on ballast; but scarcely established, _ except at Gloucester Docks. Professor Thiselton-Dyer tells me he has met with it on St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. The secund panicle ani horizontal spikelets at once distinguish it from B. Madritensis. ©
BROMUS UNIOLOIDES. Wild.
Round a partly drained pond in Warwick Old Park, and in a : potatoe-field at Woodcourt, Warwickshire, Mr. H. Bromwich ; also ina = at Newton in Cleveland, Tes 1854, Mr. W. ‘Muda.
BROMUS PATULUS. Mert. § Koch. oe Tn waste cle near towns and on ballast; apparently established ae r Docks. In 1853 it was plentiful on the mud taken _ nes and. d laid on Battersea F Fields. Prof. Thiselt milton ae : ae . fe
202 ENGLISH BOTANY.
: tells me he has noticed it at Cirencester and on St. Vincent’s Rocks. It is said also to have occurred in Yorkshire.
BROMUS SQUARROSUS. Linn.
Said to have occurred at Glastonbury, Somerset; and recorded at
“ Marshfield,” (Maresfield?) Sussex, by Hudson. I have myself seen it on the mud from Battersea Fields in 1853, and in the compendium of the “ Cybele Britannica,” Gloucester and Scotland (?) are mentioned in its distribution.
TRITICUM CRISTATUM. Scihreb.
Said by George Don to have been found by himself on steep banks and rocks atwots Arbroath and Montrose, and in the “ Cybele Britanica,” Mr. H. C. Watson states that in a letter from Sir W. C. Trevelyan, dated August 19, 1839, he remarks that T. cristatum was then “abundant in Lunan Bay, near Arbroath ;” but in 1848, Mr. Gardner asserted in his “‘ Flora of Forfarshire ” that * Don ues has found it.” “ Cyb. Brit.” Vol. III. p. 237.
ELYMUS GENICULATUS. Curtis.
Said to have been found in salt marshes near Gravesend by Mr. Dickson. No doubt there is a well-known garden plant, whose native country is unknown, which was figured by Curtis as his E. geniculatus, but I have little doubt that Dickson saw nothing at Gravesend but the leaves of Triticum pungens, and distributed the garden plant under the belief that it was the same as he had seen growing wild, _ as he did with several other species. In the compendium of the _ “Cybele” Mr. Watson says, ‘near Greenwich or Gravesend, Kent,” = and Smith mention Gravesend ony :
LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM. Lom. sub-species of L. perenne, or perhaps a cultivated annual variety
LEPTURUS INCURVATUS. Trin
This plant, distinct as a sub-species (or possibly een only as a variety) from L. filiformis, has been found on. ballast heaps at St. _ David’s, Fife, but not recently I believe. ee
Several other grasses, as Elusine Indica, Gartn., Chloris compressa, “ Nees, Lappago racemosa, Willd, Crypsis aculeata, Ait., and /Egilops orate, Lien have eccured among wool or distillery refuse, or on that from ial detailed notice.
Page 2 after line 29 insert Oryza clandestina, 4. Braun; Garcke, Fl. v. Nord-und Mitt.-
ed, vi. p. 440. . » 25 line 1 after geniculatus add Linn. » 28 ,, 39 for Linn. read Smith 2 38 ” 26 h » 43 ,, 29 ,, Spica venti. »» Spica venti, |
wo ae oa » lesser. » 63 after line 12 insert Weingiirtneria canescens, Bernh, Garcke, Fl. v. Nord-und Mitt.- Deutsch. ed. vi. —
» 64 after line 16 insert Deschampsia eespitosa, Pal. de Beauv. Gren. § Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. III. p. 507. Parl. Fl. Ital. Vol. I. p. 241. Kunth, Enum. Plant. Vol. I. p. 286. roagod agers eh a aa
isbn ot A Sates.
» Fries, Fries ; Ce "Tf fe tas bal a lees Hook. § drm. Brit. FL ed. vil p48. oo 97 line 18 for Townsend. read Townsend,
ae 8 ., 1, oubtfu ive in os
.
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.
[Species in CAPITALS, Sub-species and Excluded Species in small letters, and Synonyms in talics,]
t’/GILOPS —— [ovata, L.] (excluded) ...essssssseesnees
AT'RA
toe reeneneesenenes.
— ceri! — saapiilea, Benth abies de Bian
sa, oO eaecescececeen slit — geet oo -mdeexxix. caryophylle a, cone i CLEYCPEYLLER, EAR. dias sneewicn mdecxxxiv.
FADD cocesuoes acseente SMISERINE-
mdecxxxii
—— flexuo'sa, Auch. .............--Mdcexxxii. oa fees stheiane a — flezudsa, var. B, Hook. Sil. .mdcexxxiii.
‘ta, a ee i.
__ MA’JOR eo ueces: Linn, ;
—— PRE’COX. Linn............-mdccxxxy. ‘pie iran ——. Line rence eR:
AIROUH'LOA
: ert, ik neo eal ;
ATEOP'SIS-
a
| AGROPY'RUM |
| —— stolonifvera, Fries. ...
PLATE
—— acu'tum, Reich.....0..0+ceec0000.Mdccexi. —— acu'tum, R. _ an parece ee
sinseesnccuese SMODERE. — pycnan'thum, G. & G. ee re'pens, ¥. de Bee iosenceceeecss OCR,
AGROS'TIS
decxx. Bab......mdecxx.
pumila, L US Oop meer | nygipaa ste SETA‘CEA, ( Cet eeneeereere: ; —— Spica-ven'ti, Dit sesescssseeeeestn cov. are
ae cdeaducece. TRCEEEE, ©
visstse cues B85
SERUSER
: PLATR PAGE ALOPECU’RUS —— pani'ceus, Lam.... mdeexiii. 40° —— PRATEN’SIS, Linn.............mdeciii, 27 ce praten'sis-genicula'tus, Wichura wu... 26 —— pro'nus, Mitten 26 ANEMAGROS'TIS omen interruy 4 i mdeexvi 44 — Spica-ven' ti, Trin mdeexy. 43 APEH'RA —— inierrup/ia, P.de B.............mdeexvi. 43 —— Spica-ven'ti, P. de B.............mdeexy. 43 AMMOPH'ILA — —o Link. m i. G1 —— arundina'cea, Host. mdecexxii 51
a —— odora’tum, Dum. .......0..0000¢ i 1
oo oo sosvese.mdexevi.
ARRHENATH'ERUM ~ —— avena'ceum, FP. do Beer nesedcni, - bulbo! swm, Presl....
—— ela'tius, M. & K.........
mongering
: ce ao — ‘cla'teus, Pronk. Seca lea,
SSSSSRSSE
yeacaw
Sez
ER even bes i RRR precoz, P. B. wen ie — reariaein Linn...
—— pratensis, Sm..............-MdCCxxxyviii. —— PUBES'CENS, Linn. ...... ii. —— STRIGO'SA, Schred.............mdeexl. —— [subspica’ta, Link.] (excluded).........
AVENEL/LA —— flexuo'sa, Parl.............e000eeMACCExxil.
BALDIN'GERA
—— arundina'cea, Dum.............mdexevii. —— colora’ta, FI. Wett. .........-..mdexcvii.
BRACHYPODIUM
poneace grac’ile, P. de B.
— lolia’ceum, Fr. mdeexcii
— lolia'ceum, R. & §. — PINNA’TUM, P. de ue
—— SYLVATICUM, R.&
BRACONNOT'IA des, GOdr. .......00000¢.Macceix.
SS ——
—— Linn..
BROMUS — ARVEN'SIS, Linn. ............mdecevi. —— arven'sis, Sm.......se00eeee0se0+--MACCevi. —— as'per, Benek. BES. oe ccscovstevcss MROCEXOVL
— oisaaaiida: am’ bigens, Tord.
/ — commmta'tas, Beli asia * hii ‘dy C pie Sean |
torn eareee
mi The S eee eeeee. — le
67
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.
PLATE PAGE
BROMUS — praten'sis, Ehrh.........+..+-....mdcccii.
— racemo'sus, B. commuta’tus ‘ wedlecdi, —— rigidus, Koch. as mae
— ae PR Sone . Idecci. 165 secali’nus, Schrad.........++.......mdece, 165 —— seroti’nus, Benek................mdecexev. 157 [squarro’sus, L.] ( WE) Sesvecinesae 202
———_ sylvatiicus, SM......ccecccevens py 173 — [Teete'enm, L} (exelu = eee 201 — IPM RANI cobs ceaseecuds m 156 — [unioloi’des, Willd. ] (eielndedy 3 201 —— veluti'nus, Schrad. ...............mdecci. 166
BUCE’TUM — éela'tius, Parn. ...mdeelxxxix. mdecxe. if,
— abeceevelece Un iii
mdeexciv. — lolia'ceum, Parn. ........+0+....mdeexcii. — praten'se, Parn...........++.0..-mdeexci. 152
CALAMAGROS'TIS
ETOS, Ro bis ciesvcvss IRUOREIAN.
—— LANCEOLA'TA, PR. oth....-.-mdcexxiv. — Lappon'ica, Hook. ...........
—_— STRIC'TA, Nutz. os ae
mdeexxvi.
— stricta, Hook. ee
CATABRO'SA -—
é a tat’ ice P. — CATAPOD'IUM CS
- CHAMAGRO'STIS
— MINTIIA, Bork. mdstessis, os
GHILOCHEOA — : : —— proeonnay B. G0 Beevers,
| —— CANES’
—— GLOMERA’TA, Linn. ...mdcelxxviii. i stricta, -ndelxxxvil. 4
| ECHINOCH' LOA
PAGE
CORYNE’PHORUS CENS, P. de B......mdecxxix. 62
CRYP’SIS —— [aculea’ta, Ait] (excluded) .......... 203
CYN’ODON — DAC'TYLON, Pers...............mdexe. 8
CYNOSU’RUS
mdeex. 36 eseee-Mdecelxxvi. 133
ceruleus, Linn. — __ CRISTA'TUS, inn. —— ECHINA'TUS, Linn. ......mdeclxxvii. 134
DAC’TYLIS — cynosuroi'des, Linn. (er parte) wo... - mdelxxxvii.
ta, Soland.........+ one
mens ITA — bens, D.C. mdecxly. 87 — reser P. de B. mdecxl. 77
| DESCHAMP’SIA
— alpina, R. &S. ......c0es
oo ARUNDINACEA, Trin. waatexevi., a -
—— CRUS-GALLL, P, de Beri, : s
% pare oy J wwereseeeeee
ENGLISH
PLATE
—— ceru'leum, nom aad apecemmcnten —— cerulewm, Gand...............mdecxl
ERAGROSTIS — [Pomoides, P. de B.] (excluded) ......
FESTU’CA aaa ambigua, Le Gall. ............mdeclxxx. -arena'ri a, Osbeck........:...mdcclxxxvi. cea, Auct..
he mdeexe. —— arundina'cea. Schreb. .........mdeexe. ose een ae, Crep. ce eras Si. ...s<cc- cies, Mee Eee. «24S a, Hook, &
—— bromoi'des, var. 8, Hook. & Arn. ...... : - i —— ceru'lea, D.C, .....2.0..00....--mdecxlvil.
—— calama' ria, Sm. . -mdecelxxxvii. mdeelxxxvili ..mdeexlvi.
eee eres
“— cristata, POM. eovveeneeeeeee
——— ened ae sacvee sneer — -ELATIOR, aaa? -mdcelxxxix. a : mdecxe. iain eke srevseeesenseseestndeexci. . mdeeliii. es tee nee
..mdeexciii. mdeexciv. 155
Joa, — oe ide leek , Linn. sereeeee see tndeckexx.
XXXIV. oe Sibth. ra ee Ca —* Arn. . wntnmosunras
PLATS PAGE
FESTU’CA —— Pseudo-myu'ros, Soy-Will. .........00.
—— Pseudo-myu'ros, var. Lloyd .........-+.
—_— RU’ BRA, TARR iocridc cep cs AROCCOEREY. mdeclxxxvi.
bra, Sm. mdeclxxxvi, 147
—— rubra, var. arena'ria, Hook. & Arn.
————
Dnf. sononmndeclnse
___ SYLVATICA, Vill. ......mdeclxxxvii. Ixxxvili. 148 peli — a 144 seis 's’ sica. mdeecliy. 102 —_— ao ra, eee 156
—— UNIGLUMIS, Sol. .........mdeclxxix.
GASTRID/IUM —— austra'le, P. de B. md — LINDIG/ERUM, Goud.........mdecxi
ceKxi.g e *
-GLYCHRIA
eee ee mene veeseetndecl.
pone — agvarica, Sm. ede
fy: BAD...n<-.-sseincoserose TBGOELNL.
ee — confer, Fr, ee 105
Hook. fil. ...mdcelv. mdcelvi.
eocihess ciunen svn buencs TERETE: d
— FLUITANS R. Br. mdeclii. mdeeliii. deelii.
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.
PLATE PAGE
HOLCUS
—— MOUTAS, Limn.....ccc-cc0ce decxlin. 83 —— LANA'TUS, Linn. deovesaeves MGCEXLV, mdexey. 16
— es Odora’ tus. Tinn
PRA SE, Huds. EEO —— secali'num, Schreb. — SYLVATICUM, Huds. aa 192
HYDROCH LOA —— aquat'ica, Hartm.............---..mdecli. 100
KNAP'PIA —— agrostid’ea, Sm.......-...000-Mdclxxxix. 7
KOELERTA
— albes'cens, D.C 89 arena'ria, Dum. 89
—— CRISTA'TA, Poers..........-..mdcexlvi. 88
—— crista'ta, Bor. .0...0...0.s.5-.-mdeexlvi. 88
— gracilis, Bor. mdecexlyi 85
Sc emeeteae
LAGU’RUS
—— OVATUS, Linn. mdeecxii. 39
LAPPA’GO
—— [racomo'sa, Willd.] (excluded) ......... 203°
+ ee eeee
. B. flifor'nis, Babe cscs SORES
oe Fg
| (exeluded)......... 203 |
PLATS PAGE LOUTUM — oomeronndcoy Lam.) (excluded) ...... 202 -mdecexiv. 185 ene Reich. ............mdecexvil. 187 TEMULEN’TUM, i
omar pee . iv.
Z...s00+-.mdccexvi. mdecexvii. 187 Ss ea Sm. ......+2+5-mdeceexvil. 187
qicauiessieetanesbeneeie Loe
——
MELICA —— cerwlea, Linn, .......00..0...mdecxiviil. 90 cl pails Wadi oes smdecxlviii. 92 —— NU’TANS, Linn. ............mdeexlviil. 92 — UNIFLO'RA, Z Til ele. 93
MIB'ORA
—— min'ima, Desy. mdelxxxix. 7 —— ver'na, P. de Boccssssessonese m@clxxxix. 7 MILV/TUM
—— EFFU'SUM, Linn. .........mdeexxviii. 60 —— lendig/erum, Linn. mdeexi. 37 MOLIN TA
—— arundina'cea, Schrank.
tis! sima,
ssdudsesiceeserses OU —_— BAI. sin ices vecseceucocccceee: | Oe —— CHERU'LEA, Ménck.........mdeexlvii. 90 —— caerulea, Dam.....<.--.<000..- MACcxlViis ce dipaupera'ta, LR | Rep teneerereees er”
—— littora'lis, Host.
sénopisiiebiersrenn: OU
/_ NABDU: So
eoreemmmecas ee e “OPHIVRUS—
“ORYZA
al andesti’na, A Br
189 | :
eee se eee 1. ARIEN’SIS, Linn. ae. 7A Fe ate iS it —— [paradoxa, L.] gues seplbiere sce — phleoi'des, Linn. .........+0....Mdceviii. PHAL'ONA — echina'ta. Dum....-..........mdcelxxvil. PHLE’UM —— ALPI'NUM, Linn
mean
mdeev.
(A'RIUM, Linn. ........ mdecix. COS ak ae orig ] lecoiaded ) etn eeviii.
Sete ee
1 mdecviii in (excluded) .......0+.0. {Sees B oearerne , 5 Ké. etd ceseceesencrEROCCViiL, inten plone: Sew cscs tales See sreseeeeeeeemdcevi. — — Pres Tord reenter — — ferent (excluded) ecole —— COMMOU'NIS, Trin..........mdceexxvii.
Se Sees bese cesses COC UOREL —_— eae Linn. eae nto Lin neveveereneetiicl,
mdecl
eretscesecesl?
ce’sia, Reich. a sain
ENGLISH
PAGE
200
68
——. _memora'lis, var. —-*
—— nemora'lis,
en ae
BOTANY.
PLATE POA — fiitans, Scop..........mdeclii. mdecliii, —— fuitans, var. a, cer ae Sierra —— fiwitans, var. B, Hoo
—— GLAU'CA, Sm. ...mdeclxy. md
eon
—— _ Glatt ca, St. ......02...s00e00eee-eel xvi,
—. glance, var. @, Sm. ............mdcelxvi.
mdecelxvii.
‘ca, var. B, Sm, .........-..mdeelxy, KoWleri, D.C.
—— lazr'a, Auct. Plur.............0.-™
‘ax'a, Bab.
mdcclxiii
—— LAX’A, Hanke....mdcelxiii. mdcelxiv. —— laz'a, var. minor, Hook. fil...mdcelxiv.
— lar’, var. vivipara, Hook. fil. .........
—— lolia'cea, Huds. .. —— maritima, Hu
—— mi'nor, Baber —— monta'na
pees NEMORA‘LIS, Linn, ..... sie Lxix,
. md oo Var. shit Loewen
Hook. fhe. eelxvii.
moan’.
— ccna eae var. ® 8, Hook, & ec — nemordlis, var. €, Hook. & Arn......... Jeclayii
----mdeelxix. oa wee
Sdease ae peal Sm. emer age
+a eeeeeneeeene wlll
mdee!
Srareteeeensee
ae
ee erecnncnnceecsoer: tree
——e
POLYPO'GON
— _ Lagat ce, R.& Ro aieaty.
oe LITTORA'LIS, Sm... oe MO? Ag mh :
—— subcompres'sa, : —— [Sadet‘ica} (excluded) seneeeneeeeeeneees supi'na,
3 ‘pnbnakbate use kmusecakeuna: 4
PUCCINEI/LIA —— dis‘tans, Parl. ..............-.+..--mdeelv. —— marit'ima, Parl.,................-mdecliv.
ROTTBOEL’LIA eae fii ifor'mis, Roth. ...,...--+--mdecexviil.
Sener oreeeeere
SCHEDONO'RUS (P. de B.)
—~ calama'rius, R. & 8, ......mdeclxxxvii. XXXVili.
— ela'tior, R. & 8...mdeclxxxix. mdcexe.
—— lolia'ceus, R. & S. —— praien'sis, R. & S.........000+0.-Maccxci.
seecacecenenes Li.
SCHEDONO’RUS (¥r.) easton as'per, Fr. . : Fr. mdeexeyi.
erectus, : es FEF HEE, BE acs pens nnn icccyesee MOCCECEE,
SCHLEROCH’LOA
—~ veri, "coat ageoronageeg ean .-mdeelyi. — dis'ta mdeecly.
<i pint ye. de B] (excluded) misiedenes
Dath. .cceccss¢sss+s.neciyn,
SCLEROP'OA
—— lolidcea, Gren, & Godr, ......mdeclix. oe procumbens, Parl........,-.--..mdeelvii — ee Ges oeenernere ade
SERRAFALOUS
— commuta’tua, Bab, ......00000.
a horded'ceus, < & G. —— Lloydia'nus, G. & G. .....+025.-.
———. motlis, G. _ Qynnnsneres anon
RREOSENS mol lis, Pa
-
ooere teen meee cesene i
‘gedinmetcs il.
een el
TO LATIN NAMES.
ae secali’mus, Bab, ........mdame, mdeeei. ‘165
36 ot REPENS, 1 onceices mise
) —— [penna'ta, Z,] (excluded)
. — tip, Do
2 —_.. €
SLEGLIN'GIA ‘ ——— decum'bens, Bernh.......--......mdecxlv.
SPARTINA —— STRIC'TA, Roth .....-.-0-- ALTERNIFLO'RA
Ja cecccesenecscae
= aed — oe
—— stricta, var. aliernifio’ra, A. Pa iel roe
STY'PA
STUR'MIA
min'ima, Hoppe.......++++++++ md ver'na, Pers.
mdelxxxix
TRACHYNOTTIA —— alterniflo'ra, D.C.........-.-mdclxxxviii. se Bp, DO iss icis coins CLARA VES
TRICHO'DIUM ee mum, Scrad......s.es+..-.-M€ccxviil. ——.. seta’ ceum, RB, & S....9esee00+.e-MACeXVIL.
TRIO’DIA —— DECUM'BENS, P. de B......mdcexlv.
TRISE'TUM —— flavescens, P. de B, fe sa a TO
nee pensebacckon
sete [erstwtum, See (sie
at. ee
—_
= JUN’CEUM, L _ deeexiii. 1
as
oS laz'um, Fresssentnercresreeeemiecesii
a _ pun'gens, ochre nrc, 2
mdeexx.
—— re'pens, Auct. Pl.
More. seveseneeseeeecclexx, 140
s, Dum. ............mdeclxxxii, 142
Godr. ............mdcclxxix. 138 Link. é
~
— canedcens, Bernh. .,,.,,mdcerxix. 204 (62)
. =H ed ane eat
INDEX TO
Alpine Foxtail-grass —— Hai
r-gTass Meadow-grass
Timothy-grass mdecy. 31 Ambiguous Fescue-grass ............-mdeclxxx. Ann m
ua, -grass Meadow-grass Awned Nit-grass mdecxi. 38
Balfour’s Meadow-grass — =~ — Ww 194
mdecexiii. 197 aa wal genseectesrdssscteveeccusesdnaceenn. 195
©-gTass @SCUC-QTASS ......++++++00eNACclLExxil ee Oat Blue Moor-grass Bog Hair-grass pais ioe Borver's Meadow-grass
Beard-grass, yee one 4 ” = se ‘ , Perennial aeany ae ¥ : ‘ Sit s 2 iS = : —_—— Pristle-lesved veveneeetndcexvii. ms ee
mdeclvi. mdecl:
Dense flowered Silky ee Spreading Silky .........mdeexv. _ Bent-stemmed, Foxtail-grass_ .........mdeci. -Bristle-grass, Green .-mdexciii.
RM cciccs
RED Yninn eee ! ie a cocdbares MMOCEXVIE.
ENGLISH NAMES.
PLATE PAGE
Brome-grass, snap tshrangpe +-Indeexevi. _ Barren......-mdceevi 176
”, Wood oerreeeesIAeceyvi
35
a] See
Brown Bent-grass ............-.0 alee: 47
Czsious Meadow-grass SURI OE
6 Couch-grass, Common ----s-seoe----.mdeeex. a
— Erect Sea eens fi 181 .-mdecexiii.
ses
wea ceseessseea avecmdeccix. 17 y’s-tooth-grass sosteversse ste i os :
mdeexlii
ingl Tall ......md Wand
Ided-leaved Meadow: vane
sie - Bent-st -stemmed “de mdceii
Floating Kop, Yorkshire ..........---.-s-se0-+< » Bel “grass
—————— | Orange-anthered — Slender ......,.....-..mdexeix. Tuberous .....-,---+-+e-mMdceii,
— loa nedestieoun TRACER. -mdcexxxviii.
Oat-grass ...+-+-.+...00 li Glaucous + Meadow-grass sesenbedees THOSCLENI, mdcciv.
i mdeexxxi Meadow mdcelxii | ee en mdeey.
Annual
cies — Beard -veeoneneemdeenii Fee Ris : acd
S. Wastin
Brome ..:..--se0es-+-Indecxcix.
amex.
CSO TOR Oe Ree eee
cet enann nee eeneraee Bere si
tee e eres
nnn
_ —— Green Bristle
BOTANY.
PLATE
UC ....0..--Mdcclxxxvi. adow
Grass, Creeping cmon
pera Crested eae mdeelxxvi nena WP oes cies EI. EEE aE Heath mdeexly.
——Sea Couch — ——— Dense-flowered Silky B
Dame teen eeee
—— Downy Oat ..,,.........--mdecxxxvii.
—— Dwarf Meadow
—— Early Hair .....,.,,..s0000+-Mdccxxxv. Sand
—— Erect Sea Couch..............-mdecexi.
mdclxxxix.
Sieben: —— Glaucous Meadow.........:..mdcelxvi. Great Brome
oath Hate scccseccecsccce — Italian Rye
enlaceies.
—— Loose Deis iene
—— Many-spiked Cord .. svondeleeavi, Marsh Bent .........mdecxix.
-indexev. —
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.
eCclx,
ll
resets Sand Timothy Hard
ee he 's Fescue sit APNE RES
mdcelxxxiv. Paty eg macau eir seca Silv:
iv.
ein Haske ronal car aearms XCix, — — TEE Meadow
wee teesee
NS Soft Brome
3
ited a a mdccev. Silk . mdacexy,
—. that -stemmed — aki nes ‘ii.
— Sweet-scented EE,
ec Tuberous POS-C80 6. co ceeesss —. Hair Aeexxx.
PLATE PAGE md
wicca ) Solegibed 6 mdelxxxrii — Sep to-gnse Brome ...mdeexcvii. ——— Upright-perennial Brome...mdeexevi. ices WAGER WEHOFE oo caccevess saapecen Ok:
-—_—. Wavy M c —— Wood Couch Fesene ............mdeclxxxvii. mdeclxxxviil.
——______ Meadow ...........++--M 3
.
Melic. mdecexlix. llet... ....cescececers MOCOXEVILL. Yellow Oat................+-MOCCxxxvi.
mdeexevili
Green ——— ws... -mdexciii nr-grase
mdcexxix.
: Tawar 4 Alpine sesesseensesneennsmndceeni,
eee eeeeseeseee nee
- : ; sdeetiai. ae sseneeseeseeeeTGGOEEEY. Grey . ‘
Heath ree eiestuseteeces 31.. Silvery ........::0.--.mdeexxxiv. Tufted. mdeexxx.
oe lee — ‘Meadow-prase Cchcoteccesccncs- DOI VEEL: Hard-grass, Sea MR LESE OIGSID
ne Se Se ee An ii
‘Heath-grass, a mdeexlyv. —_— . 2a EN vers,
—————- Wood. oe tite Wood inernenE -grass, Blue
Mat- snitrantcenees een ereenreeese MOAT:
COUS'....+-+eee--Mdcel xvi. mdcelviii Procumbent.........mdeelyii. ‘ mdeceli. Reflexed ...............mdcely, Rough .......+.«..mdeclxxiil.
Smooth ... mdeelxxi —________+—_ Straight-stemmed. ..........- deel xiii.
Wavy mdcelxiv.
‘ood mdeelxvili
mdeclxix. Melic-grass, Nodding ...............mdecxlviii. —————— Purple mdecexlvii
. mdeex. —
Mose Fone
215
PAGE 198
as Perennial Beard
a
False _mdeexlii. ——_— Ciabrous vreceneamdleenavii mdecexxxix.
Yellow -mdeexxxvi. Orange-anthered lars tail-grass .........mdee. Ovate cosa rreerieieereee ance
eee reer eres ees
Lg a as i _ Loose eee
i Pa t } ee pera :
. pens ee 7 7 a 2. ve os 67 SEE eee set oe ' yi. 93° i a S . via
i ing sera —
a
™ --Ryegrass, Common sesvdesevis oes IBACOCEIV, ——_—— Italian.....................mdecexv.
se .
mdceexix. mdeci
CCxXv.
-veaneexsiv ere sesseseeeee IGceciy. mdecev.
PLATE PAGE
+ 2 Ne Racemose Brome-grass Sceppeenmancemenetis
187
184 191 35
ENGLISH BOTANY.
Soft-grass, insta Spreading Silky Bent-grass .........mdeexv. Straight-stemmed eae OW-OTABR -.< ose. clce
oes
Xevi.
Sweet-scented Vernal-grass ......
Tall Rin ttn oe -+++- Mdeexciii. mdeexciv. ——Fescue-grass ......mdeclxxxix. mdcexe.
| Timothy-grass, Alpine ................-.mdecy. Common ...mdeevi. mdcevii. leeviii
San iii: Tuberous Fox-tail-grass mdeeii i mdecxxx.
Twin-spiked Cord-grass .........mdclxxxvii.
Upright-annual Brome-grass ......mdeexcvii. ———— -perennial Brome-grass ...mdcexeyvi.
Vernal-grass, Sweet-scented .........mdexevi.
ee ee eee es
: Millet-grass be Nas i a FT ny Ss aie Ss ll- j Bee FES
Yellow 0 Oat-grass “seseeeeeesesee eee MOCCEXEVI. Yorkshire For : : mdcexliv,
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