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NOVEMBER, I900-JANUARY, I9OI. Nos.'6,/°7; 8

SOME SOURCES OF ERROR IN GENERA AND
SPECIES.

KATHARINE BRANDEGEE.

Systematic botanists cannot be too often reminded that their
work is essentially preliminary, that genera and species do not
exist in nature, and that their object should be to supply, as soon
as possible, a classification in which the determination of plants
as to genera should be extremely easy. There would seem to be
no good reason why it should not be so simple that the average
child of ten could know the first name of most of the organisms
belonging to his environment, The beginnings of the natural
sciences, learned in the best way from Nature herself, are always
delightful, a constantly enlarging new world opens to the observ-
er, furnishing resources which diminish the temptation to less
innocent pleasures in times of idleness. The door to these joys
of Nature is difficult of opening because of the uncertainty of
names. Observation is constantly checked because the result
cannot be intelligently communicated.

‘The tendency at present seems to be to define as a species every
organism which can, by any attribute however minute, be dis-
tinguished from its relatives. When by this process, which is
essentially the description of individuals, a number of “‘species’’
have been accumulated, the next step is to ‘institute’ a genus
which shall include the group, which genus in very many cases
is simply the equivalent of the earlier single species. The genera
and species are in this manner made entirely inelastic, and the

FFBRUARY 6, I901.

92 Error tn Genera and Species. [ZOE

inevitable further variations can only find room by enlarging the
scope of the genus until it again comes too near its neighbors.
One of the trivial but annoying features of this attempt to make
“natural”? genera is found in the care of herbaria. Most of us,
with some care, can put Aster into its genus covers, but which of
us receiving a large number of forms could put them in place at
once in Eucephalus, Deellingeria, Ionactis, Leucosyris, Leucelene,
Heleastrum Macheeranthera, Xylorrhiza, Oreastrum, Oreostem-
ma? etc., certainly not the author of these genera who is contin-
ually shifting the species. :

Genera which are thoroughly confluent would probably be more> ‘
easily managed in sections than as a separate genera, as has =

been shown by the merging of Astragalus and Phaca, especially,
as in a century from now the species of Phanerogams will
probably be less numerous in spite of the new ones yet to be
found. The small genera can continue to be merged, as they are
better known, with their nearest neighbors by the simple means
of omitting unnecessary detail.

A particularly objectionable kind of genus is the one which is
founded largely on geographical considerations. These are only
too apt to be based on wanderers, and are a source of uncertainty
in phytogeography. These genera especially abound in Cruciferz.

The flood of “new species’’ in which American botanists are
now almost engulfed shows no signs of abating, unless it may be
one, that some of the most prolific show signs of discord and
begin to discredit each others work. One can have small hope of
checking the progress of botanists whose whole aim is the crea-
tion of as many species as possible, but-I, nevertheless, venture
to call their attention to a few elementary facts which some of
them seem to have forgotten,

1. Although most plants are fixed to their place of growth, their
seeds may be widely dispersed.

This would seem to be quite sufficiently obvious, yet forgetful-
ness of the fact has caused the re-describing of a host of plants,
which as years go by slowly find their proper places. The dis-
persion of species is often attributed to the ice age, in

VOL. 5] Error tn Genera and Spectes. 93

apparent forgetfulness of the lapse of time involved in geologic
periods, which are certainly long enough to quite preclude the
possibility of the survival of any species then existing, while it
is quite impossible to grant that evolution acting under different
environment in widely separate regions will produce identical
organisms. Nature works, as has been well said, along lines of
least resistance, and certainly the line of least resistance here
is the dispersion of seeds by some of the numerous agencies
that are known to be competent. As this introduction and
interchange of plants has taken place in the past so we find it
now, but at a greatly accelerated rate, owing to the much more
rapid and frequent intercourse.

How shall we know whether a plant like Evodium cicutarium
or Bowlesta lobata is indigenous, or not very remotely introduced?
By the locality where its variations abound, not by its numerical
abundance, for it is a curious fact that Eurasian weeds seem to
have become hardy under adverse circumstances and developing
under more favorable surroundings to a sturdier growth drive
out the feebler native plants.

It does not necessarily follow because a plant was first described
from a given region, that it was there indigenous. It may well
be doubted, for instance, whether Agrimonia or Xanthium are
indigenous in North America; certainly, although widespread,
neither of them are so in California.

Plants which are of annual or biennial duration, especially
those growing along the coasts, or in wet places, and belonging to
groups which find their chief development in distant regions,
should be rigorously scrutinized, and if possible compared
directly not only with the less-known species of the genus,
but also with those of the neighboring genera, in some one of
which it may have been already doubtfully placed. A recent
example of this is to be found in Howellia limosa' which appears
to have been at least once described before.” Of course this does

(1) Greene, Pitt. ii. 81. ; :
(2) Mezleria ? valdiviana Ph. M.? glaberrima; caule simplicissimo, debili; foliis ob-
longis, sessilibus, obtusis, apicem versus utrinque 2—3-denticulatis, omnibus ex axilla
floriferis; floribus minutis, albis, petiolum equantibus; laciniis calycinis triangularibus,
dimidiam corollam nec non filamentorum columnam zequantibus,
Habitat in stagnulis prov. Valdivize; detexit filius Fredericus.
Caulis interdum pedalis vix 34 lin. crassus, e parte inferiore radices filiformes seu

94 Error in Genera and Species. [ZOE

not invalidate Gray’s genus Howellia, which may however be
the same species, its emersed fruit being still unknown, or it
may be one of the obscure aquatic Lobelias.

The small annual Lobeliaceous and Campanulaceous plants
seem to possess a high degree of variability. The type of 7.
limosa had expanded corollas, but in the numerous specimens
I have seen growing the flowers were cleistogamous.

Campanula exigua,* which must be very near C. Reverchoni,t of
which the mature fruit was not known, belongs to a group of
small annual Campanulas which have their home about the
Mediterranean. It is almost certainly an immigrant, may even
be C. Leflingii Brot., of which I have seen only an imperfect
specimen. The recently described C. angustifolia’ is perhaps
only a semi-cleistogamous form, for in the thousands of plants
observed I never saw an expanded corolla The plate, where
this form is figured in comparison with C. exigua, is somewhat
misleading, the unexpanded style of the latter being figured in
relation with the fully evolute one of C angustifolia, In the
genus the style before maturity is thick, cylindrical or clavate
and densely hairy; after expansion of the stigmatic lobes the style
appears to shrink to a third of its former thickness, and its
hairiness is much less perceptible.

Another plant which may perhaps be a wanderer is Lithosper-
mum glabrum.’ Dr. Gray compares it with the Old World Z.
tacrassatum Guss., which I have not seen, but inspection of a

capillares simplices emittens. Folia alterna, internodiis breviora, 4 lin. longa, 1lin. lata,
omnia (excepta infimis?) florum ex axilla emittunt. Pedunculifere capillacei, primum flore

Calycis tubus angustus, 1% lin. longus, dentes, e triangulari lanceolati, 3% lin. longi, trin-

antherze connate paullulum incurvate, inferiores duz setuloso-aristatee. Stigma
crassum, bilobum. Capsula compresso-prismatica, 3% lin longa, 1 lin, lata, sub-
truncata, apice fissa, unilocularis, polysperma, placentis duabus, parietalibus. Semina

nach dem Prodromus von De Candolle sollen die Mezlerien halbkugelige Kapseln
cue tiemarane Beet oo pies dass ig angegebenen Verschiedenhesten cine gener:
igen diirften.—R, A. Pp: ; . Let x ii
(Sy Rattan bot one, oe, ; HILIPPI, Bot. Zeitung. xxii, 217.
(4) Gray, Syn. F1. ii. ptt Poke 396,
e Eastwood, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3. i, 132 pl. xi.
6) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi, 227.

VOL. 5] Error in Genera and Species. 95

fragment, kindly furnished me by Mr. J. G. Lemmon, shows it to
be a swollen form of the plant subsequently described as 4Uo-
carya stipitata.' Some misplacement of labels is to be suspected,
for the form is common in the Alameda marsh lands, particularly
about Mount Eden, and is sometimes even stouter than the one
in Mr. Lemmon’s herbarium.

2. Although plants are bisexual, one or the other sex ts apt to
preponderate in varying proportion.

The influence of environment upon plants has been much con-
sidered, and seldom quite ignored, but the sexual differences,
unless they have progressed so far as complete separation, have
been little regarded. These differences are particularly notice-
able in incompletely dicecions annuals, and short-lived perennials,
where the greater sacrifice demanded of those which are practi-
cally female often appears to shorten the internodes, making the
plants lower and more stocky and the flowers smaller. Several
of the recent species of Sidalcea have no other foundation than
these sexual differences. The difference in development of the
flowers in different plants of Borraginaceze Polemoniacez, etc.,
has most probably a similar origin.

3. Hybrids, or rather crosses, are common among closely related
species, growing together.

In Europe spontaneous hybrids are numerous and well known,
especially in Rubus, Epilobium, Hieracium, Cirsium, ete. In
this country they have been systematically studied only among
the willows. Our lists of species include, and perhaps unavoid-
ably, many of them, as they can only be certainly distinguished
in the field, and the collector seldom takes the trouble, even if
he suspects, to verify them. They rarely reach generic rank; I
believe, in our Flora, only one, Cvockeria,® which is most
probably a hybrid of Lasthenta and Eatonella Congdoni, has been
made out with comparative certainty. Vanclevea’ is, however,
a very suspectable plant. There is in the heads I have examined

(7) Greene, Pitt. i, 19.
(8) Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad, i, 93.
(9) Greene, Pitt. iv, 50 — but style tips, not ‘“‘sub-terete.””

96 Error in Genera and Species. [ZOE

an unusual variation among the florets, the style-branches
are irregular, and the stigmatic lines often irregular or indistinct.
If it is a hybrid of course Grindelia is one of the parents. The
doubt concerning this plant attaches in some measure to
the genus Eastwoodia.”

Hybridity appears to be within certain limits a matter more of
relative size and texture of the essential organs than of
absolute relationship as ordinarily accepted and it will cer-
tainly not be necessary to resort to parthenogenesis"
to account for the seeding of an Antennaria as long as the male
of any species of the genus or even of Gnaphalium be present.

The field investigation of hybrids is a most interesting and
useful employment for botanists who do not have access to
large herbaria and libraries, The life history of a single species,
its limit of variation and its hybrids, if any, would be far more
useful than a dozen ‘‘decades’’ of new violets or Senecios. A few
years ago I happened upon a very instructive object lesson of this
kind. Inthe experiment grounds of Mr. Luther Burbank, the
well-known horticultural hybridizer, at Santa Rosa, I observed a
row of Zauschneria about a hundred yards in length. Mr. Bur-
bank informed me that he had transferred a single plant froma
locality not far away, and saving all the seeds produced by this
self-fertilized individual, had planted them to see what variations
he could get. In this row were all the forms, both of flower
and foliage, which have been observed in the genus, except the
extreme narrow or revolute leaf which is climatal variation
of drier regions. A few experiments of this kind would rid us of
a host of species.

A description of a supposed new organism is imperfect unless
every part is fully described. The description by comparison is
often worse than none, it involves the assumption that the author
is capable of placing a species in the correct genus, or a genus in
the proper group, which sometimes can hardly be granted.” The

*
(10) Brandegee, Zoe iv, 397.
(11) Greene, Plant World, i, 102.
(12) Cf. Zoe iv, 63-103 and 287-291.

VOL. 5] Error in Genera and Species. 97

chief American sinner in this respect is, in fact, somewhat noto-
rious for comparing his new species, not with their nearest, but
with their more remote relatives. It may be observed in
descriptions by this author, that after a brief description dealing
only with the grosser anatomy, the plant in question is compared
with one or two others, ending with ‘species not near akin,”’
“exceedingly well-marked,’’ ‘‘not closely related to any other,’’
etc.; indeed, he not only habitually does this kind of work, but
defends it as sufficient. In genera the work of this author is
even worse, if that be possible, and he has abundantly shown
that he is unable to trace an unfamiliar plant to its correct genus,
ora genus to its proper group. ‘This may possibly be due to
defective methods of investigation, for inability to get at the
finer details of structure is only too evident. Such grievous
errors as the location of the Zygophyllaceous genus Viscainoa™ in
the vicinity of Simmondsia and of Biolettia” near Erigeron ought
to have taught him caution, but that it has not is quite evident
from the genus Wootonia, which is described as rayless, and of
“A quite distinct new type, about equally allied to Bidens and
Cosmos, but impossible to be referred to either.’’ The figure of
the plant agrees so well with Dr. Gray’s Dicranocarpus parvt-
florus'? as to raise at once a suspicion of their identity; and a
specimen, very kindly furnished at my request by Mr. Wooton,
shows the suspicion to be well founded. In the only flower ex-
amined there were four well-formed but short rays, and four disk
flowers. Both under Dicranocarpus and Wootonia the specific
name parviflorus has been applied on account of this very obvious
character. It is not, however, the earliest specific name, the first
known description being under Heterospermum,'® but drawn from
very imperfect material. It was collected “between the Guadaloupe

(13) “One of our beginners in botanical authorship has lately published the complaint
that of my Antennaria media no description has been given [E. Nelson in Bull. Torr.
xxiv, 210]. The complaint is not, I must confess, wholly groundless; although, in giving
the essential characters of the species as compared with those of A. wmérinella on the
one hand, and of A. alpina on the other, I fully satisfied the actual requirements of pub-
lication, at least as regards the public of experienced phytographers.’’ E. L. Greene,
Pitt. iv, 85. P

(14) Pitt. i, 163—Embryo very incorrectly described.

15) Pitt. ii, 215.

16) Bull. Torr. xxv. 121. Pl. 333.
17) Plante Thurberiane, 322. — 5 x
(18) H. dicranocarpum. Pl. Wrightiane. i, 109.

98 Asclepias Kotolo. [ZOE

mountains and the Pecos,’’ in the same general region as Mr.
Wooton’s plant. Both in Benth. & Hook. Genera Plantarum,
and in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien the genus is located among the
Melampodiz.

ASCLEPIAS KOTOLO.
; ALICE EASTWOOD.

(This species was published in Zor, v. 68, without the locality or an
explanation of the name. This omission arose because part of the
manuscript was misplaced and the proofs were not seen by the author.

As it will be confusing and inconvenient to have part of the
description in one number of the magazine and part in another, it
is here given complete. ]

Asclepias Kotolo, ‘Tall and stout about, 1 m. in height,
the simple stems hollow and cylindrical, 15 mm. in diameter near
the base. Leaves opposite, ternate or rarely quaternate, 10-25
cm. long, 5-8cm. wide, oblong; cordate truncate or cuneate at
base; the apex obtuse, acute or acuminate and mucronate; mar-
gins entire or somewhat sinuate; coriaceous, canescent with soft,
velvety tomentum, the upper surface of the leaves becoming
smoother with age; midrib broad with the chief veins and reticu-
lations noticeable under the tomentum; petioles thick from almost
none to about 1 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, with the upper surface
concave. Umbels when in flower near the top of the stem but in
fruit appearing about the middle, owing to the growth of the
upper stem; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, varying from
5-20 mm. inlength. Flowers fragrant, 30 or more in each umbel,
on pedicels 2-4 cm. in length, which in fruit become stouter and
longer. Sepals and petals reflexed, the former green with the
outer surface densely tomentose, the inner glabrous except near
the apex, ovate-acuminate to oblong, unequal, 2-3 mm. long.
Petals white, tinged with rose-color or with the midrib rose-color,
3 petals broader than the others; the former elliptical, 7 mm.
long, 4 mm. broad; the latter oblong, 2-3 mm. broad; apex
acute, margin membraneous. Column short; hoods glabrous ven-

VOL. 5] Asclepias Kotolo. 99

tricose with a tooth-like swelling on each side near the base and
subtended by a ring which extends to the wings of the anthers;
truncate along the top, not open down the back; horn inserted
along the entire length of the back with the body protruding in
the shape of a camel's back from the opening in the hood and
often with a distinct tooth where the hump curves down to the
slender acuminate upturned horn which extends above the stigma.
Capitate stigma and leaf-like appendages which cover it, greenish
white. Abortive ovaries glabrous, fertile ones white-tomentose.
Pods erect, pendent or horizontal, on deflexed pedicels which are
inclined to be curved at the bend, obliquely ovate-acuminate with
the apex curved upwards, about 10 cm. long and 3-4 cm, wide
near the base, the broad veins visible beneath the velvety tomen-
tum. Seeds ovate or spatulate, reticulate, the margin narrow.

This is near A. eriocarpa Benth. (Pl. Hartw. 325), which was
originally collected at Tularcitos, near Monterey. It differs in
pubescence, shape of leaves and stems, and especially in the dif-
ferent form of the hoods and horns.

Dr. J. W. Hudson of Ukiah, from whom it was received, sug-
gests that it be given the name by which it is known
to the Indians, the Yo-kai-a tribe of the Pomas. He
writes about it as follows: ‘‘’The Yo-kai-a call it Ko-to-lo
Ka-li, Kotol meaning twice or double-leaved while Kali
is the general name for plant: The Ca-nél tribe name
it Du-wi-cim-ma which means night-ear. It grows on
poor soil, usually on hillsides. The stalks are shredded and
manufactured into twine, rope, etc. The fiber is soft and fine
but of medium strength.”” Dr. Hudson collected the specimens
from which the description was drawn, along the Russian river,
near Ukiah, in both flower and fruit, in the later part of August,
of last year.

The species is represented in the Herbarium of the California
Academy of Sciences by the above type, by a specimen collected
on Cobb mountain by C. F. Leithold, and by one from near
Bartlett Springs, donated by Mrs. Alexander McCallum.

A STUDY OF ERYSIMUM GRANDIFLORUM NUTT. AND
THE SPECIES AGGREGATED UNDER IT.

ALICE EASTWOOD.

This species as described in the Synoptical Flora, Vol. I, pt. 1
p. 144, is an aggregate representing either several species or sub-
species. The attention of the writer has been called to the mat-
ter by the rediscovery of the type on ‘‘Sand hills of Point Pinos,
in the vicinity of Monterey.’’ This differs so much from the form
included under the same name found near San Francisco and
from a species collected at Mendocino by H. E. Brown, and dis-
tributed as No. 708 of his collection, that the writer has felt it
necessary to segregate these different species from the type form.

Nuttall’s description of the type is so full and fits the specimens
at hand so perfectly that it seems advisable to repeat it here.

£. grandifiorum (Nutt. ! mss.): ‘‘dwarfish, slightly roughened
with appressed, forked or stellate hairs ; leaves oblong-spatulate,
obtuse, entire or somewhat angularly lobed towards the base ;
petioles long and slender ; flowers in capitate corymbs ; siliques
very long, somewhat torulose ; stigma conspicuously 2-lobed.

“Sand hills of Point Pinos, in the vicinity of Monterey, Upper
California, March.—Root very long and straight, perennial.
Stems growing partly under the sand, crowned with the vestiges of
several years’ growth of leaves; the part above ground 3 to 6
inches in height. Leaves very flat, often wholly entire, some-
times repandly denticulate, sometimes angularly lobed below ;
lamina an inch of more in length and 5-6 lines broad, at-
tenuated at the base into a slender petiole 1-2 inches long,
Corymb scarcely extending beyond the leaves. Flowers fra-
grant, deep yellow, uncommonly large. Inner sepals saccate at
the base. Petals with the claws exserted. Filaments very broad,
flat. Siliques 2-3 inches long, somewhat curved upwards and
outwards, scarcely a line wide. Style scarcely any ; stigma pu-
bescent.’’ Nutt. (Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. I. 96.)

Nuttall’s specimens were collected earlier in the season
than those of the writer, which were collected April 15, 1900,

VoL. 5] Lrysimum Grandiflorum Nutt. IOI

In these specimens the ripe siliques are 7 cm. long and about
3 mm. broad, and spread either horizontally or upwardly, The
stems are generally several from a perennial root and are conspic-
uously clothed with the sheathing petioles of former leaves for
about two inches below the ground. ‘The new shoots for the
flowering stems of the next year are almost always present and
have spatulate leaves with small blades, about 1 cm. long, and
almost filiform petioles 2-5 cm. long. The flowers are 2 cm. or
more across. The seeds are 1-6 mm. in diameter, narrowly
winged but not continuously, and have accumbent cotyledons.
The short style of the silique is evident and forms a beak.

The form common in the vicinity of San Francisco was origin-
ally described in Linnea I. 14, by Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
The transcript of the original description follows :

“Cheiranthus asper. Nob.

Ch. foliis sinuato-dentatis, inferioribus lanceolatis, superioribus
sublinearibus, pube bipartita, caulibus basi adscendentibus erectis,
siliquis pedicello triplo longioribus stylo brevi apiculatis.’’ *
* € “Tn littore Californiae.’’

‘‘Habitus florentis plantee est species omnis Erysimi lanceolati
cujus varietatum esse crederes. ‘ota planta paullo magis scabra,
folia radicalia et caulina remote sinuato-dentata, dentibus acutis.
Caulis sesquipedalis basi adscendens, simplex aut ramosus, fere
semper atque ex ommibus axillis foliorum fasciculos s. ramos
abbreviatos steriles prodens. Pedunculi quam in Er. lanceolato
paullo longiores circiter 6 lineares. Siliquae paucee mature in
nostris speciminibus, circiter 15 lin. longee, lineam late, com-
pressze ; plurimis ovulis abortu haud perfectis, pauca modo ader-
ant semina in quoque loculo ; valvulz medio nervo extus promi-
nente a basi ad apicem sunt notatee. Stylus siliquam terminans
brevis vix semilinearis, crassus, stigmate capitato, indistincte
bilobo. Semen lineam longum compressum, cotyledones accum-
bentes.”’

This species was identified by Hooker from specimens sent to
him by Chamisso with a species collected by Douglas “on rocky
places of the Columbia, near the sea and at Puget Sound,”
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I. p. 38.

102 Erysimum Grandiflorum Nutt. [ZOE

The original description of Douglas -with fuller notes by Hook-
er here follow: . :

‘“C. capitatus; subasper, foliis lineari-lanceolatis magis
minusve dentatis vel integris basi longe attenuatis cauleque pube
bipartita arctissime appressa strigosis, floribus (majusculis) dense
corymbosis, siliquis pedicello triplo longioribus.’’—Douglas MSS.

‘‘Radix, ut videtur, annuus. Caz/is basi ascendens et ramosus,
demum erectus, pedalis et ultra, acute angulatus, tactu subscaber,
pube bipartita subeanescens. o/ia remotiuscula, 3-5 pollicaria,
patentia, lineari-lanceolata, majis minusve dentata vel integer-
rima, basi in petiolum longe attenuata, pube bipartita, arctissime |
appressa, strigosa: suprema majis angusta minus basi attenuata.
Flores majusculi, in capitulum duas uncias latum dense racemosi,
flavi. /edicelli 5-6 lineas longi, appresse pilosi. Calyx etiam
_ simili modo pilosus, sepalis linearibus, 2 basi saccatis. e/ala

limbo ovato, ungue sepalis longiore. Germen lineare, rectum.
Stylus crassiusculus, lineam longus. Stigma mediocre, capitatum,
bilobum, lobis rotundatis. Sv/iguae nostris exemplaribus
absunt: sed, Chamissonis fide.’’ Here follows a quotation from
the description of Chamisso given above.

Professor Greene renames this species, Erysimum capitatum F1.
Francis. p. 269, and redescribes it under that name. According
to the experience of the writer the flowers are decidely fragrant, a
bunch of them filling a room with the odor of the ‘‘wall flower;’’
the flowers are a bright canary yellow when they first expand
changing to a creamy yellow after pollination. The earlier
flowers are much larger than those that are in bloom when the
pods are present and the early inflorescence is truly capitate.

‘‘Erysimum Californicum Greene Eryth III. 69, Biennial,
stout and simple, or with few branches, 1-2 % feet high: herbage
searcely canescent, but thinly covered with closely appressed
divided hairs, the divisions of which are stout and subulate:
Leaves runcinate-toothed, or the upper cauline mostly entire:
raceme rather dense: Flowers large, yellow, fading to cream-
color, very fragrant, sepals more than % inch long, the inner
with saccate base, the outer longer, unguiculate: limb of corolla
14% inches long, only 34 inch broad, not cruciform, the petals
diverging in pairs: anthers slenderly sagittate, the 4 longer

VOL. 5] Erysimum Grandiflorum Nutt. 103

ones exserted: pods long, slender, almost spreading, the cross-
section sharply rhombic.’’

A large plant of the Mt. Diablo Range, California, growing
only on open grassy summits: the pale flowers large and delight-
fully fragrant.’’

The writer has never seen this species but it probably belongs
to the aggregate and ought to be included.

Erysimum concinnum n. sp. Apparently biennial, stem
stout, simple, erect, 15 cm. high. Pubescence simple and
bifid, upwardly appressed. Radical and lower cauline leaves
spatulate to oblanceolate, tapering to broad margined petioles as
long as the blades, altogether about 5 cm. long: margin run-
cinate-dentate with mucronate teeth, blades 5-10 mm.wide: upper
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile or on very short petioles.
Flowers large, 3 cm. or more in diameter, canary yellow, crowded
in a capitate corymb, fragrant even when dry; pedicels stout,
ribbed, 10-12 mm. long. Sepals pubescent externally, 15 mm.
long: the two outer slightly narrower than the inner, 3 mm. wide,
thickened and hooded at apex: the two inner saccate at base,

-carinate, membranous at apex. Petals with orbicular blades 1o-
15 mm. in diameter, sparingly pubescent externally, tapering to
an exserted claw 15-18 mm. long. Stamens with sagittate anthers,
5mm. long, exserted from the throat of the corolla,with filaments
broadening towards the base, the 2 short ones narrower than the
others which are 2cm. long and tmm. wide. Pistil as long as the
longer filaments, surmounted by a broad, shallowly-lobed, sessile
stigma. Immature pods, flattened, nerved, becoming spatulate at
the apex below thestigma, 8 or 9 cm. long; the upper ones erect-
spreading, the lower falcately recurved-spreading. Collected by
H. E, Brown (No. 708), near Mendocino, Mendocino County,
California, June, 1898.

Under this species are also included specimens collected by the

writer at Bodega Point April 1899 and again June of the same

year. The last have ripe fruit from which the following descrip-

tion is drawn. Siliques 2-5 mm. broad, the longest 15 cm. long,

with sessile 2-lobed, stigmas, valves keeled; pedicels stout, 1-2 cm.

long. Seeds 3 mm. in diameter with a wing almost .5 m. broad,
completely encircling the seed; cotyledons accumbent.

NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS, MAINLY FROM BAJA
CALIFORNIA.

T. S. BRANDEGEE.

Ranunculus australis. 2. abortivus australis, Brandegee,
ZOE, iv, 399. Perennial, glabrous, 2-3 dm. high : radical leaves
on petioles two-thirds as long as the stems, 3-4 cm. wide, round-
reniform, simply or doubly dentate ; cauline once or twice parted
into linear divisions: petals bright yellow, 5-6 mm. long:
akenes lenticular, glabrous, 144 mm. long, beakless, in small
globular heads.

From 2. abortivus it differs, especially in having long-petioled
basal leaves of a different outline. It is common about the
higher summits of the Cape Region Mountains.

Malpighia diversifolia. A spreading bush 1-2 m. high,
young stems slightly pubescent, dark brown: mature leaves 4
em. long and wide, orbicular to broadly ovate, on pubescent
petioles 2 mm. long, rounded or the ovate ones bluntly pointed,
hirsute below and nearly glabrous above ; younger leaves more
hirsute upon both faces, especially so upon the lower; stipules
minute, hirsute : umbels 2-4 flowered ; peduncles hirsute, 1-3 cm.
long, the pedicles 1 cm. long, jointed nearer the base ; bracts and
bracteole minute ; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, hirsute :
petals rose-colored, 7 mm. long, more than twice the length of
the calyx, deeply fringed-laciniate, with a claw 3 mm. long, and
an orbicular blade 6 mm. wide: stamens united at base 4 their
length ; sepals with two large glands at base excepting one
which has a gland on each side, at the sinus: fruit depressed,
15 mm. wide.

Common about San José del Cabo. The fruit is called by the
people manzanita, and without any special reason is sometimes
eaten by them. In the Flora of the Cape Region it is listed as
M. Galleotiana ? to which species and 7. retusa, by their char-
acters, it seems to be nearest.

Rarely some of the leaves are retuse or may be somewhat
lobed near the apex.

VOL. 5| New Species of Plants. 105

Brongniartia trifoliata. A spreading. bush 2-4 m. high, the
younger growth tomentose : leaves trifoliate, 6-10 cm. long, the
terminal leaflet sometimes twice as large as the others ; petioles
and petiolules white-tomentose ; leaflets coriaceous, glabrous,
oblong, cuneate or cordate at base, obtuse or retuse, 2-3 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. wide, somewhat repand ; petiolules 2-3 mm. long; .
stipules deciduous : pod 1-2 seeded, 3-314 cm. long, 144-2 cm.
wide, glabrous, narrowly margined, tipped with an awn 3 mm.
long ; stipe 3 mm. long: flowers not seen.

This bush is common at middle elevations of the Cape Region
Mountains. It seems to be a very distinct species, and in the
absence of flowers its generic position is indicated by the stipe
of the pod, and the strophiolate seeds having a very short,
straight radicle. The leaves resemble slightly those of B. zcon-
stans but lack the stipules, are ochroleucous in color, thicker in
texture and veins not as prominent. From the characters, it
seems to be nearer B. Parryi than any other described species.

Houstonia prostrata. A prostrate annual ; stems spreading
1-2 dm. long, hirtellous : leaves oblanceolate, 1 cm. long, hirsute,
especially the under side, margins revolute ; stipules scarious,
laciniate-dentate : flowers axillary near the ends of the branch-
lets on pedicels 1 mm. long or less: calyx 114 mm. long includ-
ing the ovary ; lobes more than half as long, acute : corolla light
purple, 1% mm. long, lobes very short: capsule depressed-
globose, subdidymous, three fourths inferior : seeds oblong, cym-
biform, the margins more or less involute, with a median hilar
ridge.

This plant must be nearest 7. parviflora. Growing flat upon
the clean sand of a dry stream it had the appearance of a pros-
trate Euphorbia. Collected near La Palma, in the Cape Region.

Perezia pinetorum. Herbaceous, branching, 1 m. high,
puberulent, glandular above: branches spreading, leafy: the
inflorescence cymose-paniculate. leaves chartaceous, oblong,
acuminate, spinulose-dentate, the lower ones 2 dm. long, 1 dm.
wide, the large auricles nearly clasping the stem ; veins strongly
reticulated : heads on pedicles 2-3 cm. long, 15-20 flowered :
scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the

106 New Species of Plants. [ZOE

inner ones 15 mm. long, puberulent: akenes glandular-puber-
ulent. :

This plant is very near P. oxylepis, but the larger heads are
arranged in a more cymose inflorescence and the conspicuously
reticulated leaves have larger dentations. The form of inflores-
cence gives to the species avery different appearance.

BUMELIA OCCIDENTALIS, Hemsley, Biol., Cent.-Amer. ii, 298.
Specimens of a bush that agree very closely withthe description
of this species were collected at San José de Gracia, near the cen-
tral latitude of the peninsula. Though generally unarmed as
described, some of the specimens bear small spines. What seems
to be the same thing was collected at Pescadero, near Todos
Santos, where it formed small trees. I also collected apparently
the same plant in fruit at Durasnillas, fifty miles from Hermosillo,
Sonora. ‘The type came from ‘‘North Mexico, Sonora Alta.”’

Bumelia Socorrensis. Glabrous excepting the young growth,
_ peduncles, pedicels and calyx lobes, which are sparingly pubes- .
cent: leaves not fascicled, obovate, cuneate at base, 4-5 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. wide, attenuate into a petiole 5 mm. long; flowers
in small fascicles in the axils of the leaves on pedicels 3-4 mm.
long: calyx coriaceous: appendages shorter than the corolla
lobes, lanceolate, fimbriate, narrower and shorter than the ovate-
lanceolate staminodia that in old flowers are acuminate and some-
what fimbriate : fruit elliptical, 12-14 mm. long, 8 mm. wide.

The specimens are all unarmed excepting one which bears a
‘few sharp axillary spines, 1 cm. long. The leaves resemble
those of &. danuginosa, but do not have its pubescence.

Collected upon Socorro Island by Mr. A. W. Anthony.

Bumelia fragrans. A shrub 3-5 m. high, glabrous, except-
ing the pubescent pedicels and calyx segments, the short
branches spinescent ; leaves coriaceous, in fascicles of about 4,
obovate, obtuse, cuneate at base into a very short petigle: flow-
ers in fascicles of 10-20 on pedicels 7-10 mm. long, white : calyx
segments coriaceous with hyaline margins: corolla 5 mm. long,
exceeding the calyx; appendages interior, nearly 1 mm. broad,
oblong, obtuse, fimbriate, little shorter than the lobes: stamin-
odia narrowly ovate, broader and longer than the appendages to

VOL. 5] New Spectes of Plants. 107

the corolla lobes, fimbriate: anthers sagittate-acuminate: fila-
ments hardly widened at the base: ovary hirsute; fruit un-
known.

Collected near San José del Cabo, where it grows amongst
Rhamnaceous shrubs, and when in full bloom in May, its fra-
grance fills the air. It is characterized by the slender stems and
short thorn-like branches that bear leaves and sometimes flowers,
and its closely aggregated usually leafless fascicles of flowers.
It much resembles 2. spiniflora, Calques des Dess. Fl, Mex., vEKE
differing in the more crowded fascicles of flowers, their longer
pubescent pedicels and other minor details.

Bumelia peninsularis. A bush 3-4 m. high, much branched
from the base, with stout subulate axillary thorns, the young
shoots, petioles and under surface of leaves rusty-pubescent ;
leaves thin-coriaceous, elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, 2-4 cm.
long, tapering to a slender petiole 4-6 mm. long: peduncles sub-
glabrous, stout, clavate, as long or longer than the flower ; calyx
segments ovate ; corolla lobes, 3 mm. long, equalling the inner
segments of the calyx ; appendages and stout staminodia more
or less fimbriate, acuminate, equalling the stamens ; filaments
shorter than the anthers ; ovary glabrous: fruit 15 mm. long,
elliptical, fleshy.

Found in the Cape Region Mountains. ‘The flowers are small
for the genus, usually in fascicles of 4-6 in the axils of the leaves
but sometimes apparently scattered along the branches. The
leaves are venulose-reticulated and not fascicled. ‘The fruit is
large when compared with that of other species of the genus.

Gilia uncialis. Annual, sparingly pubescent, 2-4 cm. high,
stems usually simple, rarely 1-2 branches near the base : leaves
narrow-linear, 3-4 mm. long : flower white, terminating the stem,
often with 1-2 additional ones from the axils of the upper leaves,
on pedicels 5 mm, long: corolla funnelform, 4-6 mm. long ;
lobes denticulated, slightly exceeding the linear calyx lobes:
ovules about 10 in each cell.

This Gilia is closely allied to G. dianthoides, and its most
obvious difference is asmall corolla, but there is no resemblanc to

108 New Species of Plants. [ZOE

the depauperate form common about San Diego in “dry seasons,”’
described by Nuttall under the name of Fenz/ia concinna.

Collected on Cedros Island, 1897, and growing in abundance
near the summit of the highest mountain, on the sides of gulches
and under the shade of bushes.

Salvia peninsularis, Herbaceous and probably perennial,
1m. high, branching below: stems slightly pubescent: leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, cordate to somewhat
cuneate at base, white-tomentose beneath, pilose and greener
above, the larger 12 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, on petioles 2-214 cm,
long: racemes 15 cm. long, bracts not seen: verticels 1-2 cm.
apart, 4-6 flowered ; pedicels 5 mm. long and less, white-pubes-
cent : calyx pubescent, especially upon the nerves, 7 mm. long’;
lobes short, the upper blunt, shorter than the two deltoid lower
ones: corolla 3 cm. long or less, brick red, its tube three times
as long as the calyx, ventricose at the throat, the pubescent
galea longer than the lip, style bearded.

In Mr. Fernald’s Synopsis of American Salvias, this species
would seem to belong near S. Martensiz. Collected at San
Pablo, Central Lower California, Apr. 22, 1889, and by Dr. C. A.
Purpus near the same locality in 1898.

Salvia similis. A much branched shrub, forming rounded
clumps 1m. high or more, young growth white witha close
pubescence: leaves ovate-acuminate, cuneate at base, serrate or
crenate-serrate, minutely white-stellate especially on the nerves,
the larger ones 4-5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, on petioles more or
less white with a close indumentum, 3 cm. long and less:
racemes short, 3 cm.long and less; flowers crowded; bracts
linear-lanceolate, 1 cm.long: calyx 5 mm. long on a pedicel 1
mm. long, tomentulose, striate, half the length of the light blue
corolla: style bearded.

This species resembles S. Cedrosensts and has been distributed
under that name. It is a larger shrub with thinner, greener and
more acuminate leaves that are often serrate. The short flower-
ing racemes are borne at the ends of the spreading branches, while
those of S. Cedrosensis terminate upright white shoots, half a
foot or more high. It grows among the Cape Region Mountains.

VoL. 5] Errors in Southern C altfornia Plants. 109

Ruellia leucantha. A shrub forming rounded clumps about
8 dm. high: stems pubescent, obtusely 4-angled: leaves oppo-
site, ovate, acuminate, 5-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, pubescent,
margins ciliate and entire or sub-repand, narrowed at base into
a petiole: flowers solitary, sessile in the axils of the leaves, crowd-
ed about the ends of the branches: bracts narrowly oblanceolate,
15 mm. long; calyx 5-parted, tube 2 mm. long, lobes 114-2 cm.
long, linear-attenuate, pubescent: corolla white, 6 cm. long,
externally puberulent ; tube gradually ampliated into the obcon-
ical throat; lobes rounded, 1% cm. broad: capsules pyriform,
acuminate, 15, mm. long, 8-10 ovuled ; seed nearly circular, 4-5
mm. wide, pubescent.

Common along the slopes of the Cape Region Mountains.
Flowers can be found at any time of the year.

ERRORS IN THE REPORTED STATIONS OF SOME
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PLANTS.

S. S. PARISH.

The student of local botany can address himself to no more
‘useful task than that of ascertaining, with accuracy, what are the
plants which inhabit his region, and to which of its several div-
isions each pertains. It this way he comes to understand cor-
rectly, and to be able to define, its life-areas, their subdivisions
and theirinterrelations; and while thus gaining a true knowledge
of his limited district, he, perhaps, may supply some factors for
the solution of the wider problems of phytogeography.

Thus studied each plant, and each group of plants, presents
its own question. What are the influences which limit each
within narrower or wider boundaries? A question readily an-
swered in some cases; in many difficult and obscure; but in all
demanding first a correct knowledge of what those bound-
aries are. When, then, a plant supposed to be confined to a cer-
tain life-area, or which by reason of its affinities is presumedly

so confined, is reported from another—a desert species from the
Fes, 26, 1901.

1IO Errors in Southern California Planis. [ZOE

mountains, for example—perplexity arises, and even incredulity,
and it becomes of importance to make sure that no mistake has
been made.

To correct some ascertained errors of this kind, and to call at-
tention to other probable ones, is the chief object of the present
paper. Besides this it seems desirable to rectify some mistakes
which have been made in recording the type-stations of certain
species, and to eliminate from the southern Californian flora some
species which have been accredited erroneously to it.

Errors such as these arise from several causes. Some occur
from a pardonable ignorance of local geography, a,misapprehen-
sion which led Brewer and Watson to include in the Californian
flora a number of plants from Ft. Mojave, a station which is
really in Arizona. Sometimes plants have been supposed by the
botanists who received them to have grown at the collector’s res-
idence, or at the place whence he forwarded them, and in this way
several of Dr. Parry’s type-specimens have been located incorrect-
ly. Other errors originate in mistaken identifications, which
once finding their way into print are too apt to be repeated by sub-
sequent writers. Less excusable are the blunders due to the
negligence of collectors in supplying proper data with their speci-
mens, or the carelessness of authors in noting the labels of
herbarium sheets.

ASPIDIUM ACULEATUM PROLIFERUM Wolleston.

Dr. Eaton’ notes this fern as ‘‘very abundant in the southern
part of the state, and commonly called the ‘San Diego fern,’ ”’
but I do not find that any of our resident botanists are aware of
its presence, or have heard the supposed trival name. ‘The only
variety of this species which is known from southern California
is the var. scopulinum, collected at a single station in the San
Bernardino mountains.

BROMUS DEPAUPERATUS Pres], Rel. Hzenk. 1: 263.
To this species Dr. Beal refers specimens said to have been col-
lected at San Diego by Bolander, and by Kellogg;? but Mr. Shear,

1 Haton, D. C., Bull. Torr. Club, 8:4.
2 Beal, W. J. Grasses, N. Am., 2: 613.

VoL. 5] Errors in Southern California Plants. III

in his recent monograph, relegates it to the doubtful list. And,
indeed, it is scarcely credible that anative of Nootka Sound should
reappear in this southern latitude, and it seems more probable
that an error has occured, either as to locality, or in identification.
As to the Kellogg specimen I am able to state, on the authority
of Mr. Harford, his long-time botanical associate, that Dr. Kel-
logg never made any collections in the San Diego region. Dr.
Bolander, however, did visit San Diego County, and, in the
spring of 1873, collected at San Diego, Cuyamaca, Julian and
elsewhere.‘ But geographical and climatic reasons make it
most unlikely that this grass was among his finds. I have been
unable to ascertain where the specimens named by Dr. Beal are
preserved.

HILARIA MUTICA Benth, Jour. Linn. Soc. 19: 62.

The reported presence of this grass in southern California’ is
due to an error in the labels on a sheet of specimens in the Na-
tional Herbarium. The plants really came from Texas. The
specimens collected in the Coso Mts. of Inyo County by the
Death Valley Expedition, and refered in the report to H. mutica,®
belong to A. /ameszi Benth.’

PASPALUM PUBIFLORUM Rupr. Bull. Soc. Brux. 92: 237.

This was reported from southern California by Dr. Vasey® by
an oversight, Lower California being intended.’

ARISTIDA ORCUTTIANA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:37.

In this case also southern California” is an error for Lower
California. Mr. Orcutt’s specimens are from Hanson’s Ranch,
not far beyond the California boundary. The grass, perhaps, may
extend into the state, but is not known to do so.

PAPPOPHORUM WRIGHTII Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, 18:178.

This Mexican grass is credited to ‘‘Los Angeles, Cal.,”’ by
Dr. Beal'' on 511 Palmer of 1887. Dr. Palmer’s specimens were

3. Shear, W. C.,; pies Ng “ Div. Agrost., 23:63.
epson, W. IL). +» 6:103.
: ad sat ¥: 4... pos Grasses, 3d ed. 1: 25
6 Coville; F. V. Death Val. Rep. 215.
7 Scribner, F. L. in lit.

8 Vasey, G. Grasses S. W. 25.

9 Vasey, G. in lit.

5) Beal, W. J. 1c. 2: 210.

ir Beal, W, J., 1. ¢.;-27 448.

112 Errors in Southern California Plants. [ZOE

collected at Los Angeles Bay, on the gulf coast of Lower Califor-
nia,

MUHLENBERGIA GRACILIS Trin. Unif. 193.

By a confusion of names this grass was included in Mr. Bran-
degee’s list of Santa Catalina plants,” 47. debilis Trin. (17. micro-
sperma. Trin.) being intended. MM. gracilis is not known from the
southern part of the state.

ORCUTTIA CALIFORNICA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 219.

This species has been reported as extending into California,”
but I cannot find that there are any specimens from the American
side of the boundary. All those in the National Herbarium are
from Lower California.

SISYRINCHIUM CALIFoRNICUM Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 135.

S. lineatum Torr. is a synonym of this species, and in his note
on it, Dr. Torrey states that it was ‘‘first detected by Dr. Parry,
who found it near San Diego.’’"* The type, however, is a speci-
men collected by Dr. Parry, in April, 1850, in Monterey County,
which is still preserved in the herbarium of Columbia University."
No representative of his San Diego plant is known to be in ex-
istence, nor have subsequent collectors met with the species so far
south. There are numerous errors in the reported stations of Dr.
Parry’s plants, and that of San Diego for this one is probably to be
included among them. Monterey County may be regarded as the
authentic southern limit, so far as our present information goes.

UrticA BREWERI Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 348.

Los Angeles is the type-station of this species, and the type is
95 Brewer, in the Gray herbarium. On the label is the note:
“Everywhere in waste places about Los Angeles.’”’ In recent
years Los Angeles has been the residence of several zealous
botanists who have diligently sought to rediscover. Brewer’s
plant, but without success. It is probable, therefore, that
Brewer was in error as to its supposed abundance, having mis-
taken, perhaps, the common UW. holosericea Nutt. forit. Whether
his type really came from Los Angeles is also open to doubt. ‘The

12 Brandegee, T. S. Zoe, 1: 115.

13 Scribner, F. L. Am. Grasses, 3d ed., 1: 234.
14 Torrey, J. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 13.

15 Bicknell, EK. P, Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 376,

VOL. 5] Errors tn Southern C, altfornia Plants. 113

nearest subsequent collection is that made at the Mt. Whitney
Meadows, by Coville & Funston." ‘The plant appears to belong
to higher altitudes than that of Los Angeles.

CHORIZANTHE SPINOSA Watson, Bot. Cal, 2:481.

The type-specimen is noted as collected “near San Bernardino,
by Lemmon.” It really came from the Mojave Desert, where it
has been obtained since by several botanists.

ATRIPLEX PARRyI Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 17:378.

A specimen said to have been collected by Dr. Parry ‘“‘near
Colton”’ is the type of this species. Dr. Parry’s plant was col-
letecd at Lancaster, in the Mojave Desert.

KocHIA CALIFORNICA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 17:378.

One of the types of this species, also, is noted as collected’
“near Colton, by Parry,’’ but like the last came really from
Lancaster. Both plants are characteristic desert species, and are
not rare in the Mojave Desert.

CLADOTHRIX CRYPTANTHA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 26:12 5.

Dr. Parry’s 274 of 1881, a part of the type of this species, is
another distinctively desert plant erroneously stated to have been
collected ‘‘at Colton.’’ Dr. Parry obtained it in the eastern part
of the Colorado Desert.

LUPINUS MICROCARPUS Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2413.

There is a specimen of this plant in the Gray herbarium,
labeled “‘? Thurber, San Diego,’’ which appears to be the principal
evidence of its existence in southern California. Certainly it is
not “‘frequent,’’ as noted by Brewer and Watson in the Botany
of California.

DALEA CALIFORNICA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11:132.

The original description of this species cites as the type
‘scanty specimens recently collected by Dr. Parry in the San
Bernardino Mountains,’’ and in the Botany of California’ the
locality is given more definitely as “dry washes in the San Ber-
nardino Mountains, near Cajon Pass.’’ In reality Dr. Parry’s
type was collected on the borders of the Colorado Desert, a few
miles east of Banning. The plant, an intricately branched

16 Coville, F. V. Death Val. Rep. 195.
17. Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal., 1:143.

114 Errors in Southern California Plants. [ZOE

shrub, 2-6 ft. high, is frequent in dry washes of the desert along
the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, from the true
type station to Byrne’s Spring, at 1,000-4,000 ft. alt. It does not
grow in or near Cajon Pass,

ASTRAGALUS COULTERI Benth. Pl. Hartw. 307.

Parry and Lemmon’s reported station for this plant, ‘‘on the
Mojave River’ is an error. ‘Their specimens came from thesand-
drifts about Whitewater Station, on the Colorado Desert, where
the plant is abundant. It appears not to reach the higher al-
titude of the Mojave Desert.

TRIBULUS MAXIMUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 386.

The basis on which this species has been included in the Cali-
fornian flora appears to be Dr. Torrey’s note: ‘‘New River
Region, Parry.’’” If this was founded on more than a field-note
of Parry’s, the specimen probably has perished. ‘There are no
Californian specimens in either the Gray, Torrey, or National
herbaria. Yet both this species and 7: gvandiflorus Benth. &
Hook. may be expected confidently from the region indicated by
Dr. Torrey.

BERNARDIA MYRICAFOLIA Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:70.

This is a plant of the lower altitudes of the deserts. It certainly
does not reach the ‘‘headwaters of the Mojave River,’’ where Dr.
Watson reports Parry and Lemmon ascollecting it. They probably
got it at Whitewater or Palm Springs, in the Colorado Desert.
It may occur on the lower part of the Mojave River, but they
made, I think, no collections so far down.

EUPHORBIA SETILOBA Engelm.: Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 5:364.

Dr. Watson gives ‘‘San Bernardino, Parry,’’ as a station for
this plant.” This is an error; Dr. Parry probably got this strict-
ly desert Euphorbia in its type neighborhood, Ft. Yuma, where
it has been collected by several other botanists.

CEREUS GIGANTEUS Engelm. Emory’s Rep. 159.

This species was inserted in the ‘‘Additions and Corrections’’
at the end of the second volume of the Botany of California, but,

18 Watson, S. Bot. Cal. 2:441.
19 Torrey,J. Bot. Mex. Bound, 22:42.
20 Watson, S. Bot. Cal. 2:73.

=> i uytes alk Se aaa

vou. 5] Lrrors in Southern California Plants. 115

apparently, without any authority. Dr. Coulter includes it in
the State flora on “149 Wright.’ This specimen is in the
Gray herbarium, and, as the label shows, was collected in 1880
by Mr. W. G. Wright, in “Arizona.’”’” It is almost certain that
this species does not cross the Colorado River.

OPUNTIA RUTILA Nutt.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1:555.

The only southern California report for this opuntia is based
on a collection by Bigelow, in 1853-4. It was made ‘‘west of the
great Colorado, near the Mojave Creek,’ and became the type
of O. erinacea Engelm. & Bigel., a species subsequently re-
cognized as identical with Nuttall’s earlier O. rutila.** 'The
nearest collections since Bigelow’s time are those of Coville and
Funston, in the Panamint and White Mts.,” but the species may
be expected with confidence from the Providence Mts., when
these come to be explored thoroughly.

OpuntiA Davistt Engelm. & Bigel.; Engelm. Proc. Am. Acad.
31305.

This is reported from California by Dr. Coulter on a specimen
by ‘Parish, of 1880.’ It is not in the Engelmann herbarium,
to which all my earlier collections of Cactaceae were sent, nor can
I find other trace of it. It must have been from the eastern part
of the Colorado Desert; unless a form of O. echinocarpa has been
mistaken for the present species.

Opuntia WuHIPePLE!, Engelm. & Bigel.; Engelm. Proc. Am.
Acad. 3:307.

Dr. Coulter reports this opuntia as collected by Agassiz, at
San Diego.” It certainly does not grow near San Diego, and if
it grows anywhere in the state, which it is not known to do, it
probably would be on the eastern borders of the Colorado Desert.

OPUNTIA ACANTHOCARPA Engelm. & Bigel. Pac. R. Rep. 4.51-

‘This species is added to the California Flora by Dr. Coulter®
on 1493 Coville & Funston. But this number was collected at

21 Coulter, J. M. Contrib. U. S, Herb. 2:407-
22 Fernald, M. L. in lit.

23 Engelmann & Bigelow, Pac. R. Rep. 4:44.
24 Engelmann, G. Simpson’s Rep. 442.

25 Coville, F. V. Death Val. Rep. 114, Sc.

26 Coulter, J. M. 1. c. 445.

27 Coulter. J. M.1. c. 450.

28 Coulter. J. M. l/c. 454.

116 Errors in Southern California Plants. [zoK

Beaver Dam, Utah, and all the collection of this cactus made by
the Death Valley expedition were in Utah or Nevada. ”

ERYTHRA‘A TRICHANTHA Griseb. Gent. 146.

Schumacher is reporte d to have collected this plant on Santa

Catalina Island,” but subsequent collectors there have not found
it. There is no specimen from Schumacher, or any Santa Cata-
lina specimen, in the Gray herbarium, and the authenticated
range of the plant does not indicate its presence on the island.

ERYTHRAA FLORIBUNDA Benth. Pl. Hartw. 233;

This has been reported from the mountains of San Diego
County, by Mr. Orcutt; but a specimen of his, so labeled, is
£. Douglasii Gray.

CoNVOLVULUs CALIFoRNICUS Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9.405.

This plant is mentioned in Mr, Lyon’s paper on Santa Cata-
lina,” but there appear to be no specimens in existence from him,
and others have not found it on the island. Mr. Lyon’s plant
may have been a form of C. occidentalis Gray.

GILIA DEMISsA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 26 be

The type-region of this species is “S. E. California, and
adjacent parts of Arizona,’ In the Botany of California the
supposed California station is ‘‘Ft. Mojave, Dr. Cooper.’’® While
I am unable to find any evidence of the actual collection of
specimens in the state, I have no doubt that it yet will be found
in the north-eastern part of San Bernardino County.

LEMMONIA CALIFORNICA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 162.

Mr. Lemmon’s type is reported to have been collected at ‘‘Bear
Valley Creek, on the headwaters of the Mojave River.’’ Bear
Creek, which drains the valley of the same name, is a tributary
of the Santa Ana River, on the intramontane slope of the
mountains, and Lemmonia is not found on it. This is a desert
plant, and grows, in dry open soil, along the desert base of the
San Bernardino Mts. from Cajon Pass to Cox’s Ranch, at altitudes
between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. And here the Lemmon collection,
no doubt, was made.

29 Coville, F. V. 1. c. 112, 277.

30 Watson, S. Bot. Cal. 2:464.

31 Orcutt, C. R. Fl. S. & L. Cal. 7.
32 Lyon, W. S. Bot. Gag. 31:31.4
33 Gray, A.in Brew, & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1: 489,

vo. 5] Errors in Southern California Plants. 117

AMSINCKIA LYCOPSOIDES Lehm.; DC. Prodr. 10: 117, and A.
TESSELLATA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 54.

Both these species are included in Mr. Brandegee’s Santa
Catalina list:** but the specimens, which he has kindly sent me,
seem to be A. sfectabilis F. & M., the only species I have seen, as
yet, from southern California.

MONARDELLA HYPOLEUCA Gray, Syn. Fl. 11. 1: 356.

The type-locality is given as ‘‘S. E. California, San Bernardino
Co., Parry & Lemmon.’’ The label of the type-specimen, in
the Gray herbarium, does not show where it was collected, but
the locality quoted above is certainly an error. The plant is a
coast species, and has been collected, at San Diego, by Orcutt,
and at San Juan Hot Springs, by Nevin.

PHYSALIS MURICULATA Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 1: 209.

The type of this species came from San Quintin, in Lower
California, and Dr. Rydberg identifies with it a specimen from
“River Side, Parry, 1882.’’"* There is, I am informed, a River-
side Mt. on the Colorado River, below Yuma, and on the Cali-
fornia side of it, and from this region one reasonably might sup-
pose Dr. Parry’s plant wouldcome. Itiscertain, however, that he
did not visit this mountain in his later years. Iam inclined to
believe the specimen to be one which he collected in the spring
of 1882, on the northern extremity of the arid rangeof hills which
separate Réche Cafion from the plain on which the well-known
town of Riverside is situated. The writer has sought to redis-
cover it here, but without success. Dr. Parry was unable, at
the time, to identify this plant with any then described species.
In view of the conditions which determine the distribution of the
southern California flora, it is highly improbable that a peninsular
species should re-appear at the place above indicated, and as Dr.
Parry’s plant differs, according to Dr. Rydberg, in some points
from Dr. Greene’s type, it is perhaps not properly referable to it.

PuysaLis WricutTi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 63.

Dr. Rydberg gives this from California on specimens collected
by Buckminster, and two of Lemmon’s, No. 294, and No. 1o of

34 Brandegee, T.S. Zoe, 13114.
35 Rydberg, P. A. Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 353.

118 Errors in Southern California Plants. [Zok

1880." But Buckminster’s specimens were collected in the
Patagonia Mts. of southern Arizona,” and Lemmon’s Nos. 10 and
94 (not 294) were collected at Tucson, Ariz., in August, 1880.

CHAMASARACHA Coronopus Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Cal. 1.540.

The range of this species is extended to California by Rydberg™
on specimens by W. F. Parish, of 1884, which, however, were
collected in Arizona.

PENTSTEMON CLEVELANDI Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 94.

This is a plant of low altitudes in the cafions of the mountains
bordering the Colorado Desert. Parry & Lemmon’s collection of
it, erroneously cited ‘‘from near San Bernardino,’’™ probably came
from Palm Springs, or thereabouts.

PENTSTEMON Larus Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ve sy

Wallace is said to have collected this ‘near Los Angeles,’’” but
it is doubtful if it occurs so far south, or at such a low altitude.
Blue flowered forms of P. heterophyllus Lindl. have been taken for
it by some recent collectors, and are abundant at Elizabeth
Lake, Sand Creek and elsewhere.

MIMULUS PALMERI Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:82.

“On the Mojave River, Palmer,’ is the type-locality given for
this plant. It is species of wet meadows in the San Bernardino
Mts., at 5,000 to 6,5000 ft. alt., and in some of these Dr. Palmer
must have collected his type.

ORTHOCARPUS LASIORHYNCHUS Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 82.

The same type‘locality as above is given for this species; it has
the same range, and the same correction applies to it also.

ORTHOCARPUS Parisui Gray, Pro. Am. Acad. 49°-230.~

The type-station of this species, erroneously given as ‘‘Sdn
Jacinto Mts.,’’ should be: Meadows near-Stonewall Mine, in the
Cuyamaca Mts.

SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS MEXICANA Sargent, Sylva 5:38. \S.
Mexicana Presl in DC. Prodr. 4:328.

Authors give this tree a range, in the United States, from
8 witeg Pe ALocan oo

37 Greene, KE. L,. Bull. Torr. Club, 9: 112.
38 Rydberg, P. A. 1. c. 371.

39 Gray, A. Syn. Fl. IT. 1: 265.
40 Gray, A. in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal, 1;561.

vou. 5] Lvrors in Southern California Plants. 119g

southern Mexico and Arizona to southern California. S. velutina
Dur. & Hilg., which is usually reduced to a synonym aS:
Mexicana, extends from Posé Creek, in the southern part of the
San Joaquin Valley, as far north as, perhaps, Plumas County.”
I do not, however, find any evidence of its existence between
the Tehachipi Pass and the south-eastern boundary; a remark- .
able hiatus if the above identification is well founded; nor is the
genuine S. Mexicana known to reach California.

MEGARRHIZA MARAH Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 138.

his has been reported from Santa Catalina Island as collected
by Baker“ and by Lyon.“ But Baker’s specimen, in the Gray
herbarium, is a mere sterile scrap, and Lyon’s is not in existence.
Probably their plants were Echinocystis macrocarpa Greene.

CALYCOSERIS PaRRYI Gray, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bonnd. 106.

The type-locality of this species was given as ‘‘Mountains east
of Monterey.’’ It is, however, a strictly desert plant, and its
range, as correctly stated in the Synoptical Flora, is from the
Colorado Desert to Utah.

ERIGERON corymMBosuS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7: 308.

This is reported as collected by Dr. Cooper on ‘“‘the eastern
slope of Providence Mountain.’ The specimen is said to be in-
complete and it is hardly possible that this northern plant should
occur in that desert range.

LAYIA CARNOSA Torr. & Gray, Fl. 2: 394.

Nuttall is said to have collected this plant “on the sands of
the sea-beach, at San Diego.’’ Either it has become extinct at
that place, or there is a mistake as to Nuttall’s locality. In
recent times botanists have found it on sea-beaches from Marin
County as far south only as Monterey.“

CHAINACTIS HETEROCARPHA, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 98.

The Synoptical Flora gives this plant a range from Lake to
San Bernardino County. The southernmost specimen in the

41 Gray, A. Syn. FI. I. 239.

42 Greene, E. L. Fl. Franc. 342.

43 Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. 1: 241.

44 Lyon, W S. Bot. Gaz. 11: 333.

45 Gray, A.in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. 1: 329.
46 Greene, F. L. Fl. France. 429.

120 Errors tn Southern California Plants. [ZOE

Gray herbarium is from Santa Clara River, in Ventura County,
and there is no evidence that it extends further south.

PECTIS PAPPOSA Harv. & Gray; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 62.

Dr. Watson quotes ‘‘Rattlesnake Island, harbor of San Diego,
W. J. Fisher,’’ as a station for this species, referring for authority

to Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 7:162. Dr. Kellogg’s note at this
place is appended to his character of Tribulus Fisheri, a plant
from Agiabampo, below Guaymas, Mexico, and the Pectis
presumably came from some San Diego in that region. ‘There is
no ‘‘Rattlesnake Island’’ in the harbor of the Calitornian San
Diego. ectis papposa, however, has been collected at several
places in the south-western part of the Colorado Desert.

PECTIS PUNCTATA Jacq. Stirp. Am. t. 128.

The Synoptical Flora credits this tosouthern California by an
evident typographical error for Lower California. ‘There is a
specimen in the Gray herbarium from Cape San Lucas, but none
from the state of California.

ARTEMISIA Parisui Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 27: 220;

The second station, “Cajon Pass,”’ given in the original de-
scription is an error. The plant has been found, as yet, only at
Newhall.

Cnicus DrumMMonp1I Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 40.

The writer recently noted the presence of this species at
Warner’s Ranch, having mistaken for it specimens of C. Hallii
Gray. The variety acaulescens is common in the mountains of
southern California, but the species itself apparently does not
reach them.

47 Watson, S. Bot. Cal. 2:458.

VOL. 5] Notes on Alge. 121

NOTES ON ALG. I.
WILLIAM ALBERT SETCHELL.

The writer published in the late journal Erythea, three sets of
“Notes on Cyanophycez.’’ He now proposes to continue these
with the addition of material drawn from all groups, under the
above heading. He will attempt in this connection to give
occasional accounts of what is being done in the way of increas-
ing our knowledge of the Algze of the Pacific Coast, in particu-
lar, both in the way of discoveries and published accounts or
specimens.

Laminaria ephemera Setchell mss. Plant vernal, apparently
disappearing in the early summer. Holdfast discoid or nearly
so, small. Stipe slender, 2 to 16 cm. in length, terete below,
sometimes slightly flattened above, without mucilage ducts.
Blade narrow, linear to linear-obovate in general outline, narrow-
ly cuneate at the base when young, but rounded and almost
cordate when older, split deeply longitudinally into from two to
several narrow divisions, and reaching a length of 60 cm., with-
out any sign of mucilage ducts. Sori covering the blade, in
more or less longitudinal lines (vittate in appearance in some
specimens), extending up from a solid basal portion, with
ordinary Laminarioid paraphyses and sporangia.

Carmel Bay, Monterey County, California, Mrs. J. M@.

Weeks!, C. P. Nott!; April to June.

HEDOPHYLLUM gen. nov. Laminacearum Setchell mss.
Plants at first like Laminariz of the digitate section, with holdfasts
and very short stipes soon becoming attached to the substratum
through hapteres given off from the decumbent, expanding, basal
margins, which in one species become decidedly thickened.
Blade at first simple, becoming more and more digitate as it in-
creases in diameter, at times more or less cucullate, but without
auricles at the bases of the segments.

Hedophyllum sessile (Ag.) Setchell mss. Fronds ample,
bases not thickened, the blades becoming absolutely sessile
on the rocks, 30 to 50cm. long, the surfaces either perfectly
smooth or with irregular bullate swellings scattered over them in

122 Notes on Alce. [ZOE

the case of those plants growing near high-water mark. Stipe
of the young plant’ very short and much flattened, soon disap-
pearing. Blade at first ovate and entire, soon splitting deeply,
even to the very base, and becoming decidedly cucullate, with
frequent, large mucilage ducts. Sorus unknown.

More or less common on smooth rocks, in the littoral zone,
on exposed shores from Fort Ross, Sonoma County, California,
to Puget Sound. Fort Ross, W. A. Setchell!; Trinidad, Cali-
fornia, C. M7. Drake! Esquimalt, British Columbia, Dr. Lyall
(fide Harvey), W. A. Setchell!; Victoria, British Columbia,
Miss J. E. Tilden! ; Whidby Island, Washington, V. 1. Gardner!

This species is the Laminaria sessilis Ag. and the L. apoda
Harv. It has been distributed under No. 344, Tilden, American
Algee (under the name of Laminaria sessilis) and under No.
VIII, Phycotheca Boreali-Americana (under the name of Hedo-
phyllum sessile).

Hedophyllum subsessile (Aresch.) Setchell mss. Frond
ample, 60 to 75 cm. long and, in the adult condition much broad-
er than long. Young plant provided with a normal holdfast,
with branching hapteres and a short, stout, somewhat flattened
stipe. Blade of the young plant at first narrow and simple, then
broader and divided, with at length cordate base and marginal
rows of bullate. swellings. In the older plant, the base of the
blade becomes more and more cordate, even to reniform, the basal
margins begin to thicken and give rise to hapteres which attach
the thickened bases to the substratum, the central portion of the
blade dies away clear to the base and there is left two separated,
partial blades, each borne at the extremity of a thickened basal
margin which resembles very closely a running rootstock, and
has been so described by Areschoug. Segments of the blade
broader or narrower, somewhat cucullate at the base, but without
auricles, and with large and frequent mucilage ducts. Sorus
unknown.

The writer’s specimens came from the Island of Amaknak in
Unalaska Bay, and the species is probably common throughout
the Aleutian Islands. Areschoug does not say whence his speci-
mens of this plant was obtained, except that the inference is that

VOL. 5] Notes on Alge. 123

they came from either Bering Island or Sitka. The writer has
seen young specimens, seeming to be this species, from the Pacific
shores of Alaska, but they were not characteristic and he does
not feel certain that they really belong here.

This species seems to be the Hafgygia Bongardiana f. subsessilis
of Areschoug (Obs. Phyc., IV, p. 5) as far as one can tell from a
description. Areschoug especially mentions the conglobated
hapteres and the root-stocks emitting leaves from their apices, so
characteristic of our plant.

PLEUROPHYCUS gen. nov. Laminacearum, Setchellet Saun-
ders mss. Frond Laminarioid, with evident holdfast, stipe and
blade, the lamina provided with a single, percurrent, median,
shallow midrib-like furrow (prominent on one surface and
indented on the other), without perforations or auricles.

Pleurophycus Gardneri Setchell et Saunders mss. Holdfast
of two or three whorls of more or less irregularly dichotomously
branched, fairly stout hapteres. Stipe about 35 cm. in length,
terete at the base, becoming decidedly flattened above, with medul-
la elliptical in cross-section above, and without mucilage ducts.
Blade 70 to 100 em. long, and 20 to 25 cm. wide in the middle
portion, more or less wedge-shaped at the base, ‘“midrib’’ about
3 cm. in width, and margins more or less ruffied or even, at times,
conspicuously reticulately rugose. The blade is thin, with pro-
portionately wide medullary layer and frequent, large mucilage
ducts. Sorus confined to the midrib portion, on both surfaces of the
blade, extending at times from the base to near the apex. Para-
physes and sporangia similar to those of species of Laminaria.

First found by N. L. Gardner, in the summer of 1898, on the
shores of Whidby Island, Wash. and by Miss J. E. Tilden, on San
Juan Island, Washington; from both of which places, the writer
has seen specimens. It has been found, also, at Yakutat Bay,
Alaska, by De Alton Saunders. It seems to grow in the upper
part of the sublittoral zone in exposed localities.

Iridza oblongifructa Setchell mss. Frond ample, up to 5 or
6cm. in length, cuneate at the base, narrowed into a short flat-
tened stipe, and attached by a fairly conspicious fleshy disk, from
which several fronds may spring; color deep red; substance soft

124 Notes on Alge. [ZOE

and somewhat fleshy; surfaces of the frond, especially toward
the bases, delicately and closely marked with fine anastomosing
wrinkles; margins of the frond repand and somewhat loosely
dentate, or even closely serrulate. Tetrasporangia unknown.
Cystocarps situated in the medullary layer, prominent on both
surfaces, elongated oblong in shape.

Known only from a series of specimens collected by N. L.
Gardner on the shores of Whidby Island, Washington, evidently
cast up from deep water, attached to the stipes of kelp and _ per-
haps other large Algee.

This species has the frond of Dzélsea Californica (J. Ag.)
Schmitz, but the cystocarp of Iridza. Itis to be distinguished
from the various forms of /, daminarioides Bory by the shape of
the cystocarp and the markings of the surfaces of the fronds.

Callymenia reniformis (Turn.) J. Ag. his is a species of the
warmer European waters, which has appeared on both the Atlan-
tic and Pacific shores of North America. It was first detected
washed ashore on the beaches in the neighborhood of Monterey
and Pacific Beach, by Mrs. J. M. Weeks. The first specimens
sent to the writer by Mrs. Weeks, were received in September,
1896. Later the writer found it in more or less abundance in
the same localities. Both cystocarpic and tetrasporic plants are
found, some of them of fairly large size, It is absolutely differ-
ent in its appearance and texture from C. Californica Farlow,
which is often found washed ashore with it. It has been found
growing in water of from ten to fifteen fathoms deep, off Mon-
terey, by C. P. Nott.

Fauchea laciniata J. Ag. This species, described by J. G.
Agardh (Till Algernes Syst., IV. p. 40) from Santa Barbara,
has been found by Mrs. J. M. Weeks and by the writer, cast
ashore in some abundance on the beaches near Monterey and
Pacific Grove. The tetraspores are in nemathecia or sori and
occur in abundance on both surfaces of the frond. The sori are
rather narrow and elongated, and are arranged in more or less
distinctly flabellate lines, extending from near the base of the
plant to the ends of the lobes. Cystocarpic plants have also been
found by N. L. Gardner, on the shores of Whidby Island, Wash-

VOL. 5] Notes on Alge. 125

ington, thus giving this species, which has not been at all well
known to collectors and students of our Algee, a range from the
Santa Barbara Channel to Puget Sound.

Fauchea Gardneri Setchelf mss. Frond flabellately expand-
ed, 6 to 15 cm. long, broad, flat, somewhat irregularly dicho-
tomously divided, parted and lobed, the ultimate lobes, for the
most part, broad, blunt, and little laciniate, or entire, blood red
or very dark red, thickish and soft; composed of several layers
of large colorless cells in the middle layer, becoming smaller
toward the surfaces. T'etrasporic plants with finely corrugated
surfaces, due to the presence of the nemathecia or sori, which are
raised above the surface, and rounded and irregular in outline,
thickly placed together in no regular order, but giving the sur-
face a hieroglyphic sort of effect and occuring only on one surface
of the plant. Tetrasporangia 2 to 4 (tripartitely) parted, sur-
rounded by branched multicellular paraphyses which excrete an
abundant jelly. Cystocarps sparsely scattered over both surfaces
of the frond, prominent on one surface, hemispherical, without
coronal processes; carpostome small and inconspicuous, apical;
spore mass globular, not lobed, composed of compacted angular
spores, with a distinct placenta below imbedded in the loose and
regular network of filaments surrounding the spore cavity.

Whidby Island, Washington, XN. Z. Gardner!, first collected in
the summer of 1898. ‘To be distinguished from the preceding
species by the less lobed and not laciniate frond, the lack of a
corona on the cystocarp, and the different form and arrangement
of the sori.

Odonthalia dentata Lyngb. ‘This northern species, credited to
the coast of California, but not met with by more recent collectors,
has been sent to the writer from Trinidad, Humboldt County, by
Mr. C. M. Drake. It is abundant in the Puget Sound region.

Bornetia secundiflora (J. Ag.) Thuret. Tetrasporic specimens
of this almost exclusively Mediterranean species were found
in small quantity, in March, 1897, growing onrocks near a beach,
in the vicinity of Pacific Grove, California, by Mrs. J. M. Weeks.
While the determination may not be absolutely certain in the
absence of cystocarpic specimens, yet the structure of the tetra-

126 Notes on Alge. [ZOE

sporic plant seems sufficiently characteristic to allow it to be
reckoned among the members of our Californian algal flora, to
which we may expect to see added still other species of Southern
Europe :

odes nitidissima J. Ag, ‘The membranous Rhodophycee,
both larger and smaller, of the Pacific Coast of North America
present many problems of identity, which have occupied the
attention and taken much of the time of the writer for several
years, The various forms and species of Dilsea, Grateloupia,
Callymenia, Iridzea, etc., are very perplexing to unravel. One
of the largest and most beautiful of these is the plant referred to
the New Zealand species, odes nitidissima, which is abundant,
at times, near Pacific Grove, and also near San Pedro, California.
The frond has the shape of the typical /ridza laminarioides, is
rather softer and brighter red purple; more like that described
for /. punitcea, but which has the cystocarps and tetrasporangia
of one of the Grateloupiacezee. Some fronds reach a length of
nearly a meter, and a breadth of from 25 to 30cm. Both tetra-
sporic and cystocarpic specimens are frequent in the collections
made and sent to the writer. This species was first collected on
the beaches in the vicinity of Pacific Grove, by Mrs. J. M.
Weeks, in September and November, 1897, and later collections
were made by the writer in May, 1898. Miss S. P. Monks col-
lected it on the beaches at San Pedro, also, in 1897: All the
specimens, seen by the writer, were cast ashore, in the autumn
and in the spring, after heavy storms.

The Californian specimens have been compared by Professor
Farlow and the writer, with New Zealand specimens sent out by
Professor Agardh, himself, and apparently of the original col-
lection, in Herb. Farlow. odes nitidissima, then, is the third
species of the same region of the southern hemisphere to be
detected on our shores; the others being, Rhodoglossum polycar-
pum (Harv.) J. Ag. and Wrtophyllum Harveyanum J. Ag. It
seems likely that there are others to be discovered:

Dilsea pygmza Setchell mss. Fronds biform, consisting of a
prostrate and an erect portion. Prostrate frond tightly adherent
to the substratum, at first orbicular, then more or less lobed at the

VOL. 5] Notes on Alge. 127

periphery, finally dying away at the center, but the margins
continuing to grow and to extend, reaching a diameter of from -
30 to 4o cm., thick, dull red in color, distinctly zonate, the erect
fronds arising at the margins in considerable numbers, but be-
coming intramarginal as growth proceeds; structure of the pros-
trate frond of rounded colorless thin-walled cells which become
narrower and more elongated above. Erect frond gregarious,
short (up to 8 cm. in length), at first obovate and entire, later
usually divided, even to the very base, into several narrow,
cuneate or spatulate segments; color dark red to almost black
above, lighter below. ‘Tetraspores and cystocarps unknown.
Gregarious on boulders along the beach near Helmet Rock,
Land’s End, San Francisco, in the middle of the littoral zone.
Distributed as Sarcophyllis Californica f. pygmea Setchell, in Col-
lins, Holden, and Setchell, Phyc. Bor.-Amer., No. 396. It is
very similar to Délsea Californica (J. Ag.) Schmitz, but is smaller,
thicker, and with characteristic horizontal thallus.
Constantinea simplex Setchell mss. Low, simple or once
forked, solitary or, at times, decidedly gregarious; stem 2 to 6 cm.
long, 6 to 12 mm. in diameter, stout, annulate with the scars of
fallen blades, the scars crowded, there being always much less
than the diameter of the stem between any two adjacent ones.
Blade, one, or occasionally two, on the same stem or branch,
orbicular, 6 to 12 cm. in diameter, thick, fleshy, dull red, either
entire, or soon splitting, more or less deeply, into several seg-
ments, the new blade appearing asa delicate saucer-shaped mem-
brane in the center of the old one and gradually expanding and
thickening. Tetrasporangia in irregular, extended, more or less
confluent nemathecia or sori, which form a distinct zone from the
margin towards the center, about two-thirds of the radius, zonate
(with more or less oblique divisions) scattered among simple,
slender, more or less clavate, unicellular paraphyses. Cysto-
carps closely crowded, in a zone similar in extent ‘to that
occupied ‘by the sori; centripetal, in development, situated in the
inner cortex of the upper surface of the blade, opening outward
through the outer cortex of the upper surface by small pores,
with gonimolobes confluent at maturity and separated slightly by

128 Notes on Alge. [ZOE

strings of sterile cells, provided with a curved multicellular pedi-
- cel, spores in strings, large and angular.

Growing upon rocks and stones, in the lowest portion of the
littoral and the upper portion of the sublittoral zones, and cast
ashore. Santa Cruz, Dr. C. L. Anderson!, Mrs. J. M. Weeks!;
_ Pacific Grove, Mrs. J. M. Weeks!, W. A. Setchell!; Tand’s End,

San Francisco, W. A. Setchell/; Dillon’s Beach, Marin County,
California, W. A. Setchell and R. EF. Gibbs!; Fort Ross, Sonoma
County, California. W. A. Setchell and C. P. Nott!

Specimens of this species were apparently referred to C.
Sitchensis P. and R. by J. G. Agardh and by Farlow, and speci-
mens were distributed under this name in Farlow, Anderson and
Eaton, Algze Amer., Bor. Exsiccate, No. 148, and in Collins;
Holden and Setchell, Phyc. Bor.-Amer., No. 150.

WEEKSIA gen. nov. Dumontiacearum Setchell mss. Frond
similar in habit to that of Callymenia, orbicular to reniform, from
a short stipe and discoid holdfast, proliferating from the margins
and thus producing new blades similar in shape and behavior to
the original, consisting of three layers: a medullary layer of
coarser and finer filaments, much intertwined, and two cortical
layers, each consisting of large, rounded, colorless cells within,
and outer small colored cells arranged in short filaments vertical
to the surfaces. Tetrasporangia unknown. Cystocarps scattered
through the frond, immersed (lying in the medullary layer,
beneath a small opening through the cortex which is not at all
prominent) with the spore-mass reniform, not distinctly lobed,
provided with a curved pedicel composed of several cells (on its
inner side) from which arise branching filaments whose outer
cells develop into spores.

A genus with the habit of Callymenia, but the cystocarp of the
Dumontiaceze as understood by Schmitz. Named in honor of
Mrs. J. M. Weeks, an indefatigable and discriminating collector
of our Algze, who first detected and insisted upon the distinctness
of the only species.

Weeksia reticulata Setchell mss. Frond ample, broadly reni-
form up to 30 cm, in diameter, of a rose pink to a dark red color,
soft and fleshy, adhering well to paper when drying, with many

VOL. 5] fTepaticae in Northern Alaska. 129

radiating broad indistinct veins which are more plainly seen
below, and which anastomose forming a distinct reticulation
which becomes indistinct above and towards the margins.
Tetrasporangia unknown. Cystocarps thickly scattered through
the frond.

A rather rare plant, cast ashore from deep water on several
beaches near Pacific Grove, where it has been found by Mrs. J.
M. Weeks, M. A. Howe, De Alton Saunders, and the writer.

HEPATICAE COLLECTED BY WILLIAM A. SETCHELL
IN NORTHERN ALASKA.

BY ALEXANDER W. EVANS.

The Hepaticae noted in the following list were collected during
the summer of 1899. Most of the specimens came from the island
of Unalaska, but a few were gathered on the island of St. Micheal
and a few on the mainland, at Cape Nome. In the writer’s recent
report on the Alaska Hepaticae collected by the Harriman ex-
pidition, 82 species are accredited to the Territory.' Gymmno-
mitrium crenulatum Gottsche, a species formerly known from
Europe only, has since been added by Herr Stephani;* and, inthe
present list, Aueura major and Jungermannia caespiticia are re-
ported as Alaskan for the first time. These 3 species increase
the total number to 85.

Marchantiaceae.

1. CoNnockPHALUM coniIcuM (L.) Dumort. Unalaska (1015,
1031, in part).

2, PRBISSIA QUADRATA (Scop.) Nees. Unalaska (1017).

3. MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA L. Unalaska (1021, 1036).

Metzgervaceae.

4. ANEURA MAJOR (Nees.) Aneura multifida, var. major
Nees, Naturgesch. Eur. Leberm. 3: 450. 1838. éccardia Major
Lindb. Musc. Scand. 5. 1879. Unalaska (1023). New to Alaska.

1 Proc, Wash. Acad Sci. 2: 290.
2 Bull. de l’Herh Boissier, II, 1: aa 1901.

130 FTepaticae tn Northern Alaska. [zor

Dr. Howe’ has recently reported this species from California,
and the Alaska specimens, although very fragmentary, agree
closely with plants which he quotes (Hep, Amer. Wo. 26). They
agree also with specimens from Sweden collected by Dr. Arnell.

Jungermanniaceae.

5. MARSUPELLA EMARGINATA (Ehrh.) Dumort. Unalaska
(1024).

6. NARDIA HAEMATOsTICTA (Nees) Lindb. Unalaska (1018);
Cape Nome (2502).

7. JUNGERMANNIA CAEspITICcIA Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Eur. 67,
pl. 1, f. 1-8. 1829. Aplozia caespiticia Dumort. Hep. Eur. 61. 1874.
Cape Nome (2501). New to America.

Dioicous: pale yellowish-green, caespitose, ¢ and : plants
mixed in the same tuft, stems closely prostrate with numerous
whitish rhizoids, ascending at the tips, mostly simple but often
innovating below the perianth and occasionally bearing a lateral
branch: leaves imbricated, concave, obliquely inserted, broadly
orbicular, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, slightly
decurrent at antical base, margins entire or subcrenulate from
projecting cells: leaf-cells with very thin walls, scarcely or not at
all thickened at the angles; walls of marginal cells sometimes
uniformly thickened along free edge of leaf; cuticle smooth
underleaves wanting: leaves of 2 stems passing gradually into
the bracts; innermost bracts similar to the leaves but broader and
irregularly sinuate on the margins; bracteoles 1 or 2 in number
or wanting, ovate to ligulate, entire; perianth obovate and
gradually narrowed to a contracted, minutely crenulate mouth,
obtusely 4 to 5 keeled in upper part, 1 cell thick except in basal
fourth; archegonia about 6: 3 bracts mostly in 2 to 5 pairs,
similar to the leaves but a little smaller and more concave, some-
times bearing a small bluntly pointed tooth near the antical base;
antheridia borne singly or in pairs on short stalks; capsule
spherical, purple, borne on a short stalk and tearing the perianth
irregularly upon emerging; spores minutely verruculose, brown-
ish-red: elaters bispiral, bluntly pointed.

Stems 0.35 mm. in diameter, robust leaves 0.60.8 mm., leaf-

“cells at edge of leaf 324 in diameter, in the middle 35 and

3 Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 7:72. 1899.

VOL. 5] Hepaticae in Northern Alaska. 131

at the base 5535 #, innermost ° bracts 11.4 mm., perianth
1.71 mm., spores 1o » in diameter.

Jungermannia caespiticia is a well known European species and
probably has an extensive range in the northern parts of
America. It nearest relatives are perhaps /. sphaerocarpa Hook.,
which is already known from Alaska, and Nardia crenulata (Sm.)
Lindb., which is to be expected in the southern parts of the
Territory. In _/- sphaerocarpa the inflorescence is monoicous in-
stead of dioicous, and the leaf-cells have distinct though some-
times minute trigones; the cells moreover are smaller than in
J. caespiticia, averaging in a Swedish specimen collected by Dr.
Arnell, 21 on the edge of the leaf, 23 » in the middle and 30 23
p at the base. In Nardia crenulata (which might very justly
be retained in /umgermannia), the 9 bracts are slightly adherent
to the base of the perianth, and the leaves or, at any rate, the
bracts are distinctly bordered with a single row of large thick-
walled cells. ‘The cuticle of this species also is minutely striate-
verruculose.

8. JUNGERMANNIA ATROVIRENS Dumort. Unalaska (1022,

1026).

9. LOPHOZIA INCISA (Schrad.) Dumort. Cape Nome (mixed
with 2500).

10. LOPHOZIA INFLATA (Huds.) M. A. Howe. St. Michael
(1801). '

11. LopHozIA ATTENUATA (Lindenb.) Dumort. Unalaska
(mixed with 1030).

12, LoPHOZIA FLOERKII (Web. & Mohr) Schiffn. Unalaska
(mixed with 1016).

13. PLAGIOCHILA ASPLENIOIDES (L.) Dumort. Unalaska
(1030).

14. CHILOSCYPHUS POLYANTHOS (L.) Corda. Unalaska (mix-
ed with 1021).

15. CEPHALOZIA DIVARICATA (Sm.) Dumort. Unalaska
(mixed with ro16).

The specimens show 9 flowers with occasionally an immature
perianth. On some of the stems, the upper leaves are more than
one cell thick near the base and occasionally exhibit on the outer

132 Hepaticae in Northern Alaska. [ZOE

surface cellular projections in the form of irregular and
rudimentary ridges, lamellae or spines. These peculiarities
indicate an approach to the recently proposed C. asperifolia C.
Jensen from Greenland‘ but they are so inconstant and so slightly
marked in the Alaskan plants that these should hardly be
separated from C divaricata. The writer is led to this con-
clusion partly through the examination of Dr. Howe’s variety
scabra’ of this most variable species. In the extreme forms of
this Californian variety, the leaves are distinctly spinose on the
back, and yet these forms are connected with typical smooth-
leaved C. divaricata by intermediate conditions.

16. BLEPHAROSTOMA TRICHOPHYLLUM (L.) Dumort. Unalaska
(mixed with 1017 and 1038).

17. ANTHELIA JULACEA (L,.) Dumort. Unalaska (1029.)

18. PTILIDIUM CILIARE (L.) Nees. Unalaska (1034, 1037);
St. Michael (1800, 1802.)

19. DIPLOPHYLLEIA TAXIFOLIA (WAHL.) Dumort. Unalaska
(1038); Cape Nome (mixed with 2500 and 2502).

20, SCAPANIA UNDULATA (L.) Dumort. Unalaska (1org and
1020, a large purple form; 1035, a green form. )

21. SCAPANIA CURTA (Mart.) Dumort. Unalaska (1016).
Immature specimens from St. Michael (1803 and 1804) are also
doubtfully referred to this species.

22. RADULA BoLANDERI Gottsche. Unalaska (1025).

23. RADULA COMPLANATA (L,.) Dumort. Unalaska (1027).

. 4 Medd. om Gronland, 15: 371. f. 15. 1898. The name of this species is not tenable,
since there is an older C. asperifolia (Tayl.) Spruce (Hep. Amaz. et And. 508, 1885, foot-
note) from the Madeira Islands ( Jungermannia asperifolia Tayl. Lond, Jour, Bot, 5: 277,
1846. Anthelia aspertfolia Spruce, On Cephalozia, 83. 1882).

5 Mem. Torr, Bot. Club, 7:129. 1899.

YALE UNIVERSITY.

SOME CALIFORNIA PLANTS.

J. W- CONGDON.
(Mariposa, Cal.)

ECHINOCYSTIS IN CALIFORNIA.

The California species of Echinocystis have long been
recognized as unusually dificult to distinguish. This arises
from the fact that the plants are very much alike in flowers,
foliage and habit. They bloom in the early spring abundantly,
but the fruit is often very scarce and scanty. It is frequently
very difficult to identify the barren or scantily fruiting plants in
June with the forms that furnished the blossoms. This is
especially true where two or more species grow in the same
neighborhood.

Having been enabled during the last and present seasons to
obtain for the first time really satisfactory materials, I trust
readers may derive benefit from my observations.

As a means of classifying our species, I recognize the value of
Professor Greene’s test of the shape of the corolla which so far
as I know holds good throughout.

I should, therefore, arrange and distinguish the California

species known to me as follows:
Corollas Rotate.

E. FABACEA Naud. Climbing over low trees or bushes, or trail-
ing. Sterile flowers in small, scarcely branching racemes, green-
ish white. Fruit globose or ovoid, 1 to 2 inches in diameter,
usually two-celled and about 4 seeded. Seeds obovoid, some-
what compressed.

‘ Var. agrestis trails on the ground, is much smaller and has
smaller, scarcely prickly fruit.

This species with its variety is common along the whole coast
of California, and extends into the interior as far as the foothills.

E. MACROCARPA, Greene; Seems to differ from the last, prin-
cipally in the much larger fruit and the more numerous and
differently shaped seeds. It belongs to the southern coast.

134 Some California Plants. [ZOE

E. inermis. Plant entirely glabrous, climbing high. Leaves
large, thin, deeply-lobed, the lobes with large rounded sinuses.
Sterile flowers bright white in divaricately branching panicles
6 to 8 inches long. Fruit globular, 2 inches in diameter,
very weakly muricate, 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds
oblong-obovoid, scarcely at all compressed. So far, only found
at Sherlocks, Mariposa County, but it is very probably not rare
in the foothills.

Corollas Campanulate.

KE. Maran Kell. A luxuriant climber. Leaves very broad
dark green. Corollas bright white, large for the genus. Sterile
flowers in branching panicles 6 to 12 inches long. Fruits
ovoid 3 to 4 inches long, tapering at both ends, weakly
muricate, 2 to 3-celled, several to many-seeded. Seeds circu-
lar, flattened, nearly an inch in diameter, a third of an inch
thick in center, thinner on the edges.

This species belongs to the coast region, around San Francisco
Bay, and is especially marked by the peculiar seeds,

E. HORRIDA Congdon. Plant glabrous, climbing high. Leaves
usually with short, triangular lobes and acute sinuses. Sterile
flowers, bright white in elongated, scarcely branching racemes,
4 to6inches long. Fruit very large, ovoid or oblong-ovoid,
rounded at the ends, 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 3 inches in
diameter, strongly muricate with stout spines, usually 4-celled,
8 to ro-seeded. Seeds oblong-ovoid with one end terete and the
other decidedly compressed.

This is the common species of our foothills, but it fruits so
rarely, that it was not until last year that good fruit, sufficiently
identified as belonging to this (with us) common species, was
obtained. :

E. MURICATA Kell. This is a more slender species than
any of the others, with smaller, usually sinuately lobed leaves.
Flowers small white. Sterile flowers rather few in slender
racemes. Fruit sometimes glabrous, usually muricate with a
few weak spines. Seeds almost globular, half an inch or more
in diameter. This species seems confined to the foothills north
of Tuolumne County.

The principal points upon which, as it seems to me, we can

VOL. 5] Some California Plants. 135

rely in distinguishing the species, are the shape, size and (4.
fabacea) the color of the corollas, the simple racemes or branch-
ing panicles of the sterile flowers, and the shape of the seeds.
The leaves show differences but they are not so clear nor ap-
parently so reliable as the distinctions above noted.

TWO NEW SPECIES.

Hemizonia (Calycadenia) seciosa. Plant 2-4 feet high, very
branching, with very slender, spreading, almost wholly glabrous,
branches and branchlets. ‘Tack-shaped glands few, principally
on the tips of the very small leaves in the branchlets. Stem
leaves narrowly linear, about an inch long, thickish, entire,
usually puberulent, with strong white midvein. Heads not
involucrate, solitary at the ends of the branchlets which are often
3 or 4 inches long, pale yellow, showy. Involucre consist-
ing of 10-15, more or less, imbricated bracts, which are oblong
varying to oblong-spatulate in shape, thickish and stiff in
texture, with more or less glaucous bloom, the inner and larger
series scarcely connate, abruptly truncate with cuspidate ciliate
tips. Rays about 5, nearly an inch long. Disk flowers 10-20,
infertile, without pappus. Akenes blackish, obovoid-triangular,
somewhat curved, with wholly smooth but deeply wrinkled and
pitted surfaces.

A showy species, allied to 1. ¢runcata Gray, but very distinct.
Open fields near Roseville, Cal.

Muilla tenuis. Corm ™% inch in diameter, about an
_inch deep in the ground. Stem very slender with membranace-
ous sheaths at base, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves filiform,
of extreme tenuity, 3 to 6 inches long. Umbel 12-15-flow-
ered. Pedicels very slender about an inch long. Bracts at base
of umbel 4-6, 3-4 inches long, long-acuminate. Flowers about
2 lines in diameter, whitish. Sepals oblong, obtusish,
the wide midvein of a yellowish brown. Filaments filiform.
Anthers oval, versatile. Capsule depressed-globose, slightly
3-lobed. Seeds few, flattened on one side, irregularly angled.

A very slender species differing from M maritima in the extreme
slenderness of all its parts and the different sepals. Foothills,
Raymond, April.

SHORT ARTICLES.

PLANTS USED FOR PoIsonrnc FisH. Datisca glomerata
Benth. & Hook. has recently been sent to the Herbarium of the
California Academy of Sciences by Dr. J. W. Hudson of Ukiah
with this note; “This plant grows in stony places along the |
banks of creeks and is somewhat rare in Mendocino County. It
is called Wéum Kali by the tribe of the Pomas, known as
Yokaia, and is employed by these Indians to poison fish in the
same manner as Amole (Chiorogalum Pomeridianum Kunth.) or
Turkey-mullein (Zremocarpus setigerus Benth.)’”’ The Spanish
name for the latter is Yerba del Pescado. ‘The leaves and stems
are dried and powdered and the powder is scattered in the
Streams. The fish are stupified and rise to the surface of the
water so that they can be easily captured by the hands.

According to Mr. C. H. Townsend, who was on the expedition
to the South Sea Islands with Professor Alexander Agassiz in
U.S. S. Albatross, the natives of the Tonga Islands have a plant
which they use in a similar manner to catch the fish in the sea.

Padre F. Manuel Blanco in Flora del Filipinas gives an ac-
count of the use of Menispermum cocculus I,. for the same pur-
pose. The seeds of this plant are crushed and rubbed together
with any species of cray-fish or mussel which the natives find on
the beach. This is strewn in small pieces in the water. After
twenty minutes the fish who have eaten of this mixture are either
dead or dying and rise to the surface of the water, when they
can be taken out with the hands. Fish killed in this Way may
be eaten without any harm as the old Padre himself proved by
eating of the fish so killed. ALICE EASTWOOD.

ATRIPLEX SEMIBACCATUM R, BR. in Marin County. This
species of Atriplex has been introduced into cultivation in Cali-
fornia through the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the
University of California. Professor E. W. Hilgard, the head of
the Agricultural College, has for years been trying to find plants
that could be used as forage plants and which could be cultivated
in the alkaline lands of this State. Through the kindness of Dr.

VOL. 5] Short Articles. 137

Ferd. von Mueller seeds of several species of Atriplex were re-
ceived from Australia of which this proved to be the best. It
was particularly successful at the station at Tulare and seeds
raised there were distributed throughout California. ‘There is a
specimen in the Herbarium of the California Academy of
Sciences received from Mr. A. B. Leckenby who was at that time
attached to the Kern County Land Company’s Experiment Sta-
tion at Bakersfield, and who raised the plants from seed received
from the station at Tulare.

In August of the present year, the author found this plant
growing on the edge of the salt marsh not far from Larkspur and
apparently flourishing. How it came there is not known, but as
it may eventually become widely spread along the marsh lands
of Marin County, this first record of its appearance is of interest.

ALICE EASTWOOD.

HABENARIA MARITIMA Greene. This species which was first
collected: ‘On dry hills near the sea at Point Lobos, near San
Francisco” (Pitt. II. 298). is also found near Lands End, San
Francisco, on rocky banks and cliffs. The author has collected
it also on the hills of Sausalito and near Point Reyes.

A very interesting form was sent to the Herbarium of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences recently by Mr. William Barber of
Ross Valley. ‘This grew in the woods instead of on ex posed
hillsides and differed from the typical form in having stems 1-2
feet in height, spikes of flowers nearly a foot in length, more
loosely flowered with longer and greener bracts. The flowers
also were larger and both petals and sepals somewhat greener.
In shape the parts of the flower were identical, both showing
ovary with three spiral ribs. The differences, while apparently
sufficient to constitute a good variety, are such as one would
expect to find a plant exhibiting as a result of more favorable
surroundings and more abundant nutriment. ‘The comparison
of the two forms was made from fresh flowers. The honey scent
was not so strong in the sylvan form as in the maritime.

ALICE EASTWOOD.

638 Short Articles, [ZOE

VERBASCUM IN CALIFORNIA. ‘The Great or Woolly Mullein
V. Thapsus 1,. noted in Bot. Cal, ii, 472 as having been found in
Siskiyou County by Mr. Greene has been known to me since
1854. It was then sufficiently common in fields of Sacramento
County near the prosperous mining town of Prairie City, of
which no vestige now remains. In the year 1859, it covered a
tract several hundred feet in length along the American river,
between the town of Folsom and the place where the Branch
State Prison now stands.

V. virgatum With. I saw first near Pasadena in the year
1885, but I had observed V. Blatlaria I. not far from. Stockton
in 1876. These two plants are usually considered doubtfully
distinct. In their extreme forms they appear sufficiently so,
though the only real difference appears to be in the pedicels
which are shorter than the calyx and clustered in V virgatum,
longer and usually solitary in V. Blattaria. ‘The forms found in
northern California frequently have the appearance of intergrades.

The first and the last species most probably came to us by way of
the eastern states, where they are weeds, but V. virgatum seems to
have come to us direct from Europe. Dr. Gray in the Synopti-
cal Flora suggests that it came by the way of Mexico but the
plant is not certainly Mexican unless, as is often the case, it is
included in V. Blattaria. Kes.

THE SizE oF HERBARIUM SHEETS. In a large and growing
herbarium the item of Paper upon which the specimens are to be
mounted is of considerable consequence, but of more importance
still is the space to be occupied and the size of the shelving.
Herbaria which have already accumulated a large number of
mounted specimens of a certain size are never likely to change,
but in the new ones which are formed from time to time it is
well to consider whether the saving in expense and space, and
convenience in handling, does not outweigh any possible advan-
tage in conforming to a “standard”’ which as is well known was
the result of a blunder. Dr. Gray in the American Journal of
Science for 1841 makes note of the size of sheets in the great .
herbaria of Europe. The magnificent Banksian Herbarium,
which is apparently the one he selected as a model, is 1614 &

VOL. 5] Short Articles. 139

10%. ‘The great Candollean Herbarium at Genevea is 10X15,
which is ample and would even be improved in proportion by
taking an inch from the length. The herbarium of Linnzens
(which was of course determined as to the sheet by convenience)
is of ‘‘foolscap’’ size, 813 inches, a most ungraceful shape. For
local herbaria, however, an inch added to the width would make
it of sufficient dimensions.

In former times it was sometimes difficult to cut ordinary
commercial papers into certain sizes without a great deal of waste,
but now through Herbarium Supply Companies, paper of almost
any size can be obtained without this element of expense.

In the Harvard Herbarium, much the most important of the
American collections, the sheets are mostly well filled—various
collections of the same species, with their labels being glued
upon the same sheet until it is filled. The effect is often less
ornamental, but much more convenient, and the saving is con-
siderable. Where the specimens are very small, however, the
effect is better, the apearance of a small dab of Tilleea, Pilularia,
or other minute plant in the middle or in one corner of a vast
expanse of paper outrages one’s sense of fitness. The only
excuse for it is lack of time for the perfect determination of the
specimens to be mounted; on which account it might be well in
large herbaria to increase the force of botanists, somewhat if
necessary at the expense of the number of minor employees. In
mounting small specimens of different collections to fill a sheet
it may occasionally happen that more than one species is repre-
sented, even under the oversight of a careful botanist, but this is
a trivial matter of small inconvenience.

In whatever manner plants are mounted provision should be
made on the sheet for a folder containing fragments for lending,
Few botanists can spare the time to go from one herbarium to
another often at great distances, to consult types, and many
plants, especially if mature, travel badly, and types are loaned,
if at all, with great reluctance, yet the need of these originals is
so great in revisions and monographs that some effort is usually
made to render them available. hi Bs.

ea

RECENT LITERATURE.

A Synopsis of Mexican and Central American Umbellifere. By
John M. Coulter and J. N. Rose, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. vol i,
pp. 111-159. Jan. 8, 1900, Pl. 1-12.

Monograph of the North American Umbellifere. By JoHN M.
CouLTER and J. N. Rosk, Contr. from the U. S. National
Herbarium vol. vii, Nor. Dec. 31, 1900. Pl. 1-9.

The second of these papers should have included in the title
‘‘North of Mexico,’’ for it stops at our southern border. The
two papers taken together represent the Umbelliferze of North
America so far as known, and are invaluable to the working
botanist. They show the painstaking care for which the
authors areso well known. The genera are arranged as in
Engler & Prantl’s Pflanzenfamileen, ‘‘which is by far the most
masterly presentation of the group which has yet appeared.”’
The work of Drude is, however, very much more conservative
than the one under notice.

In the Mexican Flora the number of genera and of endemic
species have been nearly doubled since the publication of Hems-
ley’s Biologia. In the flora north of Mexico covered by the
Monograph 30 genera and 150 species have been added to the
number in the Revision by the same authors in 1888. ‘The
changes made are sweeping in character, Peucedanum, Selinum
and Velza are excluded from our flora; Centella is separated
from Hydrocotyle; Osmorrhiza and Glycosma are retired in favor
of Washingtonia; Musenium is changed to Musineon; the
species formerly under Deweya are, with the exception of D.
arguta, referred to a new genus, Drudeophytum; Leptocaulis
becomes Spermolepis; Deringa takes the place of Cry ptoteenia;
Tenidia is substituted for Smyrnium integerrimum, Discopleura
is changed to Ptilimnium; Crantzia to Lilaeopsis; Phellopterus
Benth. is changed to Glehnia, while Phellopterus Nutt. is ap-
plied to one of the 6 genera into which Cymopterus is divided;
Tiedemannia is changed to Oxypolis; Peucedanum, as to the
American species, is divided between Lomatium, Euryptera and
Cynomarthrum.

VOL. 5] Recent Literature. 141

Some of these changes are not likely to be concurred in.
Rafinesque’s Lomatium (there is a valid Lomatia in another
order) seems to me quite inadmissible even if one should grant
the propriety of dividing up Peucedanum. No type exists, and
the description does not agree with any known species, so that
Rafinesque’s meaning can only be (and doubtfully) reached by
process of exclusion. Spermolepis Raf. appears to have no type
species—at least no specific name by Rafinesque is cited.

‘he substitution of Washingtonia Raf. 1818 for the long-
used Osmorrhiza Raf. of the same year, or rather the taking up
of Britton’s substitution, though under protest, seems to me
wholly unjustifiable. The changing of names after nearly a
hundred years of use for the most fanciful of causes is bad
enough but in this case there are especial reasons against the
change. Washingtonia has been applied to two plants in cul-
tivation—a Conifer and a Palm —the latter is in all catalogues
as W. filifera; and it cannot be necessary to point out the ex-
treme inconvenience of changing names in common use by the
non-botanical public.

Of the species little can now be said but in hardly any
of our plants are field studies more imperatively demanded,
and it is quite apparent that many of them have slighter
claim to the rank than the older ones. One of them in par-
ticular, Leptotenia humilis is so very like L. anomala, collected
by myself, that they can scarcely be distinct. They come from
the same general region, at the base of the Sierra Nevada foot-
hills. Carbondale is not in the “ Monte Diablo Region ’’ as is
said, but near Ione, Amador County.

Catalogue of North American Plants, north of Mexico. By
A. A. HELLER. Second ed. 1900,

Herbarium check lists are scarcely legitimate subjects for
botanical criticism, but this one differs from others in attempting
an entirely botanical function, the changing of names. In this
work it is true that it is done in an entirely perfunctory manner,
without regard to the claims of the varieties which he raises to
specific rank or to the value of the species transferred—without

142 Recent Literature. | ZOE

even taking such slight trouble as to consult the Kew Index—
witness his Lotus diffusus.

The author prophesies that “at the present rate of activity in
taxonomic botany, the year 1905 will see 20,000 plant names to
be listed.’’ No doubt this will be the case if all the varieties
and forms are named and listed, as well as the synonyms and
many Mexican plants. As examples of how this can be done,
one may take Mentha Canadensis and its synonym JM/icromeria
purpurea; Mimulus atropurpureus and Eunanus Kellogii; Plagio-
bothrys rufescens, P. Californicus and P. campestris; Trichocoronts
Wrightii T. riparia—and twenty-four pages away Jrolettia
riparia; Pentacheta exilis and P. aphantocheta, etc. These have
all been published and admitted synonyms; the author of a
check list cannot be expected to know those which have not
been as, for instance, Dicranocarpus parviflorus and Wootonia
parviflora; Orochenactis thysanocarpha and Bahia Palmeri. Of
the Mexican plants included, one, Hesperelea Palmer? certainly
is sufficiently out of the way.

And after all the striving for ‘‘uniformity of treatment’’ this
list, only a few months old, is hopelessly behind the changes in
genera and species, which may be taken as a warning to refrain
from check lists until American botanists have found their
judgment. K. B.

Flora of Western Middle California, by WILLIS LINN JEPSON,
Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of California, 625
pages. Issued April 16, 1891. This is the best of the Local
Floras which have so far been published in California. It covers
practically the same region as Prof. Greene’s “Manual of the Bay-
Region Botany’’, but overruns its borders somewhat irregularly,
therefore including many more species. The peculiar nomencla-
ture which distinguished the work of Prof. Greene has not been
adopted for the present work, but some not very desirable vestiges
of his untenable generic names appear.

Much attention has been given to the keys, which appear to
have been carefully worked out, especially the specific ones.

The author’s extensive field studies have resulted, as compared
with much recent botanical work, in a very commendable con-

VOL. 5] Recent Literature. 143

servatism. How thoroughly he differs from the prevailing
species-monger may be noted in the following extract from his
preface:

‘The beginner should never forget that the same species may
be of quite different appearance in different localities. Soil, ex-
posure, altitude, humidity, distance from the ocean, influence
very greatly the habit and aspect of the plant. Vegetative char-
acters (that is characters of the root, stem, foliage, size of the
plant or of its various parts, amount of pubescence) vary end-
lessly in many plants. Hence it is well to rely chiefly upon the
reproductive organs, namely the flower and the fruit, rather than
upon merely vegetative characters,

The variation of the plant from its normal appearance may
often be correlated with its situation, at least as to the vegetative
features. The following classes of localities may be noted under
this head:

1. Near the ocean a species is often more depressed or con-
densed than in the interior, and more fleshy.

2. In swamps or wet soils the plant tends to become succulent
and of ranker growth, and also glabrous.

3. In valley soils the growth is commonly much more rank
than elsewhere.

4. On hilltops plants tend to become dwarf and acaulescent;
often far more pubescent also.

5. In saline or subsaline soil the stems and foliage in many —
species are far more vigorous and the flowers larger than on stiff
clays or adobes.

6. In shady woods leaves become thinner and larger, often
conspicuously so.

7. At high altitudes the flowers are larger in proportion to
stature and brighter in color.”’

The following new species and named varieties appear in the
work—the grasses by Mr. J. Burtt Davy, the others by Prof.
Jepson: Agropyrum “‘arenicolum’’, Elymus pubescens, E. hispi-
dulus, E. glaucus Jepsoni, E. g. breviaristatus, EB. g. maximus,
E. divergens, E. angustifolius, E. a. caespitosus, Thelypodium
Greenei, Ceanothus purpurea, Cotvledon Plattiana, C. laxa Setch-

144 Recent Literature. [ZOE

ellii, C. cespitosa paniculata, Potentilla Californica Carmeliana,
Trifolium columbinum argillorum, Botsduvalia campestris, Eryn-
gium Californicum, Angelica tomentosa elata, Convolvulus luteolus
solanensis, Castilleia spiralis, Plantago Patagonica rosulata, Nemo-
phila venosa, Allocarya salina’, Monardella viridis, Plectritis glabra,
P. Davyana, Eviophyllum idoneum, Grindelia robusta Davyt,
Erigeron Setchellit, Corethrogyne viscidula Greenet, Aster Chilen-
sts media, Scirpus robustus compactus, Mimulus Langsdorffii Calt-
fornicum, Botsduvalia densiflora montanus. Several of these
species are, however, considered somewhat doubtful by the
author.

Within the limits set by the author, bounded on the north by
the counties of Mendocino, Lake and Colusa; on the south by
Merced, San Benito and Monterey; and on the east by the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin Rivers, there seems to be, in a hasty
examination of the work, several omissions of recorded species;
for instance: Lysichiton Kamltschatcensis near Boulder Creek;
CGnothera gaureflora, near Livermore; Glinus Jlotoides, near
Lathrop; Caulanthus crassicaulis, near Altamont; Callitriche sepulta
San Francisco; Centunculus minimus, San Francisco, Laundry
Farm, Antioch; Chorizanthe polygonotdes, Tamalpais, Laundry
Farm. Of the introduced plants there are also some notable
omissions, as Ulex Europea, well established in Visitacion Valley,
and Zaraxacum Dens-leonis, abundant in San Francisco lawns.

Mr. Davy says under Lamarckia aurea that “the species appears
within our limits have been found only once, near Eden
Vale railroad depot, Santa Clara Co., in 1893, Davy.’? It grew
abundantly on a hill between Visitacion Valley and South San
Francisco, in 1890-91.”

Malvastrum exile Gray, though extra-limital is included, and
under it 17. Parry Greene, is given as asynonym on the author-
ity of Dr. Robinson, who considers the former to be the pistillate
and the latter the perfect form’ of the same species. This view
of the case is discredited by the fact that through nearly all the
wide area inhabited by IZ. exile M. Parryi does not occur.

1. This is another synonym of Lithospermum glabrum. See page 94, preceding.
2. Zoe, ii, 380.
3. Syn. Fl. i, 308.

VOL. 5] Recent Literature. 145

The latter is confined to the region north of Tehachipi where J7/.
exile which is spreading as a weed overlaps it. ‘The two species
are in habit and flower extremely unlike, and the carpels though
similar can be readily distinguished; those of IZ. exile forming
an incomplete, and those of IZ. Parryia complete circle.

Micromeria purpurea Kell. is erroneously referred to Mentha
Pulegium, it is a synonym of JZ. Canadense.

Convovulus luteolus var. Solanests appears to be the same as
C. fruticetorum Greene.

Thelypodium Greeni is a new name for the T° flavescens of Prof.
Greene’s Manual which was by Watson® reduced to Caulauthus
procerus. Dr. Jepson considers them the same species, and the
new name would seem to be unnecessary.

Draba (Heterodraba) unilateralis is united with Athysanus as
a second species—where it is not very well placed.

Helianthella castanea. Of this species the author remarks:
“Fruiting heads not seen by us.’’ I collected it at Laundry
Farm a few miles from Berkeley, May 209, 1892, and considered
it a hybrid of Wyethia angustifolia and H. Californica, A more
recently described species, HW. Cannone, has perhaps a similar
origin with one different parent.

Senecio Greenet. ‘‘Mountain side near the Geysers, growing
under bushes of Pickeringia and Ceanothus, £. ZL. Greene,
June 17, 1874. Collected since only on Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendo-
cino Co., Rattan,’’ has been brought thence by nearly every
collector who has visited Lake County.

Microseris macrocheta, taken up under Uropappus, has been
shown to be an immature state of one of the other species prob-
ably MZ, linearifolia® while 1. Kelloggit given as a variety of J.
macrocheta belongs without doubt under JZ Lindleyi. M. Cleve-
land? placed as a variety under J, Lindleyi is the prevailing
southern form of that species and is identical with J. Parryi (an
older name) a fragment of the type of which I have seen

4. Zoe, iv, 289.
5. Syn. Fl, I, 173:
6. Zoe, i, 126,

146 Recent Literature. [ZOE

since the article in Zok was printed. There is some variation of
course in the comparative length of the palea and awn in these
species, but the great difference in favor of the awn is only found
in heads in early flower.

Blepharizonia credited to Dr. Gray as a genus, is a mistake,
Gray used it as a subgeneric or rather sectional, name and never
believed it to be anything but “to me good Hemizonia’’.

A considerable greater amount of synonymy might have found
place with advantage—especially the peculiar names of Prof.
Greene’s Manual—such as Distegia, Alsinastrum, Franca, Vibo,
Oxys, Siliquastrum, etc.

Many of the recently described species have been omitted,
among them may be mentioned Chetranthus angustatus, Thysano-
carpus hirtellus, Roripa multicaulis, Streptanthus asper, Sidalcea
scabra, S. valida, Astragalus Elmeri, Psoralea monticola, Lupi-
nus eximius, Trifolium quercetorum, T. trimorphum, Ribes
cruentum, Clarkia virgata, Arctostaphylos canescens, glandulosa
& montana, Helenium occidentale, H. rivulare, Pentacheta
bellidiflora, Xanthium Californicum, Pyrrocoma longifolium,
Dodecatheon cruentum, Gilia Chamissonis, G. staminea, Phacelia
Arthuri, Convolvulus collinus, C. fruticetorum, Lycopus maritimus,
Mimulus subsecundus, etc.

Throughout the book there is evident the most careful and
painstaking proof reading and considering the difficulties en-
countered in a Flora of even a restricted region in California, the
author is to be congratulated on having done so well. K. B.