Cu. 4 v4

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF THE

NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB.

Conducted and published for the Club, by
BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-chief.

FRANK SHIPLEY COLLINS
MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD ? Associate Editors.
HOLLIS WEBSTER

WILLIAM PENN RICH

EDWARD LOTHROP RAND Publication Committee,

VOLUME 2,

1900.

f6oston, Mass. | Providence, R. T.
740 Exchange Building. Preston & Rounds Co.

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 January, 1900 No. 13

THE DWARF MISTLETOE IN NEW ENGLAND.

Arceuthobium pusilliðn, Peck, the dwarf mistletoe, is without doubt
one of the most interesting plants in our New England flora. Asa
flowering parasite it is, we believe, unique for this region in germinating
directly upon the host-plant. Its parasitism is therefore unusually con-
tinuous and undoubtedly of long standing, — a fact shown both by the
absence of green coloring-matter and by the extreme reduction of the
leaves, which appear only as scale-like rudiments. It is probable that
the dwarf size is also a characteristic acquired after the development
of the parasitic habit, since as parasitism advances the stem as well as
the leaf ceases to have its usual physiological significance and, except
in cases like the dodder where the stem functions as a running root-
stock, it is apt to decrease in length and even disappear altogether as
in parasites like Apodanthes or Rafflesia, in which the flowers are
essentially sessile upon the host-plant. Arceuthobium pusillum is also
interesting from the fact that it is in the northeastern United States
an outlying representative of the large and chiefly tropical family of
the ZLoranthaceae, to which belong also the true mistletoe of Europe,
Viscum album, L., and the false or American mistletoe, Phoradendron
flavescens, Nutt. The latter plant occurs from New Jersey to Ohio,
Missouri, and southward. The tropical members of the family, of
which there are more than five hundred species, exhibit by their yellow-
green and olive-brown color all stages in the degeneration of their
assimilative tissue. Some of them have, however, unlike our northern

. species, rather large and showy flowers.

Through the kind co-operation of Messrs. von Schrenk, Jack, Jones,
Eggleston, and Fernald, who have made independently a number of
almost simultaneous discoveries relative to the dwarf mistletoe, it is
possible to present at one time the following papers which greatly

2 Rhodora [JANUARY

extend the records of the species. We are also indebted to Mr. C. E.
Faxon for his detailed drawings, and to Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews for
the skillful retouching by which the photographs have been prepared
for half-toning.

NOTES ON ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK.
(Plate 12.)

In the latter part of the year 1871, Mrs. Lucy A. Millington found
a small mistletoe on the black spruce, Picea Mariana, B.S.P. (P. nigra,
Ait.) at Warrensburg, Warren County, New York and about the same
time Prof. C. H. Peck discovered the same plant at Sandlake, Rens-
selaer County, New York. Specimens were sent to Dr. Engel-
mann who recognized in the plant an Arceuthobium which he called
Arceuthobium minutum. Much astonishment was expressed at the
time that this curious plant had not been found before, and we
find numerous accounts of it in the periodical literature of that day.?
Collectors searched for new stations with great zeal and a number of
these were found in New York (notably in Sullivan County), in
Pennsylvania, and in New Hampshire. ‘The mistletoe in all these
localities was confined to the black spruce, growing in cold sphagnum
bogs. Peck described the plant in 1872, as Arceuthobium pusillum.s
For many years nothing more was heard of the plant. A number
of species, many of which had extended ranges, were found on various
Coniferae in the far west. Recently the interest in this, the smallest
of the mistletoes, revived and several observers report finding it in
localities not known before, from Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine.
During the past summer a group of white spruces on Monhegan
Island (near Boothbay Harbor), Maine, was found covered with the
Arceuthobium. The trees were much stunted, some of them were
dead, and the living ones formed a striking contrast to their healthy
neighbors, because of their short yellow leaves. It was thought rather
1 Bull, Torr. Bot. Club 2: 43, 1871. Proc. Acad, Sci. St. Louis 3: LXXXIII,

1873 (presented May 20, 1872).

2 Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 2: 42, 47, 48, 1871; 3: 24, 55, 1872; 4: 15, 44, 1873.
Proc. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3: LXXXIII, 1873. American Naturalist 6: 166, 406,
1872.

3 Peck, C. H., 25 Ann. Report State Botanist, N. Y., p. 69, 1873.

1900] von Schrenk,— Notes on Arceuthobium pusillum 3

odd that the mistletoe should occur on an island at least five miles
from the nearest mainland, and a vigorous search was made on the
coast of the mainland for the plants. Hundreds of trees were found
about Boothbay Harbor and Linekin, on which the mistletoe grew in
quantities. The trees attacked varied from such as were but a few feet
in height to the tallest in the forest, often eighty feet in height. The
affected trees all grew within an eighth of a mile of the shore. ‘This
local distribution is probably due to the fact that an atmosphere laden
with moisture is necessary in order that the seeds may be properly
discharged. The fogs which are so prevalent during the months of
August and September bring about these conditions, which will be most
favorable near the coast.

As the accounts which have appeared up to this time give but
short and scattering notes, a brief description of the plant may be of
interest. In the unpublished notes of Dr. Engelmann, there are many
drawings and descriptions, made at the time when the plant was dis-
covered, which will be published, together with a fuller account of the
plant and its western allies, in a more extended form.

The mistletoe is usually found on the younger branches of the
spruces.” Many stems grow out from the host branch, sometimes
twelve to sixteen stems in an inch. The individual stems vary between
wide extremes as respects size and color. Both characters depend so
much on the vigor of the host branch that this variability is to be
expected. On very strong branches the stems are dark brown, almost
black, and vary from half an inch to an inch or more in height. Qn
weaker branches the plants are paler in color, and usually have a more
spindling shape. The vigor of the host plant is, however, not the only
factor, exposure to the direct rays of the sun, the number of stems in a
given length of the host stem, and probably other factors determine
the character of each stem. One finds strong, dark-colored stems in
the midst of a dense broom, and, again, very pale ones.

The influence of the Arceuthobium on its host is probably the most
marked feature of this interesting plant. In many cases where a
parasite attacks a host-plant, the latter reacts in one way or another, as
ifstimulated. Increased growth takes place, new tissues and organs
are formed, which are in striking contrast to the normal habit of the
host. Arceuthobium pusillum stimulates its host to a greater degree

1 In the following, by spruce, P. Canadensis, B. S. P. (P. alba, Link), will be
understood.

4 Rhodora [JANUARY

than its western relatives do theirs. The stimulus takes the form of an
increased growth, both in length and in the number of branches. This
growth is of two kinds. If a seed germinates on a weak branch, which
is shaded or much crowded, the affected branch grows to be several
times its normal length. After several years a very open system of
branches has resulted. The lateral branches of the spruce are but one
or two inches apart ; but on a large branch affected with the mistletoe,
the points where lateral branches leave the main branch are often
eight to twelve inche$ apart. Where a seed falls on a vigorous branch
a very different form of branching results. Two stages of this are
represented on the accompanying plate. The small branchlet nearest
the germinating seed assumes a vertical position, and grows abnormally
long during the first year. The next year several branches appear at
its base, and both the main shoot and these fringing branches shortly
give rise to others. After several years a very decided clump of
branches grows in the form of a small bush, standing vertically on the
horizontal branch. ‘The small bush or broom gradually appropriates
the food supply of the branch, and that part of the main branch be-
yond its base gradually weakens and dies. ‘Thus it may happen that
ultimately the broom appears to be at the end of a strong branch.
These brooms grow to be very large. On some of the tall spruces
several were measured which were two feet wide and four feet high.
A tall spruce covered with these brooms is truly a strange object.

The leaves of the lengthened stems as well as those on the brooms
are very much shorter than the normal spruce leaves, and paler in
color, often quite yellow. ‘The age of the brooms varies with the vigor
of the host tree. The brooms when once they cover a tree are a great
strain on its vitality, and it very soon weakens and dies. Dead trees
with the old brooms are surprisingly numerous on that portion of the
Maine coast alluded to. That this seemingly obscure plant is very
destructive to the spruce is evident. After the parasite has once ob-
tained a foothold in a group of spruces, it will not be long before all
are affected, thanks to the effective bombardment of their branches by
the small fruit mortars.

The manner in which the seeds are disseminated differs but little
from that recently described by MacDougal.': A fact which Mrs.
Millington speaks of in a letter to Dr. Engelmann is the way in which

t MacDougal, D. T. Seed dissemination and distribution of Razoumofskya
robusta (Engelm) Kuntze, Minn. Bot. Studies 2 Series, pt. II, p. 169, 1899.

1900] von Schrenk, — Notes on Arceuthobium pusillum 5

the stems bend toward the newer branches as the seeds ripen. This
was very marked on the spruces about Linekin. ‘Towards the latter
part of September, the stems became inclined towards the outer part
of the tree. This brought the axes of the berries into a line almost
parallel with the branch upon which the plants grew, i. e., with the
ends from which the seeds were to fly toward the outside of the tree.
-The last week in September, the berries were ripe, and every day the
seeds were shot out, flying out upon the newer branches. The manner
in which the spirally marked hairlike cells glue the seeds to the bark
will later be described more in detail.

The longitudinal arrangement of the stems on a branch has given
rise to the supposition that they spring from longitudinal rhizomes,
which grow in the bark of the host. This system of rhizomes is a very
complex one. A network of threads grows out from the base of each
stem, one thread fusing with another before long. From these threads
the actual absorbing organs, the haustoria, are developed much as in
the true mistletoes.

The distribution of this mistletoe is an interesting one. There
seems to be little doubt now that birds in some cases carry the seed
from place to place, for they must have carried them to Monhegan
Island. Its occurrence in moist swamps and along the coast has been
alluded to, and it is to be hoped that collectors in the New England
States will watch for the plants, that we may be able before long to
establish a complete chain from its furthest western to its most eastern
station. Specimens will gladly be supplied on application.

SHAW SCHOOL or BOTANY.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12.— Fig. 2. Horizontal branch of white spruce, Picea
Canadensis, B. S. P. (P. alba, Link) with very young witches’ broom. ‘The latter is
two years old. Note the strong buds on the branches of the broom, both terminal
and lateral. About one-fourth natural size. Fig. 1. Older witches’ broom of the white
spruce. The stems of the Arceuthobium cover the branches, but are too small to be
visible in the photograph. Note how the terminal part of the main horizontal branch
is dying, also how the main stem of the broom is now thicker than the original host
branch. Note the length of the annual growth of the broom branches, compared
with that of the host branch, About one-fourth natural size,

6 Rhodora [JANUARY

ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM IN MASSACHUSETTS.
LG Jic.
(Plate 13.)

Untit the spring of 1898, the only localities in New England in
which the so-called Small Mistletoe, Arceuthobium pusillum, had been
found and reported by botanists were Lebanon and Canaan, New
Hampshire, where it was collected by Prof. H. G. Jesup in 1883, and
the station near Shelburne, New Hampshire, discovered in September,
1885, by Professor W. G. Farlow. It has been long known in the
Adirondacks in New York State, and has been found in Pennsylvania.

It is only during the past two years that several new stations have
been added to the range of the plant in New England, and further
investigation will probably show it to be more generally distributed
than is commonly supposed.

In the course of an examination of some lands appropriated by the
Metropolitan Water Board, in the region about Boylston, Massachusetts,
for the purpose of establishing the Wachusett Reservoir, and increasing the
water supply for Boston and adjacent towns, I found this little parasite
upon the Black Spruce, Picea Mariana (P. nigra, Link) growing in a
small sphagnous swamp less than a mile north of Boylston station on
the Massachusetts Central railroad. It is two and a half miles from
West Boylston station or almost half-way between it and the Clinton
station and nearly in a straight line between the two, close to the point
where the Boylston, Clinton and Sterling township lines adjoin, most of
the swamp being in the latter township. The location is approximately
thirty-five miles west of Boston.

This swamp is about three hundred and seventy-five feet above sea-
level and the area covered by Spruce affected by the Mistletoe is not
more than six or eight acres in extent. In no case were the spruces
more than twenty feet in height, averaging less than half that stature
and especially dwarf on the more boggy or “quaking” parts of the
swamp. With them were associated small Red Maples, Larches,
Alders, Andromedas, Kalmia angustifolia and Kalmia glauca, Gay-
lussacia resinosa, and other trees and shrubs usually found in such
situations, besides trailing cranberries, pitcher plants, etc.

The mistletoe was first discovered upon the spruce branches on
April 21, 1898. It was then apparently in full bloom, the yellow

eee AE EQ ei UNA Elo. Ca

1900] Jack, — Arceuthobium pusillum in Massachusetts 7

anthers of the staminate plants causing them to be much more con-
spicuous than the pistillate plants, which are not so likely to be noticed
in flower unless sought. The date of flowering is interesting because
in botanical publications it is usually given as June. When the plants
under consideration were again examined on May a the staminate
flowers had nearly all faded away. They are brownish and composed
of a usually three- or four-parted calyx, upon each segment of which a
sessile anther is borne, which is the most conspicuous part of the blos-
som when the yellow pollen is exposed.

This mistletoe is dioecious and the staminate and pistillate flowers
are usually found on separate spruces or host plants, but sometimes on
different branches of the same tree.

At maturity this little parasite rarely approaches an inch in length ;
most commonly it is less than half an inch long, the pistillate or fruiting
plants apparently averaging longer than the staminate. The stems are
greenish or greenish brown, slender, cylindric, usually less than a six-
teenth of an inch in diameter, generally simple, sometimes with short
opposite branches.

The stems are practically biennial, attaining full growth during one
season, flowering and fruiting the next, after which they fall away and
only the stem scars remain on the bark of the host. The staminate
plants fall away in spring or early summer, soon after flowering, the
pistillate not until after maturing of fruit in the autumn.

The mistletoe spreads with the growth of the twigs by means of
haustoria or suckers beneath the bark of the host, and, in the autumn,
small dark buds may be seen protruding through the bark of that por-
tion of the twig which grew the preceding year, these developing into
full sized plants the following year, having well developed flower buds
which open the succeeding spring; so that the living plants of the
parasite, in some stage, are to be seen in three growing seasons before
they finally drop off. `

In the autumn the fruiting mistletoe is found on the fourth year of
growth back from the tip, while the plants for the next year occupy the
next later growth or that of the third year preceding.

In this latitude the fruit ripens in the latter part of September. It
is then of a translucent dull purplish color.

When ripe, the seeds are violently expelled from the berries at the
moment that the latter become separated from their stalks, and a mu-
cilaginous matter attached to the seeds causes them to stick to other

8 Rhodora [JANUARY

parts of the host or other plants in the vicinity, upon which they ger-
minate, under favorable conditions.

The manner of seed expulsion in this genus, as seen in some wes-
tern species, has been described by D. T. MacDougal in Minnesota
Botanical Studies, 2nd series, part ii., February 22, 1899, p. 169—173.

No opportunity was obtained for observing the actual expulsion of
seed from the Boylston plants, but this was seen very well in fresh
specimens growing on white spruce in Maine, kindly furnished by Dr.
Hermann von Schrenk.

The mistletoe at Boylston, as yet the only known locality for it in
Massachusetts, is now nearly extinct, and will soon be completely erad-
icated, because, in the summer of 1898, the host-plants and other trees
and shrubs were cut and burned to clear the ground for surveyors,
and only a few small fragments of the mistletoe-bearing host escaped
alive. These will soon be obliterated, because the swamp is to be filled
or thoroughly cleaned out, and the pure waters of the reservoir will
eventually flow over it.

This Arceuthobium may be found in other localities not far away.
In looking for it, the hunter will be aided by the fact that the affected
host-plants often appear distorted or stunted in comparison with per-
fectly healthy trees.

In the accompanying plate, generously furnished by Mr. C. E.
Faxon, the figures have been drawn from specimens growing on black
spruce collected in the Boylston locality.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13.— Arceuthobium pusillum, Pk. Fig. 1, branch of
black spruce in spring, with staminate Arceuthobium in flower; a, twig one year
old; 4, twig two years old ; c, twig three years old. Fig. 2, branch in autumn with
pistillate plants and fruit; a, twig one year old; 4, twig two years old showing buds
of the parasite ; c, twig three years old with full-grown Arceuthobium ; æ, twig four
years old with fruiting plants. Fig. 3, plant with mature fruit, Fig. 4, staminate
plant in flower. Fig. 5, pistillate plant in flower. Fig. 6, staminate flowers. Fig. 7.
pistillate flowers. Fig. 8, the same in vertical section. Fig. 9, fruit, showing manner
of dehiscence and seed expulsion. Fig. 10, seed. (Figs. 1 and 2, natural size; figs.

3 to 10, enlarged.)

ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM ON A NEW HOST IN VERMONT. — I have been
confident for several years that Arceuthobium pusillum, PK., must occur
in Vermont. The black or swamp spruce, its usual host, is common in
the sphagnum swamps of the Champlain valley and elsewhere in the
state. Professor Peck finds the Arceuthobium in the Adirondack

1900] Eggleston,— Distribution of Arceuthobium pusillum 9

regions, and Professor Hudson, of Plattsburgh, told me last year that he
had found it a few miles south of that city, near the shores of Lake
Champlain.

Persistent search on the Vermont side of the lake failed to show
the parasite until this summer. Mr. W. W. Eggleston, of Rutland,
wrote me in June that he had at last discovered it in a spruce swamp
near that city. Early in August I visited a large black spruce swamp
on the south end of the Alburgh peninsula, which divides the northern
end of Lake Champlain into two arms. Here, at last, my own search
was rewarded. A considerable per cent of the black spruce trees
showed abnormal growths or * Hexenbesen"' (witches’ brooms). These
abnormal branches, in all cases examined, were hosts of the Arceutho-
bium. No flowering or fruiting specimens of the parasite were observed
at this time.

Upon again visiting the swamp the last week of September to
obtain these, a similar * Hexenbesen" was observed in a medium-
sized specimen of the tamarack, Larix Americana. Examination of
this revealed scattering plants of Arceuthobium upon the deformed
branches. ‘The relative number of these upon the tamarack in pro-
portion to the size of the ** Hexenbesen " was small, however, probably
not above one per cent of that found upon similar spruce branches.
The individual plants of the parasite were of about the size and ap-
pearance of those found on the spruce. No fruiting plants occurred.

Time did nét permit of much further search, and no other “ Hexen-
besen" was observed on tamarack. A photograph of the infested
tamarack branch was made and is communicated with this article.

A number of herbarium specimens were taken of the parasite as it
occurs on spruce, and I shall be glad to send these upon request to
botanists who are interested in this curious plant. — L. R. JONES,
Botanical Laboratory, University of Vermont.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14. — Witches’ broom formed on Zarzx Americana as
a result of the parasitism of Arceuthobium pusillum ; from a photograph.

FURTHER NOTES UPON THE DISTRIBUTION AND HOST PLANTS OF
ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM. — When the 6th edition of Gray's Manual
was published in 1889, the tiny parasite Arceuthobium pusillum was
known only from the Adirondacks, Hanover, New Hampshire, and
Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania. It now appears, however, to be

IO Rhodora [JANUARY

rather common in the northern half of New England, and the fact that
it has been so long overlooked is doubtless due on the one hand to its
small size, and the other to its peculiar mode of growth upon branches
of trees and often out of reach. At Hanover, New Hampshire, it was
discovered by Professor Jesup, and grew upon the black or swamp
spruce (Picea nigra, Link). Knowing the plant well at that station,
some ten years ago, the writer has since spent much time in searching
for it in Vermont, and was finally rewarded, May 6, 1899, by finding
a new station at Pittsford, Rutland county. It was there growing on
the black spruce in a small swamp, which had been searched several
times before.

In June the writer found the Arceuthobium again on Bald Moun-
tain, Mendon, at about 2,200 feet altitude, and in this case upon the
red spruce (P. ruéra, Link).

Prof. L. R. Jones’ interesting discovery of the species at Alburgh,
Vermont, on the black spruce, and later upon the tamarack (Larix
Americana, Michx), is described in his article published above.

President E. Brainerd has since found the Arceuthobium on the
black spruce at Ripton, Vermont, and Prof. C. E. Peck tells me that
it has been sent to him from the Adirondacks this fall on the branches
of the white spruce (P. alba, Link). Although it has thus been ob-
served upon no less than four species, the writer believes that it occurs
chiefly on the black spruce. —WitLtarp W. Ecciesron, Rutland,
Vermont.

ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM IN THE Sr. JOHN AND Sr. LAWRENCE
VALLEYS. — Late in September last, while crossing a low spruce swamp
near Fort Kent in northern Aroostook county, Maine, the recollection
of Dr. von Schrenk's interesting discovery of the dwarf mistletoe in the
southern part of the state occurred to me, and I thought: **Why
shouldn't I find Arceuthobium, too?" Instantly, upon looking up, I
saw a sickly black spruce loaded with the small fruiting parasite. The
plant covered many of the small black spruces; but though the white
spruces, firs and hackmatacks were carefully examined, none of them
seemed to harbor the mistletoe. Nor was any strong tendency to
Hexenbesen seen in the affected trees, such as has been noted in other
regions by Dr. von Schrenk and Professor Jones. The only marked
effect of the parasite upon the host-trees was a tendency to produce
unusually slender branchlets and yellowish foliage.

1900] Collins, — Notes on algae, — II. IT

In other swamps of the region the formula was repeated which pre-
ceded my discovery of Arceuthobium, but the charm seemed to have
vanished, for I was unable to induce more of the mistletoe, or any
Scolopendrium or other plants which I thus sought, to appear before
me. Later in the week, however, I drove through a spruce-swamp
several miles south of Fort Kent, in the Swedish town, Upsala, and
there several of the trees were dying from the effect of the little mis-
tletoe. "These stations are interesting as giving a considerable north-
eastern extension of the recorded range of the parasite.

The French and English people at Fort Kent, to whom I showed
my treasures, expressed little surprise, for, according to them, branches
bearing the plant are frequently brought in by woodsmen. One woman,
whose observations upon the native plants are generally accurate, stated
that at a grand mid-winter ball at Tadoussac, at the mouth of the
Saguenay, she had seen many of the women wear in their hair the
twigs covered with the purplish brown íruit. Whether they realized
that the little plant was a mistletoe and whether it had with them the
traditional significance of the European plant, she could not state. —
M. L. FERNALD.

e
NOTES ON ALGAE, — II.
FRANK S. COLLINS.

A FEW species of marine algae, new to this region, have been
noticed lately ; they are mostly inconspicuous plants, as is to be ex-
pected in a region whose marine flora, not exceptionally rich in species,
has been so long studied ; and it is probable that of such minute spe-
cies, many still remain for future discovery.

Phormidium persicinum (Reinke) Gomont, with extremely slender
filaments, barely 24 in diameter, forms a thin, pink film on shells,
mostly on the Spirorbis which is often attached in great abundance to
larger algae, especially Fuci, Laminariae, etc. In the present case the
Spirorbis was on Rhodymenia palmata, found floating at Nahant, Mass.,
in June, 1899. The species was described by Reinke, as a Lyngbya,
in the Algenflora der Ostsee, p. 91; the description is reproduced,
under Phormidium, at p. 184 of Gomont's Monographie des Oscillariées.

Chlorochytrium Schmitzii Rosenvinge, a green alga of very simple
structure, occurs among the erect filaments of such algae as Cruorta
pellita, in which it was first found by Rosenvinge ; it is described and

I2 Rhodora [JANUARY

figured in Grønlands Havalger, p. 965, fig. 56. The writer found it
scattered rather sparingly among the filaments of Pe/rocelis cruenta J.
Ag., at Seal Harbor, Mount Desert, Maine, in July, 1899.

In company with the last-named species was another green alga,
Codiolum Petrocelidis Kuckuck, Wissentliche Meeresuntersuchungen,
New Series, vol. i, p. 259, fig. 27. The two are not likely to be con-
founded, as the Codiolum is drawn out below into a slender stipe,
while there is no stipe in the Chlorochytrium. ‘The history of this
alga is rather curious. It was described and figured in 1865 by Cohn,
in Rabenhorst, Beiträge zur Kentniss und Verbreitung der Algen, Heft
2, p. 33, but under the supposition that it was a rudimentary state of a
Cladophora. It is referred to by Farlow in the Manual of the New
England Marine Algae, in 188r, but without a name. In Hedwigia,
vol. iv, p. 125, 1886, Wollny incorrectly referred it to Codtolum
gregarium, and it received a name of its own only in 1894, twenty-
nine years after it was described and figured, quite accurately.

Ralfsia Bornetti Kuckuck, Meeresuntersuchungen, vol. i, p. 245,
fig. 15, was found by the writer at Seal Harbor in July, 1899, growing
on a small pebble below low water mark. ‘There was nothing external
to distinguish it from the common Æ. verrucosa, but the free filaments
accompanying the uhilocular sporangia are very slender below, the
lower cell being even twenty times as long as broad, and nearly, if not
quite, colorless; the upper cells are shorter than broad, with dark
chromatophors. The plurilocular sporangia, described by Kuckuck,
were not found; they are quite different from anything found on our
American species of Ralísia.

Rhodochorton parasiticum Holmes, seems to be not uncommon on
Laminaria from Cape Ann, north. ‘The writer has found it on Z. /ongi-
cruris and on Z. digitata, especially on the larger forms of the latter,
with flattened stipe. When well developed, it covers the stipe with
a dense red plush. It resembles Æ. Rothii Naeg., common on rocks
along our coast; but the basal filaments, instead of forming a horizon-
tal layer, penetrate rather deeply into the substance of the host.

Ulothrix variabilis Kuetz. var. marina Wille, has been found by
Isaac Holden in brackish water at Bridgeport, Conn. It has slenderer
filaments than any other of our marine Ulothrix, 5-7 diameter; it has
been distributed as No. 615 of the Phycotheca Boreali-Americana.

In the Bulletin de la Societé Botanique de France, vol. xlvi,
Gomont describes two new species of Plectonema, occurring within

RN E Ee, emm B : d SS £25 ge E Eet 15d

1900] Collins, — Notes on algae, — II. 13

our limits. P. calothrichoides, p. 30, Pl. I., figs. 6-10, was found, in
company with various other Schizophyceae, by the writer at Nabant,
Mass. ‘The trichomes are from 2 to 2.5, in diameter, with short
articulations ; the sheath, quite thick and dark colored in the middle
of the filament, becomes extremely thin and colorless at the extremi-
ties, giving a Calothrix-like appearance, though the trichome does not
taper.

P. Golenkinianum, p. 35, Pl. I., fig. 11, founded on a plant growing
in a tank at the Biological Station at Naples, was found also in a mass
of various minute algae, growing on overhanging rocks, Eagle Island,
Penobscot Bay, Maine. ‘The stratum is of a rosy or brownish red, the
trichomes even thinner than in P. calothrichoides, 1.2 to 2p diameter,
the sheaths of uniform thickness.

These two species have been distributed in the Phycotheca Boreali-
Americana, under Nos. 604 and 603 respectively.

There have been some algae recently distributed in the Phycotheca,
from New England localities, as new forms or varieties ; for the purpose
of removing any doubt that might exist of the validity of descriptions,
published only in labels, they are here reproduced.

CALOTHRIX FASCICULATA forma incrustans Collins. C. Contarenii
Collins in Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xviii, p. 336, 1891; not of
Bornet & Flahault. On rocks in littoral zone, Revere Beach, Massachu-
setts, September 29, 1895. No. 561. Filaments slenderer than in
type, .008-.012 mm. diam. ; habit like C. Contarenii ; forming a smooth

incrustation on rocks, so dense that it can often be stripped off in the
same way as C. pulvinata.

VAUCHERIA PILOBOLOIDES var. compacta Collins. Mystic River
Marshes, Malden, Massachusetts, September, 1897. No. 477. Forming
a plush-like mass among Salicornia, etc., on ground overflowed at high
tide only. Habit like V. ZAureti Woronin ; the stratum so dense that
large sheets can be cut out with a knife, and lifted up. Dimensions of
filament as in typical V. pcloboloides ; oogonia and antheridia as in type,
except that the oospores are usually spherical, but sometimes lentiform ;
oogonia and antheridia scattered over the filaments, not in any ap-
parent definite relation to each other.

EcrOCARPUS CONFERVOIDES (Roth) Le Jolis, forma brumalis
Holden. On muddy turf of Spartina roots, near high water mark,
Charles Island, near Milford, Connecticut, December 25, 1898. No.
576. A winter form; fronds mostly 1-2 cm. long; main filaments
about .o25 mm. diam.; branches .012-.020 mm. diam. Plurilocular
sporangia varying much in shape, from cylindrical to shortly conical ;
length sometimes over .15 mm.; width .o15—.025 mm.; often curved

14 Rhodora [ JANUARY

and distorted; either sessile or terminal on a branch of one to many
cells. Unilocular sporangia unknown.

Fucus vESICULOSUS forma gracillima Collins. Among Spartina,
etc., on muddy bank between tide-marks, Eastham, Massachusetts,
September, 1888. No. 578. With oospores. A very slender form,
without vesicles, and with receptacles linear to filiform. It is probably
only a growth form, but unlike most of the dwarf forms of this species,
it fruits freely.

THE WALKING-FERN IN WORCESTER CoUuNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — In
the October issue of RHODORA (p. 181.) Mr. T. O. Fuller reports the
occurrence of Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Link, at Needham, only a
few miles from Boston. He quotes also a statement that this is the
only reported station for this local and highly characteristic fern east
of Mt. Tom, or more properly of Mt. Toby. However, although
hitherto unrecorded in print, there is a station in Worcester County in
the town of Brookfield. At this place the species is scarce and grows,
as usual, in crevices of rock, with every appearance of an indigenous
plant. This new and intermediate station although only a few miles to
the eastward of Mt. Toby, still diminishes somewhat the gap between
the previously known stations, and therefore renders the indigenous
nature of the Needham occurrence a little more probable.

In connection with the Camptosorus, I may mention another fern,
which is extremely local in Massachusetts, namely, 7PeZaea atropur-
purea, Link. This is given in the Amherst Catalogue only as occurring
at Mt. Toby. It has, however, been found sparingly at a solitary
station in the town of Berlin, Worcester County, growing upon a ledge
containing a small percentage of lime which is characteristic of cer-
tain parts of the Nashua Valley formation. It is interesting to note
in connection with the occurrence of this species at Berlin, the rela-
tionship of the substratum to its distribution. — G. E. STONE, Agricul-
tural College, Amherst, Massachusetts.

1900] Fernald, — Some northeastern species of Scirpus 15

SOME NORTHEASTERN SPECIES OF SCIRPUS.

M. L. FERNALD.

IN a recent preliminary discussion’ of the **wool-grasses '
shown that in the northeastern states there were two very distinct
specific types which had long been confused as Scirpus Eriophorum.
Since that time a large amount of material has been furnished by Dr.
K. M. Wiegand, of Cornell University, showing a third species which is
abundant in western New York, and during the past year field observa-
tions of the plants were carried on by the writer in southwestern New
Hampshire, and a very exhaustive study of the group in Vermont has
been made by President Ezra Brainerd. Specimens and critical notes
“have also been prepared by Mr. O. A. Farwell in Michigan, by Mr. C.
H. Bissell in Connecticut, and by several others who have kindly placed
at the disposal of the writer the results of their studies. In this more
extended examination of the ** wool-grasses " special aid has been ren-
dered .by the discriminating observations and criticisms of President
Brainerd of Middlebury College.

From these more detailed studies it seems probable that, in the
desire to avoid too radical a treatment of the plants, the northern
Scirpus cyperinus, Kunth, was erroneously called a variety of the south-
ern S. Eriophorum, Michx. ‘The latter species, when mature, is of a
pale terra-cotta brown, having a decidedly reddish tinge; and the
sheaths of its involucre and involucels are for the most part of a
deeper shade of the same color. The rays of the umbel are mostly
ascending, but the numerous raylets are slender and drooping. ‘The
spikelets are usually in 3’s, the middle one sessile, the two outer on
more or less elongated pedicels. ‘This plant, characterized by its terra-
cotta color and slender-pedicelled spikes, is abundant on the southern
coast of the United States extending north into New Jersey. South-
ward it matures in late July and August, but in Virginia its ** wool”
becomes conspicuous in September.

The common northern plant, Scirpus cyperinus, which in the former
treatment was called a variety of S. Eriophorum, seems now, from a
study of material from many localities, to be so clearly distinct from
the southern plant as to warrant its recognition as a species. When

H

it was

: Contrib. Gray Herb. n.s. XV. (Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv. 498). See also synopsis
in RHODORA, i. 137.

16 Rhodora [JANUARY

mature the wooly inflorescence is of a dull brown color with little or
no suggestion of terra-cotta or reddish. The sheaths of the involucels
are generally a sepia or dark brown, and of the involucre a slightly
paler tint. ‘The raylets of the umbel are much less drooping than in S.
Eriophorum, often very stiff and ascending, and the spikelets are all
sessile in glomerules. In New England this species matures its fruit in
late August and early September. The two extreme forms described
as varieties condensatus and Andrewsit of S. Eriophorum, have their
affinities much more with the northern S. cyperinus.

The other species, first definitely called to the attention of the
author by Dr. Wiegand, proves to be abundant in the Connecticut Val-
ley, and from there westward to Michigan and Wisconsin. It is essen-
tially as stout as S. cyperinus, but in color the mature inflorescence is a
pale yellowish brown, and the rays and raylets of the extremely dicho-
tomous umbel are more slender and flexuous. ‘The ultimate involucels
with brown, not terra-cotta sheaths, bear small umbels of from 2 to
5 spikelets, the central spikelets sessile, the others on slender pedi-
cels. Thus in habit this northern plant with yellowish-brown inflores-
cence somewhat resembles the stouter southern terra-cotta colored .5.
Eriophorum. In addition to its difference of color and stoutness, the
northern plant has shorter bristles, 5. mm. long, those of the southern
plant averaging 7. mm. long.

In Virginia Scirpus Eriophorum is mature in September, but its
northern representative with the pale yellowish-brown wool is fully ma-
ture in New England and New York in late July and early August.

The following forms of this group are now recognized in New

. England.

SCIRPUS CYPERINUS, Kunth, Enum. ii. 170. S. Eriophorum, Michx.,
var. cyperinus, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 5or ; Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv.
501.— Common throughout, mature in late August and early Sep-
tember.

S. CYPERINUS, var. condensatus. S. Eriophorum, var. condensatus,
Fernald, l.c. — Same range as species but less common.

S. cYPERINUS, var. Andrewsii. S. Eriophorum, var. Andrewsit,
Fernald, lc. — Originally from Southington, Connecticut: recently
collected at East Middlebury, Vermont, Sept. rr, 1899 (Esra
Brainerd ).

S. pedicellatus. Tall (1.8 m. or less in height) and stout (culm,
just below the involucre, 2 to 4 mm. in diameter): leaves o.5 to
: cm. wide: inflorescence resembling that of S. Eriophorum, with
more slender unequal rays, but with none of the primary umbellules

vi: RENE "Was ro mud SE
SML
o

1900] Fernald, — Some northeastern species of Scirpus I7

elevated far above the others; the involucre and involucels brown not
terra-cotta at base: spikelets ovoid-oblong, 4 to 6 mm. long, from
2 to 5 in clusters at the tips of the filiform flexuous branchlets, the
middle spikelet sessile, the others slender-pedicelled : scales brown or
yellowish-brown ; bristles pale brown, 5 mm. long. — A characteristic
plant, the northern representative of S. “riophorum. Alluvial marshes
and thickets, from the Connecticut Valley to Michigan and Wisconsin.
Specimens examined : — New HawPsHIRE, Walpole, Aug. 2 (over-ripe),
1899 (M. L. Fernald, Herb. Alstead School Nat. Hist. no. 1) : VER-
MONT, North Hero, July 3o, Aug. 6 (over-ripe), 1899 ; Knight's Island,
Aug. 6 (over-ripe), 1899; Lake Dunmore, Aug. 15 (over-ripe), 1899 ;
Woodbury, alt. 460 m., Aug. 22, 1899 (Ezra Brainerd) : NEw YORK,
Ithaca, July 11, 1893, July 15 (over-ripe), 1894, July 25 (over-ripe),
1895 (K. M. Wiegand): MicHiGAN, Troy, (Houghton) : WISCONSIN,
Alma, 1861 (7. 7. Hale).

S. PEDICELLATUS, var. pullus. Rays somewhat more unequal than
in the species: spikelets duller brown and longer, 7 to ro mm. long. —
VERMONT, along Otter Creek, Middlebury, Aug. 11 (over-ripe), 1899
(Ezra Brainerd): Massacuusetts, Williamstown, Aug. 9, 1898
(7. R. Churchill).

S. ATROCINCTUS, Fernald, l. c. 502. — Throughout New England,
northward and westward, mature in late June and July, or in the moun-
tains in early August. A very pale form, rather more lax than the type
and with weaker coloring in the sheaths, has been collected in New
Hampshire, Vermont and Michigan.

S. ATROCINCTUS, var. BRACHYPODUS, Fernald, lc. 503. — Range of
the species, but more common northward and at higher altitudes.

S. ATROCINCTUS, var. grandis. Taller (1 to r.8 m. high) and
stouter throughout than the species; culm just below the involucre
often 2 or 2.5 mm. in diameter: leaves 4 to 7 mm. wide : inflorescence
generally longer than in the species, 2 or 3 dm. long, rays very unequal,
some of the primary ones far overtopping the others : spikelets oblong,
7 to 10 mm. long, grayish brown. — New HawrsHIRE, Alstead, Aug.
9, 1899 (M. L. Fernald, Herb. Alstead School Nat. Hist. no. 2):
VERMONT, Middlebury, Creek Road, Aug. 11, 1899, Battell’s Pond,
Aug. 17, 1899 (Zzra, Brainerd). An anomalous plant, from its
coarse habit, somewhat brownish color, and rather late-flowering
season suggesting a possible relationship with S. pedicellatus ; but with
the black involucre, grayish tinge in the spikelets, and elongation of
some of the primary rays so characteristic of S. atrocinctus.

While collecting and studying this group of species some other
Scirpi have been found which are undescribed or ordinarily misinter-
preted. One of these, which so far as yet known is confined to the
Connecticut Valley, was discovered in 1881 in Vermont, by the late
Edwin Faxon and it has since been collected in that state by President

18 Rhodora [JANUARY

Brainerd, and in New Hampshire by the writer. It is a very hand-
some and unique plant, not closely related to any described species.
In its achene it is near the Scirpus Eriophorum group, but the bristles
are much shorter and less crinkled, and inconspicuous in the fruiting
plant, in this character approaching S. Zeafus. In its ascending
stiffish rays and raylets, however, it is unlike any of those species.
From the very dark color of its spikelets this plant may be called

S. atratus. Culms tall, 1 to 1.75 m. high, rather slender (just
below the involucre averaging 2.15 mm. in diameter) : leaves averaging
7 (5 to 9) mm. wide: involucre black or black and chestnut-brown at
base: inflorescence r to 2 dm. high, occasionally producing branches
from lower sheaths ; umbel of many dichotomous rays of various lengths,
2 to 4 of them more elongated and ascending, the others shorter, some-
what divergent ; the raylets slender but stiff, scarcely drooping: spike-
lets oblong-lanceolate, about 8 mm. long, sessile or subsessile in clusters
of from 2 to 6: scales oblong-ovate, acute or obtusish, below pale or
reddish-tinged, above blackish with a slight ferrugineous tinge : achene
r mm. long, pale, 3-angled, obovate-oblong: bristles about 2.5 mm.
long, curling when dry. — In a wet thicket, Alstead, NEw HAMPSHIRE,
July 30, 1899 (M. L. Fernald, Herb. Alstead School Nat. Hist. no.
3 ). Formerly collected at Sutton, VERMONT, Aug. 11, 1881 (Edwin
Faxon), and at Ripton, VERMONT, July 17, 1898 (Ezra Brainerd).

A common * bulrush" of northern New England and the region
about the Great Lakes has been known in our floras as Scirpus sylva-
ticus var. digynus, Bockeler, or S. microcarpus, Presl. The history of
the treatment of this common northeastern plant and its immediate
congeners is interesting. ;

In 1828, Presl described his Scirpus microcarpus, a plant with the
“habit of S. sy/vaficus," and with bifid style, the type specimens com-
ing from Nootka Sound (west coast of Vancouver Island), and from
Mulgrave (on Bering Straits). In 1836 Torrey, apparently unac-
quainted with Presl’s species, described in his monograph? A. /en/-
cularis from the “ North-west Coast of America, near Observatory
Inlet, Dr. .Scouder," remarking that it is “ nearly related to S. sy/va reus
but differs in its larger spikes, lenticular nut, diandrous flowers, and
bifid style; that species [.S. sy/va#cus] having shorter spikes, a trian-
gular nut, triandrous flowers, and a 3-cleft style." For S. sy/vaficus
he cited three stations: ‘Canada, Michaux; Hudson's Bay Coun-
try, Dr. Richardson; Island of Sitka, Russian America, Mertens,”

1 Pres]. Reliq. Haenk. i. 195. ? Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. iii. 328.

1900] Fernald, — Some northeastern species of Scirpus 19

observing, however, that * I have seen no North American specimens
of this plant except those in Michaux's herbarium, which I did not
examine with sufficient accuracy for determining whether they are
identical with the S. sy/vaticus of Europe." Thus in view of Torrey's
note it seems that there was little left at that time to stand for the
Linnean A. sy/vaticus in America.

In the first edition (1848) of the Manual, Dr. Gray gave no re-
cognition to any American form of this group but the well-marked .S.
atrovirens, Muhl. In the second edition (1856), however, S. sy/va-
"cus was clearly described with a 3-cleft style and six bristles, but the
range given was “ N. New England and northward,” and S. atrovirens
was included under it as a variety. ‘This disposition of the plants was
followed until the fifth edition (1867) when S. azrovirens was rein-
stated as a species and the range of S. sywaticus was given as “ Base of
the White Mountains, New Hampshire ( Oakes), and northward.” In
a note Dr. Gray then added that “.S. microcarpus, Presl., S. lenti-
cularis, Torr., apparently a form of S. sywaticus with a 2-cleft style
and flat achenium, approaches our northwestern borders." Shortly
thereafter, apparently in 1868, finding, as his pencil note indicates,
that the Oakes specimen from the “ base of the White Mountains " had
lenticular achenes and four bristles, Dr. Gray marked upon the sheet
“not Scirpus sylvaticus, L., but S. microcarpus." This seems to have
been the first recognition of a plant in the east with these characters,
so well known in the northwestern species.

Bóckeler, in his monograph, two years later (1870), included
Scirpus sylvaticus as a North American plant, but of S. Zenficu/arrs,
Torr., he made the variety digynus " citing no specimens.

In the sixth edition (1889) of Gray's Manual, Bóckeler's varietal
name was taken up for the northeastern plant which in former editions
had passed as true S. sy/vaticus, S. microcarpus, Presl, being cited
as a synonym: the name S. sy%waticus was at the same time rightly
applied to a conspicuous plant which is common from Massachusetts
southward, but which for some unaccountable reason seems to have
escaped earlier recognition.

Prof. Britton was apparently the first to give Scirpus sylvaticus and
the common plant of northern New England and Canada, with its 2-
cleft style, recognition as a distinct species. In 1892, in his list of
the species of Scirpus, he considers the northeastern plant identical

t Bóckeler, Linnaea xxxvi. 727. 2 Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 74.

20 Rhodora [JANUARY

with the Pacific coast S. microcarpus, and in the Illustrated Flora the
same name is given it. That the northeastern species, passing as "A.
microcarpus,” is clearly distinct from S. sy/vaticus, there can be no
doubt. The latter is a coarser plant, with conspicuously broader leaves
and more ample inflorescence. The spikelets are rarely more than six
or eight in a glomerule (generally fewer), and the rays of the umbel
are ordinarily much more elongated. It has a uniformly 3-parted
style and three stamens and usually six bristles, and the larger achene
is darker colored and with a distinct ridge or angle on the back. This
plant, the true S. sy/vadicus, is of decidedly more southern range than
the other, barely reaching southern Maine and New Hampshire, and
from there extending southward to the Carolinas. In its flowering
season, too, as shown by the dates on eighty herbarium labels of the
two species, it is about “iree weeks later than the more slender northern
plant.

Although the slender northeastern plant agrees with the northwestern
and Pacific coast S. microcarpus in having 2-cleft styles and four bris-
tles, and whitish barely angled achenes, there is little else to suggest
their identity. The true S. microcarpus is as coarse a plant as the
eastern and European A. sy/vaticus. Its leaves are broad and its
inflorescence ample, with long often flexuous rays. ‘The spikelets are
solitary or in glomerules of from 2 to 8. The upper sheaths of the
plant in all the specimens examined are green or very slightly reddish
tinged, and it is stated by those who know the plant in the field that
in fresh plants there is no striking color in the upper sheaths. The
more slender eastern plant, on the other hand, is quickly recognized
by the deep purplish-red band at the base of each sheath, although
this same color is occasionally seen in the otherwise dissimilar A.
sylvaticus.

The northeastern species, from the apparent constancy of this
marking, may be called

S. rubrotinctus. Stem slender or rather stout, 4 to 9 dm. high:
leaves smooth, 4 to 13 mm. wide, the upper equalling or slightly ex-
ceeding the umbel; the sheaths conspicuously colored with red or
purplish brown ; involucral leaves mostly 3, the longest sometimes ex-
ceeding the umbel: rays of the umbel numerous, the 3 to 5 longest
ones o.5 to r.5 dm. long, stiff, ascending, subequal, the many shorter
ones ascending or spreading; the branchlets and ultimate branchlets
of the inflorescence stiff, not flexuous: spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long,
ovate-oblong to cylindric, in glomerules of from 3 to many; scales

19001] Fernald, — Some northeastern species of Scirpus 21

ovate, blunt, finely suffused with green and black: stamens 2: style
2-cleft: achene obovate, short-beaked, plano-convex on the back,
whitish, 1 mm. long: bristles 4 (rarely 5), retrorsely barbed nearly to
the base. — S. sy/vaticus, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 3, 4, 5 as to range, but not
description. S. sy/vaticus, L., var. digynus, Wats. & Coult. in Gray,
Man. ed. 6, 581, and most American authors, not Bóckeler. S. micro-
carpus, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 81, for the most part, and
Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 269, mostly, not Presl.— The common
representative of the sv/vat#cus group in the northern states and Can-
ada. New Brunswick, Grand Manan, July 30, 1891 (J. R. Churchill) :
QueEBEc, Gaspé Basin, July 24, 1882 ( Yohn Macoun, no. 68) ; Natash-
quam River, July 14, 1895 (Sinclair Kennedy) ; Roberval, July 27
(over-ripe), 1892 (G. G. Kennedy) : ONraRIO, Port Stanley, June 22,
1882 (Fohn Macoun): MawrroBA, Lake Winnipeg Valley, 1851
(Bourgeaw) : ASSINIBOIA, Swift Current, June 27, 1894 (Fohn
Macoun, no. 7536): Mame, Foxcroft, July 18, 1895 (M. L. Fernald,
no. 301) ; Southport, Aug. 7, 1894 (JZ. L. Fernald ), and abundant
throughout: New Hampsuire, White Mts. (Oakes, Boott, Faxon, et
al.), ascending to 1300 m. on Mt. Clinton (Kennedy & Williams) ;
Fitzwilliam, June 18, 1894 (Æ. F. Williams) : VeRMOoNT, Willoughby
Lake, July 4, 1854 (Wm. Boott) ; Mt. Mansfield, Aug. 22 (over-ripe),
1880 (C. G. Pringle) : Massacnusetrs, Medford, July 7, 1867 (Wm.
Boott) ; Milton, June 5, 1890 (G. G. Kennedy); Canton, June 4,
1880 (E. Faxon); Dedham, June 17, 1891 (W. P. Rich): NEw
York, Danube, Herkimer Co., July 15, 1863 (C. F. Austin) : Micur-
GAN, Keeweenaw Co., Aug., 1890 (O. A. Farwell, no. 549a) : COLOR-
ADO, 1874. (IW. A. Henry); Oak Creek, Fremont Co., 1873 (7. A
Brandegee) : Uran, Wasatch Mts., July, 1869 (S. Watson, no. 1215).

S. RUBROTINCTUS, var. confertus. Rays of inflorescence short:
glomerules compacted into dense clusters 1.5 to 4 cm. in diameter. —
Green, Maing, July 10, 1878 (F. Lamson-Scribner). A dense-headed
extreme parallel with S. cyperinus, var. condensatus, and S. atrocinctus,
var. órachypodus.

S. SYLVATICUS, L., var. Bissellii. Spikelets linear or linear-oblong,
7 to 10 mm. long, in dense glomerules: sheaths conspicuously red-
dened below as in S. rwórofincfus. — In a swamp at Southington,
CONNECTICUT, July 22, 1898, no. 716, July 6, 1899 (C. ZZ. Bissell) ;
July 23, 1898 (Luman Andrews). An extremely long-spiked form
with the sheaths more brightly colored than in the species, suggesting
S. rubrotinctus : in its 3-cleft style, pale brown definitely angled achene,
and other floral characters, clearly an extreme form of S. sy/vaticus.
In its development of long narrow spikes this plant exhibits a tendency
which is paralleled in other species of Scirpus — as S. cyperinus, var.
Andrewsti, S. pedicellatus, var. pullus, and S. atrocinctus, var. grandis
described above, and S. polyphyllus, var. macrostachys, Bockeler (S.
Peckit, Britton).

Gray HERBARIUM.

22 Rhodora [JANUARY

TYPICAL GOODYERA REPENS IN NEw ENGLAND.— In RHODORA, i.
p. 6, Mr. Fernald has separated our northeastern form of Goodyera
repens, R. Br. with broad white borders along the veins of the leaf, as
var. ophioides. ‘The typical form, with somewhat larger leaves and dark
veins, seemed to be restricted to alpine and extreme northern regions of
both continents, though reported also from the slopes of Pike’s Peak
and from a few other stations in the Rocky Mountains. But we have
now to record its discovery in New England and New Brunswick. It
was collected on Mt. Kineo, Maine, Aug. 28, 1895 (in fruit), by Mr.
J. G. Jack ; on the Nepisiguit River, New Brunswick, in August, 1898,
by Mr. G. U. Hay; and at Ripton (alt. 1300 ft.), Vermont, Aug. 9,
1899, by the writer. Specimens from the first and last stations are in
the Gray Herbarium. — Ezra Brainerp, Middlebury, Vermont.

HUDSONIA ERICOIDES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. — I was surprised to learn
from Dr. Robinson's list of New England Cistaceae (RHODORA, i. 212),
that Hudsonia ericoides, L., has not been reported from New Hamp-
shire. I have in my herbarium a specimen collected June 7, 1892,
by Mr. H. E. Sargent at Concord, New Hampshire, an occurrence
noteworthy, not only as the first recorded in this state, but as furnishing
an inland station for a maritime plant. A portion of the specimen
has been sent to Cambridge for deposit in the Gray Herbarium. — WIL-
LARD W. EccLESTON, Rutland, Vermont.

[Since the receipt of the above note, specimens of //udsonia ericoides from the
same locality have been exhibited to the New ENGLAND BoTANICAL CLUB by Mr. F.
W. Bachelder, who reports the station as covering a considerable tract of rocky
ground. — Ep.)

AT the annual meeting of the New England Botanical Club, held
December 1, 1899, the following officers were elected for the year
1900: president, Roland Thaxter; vice-president, Walter Deane ;
corresponding secretary, Edward L. Rand; recording secretary and
treasurer, Emile F. Williams; phaenogamic curator, Merritt L. Fer-
nald; cryptogamic curator, Hollis Webster; councillors, Frank S.
Collins, Nathaniel T. Kidder and Benjamin L. Robinson.

Vol. 1, No. 12, including pages 215 fo 243, plate 11, and title-page of the volume,
was issued December 4, 1899.

Rhodora Plate 12.

From photographs.

WITCHES’ BROOMS FORMED ON THE WHITE SPRUCE BY ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM.

Rhodora Plate 13.

AW) SAA
Sq ia P

em
OUO

C. E. Faxon del,

ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM ON THE BLACK SPRUCE.

Plate 14.

Rhodora

"WüTIISAd NNAISOHLATOAVY Ad HOGIVI AHL NO C31INOX Isi |SSHO.LI AN
udoSogoud V no.

Rbodsora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 February, 1900 No. 14

THE BLACKBERRIES OF NEW ENGLAND.
Ezra BRAINERD.

Ir is now somewhat over a year since Professor L. H. Bailey pub-
lished his admirable revision of the Blackberries of Eastern North
America. We have had time to consider, in a tentative way, to what
extent his disposition of the species clears up the difficulties of our
New England forms, and to get some preliminary notion of the num-
ber and range of our species.

The genus is especially interesting because of its economic value.
Thousands of acres of blackberries are now under cultivation, and the
improved varieties are a welcome addition to our table delicacies. At
the same time no group of flowering plants has furnished so many
stumbling-blocks to the botanists. These two facts have a logical
connection. For, as Darwin long ago pointed out, those plants that
reward most the efforts of the horticulturist to improve them, are the
plants that vary most in the wild state, and consequently most perplex
the systematic botanist. Indeed, in the history of the blackberry
problem the horticulturist has in several instances recognized new spe-
cies and varieties, and named them in advance of the botanist. “ Bar-
tel,” “Snyder” and * Lucretia" are older names than Awóws invi-
sus, sativus or roribaccus.

‘In the Old World the genus is noted for its multiplicity of forms.
The English bramble, Rudus fruticosus, L., is the analogue of our
blackberry ; in Hooker’s Flora of the British Islands it is divided into
twenty-one sub-species, and under these twenty more forms are de-
scribed as varieties. In Garcke’s Flora of Germany we find thirty-
eight species and twenty varieties. Our American blackberry is so

24 Rhodora [ FEBRUARY

excessively variable, that in order to be completely understood, it may
in time need to be presented under as many mental types. But we
most sincerely hope that only experts—after years of study—will at-
tempt it. Meanwhile we shall have accomplished much if we can
seize hold of the dominant types. These are distinct enough and
cover the forms ordinarily met with; and the many intergrading and
aberrant forms, that occur here and there, are best understood when
viewed in connection with certain well-defined landmarks.

Two general characters of the group should be noticed. First,
that though the root is perennial, the growth above ground is biennial.
During the first year the cane does not normally bear flowers—only
leaves; its function is vegetative. The leaves at this time are best
developed and most characteristic. "They are usually 5-foliate ; those
of the second season 3-foliate. It is important that collectors should
get specimens of the first season's growth when collecting flowering or
fruiting specimens. During the second season the function of the
cane is principally reproductive. It flowers and fruits, and in some
species propagates by rooting at the recurved tip, and then dies. Now
and then, however, a plant seems to have a confused notion of time 3
the two vital impulses seem to work simultaneously, giving rise to
strange and abnormal forms. Sometimes the cane flowers at the close
of the first season, the flowers with long pedicels appearing singly in
the axils of the upper leaves, and the fruit ripening much later than
usual. Other aberrant forms result from excessive leaf-vigor during
the second season. This is more likely to occur when the plant grows
in the shade; the racemes then have fewer flowers, and the pedicels
are more or less subtended by leaves. In a remarkable freak of Rubus
nigrobaccus, collected by Mr. Fernald at Alstead, N. H., August 7,
1899, this frondose impulse has transformed the sepals into lanceolate,
laciniate leaves one or two inches in length. At the same time the
pedicels and the axis of the raceme are lengthened, and the fruit re-
duced to a few drupelets.

The second general character to be noticed is the peculiar mixed
inflorescence. ‘The flower cluster is normally a raceme, but cymose to
this extent, that it has a terminal flower that opens first of all. This
terminal flower is sometimes aborted; but it generally produces a
berry, that seems, in the upright species, to have a much shorter pedi-
cel than the other berries of the cluster. Professor Bailey ( Evolution
of our Native Fruits, p. 332 ) seems to imply that this mixed inflores-

1900] Brainerd, — The blackberries of New England 25

cence is confined to the dewberry, and may serve to distinguish it from
the bush blackberry ; but a little observation will show that blackber-
ries and dewberries are alike in this respect. It may be further noted
that occasionally the raceme is slightly compound, the lower pedicels
developing into two- to several-flowered peduncles. This is common
in A, hispidus and in R. nigrobaccus.

Of the principal forms of blackberries recognized by Professor
Bailey in his revision, I find that thirteen occur in New England.
Their distinctive marks will be given in the synopsis at the close of this
article. But certain preliminary observations regarding range, habitat
or synonomy may be of interest to students of the genus.

RUBUS NIGROBACCUS is the name happily coined by Professor Bai-
ley for the common species of “ highbush blackberry." The name by
which it has been heretofore known, A. villosus, was originally given
by the English botanist, Aiton, to our common dewberry, and is right-
fully restored to that species. A. zigro?accus is the plant that springs
up so abundantly in wayside thickets and in clearings, before the
stumps are sufficiently rotted for ploughing. It is, however, uncommon
at elevations of over a thousand feet, at least in the mountains of Ver-
mont. During a three days’ ramble last August over the town of
Woodbury (alt. c. 1500 ft.), not a single plant was noticed, though
several other species of Rubus were abundant. Occasionally plants
occur that produce white or amber-colored berries; this Professor
Bailey has marked off as var. a/inus. But it appears to be rather an
abnormal state than a proper botanical variety. At least five stations
are reported for Vermont. ‘Two New Hampshire stations are reported
in RHODORA I, p. 205.

RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS, Porter, was first described from the moun-
tains of Pennsylvania, and is reported to be abundant in the Adiron-
dackf It is said in The Illustrated Flora to be “the characteristic
High Blackberry of the mountains of the Eastern and Middle States.”
A specimen with immature fruit, collected by Dr. B. L. Robinson, at
Jaffrey, N. H., July 7, 1897, has all the characters of the species that
would appear at that stage of growth. I have distinct recollections of
finding in past years certain bushes that bore long, slim, fine-grained,
dryish fruit, markedly different from the oval, luscious fruit on neigh-
boring plants. It is hoped that collectors in New England will be on
the outlook for this species another season. Professor Bailey remarks
that “in its typical form it is very well marked, and seems to be worthy

26 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

specific rank ; but in intermediate stations it seems to grade into the
species," i. e., A. nigrobaccus.

RuBUs ARGUTUS, Link, is the oldest name of the plant described
under Rudus villosus, var. frondosus in the Gray Manual and in Brit-
ton & Brown's Ill. Flora. As ordinarily found in western Vermont it
is quite distinct from A, zzgro^accus, and though not so common it is
of wider range, ascending to higher altitudes. But along the seaboard
‘it passes by imperceptible degrees into that species.

RUBUS ARGUTUS, var. Ranpi, Bailey. This distinct blackberry, de-
tected first by Mr. Edward L. Rand in 1894, at Mt. Desert, Maine,
proves to be common in New England. In habit it differs markedly
from Æ. argutus. It affects shady thickets rather than the open; the
canes are short, recurving, with few weak prickles or none; not stiff,
strict and thorny as in the species. Last summer, in the mountain
town of Woodbury, Vt., the fruit was abundant enough to be served at
the hotel tables, and though small surely disproved the charge of being
* dry and seedy.” At lower altitudes the inflorescence, leaf-stalks and
leaves beneath are softly pubescent; the glabrous form of the moun-
tain seems nearer to A. canadensis than to R. argutus.

RuBUS CANADENSIS, L. This plant was the first among American
species to obtain scientific recognition. Linnzeus, in his Species Plan-
tarum of 1753 so christened a specimen collected by the Swedish trav-
eller, Kalm, who several years before had made an extended visit to
the French settlements of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence.
The name, however, was misapplied by American botanists, and the
species remained unrecognized until rediscovered in 18390, in the
mountains of western Virginia, at an altitude of 3500 feet, and named
R. Millspaughit, by Dr. Britton, in honor of the collector. It turns
out to be a common species in the highlands of New England. In its
best estate the canes are ten feet long and an inch in diameter at the
base. With its thornless stems, large flowers and juicy fruit, it is by
far the most stately and amiable of all our blackberries.

Rubus sativus. This is Rudus nigrobaccus, var. sativus, Bailey,
which we are confident should be regarded as a distinct species. As
we find it in western Vermont it is farther removed from A. nigrobac-
cus than any of the four forms last mentioned. In pubescence it is
quite like Æ. argutus; it has almost the smoothness of A, canadensis,
and is even more dwarf than var. Randi. It is peculiar in its reduced,
leafy flower-cluster, and very broad leaflets. The name chosen by

inm" gl

KE SS

1900] Brainerd, — The blackberries of New England 27

Professor Bailey is most appropriate, as the species is the parent of
some of our best garden varieties.

RUBUS NIGROBACCUS X VILLOSUS, Bailey. This hybrid Professor Bai-
ley finds common in Central New York, and he has so named speci-
mens from a large colony covering a quarter of an acre in Weybridge,
Vermont. It has been found in four other towns in western Vermont.
We find it difficult to accept this disposition of our Vermont plant,
which has more slender bristles, and wider, more glabrous and more
sharply toothed leaflets than are found in either of the alleged parents.
The botanical status of this plant requires further investigation.

RuBus CUNEIFOLIUs, Pursh, with leaves whitish pubescent beneath,
is a southern species that barely enters New England in southern Con-
necticut. Specimens seen were from Stratford, East Haven, Killing-
worth and Milford.

Kuntz sETOsUs, Bigelow (Florula Bostoniensis, 1824). This
plant seems to be not rare in the vicinity of Boston, but it has strangely
failed of recognition in any edition of the Gray Manual. The stems
are usually erect; but trailing forms are not infrequent even in the
same colony. It varies also greatly in the width of the leaflet and in
the abundance of its bristles. Wide-leaved, prostrate forms are easily
mistaken for Rudus hispidus. The species appears to be widely dis-
tributed in New England.

There remain to be noticed, briefly, our four species of trailing
blackberries, or dewberries.

RUBUS vILLOSUS, Ait. As noted above, this name must hereafter
be applied to what for over-a century has been incorrectly passing as
R. canadensis. lt is abundant in the lowlands of New England, in
sterile soil; but rare in the mountains and in Maine, north of the coast.
The species, though still a variable one, has been much simplified by
the Segregation of the two following.

Rupus invisus, Bailey, is a plant every way larger than A. villosus.
Specimens have been seen from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine.
The Maine plant, collected by Mr. Fernald in Foxcroft, August 31,
1897, is more robust than the types from Ithaca, N. Y., which, through
the kindness of Professor Bailey, I have been permitted to examine,
has more oval and more sharply toothed leaflets, and may be deserving
of varietal distinction. .

Rursus Estro, Tratt., has been identified by Professor Bailey
with the Æ. ziZosus var. humifusus of Torrey. With its slender stem

cd

28 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

and single flowers on long pedicels it is easily recognized. But it
should be noted that in this, as in the two preceding species, the stem
is sometimes erect,—recurving if prolonged. The type specimens of
Trattinnick were evidently erect; those of Torrey, prostrate. We find
eight specimens of this species in the herbaria of the New England
Botanical Club, and of Judge J. R. Churchill, — all collected in eastern
Massachusetts. D

Rusus nHisPIDUS, L., when no longer confused with A. se/osus is a
well-marked species. It seems to be widely distributed in New Eng-
land. Some authorities describe the fruit as red or purple; but I find
it when ripe to be as black as that of its fellow species. The old ver-
bal paradox still holds good, that blackberries are green when they
are red. ;

The following synopsis of the blackberries of New England has
been carefully prepared, in the hope that it may prove of service in
determining the species : —

L BLACKBERRY PROPER. Canes erect or ascending. (Sometimes prostrate
in A. setosus.)
A. Plants tall, usually over three feet.
I. Armed with stout prickles.

a. Canes long and curving; new growth glandular pubescent; ra-
cemes long, leafless, with divergent pedicels; fruit oblong.
A, nigrobaccus.
à. Fruit long, narrow, tapering; drupelets numerous and small;
branches reddish; gland-tipped hairs abundant. Æ, allegheniensis.
c. Canes strict, shorter; new growth finely pubescent, slightly if
at all glandular; racemes shorter, often with leafy bracts at

-base of lower pedicels; fruit roundish; petals broad. R. argutus.
2. Prickles wanting, or if present few and small; leaflets glabrous,
on new canes long acuminate. R. canadensis.
B. Plants low, usually less than three feet.
I, Prickles stout and numerous; leaves white beneath. R. cuneifolius.
2. Prickles slender; leaves green beneath. x

a. Prickles short, few or wanting.

(1) Racemes very short, few-flowered, leafy; pedicels and leaves
beneath softly pubescent; leaflets broad, terminal one on
new canes often orbicular, slightly cordate at base, abruptly
pointed, R. sativus.
(2) Racemes loosely few-flowered, leafy; lower pedicels remote,
long and ascending; leaflets glabrous with irregular teeth.
R. nigrobaccus X villosus.
(3) Racemes short; usually with a rather large simple leaf at base;
leaflets glabrous or pubescent, with sharp and unequalteeth,
on new canes ovate, acuminate, R. argutus var. Randit,
6, Usually beset with slightly retrorse bristles, yellowish when young;
leaflets glabrous, acute, from ovate to narrowly obovate. A. setosus.

1900]. Leavitt, — Relation of plants to atmospheric moisture 29

II. DEWBERRY. Stems trailing, but in the first three species occasionally
erect, recurving to the ground if elongate.
A. Leaflets oval or ovate, acute or pointed, dull, usually somewhat
pubescent beneath; pedicels long and ascending; prickles stiff.
I. Branches few- to several-flowered.
a. Leaflets large, thin, coarsely and simply toothed, terminal one
usually rounded at the base; flowers and fruit large; stems
stout with tall branches. R. invisus.
A Leaflets firm, sharply and somewhat doubly toothed; plant
every way smaller. R. villosus.
2. Branches 1-flowered (sometimes 2-flowered); leaflets thin; stems
slender, with few minute prickles. R. Enslenii.
B. Leaflets obovate, blunt, glabrous, shining; pedicels in flower short,
divergent; flowers and fruit small; stems slender, with small,
weak bristles. R. hispidus.
(Trailing forms of 2. setosus may be looked for here and may be separated by
the acute, dull leaves and larger flowers.)

THE RELATION OF CERTAIN PLANTS TO ATMOSPHERIC
MOISTURE.

ROBERT G. LEAVITT.

Oncuips. In making some tests of absorption by orchids, in the
interests of the scientific side of practical gardening, I was surprised to
find little or none of the power of condensing water-vapor which is
popularly ascribed to the aérial roots of epiphytes. Not the public
alone, but gardeners universally, and botanists pretty generally, regard
air-plants as capable of * feeding upon the air." The highest author-
ity, too, may be cited in support of such an opinion. Thus Sachs‘
says, “ The walls [of the velamen] are capable of imbibing, and are
able to absorb, not only rain and dew but even the vapor of the at-
. mosphere.” Kerner, the popularity of whose Natural History of
Plants gives his opinions wide vogue, is explicit in the assertion that
*the power of condensing aqueous vapor, and other gases as well, is
. of the greatest importance to these plants." He repeats and amplifies
this at considerable length.

The doctrine of vapor-absorption goes back to the experimental
work of Unger? (1854) and Leitgeb* (1864). The contrary view
was expressed, after experimentation, by Duchartre5 (1856). He
says that “the leaves do not breathe in the vapor of water diffused in
1 Phys. of Plants, Eng. Tr., 1887, p. 25. 2 Natural History of Plants, Vol. I., p. 222.

3 Physiologie der Gewiichse, 1855, p. 307. 4 Denkschr. d. Wiener Akad., 1864, p. 215.
5 Quoted, Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de Fr., 1895, s. 3, t. II, p. 99.

30 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

the air, whatever the proportion; and aérial roots are equally de-
void of any power of absorbing vapor." Goebel; from extended
observation of epiphytes in their native habitats, arrives at the con-
clusion that absorption of vapor is at any rate not the chief function
of aérial roots, and approves Duchartre’s opinion. Schimper? is
equally reserved.

Up to the present moment too little experimental evidence is avail-
able to enable one to form a final opinion. It is easy to see possible
defects in all the methods employed. For example, cut-off roots, it
may be held, are under essentially unnatural conditions. On the other
hand if one works with entire plants, transpiration from the shoot and
assimilation enter as factors in the loss or-gain of weight. Again, the
vapor-conditions have been under no sort of control (with one excep-
tion to be mentioned). ‘Thus when Kerner writes as follows, one is
disposed to attribute the increase of weight to the formation of dew in
a closed receptacle, the temperature of which was not guarded against
change. He says: “Ifthe aérial roots of Oncidium sphacelatum are
transferred from a chamber full of dry air to one full of moist air, they
take up in twenty-four hours, somewhat more than eight per cent of
their weight of water." According to Pfeffer, Sachs probably intro-
duced the same error into his determination of imbibition by dried
wood. As to aérial roots Pfeffer is silent, as far as I have read his
latest text; but he notes the very indifferent capacity of vegetable
tissues in general for acquiring water in the gas-form.

When my first tests were made, with cut roots partially dried in the
laboratory and then laid in a moist orchid house, I looked for an addi-
tion to the weight. The humidity there was usually from Bo to Be,
I found at the end of twenty-four hours, that the roots were drier and
lighter than at the beginning.

A large box was then partly filled with sphagnum. ‘This was
soaked with water, a glass was placed on the sphagnum, and on this
were laid the roots. A wet and dry bulb hygrometer, read through
glass let into the end of the box, gave the humidities. Finally the
whole was closed in by a sheet of glass, so that the roots had the ad-
vantage of light. The ventilation was so adjusted that at no time did
the humidity rise above .95, and varied from this down to a bit
below .90.

: Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen I, p. 188. 2 Pfianzen-Geographie, 1898, p. 343.
3 Pflanzenphysiolagie, last edition, p. 143.

1900] Leavitt, — Relation of plants to atmospheric moisture 31

Precipitation of dew was thus wholly precluded, and yet the roots
were exposed to the action of a greater proportion of vapor than
usually obtains in nature. If at the above humidity the roots were
found to be unable to win a supply of water, then it would seem that
their condensing power must be unimportant or wanting.

As to the evidence from cut roots, this may be said in favor of its
admittance, viz., that the roots of epiphytes, as Schimper points out,
play a considerable róle in assimilation. The growing tips are intensely
green, and the parenchyma under the velamen is provided with chloro-
phyll. In one West Indian Angraecum, indeed, the roots have
usurped the function of leaves, so that except at the flowering season
the plant body consists almost wholly of roots. From the physiological
standpoint, therefore, cut roots may be considered fairly perfect
wholes.

It must be granted, however, that the point is open to objection ;

and Dr. Goodale has proposed a method of using whole plants which
seems the most satisfactory mode yet devised. Thus far the results
obtained by this method accord with those obtained from cut roots.

The genera represented (by twenty-four species) were Dendro-
bium, Epidendrum, Peristeria, Scuticaria, Laelia, Cattleya, Burling-
tonia, Brassavola, Cymbidium, Brassia, Selenipedium, Vanda, Cypri-
pedium, Oncidium, Angraecum, Masdevallia, Odontoglossum, and
Maxillaria. From many of the species several different roots were
used.

The trials lasted in each case from two to four days, and in a few
cases much longer. Some roots were taken from unwatered plants,
and after weighing were put at once into the damp-box. Others were
left in the laboratory until very dry to the touch, but put to the test
while the tips were still green and turgid. The cut ends were usually
waxed or otherwise sealed.

In all cases a diminution of weight was ascertained. The shrivel-
ing was often astonishing. Control roots from some of the same
plants, having access to liquid water, kept vigorous and active in the
same box. The manner of the drying up was significant. It began at
the cut end and traveled toward the still turgid terminal portion. The
latter seemed to be drawing water from the older parts. At any rate
the velamen was entirely unable to supply, out of the abundant vapor
at hand, the needs of the suffering cells beneath.

Since my work with cut roots was completed, the Centralblatt has

32 Rhodora [ FEBRUARY

published a paper by Nabokich ' in which he reaches the same conclu-
sion as Duchartre. Nabokich used cut roots of about a dozen different
species, and found in all but one (doubtful) case a slight loss of weight
in the saturated atmosphere of a thermostat.

(To be continued. )

UNUSUAL VARIATIONS OF TWO COMMON AGARICS.
H. WEBSTER.

To say that Armillaria mellea is variable in its appearance is to
fall far short of adequately expressing the truth in regard to this com-
mon agaric. Like Zaccaria laccata, it puts on such an extremely un-
familiar look at times that one almost loses faith in the fixity of specific
limits. Although typical forms are rarely wanting in its fruiting season,
others are always abundant which, in color, surface, size, proportions,
and especially in the character of the veil, are more or less striking in
the tendency which they show to efface more or less completely some
normally essential characteristic. Perhaps the taste is as constant as
anything about the plant, and it may often be relied on to resolve a
doubt. On the veil and ring no dependence can be placed whatever.
Typically strong and fibrous, and even forming a wide-spreading, per-
sistent collar, the veil is sometimes almost or entirely wanting at ma-
turity. In a form found in Cambridge in October, 1898, and shown to
the writer, the veil was glutinous and transparent, except immediately
about the stem. ‘The fibrous nature of the outer portions could not be
detected by the naked eye any more than in the veils of Cortinarius
collinitus or of Hygrophorus fuligineus. The glutinous character of
the veil extended to the surface of the pileus which was extremely
viscid. The plants were collected after a rain.

From several stations near Boston came reports last autumn of a
form of the common Lefiota naucina, to which the name of “Smooth
Agaric” has been given, in which the pileus was covered with brown
scales. In two cases specimens were submitted which showed this
character very strikingly, the surface being almost as rough and on the
whole darker than is the case in Zefioza cristata and similiar species.
These forms were growing with others in every way typical. Such an

1 Bot. Centrbl. LXXX., 1899, p. 333.

1900] Stone, — Luxuriant development of Spirogyra crassa 33

extreme variation, however, is not allowed for in the descriptions and,
were a group of such forms found in an isolated station, they might
easily prove puzzling. Among the specimens submitted were two
buttons nearly white at first, which, after lying a few hours in the dry
air of a room, turned browner, a part of the surface cracking into
scales.

Such instances of variation occurring in common fungi show the
necessity, so strongly emphasized by Fries, of keeping close and con-
stant watch of plants in the field from year to year, and they further
suggest the possibility that in the case of species of rare occurrence
and solitary habit, such as, for instance, Amanita strobiliformis and its
allies, it may be that forms have been kept separate which should really
be closely associated.

LUXURIANT DEVELOPMENT OF SPIROGYRA CRASSA
IN REFILLED PONDS.

G. B. STONE.

Spirogyra crassa, Kuetz., one of the largest species of the genus,
has been under my observation, more or less, in an incidental manner,
for some twelve years. A peculiar trait which I have repeatedly
observed, and to which I wish to call attention, is its remarkable abun-
dance under certain conditions. In every instance the unusual abun-
dance of this species was connected with the drawing off the water
from artificial ponds, the drying up of the bed, and the subsequent
refilling. I know of four instances where ponds have become dry, and
in every case there has been a luxuriant growth the following season of
this species, not common before in these ponds.

In two cases the locality was the pond in the Public Garden in
Boston, the first occurring in 1886, the second a few years later; the
third case was that of a small pond at Spencer, Mass., in 1889 ; the
fourth, a pond in the Agricultural College grounds at Amherst, Mass.,
in 1893. In all these instances the plant was so common that it
almost completely covered the surface of the water, at Amherst it
became a nuisance, and cartloads of the floating filaments were gath-
ered and carried away. Similar results, to a less noticeable extent,
have been observed under similar conditions in ponds in Worcester.

The Spencer and Amherst ponds are contaminated with sewage

34 Rhodora [ FEBRUARY

and the Public Garden pond has a very muddy bottom. The luxuriant
growth may be partly due to this. Yet the fact that the species
appeared so regularly and abundantly after the reservoirs had been
emptied would seem to indicate that the drying out of the soil con-
stituents of the pond acted as a stimulus to the germination of the
spores, which were dormant in the soil. In all of the localities named,
this alga was more or less abundant during the second year after the
ponds were emptied, although in other years, as already remarked, it
was rare or absent.

The ponds being unconnected, the plant could not have originated
in one and spread to the others; and the difference in dates excludes
general climatic conditions from producing the results.

S. crassa is here taken in the sense in which it is used by Wolle
(Fresh Water Algae of the United States). The form found in Massa-
chusetts appears to be fairly distinct, but there may be some doubt in
referring it to any particular European form.

COREOPSIS INVOLUCRATA ON THE ATLANTIC COAST. — Permit me to
mention in the columns of RHODORA a plant which seems a good way
from home. Several years since, Miss Sarah Fell, an enthusiastic bota-
nist of this city, discovered in the reclaimed tide-water marshes at the
junction of Christiana Creek with Delaware River, the southwestern
Coreopsis involucrata of Nuttall. It was again found in great profu-
sion this year by Mr. Commons, and later by myself, growing along a
“marsh road." It is a fine species, not very unlike C. Zrzckosperma,
Michx., which is also common here. — WM. M. Cansy, Wilmington,
Delaware.

[The closely related C. aristosa, Michx., has been twice collected on wool waste
in New England: by C. W. Swan at Dracut, Mass., in 1894, and by 7. C. Parlin and
M. L. Fernald at North Berwick, Me., in 1897. C. involucrata may be expected in
such places. — Ep. ] . :

THE DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN TREES AND SHRUBS
IN WESTERN CONNECTICUT.

CHARLES K. AVERILL.

THE following notes on the distribution of certain trees and shrubs
in the Housatonic River region of western Connecticut may be of

1900] Averill, — Trees in western Connecticut 35

interest. ‘They should be taken, however, as a preliminary reconnais-
sance, and not as an attempt to fix definitely the bounds of the species.

From an elevation of about 690 feet at Canaan, the river descends
to the sea at Stratford, a distance of about eighty miles. It is throughout
a beautiful stream, and the wooded condition of the hills on either
side gives a wild aspect to its scenery. But little large timber is seen,
as may be expected in a region abounding in lime and containing
some iron ore.

Where the Still River enters the Housatonic, Acer dasycarpum is
seen on the alluvial deposits and at other places in the town of New
Milford, particularly in the vicinity of the village of the same name.
At Kent it is known as the * river maple." It is common all the way
up to Sheffield, Mass., wherever there is any considerable deposit of
alluvial soil and is confined to this soil.

The Cottonwood, Populus monilifera, is found along the river from
tide water to Pittsfield, Mass. It occurs sometimes at a distance of a
mile or two therefrom, along highways and open places, but I have
not seen it in the woods.

In RHODORA, i. 39, I noted Populus balsamifera growing along the
river in New Milford. It appears to have.been introduced. Recently
I went over this ground with Mr. E. H. Austin, to whom I am indebted
for much valuable information about the plants of that region. The
trees are extended along the river for a distance of five or six miles,
but have evidently been derived from a tree set out about sixty or
more years ago in front of a house on the east bank about a mile south
of Kent village. The original tree has been cut down, but an old lady
was found who could remember it. We could get no information as
to where it came from. The rapid spread of the tree is interesting,
and would be possible only in a tree of rapid growth. I counted the
rings in a stump cut off near the ground and about thirty-two inches
in diameter. ‘There were thirty-two, showing an increase in diameter
of an inch per year.

Two trees, the canoe birch and the larch, show the effect of altitude
and latitude in their distribution. Going northward from the coast, the
canoe birch, Betula papyrifera, is first seen in the northern part of New
Milford, where it is common, and from thence north it is a conspicuous
tree on many of the hillsides. In the Berzelius List of Plants within
thirty miles of New Haven it is given as rare, with three localities speci-
fied, viz., Maltby Park, near New Haven, Wallingford, and Wading
River, Long Island.

36 Rhodora [ FEBRUARY

The Larch, Zavix Americana, is found in the swamps in Brook-
field and New Milford, and thence northward. The Berzelius list
records it from Danbury, the most southerly point I am aware of.

In the Berzelius list the Black Spruce, Picea nigra, Link, was given
as follows: * Formerly at Wading River, L. I. ‘Twenty years ago
there was quite a clump of this spruce near Waterbury, but the trees
were all killed by fire. H. J. Bassett."

Just south of Botsford station on the Berkshire Division railroad,
partly in the town of Newtown and partly in Monroe, the railroad
passes through a large swamp, at an elevation of about four hundred
feet. In winter the spruce trees can be seen from the train. I have
never explored the swamp thoroughly, but once I climbed a hill to the
west where I could overlook it. Its area appears to be about a square
mile, and the spruces are scattered in various parts of it. A few speci-
mens secured show that it is P. migra, Link. This is perhaps the
most southerly station in New England.

On the north shore of Spectacle Ponds, in the town of Kent, at an
elevation of 1,200 feet, there are a few trees of this species growing in
a sphagnum swamp. ‘They were much damaged by an ice-storm two
winters ago.

Among the Oaks I have seen Quercus stellata, Wang, on the sea-
shore at Milford sparingly, but not away from the coast. Q. macro-
carpa l have not found in the State of Connecticut; but a few miles
over the line in Massachusetts it occurs near a highway a little west of
Van Deusenville station ; also a few saplings near Stockbridge. It is
recorded from Connecticut in Bishop’s List of Connecticut Plants.
Q. Muhlenbergia occurs on the limestone formation in the neighbor-
hood of Kent. Q. palustris, Du Roi, is an abundant tree in the low
grounds in the vicinity of the coast, but is not common in the northern
part of the State, although I have seen it at New Milford and
Canaan.

Q. ilicifolia, Wang, occurs abundantly on the higher exposed places
of barren hills all through the region. Near the summit of Long
Mountain, in the town of New Milford, in a small swamp, are some
very large specimens, one of which surpasses any I have heard of. It
comes from the ground with a single trunk measuring forty-four inches
in circumference. At about fourteen inches from the ground it divides
into two branches, the larger of which measures twenty-nine inches
round. The branches soon become horizontal and spread widely.

1900] Averill, — Trees in western Connecticut 37

The Greenwich station, for Ziguidambar Styraciflua, described by `
Mr. Harger in the July Ruopora, is not the most easterly and northerly
station. As given in Bishop's additional list of Connecticut plants, it
occurs from Darien to Five Mile River, where reported by Miss A. E.
Carpenter. I visited the place last September, and made a hurried
examination. The trees were growing plentifully in a piece of wet
woods bounded north by the railroad track, and south by the highway
on which the trolley runs. Easterly they extend nearly to the Five
Mile River. I did not go to their western boundary, but they appeared
to extend westerly for at least half a mile. This station is about eight
to ten miles easterly from the Greenwich one. Some of the trees were
of good size. I measured one six and a half feet round at five feet
from the ground. There were many others that looked as large.
While this tree has been cultivated somewhat in this region, I should
judge this to be a natural station.

Fraxinus sambucifolia, the black ash, which is not given in the Ber-
zelius list, and in Bishop's list is given as rare, I have seen at a number
of places from Stratford on the coast, to Stockbridge, Mass., always in
wet places, but not usually near the river.

I have mentioned the canoe birch and tamarack as showing the
effect of altitude and latitude in their distribution. This is better shown
in a number of shrubs which are common in the northern part ; rare or
lacking in the southern.

Acer spicatum and Acer Pennsylvanicum are tolerably common in
New Milford, Kent, and in Cornwall, but not south. The Berzelius list
gives them as occurring at stations twenty to thirty miles north of New
Haven, except spicatum, which has a station as far south as North
Branford.

Viburnum cassinoides I have seen in a few elevated places in New
Milford and Kent; V. Opu/us in several places from Kent north, also
in Brookfield ; V. /anzanoitdes I have from one station in Kent. None
of these have I seen in the southern portion, and they are not in the
Berzelius list.

Sambucus racemosa occurs among the higher hills of New Milford ;
and while not seen in the southern part of the Housatonic region, I
have found it at East Rock, New Haven. Cornus Canadensis is not
rare in swamps about New Milford; it grows also in the swamp with
the spruce trees at Botsford. It was formerly found near New Haven.

Potentilla fruticosa is abundant over the northern half of the

38 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

region ; apparently lacking south of New Milford. Chiogenes hispidula
and AaZwia glauca grow at Spectacle Ponds, Kent; Andromeda poli-
Jolia at Spectacle Ponds and Hatch Pond; Cassandra calyculata as
far south as Huntington; and in Berzelius list, at Riverhead, L. I.
This is more common and more southerly than the two preceding.

Nemopanthus fastcularis is common around New Milford and Kent
in swamps.

Many examples of herbaceous plants could be given corroborating
the effect of altitude and latitude, which, however, it will be better to
defer till another time.

BRIDGEPORT, CONN.

IS ARTEMISIA STELLERIANA A NATIVE OF
NEW ENGLAND?

M. L. FERNALD.

One of the most conspicuous plants of sand-dunes and the drier
portions of many sea-beaches of New England is Artemisia Stedleriana,
a species first described from Kamtschatka. Yet, abundant as is the
plant about many of our long-visited resorts, Mt. Desert, Old Orchard,
Nahant, Nantasket, Truro, Martha’s Vineyard, Narraganset Pier, New-
port, and New London, as well as Long Reach and Sandy Hook, it was
apparently unrecorded in our botanical literature until within the last
quarter-century. Probably the first station noted in eastern America
was at Nahant, Massachusetts, in 1877. A specimen collected there, or
on the adjacent Lynn Beach, by Dr. W. G. Farlow, in 1879, is labelled
* growing wild in large tufts," and of this station Mr. John Robinson
wrote in 1880, “evidently increasing quite rapidly." A specimen col-
lected by Miss G. H. Learned at New London, Connecticut, in 1892,
is marked “ well established." These notes of Dr. Farlow, Mr. Rob-
inson, and Miss Learned, then, as well as Dr. Britton's records of the
plant in his New Jersey catalogue, indicate their belief that the plant is
introduced.

On the other hand, there is a rather general idea that the plant is
indigenous on our coast. In the Synoptical Flora and in the last edi-
tion of Gray's Manual this is suggested, though with some doubt; in
various local floras the plant is treated in the same non-committal way ;
and in the Illustrated Flora, though its introduction into eastern America

1900] Fernald, — Artemisia Stelleriana in New England. 39

may be inferred, no definite statement to that effect is made, as is done
in case of A. Adbsinthium, A. Abrotanum, A. annua, etc. Thus as
treated in standard works the exact status of the species in our flora is
not clearly defined.

It is a significant fact that this very conspicuous plant was not seen
upon the New England coast until 1877, and that from that date until
the present time it has appeared in ever-increasing abundance at points
long known and visited by botanists. Furthermore, in 1876, the plant
was discovered in dry sand on the coast of Skáne, the southernmost
province of Sweden, “the most thoroughly examined province of Swe-
den from the botanist's point of view ;" in 189r it was found on the
sandy coast at North Bull, County Dublin, Ireland; in 1892, on the
coast of Zealand, Denmark ; and in 1895 on the sands between Penzance
and Marazion in Cornwall.

In the Journal of Botany for 1894 and previously in a Swedish
journal, Botaniska Notiser, Professor Areschoug discussed ' at length
the occurrence of this Kamtschatkan plant in Europe and America,
favoring the view that it has long been a member of our flora, until
recently overlooked because of its habitat — barren sands which are
rarely visited. He further argued that the plant must have spread
laterally from northern Asia to Europe and America immediately after
the Glacial Period, before the return northward of the flora which now
characterizes so much of Europe and America, and that although not
yet known to us it will be found in many sandy river-valleys of North
America.

Replying to Professor Areschoug's most interesting and ingenious
argument, Mr. Nathaniel Colgan showed? very conclusively that the
extensive colony of the plant found by him in County Dublin had ori-
ginated from waste fragments thrown upon the sand from a neighboring
nursery. ‘The simple explanation given by Mr. Colgan of the origin of
the colony in Ireland is essentially applicable to our American stations.
If this very conspicuous plant were indigenous upon Old Orchard,
Nahant, Martha's Vineyard, and other sandy shores, it is singular that
no one observed it before 1877. Mr. Walter Deane informs me that in
his youth he was familiar with Old Orchard Beach, and that at that
time this remisia was not seen ; in Tracy’s list (1858) of the plants
of Lynn it is not mentioned, nor does the late Dr. Morong note it in

1 Botaniska Notiser, 1880, 137, and 1893, 111; Journ. Bot. xxxii. 70.
2 Journ. Dot. l. c. 104.

40 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

his paper! upon the flora of Martha’s Vineyard. However, in the
seventies A. .Sze//eriana was popular in America, as well as in Europe,
as a bedding plant. For afew years it was used very extensively for
its mass of gray foliage, and to-day, in many old-fashioned gardens in
Maine, it is still a favorite under the name “ Dusty Miller." Professor
Areschoug argued that because the plant rarely spreads from gardens to
the neighboring districts and because it abounds on sand-dunes and
beaches remote from gardens it cannot have escaped from cultivation
to its present coastal stations. It cannot be stated with assurance that
the plant has reached the New England sea-beaches directly from
neighboring gardens ; but a statement made by a nurseryman, attempt-
ing to account for the colony in County Dublin, and quoted by Mr.
Colgan in his article above cited may as well apply to our own as to
the Irish station: “It is a plant of the freest possible growth. Any bit
of the top or rootstock swept out with refuse would be sure to grow... .
Tops have often been used for mixing with cut-flowers, and may have
assisted in the make-up of breast-bouquets, which, worn by some visitor
to the North Bull, may have been thrown away as withered, and have
got covered with sand." In view, then, of the very striking habit of
the plant, its sudden appearance on sea-beaches and sand-dunes, es-
pecially in the neighborhood of summer resorts, soon after its period of
popularity as a bedding plant, and its probable absence from our flora
prior to that time, there seems no doubt that Artemisia Stelleriana was
originally introduced along our coast and that we have no reason longer
to regard it as a species native to New England.

Gray HERBARIUM.

PrawT RELATIONS, by Prof. J. M. Coulter of the University of
Chicago, is a clear and terse statement of the biological relations of
plants to each other, to their inorganic environment, and to animals.
It thus presents what are doubtless the most fascinating or, as one may
say, the most sensational aspects of plant life. The illustrations are
numerous and excellent both as to clearness and artistic effect. In
fact they are, as in some of our current magazines, so copious and
striking as to distract the attention and impair the power of concen-
trating upon the text.

1 Field and Forest, iii (1878), 119.

? Octavo, vii and 264 pp. copiously illustrated and well indexed. Appleton
& Co., 1899.

1900] Collins, — Lists of New England plants, — V. 41

PRELIMINARY LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND PLANTS, — V.
MARINE ALGAE.'

FRANK S. COLLINS.

[The sign + indicates that an herbarium specimen has been seen; the
sign — that a printed record has been found.]

The State of Vermont, having no coast line, is omitted in this list. Massachu-
setts, however, is divided into two parts, northern and southern, as the most strongly
marked division line for algae on the whole Atlantic coast occurs here. As regards
the marine flora, Nahant and Nantucket differ more from each other than the former
does from Newfoundland, or the latter from Fortress Monroe. The division line is
usually given as Cape Cod, but as the flora of the inside of the lower cape is the
same as that of Vineyard Sound, the latitude of Provincetown has been taken as the
boundary.

Among the Schizophyceae will be found some species usually classed as fresh
water algae; but as they were found growing among undoubted marine species, it
seemed best to include them.

SCHIZOPHYCEAE.

E U HAE
eit e <
De Ip
Amphithrix hina (Mont.) Born. & Flah. *
d var. torulosa (Grunow) |
Born. & Pilah 2... D |
« violacea (Kuetz.) Born. & Flah. . T +
Anabaena torulosa (Carm.) Lagerh. +)/+]}+}4]4+ | +
" 'weabHis Kuetz. . 2 t +
Brachytrichia Quoyii (Ag.) Born. & F lah. rt
cg aim aeruginea (Kuetz.) Thuret. + + | +
confervicola (Dillw.) Ag. +/4+}+/4/4+/4+
«e crustacea Thuret. E Tl-l-cTl-cLicTi-c
= fasciculata Ag. 4 + -+
« « forma incrustans Collins ls PE
E ` fgsco-violacea Crouan. . . . 4) | "I NUN
ti parasitica (Chauv.) Thuret. i Mae t-il
* pulvinata (Mert.) Ag. . e NE tTi-|—|-u
ke scopulorum (Web. & Mohr) Ag o PERRET ETT +
* vivipara Harv. . . ee DET + | |
Chroococcus turgidus Naeg. . . . lb ^C s Dus md
Cryptoglaena Americana Davis. | u |
Dermocarpa prasina (Reinsch) Born. & Thuret. + E +|+
ia violacea Crouan. (4. sie i | +
Entophysalis granulosa Kuetz. oe es + +
* Magnolia Farlow. . . . . . |+ | 4
Gloeocapsa crepidinum Thuret. t +/+/4+/+

1 Printed in RHODORA as supplementary material,

42 Rhodora

Hydrocoleum glutinosum (Ag.) Gomont.

" lyngbyaceum Kuetz.

" ma Folden . .—.
Hyella caespitosa Born. & Plah. . . '.
Isactis plana (Harv.) Thuret. í
Lyngbya aestuarii (Mert.) Liebm.

confervoides Ag. .
* gracilis (Menegh.) Rab.
* — Lagerheimii (Moebius) Gomont.
«lutea (Ag.) Gomont, :
* majuscula (Dillw.) Harv.
* — semiplena (Ag.) J. Ag.
* subtilis Holden mss.
Mastigocoleus testarum Lagerh.
Microchaete grisea Thuret.

Microcoleus chthonoplastes (FI. Dan.) Thuret.

Nodularia Harveyana (Thwaites) Thuret.
e spumigena Mert. var. litorea ( Kuetz.)
Born. & Thuret.

DÉI DI

& Flah.
Oscillatoria amphibia Ag. ri.
ai Corallinae ( Kuetz.) Gomont.
" laetevirens Crouan.
" limosa Ag. Fi
e margaritifera Kuetz.

" nigro-viridis Thwaites.

M princeps Vauch.

2 tenuis Ag...
Ostreobium Quekettii Born. & F lah.
Phormidium ambiguum Gomont.

e autumnale (Ag.) Gomont.

" Corium (Ag.) Gomont. .

e favosum (Bory) Gomont.

S fragile (Menegh.) Gomont.

ef persicinum (Reinke) Gomont.

« Valderianum (Delponte) Gomont.
Plectonema calothrichoides Gomont.

" Golenkinianum Gomont.

ei terebrans Born. & Flah.

Pleurocapsa fuliginosa Hauck.
Polycystis elabens Kuetz.

var. rupestre Kuetz.

var. major (Kuetz.) Born.

[ FEBRUARY
MESKIEIME
we ae PE
* [Eia [S
LE SA "
KIM
dr 2
| |
+ tei 4 cae
+ +
Pl ee KSE
mR ORI =
Lë
+
= Ar af Gua yo
TITITCOTI
Tit P
* "
DT cé Ge TA
* m ae
CITLITPDMRITIE
[TIMIDI Ge
ZE
+
4-
+
[4 t|
+ TIT
+
r -
ap Tie
+
de
+
T T
+
| Le
TIC IR
de
SSES
ER
+
oa Bas
» TT
SEET x

1900]

Polycystis pallida (Kuetz.) Farlow.
Rivularia atra Roth. "MEC M
* Biasolettiana Menegh.
ké Bornetiana Setchell.

Hu nitida Ag. 7
Spirulina Meneghiniana Zan.

“ Nordstedtii Gomont. .

“ subsalsa Oersted.

“ versicolor Cohn.
Symploca hydnoides Kuetz. .
Xenococcus Schousboei Thuret.

CHLOROPHYCEAE.

Acroblaste Reinschii Wille. .
Bolbocoleon piliferum Prings.
Bryopsis plumosa (Huds.) Ag. . . .
Chatipinorpna aerea (Dillw.) Kuetz.

[11

Linum (Fl. Dan.) Kuerz,

Melagonium (Web. A Mohr)

Kuetz. forma typica Kjellm.
Melagonium forma rupincola
Aresch.

Chlorochytrium Schmitzii Rosenvinge.
Gare: og albida (Huds.) Kuetz.

S var. refracta Thuret.
arcta (Dillw.) kuer, ..

* var. centralis Farlow.
expansa (Mert.) Kuetz.
flexuosa (Griff.) Harv.
fracta (Fl. Dan.) Kuetz. .
glaucescens (Griff.) Harv.
gracilis (Griff. kuerz, .

e var. expansa Farlow.

" * tenuis Farlow. .
hirta Kuetz.
Hutchinsiae kuerz, .

e var. diffusa (Harv.)
Farlow.

laetevirens Kuetz. .
lanosa (Roth) Kuetz.

* — var. uncialis (Harv.) Thuret.

Magdalenae Harv.
refracta Aresch.

Collins, — Lists of New England plants, — V.

43

+++ Me.

++
++

+ +4+4+4+ t¢4+4+4+4+4+4+4++4

++,

+++++ ++ + +

++

++

-+

+ ++4+++4+
+++4 1
++++
+++

E

++

+ + + S. Mass.
+++ +

d

+++++ +++
+14

+
+

TCI
Conn.

+++
++

++

44 Rhodora

Cladophora Rudolphiana (Ag.) Harv.

" rupestris (L.) Kuetz. .
Codiolum gregarium A. Br. .

v longipes Foslie.

« Petrocelidis Kuckuck. E
Derbesia vaucheriaeformis (Harv.) J. Ag.
E nteromorpha clathrata (Roth) J. Ag.

de var. Rothiana (Le Jolis)
Farlow. à
“a compressa (L.) Grev.
" crinita (Roth) J. Ag.
" cruciata Collins.
ér erecta (Lyng.) J. Ag. .
ei Hopkirkii McCalla. .
se intestinalis (L.) Link. . ;
u " forma cylindracea J.
Ag. e
« " forma maxima J. Ag.
e Linza (L.) J. Ag.
" marginata J- Ag.
" micrococca Kuetz.

“ e« var. subsalsa Kjellm.

" minima Naeg. .

de percursa (Ag.) J. Ag.

S prolifera J. Ag. .

" ramulosa (Eng. Bot.) Hook.

e torta (Mert.) Reinbold.
Entoderma Wittrockii (Wille) E
Epicladia Flustrae Reinke.
Gloeocystis zostericola Farlow. . .
Gomontia polyrhiza (Lagerh.) Born. & F lah.
Ilea fulvescens (Ag.) J. Ag. GA
Monostroma crepidinum Farlow. . .

T fuscum (Post. & Rupr.) Wittr.

eg Grevillei (Thuret) Wittr.

" Groenlandicum J. Ag. . .

- latissimum (Kuetz.) Wittr.

^ leptodermum Kjellm.

- pulchrum Farlow. . M UN

Le undulatum Wittr. var. Farlowii
Foslie.

T Vahlii J. Ag. l SEN
Pilinia maritima (Kjellm.) Rosenvinge.

=

+++++ Me

++++++

++

“ae

a

+++
+++

=t

N. Mass.

+++

+++

t+++++ttt+ ++

++

t+++++

+ S. Mass.
E XI

—

++

1900] Collins, — Lists of New England plants, — V.

Prasinocladus subsalsus Davis.
Pringsheimia scutata Reinke.
Protoderma marinum Reinke.
Rhizoclonium Kerneri Stockmayer.

e riparium (Roth) Harv. var. im-
plexum Rosenvinge. AR

" riparium var. Mis UD Rosen-
vinge. : ; ‘

2 tortuosum Kuetz.

& [11

Schizogonium laetevirens Kuetz.
Ulothrix collabens (Ag.) Thuret.

* - flacca (Dillw.) Thuret.

* implexa Kuetz. :

* variabilis Kuetz. var. marina Wille.
Ulva Lactuca (L.) Le Jolis.

* var. mesenteriformis (Roth) Collins. |

e éi var. rigida (Ag.) Le Jolis.
Urospora penicilliformis (Roth) Aresch. .
Vaucheria litorea Nordst. . :

e piloboloides Thuret.
" " var. compacta Collins.
» Thuretii Woronin.

PHAEOPHYCEAE.

Agarum Turneri Post. A Rupr. .
Alaria esculenta (L.) Grev. .
"UO PEPOTV.. .
rg villosa (Huds. ) ‘Duby.
Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Ag.) Magnus. .
Ascophyllum Mackaii KEN Holmes & Bat-

LETS... ce
" nodosum (L.) Le Jolis.
Asperococcus echinatus (Mert.) Grev. . . .

Castagnea virescens (Carm.) Thuret. .
gw Zosterae (Mohr) Thuret.
Chorda Filum (L.) Stack.
* tomentosa Lyng. i
Chordaria green (FL Dan.) Ag. ;
var. densa Farlow. .
TODAS spongiosus (Lightf.) Ag.
8 verticillatus (Lightf.) Ag. .
Desmarestia aculeata (L.) Lamour.

var. polyrhizum. Holden.

45

Me.

+ +++++
+ + +44

+t++4+4+444

+++

<H

+ N. Mass.

-+
+

++

+++

-+

+++

+++

=-

S. Mass.

++++ 44

+++

++

+++

iP

*
+t+t++¢4++4+4+4

+t+t++4+4+ +++

Conn.

++++

46 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

Desmarestia viridis (Fl. Dan.) Lamour. . Hike ebole
Desmotrichum Balticum Kuetz. . SA "
a undulatum (]. Ag.) Reinke. heb get el el
Dictyosiphon Ekmani Aresch. ab +
" foeniculaceus (Huds.) Grev, . e re Se ee es
S ei var. Americanus
Colli. a uon +++
f Deeg (Lyng.) Aresch. TTE. +
Y var. fragilis (Harv.)
Kjellm. + ck
S hispidus Kjellm. ve ab
M Macounii Farlow. ab
Ectocarpus aecidioides Rosenvinge. + ab 4
confervoides (Roth) Le Jolis. del | eke
" " var. hiemalis (Crouan)
Kuckuck. «2 "IM
e S var. subulatus Hauck. "s
D eu var. brumalis Holden. ab
* ' dasycarpus Kuckuck, T
¥ elegans Thuret. : +
" fasciculatus Harv. . ae e E eae ed
S Emm (Eng. Bot.) Ag. š PEE ied oak
“ var. tenuis Farlow. .- . - iple
K lutosus Harv.. . +
e Mitchellae Harv. iib
gé ovatus Kjellm. . dhe
d BEEN T Ag. . .5. vow» UE ES
" siliculosus (Dillw.) Ag. . . . . |4+ ak ie ge a
subcorymbosus Farlow. . + abe
uc a ET e A. db $14
s tomentosoides Farlow. +
" tomentosus (Huds.) Lyng. é ie) 1 + | ee
Elachista fasciculata var. major (Reinke) Gran. +
fucicola (Velley) Fries. +/+) +j)+ Lk
RK lubrica Rupr. . . +
ei stellaris var. Chordae Aresch. +
Fucus Areschougii Kjellm. + he
ceranoides L. . . + +
* edentatus De la Pyl. . pem
* — evanescens Ag. + hei ple] - +
* filiformis Gmelin. dde Te
“ platycarpus Thuret. phases + +++ +
"UO VOR . . . e. 50S +i E

1900] Collins, — Lists of New England plants, — V.

Fucus vesiculosus var. sphaerocarpus Farlow. .
e M. var. spiralis Farlow.
var. gracillimus Collins. .
Halothrix lumbricalis (Kuetz.) Reinke. .
Haplospora globosa Kjellm. d
Hecatonema maculans (Collins) Sauvageau.
Isthmoplea sphaerophora (Harv.) Kjellm.
Laminaria caperata De la Pyl. . :
" digitata (L.) Lamour. var. typica
Foslie.
var. complanata Foslie.
var. ensifolia (Kuetz.)
Foslie. .
" intermedia var. cucullata Foslie. .
H y: var. longipes Foslie. .
var. ovata Foslie. .
«9 longicruris De la Pyl. ;
« Phyllitis (Stack.) Lamour.
« Platymeris De la Pyl.
s saccharina (L.) Lamour.
ks stenophylla (Harv.) J. Ag.
Leathesia difformis (L.) Aresch.
Mesogloia divaricata (Ag.) Kuetz.
Microspongium gelatinosum Reinke. . :
Myriactis pulvinata Kuetz. var. minor Farlow.
Myrionema Balticum (Reinke) Foslie.
e foecundum (Stromf.) Foslie.
éi globosum (Reinke) Foslie.
a vulgare Thuret.
Myriotrichia clavaeformis Harv.
Ve filiformis Harv.
Phaeosaccion Collinsii Farlow. .
Phyllitis fascia (Fl. Dan.) Kuetz. .
* ` zosteraefolia Reinke.
Punctaria latifolia Grev. . .
M plantaginea (Roth) Grev.
Te littoralis (L.) Kjellm.
« var. fluviatilis Hauck.
Af « var. robusta Farlow.
var. varia Kjellm.
Ralfsia Borneti Kuckuck.
« clavata (Carm.) Farlow
* deusta J. Ag.

Di €€

D [11

[11 [11

[11 DÉI

DI DI

EN
MU

+++++ +++ 4+

++

St Me.

++4+444

TL

+ + + N. Mass.

+ ++++
+++4+4+44

+ ++ 4+ +

tc.
++t+t+4+4+444+4+4+4+ +

+ +++ + +44

+ +++

++ +++

E

++

S. Mass.

L

+ + Conn.

+ +++ +

+

+

+++

48 Rhodora [ FEBRUARY

Pat
ara boll toe als
z |
Ralísia pusilla (Stromf.) Holmes & Batters. i 4 db
w verrucosa Aresch, . obs-1 4] 4] 4e] ee
Saccorhiza dermatodea (De la Pyl. ) J. Ki d Late ba
Sargassum bacciferum (Turn.) J. Ag... +
« Filipendula Ag. A Pm eo ee
e " forma subedentatum J. Ag. EE
Scaphospora Kingii Farlow. . . yir d
Seegen jomentaritis (Lyng.) f Ag. . 052 d addi weld del
var. complanatus Rosen-
TWEEN 1. A +
Sorocarpus uvaeformis Pings: . . . . . . +
Sphacelaria cirrhosa (Roth) Ag. . . + ens +
s racemosa Grev. var. arctica (Harv.)
Reinke. . v EE +
v radicans (Dillw.) Ag. TM TM RI | ed op
Stictyosiphon Griffithsianus (Le jene Holmes
& Bette . de ab
ez subsimplex Holden. .. . . . . +
Stilophora rhizodes (Ehrh.) J. Ag. . . . + lp}
Streblonema Chordariae (Farlow) De Toni. y "E
eg fasciculatum Thuret. . ee i
$e reptans. (Crouan) Farlow. . . . d be kb
Striaria attenuata Grev. i mE
RHODOPHYCEAE.

Actinococcus subcutaneus (Lyng.) Schmitz. . ||| ||
e aggregatus Schmitz. . , db
Agardhiella tenera (J. Ag.) Schmitz. . : vl4re4l
Ahnfeltia plicata (Turn.) Fries. . . 00 dd 41-4
Antithamnion Americanum (Harv.) Farlow. ; 43 Er NUN p sn

" boreale (Gobi) Kjelln. . . . | 4+ +

P cruciatum (Ag.) Naeg. Ka +++

“ E var. radicans J. Ag. . | +

de floccosum (Muell. Kleen. . . a 4

tc plumula (Ellis) Thuret. . . . tbc

" Pylaisei (Mont.) RE Er I" A *
Bangia ciliaris Carm. . uM UL ei de E

* — fusco-purpurea (Dillw.) Lyng. Eg cr. Pp +/+}4+]+

Bostrychia rivularis Harv. à BS. a +
Callithamnion Baileyi Harv. e a. ++) +] t+

e« * var. boreale Bars, NUT 4-

ae «yar. laxum Farlow. . . ck Le

H v VIR Rochei Here, = i —

1900] Collins, — Lists of New England plants, — V. 49
| d | É JOGE |
I^ zz [aie S
Callithamnion byssoideum Arn. 1 ESI. 205738
s Ge var. unilaterale Harv. | EI |
" corymbosum (Eng. Bot.) Ag. EIS Imi
" * var.secundatum Harv. | | TiS |
s roseum (Roth.) Harv.. . . . MESES | + |
" tetragonum (With.) Ag. FEH | A |
Callymenia reniformis (Turn.) J.Ag.. . 2. ] | + Er
Caloglossa Leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. . . . . [ 74 x
Ceramium arborescens J. Ag. . SO. quM GEN T T SS
e Capri-Cornu (Reinsch) Farlow. . | Ka
S circinatum (Kuetz.) J. Ag. | | | $
" GNE etary. ` O ez acht ag
S lee, "eer d] | k |
a Glen J. As, . . . . . | Se
ae pd a (Ruds) Ag... . . .. | £I SIR SEIT
Ve var. corymbosum J.Ag.. . | +
8 s var. decurrens (Kuetz.) Harv. ie t|
ft P var. proliferum Harv. . . | 14 —| +
s » var. secundatum ( Lyng.) PER St IK 4:
e squarrosum (Harv.) J. Ag. | T:
" strictum (Kuetz.) Harv. . E SERA CA A
" tenuissimum (Lyng.) J. Ag. KI A
" var. arachnoideum (J. |
Ag.) Farlow. . | 5 KA
S " var. qe v Harv. CEET |
Champia parvula (Ag. Harv. . . ... . . | Datt
Chantransia Daviesii ( Dillw.) Thare DEER Itb px |
A secundata (Lyng.) Thuret. . . . |+/4/ | se)
" Thuretii Borger mage. | GA |
" virgatula (Harv.) Thuret. . . . | + | Ta tf | +
Chondria dasyphylla (Woodw.) Ag. ale +}4+)+
"5. sedifolia Harv.. . [1] wa
* — tenuissima (Good. & Woodw.). Ag. : | |l
d « var. Baileyana Hm) T Ag. | iti + | +
Chondrus crispus (L.) Stack. | KEE A)
Choreocolax Polysiphoniae Reinsch. . py] T Kr
Corallina officinalis L. oe fel tle] +l tit
“ « var. profunda F acidi E E | |+ |
d " var. spathulaeformis EM ) |
Ardissone. i +
rHtectoqium purpurascens (Huds.) Khet: | ek | 3 IEGTI-LJW br
«c var.cirrhosum Harv. | +/—|+/4+/4+/+
Dasya elegans (Mart. Ag. . >. s. [| fete Ppl +

A ep Rhodora [FEBRUARY

SISSE
iz (212 8
zv
Delesseria alata (Huds.) Lamour. kf poe
ei angustissima Griff. . ^ d |
“sinuosa (Good. & Wood.) Lamour. |+/+|/+/+/+/ 4+
, Erythrotrichia ceramicola (Lyng.) Aresch. + ETRIE
Euthora cristata (L.) J. Ag. . plut ^
Gelidium crinale (Turn.) J. Ag. . ES rey a ee ee y
Gigartina mamillosa (Good. & Woodw.) A Ag. Da e TC
Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Huds.) Carm. . Pap Pacha a E n
Sieepeeticnnm elegans (Chauv.) Le Jolis. ei
ramosum (Thwaites) Hauck. + | 4-
Gracilaria multipartita (Clem.) Ag. WIL
" var. angustissima Harv. +++ +
Griffithsia Bornetiana Farlow. P Erie
e tenuis Ag. í . MA T RE A |
Grinnellia Americana (Ag.) Harv... ap Skala
Gymnogongrus Griffithsiae (Turn.) Mart. +] +)
Norvegicus (Turn.) J. Ag. + +
Halosaccion ramentaceum (L.) J. Ag. FS an
« e var. gladiatum Eaton | +
* ,. fScopula Stromf. dh |
Harveyella mirabilis (Reinsch) Schmitz. d pitie]
Hildenbrandia Prototypus Nardo. . PE A Er RE
Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamour. DE
Lithothamnion circumscriptum Stromf. +
a colliculosum Foslie. + +
compactum Kjellm. | she
a evanescens Foslie.. . +
" flabellatum Rosenvinge. . +
" foecundum Foslie. . . +
t laeve (Stromf.) Foslie. Ab dë
t laevigatum Foslie. + |
“ Lenormandi (Aresch.) Foslie. ve Fb + *
ug . Norvegicum (Aresch.) Kjellm. | +
e polymorphum (L.) Aresch. . . +
a Ungeri Kjellm. . ww
« " var. fastigiatum Fotlie. [ue
Lomentaria rosea (Harv.) Thuret. . . . . —|+}+ ]+
e oe . . . .-. +/+/}/4+ +
i A var. filiformis Harv. le
Melobesia Corallinae Crouan. 4-
A farinosa Lamour. EEN +/+] +
di Lejolisii Rosano . . . . . . |-|-4|-ct|-|-c|l-4
“ macrocarpa Rosanoff. dela

1900] Collins, — Lists of New England plants, — V.

Melobesia membranacea (Esper) Lamour. .
vg pustulata Lamour. .
Nemalion multifidum (Web. & Mohr) H Ar
Nemastoma Bairdii Farlow. . . .
Petrocelis cruenta J. Ag.. . . .
Peysonnellia Rosenvingii Schmitz. ;
Phyllophora Brodiaei (Turn.) J. Ag.
w membranifolia um & Woodw)
T8 sc. à
ie Traillii Holmes.
Pleonosporium Borreri (Eng. Bot.) Naeg.
Plumaria elegans (Bonnem.) Schmitz.
Polyides rotundus (Gmel.) Grev. i
Polysiphonia atrorubescens (Dillw.) Grev.
H elongata (Huds.) Harv.
Ve fastigiata (Roth) Grev. .
" fibrillosa (Dillw.) Grev. .
" Harveyi Bailey.
" nigrescens (Dillw.) Grev.
- v var. affinis Harv.
var. Durkeei Harv.
var. fucoides Harv.
" Olneyi Harv.
D subtilissima Mont, .
d urceolata (Lightf. ) Grev. i
p s var. formosa (Suhr) Ag.
var. patens (Dillw.) Grev.
" variegata (Ag.) Zan. FIT
Se vesita J. Ag.
S violacea (Roth) Grev.
S , var. flexicaulis Harv.
Porphyra coccinea J. Ag.
a laciniata ( Lightf.) Ag.
a leucosticta Thuret.
d miniata Ag.
Ptilota pectinata (Gunner) Kjellm.
Rhodochorton membranaceum Magnus.
s parasiticum Holmes. . .
« ` Rothii (Eng. Bot.) gie,
Rhodomela Roche Harv. . . ;
" subfusca (Woodw.) Ag. ;
e » var. gracilis tM ) J; Ag
" virgata Kjellm. . . .

[11 DI

[11 DI

DÉI [11

+

+++

++ +4

nu vanam
++ EE LL E

++++
+++++

+ + + N. Mass.

EE EE E EE E +44

++

++

ES ++ + + + S. Mass.

E

EE E EE EE ncm

t++tt+tet BLFVB.LL4LBLITI TL ALB

++

Ez

eee

+++

t+t+ttt+t+++++++++++4+++

-+

+

+

++ ++

++

52 Rhodora [FEBRUARY

ARIEGE
o e?
EZ le lé
Z Z N
Rhodophyllis dichotoma (Lepechin) Gobi. +
Rhodymenia palmata (L.) Grev. . . . . . |+|+|+|+|+ +
" H var. latifolia Rosenvinge. | + de
« ei var. Sarniensis (Mert.) |
Gu. 41. CMS |
Scinaia furcellata (Turn.) Bivona. . DE AE
` Seirospora Griffithsiana Harv. . . . . à +) +/+
Spermothamnion Turneri (Mert.) Aresch. . . +) + )+
Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harv. . : + | +/+
Sterrocolax decipiens Schmitz. . . . . . . |+ EE

Tug TracumG Boranist' by W. F. Ganong, Ph.D., of Smith Col-
lege, is really two books in one. Part I consists of a series of eight
essays on botanical pedagogics. These are all good but those on the
following topics are pre-eminently valuable : What Botany is of most
worth? Things essential to good Botanical Teaching; Botanical Col-
lections and other Illustrations; Some common Errors. It would be
hard to find a secondary school teacher of botany anywhere who would
not profit greatly by reading and digesting these brief essays. They
abound in breezy, scientific common sense and suggest much that is
new to most teachers.

Part II contains a scheme for a year's work in the laboratory. It
deals largely with the physiological and somewhat with the ecological
side of botany; the aspects most interesting to the average student.
Many of the experiments and manipulations are wholly new, at least as
regards their form, and the whole series is a practicable one. — J. Y. B.

: Duodecimo, viii and 270 pp. Macmillan & Co., New York, 1899.

Vol. 2, No. 13, including pages 1 to 26 and plates 12 to 14 was issued January
2, 1900. :

Rbodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 March, 1900 No. 15

THE HEATHER IN NEW ENGLAND.
WM. P. RicH.

ON the twenty-fourth of September, 1899, the writer, happening to
be in Tewksbury, Mass., visited the location of the Heather ( Calluna
vulgaris, Salisb.), and it may be desirable to put on record the present
condition of this interesting plant as well as some observations on the
vexed question of its origin.

Contrary to our usual experience in such matters, no difficulty was
met with in finding the place where it grew, so well was the plant
known in the town. . |

It grows upon a hillside pasture sloping gradually down to boggy
ground through which a deep channel has been cut by a brook. In
the higher part of this pasture a few scattered patches of the plant
were noticed, possibly transplanted from the main body of the Heather,
and from their feeble appearance seemingly doomed to early extinc-
tion. The principal growth was in the lower part of the pasture, on
the borders of the brook, where the plants were growing quite thickly
in a space about thirty feet square, which was inclosed by a wire fence.
At the time of our visit a cow was standing in the midst of the precious
shrubs, an invasion not likely to be soon repeated, for visiting the place
a second time, some two weeks later, we found the fence had been
repaired, showing the watchful care of some interested person over
this rare plant. The shrubs were mostly in advanced fruit, although a
few of their pretty rose-colored flowers still lingered as a sample of its
beauty a month before.

In the thirty-eight years which have elapsed since public attention
was first called to the Heather in this locality, the area of its growth
has been much reduced, judging from the description published at the

54 Rhodora [Marcu

time, and that it is still in existence is doubtless due to the protection
which has been afforded it. Since its discovery here several other
stations have been found for the Heather in New England. It has
been reported from Cape Elizabeth, Maine, from West Andover, Town-
send, and Nantucket, Massachusetts, and also from Rhode Island.

In most of these locations careful investigation has failed to prove
its introduction by human agency and this has led numerous writers on
the subject to claim for it an indigenous origin. Although its early
history in New England is shrouded in obscurity, and desirable as it
would be to place the Heather on our list of native plants, it must be
said, after a careful reading of the literature of the subject, that no
satisfactory evidence has accumulated during the years that have passed
since its discovery on this continent to substantiate its claim as a plant
native to America.

The circumstance that in some instances, as at Townsend, Massa-
chusetts, it has been traced to the planting of seed, and especially the
fact that although many wild regions in America seem favorable for its
development it has never been found at points remote from human
habitation, are much against the theory of its indigenous character.

The occurrence of the Heather in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and
Greenland has been adduced as strong evidence in favor of believing
the plant native in America. But Nova Scotia was settled in part by
Scotch, who would have been particularly likely to introduce the Heather
accidentally if not purposely ; while in Newfoundland — a region of
great stretches of open moorland and seemingly an ideal habitat for
the Heather, — the plant has only been found in a few patches about
the settlements on the southeastern coast, the most thickly populated
part of the island. Finally the occurrence in Greenland, although re-
ported, could not be confirmed by Lange, the author of the most com-
plete flora of that region. It will thus be seen that these northern
occurrences add little to the evidence, that the Heather is an indige-
nous American plant.

1900] Williams, — Bartonia iodandra, in the United States 55

BARTONIA IODANDRA,— A SPECIES NEW TO THE
UNITED STATES.

EMILE F. WILLIAMS.
(Plate 15, figs 1-7.)

Ow September 23, 1894, while botanizing in the Blue Hills Park
Reservation, near Boston, Dr. Geo. G. Kennedy and the writer col-
lected several plants of Bartonia, which, to their surprise, were growing
in sphagnum in a cedar swamp. Their appearance was altogether
different from that of Bartonia tenella, a species very common in this
region, but as Gray's Manual provided no other berth for them, I
referred them to this species, thinking the difference in appearance
might be due to the unusual habitat in which I found them. Hitherto
I had always collected Bartonias in dry cranberry bogs, in pastures
and springy fields and even once on a sunburnt ridge of Green Moun-
tain, at Mt. Desert, but never before in deep shade nor in peat moss.

In August, 1894, Dr. B. L. Robinson and Mr. H. von Schrenk
secured some specimens of a Bartonia in a small sphagnum bog near
Holyrood, on Conception Bay, Newfoundland. ‘These specimens were
at first taken to be the obscure species Centaurel/la Moseri, Steud. &
Hochst., and as Centaurella had long since been reduced to Bartonia,
the plants were distributed as Bartonia Moseri, Rob. & Schrenk; but
in July, 1898, Dr. Robinson found it necessary to place them in a new
species which he called Bartonia iodandra, from the purple color of
the anthers.

I had never felt satisfied with the disposition made of my Blue
Hills specimens, and having occasion lately to visit the Gray Her-
barium, I submitted my material to Dr. Robinson, who pronounces it
. to be Bartonia iodandra. My specimens, however, have yellow anthers,
but in other respects the flower agrees perfectly with the type speci-
mens from Newfoundland. Their habit likewise is the same, only they
are much larger. The Newfoundland type is described as a delicate
annual 4 to 12 cm. high, my plants are 12 to 25 cm. high.

Bartonia tenella is usually an erect plant 6 to 20 cm. high, and the
stem is either single or divided near the base into two, three or four
erect branches. The base is more or less thickly covered with bract-
like, mostly opposite scales. "The flowers are terminal on short, mostly

1 Botan. Gazette, Vol. 26, pp. 46-48, July, 1898.

56 Rhodora [ MARCH

opposite branches or peduncles which are seldom 5 mm. long. Some
plants which I collected on Cape Cod have opposite branches above,
and the flowers are opposite and closely racemose on the ends of these
branches. The corolla is one and one-half times the length of the
calyx, its segments are rather blunt and often slightly denticulate. The
stigma, about 2 mm. long, is slightly exserted.

Bartonia iodandra, on the other hand, is erect, from a more or less
decumbent base, but my largest' specimen which is 25 cm. high was
somewhat nodding. The general appearance of the plant is straggling
whereas that of B. zene//a is very erect and strict. "The stem is single
in every specimen I have seen and either lacks entirely the basal scales
or has only a few, widely separated and alternate. The branches or
peduncles are mostly alternate, erect or curved-ascending, 1 to 6 cm.
long. The flowers are terminal and somewhat larger than those of Z.
tenella. The corolla is twice the length of the calyx and its lobes are
lanceolate and entire. ‘The stigma is short and thick and mostly in-
cluded within the corolia.

I have said above that the anthers in my specimens are yellow, so
that if my plants are B. codandra, as they appear to be, this character
is not to be relied upon.

B. iodandra varies from P. tenella in appearance, in habitat, in the
basal scales, length of peduncles, length of corolla and shape of its
lobes, and in the stigma, an array of differences which ought certainly
to constitute a valid species. Of the real B. Mosert ( Centaurella
Moseri, Steud. & Hochst.) we know very little. In the only specimen
which I have seen, which is in the Gray Herbarium, collected by
Drummond at Covington, Louisiana, the habit is entirely different
from that of either B. /ene//a or todandra and the flowers are very
small, hardly half the size of those of B. zodandra. To determine
whether there is any affinity between this species and B. /eme//a or
iodandra it will be necessary to have more and better material.

B. iodandra was also collected at Grand Lake, Newfoundland, by
Rev. A. C. Waghorne, in August, 1897, and at Cape Breton Island, in
August, 1898, by Prof. John Macoun. There is also a specimen in the
Gray Herbarium írom the herbarium of William Boott, collected in
October, 1859, at Weymouth, N. J., which is undoubtedly referable to
B. iodandra. ‘This New Jersey station and that in the Blue Hills are
the only ones within the United States known to the writer, and it is
hoped, now that their attention is called to it, that collectors may re-

mo EE E mcos

1900] Graves, — A little-known New England Goldenrod 57

port their discoveries, so that more knowledge may be obtained of the
range of this interesting little plant.

Boston.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15, figs. 1-7. Fig. I, Bartonia tenella, habital sketch;
fig. 2, same, corolla-lobes. Fig. 3, 4. zodandra, one of the original Newfoundland

specimens; fig. 4, corolla-lobes of same. Fig. 5, B. zodandra,a specimen from the
Blue Hill station. Fig. 6, 4. Moseri, a specimen from Covington, La.

A LITTLE-KNOWN NEW ENGLAND GOLDENROD.
C. B. GRAVEs.

ON October rst, 1398, specimens of a peculiar Solidago were col-
lected by the writer on the gravelly terrace bordering Poquonnoc River,
Groton, Connecticut. The same form was found again last September
both at the locality above mentioned and on an open, rocky hillside
near the shore, some miles further east. "The plant was fairly abundant
at both stations, growing with S. rugosa Mill, S. Canadensis L., S.
sempervirens L., and S. juncea Ait., but having manifest points of dif-
ference from all those species.

Careful examination of this material led to the conclusion that it
represented a species distinct from any described in the current
manuals.

Through the kindness of Mr. Fernald, who examined some of these
specimens, I have learned that at various times during a considerable
period of years plants seemingly identical with these have been found
at several points in eastern Massachusetts. This form was probably
referred to by Young in his Flora of Oak Island, Revere, Mass. (1882),
as “ Solidago sp.? Perhaps a cross between S. sempervirens and S.
altissima." This Oak Island station was rediscovered in recent years
by Mr. Wm. P. Rich, of Boston, to whom I am greatly indebted for
information upon the plant in Massachusetts. What is apparently the
same form has been collected also in Medford, Malden, and Winthrop,
Mass.

Dr. Gray, to whom most of these Massachusetts specimens were
submitted, classed them doubtfully as hybrids between .S. rugosa Mill.
and S. sempervirens L. Later students, however, have been more
inclined to regard this form as entitled to specific rank. Mr. Wm. P.
Rich, who has a thorough field knowledge of the Oak Island plant, has

58 Rhodora [MARCH

for several years maintained this view, — an opinion held also by Mr.
Fernald. In fact, anyone observing this form attentively in the field
could, it seems to me, hardly regard it as other than a good species.

From his study of all this material, Mr. Fernald considers it satis-
factorily referable to Solidago asperula Desfontaines. Comparison
with authentic specimens from the Paris Garden leaves no reasonable
doubt that these interesting New England forms are — at least in part,
probably all— included in S. asperula. That name should, there-
fore, be reinstated as representing this specific type.

The original description of Desfontaines is as follows :

SOLIDAGO ASPERULA. Caule villoso, asperulo; foliis lanceolatis,
levissime serrulatis ; racemis elongatis, patulis; floribus secundis.

Caulis 3—4-pedalis, hirsutis, pilis brevibus, asperulis. Folia lanceo-
lata, glabra, levissime serrulata. Flores racemosi, terminales. Racemi
longi, paniculati, patentes. Flores numerosi, parvi, secundi, lutei.
Rami pubescentes. — Desf. Cat. ed. 2, 403.

From recent material the species may be characterized as follows :

Stems from horizontal rootstocks, rather stout, erect, 2!4 to 414
feet tall, simple or branched at the summit, commonly deep purple,
papillose, slightly scabrous to moderately pubescent, very leafy;
branches leafy, papillose pubescent with short whitish hairs; leaves
absent or shrivelled at and near base of stem at flowering time, largest
below (4 to 7% inches long, 34 to 134 inches wide), erect or ascend-
ing, thickish and usually somewhat rugose, smooth scabrous or sparingly
pubescent, pinnately veined, rarely somewhat triple-nerved, oblong or
elliptical-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile or the lower
tapering into margined petioles, entire to sharply serrate, the margins
very rough ; leaves of branches much smaller, passing into the bracts
of the racemes; inflorescence paniculate, varying from simple small
and close to large open and compound forms, often markedly corym-
boid ; racemes densely or loosely flowered, strongly secund, often re-
curved, pubescent with whitish hairs; heads comparatively large (2%
to 3% lines high); involucral scales imbricate in 4 to 5 rows,
cilate, the outer herbaceous, lanceolate-subulate, acute, puberulent on
the back, the inner oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, obtuse or obtus-
ish with scarious margin and tip, smooth or minutely scabrous on the
back; rays 8 to 16 (usually 1o to 13), golden yellow, large (1-
136 lines x 36-56 line); disc flowers 6 to r4 (usually 8 to £219,
their corollas tubular campanulate, abruptly contracted midway ; achenes
pubescent (about 1 x 1% line), linear oblong, slightly flattened.

Hab. Eastern Massachusetts and southeastern Connecticut in dry
or dryish open soil.

In bloom during the last three weeks of September, most of the

1900] Graves,— A little-known New England Goldenrod 59

plants being in best flowering condition during the second or third
week, but a few prolonging its season into the first week of October.
The discs, which at first are yellow, turn as they mature a purplish
brown before any change takes place in the rays; thus flowers which
have somewhat passed their prime show a marked color contrast be-

tween rays and discs.

Solidago asperula Desf. as here treated is a variable species, includ-
ing several more or less well-marked forms. In the field, however, it
has an aspect of its own, and is almost always easily recognizable at
sight.

Its nearest relative is S. rugosa Mill., which also it most resembles
in habit, but it is readily distinguished from that species by its smoother
stem, its longer, smoother, less rugose, more erect leaves, and its much
larger heads, with more numerous ample rays.

S. ulmifolia Muhl. inhabits wet ground, blooms a month or more
earlier, and furthermore differs from S. asperu/a in its smooth stem and
small heads, with few rays. :

From S. sempervirens L. it is easily separated by its more slender,
rougher stem, its thinner, smaller usually serrate leaves, its more open,
broader panicle, and its smaller heads. Moreover, the seaside golden-
rod has usually an abundance of basal leaves at flowering time, which
is not the case with S. asperu/a.

Some forms suggest S. Canadensis L., because of their narrower
somewhat triple-nerved leaves, but they are never as distinctly 3-ribbed
as in that species. It is further distinguished from S. Canadensis by
its smoother stem and leaves, and larger heads, with numerous broad
rays.

From A. E//rotti? Torr. & Gray its more or less rough papillose stem,
its longer, narrower more erect leaves, the lower of which are often
petioled, its broad rays, and its open paniculate or corymbose-paniculate
inflorescence serve to differentiate it, Furthermore, S. Zon? is an
inhabitant of wet meadows and swamps, while S. asperula seems to
prefer dry or dryish soil.

The writer is under great obligation to Mr. M. L. Fernald of the
Gray Herbarium for indispensable aid in the preparation of this paper.

60 Rhodora [Marcu

THE RE-DISCOVERY OF ELEOCHARIS DIANDRA.
M. L. FERNALD.

NEARLY twenty years ago Charles Wright collected on high sand-
bars of the Connecticut river, between Hartford and Wethersfield, a
little spike-rush, which was unlike any other known species. Its most
marked characteristic was the lack of bristles which, in this genus,
usually occur at the base of the achene, probably representing the
perianth of higher endogens. ‘The plant was further distinguished
by its very small inverted-pyriform achene, capped by a small com-
pressed tubercle. After corresponding with Dr. Gray in regard to his
plant, Mr. Wright in 1883 described it as Eleocharis diandra. Since
then nothing has been known of the species except from the original
specimens. Recently, however, Mr. C. H. Bissell, taking advantage of
the extremely low water of the Connecticut in the fall of 1899, has ex-
plored the sand-flats along the river at East Windsor, Connecticut.
There he finds the plant described by Wright, but most of the material
differs markedly in habit from Wright’s specimens. The original
Eleocharis diandra was an erect plant with many slender culms.
Though Mr. Bissell finds this erect plant, the common form at East
Windsor has the culms decidedly prostrate and of very unequal lengths,
a variation from the type parallel with Æ. ovata, var. Heuseri (see
Contrib. Gray Herb. xv, Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv, 486—489, 494). As-
sured by Mr. Bissell's re-discovery of this unique E/eocAa?s, President
Ezra Brainerd felt that it should be expected along the entire Con-
necticut Valley. Accordingly as occasion has offered, he has looked
in the proper situations for it at points in New Hampshire, Vermont
and Massachusetts and finds at them all the same prostrate form which
abounds on the sand at East Windsor.

This form, differing so strikingly in habit from the original erect
plant of Charles Wright, may be called —

ELEOCHARIS DIANDRA, C. Wright, var. depressa. Culms of very
various lengths, depressed and prostrate, forming flat rosettes. Sand-
bars and flats of the Connecticut river, New Hampsuire, Walpole, Sept.
30, 1899 (Ezra Brainerd): VERMONT, Westminster, Sept. 30, 1899
(Ezra Brainerd) : MassacHUsETIS, Northampton, Oct. 11, 1899 (Ezra
Brainerd) : CONNECTICUT, East Windsor, Sept. 17, 1899 (C. Æ.
Bissell). A discussion and figures of Mr. Wright’s species will be found
in the paper by the present writer cited above (Contrib. Gray Herb.
xv, 489, 496, figs. 53-58).

Gray HERBARIUM.

1900) Merrill, — Mosses from Katahdin Iron Works, Maine 61

ELEOCHARIS DIANDRA IN CENTRAL NEW York. — It will be interesting
to all lovers of cyperaceous plants to know that the long-neglected and
little-known Æ/eocharis diandra, so well described by Charles Wright,
Bull. Torr. Club, x. ror, has at last been found in sufficient quantity to
determine its merits as a good species, concerning which there can no
longer be any doubt.

On making a thorough examination of some specimens of an
Eleocharis, which I had gathered in July, 1883, on the sandy borders
of Oneida Lake, in the towns of Verona, Oneida county, and Lenox,
Madison county, and which had been taken to be a form of Æ. inter-
media Schultes, I was at once attracted by the beautiful little cuneate-
obovate achenes and lack of any bristles. My suspicions were aroused,
and on referring to Mr. Fernald’s Contributions from the Gray Herb.
New Series, No. xv. 496, Æ. diandra C. Wright, with the accompany-
ing plates, seemed to solve the doubt, and specimens were sent to Mr.
Fernald, who has kindly verified the determination.

The plant was found in company with Cyperus aristatus Rottb. and
Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Nees., and is very common in the Oneida
Lake locality. Its recent re-discovery in the Connecticut Valley and
my own finding of it at a station somewhat identical, confirms me in
the opinion that it has merely been overlooked in other places, and
that it will be found in intermediate and similar localities, and eventu-
ally receive the attention it deserves, and add honor to the memory of
the lamented New England botanist, who first described the species.
— Joeren V. HABERER, M. D., Utica, N. Y.

A LIST OF MOSSES COLLECTED AT KATAHDIN IRON
WORKS, MAINE.

ELMER D. MERRILL.

THE following list of mosses and scale-mosses were collected in the
vicinity of Katahdin Iron Works, during a stay of one day at that place,
in November, 1898. This region appears to be very rich in moss
flora, and it is a matter of regret that. more time could not have been
given to collecting at this place.

The species marked with an asterisk have never before been re-
ported in print from the state, and the number of species new to the
state in this short list, gives some idea of the amount of work yet to be

' 62 Rhodora [MAnCH

done in this group by Maine botanists. I am indebted to Prof. L.
S. Cheney of the Univ. of Wisconsin, for various determinations.

The following five species were very abundant on wet soil about
the iron deposit about a halí mile from the Iron Works, and were the
only species noticed at this place. The large amount of iron in the
soil being apparently very favorable for their development.

Bryum caespiticium L. (no. 156).

* Dicranella cerviculata Schimp. (no. 18).

* Ditrichum vaginans (Sulliv.) Hampe. (no. 53).

Pogonatum tenue ( Menzies) E. G. Britton (no. 180).

Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L.) Corda. (no. 19).

The remaining species listed below were mainly collected on Chair-
back Mountain, which has an altitude of about 2,000 feet and is nearly
six miles from the Iron Works. As it was necessary to make this trip
and return to the Iron Works in time to get the afternoon train, very
little time could be given to collecting, and therefore the following list
does not fully represent this region. Among the more notable species
are Amblystegium irriguum spinifolium Schimp. and Leskea nervosa
Myrin., the former being very rare in America.

* Amblystegium irriguum spinifolium Schimp. (no. 319).

Andreea petrophila Ehrh. (no. 3).

* 4nomodon attenuatus Hueben. (no. 267).

Anomodon apiculatus Br. & Sch. (no. 267).

Brachythecium campestre Br. & Sch. (no. 299).

Brachythecium Nova-Anghe (Br. & Sch.) J. & S.

Brachythecium oxycladon (Brid.) J. & S.

* Brachythecium populeum (Hedw.) Br. & Sch.

Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm.) Br. & Sch.

Catharinea undulata (L.) Web. & Mohr. (no. 178).

Dicranum Bonjeani De Not. (no. 19).

Dicranum longifolium Ehrh.

Dicranum undulatum Ehrh.

Eurhynchium strigosum (Hoffm.) Br. & Sch. (no. 303).

Fissidens adiantoides (L.) Hedw. (no. 39).

Fontinalis antipyretica gigantea Sulliv. (no. 184).

Georgia pellucida (L.) Hedw. (no. 169).

Grimmia apocarpa gracilis (Schleich.) Web. & Mohr. (no. 88).

Hylocomium umbratum (Ehrh.) Br. & Sch. (no. 323.3).

Hypnum Crista-castrensis L. (no. 322.10).

1900] Leavitt, — Relation of plants to moisture 63

Hypnum Haldanianum Grev. (no. 322).

Hypnum ochraceum Turn. (no. 322.11).

Leskea polycarpa Ehrh. (no. 265).

* Leskea nervosa (Schwaegr.) Myrin.

Mnium sylvaticum Lindb. (no. 160).

Plagiothecium denticulatum (L.) Br. & Sch. (no. 314).

Plagiothecium turfaceum Lindb. `

Pogonatum alpinum (L.) Roehl. (no. 180.)

Raphidostegium recurvans (Mx.) J. & S. (no. 307).

Rhynchostegium rusciforme (Neck.) Br. & Sch. (no. 305).

Sphagnum acutifolium (Ehrh.) Russ. & Warnst. (no. 4).

* Sphagnum acutifoltum purpureum Warnst.

Sphagnum acutifolium rubrum (Brid.) Warnst.

Thuidium delicatulum (L.) Mitt. (no. 274).

Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb.

* Thuidium scitum aestivale Aust.

Webera sessilis (Schmid.) Lindb. (no. 172).
SCALE-MOSSES.

Geocalyx graveolens (Schrad.) Nees (no. 17).

Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dum. (no. 20).

Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum. (no. 15).

Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh.) Dum. (no. 7).

WASHINGTON, D.C.

THE RELATION OF CERTAIN PLANTS TO ATMOSPHERIC
MOISTURE.
ROBERT G. LEAVITT.
: (Concluded. )

Oncuips (continued). A very few figures will convey a more pre-
cise idea of the behavior of cut roots in a humidity of from .go to .95,
mostly nearer the higher figure.

Species. Wt. at Time Conditions. Loss. Temperature,
start. elapsed. Gms.
Gms.
Dendrobium 535 24 hrs. In lab. 095 70° +
nobile.
.440 46 hrs. .95 Xi hum. .040 669—699
Dry weight .340 :
Burlingtonia .310 4 days S .040 o
decora.
Oncidium 1.10 2 days Lx .o8 «
varicosum.

Dry weight ET

64 Rhodora (Marcu

The dry weight was determined after heating for a while in a steril-
izing oven at above roo? C.

The Dendrobium root at the beginning of the test contained water
to the amount of .36+ oí the root's total weight. In 24 hours ina
damp laboratory it lost .48+ of the above water. At once thereafter,
in 46 hours in the damp-box it lost .40 of the water remaining. At
the end of the test the water left in the root formed .15 of the total
weight. The Oncidium root had been somewhat dried. Its percen-
tage of water was then .80+, but it lost water much less rapidly than
the Dendrobium, the water still retained after 48 hours in the box
being .79 of the whole weight. In a root of Brassia Wrayae the
proportion of water had fallen from .78 to .73 of the whole weight
after 46 hours in the box.

These figures indicate a very good reason why the roots used have
no observable condensing power. Even when dry to the touch and
apparently in condition to absorb vapor they still hold a considerable
percentage of water. ‘Their state is quite different from that of freshly
prepared charcoal, for instance, the activity of which in absorbing
gases is so remarkable. The walls of the velamen of the orchid root
are already saturated with moisture drawn from the living cells; and in
the cases under observation draw away and give off so much water that
the living cells perish.

Whole plants were used as follows, the first method being that pro-
posed by Dr. Goodale.

A young shoot of Dendrobium nobife, bearing two leaves less than
two inches long, and provided with aérial roots aggregating 28 inches
in length, was cut from the parent plant, the cut sealed, and the young
plant left to dry for several days. Medium weight sheet rubber was .
tied over the mouth of an inverted beaker. Through a puncture the
transpiring parts of the young Dendrobium were introduced into the
space thus formed, and the receptacle was made as nearly air-tight as
possible. While the roots were thus left free, and the shoot was under
fairly normal conditions, no moisture could escape except from the
roots. If these condensed vapor the plant and whole apparatus would
gain weight. Calcium chloride in a test tube had been included along
with the shoot in order to take up moisture evaporating from the leaves.

After weighing, this apparatus was set so that the roots of the plant
hung in a box of the kind before described, the beaker and contained
shoot being at the same time exposed to the light. A control appara-

1900] Leavitt, — Relation of plants to moisture 65

tus, lacking a plant, was also used and weighed in the same way as the
fir.t. This suffered slight changes of weight, by evaporation from the
rubber, but these were always trifling compared with the losses of the
other contrivance.

The experiment was repeated with another young Dendrobium
plant having three small leaves and 96 inches of roots. No calcium
chloride was used.

The tests lasted four, five, and six days respectively. Every suc-
cessive weighing showed a somewhat diminished weight. In three
days, through the 28 inches of slender and dry roots of the first plant
about .o7 gram was lost. The second plant lost about the. same
amount in like condition in the same time. In both cases the leaves
were transpiring ; and the test was carried on until the second plant
was plainly suffering for want of water, although the air about the roots
was very nearly (.95) saturated with water-vapor.

These two Dendrobiums, with still a third, have been hung unpro-
tected in a greenhouse where the atmosphere is well charged with
moisture, and from time to time their weights have been determined.
No. 1, though not watered for seven weeks, is green and healthy. ‘The
stem is somewhat shrivelled. It has lost .57 gram weight in the last
20 days, a little more than one-eleventh of the present gross weight.
The others also slowly decline in weight.

It remains to be proved conclusively that the roots of any orchids
possess a special condensing power. The fitness of the velamen for
such a function may well be classed with the “ evident” adaptations.

TiLLANDSIA. <A piece of T. usneoides, which had hung in the green-
house, was tested in the damp-box in the same manner as the orchid
roots. ‘Tips here and there finally dried up and died, and the whole
lost weight continuously for a long time. ‘This plant probably has no
power of absorbing water in the gas form. |

Mosses. The reservoir-cells of Sphagnum and ZLeucoóryum in some
respects resemble the tracheid-like elements which give the covering of
the orchid root its peculiar spongy character. Kerner attributes to
them the same function, viz., the appropriation of water-vapor from
the atmosphere at those seasons of the year when the supply from the
ground is cut short by drought.

Leucobryum, sp. December 19, the moss was gathered in a dryish.

condition. It was left in the laboratory for two days, when it seemed
very dry to the touch. It was then weighed and put into the box.

b ls

66 Rhodora [Marcu

December 21, 9.30 A. M., il weighed .337 gram.
December. 22, 4.45 P.-M., it weighed .230 gram.
December 28, the weight had not apparently changed.
Dry weight, .195. Humidity during test, about .93.

Thus in 31 hours the percentage of water fell from .42 to .15, when
equilibrium was reached.

Sphagnum, sp. The material was picked from a recently collected
but pretty dry heap of the moss, and the dead portions removed, leav-
ing tips perhaps two inches long. One lot was weighed as it came
from the shed — wt. .810 gram— and put into the box. In one day
the weight fell to .555 gram. ‘Then being dried out to .495 gram, and
again subjected to the action of the moisture, the sphagnum increased
its weight to .530 gram in six days, and .540 gram after a further ex-
posure. Dry weight, .420 gram.

The second lot was kept in the laboratory for two days, when it
seemed utterly dry to the touch, but was still alive and green. Weight,
.620 gram. Seven days later it weighed .630 gram. Dry weight, .500
gram.

In both cases there was some intake of water-vapor. In one the
percentage of water rose to .20, in the other to .22. At best the moss
remained in a state of relative desiccation.

It was hard to believe that the power of vapor-absorption detected
could be of any practical importance in the economy of the plant, at
least under the natural conditions prevailing in this part of the world.
This conclusion is confirmed by the following observation. Both
Sphagnum and Leucobryum, killed and dried at 100^ C. and then re-
placed in the moistening chamber, rapidly took up vapor. In less than
24 hours the water contents of the dead moss thus derived, equalled
that left when the living plants were allowed to dry out for one or two
days in the same receptacle.

LicHENs. As compared with the other plants experimented upon,
lichens show a considerable power of condensing atmospheric mois-
ture. But though the absorption is enough to render lichens that come
from outdoors in a harsh and brittle condition soft and flexible after a
day or so, the highest proportion of water obtained by imbibition of
vapor is very far below that which the lichens hold when well saturated
by dew, rain, or soil-water.

The following figures will serve for illustration. Usnea barbata is
the common much-branched lichen growing in tufts on the twigs and

1900] Leavitt,— Relation of plants to moisture 67

trunks of trees. .Szricta pulmonaria is a large thalloid, or flattened
form clinging loosely on rough bark. “Wet weight ” was taken after
soaking in water and allowing to dry until no water appeared on the
surface, ‘dry weight" after heating.

Species. Wt. at Time Humidity, ' Loss. Gain.
start. elapsed. etc. Gms. Gms.
Gms.
Usnea barbata. 3.320 4 days. .93-.95 -800
2.520 4 days. In lab. -485
2.035 3 days. -93—95 -245

Wet weight, 4.650

Dry weight, 1.680
Sticta pulmonaria, 2.320 I day. .93-.95. 147
ál 25 days. Dr 250

Wet weight, 5.240

Dry weight, 1.860

One more table is added, designed to give a rough idea of the rel-
ative store of water retained after exposure in an atmosphere nearly
saturated with water-vapor.

Species. Percentage of water Percentage after Time in
when well moistened. stay in box. days.
Usnea barbata, .64 .26 +3
n ^ 53 .20 32
Cladonia rangiferina. .20 +7
C. cristatella. 2E Tit
C. pyxidata, 63 .22 -10
C. furcata. .69 .36 -7
Baeomyces roseus, 75 .20 -9
Parmelia caperata, 54 .24 +3!
Sticta pulmonaria. .66 127 +25

The positive and negative signs in the last column indicate whether
the lichen was originally dry and had gained weight, or moist and had
lost weight.

The figures are not presented as in any sense physical constants,
but merely to show in a general way the relation of some lichens to a
possible source of replenishment of their water supply in cases of the
failure of atmospheric precipitation. After long exposure to very moist
air the lichens possessed, it will be seen, but a low proportion of
water. In outdoor humidities this would be still less considerable,
and the quantities of water received in the form of vapor must be next
to nothing in very dry weather. On the other hand in damp weather

1 Two tests, three days losing, three days gaining; result about the same.

68 Rhodora [ MARCH

dew falls and is taken up in such measure by lichens that their tissues
cannot be in condition to absorb vapor.

GENERAL Conclusions. Experiments have been made upon several
classes of plants—some of them not mentioned above— which are
asserted by one authority or another, of greater or less trustworthiness,
to profit largely by their power of absorbing water in the gas form.
A few figures, representative of a considerable number of tests, have
been given in these notes. While these tests have seemed conclusive
as regards the identical material employed, a much longer investigation
would be required to enable one to make a general statement as to the
direct utility of atmospheric moisture, as such, to actively vegetating
plants. What I have seen tends to create in my own mind a doubt of
any such utility.

Tur Ames LABORATORY, North Easton.

FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE AMHERST
REGION.

RoraNp M. HARPER.

On examining recently a copy of Tuckerman and Frost's Cata-
logue of plants growing without cultivation within thirty miles of
Amherst College (1875), I found that several plants which I had
collected or observed within the limits of this catalogue during the
past season were not mentioned in it.

A circle of thirty miles radius, with Amherst College as its center,
would include, along its eastern edge, the greater part of Sturbridge,
the whole of Brookfield, and several other towns in Worcester and
Hampden Counties which I explored more or less in 1899.

The plants listed below are from these towns, and unless otherwise
noted are new to the * Amherst region." Stations enclosed in paren-
theses have been already mentioned in my last list of additions to the
flora of Worcester County (RHODORA, 1: 201—205), where further de-
tails concerning them may be found.

Potamogeton gemmiparus, Robbins. In Quaboag Lake, Brookfield,
September 4 (altitude 615 feet). Also in a small pool in a meadow-
in Sturbridge, September 17 (altitude 560 feet). This species was
collected in Amherst in September, 1874, by Prof. H. G. Jesup, but it

1900] Harper, — Further additions to the flora of Amherst 69

is not mentioned in Tuckerman's or any other list of the plants of that
region. With this single exception, my two stations seem to be the
farthest west of any of the few known stations for this plant.

Aristida gracilis, Ell. (Sturbridge).

Scirpus atrocinctus, Fernald. (New Braintree, Dana.)

Eriophorum gracile, var. paucinervium, Engelm. (Sturbridge. )

Carex bullata, Schk. Quaboag River marshes, West Brookfield,
May 30 (altitude 610 feet). This species is perhaps more local in
its distribution than might be supposed. It seems to be unknown in
Vermont and Connecticut, and is considered very rare in New York
(E. C. Howe in Rep. N. Y. Mus., 48: 103).

Carex stricta, var. strictior, Dew. ( Sturbridge.)

Carex muricata, L. Dry grassy roadside, Hardwick, July 2.

Juncus Greenit, Oakes A Tuckerm. | ( Brookfield.)

Juncus militaris, Bigel. In water 1-2 feet deep along the northern
margin of Quaboag Lake, Brookfield, August 20 (altitude 615 feet).

Polygonum acre, var. leptostachyum, Meisn. (Brookfield.)

Polygonum Muhlenbergii, Wats. Lake shores, Brookfield, Sep-
tember 4.

Pyrus nigra, Sargent (P. arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Hook.)
Sturbridge, May 28.

Elatine Americana, Arn. (Brookfield).

Stum Carsonit, Durand. Dunn Brook, Brookfield (altitude 625
feet), August 20; Honey Brook, Sturbridge, September 17.

Apocynum hyperictfolium, Ait. (Brookfield.)

Myosotis laxa, Lehm. Dunn Brook, Brookfield, August 20.

Antennaria Farlinii, Fernald. (Sturbridge, Warren.)

Antennaria Canadensis, Greene. (Sturbridge.)

Antennaria neodtorca, Greene. Sturbridge, Brookfield, West Brook-
field, Warren, Brimfield.

Antennaria neglecta, Greene. Brookfield, Wales.

Bidens cernua, L. Margin of Quaboag Lake, Brookfield, Septem-
ber 4; wet meadow, Sturbridge, September 17.

The following plants which are not in Tuckerman and Frost’s cata-
logue have been reported from the region by more recent writers
(N. A. Cobb, List of plants found growing wild within thirty miles of
Amherst, 1887 ; H. L. Clark, Ruopora 1: 164), but as they probably
are not generally distributed in this region, my stations for them may
be of some interest : —

70 Rhodora [ MARCH

Trifolium hybridum, L. Roadsides, North Brookfield, June 18,
New Braintree and Athol, July 2.

Carum Carut, L. Brookfield, May 30.

Clethra alnifolia, L. About ponds, lakes, and rivers, Sturbridge
and Brookfield. Though quite common in Worcester County, this
plant probably reaches its inland limit in the Amherst region.

Bidens Beckit, Torr. Quaboag Lake, Brookfield, September 4.
(Shown to me by Dr. G. E. Stone.) All the specimens seen were
sterile.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

PoLYMNIA CANADENSIS IN VERMONT. — In the sixth edition of Gray's
Manual Polymnia Canadensis, L., is reported from Western Vermont
and Connecticut, while in the Illustrated Flora western Ontario, is
assigned as the eastern limit of the plant. Diligent inquiry regarding
the station in Vermont, failed to show upon what foundation the re-
port in Gray's Manual rested. Fortunately, however, the occurrence
of the species within the state was settled last August, by the discovery
of a fine station at the base of limestone cliffs at Double Road Cross-
ing, plants being found both in Rutland and Proctor at points fully
half a mile apart. — WitLLARD W. EcGLESTON, Rutland, Vermont.

AN UNUSUAL FORM OF DROSERA INTERMEDIA,
VAR AMERICANA.
J. R. CHURCHILL.
(Plate r5, fig. 8.)

ALONG the northern shore of Ponkapog Pond, in Canton and
Randolph, Massachusetts, stretches an extensive bog. Almost in-
accessible from the land side, towards the pond it becomes muddy,
rotten, and partially submerged, indeed, a veritable morass. I have
approached it by boat, and, under favorable conditions, have occasion-
ally ventured upon it to collect the aquatic and amphibious plants
which find a congenial home in such a place. Scheuchzeria is very
abundant, and I have never happened to find the pretty Mud Sedge
( Carex limosa, L.) at any other station near Boston. There are Pitcher-
plants, Utricularias and Sundews, of course ; but a little colony of long-

1900] Churchill, — An unusual form of Drosera 71

,leaved Sundews (Drosera intermedia Hayne, var. Americana, DC.),
which I collected here on July 4, 1898, were behaving in such unusual
fashion that it seems proper to record it.

Our Sundews are all “stemless ” plants, so called; that is to say,
the leaves are all tufted at the base of the flower-stock in a rosette upon
the ground. When, however, this long-leaved species gets into deep
water, it gets out by raising this basal rosette of leaves, and the flower-
stalk, “on its prolonged caudex " (Gray, Manual, 6th ed. p. 178), the
* rootstock " (not the stem), “is elongated two to four inches when
growing in water" (Britt. & Brown, Ill. Flora, II, p. 161). And we
often find such specimens with the tuft of root-leaves many inches from
the ground, after the water has perhaps subsided. Now, these long-
leaved Sundews at Ponkapog were growing upon a floating mud-bank,
and, though but little submerged, they were getting up, not at all by
the elongation of the rootstock, as prescribed, but by the elongation of
the stem proper, thus transforming our stemless Drosera into a long-
stemmed plant with scattered leaves. The leaves were no longer tufted
at the base, but by the lengthening of the internodes were now disposed
separately along the stem.

This is so well shown by the figure which Mr. Faxon has kindly
drawn that little further description is needed. The plants were from
six to ten inches high, not more than two inches below the water, and
branched from the base. ‘There were no traces of flowers or fruit; the
unusual development of stem and leaf had apparently exhausted the
plant and rendered it sterile.

The significance of this unusual development remains in doubt.
Some exotic members of this family are caulescent. Is this a reversion
to an ancient type, which is so often suggested or indicated by such
abnormal growths? Or are these individuals the forerunners or ad-
vance guard in their species, progressing through evolution and natural
selection towards a superior and more advantageous form, to which
their related species have long ago attained? — J. R. CHURCHILL,
Boston.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15, fig 8. Caulescent form of Drosera intermedia,
var. Americana,

RUSSULA EMETICA IN VERMONT.— Russu/a emetica Fr. has been fre-
quently reported for the United States, but, until last October, I had
failed to collect specimens clearly referable to it.. Its close relative

72 Rhodora [MARCH

Russula fragilis (Pers.) Fr. has been found from time to time, but
always of small size and with the lamellae too crowded to be regarded
as A. emetica.
On October 14 last I collected Russula emetica in ample quantity in
a sphagnum bog on Grand View Mt., Vt. The specimens were grow-
ing scattered about in sphagnum under the small trees and bushes
which thinly cover the marginal portions of the bog. The habitat is so
peculiar that, if characteristic, it may be of aid in locating this species
elsewhere. f
The specimens were as watery as an Hygrophorus when collected and
very fragile: pileus 5-8 cm. diameter, viscid, depressed, margin at
length somewhat sulcate, cuticle separable ; flesh white, red beneath
the cuticle, very acrid ; stem white, softer within, firm at first ; lamellae
white, remaining white, subdistant, free or adnexed, equal, edge not
eroded ; spores white, echinulate. — E. A. Burr, Middlebury, Vermont.

Dr. Burt’s Nore ON RussuLa EmeTICA should receive attention
from the many collectors of toadstools, who, without study of the in-
conspicuous differences which separate one member of the genus from
another, are prone to apply the name of this particular species to any
red Russula with an acrid taste — or at least to any that may at the
same time be viscid, red, and acrid. So used, the name of Russula
emetica commonly serves as a convenient designation for those speci.
mens that in the process of sorting out such as are fit for eating are
discarded on account of their taste. The real Russula emetica is
doubtless known to few, though it is, after Amanita, perhaps the most
frequently mentioned of noxious species.

As to its edible possibilities (and such possibilities nowadays seem
to attract mycophagists even more keenly than established actualities)
there is in the records much difference of opinion. Uncooked, how-
ever, acrid Russulas are certainly poisonous ; yet there is good weight
of evidence that they may be so treated as to be harmless.

Even the tasting process has its discomforts, if not its dangers, in the
case of these acrid Russulas. Some years ago the writer was one of an
active party that brought well-filled baskets out of the Holliston (Mass.)
woods. During the drive to the railway station one of the ladies oc-
cupied herself in sorting her red-topped Russulas — in the approved
way. Her basket was large and her collection ample, most of the
specimens being of acrid sorts. By the time the station was reached

1900] ~ Burt, — Russula emetica in Vermont 73

some dozens had been tasted and thrown away. Although no ill effects
were felt immediately by the taster, beyond some discomfort in the
tongue, it was not long before more serious trouble appeared in the
shape of disturbances of the digestive system and other symptoms of
irritant poisoning. For several days the ill effects were seriously felt,
and a partial paralysis of the sense of taste, and a burry, or sand-
papery feeling of the tongue lasted for some time longer. Such an ex-
perience may well be avoided by all who care to take warning. — H. W.

THE LOCAL FLORAS OF NEW ENGLAND (ADDENDA).

Mary A. Dav.
( Concluded.)

New ENGLAND.
General Works : —
247. Burnham, Florence I. W. NATIVE SHRUBS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Vick's Ill. Monthly Mag. xii. 1889, pp. 305-309. Select.
spec., popular treatm. Phaenog. M. H.

MAINE.
Franklin County : —
248. Johnson, Lorenzo Nickerson. A TRIP AMONG THE RANGELEY
LakEs. Bull. Torr. Club. xvi. 1889, pp. 263-265. Select.
spec., popular treatm. phaenog.

249. Rand, Edward Lothrop. SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA
OF THE RANGELEY Lakes. Bull. Torr. Club. xvii. 1890, pp.
32-34. Select. spec., popular treatm. Phaenog.

Hancock County : —

250. White, Theodore Greeley. Mosses or Mr. Deserr ISLAND,
Maine. Asa Gray Bull. 1893, No.1, pp. 2-3. List. crypiog.

. New HAMPSHIRE.

Cos, Carroll, and Grafton Counties (WHITE MOUNTAIN REGION) : —

251. Bailey, William Whitman. Nores FROM New HAMPSHIRE.
Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 1889, pp. 329-330. Select. spec., pop-
ular treatm. haenog.

74 Rhodora [Marcu

Rockingham County : —

252. Davis, Charles Albert. THE FLORA OF THE SALT MARSHES.
[PortsmouTH]. Asa Gray Bull. iii. 1895, pp. 11—12, 23-24.
Select. spec., popular treatm. phaenog.

VERMONT.

Orleans County :—

253. Deane, Walter. A TRIP ro WitLouGHBy LAKE, Vr. Bot. Gaz.
xi. 1886, pp. 112-116. Select. spec; popular treatm.
phaenog.

MASSACHUSETTS.

General Works :—

254. Dame, Lorin Lowe, and Brooks, Henry. TYPICAL ELMS AND
OTHER TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS. Boston, 1890, pp. 89. Illus.
Select. spec., popular treatm. phaenog.

Essex County : —

255. Robinson, John. Our Trees. A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE
TREES IN THE STREETS AND GARDENS OF SALEM, AND OF THE
NATIVE TREES OF Essex County, MASSACHUSETTS, WITH THE
LOCATION OF TREES, AND HISTORICAL AND BOTANICAL NOTES.
Salem, 1891,pp. 120. Select. spec., popular treatm. phaenog.

Plymouth County : —

256. Bouvé, Edward Tracy. THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF HINGHAM.
In History of the town of Hingham, Massachusetts, vol. i. pt.
1, 1893, pp. 139-156. Illus. Annot catalog. phaenog.
RC

257. Bouvé, Thomas Tracy. THe sorany or HincHam. In History
of the town of Hingham, Massachusetts, vol. i, pt. 1, 1893,
pp. 87—138. Annot. catalog. phaenog and vasc. cryptog.
HL.

CONNECTICUT.
Hartford County : —
258. Slosson, Annie Trumbull. HARTFORD WILD FLOWERS. No. 6.

FLoRA OF May AND June. Hartford Daily Times, June 20,
1884. List. phaenog.

Vol. 2, No. 14, including pages 27 to 52, was issued February 7, 1900.

Khodora Plate Ys.

Go. Payon, dal.
BARTONIA AND D'ROSERA.

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 April, 1900 No. 16

3 THE SLIME MOULDS.

'THoMAs H. MACBRIDE.

(Plate 16.)

IN view of the many points of curious and biologic interest attach-
ing to the Slime Moulds, it is remarkable that they have not been
more widely collected and studied in this country. They are ubiqui-
tous ; they grow in field and forest, in orchard and garden, about every
farm, nor less in every hamlet, in town and in city, in our hot-houses
in winter, in our flower-beds in summer. In fact, wherever anything
else can grow, especially anything of the mould or fungus kind, there
slime moulds, at one time or another, are sure to be found. ‘True, the
smallness of their fructifications removes them somewhat from ordinary
discovery, but some of them are large enough, and nearly all of them
make up in the number of their sporangia what may be lacking in size,
so that, on the whole, slime moulds are certainly not less conspicuous
than other small forms of fungal life.

Besides, they possess in most of their species, in both color and
structure, a certain curious elegance that makes them very attractive to
every one who has the slightest sense of artistic delicacy and beauty.

But far beyond all this lies the interest attaching to these forms as
living things. In their life-history they are unlike anything with which
we elsewhere have to do. ‘They are like moulds in that they use as
food organic materials; they are unlike moulds in that they are desti-
tute of hyphae, and in their vegetative phase present simply a mass of
slime, apparently without organization, without form, without structure
of any kind ; and yet living, moving, intact, cellular, multinuclear, and
in growth and development evincing all the complexity of mitotic cell-
division. They live as naked protoplasm, protoplasm in its “mineral

76 Rhodora [APRIL

condition,” if one might so say, creeping about on this worn old planet
with all the freshness of Creation's youth. It is of course needless to
mention here the interest attaching to protoplasm. This is the form
of matter which everywhere fascinates the student of biology; the
secret of life is with it. For the last twenty-five years, in all sorts of
physiologic and biologic treatises, the tiny amoeba has been made to
play the leading róle; but the plasmodium, that is, the vegetative,
active phase of a slime mould, is worth a thousand amoebas ; it exhibits
vital phenomena on such a macroscopic scale. Contractility, irri-
tability, assimilation, automatism, and all the other wondrous properties,
so called, of living matter are here to be seen in their most beautiful
display.

In our university laboratory a few weeks since, we had the plas-
modium of a Tilmadoche (7: polycephala Schw.) To a piece of
Agaricus sapidus the size of one's hand a little of the clear yellowish
plasmodium was transferred, and the whole covered by a large bell-
glass. The plasmodium increased rapidly in size, perceptibly so within
an hour. In twenty-four hours, all over the walls of the bell-jar there
were sheets and streams of protoplasm spreading and massing like an
invading army in all directions, while the agaric melted before it.
Fresh pieces of agaric were from time to time supplied, and were as
rapidly consumed, until the plasmodium had increased to such dimen-
sions that it completely lined the glass and hung down in streaming
pillars and columns from the summit. The plasmodium was divided,
and every one who chose made a culture for himself; the streams
were induced to run and spread on slides, transferred to micro-
scopes and so watched, as the currents oscillated to and fro; some
parts were gathered on cover-glasses, stained and mounted to show
the swarming nuclei. All the wonderful phenomena seemed sus-
ceptible of indefinite continuance; but unhappily cold weather came
upon us; our supplies of fresh agaric failed. We softened up dry
material of similar sort, but our slime mould, delicate connoisseur
that it was, refused to be fed on food of our selection further, and
presently succumbed to the assaults of a horde of real moulds and
fungi that found our new supplies of pabulum quite suited to their less
discriminating taste. The eater in turn was eaten. In the case of
several bell-jars, however, we allowed the plasmodium to continue un-
disturbed its favorite food-supply and made no attempt at all to set
forth a new menu. In these cases the net-work streamed about a

1900] MacBride, — The slime moulds 77

while, lost color, and finally everywhere transformed itself into a thou-
sand tiny, sculptured, capitate sporangia, raised each upon a slender
fibrous stem, each sporangium packed with abounding spores, in form
and color characteristic of the species. Only in one particular were
the spores abnormal; not a few were far too large. It would seem
that in some cases the thin pellicle of cellulose which we call the cell-
wall had enclosed, to form the spore, two nuclei instead of one as is
the rule. Certainly the conditions of fruiting were, after all, not quite
normal. Fruiting ensued before cell-division had had time in each
case to become complete; hence the giant or double spores. Some
of these spores, a few days later, were sown in water, placed in an
incubating oven, where, in a few hours, they germinated by the simple
breaking of the cell-wall, each giving rise to a tiny amceboid speck of
protoplasm, motile, free. These, could they have found nutrition,
would no doubt soon have greatly multiplied by simple cell-division,
and gone on at length to form a new plasmodium like that with which
we started.

Such was our experience in the laboratory, correspondent, no doubt,
in all essential particulars to that which occurs out of doors in all
appropriate seasons of the year, and such is the life-history of the
slime mould generally.

But after all these were laboratory experiments, like nature, corres-
pondent indeed, but still meagre and poor by comparison, as phy-
siological laboratory experiments are pretty sure to be. To study
slime moulds and know them we must go out of doors and be content
to stay out of doors, for a day at a time sometimes. The laboratory
may help us, to be sure, but the lack of it need not greatly hinder us.
In moist and mossy woods, by perennial springs and streams these
things are at their best. The Atlantic seaboard affords, therefore, the
richest variety for this continent, the woods of Maine, and all New
England, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, nor less the region farther south.
Students in these localities have, accordingly, some advantages ; they
have profusion and variety.

In the latitude of New England the best time to begin these studies
is perchance in June. The climate of Iowa, precipitation now aside, is
perhaps not very different from that of Massachusetts. With us about
the time the Mertensia shakes out its blossoms and the Polemonium is
in fullest flower, on some fair day that breathes the earliest airs of
summer, the student wandering in the woodland is sure to see, perhaps

78 Rhodora [APRIL

flat on the surface of a log or stump, perhaps half-way up the bole of
some oak tree, perhaps spread in golden profusion over some bed of
leaves or even living moss, the forming fructification of F/igo, a mass
of yellow not unlike the broken yolk of an egg, sometimes tinged about
the margin by shades of red and brown, but conspicuous, commanding
attention alike by its color and its substance, now as two hundred years
ago, when Marchand first described it about the tan-yards of Paris.
This is at once the largest of the slime moulds and, with us, the earliest
to form its fruit. In 1882, Sachs, in his celebrated lectures on the
Physiology of Plants, tells of this species in language which will doubt-
less seem a wonder-story even yet to many readers ; yet all that Sachs
says of this species is strictly true. Schweinitz, who both in this coun-
try and in Europe, a hundred years ago, collected and named not a
few slime moulds, but who really little understood their nature, tells of
a specimen found by a blacksmith's forge (in South Carolina), in the
morning, calmly fruiting on iron that had been red hot the night
before! A century or two earlier, this had certainly been a portent or
a prodigy. If our student is fortunate enough to find his specimen in
its mucilaginous condition, having just concluded its migrations, he
may leave it to be revisited, Jove favente, on the following day, when
instead of slime he may expect to find a more or less hardened crust
like stiffened foam, overlying a mass of sooty spores, dry and fine.
This is the final fruit. A few days later the wind will have borne the
spores away and only a thin whitish film may remain behind to mark
the place of the singular transformation.

Fuligo is perhaps the first slime mould to be recognized by the be-
Sinner, If a student of fungi, especially if a collector of puff-balls, he
has probably already made the acquaintance of the common Zycoga/a
epidendrum (Buxb.) L. The plasmodium of this species is red, not a
very deep red, but bright enough to attract attention; to the older
writers suggestive of vermilion. ‘This appears usually a little later in
the year, say in July, August, and so through the fall.

Following closely on the maturing of //igo, or even contemporary
with it, are to be found the plasmodia of many other species, less
frequently observed because in general less conspicuous. They may
be sought by rotting logs, around settled heaps of wind-driven leaves,
in neglected corners of the garden. Here we may meet the pale
venulose creeping threads of some of the Didymia, the richer yellows
of the Badhamia species, the creamy nets of some of the Didermas,

1900] MacBride, — The slime moulds 79

the snowy reticulations of Déachea. It must be understood in all
cases that the color of the plasmodium in the same species varies with
the progress of development, the food-supply and perhaps for other
reasons to us unknown. The tints are not inherent, but are due to
the presence of particles suspended in the protoplasmic stream. A
plasmodium accordingly often loses its characteristic color as it passes
into fruit.

Later in the season the plasmodia of the autumnal species begin to
put in an appearance. The jelly-like whitish or greenish masses which
later form our species of Stemonitis may be seen as early as July or
August, but are most common in September. Probably not a linden
tree falls to decay in our northern forests which does not bear at least
one abundant crop of Stemonitis, certainly S. maxima Schw., and
probably other species. The coniferous logs of Washington and
Oregon, and doubtless of all our northern woods, bear quantities of
Stemonitis in various species. Comatricha and Dictydium are common
on logs of oak, while Diderma floriforme Bull. spreads its white or
watery plasmodium inside oak stumps and forms its fruit in darkness,
even sometimes in the ground. In the latter part of August and in
September, the creamy plasmodium of Muci/ago is everywhere in
evidence, streaming amid piles of rotten leaves, climbing the living
stems of herbaceous plants, there to hang in curious foamy masses of
clustered fruit, an inch or two in length, unmistakable. The whole
Trichiaceous series may now be sought, some with watery plasmodium
rounding up in sporangia, white as ivory (7: varia Pers.), then dull
yellow, ochraceous, orange ; some with plasmodium scarlet, 7: decipiens
Pers., or rosy purple as Arcyria denudata L., or coral-red as Hemi-
trichia vesparium Batsch. In autumn too some of the most common
Physarums are abroad with their plasmodia, on leaves, in wood-heaps
everywhere, their fructifications on straw, on sticks, on every humble
thing. Some species late in the year whiten, as if by frost, the earth-
ward side of every fallen log, especially of aspen, linden, willow.
Another autumnal form sure to be discovered is again one of the giant
species, Enteridium splendens Morg. In some rocky damp ravine, on
some barkless log, half rotten, we may discover a row of whitish or
flesh-colored small cushion-like masses, perhaps a.half a dozen of them.
Another day we seek the place again; the cushions have changed to
umber heaps covered with shining film, within like tiny sponges packed
with spores.

8o Rhodora Arr.

To describe in detail the beauties of structure which the micro-
scope reveals in the sporangia of these wonderful plants is beyond the
scope of this paper. Some notion, however, of their variety and del-
icacy of form is given by the accompanying plate, which represents
species of six of the forty and more generally known in the United
States. All the species figured are found in New England, and one
( Comatricha cespitosa Sturgis) was first discovered there.

But it is proper now to offer a hint or two relative to the preserva-
tion and subsequent care of the materials we have gathered in wood
and field. It is idle to collect the objects of natural history unless we
may study them, and for satisfactory study they must be properly pre-
served. ‘The care of the dainty forms we here discuss begins in the
field. We should so carefully remove our material from its place of
growth as not in the least to mar its pristine beauty. The collector
should go armed with a stout knife, to cut away, if need be, a block of
wood; he must carry a sufficient number of small boxes in which his
finds may be stowed for safe transportation. Specimens, no doubt once
good, often come in ruined by careless handling. If the specimen is
to be of value it must be subject to no ill usage whatsoever.

Once we have our material at home it may be laid out on tables to
dry, preparatory to mounting forthe herbarium. Herbarium speci-
mens are best cared for by mounting in small boxes, which may be
selected of such size that a certain number will exactly fill a shallow
covered tray, say one inch deep, and of the dimensions, outside, of
standard herbarium-sheets. In these little boxes specimens may be so
mounted as to be examined by the microscope with ease. A good
method is shown by the accompanying fig-
ure. Here to the bottom of the box (a) is ne
glued a bit of cork (c); on this is fastened
by a drop of glue a bit of the material carry-
ing the slime mould. This mount should be
just so high in the box that the sporangia willie escope the lid when
the box is closed. A smaller bit of material may be similarly attached
to the box side (7) for examination by the microscope in this position.
Nearly all the small-fruited forms repay study, simply as dark objects,
under the low powers of the microscope. No tiny natural objects

evince a more elegant symmetry of form, more delicate shadings of
color than do these.

For more exact study we must prepare our materials for investiga-

1900] Robinson,—A blue-fruited huckleberry 81

tion under lenses of highest magnifying power. To this end various
methods of manipulation have been suggested. For some species it is
desirable to mount the sporangium on the slide dry, in natural condi-
tion. This is essential in studying the Stemonitis species and the
Cribrarias. Blown-out specimens are to be selected. In ordinary
cases, however, we must resort to other methods, methods which will
bring to all parts their natural fullness and will also render them less
opaque. For these purposes, for temporary mounting, a weak solution
of potassic hydrate will be found serviceable, to be followed by glycer-
ine, if the specimen is to be kept any length of time.

But of the various matters of microscopic technique it is perhaps
less needful here to speak. It is rather sought here to win for a
hitherto little-noticed, but certainly remarkable group of living things
a wider place in the attention and regard of students. Of course, for
the proper appreciation of these things we must be children of nature,
lovers of the natural world and sympathetic with all that goes on there.
The consolations, the delights of nature are not for those who label
things, who spend time in a vain attempt to harmonize the rules of
nomenclature ; her rewards are for those who love to watch the con-
sistent harmony of her deathless cycles, and who in the secrets of her
humblest forms can read the stately march of her sublime ongoings.

UNIVERSITY OF Iowa.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16.— Fig. 1, 7i/madoche viridis ( Bull.) Sacc., a
single sporangium magnified x 25; 1a, the same reversed; 1%, the same after
spore-dispersal; 1c, Capillitium from a similar sporangium x 750. Fig. 2,
Craterium minutum (Leers) Fr., sporangia with unusually long stalks, magni-
fied. Fig. 3. Comatricha cespitosa Sturgis, a cluster of sporangia x 4; 32, the
capillitium highly magnified; 3^, a single spore x 1600, Fig. 4, Zuteridium
spiendens Morgan, ethalium (compound mass, imperfectly divided within into
sporangia) natural size; 4 a, a spore x 1400; 44, capillitium x 420. Fig. 5,
_ribraria aurantiaca Schrad., sporangium containing spores x 3o. Fig. 6,
Arcyria denudata (Linn.) Sheld. Sporangia, two expanded, one still closed x
20; 6a, a part of the capillitium x 750.

A BLUE-FRUITED HUCKLEBERRY.

B. L. ROBINSON.

WHILE collecting some plants on the eastern shores of Thorndike
Pond at Jaffrey, N. H., in the late summer of 1896, I noticed two
varieties of fruit on the huckleberry bushes (Gaylussacia resinosa).
The berries on some bushes were, according to the laws laid down for

"^

82 Rhodora [APRIL

them in most descriptive manuals, black and glossy, while those on
neighboring bushes were pale blue and dull, being covered with a
glaucous bloom, quite in the manner of the true blueberries ( Vaccinium
pennsylvanicum and V. corymbosum), which were growing near and
permitted easy comparison. The two varieties of huckleberry were
not invariably distinct, for other individuals were found with bluish-
black berries of an intermediate character. Several plants of each
kind were examined in much detail to discover other differences cor-
related with the color variation, but only two points were found, namely
the size and sweetness of the fruit which were both preceptibly greater
in the blue than in the black-fruited form. Some days later Mr.
Walter Deane and I revisited the spot and after together verifying the
previous observations, marked certain individuals to be watched during
the next season.

I inquired of several country people, especially. berry-pickers,
whether they knew a blue-berried huckleberry. Without exception
they said they did and that they regarded the blue kind better than
the common black sort. Naturally I questioned them closely to be
sure they were not confusing the blue huckleberry with any species of
Vaccinium.

On returning to Cambridge, I searched for Botanical references to
the blue-berried variety and found the following in Emerson’s Trees
and Shrubs of Massachusetts, p. 399 of ed. 1, regarding the species in
question.

* The common variety has black shining berries and leaves green
on both surfaces.

A second variety has similar leaves and berries covered with a
blackish or brownish bloom.

A third variety has somewhat glaucous leaves and berries covered
with a glaucous bloom.

A fourth variety has larger berries of a bluish color with a bluish
bloom, and very rich to the taste."

I cannot doubt that the fourth is the variety which would properly
include the blue-fruited plants on Thorndike Pond.

The following season I revisited several times the marked plants
and found with interest that.the blue-berried individuals were preco-
cious in their development, being a week or two in advance of the black-
berried form, both in coming into leaf and in the time of flowering.
No differences of flowers or leaves were observable. One exhibiting
specimens of the different forms at a meeting of the New England

Ra

1900]. Kennedy,—Carex Novae Angliae in E. Mass, — 83

Botanical Club in 1897, I learned that several members were familiar
with the blue-fruited variety. Mr. J. H. Sears has since placed at my
disposal a suite of specimens and notes from eastern Massachusetts.
He has made out several differences between the black and the blue-
fruited sorts, such as abundance of resinous excretions in the inflores-
cence, color of the cortex, form of corolla, etc., but with my best
endeavors I have been unable to follow these distinctions when ex-
amining specimens from a wider range.

Recently Dr. Charles B. Graves of New London, Connecticut, in-
dependently discovered the blue-berried huckleberry in his region, and
was about to publish upon it, but learning that I had been observing
the plant he most courteously placed his material at my disposal.

Mr. Emerson's varieties have suffered the quick oblivion which is
apt to overtake unnamed forms, and even our best recent floras con-
tinue to describe the fruit of Gaylussacia resinosa as black, without a
bloom. It seems desirable therefore to place the blue-berried variety
on more definite record, as follows : —

GAYLUSSACIA RESINOSA, var. glaucocarpa. Berries dull, blue,
covered with a distinct pale sericeous bloom, and tending to be large
and of rich flavor for the species: plant precocious in foliation and
anthesis in comparison with the typical form. — Rocky shores of
Thorndike Pond, Jaffrey, N. H., collected by the writer August 23,
1896, no. 58 (type, in herb. Gray), and subsequently in the same
locality at various times by Messrs. W. Deane, E. L. Rand, and E. F.
Williams.

Apparently identical plants have been found at Topsfield, Massa-
chusetts, by Mr. J. H. Sears, who also states that its fruit is earlier and
larger than in the typical form; North Berwick, Maine, by Mr. J. C.
Parlin. No. 1,157b of the beautiful set of plants recently distributed
from Biltmore, North Carolina, by Mr. C. D. Beadle, is (so far as the
specimen in the Gray Herbarium is concerned) of this variety. Plants
collected by Dr. C. B. Graves at Waterford, Conn., have smaller blue
fruit and may possibly prove a different variety.

GRAY HERBARIUM.

CAREX NOVAE-ANGLIAE IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS — In the
Gray Herbarium are two sheets of Carex /Novae- Angliae, Schw., col-
lected by William Boott, one of which is labelled, * Purgatory Swamp,
Dedham, July 1o, 1861," and the other “Blue Hills, June 3, 1870."

84 | Rhodora [APRIL

On the latter sheet, in Mr, Boott's handwriting, are the words, ** This
specimen is good Novae Angliae. The rest of this sheet seems to be
Emmonsit. Did this specimen really come from the Blue Hills ? ”

It is evident from this label that Mr. Boott was himself in doubt
whether the one specimen of Novae Angliae on this sheet had really
been collected with the others, or had accidentally got in among them.
Many of our local botanists have sought for Carex Novae-Angiliae,
both in Purgatory Swamp and in the Blue Hills, but without success,
so far as I am aware.

On June 15, 1899, I found three very good specimens in one of the
wooded valleys between Great Blue and Hancock Hill. I was par-
ticularly anxious to find Carex Novae-Angliae, and examined every one
of the many tufts of Carex varia growing in the shade of the young
oak and chestnut trees. "Three plants were all I could find, after a
careful search, and it is probable that it is not abundant, even in the
localities where it grows. — Gro. G. KENNEDY.

CAPSELLA IN JANUARY. — As an addition to our January flora, I
should like to mention that I have several times this year observed the
Shepherd's purse — Capsella bursa-pastoris — blossoming in Roxbury,
the first observation being on January 6, and the latest on the 26th.
It had a particularly favored situation, growing in the cracks of a side-
walk, and being protected by a stone wall which faced towards the
south. The flowers did not open fully, but some of them, at least, have
produced seed, of which, however, I have not yet tested the fertility.
The ovaries appeared abnormally large. — Jonn MURDOCH, JR.

RoxBURY, Mass.

NOTES ON ECHINACEA.
M. L. FERNALD.

A HANDSOME purple cone-flower of the prairies has during the past
decade crept gradually eastward: and now, like its near relative the
yellow cone-flower (Rudbeckia hirta), is appearing in New England
hayfields. Unlike the latter plant, however, the purple cone-flower
has not yet become a troublesome weed, but is so far an unusual
species in the northeastern states.

1900] Fernald, — Notes on Echinacea 85

This is a tall (1 m. or less) showy plant with entire lanceolate
harsh leaves and slender drooping 2-toothed pale-purple rays 4 to 7
cm. long, and it has been called in the standard floras Echinacea
angustifolia, DC., or by Britton & Brown Brauneria pallida, Britton.
As an indigenous plant it is found from Michigan and Illinois to
Alabama and Texas, flowering in June and July, though, as stated, it is
now becoming a weed by roadsides and in hay-fields in New England.

Another plant which has generally been associated with this tall
species with long drooping rays, and which like it is labelled in most
herbaria Æchinacea angustifolia, is of broader range, generally growing
only two or three decimeters high, and with 2-3-toothed rays much
shorter (2 or 2.5 cm. long) and spreading, not drooping. This low
harsh plant, with short spreading rays, is found from Tennessee to the
Saskatchewan, Wyoming and Texas, and in different sections of its
range it flowers from May (Texas) to August (Tennessee). In a
recent paper, Mr. C. D. Beadle has described it as a new species,
Brauneria tennesseensis.!

That Mr. Beadle has good grounds for dividing into two species the
material which has passed as Echinacea angustifolia (Brauneria pal-
lida) there seems no doubt. But that he, before launching as an
undescribed species his Araunerta tennesseensis, or that Dr. Britton,
before making the new combination Brauneria pallida and placing
under it “chinacea angustifolia, could have examined with care the
descriptions of the earlier species of the group, does not seem possible.

'The firstof these entire-leaved species was described from Arkansas
by Nuttall as Rudbeckia pallida,? with “rays very long, dependent,
bidentate, stem elongate, monocephalous,” and in a note Nuttal adds
“greatly resembling X. purpurea | Echinacea purpurea] . . . the pedun-
cle, or part of the stem destitute of leaves, fourteen or sixteen inches
long." From this description and note there is no hesitation in
identifying with Nuttall's species the tall plant with long drooping rays,
now becoming naturalized in the northeast. The species first de-
scribed by Nuttall as Rudbeckia pallida was afterwards placed by him
in Æchinacea and should be known as Echinacea pallida, Nutt.

Only two years after Nuttall first described his species, De Candolle
took up in the Prodromus Moench's genus Echinacea. E. purpurea
was described with *ligules very long, dependent, the apex acute,

I Bot. Gaz. xxv. 359.
2 Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 77.

86 Rhodora [ APRIL

bidentate,” and Æ. serotina, a plant now referred to Æ. purpurea, was
described with * rays 2-3-dentate, spreading not dependent, shorter
than in the preceding [ E. purpurea]? Immediately following Æ.
serotina he characterized Æ. angustifolia, from 'Texas,with “ stem hispid,
leaves all linear-lanceolate, hispid, entire, the radical subpetiolate, the
cauline sessile... rays shorter than in the preceding, spreading."
Now in view of the double comparison given by De Candolle, the rays
of Æ. serotina shorter than in Æ. purpurea, and again those of Æ.
angustifolia still shorter and spreading, we are hardly justified in plac-
ing with the latter species the tall plant (Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt.)
with long drooping rays.”

Yet in the “ Botanical Club Check List” Dr. Britton, following
earlier precedents of uniting as one species De Candolle's /chinacea
angustifolia and Nuttall's Æ. pallida, took up for the two plants the
earlier specific name fa//ida and made a new combination for them,
D rauneria pallida, Britton. Later, in discussing his B. tennesseensis,
Mr. Beadle interprets as true P. palida the tall plant with long droop-
ing rays. If by Brauneria pallida is meant Rudbeckia (Echinacea)
pallida, Nutt., this interpretation seems justified. But it is not readily
seen upon what grounds Mr. Beadle separates his Brauneria tennes-
seensis from the Echinacea angustifolia of De Candolle. The original
description of the latter species agrees perfectly with the low hispid
short-rayed plant already referred to as growing from Tennessee west-
ward. The type of Æ. angustifolia came from near Austin, Texas, and
we may take as representing that species in American herbaria, Mr.
Heller’s no. 1735 from Kerrville, about eighty miles southwest of
Austin, a plant which perfectly matches De Candolle’s description. A
careful comparison fails to show any appreciable differences between
this plant of Mr. Heller's and material of Brauneria tennesseensis col-
lected by Mr. Beadle, and formerly by Dr. Gattinger at the origina]
station near La Vergne, Tenn.

The marked characters and the synonymy of these two entire-
leaved species, briefly stated, are

ECHINACEA PALLIDA, Nutt. Tall ım. or less high: rays slender
and drooping, 4 to 7 cm. long, 2-toothed at tip, pale or dark rose-
purple. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n.s. vii. 354. Æ. sanguinea, Nutt. l.c.
E. angustifolia, Am. authors, in part. Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt. Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 77. Brauneria pallida, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club,

V. 333, in part.— Michigan and Illinois to Alabama and Texas.
Sparingly introduced along roadsides and in fields in New England.

1900] Jewell,—A pink-flowered form of Rubus triflorus 87

E. ANcUsTIFOLIA, DC. Low, 2 to 5 dm. high: rays short, 2 to 2.5
cm. long, spreading, 2-3-toothed, purplish to white. — Prodr. v. 554;
and Am. authors in part. Brauneria pallida, Britton, l.c., at least as
to synonym. B. tennesseensis, Beadle, Bot. Gaz. xxv. 3 59. — Tennessee
to the Saskatchewan, Wyoming, and Texas.

GRAY HERBARIUM.

A PINK-FLOWERED FORM OF RUBUS TRIFLORUS. — In 1898, I found,
growing near Farmington village, a number of specimens of Ruus
triflorus with flowers which were almost a bright pink. At least a
dozen of these plants were scattered along a roadside, and occupied a
space two rods in length. The same pink form had been noticed in
this place a year before, and with its colored petals strongly contrasted
with the typical white-flowered plant, with which it grew. — H. W.
JEwELL, Farmington, Me.

ERAGROSTIS FRANKI IN COoNNECTICUT.— Mr. Hoffmann in
Ruopora I, 230, records the occurrence of Eragrostis Frankit,
Steud., in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, stating that it had not
been previously reported north of New Jersey. It may be worth while
to record an intermediate station at East Windsor, Connecticut, where
I collected specimens in 1897. Some of these were deposited in the
Herbarium of the New England Botanical Club, March, 1898. — C.
H. Bisset, Southington, Connecticut.

MINNESOTA PLANT LIFE,! by Prof. Conway MacMillan of the Uni-
versity of Minnesota, may be mentioned as a recent and attractively
illustrated volume upon the habital and biological features of a vege-
tation not very unlike that of middle altitudes in the northern half of
New England. In a commendable effort toward simple diction, not
hitherto conspicuous in works from the same pen, technical words are
scrupulously avoided. However, when in place of pretty generally
known Latinized terms we find such expressions as “four-leaved
water-fern," “fertile lobe of the adder's tongue fern leaf," “ seed-
rudiment-producing tree," the simplification seems a trifle labored.

! Report of the [Minnesota] Survey, Botanical Series iii. Large 8vo., xxv
and 568 pages. St. Paul, 1899.

88 Rhodora [ APRIL

NOTES ON VERMONT PLANTs.— In Ruopora I: 155, Mr. E. L.
Rand notes the occurrence of Swédularia aquatica on Mt. Desert
Island. It may be of interest to know that this diminutive crucifer
grows in great luxuriance in South Pond, Marlboro, Vermont, some ten
miles from Brattleboro, at an estimated elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 feet
above sea-level. My observations as to the depth at which it grows
agree perfectly with those of Mr. Rand.

In Ruopora 1: 172, Mr. H. W. Jewell reports the occurrence of
Vaccinium uliginosum at an altitude of only 300 to 400 feet. I have
collected it at about the same altitude on the banks of the Lamoille
River in Johnson, Vermont. Vaccinium caespitosum is abundant, and
fruits freely along the banks of the West River at Newfane, Vermont,
not over 300 or 400 feet above sea-level. This locality is of easy access,
as it is on rocks just south of the Newfane end of the bridge to Brook-
line. — A. J. Grout, Boys’ High School, Brooklyn, N. Y:

'THE FIFTH ANNUAL WINTER MEETING OF THE VERMONT BOTANICAL
Cup was held at the University of Vermont, January 26 and 27,
1900. ‘Twenty or more papers of general and local interest were pre-
sented. An interesting discussion on the nature of species was led by
Prof. F. A. Waugh and Dr. E. A. Burt. ‘The former maintained that
the more plant species were studied the more intergrading forms were
found; and that species were created by man, notby nature. Dr.
Burt, while admitting this often to be the case, held that there were
certain well-defined gaps between species. Pres. Brainerd explained
recent division of composite species, particularly in Antennarta.

'The results of experiments upon the dehiscence of the Sporogonium
of Pteris cretica were given by Miss Ethel Bates of Middlebury. She
showed the dehiscence was due to variations in temperature rather than
in moisture, as is commonly stated.

Prof. W. J. Morse, of Montpelier Seminary, led an interesting and
profitable discussion of what should be included in the course in botany
of the high school and academy.

Over one hundred new species of flowering plants were reported
for the flora of Vermont by members of the club during the year.
This, and other facts concerning the results of last year's work, were
presented by W. W. Eggleston.

The officers of the club were reélected, as follows: President,
Ezra Brainerd ; vice-president, C. G. Pringle; secretary and treasurer,
L. R. Jones. — 'The midsummer meeting will be held at Willoughby
Lake the second week of July. — C. D. Howe.

1900} Churchill, —Lists of New England plants VI — 89

PRELIMINARY LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND PLANTS VI,—
LEGUMINOSAE.!

J. R. CHURCHILL:

[The sign + indicates that an herbarium specimen has been seen; the
sign — that a printed record has been fóund.]

Aee
ESESISPSITATS
| | |
Amphicarpa monoica, Nutt. tib | 414 |4-
Apios tuberosa, Moench RUE: | ded E | 4l
Astragalus alpinus, L. . Eb +] + |
^ Canadensis, L. | E |
« Robbinsii, Oakes NOU | 4- |
« Biel Eggleston . . . . ... TAISE |
Baptisia tiena R. Br. . . . . . . . "ls 7 Ek ee
Cassia Chamaecrista,L. . . . . . . . Je i+ Te
OIN L.. . . . . .. . —i-l--|lt-l-i-
e M . o. e. o... s |- L|
SME ULL .......-... |t: S
CGUMNMDEEUDS L . . .. ...... ll a
Cytisus scoparius, Link. C MEET |] [4
Desmodium acuminatum, DC. . . . . . (+/)/+/4+/+/4/4+
es Canadense, DC. Bea TüdpiedJ he
ww BEEN. DL. . EH | —|t-l--i-
ui FPEM DC. .^. .2^* be Lab | +
A cuspidatum, T. & G. — a +/+)—/+
66 Dillenii, Darl. ee ee +{/+}/+/+/+/4+
ge Marilandicum, F. Boott . . . i +) +/+
tc humifusum, Beck. DE NR
S nudiflorum, DC. . . s . . . TATARER
P paniculatum, DC. .. . . . . +iti+] +) 4+] 4+
e rigidum, DC. : Po +++
a tte, DG.: s7 o v MA —|+}+/+4+
ox sessilifolium, DC. 434 E
e strictum, DC. A dë
Genista tinctoria, L. . 4d b. i4
Hedysarum boreale, Nutt. + dh
Lathyrus maritimus, Big. tioctit|it-|T-i-
« ochroleucus, Hook. 43 us
* palustris, L. i tit|titicti-
“ « var. myrtifolius, Gray. | 4 Caps
* o pratensis, L. . ci PESE IM
Lespedeza angustifolia, Ell. . . +. +

1 Printed in RHODORA as supplementary material,

go Rhodora [APRIL

=| lelRle
GE E esL.
CREAEAERIHRGT
Lespedeza epis: MERE TN ee ee lt f+ }+]}+]}+}4+
TT ` Sa. EE Cae AC ba |
" Nuttallii, Darl. NDA | äi,
H polystachya, Michx. . . . . . |* t|t*|t|-t
H procumbens, Michx. . . . . . [= —|t|t|-
H Stuvei, Nutt. +/+|]—
" NENNEN. S vo. ux e TD +)+)—|+
A reticulata, Pers. . | tb +] +)
Lupinus perennis, L. —|+|+/+)4+]4+
Medicago Arabica, All. (M. maculata, Willd. ) +|- +i +
» hispida, Gaert. (M. denticulata, |
Willd.) o. EE, ppp a
« laciniata, Ail. t | +
« lupulina, L. Lie lkikiklA
e sativa, L. KEE AE AE
Melilotus alba, Lam.. . Ub dE dE JESE:
M officinalis, Willd. i dk AE AEAEAE
Oxytropis campestris, DC., var. Johannensis,
Fernald +
Phaseolus perennis, Walt. +
. Robinia hispida, L EIEEE
"^ — Pseudacacia, L. db UE SE SESE:
* viscosa, Vent. +i i+] + +
Strophostyles angulosa, Ell. - tT-DT
Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers. — t -[p-*
Trifolium agrarium, L. 220 Eod d AE AE
a arvense, L. z 0 E S ES M S M
e hybridum, L kirkikklkutkidk
" incarnatum, L. AEOAEOEAEAE
s medium, L. VOLENT A ai +|-
d ON Se ee er oe titi +i +) +/+!
e procumbens, L. e HIFI- tI)
" dubium, Sibth. (7: procumbens, var. |
minus, Gray) . Vo d *
" repens, I... + + + CERS + i+) +) +4 +
Whee Craco: L. o o.o 0. a ` ` JS IEN
* hirsuta, Koch. . | PIES
t- sativa, EL, . . . . . . 2 RO ee
M d var. angustifolia, Ser. A -|+|- +
* tetrasperma, Moench . . . . . . |t t|ti—|-
"c ohana; Wal. . . . . ear N

1900] Churchill, List of New England plants, — VI 91

NOTES UPON THE ABOVE LIST.

Amorpha fruticosa, L. (see RHODORA 1: 164), and G/edr/schia
triacanthos, L., frequently collected along roadsides, etc., and reported
as “ escapes," are not well established as wild, but rank rather with the
horse-chestnut (RHODORA I: 214), and some other trees, as merely
plants of cultivation. |

Amphicarpa Pitcheri, T. & G. There are specimens collected in
eastern Massachusetts, in the herbarium of Mr. W. P. Rich, which can-
not be distinguished from this species. See RHODORA 1: 27. Ihave
also seen, in the herbarium of Dr. E. H. Eames of Bridgeport, Conn.,
plants collected by him near that city, which are almost identical with
the western species. Yet mature fruit from this station, which Dr.
Eames kindly sent me, quite lacks the hairy valves so characteristic of
A. Pitcheri. Without further material and study, it seems at least
premature to include 4. Pitcheri in our list as a New England plant.

Astragalus Blakei, Eggleston, Bot. Gazette, XX; 271, June, 1895
(A. Robbinsti, Oakes, var. /esupt, Eggleston A Sheldon, Minn. Bot.
Studies, XV, 155, June, 1894). Dr. B. L. Robinson has made a careful
investigation of the validity of this species, with the result indicated in
our list. I add here, also, his interesting notes as follows: ** We have
in New England, besides 4: a/pinus and A. Canadensis, two species of |
Astragalus, namely: 1—4. Ao)/insir, Oakes, with small, light-colored .
flowers, and a rather short, flattish pod, which is shortly acuminate, has
no dorsal sulcus, and exhibits only the minutest trace of a septum from
the dorsal suture. This appears to be a local Vermont species. (Type
specimen from Winooski River, Burlington. This station is now ex-
tinct.) 2—4. Blake’, Eggleston, with larger, more deeply-colored
flowers, and longer, acuminate, triangular pods, with dorsal sulcus and
a partial septum intruded from the dorsal suture. This species has also
borne the names 4. Roddinsii, var. occidentalis, Wats. and A. occiden-
Zodi, Jones. It is evidently like 4. a/finus, a species of wide range,
extending from Maine, through northern New Hampshire and Ver-
mont, and to the far West."

Mr. W. W. Eggleston tells me that Perkins’ report of Desmodium
canescens in Vermont (based upon Robbins’ plant from Pownal) is
probably erroneous.

Two species of Medicago, not mentioned in the list, but reported in
the Flora of Middlesex County, and based upon specimens now in the
herbarium of the New England Botanical Club, were incorrectly de-

SE Rhodora [ APRIL

termined, and should be revised as follows: M. aculeata is M. agrestis,
Ten., M. lappacea is M. hispida, Gaertn. var. apiculata, Urban,
Trigonc//a Cassia, of the same flora, is 7. /Voeana, Boiss. There are
other Medics which have crept into local lists, but they are mere waifs
or ballast plants, and scarcely deserve mention. Plants equally ephem-
eral, sometimes collected from dumps, and reported in local floras,
are Lathyrus sativus, L., Phaseolus vulgaris, L., Pisum sativum, Li,
Lotus corniculatus, L., Scorpiurus subvillosus, L., and others. They
are transient relics of cultivation, rarely persistent, and are better
omitted.

Regarding Oxytropis campestris, DC., see RHODORA 1: 85.

Phaseolus perennis, Walt., is credited generally to New England in
Gray’s Manual and in the Illustrated Flora. Itis mentioned as “ not
common " in Jackson's Flora of Worcester County (Mass.). After
a thorough ransacking of our principal herbaria, and correspondence
with Mr. Jackson and others, it seems clear that the report of its occur-
rence in Worcester County is without foundation ; and that the record
for New England rests at present solely on three specimens, all col-
lected many years ago at New Haven, Conn. One of these sheets, in
the Gray Hebarium, is without date, but it bears the stamp of the
* ‘Torrey & Gray Flora,” and the label reads simply: ** Phaseolus peren-
nis, New Haven. Dana." In the Eaton Herbarium at New Haven
is a specimen collected by A. B. Eaton at New Haven in 1859. The
third sheet is in the Herbarium of Columbia College ; and for the
account of the ancient and fragmentary specimen thereon I am in-
debted to Mr. Roland M. Harper, student of botany in the University.
The label reads as follows: ** P. perennis. New Haven, Ct. recd. by
Dr. Robbins from Shephard or Shorter. This is my only specimen. I
should be glad to have you tell me if it is perennis & send it back
when convenient." This sheet, too, bears the stamp, “ Torrey Herba-
rium," but the label is neither signed nor dated. Dr. Britton, affirming
the authenticity of the specimen, ventures the opinion that the label is
in the handwriting of Oakes. Now will our New Haven botanists
tell us where the station was and whether it is now extinct ?

Trifolium stoloniferum, Muhl., is reported in Perkins’ Catalogue
of Vermont Plants, from Bellows Falls. President Brainerd writes that
it is doubtless an error, or possibly a waif. No specimen is extant, and
no recent collector has been able to find it there.

Vol, 2, No. 15, including pages 53 to 74 and plate 15, was issued March 6, 1900,

Rhodora Plate 16.

4

Enteridium splendens

Core

"Ye h,
ago
po
CR,

Cribraria ^
aurantiaca

E Schuyler Mathews. del.

MYXOMYCETES

From ** The North American Slime Moulds,” by Thomas H. MacBride.
Reproduced by permission of the Macmillan Company.

Rbodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 May , 1900 No. 17

THE BOSTON MYCOLOGICAL CLUB.
JENNIE F. Conant.

ALTHOUGH the Boston MycoLocicaL Cp has not the honor of
being the first of its kind to be organized in this country, that distinc-
tion belonging to the Westfield Toadstool Club of Westfield, New York,
yet it dates from the same year. In the summer of 1895, after nu-
merous appeals had appeared in the papers for help in the study of fungi
as food, a few gentlemen and one lady met at Horticultural Hall and
agreed, after some deliberation, to form a club to be known as the
Boston Mycological Club, with the following officers: President, Julius "
A. Palmer, Jr.; Vice-President, Wm. C. Bates; Secretary and Treas-
urer, Hollis Webster.

For a good many years previously experiments had been made by
a few persistent American mycophagists, for example, by the Rev. M.
A. Curtis, fifty years ago, and more recently by Captain Palmer and
Professor Peck, to test the edibility of certain species recommended by
Badham, Berkeley and other European writers, and also that of others
not then in any list of edible kinds. Although the results of these
experiments were made available by repeated publication, popular
knowledge of the subject grew slowly, in spite of a deal of good-
natured urging by these pioneers. That interest had, nevertheless, been
aroused was shown by the welcome accorded in 1894 to articles by
Dr. Farlow, Professor Peck and Mr. W. H. Gibson, which appeared in
various periodicals in almost simultaneous response to the general de-
mand for information. ‘That at last the multitude were waiting only
for guidance before eagerly joining in a fascinatingly dangerous pursuit
has been further shown by the rapid increase in the membership of
the Boston Club, from the little company that first met in August five

94 Rhodora [Mav

years ago to its present number of nearly five hundred, and also by
the formation of similar societies in other parts of the country.

The aims of the Club, well set forth in the following extract from
the constitution, are these: zz To study edible mushrooms and toad-
stools and those noxious and poisonous kinds which might be mistaken
for them, to collect and spread all valuable information concerning them,
to arouse interest in mushrooms as food, and by exhibitions, lectures,
and publications to make easy and certain the recognition of the few
fungi that are poisonous and of the many that are edible."

Of the means toward these ends the exhibitions of fresh fungi are
naturally the most important. On Saturdays, throughout the summer
and autumn, fungi are brought to Horticultural Hall, where, through
the courtesy of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, they are placed
on exhibition for the benefit of the public. The specimens are ar-
ranged by genera under cards on which generic characters are given,
and, wherever possible, the specific names are also added together
with information as to the quality as food. It is at the talks which
follow these exhibitions, illustrated as they are by fresh material, that
the most effective help is given. Special pains are taken to make all
who attend these meetings acquainted, first of all, with the poisonous
Amanitas, and to give emphasis to the fact that there is no short cut to
the detection of poisonous forms, but that each individual specimen
must be studied carefully and distinguished by characteristic marks.
These demonstrations are so often repeated that those who attend the
talks with any regularity can hardly escape instruction upon these vital
points ; and it is safe to say that, as a result of the Club's efforts, hundreds
of people now possess and are spreading this essential knowledge which
a few years ago was the property of a very few. Supplementary to the
Saturday meetings are the excursions which occur at intervals through
the summer, whenever the weather gives promise of a successful trip.

When the November frosts check the appearance of mushrooms in
the fields and woods, methods of instruction are necessarily changed.
Lantern slides, of which the Club has about three hundred, take the
place of fresh plants to illustrate talks, which are given on the third
Monday evening of each month from November to May in the lecture-
room of the Boston Society of Natural History.

From time to time throughout the year bulletins have been issued,
the earlier of these giving hints as to methods of collecting, advice as
to books, and remarks upon various elementary matters, very helpful to

1900] Huntington, — Some uncommon mosses 95

those who are ignorant not only of fungi but of other departments of
botany as well. To make up in some slight degree for the lack of a
comprehensive systematic work on mushrooms, synopses of various
genera, with descriptions of the species most likely to be met with, are
given in the more recent bulletins. It is to the bulletins that the Club
owes its large membership in many cities of the South and West.

For the preservation of a record of the distribution of species, and
for collecting other information of scientific value, an herbarium has
been started, to which have already been added most of the more
conspicuous fungi to be found in the neighborhood of Boston. It is
the wish of a few of the more devoted and enthusiastic workers to make
this herbarium of more general use to the Club members by placing it
in a suitable room, in some part of Boston easily accessible, with some
one in attendance to help in the identification of specimens.

For membership in the Club the only qualifications are an interest
in mushrooms and the payment of one dollar each year.

The officers for the current year, which ends on April 3o, are:
President, George B. Fessenden; Vice-president, Wm. C. Bates ;
Recording Secretary and Treasurer, Miss Jennie F. Conant; Corre-
sponding Secretary, Hollis Webster, P. O. Box 2r, Cambridge, Mass.

SOME UNCOMMON MOSSES IN NORTHERN ESSEX COUNTY,
MASSACHUSETTS.

J. W. HUNTINGTON.

PERHAPS it might be interesting to the readers of RHODORA to know
that quite a number of species of mosses considered very rare or un-
known to the State of Massachusetts are found quite plentifully in the
towns of Essex County, north of the Merrimac River, especially Ames-
bury. This town is a particularly good locality, from the fact that it
has a diversity of habitat, and so is well adapted to the growth of
many species. The centre of the town is, in fact, a swamp, which is
undoubtedly of glacial origin, a well-defined moraine skirting its entire
southern border, sometimes cutting across and making little bays of
swamp land, which it is quite interesting to follow out and study.
The borders of this swamp are somewhat depressed, while the centre is
crowning, making a very noticeable difference in the distribution of
certain species of mosses. For instance, Hylocomium squarrosum,

96 i Rhodora [Mav

which is considered uncommon in the state, or indeed in New Eng-
land, is here abundant, but it always grows about the same distance
from the marginal ridge. It is provokingly sterile. I have hunted
long for fruit, but always unsuccessfully. This swamp i$ the home of
the Dicrana; at least, there are three that make it their home,
D. scoparium, with its variety pallidum, and in various forms, D.
palustre and D. Bergeri. The latter is abundant, but not always easily
distinguished from D. scoparium, though the trained eye can see points
of difference at a glance. On the shores one may find D. undulatum,
D. montanum, and D. Drummond.

While speaking of Dicrana, I will mention finding D. viride. It
was on a small stone in a roadside wall. It was only a little patch, but,
unlike the species elsewhere, it was abundantly fruited. Dr. R. H.
True told me he thought there was more fruit on that little clump than
in all the herbaria in Europe.

On the southern shore of Lake Attitash, a body of water in the
western part of the town, is a wood of pine, extending, perhaps, a half
mile, and on the bank, just over the water, for the whole distance, may
be found a moss which, common enough in northern New England, is
uncommon in Massachusetts, namely, Pogonatum alpinum. In this
locality, Webera sessilis is very plentiful. In these pond regions there
are deep depressions in which are pools of stagnant water. In these
grow Button Bushes, which are covered with Dichelyma capillaceum and
Fontinalis Lescurii, often in good fruit. In a similar locality in New
Hampshire, just over the line, I find a very beautiful moss, with all the
habits of D. capillaceum but clearly distinct from that species, or from
D. pallescens or Hypnum fluitans, which it resembles. It is of a beauti-
ful golden color, with a very long leaf, acutely serrate at the apex.
I have referred it to D. Swartzii, though perhaps not correctly.

A swamp which I have explored this summer for the first time has
yielded quite richly. The first visit I made to it I found very little of
interest in the moss line, but later I found on the edge of the bogs,
where the ground was free from sedge, a moss suggesting Afichum
undulatum, which on study proved to be A. crispum, sterile. In a later
search I found a small patch oí fertile plants, which were very interest-
ing indeed. I also found a very pretty little Hypnum in the same
habitat, that is, on the bare side of the bogs, hugging closely the sedge
roots, mostly sterile, but sometimes nicely fruited. This dainty little
moss proves to be Plagiothecium latebricola.

1900] Eggleston, — Flora of Mt. Moosilauke 97

There are, no doubt, many more rare species about here, but we
shall have to let time unfold them to us, as in this field the hunters are
few, and the only one I know in this locality is a plain farmer, with no
pretensions to scientific knowledge, but with an ardent love for the
work, and for all things beautiful and wonderful.

AMESBURY, Mass.

FLORA OF MT. MOOSILAUKE.
WILLARD W. EGGLESTON.

MT. MoosiLAUKE, New Hampshire, is an isolated peak southwest of
the main ranges of the White Mountains and lying in Benton about
nine miles west of North Woodstock. It is reached by a carriage road
from Warren or by road and trail from both North Woodstock and
Warren Summit. The trail from Warren Summit is the shortest ap-
proach from the railroad and the only one for which the writer can
vouch. Moosilauke (with an altitude of 4,811 feet) is the highest peak
in the region covered by Prof. H. G. Jesup’s Catalogue of the plants
within thirty miles of Hanover, New Hampshire, and has been visited
by a number of botanists who have by this means added several species
to the Jesup Flora. Thus the Rev. Joseph Blake is credited with
having found on Moosilauke Empetrum nigrum, L., Juncus trifidus, L.,
Luzula spicata, Desv. ; Mr. W. F. Flint with Arenaria Groenlandica,
Spreng., Potentilla tridentata, Ait., Solidago Virgaurea alpina, Bigel.,!
Vaccinium uliginosum, L., V. Vitis-Idaea, L.; and the Rey. Arthur
Fairbanks with Lotseleuria procumbens, Desv.!

I had long desired to visit this mountain and on the 26th of
August, 1898, had an opportunity to do so, but under rather unfavor-
able circumstances. After a week of good weather at Mt. Washington
I reached Warren Summit only to wait two days in the rain and then
climb the mountain through a wet bushy trail and find the summit
capped in fog, the thermometer falling and the wind almost a hurri-
cane. That night the thermometer fell to 26° Fahrenheit and it did
not rise above 34? the next day, — a temperature which with a strong
gale does not permit very pleasant summer botanizing. However, I
was rewarded for this discomfort by the most magnificent view I have
ever seen. Whiteface in the Adirondacks, distant by air line 105 miles,

1 No herbarium specimens known.

98 Rhodora [Mav

was plainly visible to the naked eye, while the White and the Green
Mountains and in fact all elevations within a hundred miles stood up
in fine relief.

When the fog had thus cleared and I was able to get a general idea
of the mountain, I was disappointed to see so little good botanizing
territory. I had expected much from a mountain 500 feet higher than
Mansfield and 1,000 feet above Willoughby, but I found two essentials
for a luxuriant growth of alpine plants, namely water and cliffs, largely
wanting here. Moosilauke has two peaks over a mile apart, and both
these summits as well as the ridge connecting them are free from trees.
The highest peak, which was first explored, was covered with great
masses of Vaccinium Vitis- Idaea, Arenaria Groenlandica, and Juncus
trifidus. I saw some Vaccinium uliginosum and by the roadside just
before reaching the hotel a single patch of V. caespitosum. Look as
one would, no cliffs were to be seen and only one small bog off in the
woods to the northwest.

At the hotel I was told of a ravine “ Jobilldunk," and on visiting it
found the best botanizing region of the mountain. I was surprised to
find here Arnica Chamissonis, although in a depauperate form, also
Viola palustris, Scirpus caespitosum, Agrostis scabra montana, and
Lycopodium Selago. In the bog was Empetrum nigrum but a great
* slide " on the west side of the mountain yielded nothing of interest.

The following plants collected about the peak have been deposited
in the Jesup Herbarium of Dartmouth College, those marked with an
asterisk being additions to Professor Jesup's Hanover Catalogue :

* Viola palustris, L.
Arenaria Groenlandica, Spreng.
* Amelanchier oligocarpa, P oem.
* Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.
* Arnica Chamissonis, Less.
* Prenanthes trifoliata, Cass.
* Vaccinium caespitosum, Michx.
d uliginosum, L.
eu Vitis-Idaea, L.

Solidago macrophylla, Pursh.

Alnus viridis, DC.

Juncus trifidus, L.

* Scirpus caespitosus, L.

Agrostis scabra, Willd.

1900] Andrews, — Notes on a species of Cyathus 99

* Agrostis scabra montana, 'Tuckerm.
Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv.

x t acuminata, Gray.
* Lycopodium annotinum pungens, Spreng.
i 4 Selago, L.

One could not expect, in so short a time, to make more than a
preliminary reconnaissance of the flora of the mountain, and this report
of my collecting trip is written with a hope that it may form a starting
point for further notes upon the flora of Moosilauke. Anyone finding
unrecorded species upon the mountain should, if possible, send speci-
mens of them to the herbarium at Dartmouth College, which most fully
represents that interesting region.

RUTLAND, VERMONT.

NOTES ON A SPECIES OF CYATHUS COMMON IN LAWNS
AT MIDDLEBURY, VERMONT.

FLoRENCE M. ANDREWS.
(Plate 17.)

OnE species of Cyathus has been frequently found in Middlebury,
growing on newly-seeded lawns. Without close examination of the
specimens, they might be referred to Cyathus vernicosus (Bull.) De
Cand., which is reported to be very common in the United States ; but
by careful examination and comparison with the excellent figures of
Cyathus vernicosus in Tulasne’s Monographie des Nidulariées! and
with a fine set of European specimens of Cyathus vernicosus collected
in Hungary by Dr. Hollos, which agree well with Tulasne's figures and
descriptions, it seems evident that the Middlebury specimens are not
Cyathus vernicosus. Instead they are Cyathus Lesueurit Tul., a species
originally collected near New Orleans, of which the original description
with full notes and careful figures is given in Tulasne's Monograph.

Apparently Cyathus Lesueurit has been but rarely found since its
original discovery, as may be inferred from the few references which
are given to it in literature. It was reported by Berkeley and Curtis
in Notices North American Fungi as collected by Wright in Connec-
ticut, and a collection from South Carolina was distributed by Ravenel
in his F. Am. Exs. No. 474.

1 Ann. d, Science. nat. 3d Serie (Bot.), 1844, pp. 81 and 79, Pl. 5.

100 Rhodora j [Mav

The common name for any Cyathus is * Bird's Nest fungus” be-
cause of the resemblance to a diminutive bird's nest and eggs when
one looks down upon the peridium containing the sporangiola. The
peridium has a small elongated base and gradually increases in size
toward the top (Fig. 5). While immature, it is closed at the top,
but when the sporangiola are fully developed it opens by a deciduous
lid called the epiphragm. The outer surface is covered with coarse
fibers but the inner surface is smooth and shining. ‘The sporangiola
are disc-like in shape and are attached to the peridium by funiculi
(Fig. 7). The wall of a sporangiolum is tough and composed of two
layers joined together by interwoven hyphae which also extend into
the layers (Fig. 3). ‘The spores are borne on basidia to be found only
in the interior of each sporangiolum.

A translation of Tulasne's original description of Cyathus Lesueurti
is as follows :

CvaTHUS LEsUEURI Tul. — “ Peridium thin, membranaceous, gray
becoming pale; the outside beset with scattered fibres, sometimes
converging at their tips, or free of fibres; the inside of peridium
glabrous; not striated or ciliated at the margin; with a very short
limb immediately cut off, sometimes none; sporangiola discoid, dark,
even, having a very tough and thick covering; hymenial layer thin,
spores thick."

'There are two forms described, the major and minor forms.

* Form major, — Peridium campanulate and with an elongated
stipe, sporangiola and spores thicker: spores 28-32 y. long by 22-24

. wide.”
"an Form minor, — Peridium subsessile, becoming white, with smaller
sporangiola and spores. Spores 22 y. long by 17-19 y. wide."

The spores taken from the specimens found on the Middlebury
College campus measured 29.6 x 25.9 m. ; while specimens taken from a
lawn in the village had spores measuring 29.8 x 27.7 m. (Fig. 1). These
specimens from Middlebury agree well in general character with the
description and are doubtless the major form of Cyathus Lesueurit Tul.

The spores of the Zesweurii from the South Carolina collection in
Ravenel's F. Am. Exs. No. 474, I found to be of the same shape and
to measure 26 x 22 yp.

Another species of Cyathus from the United States has been des-
cribed, namely, Cyathus stercoreus (Schw.) De. Ton. which resembles in
many respects Cyathus Lesueurii Tul. The description of Cyathus
sfercoreus given by Schweinitz is the following : —

1900] Andrews, — Notes on a species of Cyathus IOI

NIDULARIA STERCOREA Schw. — “ Peridia are obconical and somewhat
scattered. Exterior of peridium strigose-hirsute, becoming canescent,
finally bare and brown; margin fimbriate. Inner surface of peridium
glabrous, not plicate-striate, reddish-chestnut, somewhat shining, be-
coming blackish toward the bottom. Sporangiola dark, smooth, some-
what large. Peridium one half the size of that of Midularia striata
with which it is allied."

I examined a section of the sporangiolum of Cyathus stercoreus
made by Dr. Burt from the original collection in Herb. Schweinitz.
The spores were the same shape but smaller than those of C. Lesu-
curii, measuring 15.8 x 18.7 mw (Fig. 2). This is perhaps the
same as the minor form of C. Zesueurit.

I have studied specimens from several collections, referred to Cya-
thus vernicosus (Bull.) De Cand. ‘The peridium of the C. vernicosus
is more expanded at the top, and the outer surface is not covered with
coarse fibres (Fig. 8). The spores are very much smaller than in
Cyathus Lesueurii, obtuse at one end and pointed at the other
(Fig. 4). In the specimen from Hungary the spores are 11 x 7 p.
In a specimen from Ravenel’s F. Am. Exs. No. 473 and in one from
Canada, the spores had the same shape and measurement.

A single collection of C. vernicosus has been made in Middebury,
Vt. The specimens were growing abundantly and vigorously in a green-
house, on soil taken from the garden. ‘The spores were the right shape
and had very nearly the same measurement as those from Hungary.

The wall of the sporangiolum of C. vernicosus and of C. Lesueurii
(Fig. 3) measure about the same in thickness, but the wall of C
stercoreus (Fig. 6) is much thicker.

In conclusion Cyathus Lesueurtt (Fig. 5) may be readily distin-
guished from Cyathus vernicosus (Fig. 8) by the difference in shape
of the peridia ; by the coarse fibers which are present on the peridium
of C. Lesueurii, and chiefly by the difference in shape and size of the
spores. Both C. Lesueurii Tul and C. vernicosus (Bull) De Cand.
can be distinguished from Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Hoffm., also found
in this country, by the absence of the striated peridium.

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, MIDDLEBURY, VT.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 17. — Fig. 1, spores of Cyathus Lesueurii, x 600;
Fig. 2, spores of Cyathus stercoreus, x 600; Fig. 3, wall of sporangiolum of C. Zes-
neurii,x 100; Fig. 4, spores of Cyathus vernicosus, x 600; Fig. 5, peridium of C.
Lesueurii, x 4; Fig. 6, wall of sporangiolum of C. stercoreus, x 100; Fig. 7, semi-
peridium of C. Lesucurzi,x 4; Fig. 8, peridium of C. vernicosus, x 3.7.

102 Rhodora [Mav

SOME VARIETIES OF POTAMOGETON AND SPIRAEA.
K. M. WIEGAND.

ACCORDING to Dr. Morong and other recent writers the typical form
of Potamogeton Nuttallit should be small and slender with flattened
stem, crowded distichous submersed leaves 2—7 inches in length by
1-3 lines in width, linear and 5-nerved. The floating leaves should
be small (1.5— 3.5 inches long x 4—12 lines wide), 12—27-nerved, ellip-
tical and sloping at the base into a short petiole. Most of our speci-
mens from New England and westward agree very closely with this
description except that the submersed leaves are often 7-nerved and
never over 4.5 inches long.

My attention was recently called by Prof. W. W. Rowlee to some
peculiar gigantic specimens collected by him in Oswego County, New
York. Further investigation showed that this large form is frequent in
ponds and streams throughout Central New York, and constitutes a
quite well-marked variety. So far as known to me, it has heretofore
been noticed only by Professor Dudley who, in the Cayuga Flora, says
that ** Only the specimens from Cayuta Lake have the small leaves as
described by Robbins." The Cayuga Lake plants are thus recognized
as larger.

'The new form differs from the type in having a much longer stem,
more distant submersed leaves, which are always very much larger and
broader, and have from 9 to 13 nerves. When in the water they are also
not so conspicuously distichous. The floating leaves are larger and
more inclined to be obovate, and the mature fruit is noticeably larger.
Possibly the extreme length of leaf in Dr. Morong's description was
taken from specimens of this form. The following is a brief charac-
terization of the variety.

P. NurrALLI1 Cham. & Schlecht. var Cayugensis. Large and stout,
nearly a meter in length ; stem somewhat flattened, internodes usually
long (2-15 cm.) ; submersed leaves not conspicously distichous, very
large (12-22 cm. x 5-10 mm.), evenly linear, acute or obtuse, 9—13-
nerved, the space between the two inner nerves reticulated as in the
type; floating leaves, several pairs separated by long internodes, larger
than in the type (blade 5—6 cm. x 2-2.5 cm.), obovate oblong or ellip-
tical, 30-40-nerved, rounded at the apex, tapering below into the
broad petiole which is 3.5-4 cm. long; peduncles stout, achenes larger
(3.5 mm. diam.) ; embryo spirally coiled.

1900] Wiegand, — Varieties of Potamogeton and Spiraea 103

Lakes and rivers of Central New York. It has been found in most
of the ponds of Oswego County and in Cayuga Lake, as well as in
other smaller lakes and streams about Ithaca.

While collecting last summer in the Adirondack Mountains my at-
tention was called to the spiraeas of that region by the peculiar appear-
ance of their foliage. Instead of the narrow dark-green and finely
serrate leaves of the S. salicifolia found about Ithaca, the plants all
possessed broadly elliptical and coarsely dentate leaves of a much paler
or yellowish-green color. This color of the foliage was often quite
marked as was also that of the flowers which on some plants was of a
bright pink or rose-color. Closer inspection showed that the panicle,
which in the ordinary form is densely tomentulose, was in these plants
almost, if not quite, glabrous, but differences sought in the floral struc-
tures were not found and probably do not exist. A study of herbarium
material leads me to the belief that S. salicifolia may be separated into
two quite marked forms along the lines noted above. These may be
distinguished somewhat as follows :

S. SALICIFOLIA L. Leaves broadly or narrowly oblanceolate, acute,
dark-green, finely and sharply serrate ; inflorescence broadly pyramidal,
the branches, pedicels, and calyx densely tomentulose ; flowers white.

Quite widely distributed over the north-eastern United States, our
specimens coming from various portions of New York, Canada, and
from as far south as North Carolina.

Var. LATIFOLIA Ait. Leaves obovate or elliptical, much broader and
often shorter than in the last, scarcely acute, coarsely dentate-serrate,
pale yellowish-green ; inflorescence, broadly pyramidal, nearly glabrous,
and with a yellowish tinge ; flowers white or rose-color.

Also widely distributed in the same region, but seemingly more
common in New England. I have seen specimens from Maine, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, and in New York State from Oswego
County, Chemung County, and the Adirondacks.

I should be tempted to consider these forms distinct species if it
were not for some peculiar specimens collected last fall near Ithaca,
which seem to be rather intermediate in nature. More ample material
may still prove them to be distinct. At any rate it must be admitted
that in the extreme forms they are strikingly unlike.

It still remains an open question whether our white-flowered Ameri-
can plant is distinct from the European form with rose-colored flowers.
Some European authors, among whom are Koch and Dippel, consider
them distinct, and take up for the white-flowered form the name S. alba

104 Rhodora [May

of DuRoi. Dippel gives a good characterization of our present variety

as S. alba latifolia; while Koch goes a step farther and considers

them all three distinct species. i
CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

CHLOROCYSTIS COHNII ON THE MASSACHUSETTS CoasT.— There was
one genus omitted from Mr. Collins’ valuable list of marine algae in the
February RHopona, which should be added in order to make it more
complete. I refer to the grass-green unicellular alga, Chlorocystis
Cohnii (Wright) Reinh., which was first collected by me in February,
1897, growing on Enteromorpha fronds, along the shore, at Lynn,
Mass. ‘This species, which is quite common throughout the year at
the locality noted, has not been previously reported from this country,
and has been only occasionally found abroad. Wright first discovered
it off the coast of Ireland in 1877. Seven years later Lagerheim col-
lected it on Swedish shores, and the following season Reinhard came
across the plant while studying the flora of the Black Sea. Since
then de Wildman secured specimens on the coast of France, and in
1894 Rosenvinge reported it from Greenland. All of these observers
found the plant growing endophytically on various marine algae ; but
the material from Lynn showed CA/orocystis Cohnii to be epiphytic in
its habit quite as often as endophytic. "Thus far Enteromorpha is the
only host for America.—G. T. Moopr, Dartmouth College.

VARIATIONS OF ILEX VERTICILLALIA.
B. L. ROBINSON.

Our common black alder has long been recognized as a polymor-
phous species, and attempts have from time to time been made to
distinguish and characterize its varieties. These, so far as described,
have been based chiefly upon the size, shape, texture, and pubescence
of the leaves, features which show too much tendency toward indepen-
dent variation to yield very satisfactory combinations of characters.
Nevertheless, of these varieties the following forms (including the
typical one), which were clearly recognized, although not fully pub-
lished by Torrey & Gray, are sufficiently characteristic to merit a place
in descriptive floras. It will be seen from the notes below that two

EE

1900] Robinson, — Variations of Ilex verticillata 105

of the varieties (padifolia and cyclopAy//a) have been confused by re-
cent writers, and a third (Zezuifo/ia) should have a different authority
from the one usually cited.

I. vERTICILLATA, Gray. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate-oblong,
acuminate, dark green and nearly or quite glabrous above, finely pubes-
cent, chiefly upon the midnerve and veins beneath, thickish and of
firm texture, 3 to 7 (rarely 9) cm. long, scattered upon the branches,
in a dried state opaque or nearly so, except along the smaller veins;
the larger veins and midnerve usually impressed above.— Manual, ed.
2, p. 264 (1856). Prinos verticillatus, L. Spec. i. 330.— Common
and generally distributed in New England; by no means confined to
“swamps,” the habitat assigned to the species by Britton and Brown.

Var. TENUIFOLIA, Watson. Leaves of the same general although
rather variable size and contour as in the typical form, but thinner and
more flaccid, membranaceous, lighter green, in a dried state pellucid
punctate, the veins not impressed above, the pubescence scanty.—
Bibliog. Ind. 160 (1878), where the combination is erroneously as-
cribed to Torrey, who employed ¢enujifolia, not under //ex verticillata,
but under Prinos verticillatus, Fl. N. U. S. 338 (1824).—Less fre-
quent than the typical form, yet not rare. From New England Ihave
to date seen specimens from the following localities: Martner, Bangor
(Oakes,) Stillwater, Penobscot County (Fernald), Somesville, Mt.
Desert Island (Fernald); Massacuusetts Oak Island (Young);
RHODE IsLAND, north of Cat Swamp, Providence (Co//ins) ; CONNEC-
TICUT, in not very characteristic form from Southington (Andrews,
Bissell).

Var. cyclophylla. Leaves small, broadly obovate or suborbicular
2 to 2.5 cm. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. broad, rugulose above, paler and puber-
ulent upon the principal veins beneath, clustered near the ends of
the branchlets.—//ex verticillata, var padifolia, Britton, Bull., Torr.
Club, xviii. 314 ; Trelease, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 1, 391, in part; Britton A
Brown, Illustr. Fl. ii. 392; not Wats., nor Prinos padifolius, Willd.—
Collected long ago in the neighborhood of Lake Erie, without more
exact data. Type in herb. Gray; co-type in herb. New York Bo-
tanical Garden. Although this striking small-leaved form has been
confidently referred to var. padifolia by Professor Britton, l. c., it is
clear from Willdenow’s excellent description, Enum. Hort. Berol. 394,
as well as from an authentic fragment in herb.Gray, that his Prinos padi-
folius of Pennsylvania was a very different plant, with larger obovate-
oblong leaves, velvety tomentose beneath. The name Pad/fo/ia, as a
varietal designation under / verticillata, was first published by
Watson (Bibliog. Ind. 160), its sole definition being the synonym
Prinos padifolius, Willd. The variety thus rests exclusively upon the
type and description of Willdenow’s species. A form bearing small,
roundish leaves and approaching var. cyclophy//a, has been found in a
ravine on Jordan Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Maine (Rand).

106 Rhodora [Mav

Var. PADIFOLIA, Watson. Leaves obovate-oblong, thickish, about
as large as in the typical form, but densely tomentose beneath, not
only upon the veins but upon the intermediate areas as well.— Bibliog.
Ind. 160 (1878), where the combination is incorrectly ascribed to
Torrey & Gray, who employed (in ms.) the name padđifolia, not under
flex verticillata but under Prinos verticillatus. Prinos padifolius,
Willd. 1. c.— Originally collected in eastern Pennsylvania. The
nearest approach to the real variety which has been seen in recent
collections is Heller & Halbach’s No. 518 from McCall's Ferry, York
County, Pennsylvania. I have not found any satisfactory match for
this variety from the New England states.

Forma chrysocarpa. Fruit bright yellow. — Georgetown, Massa-
chusetts, Mrs. C. N. S. Horner (specimen in herb. Gray).

Gray HERBARIUM.

SCIRPUS SYLVATICUS: A CORRECTION, — In the January RHODORA
(ii. 19) I stated that in “the fifth edition (1867) [of Gray's Manual]
... the range of Scirpus sylvaticus was given as ‘Base of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), and northward... . .
In the sixth edition (1889) . . . the name S. sy/vaticus was rightly
applied." Mr. E. B. Harger kindly calls my attention to the fact
that, in the later issues of the fifth edition, the southern .S. sylvaticus
was clearly distinguished from the northern S. microcarpus (S. rubro-
tinctus). This change was made, in fact, in the second issue ( 1868)
of that edition. Thus Dr. Gray, and not Dr. Britton, as stated in my
recent article, was the first to separate in print the two species of the
northeast. — M. L. FERNALD.

PEZIZA RAPULUM BULL., which Dr. Farlow tells me is not often col-
lected, was found by Mr. E. L. Rand in Burlington, Mass., May 6.
Only the chance inspection of the ground at the spot selected as a
lunching place, brought to light the small cups of the fungus, 1-2 inch
wide at most. Others were discovered by baring the earth, inch by
inch, for the color of the cups was nearly that of the dead grass and
leaves in and under which they lay. The slender stems, sunk an inch
or two in the soil, each arose from an irregular, blackish sclerotium,
about the size of a pea, or larger, as figured by Bulliard (Pl. 485 f. 45)
The sclerotia lay just below the turf. The spores are elliptical, 12 to
13 by 6 to 6% p; paraphyses few, inconspicuous, filiform.— HoLLIS
WEBSTER.

Vol. 2, No. 16, including pages 75 to 92 and plate 16, was issuea April 14, 1900.

Rhodora. Plate 17.

F. M. Andrews, del.

SPECIES OF CYATHUS.

Rbodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. a june, 19oo. No. 18

EDWIN FAXON.
GEORGE G. KENNEDY.
(With portrait.)

THE progress of botanical research in any region is seldom effected
by the professional botanist alone. Every herbarium contains sheet
after sheet of the rarest and most interesting plants from collectors
whose names are associated rather with business or professional careers
than with the publication of any botanical work. ‘To such collectors,
full of devotion and enthusiasm for their loved avocation, botanists owe
a debt of gratitude for valuable assistance freely rendered in the solu-
tion of many a perplexing problem, and for the discovery of many an
unrecognized and interesting plant. Surely these less-known investiga-
tors, often men of high attainments and rare powers of observation,
deserve to be borne in remembrance, for their work may well serve as
an inspiration and stimulus to faithful and unselfish study. Chief :
among such students of our New England flora was Edwin Faxon,
whose death not long ago brought sincere sorrow to many a heart.

Edwin. Faxon, son of Elisha and Hannah (Whiting) Faxon, was
born in Abington, Massachusetts, September 16, 1823, and died in
Willoughby, Vermont, June 12, 1898. He was of old New England
stock, being a descendant in the eighth generation of Thomas Faxon,
who came from England to Braintree before 1647. His early boyhood
was passed in his native town, where, in the company of a much-loved
relative who knew the wild flowers by name, he rambled in lane and
meadow, acquiring there the interest in plants which was a source of
so much pleasure to him in after years. ‘There also, under private
tuition, beginning at the early age of seven years, he laid the founda-
tion of a sound knowledge of Greek and Latin. When a lad of thir-

108 Rhodora [JUNE

teen, he removed with his parents to Boston, and entered the school
of T. B. Hayward, where he continued his classical studies, and ac-
quired proficiency in French and Italian. German was not much.
taught in those days, and it was characteristic of him that, later in life,
when he found his ignorance of that language disadvantageous, he set
to work to learn it, and obtained a good reading knowledge of it after
he was fifty years old.

At the age of nineteen, he entered the office of his father, who was
established as a leather merchant in Boston. In 1851 and 1852 he
made a trip to Europe, spending nearly two years in travelling in the
old-fashioned methods, largely on foot, through the Continent and
Great Britain. This long journey appears to have satisfied his desire
to see the world, for he seldom went out of New England again except
on business errands ; and in fact often made the statement when urged
to visit other parts of the country, * New England is good enough
for me."

On his return from Europe, he was admitted as partner in his
father's business, and on the death of the latter in 1855, became the
head of the firm. "Throughout his active and successful business life
he found time to indulge his taste for natural history, particularly
botany, and his love for books and engravings, of which his knowledge
was most thorough and accurate. When he retired from business, at
the age of fifty-eight, he was well fitted, therefore, to enjoy the quiet
pleasures that such tastes bring. He was never married, but made a
quiet and congenial home in Jamaica Plain, happy in the society of
younger brothers and sisters who shared his interests and pursuits.
Here he brought together an interesting library and herbarium.

He now began to collect plants more seriously, and to explore and
study the flora of New England. When Mr. Pringle began his career
as a collector, the two were often together, and many were the interest-
ing discoveries they made. With him he thoroughly explored all the
ravines on the sides of Mt. Washington, and described their climb out
of Tuckerman's Ravine up the wallto Bigelow's Lawn as the only foolish
and dangerous adventure he ever had. After Mr. Pringle sought wider
and fresher fields, Mr. Faxon still continued his explorations with in-
defatigable zeal, as many of our younger botanists whom he brought to
their first acquaintance with our alpine flora can well attest. It is
probable that no one,since Oakes and Tuckerman, has explored the
White Mountains so carefully as he.

1900 | Kennedy, — Edwin Faxon 109

Mr. Faxon made his first trip to the White Mountains in 1843 by
railroad to Portsmouth, N. H., thence on foot with a Boston friend, to
Abel Crawford’s house in the Notch. A party was made up for the
summit of Mt. Washington, and with Tom Crawford as guide, he went
over the path he was to know so well in later years. On arriving at
the foot of the cone of Mt. Washington, a dense cloud gathered, but
the two young men kept on to the top in the fog, while the rest of the
party waited at the foot of Mt. Munroe. It gave him great satisfaction
in after years to recall the fact that he had been at the summit of the
mountain when only a stake in the rocks marked the top.

It was after 1875 that his regular collecting trips to the mountains
began. In May or June of each year, he would visit the Crawford
House before the hotel season began, and explore the woods and
mountains. An account of one day’s work will show his enthusiasm as
a collector. In the last week of May he started to gather Potentilla
frigida in flower in its alpine home. Up the steep path of Mt. Clinton,
he found no difficulties till near the timber line, but there the soft
snow was so deep he could scarcely wade through it. Emerging from
the forest, he found the snow either blown off the rocks, or so hard he
could walk with more freedom. Following the path to the foot of Mt.
Munroe, he encountered a barrier in a precipitous snow slope, icy-
frozen, extending from the top of Munroe to the bottom of Oakes'
Gulf. Not daring to venture on this toboggan slide of two miles or
more, he climbed the rocky summit of Munroe, and down the other
side to the little plain by the ice-clad Lakes of the Clouds, and spent
several hours exploring Bigelow's Lawn. He then returned by the
same route to the Crawford House before nightfal. For many years,
he never failed to visit the top of Mt. Washington, and of all the
naturalists who collected there, he was the most constant and best
known. His philosophical acquiescence in bad weather was the ad-.
miration of other less contented spirits, and he often reaped the ad-
vantage of this in the brilliant days that follow mountain storms.

With Mr. Pringle, also, he explored Mt. Mansfield, Vt., with its
wonderful Smugglers’ Notch, and shared with him the pleasure and
glory of the interesting discoveries made there.

Mr. Faxon's most important contribution to American botany was
the study and collecting of North American Sphagna. For several
years previous to 1890, he had been much interested in the mosses of
New England, and in 1899 sent his large collection of Sphagna to

110 Rhodora [JUNE

Dr. Warnstorff in Neu-Ruppin, Germany. The value of the material was
immediately recognized, and Warnstorff particularly states that his
revision of. the North American Sphagna was due principally to Mr.
Faxon's sending him a systematic collection — about five hundred
numbered specimens — of the Sphagna of Massachusetts and New
Hampshire.

In 139o the Botanical Gazette published Warnstorff's contributions
to the knowledge of North American Sphagna, translated from the
German by Edwin Faxon. In 1893 a prospectus of an intended dis-
tribution of sets of North American Sphagna was issued by Professor
D. C. Eaton and Mr. Faxon. It was estimated that a full series might
call for 130 different forms, but the sets as issued in 1896 comprised
172 numbers of very beautiful and carefully selected specimens, mak-
ing an invaluable collection for the student of North American botany.

I well remember one day in the Alpine Garden of Mt. Washington
when we had loaded ourselves with mosses and other plants, chiefly from
the ice-cold brooks of that mountain plateau, a dreary fog settled down
over the landscape, and we hastened to reach the carriage road before
the rainy night set in. After an hour's climb over the rocks, we were
in the road, and rested a bit before starting for the summit in the now
increasing rain. Mr. Williams and.I insisted on sharing Mr. Faxon's
load, and were astonished beyond measure at the weight of wet sphag-
num he was carrying (these loads were usually from thirty to forty
pounds), and at the fact that he had been accustomed to just such
burdens for many years in his botanical collecting. And then those
pleasant evenings at the Summit House, Mr. Faxon always busy in
laying out little bunches of wet sphagnum in his botanical papers, Mr.
Williams and I constantly running into his room with a plant or a moss
for question or identification, and he citing localities or incidents of
his early mountain trips, when he with Mr. Pringle collected for the
first time all the mountain rarities.

It is probable that no botanist had a better field knowiedge of New
England plants in certain areas than Mr. Faxon, in the years from
1872 to 1898. ‘These areas were eastern Massachusetts ; Mt. Desert,
Maine; the White Mountains, New Hampshire; Smugglers’ Notch,
Willoughby, and the Lake Champlain shore in Vermont. He was con-
stantly sending specimens from these districts to botanists all over the
world, and was always glad to go at a moment's notice to any of these
points for a particular plant for any applicant, even if personally un-

te A

1900] Schuh, — Rhadinocladia, a new genus of algae III

known to him. In this respect there was no one like him, and this
trait of character won him the admiration and love of a wide circle of
correspondents. ‘The amount of his collecting may be known from
the fact that after his death his duplicates, given to the Gray Herbarium,
amounted to more than eleven thousand specimens of carefully classi-
fied plants. Mr. Faxon’s first visit to Willoughby, Vermont, was in
1873, and for several summers he devoted himself to collecting the
Willoughby flora. In the later years of his life he found much pleasure
in the quiet beauty and delightful scenery of that unique mountain
pass. It is less rude and rough than Smugglers’ Notch, and all the
peculiar plants are found within a mile or so of the house, while
the birds that summer in the neighborhood comprise many of
the rarer New England song birds. It was a treat to go with him on
a June evening to the knoll overlooking the lake, and listen to the
hermit thrush, while the sunset glow faded on the cliffs, and some
stray warbler from the southward announced his summer arrival at
Willoughby, to Mr. Faxon’s great delight.

It was fitting that he should close his eyes suddenly and peacefully
on this beautiful world in such a place, and on such a June evening,
and leave to his friends the remembrance of a useful and happy life.

RHADINOCLADIA, A NEW GENUS OF BROWN ALGAE.
R. E. Scuuu.
(Plate 18.)

THE marine flora of our Atlantic coast, from New Jersey north,
closely resembles that of the other side of the Atlantic, though prob-
ably not half so rich in species; the finding of a new species is there-

. fore more of an event here than there, and when that species consti-
tutes a new genus, it is quite an epoch. Within the past twenty years
the only such genera have been Euglenopsis and Phaeosaccion, and
the former of these has been now absorbed in the European Prasino-
cladus. While it is impossible to say what may not be swallowed up in
some terrible “OK” list of the future, the form now to be described
can hardly be included in any genus hitherto recognized by ordinarily
sane algologists.

Its nearest connection is Desmotrichum, especially D. Balticum ;
but in that species the frond is unbranched though with plentiful hairs,

112 Rhodora [JUNE

while in Rhadinocladia, as will be seen by the following description, the
frond has an abundant ramification.

Rhadinocladia Farlowii, n. sp. Olive brown, growing in tufts, in
which the individual fronds are plumose and 12-16 mm. high. Each
frond is made up of a narrow, percurrent axis, with two series of
cuboidal cells near the base, gradually increasing in number until four
series are found at the center. ‘This base is 40-50 u wide and the
central part 60—70. From the axis arise 30—50 flagellate branches,
6—8 mm. long, consisting of a single series of cells (rarely two or three
side by side) about 25 4 wide, and ending in two or three long hairs;
near the tip the branches may bear a few ramuli. ‘The ramification is
rather irregular as the branches commonly arise singly, but they are
often opposite or in a cluster of three. Only the plurilocular sporangia
are known, which are muriform, and arise from transformed branches.
They are nearly or quite sessile, oblong or elliptical-oblong, bluntish,
20-25 p wide, 70-85 p long. Except near the base the whole plant
is clothed with hyaline hairs, 1-2 mm. long, of 5—ro linear cells about
12 p wide.

Growing on Chorda, and washed ashore at Vineyard Haven, Mass.,
August 27, 1892.

A slide of the type is deposited in the Cryptogamic Herbarium of
Harvard University, and one at Columbia University. Later another
will be placed in the National Herbarium.

The writer would also tender due acknowledgement to Mr. F.
Schuyler Mathews for his great courtesy in making the beautiful and
accurate drawings which are reproduced in the plate accompanying
this note.

BnpirsrOr, R. I.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 18. AZaainocladia Farlowii, Fig. 1, Terminal
portion of the axis of a frond, showing general habit. Figs. 2 and 3. Portions of the
same ( more highly magnified) showing branches, hairs, and plurilocular sporangia
in greater detail.

NOTE UPON A PROBABLE HYBRID OF ROSA CAROLINA
L. AND ROSA NITIDA WILLD. ;

FRANCOIS CRÉPIN.

In my note entitled Nouvelles remarques sur les Roses americaines
(Bull. Soc Roy. botanique de Belgique, tome xxvii (1889), 2"* partie,
pp. 28 et. 29), I referred to a rose which I was inclined to consider a
hybrid of Rosa carolina and R. humilis.

1900] Crépin, — Hybrid of Rosa carolina and R. nitida — 113

Now, I wish to call attention to another rose which may well be a
hybrid of Rosa carolina and A. nitida. It was collected by Mr.
George B. Fernald, at Foxcroft, Maine, in 1896, and Mr. M. L. Fer-
nald has sent me several flowering specimens. The plant grows in
company with or not far from Æ. carolina and X. nitida. I had at
first considered this rose a variety of Æ. carolina, and had given it
the name setigera, but a more recent examination has caused me to
see in it a hybrid, Æ. carolina X nitida. It exhibits a mixture of
the characters of its two probable ancestors. The stem is completely
and densely setigerous with delicate prickles like those of A. nitida ;
and the lower and middle portions of the flowering branches are more
or less setigerous, with here and there very small and delicate stipular
prickles. The stipules are narrow and resemble closely those of A.
carolina, but the inflorescences are usually one-flowered, the flowers
resembling much more those of Æ. nitida than those of A. carolina.
It ought to be added that the plant is taller and more vigorous than
R. nitida, and that the middle leaves of the flowering branches are as
often 9-foliolate as in that species.

With this rose from Foxcroft, Mr. M. L. Fernald sent me speci-
mens of a rose, collected by him in 1896, at Lexington, Maine, which
I have likewise considered as variety seZzgera of Rosa carolina, Al-
though Mr. Fernald did not observe at Lexington A. carolina nor RX.
nitida, Y am, nevertheless, inclined to believe that we have here also
the product of crossing of those species. But the form from Lexing-
ton is nearer Æ. carolina than is that from Foxcroft. The stem is as
densely setigerous, and most of the flowering branches are as finely
prickly, but the stipular prickles are much stouter, resembling those
of R. carolina. The inflorescences are more or less multiflorous,
with flowers strongly suggesting those of X. carolina, while the leaves
also approach nearer those of that species. The action of Æ. carolina
might have been stronger in the plant from Lexington than in the
form from Foxcroft.

JARDIN BOTANIQUE DE L’Erat, BRUXELLES.

II4 Rhodora [JUNE

THE ORCHIDACEAE OF A SERIES OF SWAMPS IN
SOUTHERN VERMONT.

x LERoy ANDREWS.

A DEEP cut in the Green Mountain range of southwestern Vermont
furnishes an interesting study for the botanist. The floor of this little
valley, which extends over a length of some six or eight miles from the
vicinity of Pownal, is comparatively uniform in level and the drainage
system is therefore sluggish and broken up for the most part into a
series of ponds, swamps and bogs, presenting very diversified condi-
tions of plant-growth. Springs of clear, cold water from the sides of
the steeply overhanging mountains help to furnish the conditions so
favorable to many members of the fastidious family of the Orchidaceae.
A few facts gathered from a careful exploration of this region may be
of interest to the student of the environment and distribution of our
Orchids.

The representative species appearing uniformly throughout all the
swamps is Cypripedium spectabile. Specimens of the pure white form
of this species are frequently seen. A swamp of deep black mud,
overgrown with trees of ordinary deciduous species, and traversed by
cold streams furnishes also C. pubescens and gigantic specimens of
Habenaria hyperborea. The occurrence of Microstylis monophyllos
in this swamp is interesting as one of the more southerly stations of
this plant in New England and from the fact that it has not been
hitherto reported from this vicinity.

A wet meadow near by, also traversed by cold brooks, is in proper
season empurpled and richly perfumed by abundant spikes of //ade-
naria psycodes interspersed with vigorous specimens of ZZ. /acera.
Here also occurs, as might be expected, what is very apparently a
natural hybrid between these two species, of which I may speak more
at length at some subsequent time. This same meadow furnishes a `
single dense clump of ZZ. virescens.

A series of peat-bogs farther on, however, present the most in-
teresting conditions and reward the botanist most richly. These bogs
are mostly bare of trees, some of the firmer portions, however, being
covered by a sparse growth of young tamaracks. Here in May or early
June may be found quantities of Arethusa bulbosa, while later appear
Calopogon pulchellus and Pogonia ophioglossoides in the greatest pro-
fusion, in charming contrast with the pure white, richly fragrant spikes

1900] Setchell, — The New England species of Laminaria 115

of Habenaria dilatata. Still later comes Spiranthes Romanzoffiana,
The occurrence of this last species is especially noteworthy as being
one of the extreme southern stations of this plant in New England,
only a few miles from the Massachusetts line. In the higher portions
of these swamps Cypripedium acaule grows abundantly.

Possibly a further examination of these places will yield one or
two more species of Orchids. At any rate the locality is one of great
interest not merely to the Orchidologist, but particularly to the student
of the Cyperaceae and in fact to the plant-enthusiast generally.

CRITICAL NOTES ON THE NEW ENGLAND SPECIES OF
LAMINARIA.

WILLIAM ALBERT SETCHELL.

THE species of the genus Laminaria have been much studied, es-
pecially on the western and northern shores of Europe, and much has
been done to reduce the numerous and puzzling forms within certain
and recognizable specific limits. While this has been fairly well ac-
complished for the European species, those of the rest of the world
are still in need of more study in the laboratory and the field. Par-
ticularly is this true for the forms inhabiting the coast of New England,
and the regions adjacent both to the North and to the South. De la
Pylaie (1824 and 1829) and Harvey (1852) have given accounts of
the species of this general region, and Farlow (1881) has revised, as
far as possible, these older accounts, and incorporated the additional
knowledge up to that time. Farlow states, however, that he must
necessarily be content “with a superficial account of the perplexing
forms of this exasperating genus,” since he was unable to make use of
the notes furnished him on the American forms by European corres-
pondents. Since then, however, the Scandinavian algologists have
worked over their species very carefully, and Foslie, in particular, has
published (1884) a detailed and illustrated account of the Norwegian
species. The writer intends to follow this account rather closely in
the notes on the New England species given below.

The writer began his study of the Zaminariæ in the fall of 1887,
while a graduate student at Harvard University, the topic being sug-
gested to him by Professor Farlow. From that time until the fall of
1895, this with other topics among the Zainariacez, continued to

116 Rhodora [JUNE

interest him. Since the latter date, however, he has been unable to
study the species in the field and it has seemed best to place before
those who may have this opportunity, the results of this work, although
incomplete, in the form of notes and suggestions. The papers of
Farlow (1881) and Foslie (1884) will serve as a basis for the discus-
sion of the New England forms, while frequent reference will be made
to the articles of Guignard (1892) and various statements of Kjellman
with regard to this group.

The species of the genus Laminaria are first divided into two
groups by most writers, according to the character of the blade. In
one section, the Dzgřtatæe, the blade is more or less broad and split
longitudinally into segments ; while in the other section, the Simp/ices,
the blade is proportionally narrow, and normally entire. "These charac-
ters are usually very marked and there is little difficulty in the case of
a perfect specimen, in deciding to which of these sections it belongs.
Occasionally, a digitate form persists to the time of fruiting, with an
undivided blade; but in such a case, the section is made clear by the
breadth and shape of the blade. In other cases, the simple forms
may be split longitudinally, but this does not obscure the rela-
tionship, since the specimen, if otherwise at all perfect, shows by
the proportions of the blade, that it does not belong to the digitate
section.

Within each of the two main groups, the species are divided under
sub-groups, according to the presence or absence of mucilage ducts
in stipe or blade, or both. While there are certain conflicting state-
ments in regard to the constancy of these latter characters in certain
given species, it seems probable that these arise from the imperfect
character of the investigations hitherto made, and that when all the
various species have been thoroughly and carefully investigated, these
contradictory statements will disappear. More study of the fresh
material is needed for this, and students of this genus on the coasts of
New England may, by careful attention to this matter, help greatly.
Certain species have mucilage ducts in the stipe and certain others do
not, the same being true for the blade. The subgroups, then, are as
follows: 1. Mucilage ducts present in both stipe and blade; 2. Muci-
lage ducts present in the blade but not in the stipe; 3. Mucilage
ducts absent from both stipe and blade. The paper of Guignard
(1892) should be consulted for details concerning the structure and
course of the mucilage ducts, as well as for a resumé of the distribu-

E e

1900] Setchell, — The New England species of Laminaria 117

tion of these structures in the various genera and species of the Zami-
nariacea.

'The final marks for distinguishing the species under each of these
groups are varied, including arrangement cf hapteres, character of
stipe, shape of the base of the blade, presence or absence of an intra-
marginal series of alternate depressions and elevations, presence or
absence of a ruffled margin, position, shape, etc., of the sori, the length
of duration of the plant and the method of the renewing of the blade.
'That some of these characters are of little value for specific criteria,
seems evident to the writer and a few words in regard to each of them
may help toward a clearer understanding of these matters.

'The arrangement of the hapteres, the branching outgrowths from
the lower part of the stipe, fixing the plant to the substratum, varies
very decidedly in the same species according to the particular habitat
and substratum. The tendency toward a whorled arrangement is the
normal one for all the species, but in many of them it is very much
disturbed, and only makes its appearance under exceptionally favor-
able circumstances. The degree and regularity of the branching of
the hapteres, too, is very variable and dependent upon the environ-
ment.

The character of the stipe often affords excellent means for distin-
guishing the species of one or other of the smaller groups. Z. /ongz-
cruris is readily to be distinguished from all other species by its
hollow stipe; the stout and much flattened stipe of the forms of Z.
digitata serves to distinguish this species from others of the digitate
section; and while the length of the stipe is variable in all the species,
the proportions existing between the length of the stipe and the length
of the blade are often a great help in distinguishing between the
forms.

The shape of the blade, particularly of the basal portion, while
often very variable in the same species, is yet a very satisfactory
character in subdividing a species into its forms.

The ruffles along the edges of the blade of the species of the .Szzz-
plices group, have been used, in connection with the rows of alternate
elevations and depressions within the ruffles, in distinguishing species
and more often in distinguishing between the different forms or varie-
ties of the same species, but this is a very uncertain character, since, in
some species, at any rate, the presence or absence of these characters
depends on the season. In Z. Agardhii and in Z. saccharina of the

118 Rhodora [JUNE

New England coast, the writer has found that the summer form is
usually ample, with ruffles and rows of indentations fully developed ;
but in August a change takes place and this summer blade is replaced
by a winter blade which is perfectly plane and devoid of both of these
features. Again, in the spring, this plane blade is replaced by the
ruffled and indented form, and it is possible, accordingly, to find at
these seasons fronds which show blades of both kinds in varying pro-
portions. This seems to be a sort of seasonal dimorphism.

The duration of the species of Laminaria has never been carefully
investigated; it probably varies very much among the species of the
genus. JZ. /ongicruris is credited with being an annual plant, while Z.
saccharina is biennial at least, and is probably perennial. Z. digitata
is certainly perennial and has rings in the lower portion of the stipe
which are probably rings of growth. Z. stenophylla and Z. intermedia
seem to be the annuals among our digitate Laminaria, while Z. platy-
meris is certainly perennial.

The perennial species all show the phenomenon of the renewing of
the blade, due to a cessation of the growth during the latter part of
the winter, the thickening of the tissues of the blade and usually the
formation of sori. In the spring, the active intercalary growth is re-
sumed by the inner tissues. "The result is that the old thick, fruited
blade is carried up on the summit of the new thin, as yet usually
sterile blade, and the constriction between the two as well as the dif-
ference in texture between the two blades, makes this a very striking
phenomenon in the majority of species. The digitate forms with
mucilage glands in the stipe show the renewal in a much more striking
fashion than do the digitate species without the ducts in the stipe, as
Foslie (1884, pp. 26—28 and pl. 1, f. 1, pl. 5, f. 4, pl. 4, f. x, pl. s, f. 1,
2, pl. 10, f. 3-10), has shown. A similar difference exists in the
cases of Z. digitata and Z. platymeris of the New England coast. In
the perennial (or biennial?) form of the .SzmpZices group, the renewing
of the blade in the spring is equally pronounced, the plane thick blade
of the winter being replaced by the thin, ample, ruffled, and indented
blade of the spring and summer. In these forms, an almost equally
pronounced renewing takes place in the early or later autumn, as
mentioned above, when the thick, ruffled, indented and often fruited
blade of the summer is replaced by the fairly thick plane blade of the
early winter. The renewing at these seasons is found even in young
specimens (cf. Foslie, loc. cit., pl. 10, f. 3-10).

e

1900] Harper, — Plants of central Massachusetts II9

Many cases of distortion of the species of Laminaria and of other
species of the Laminariacee, are to be met with in any extensive col-
lecting. Spiral forms both of blade and of stipe are often found, as
well as the trilaminate forms, both of the digitate and of the simple
species. Bifurcate forms are rarer, but do occur in the digitate species.
'They arise from the blade being split deeper than usual, that is even
down through the transition place into the stipe, while the plant is
still young and the tissues are still capable of a considerable amount
of growth. These forms have even received varietal names from

the earlier algologists.
( To be continued.)

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME OF THE
RARER PLANTS OF CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS.

RoLAND M. HARPER.

DuRiNG two seasons of botanizing in Worcester County and ad-
jacent territory, I have met with quite a number of plants which,
while already known to occur in the counties or states in which I
collected them, are perhaps so local in their distribution that new
stations for them may be of more or less interest to any one who
makes a study of the geographical and altitudinal distribution of the
flora of New England.

Most of these plants have hitherto been known in Worcester
County from only one town, or have been reported by only one ob-
server; and an examination of the more recent local floras of adjacent
states and counties has shown me that they are, for the most part,
little known in those regions also. I have therefore thought it worth
while to place on record some of my observations on a few such
plants for comparison with those of other botanists.

The lists of stations here given may be regarded rather as tending
to fill lacunæ in our present knowledge of the distribution of the
plants under consideration, than as furnishing actual extensions of
range. All the plants mentioned have been collected in 1899 unless
otherwise specified. ;

Botrychium matricariafolium, Braun. Rich damp woods, South-
bridge, August 13, 1898 (altitude 520 feet) ; only two or three speci-
mens seen. This seems to be the southernmost known station for

120 Rhodora [JUNE

this species in New England, as it has not been reported from Rhode
Island or Connecticut.

Lycopodium inundatum, L. Sandy shore of Lead Mine Pond,
Sturbridge, July 31, 1898; also in a wet sandy place in another part
of the same town, August 28, 1898.

Jsoefes echinospora, var. Braunii, Engelm. During last July and
August I found this interesting and comparatively little-known plant
in Worcester County in a number of stations and under a variety of
conditions. I have seen it in muddy, sandy, and rocky bottoms of
brooks and rivers, in Southbridge, Sturbridge, Dudley, and Brookfield,
at altitudes ranging from 395 feet in the Quinebaug River in Dudley
to 640 feet in Cohasse Brook in Southbridge. Some of the specimens
observed grew above low-water mark, and were left high and dry by
the natural subsidence of the water in dry weather. This plant has
been previously reported in Worcester County only from Lake Quin-
sigamond, by Dr. Stone.

Sagittaria graminea, Mx. In muddy places or under water,
Dudley, Southbridge, and Brookfield. I found the flowering, leaf-
bearing form near the Quinebaug River in Dudley, July 3o, but else-
where I have seen only the submersed sterile form with phyllodia.
On September 4, in company with Dr. Stone, I found this form on
the sandy bottom of Quaboag Lake, about three feet below the surface.
How the plant perpetuates itself in such a situation is an interesting
question.

Panicum xanthophysum, Gray. Dry open woods, etc. South-
bridge. This plant is also unknown in Rhode Island and Connecti.
cut, and has been reported in Massachusetts only from Princeton and
Framingham. :

Oryzopsis asperifolia, Mx. In woods, Oxford, Southbridge, Stur-
bridge, and Brookfield. Previously known in Worcester County only
on Mount Wachusett.

Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl. Rocky woods, Sturbridge, July 23
(altitude 920 feet). Previously reported from Princeton.

Muhlenbergia Willdenovii, Trin. Rich woods, Dudley, August 27.

Muhlenbergia diffusa, Schreber. Dry fields, Southbridge, Au-
gust 31.
Glyceria acutiflora, Torr. Muddy ditch in meadow, Southbridge,
June 23 (altitude 660 feet).

ELM Ut ES, rr
TRE NE oC eS Er

1900] Harper, — Plants of central Massachusetts IER

Scirpus sylvaticus, L. Wet meadows, Southbridge, etc., not rare.

Eriophorum alpinum, L. Many fine specimens of this interesting
plant, some of them 16 inches tall, were found in a sphagnous
meadow in Dudley, June 11, at an altitude of only 675 feet, in lati-
tude 42° 3’ 45". This seems to be the southernmost known station
for this species in North America, with the exception of one in Con-
necticut (Willington), which is about ten miles farther south.

Eriophorum vaginatum, L. Cedar swamp, Charlton, May 20
(altitude 640 feet); also near the summit of Mount Monadnock,
N. H., July 3 (altitude about 3150 feet).

Eriophorum gracile, Koch (the type). Cool, wet meadows, South-
bridge, Charlton, etc. In flower May ro, and fruiting the same
month.

Carex fusca, Al. Wet meadow near Quinebaug River, Dudley,
June 11; Quaboag River marshes, Brookfield, June 18. The Brook-
field specimens (which are referred by Mr. Fernald to this species)
mature apparently about two weeks later than the others, and have
the terminal spike entirely staminate.

Carex arctata, Boott. Rich woods on east side of Hatchet Hill,
Southbridge, May 21; rare. This station is about a quarter of a

‘mile from Connecticut, in which state (as well as in Rhode Island)
the plant has not been reported.

Juncus Canadensis, var. coarctatus, Engelm. Wet woods, South-
bridge, July 29 (altitude 600 feet); a very small form, with filiform
stems (3 to 4 inches tall), and 1-4 few-flowered heads. This variety
has been previously reported in the county only from Princeton, in
which town I have collected it also.

Luzula vernalis, DC. Rich moist woods, Southbridge (altitude
about 500 feet), rare. Previously reported from Mount Wachusett,
where I have also found it, growing with Panicum xanthophysum and
Oryzopsis asperifolia, at an altitude of about 1975 feet.

Goodyera repens, var. ophioides, Fernald. (G. repens of the
Manual) Rich coniferous woods, Southbridge (altitude 660 feet).

Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. Cool wet woods, Southbridge, May
14 and 20. Only two stations, with one or two plants at each (alti-
titudes 640 and 500 feet).

— Polygonella articulata, Meisn. Dry sandy soil along railroads,
Dudley and Douglas, Mass., Thompson, Conn., and Burrillville, R. I.,
ascending to 590 feet in Douglas.

122 Rhodora [JUNE

Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. On August 6 I found numerous
young trees of this species in Burrillville, R. I., along the east side
of Wallum Pond, in woods of apparently about five years’ growth ;
and a little further search revealed a few similar specimens just across
the line in Douglas, Mass., which is probably very near the north-
eastern limit of the species.

Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, L.f. Wet clayey soil, Southbridge,
July 29. Credited only to Barre in the Worcester County flora.

Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf. Shady, rocky woods, Southbridge, June 7.

Dentaria diphylla, L. Northeast side of Shumway Hill, Stur-
bridge, May 28.

Alyssum calycinum, L. Several specimens in Oak Ridge Ceme-
tery, Southbridge, June 6; only in ground which had been recently
turned up and raked over; accompanied by a few specimens of its
relative, Camelina sativa, Crantz. i

Dalibarda repens, L. “Gulf Woods," Southbridge (elevation 500
feet); quite abundant in certain spots.

Potentilla palustris, L. Marshes and muddy banks of the Quaboag
River, Brookfield and West Brookfield, May 30 (altitude 610 feet) ;
also near Quinebaug River, Sturbridge, July 23 (altitude 575 feet).

Poterium Canadense, L. Wet meadows, near Quaboag Lake and
its tributaries, Brookfield and North Brookfield, June 18. No definite
station is assigned to this plant in either edition of the Worcester
County flora, but it seems to be very local in its distribution through-
out New England. I have not seen it elsewhere in the county than
in the valley of the Quaboag River.

Acer spicatum, Lam. Several fine specimens on the steep south-
west bank of the Quinebaug River in Sturbridge (altitude 590 feet).
Previously reported from Princeton, where it is more abundant. Both
in Sturbridge and on Mount Wachusett it is accompanied by Audus
odoratus, L. `

Viola rotundifolia, L. Damp shady woods, in two or three local-
ities in Southbridge, at altitudes ranging from 540 to 600 feet.

Aralia quinquefolia, D. & P. Rich woods, Southbridge; about
twenty specimens at one station.

Moneses grandiflora, Salisb. A few specimens found June 26,
1898, in rich woods near Hatchet Hill, Southbridge (altitude 800
feet).

Rhododendron viscosum, var. glaucum, Gray. Borders of cedar-

1900] Knowlton, — On the flora of Chesterville, Maine 123

swamp, Charlton (altitude 640 feet); with the type, but easily dis-
tinguished by its pale leaves, contrasting with the bright green ones
of the type. I have also noticed a marked difference between the
variety and the type in the odor of the flowers. This variety seems
to be known in New England from a very limited number of stations.

Kalmia glauca, Ait. Cedar-swamp, Charlton (altitude 640 feet).

Utricularia purpurea, Walt. Walker Pond (Lake Tantasque),
Sturbridge, August 13 (altitude 595 feet).

Lonicera cerulea, L. Wet meadows in the southern parts of South-
bridge and Sturbridge (altitudes 600 to 840 feet).

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

ON THE FLORA OF CHESTERVILLE, MAINE.
C. H. KNOWLTON.

CHESTERVILLE is one of the southern towns of Franklin County,
Maine. It affords a great variety of conditions for plant-life and is
therefore a very interesting field of study. The northern part of the
town has the ordinary hard-wood growth of the region. Near the
center is a large sand-plain, known as Chesterville Plains. In the
southern part is a “ horseback ” four miles in length, called Chester-
ville Ridge. This has a uniform elevation, and is very nearly straight.
On each side of it are bogs and ponds.

It was my privilege, in company with Mr. H. W. Jewell of Far-
mington, Me., to explore partially this region, Aug. 15-17, 1899.
We found the following plants, not previously reported from Franklin
County, and all of them, with the exception of C/adium, from near
the northern limit of their ranges.

- Rhus venenata, DC. Margin of Horseshoe pond. A very rare
plant north of York County.

Decodon verticillatus, El. Growing on a bog near the margin of
Round pond.

Aster nemoralis, Ait. Bog near Locke's pond, N. Chesterville.

Utricularia resupinata, B. D. Greene. Very abundant on wet
sandy shore, Norcross pond.

Fimbristylis autumnalis, R. & S. Same station, not abundant.

Cladium mariscoides, Torr. Same station.

124 Rhodora [JUNE

Panicum xanthophysum, Gray. Abundant along the ridges.

Woodwardia Virginica, Smith. Very abundant on bog near
Round pond.

Other plants of interest have been reported as follows, by Miss
L. O. Eaton, of South Chesterville :

Lechea intermedia, Leggett. Roadside, on the Ridge, first reported
by Miss Kate Furbish (1896). Its northernmost station in this section
of the state.

Viola Selkirkit, Pursh. Abundant on a dry, sunny slope. Prob-
ably the southernmost station in Maine.

Cerastium avense, L. Sparingly in a field.

Vitis Labrusca, L. Roadside, one station. Rare so far north.

Rosa blanda, Ait. Rocky hillside.

Potentilla fruticosa, L. Sparingly on land recently used for a
pasture. In Maine usually confined to river and lake shores.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. <A large clump of these bushes
on the Plains. Very rare in the interior of Maine.

Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm. In one place on the Ridge, in dry
soil. Very local in the state.

Solanum nigrum, L. Growing rankly in a pasture grove. Practi-
cally its northern limit in Maine.

Polygonum hydropiperoides, Mx. Abundant in the Bog stream.

Pinus rigida, Mill. The pine of the Plains, which is perhaps its
northernmost station in the state.

Pinus resinosa, Ait. The pine of the Ridge.

Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt. Found in a swamp by Miss
Florence Keyes. Its northern limit is at Farmington.

Arethusa bulbosa, L. Sparingly on a bog. Near its northern
limit.

Habenaria virescens, Spreng. Found twice in old fields.

Habenaria dilatata, Gray. Abundant in an open swamp near the
Plains. Rare southward in Maine.

Habenaria obtusata, Rich. Swamp near the Plains.

Habenaria blephariglottis, Torr. Plenty on bog near Locke's
pond. Very rare north of Portland.

Allium tricoccum, Ait. By Little Norridgewock stream. ‘The
third station in the state.

Carex folliculata, L. In an old wood-road. Rare in the interior
of Maine.

MES

1900] Harger, — Some less usual plants of Connecticut — 125

STATIONS FOR SOME OF THE LESS USUAL PLANTS
OF CONNECTICUT:
E. B. HaRGER.

I wisH to place on record the following station for the rarer plants
of this region. Most of these, so far, I know, are hitherto unrecorded.

Nuphar minimum, Smith. Reynolds Bridge.

Sisymbrium Thaliaum, Gay. Oxford. Abundant in sandy fields
near the Housatonic River.

Stellaria borealis, Bigel. Two stations in Oxford.

Geranium pusillum, Burm. f. New Haven.

Acer saccharinum, L. and A. Negundo, L. occur sparingly along
the Housatonic in Oxford and Southbury.

Desmodium canescens, D.C. West bank of the Housatonic, four
miles below Derby.

Cuphea viscossissima, Jacq. Oxford.

Epilobium palustre, L. Botsford's Station.

Gaura biennis, L. Frequent along the Housatonic in Oxford and
Southbury.

Circaea alpina, L. Oxford and Reynolds Bridge.

Hydrocotyle umbellata, L. Banks of the Housatonic at Oxford,
sparingly.

Viburnum cassinoides, L. Oxford and Middlebury.

Chrysopsis falcata, Ell. Milford Point.

Heliopsis scabra, Dunal. At two stations in Oxford, where it per-
sists but does not increase.

Helianthus rigidus, Desf. and H. grosse-serratus, Martens. These
two species are well established in an old field at Oxford. Probably
both these and the preceding species were introduced with western
grain.

Lactuca Scariola, L. New Haven.

Lobelia Dortmanna, L. Quassapaug Lake, Middlebury.

Andromeda polifolia, L. Litchfield.

Leucothoé racemosa, Gray. Huntington.

Kalmia glauca, Ait. In a bog called Cranberry Swamp. Wood-
bury.

Hottonia inflata, El. East Haven.

Onosmodium Virginianum, D.C. Abundant near the Housatonic
in Southbury.

126 Rhodora [JUNE

Cuscuta arvensis, Beyrich. Oxford and Southbury. Probably in-
troduced with grass-seed.

Pentstemon laevigatus, Solander. This appears to be frequently in-
troduced with grass-seed, when it persists until the original plants die,
but does not seem to spread. Of four stations which I have known,
three are extinct. At the fourth in Southbury it still grows.

Veronica Buxbaumii, Tenore. Oxford. :

Utricularia intermedia, Hayne. Milford and Botsford Station.

U. purpurea, Walt. Quassapaug Lake, Middlebury.

U cornuta, Michx. Bethany and Woodbury.

Lycopus sessilifolius, Gray. Shore of Quassapaug Lake, Middle-
bury. This locality discovered by my father and myself in 1879 was
the first station reported outside of New Jersey.

Blephitia ciliata, Raf. Beacon Falls.

Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius, Benth. Frequent along the Hou-
satonic and Naugatuck Rivers. Especially common between Water-
bury and Thomaston.

Chenopodium urbicum, L. Oxford.

Salicornia ambigua, Gray. Lighthouse Point, New Haven.

Betula papyrifera, Marshall. Frequent on the mountainous ridges
along the Naugatuck River near Beacon Falls.

Populus heterophylla, L. East Haven.

P. monilifera, Ait. Common along the Housatonic and Naugatuck.
Extends three to four miles from the river at Southbury.

Picea nigra, Link. ‘There is an area of some five acres well
covered with the black spruce in a swamp at Middlebury. Also a
few small trees at Bethany.

Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. Oxford.

Spiranthes latifolia, Torr, Frequent on the banks of the Housa-
tonic from below Derby through Oxford.

Habenaria blephariglottis, Torr. Bethany.

Streptopus roseus, Michx. Monroe.

Juncus nodosus, L. Banks of the Housatonic. Oxford.

Arisaema Dracontium, Schott. Oxford. Frequent along the
Housatonic. Also at East Haven.

Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh. Bank of the Housatonic. Sey-
mour. Neither the Berzelius Catalogue nor Bishop give this species,
but Prof. W. A. Setchell informs me that he has collected it in the state.

Scheuchzeria palustris, L. Bethany and Woodbury.

1900] Webster, — Naucoria Christinae [25

Potamogeton praelongus, Wulf. Twin Lakes, Branford.

Scirpus debilis, Pursh. Seymour.

Eriophorum vaginatum, L. Middlebury and Litchfield.

Rhynchospora fusca, Roem. and Schultes. Woodbury.

R. macrostachya, Torr. Woodbury.

Carex retrorsa, Schwein. West bank of the Housatonic River
above Derby.

C. torta, Boott. Common about Oxford, although not in the cata-
logues.

C. granularis, Muhl. Oxford.

C. Willdenovii, Schkuhr. East Haven.

C. sparganioides, Muhl. Oxford and Reynolds Bridge.

C. Deweyana, Schwein. Reynolds Bridge.

Tripsacum dactyloides, L. East Haven.

Triodia cuprea, Jacq. Common along the Housatonic,

Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer. Common in sandy soil along the
Housatonic at Oxford.

E Purshii, Schrader. Oxford.

Pellaea atropurpurea, Link. Twin Lakes, Branford.

Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. Three stations in Oxford.

Phegopteris. Dryopteris, Fée. Monroe.

Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. Oxford.

NAUCORIA CHRISTINAE.
H. WEBSTER.

Waie visiting a familiar collecting ground along the northern
edge of the Blue Hill Reservation, a few years ago, the writer came
upon a small but conspicuous toadstool, fruiting in the loose soil
formed of decaying chestnut leaves and burs. Its dark red color and
sharply-pointed cap, together with its smooth and somewhat shining
surface, gave it a markedly individual character, which became more
strongly accentuated on further acquaintance. For, in addition to the
striking peculiarities of color and shape, an attempt to collect the
plant, which stood an inch or two high, disclosed a long stem, as in
Collybia radicata, sunk in the leaf-mould to such a depth that several
inches of soil had to be removed before a complete specimen could
be obtained. The difficulty of collection was much increased, also,

128 Rhodora [JUNE

by the extreme fragility of the stem, which, in spite of its compara-
tively large size, and evidently “cartilaginous” exterior, broke fre-
quently of its own weight as soon as the upper portion was freed
from its supports.

Examination showed the plant to be a Naucoria, closely related
to the four Friesian species JV. Zugubris, N. festiva, N. Christinae,
and A. Ailaris, of which Fries observes (Hymenomycetes Europaei,
p. 254.) that they form a remarkably distinct natural group. Dr.
Farlow, to whom the fungus was submitted for determination, referred
it to AA Christinae, with the information that it had not before been
recorded for this country.

On account of some discrepancies between the plants found and
the diagnosis as given by Fries, most of which, however, can prob-
ably be reconciled, the description and the main part of the re-
marks given in his Icones (vol. IL, p. 20) are translated here in
order that they may be compared with notes from fresh plants :

" AGARICUS CHRISTINAE. — Pileus fleshy, thin, acutely conical,
viscous, when moist bright cinnamon, when dry tawny, shining,
growing pale; stipe fistulose, tough, deeply rooted, glabrous, dull
blood-red; lamellae free, close, pallid, then bright saffron yellow.

* A most splendid fungus, with somewhat the stature of Wygro-
phorus comicus. Veil none. Stipe remarkably cartilaginous, very
tough, unicolorous or paler above, at length bay, 3 to 4 inches long,
1 to 2 lines thick. Commonly with 4 to 6 elevated ridges radiating
from the umbo; in wet weather sometimes strongly viscid, sometimes
only moist, margin at first cracked, somewhat repand as if lobed;
color varies blood-red, cinnamon, and rusty-red. Flesh thin, con-
colorous. Lamellae, free or slightly adnexed, receding, bare (not
pulverulent), somewhat spotted. Spores ferruginous."

Though young specimens are acutely conical for a long time, the
mature form is very broadly conical, with a sharp umbo; the surface
is smooth, but marked (under a hand lens) with fine, close lines,
which radiate from the apex of the umbo; the pileus is somewhat
hygrophanous, the margin faintly striate when moist, and becoming
revolute with age; the crowded lamellae appear to be free, but are
always slightly adnexed, with an average breadth 2 to 3 times the
thickness of the cap; their color varies from pale yellow to dark fer-
ruginous ; the stem is very fragile, but on wilting becomes tough, as
described by Fries; it turns black on drying, as does the whole plant.
The radicating portion is three or four times as long as the part above

1900] Webster, — Naucoria Christinae 129

ground; radiating ridges appear on the pileus in process of drying,
and indeed it would almost seem as if some of the characteristics
given by Fries, noticeably the toughness, the ridges, and the darker
tints, had been drawn from plants that had partially dried either
before or after collection. At any rate it has taken partly dry mate-
rial to show the characteristics just noted.

The spores are somewhat pip-shaped, more strongly pointed at one
end, and somewhat flatter on one side; size 10 to 11 x 5p. ‘This
agrees well with Quelet's “spores amygdaloid, ro to 12 m long,” as
quoted by Saccardo.

Saccardo, on what authority does not appear, gives the spores as
being 4 to 5 by 3 to 4 m, dimensions which accord with those of the
spores of Naucoria Jennyae Karsten, as described in Hedwigia, 1881,
p. 178, a species, from its description and the author's note, evidently
very close to W. Christinae, but said to be larger, and with lighter-
colored, ovoid spores.

Fries's figure (Icones, t. 121, f. 2) agrees fairly well.

After the first collection in 1896, the plant was found in the same
year in damp, mixed woods south of Houghton's Pond, in the Reser-
vation; in 1898, August, in the original station, also in Weston,
Mass., in October, on the low river bank, under chestnuts and maples,
and in Melrose, Mass., under oaks on a hillside. It has also been
found in the Middlesex Fells, in Lynn woods, near Worcester (Dr.
G. E. Francis), near Gilead, Maine (Miss Kate Furbish), and at
Centre Ossipee, N. H. (F. O. Grover). Specimens of most of these
collections are in the herbarium of the Boston Mycological Club.

It is most abundant in the Melrose station, where it was found in
troops of several feet in extent, and in smaller groups, but not at all
cespitose. The button stages have to be sought an inch or two below
the surface, for they seem to arise from the lower layers of the humus,
whence the base descends sometimes into the sandy soil below, and
the stipe forces the pointed pileus up through the overlying leaf-mould
to the surface. In places where the ground was covered with oak
leaves, the stipes were longer, firmer, and flexuous, apparently having
been forced by the non-resistant nature of the loose leaves to wind
about in search of an opening through which they could reach light
and air. At any rate, wherever the leaves were moist and firmly
packed, holes were punched clean through by the straight upward
thrust of the sharp-pointed buttons.

130 Rhodora [JUNE

As the stem is very apt to decay an inch or so from its base, and
thus increase its natural fragility, the difficulty of collection is great,
and calculated to try the patience of any one who may happen upon
this interesting fungus at the end of a day’s trip, and try to get good
herbarium specimens of it in his last ten minutes of disposable
time.

-

SEAWEEDS IN WINTER.
F. S. COLLINS.

THE greater part of the collecting of algae, as well as of higher
plants, is done in the summer months, or at most in the period between
the spring and autumn equinoxes, and it will probably surprise those
who have not already investigated for themselves, to know that the
life and growth along the shore are continuous. On land the lichen-
ologist can always find employment, and the bryologist may find
fruiting mosses during the winter months, but of other land plants
one finds only the memory of the past or the hope of the future.

But not much below high-water mark the condition changes, and
at low-water mark winter seems to have no influence whatever. On
the first day of January last, I was at a point on the shore of Long
Island Sound; the day was intensely cold, the thermometer hardly
above zero. As the tide receded, a film of ice almost immediately
covered the rocks and the fuci growing on them; every pool was
covered with ice, but on breaking this coating, algae, red, brown and
green, were growing in perfection, even the most delicate, filmy Ecto-
carpus. Before the pool could freeze solid, the tide would return and
break the ice, and as long as they were not actually solidified, the
plants experienced no inconvenience. Plants like the fuci can even
endure some hours of actual congelation and being frozen so stiff that
they are brittle, if the next tide releases them.

This hardiness enables the algae to extend to the waters well up
towards the poles, and to thrive in places where the summer tempera-
ture of the water is only about 36 degrees Fahr. Some of the
Laminariaceae have even been known to grow luxuriantly and pro-
duce fruit, zoospores, during months when the water was never above
28 degrees Fahr.

It. must not be supposed, however, that the vegetation on our

LCE aen
ch

d

1900] Collins, — Seaweeds in winter I3I

coast is the same at all seasons. Algae, as well as higher plants,
include annuals, biennials and perennials. Nearly all of the latter
have their periods of rest and periods of activity, but not all at the
same seasons; some are quiescent during the summer and autumn,
beginning a new growth in the winter, and reaching the highest point
in the spring, others just the opposite. Some of the Laminariaceae
produce a delicate frond at one season of the year, a coarse and
leathery one at another; between the periods of activity is a period
of rest, so that the two forms are sharply marked off. As the point
of growth is at the base of the blade, the old frond is pushed up by
the new, and the remains of a delicate frond may be seen at the tip
of a coarse one, or a coarse frond with a delicate one forming at its
base.

Biennials are not common among algae, and not clearly under-
stood; the great majority of species are annuals, but these annuals,
like death, have all seasons for their own. Some, like Phyllitis, may
be found at any month of the year; some, like Punctaria, only in
spring; perhaps the largest number of annuals appears in spring and
summer, when shallow bays are warmed by the sun, and swarm with
life; in southern New England, with Dasya, Grinnellia, Agardhiella
and others of our most characteristic forms; but there are many
winter annuals, both on the northern and the southern coasts. Some
of them, like Phaeosaccion, are short lived, found for a little over a
month, then disappearing utterly; in March this plant produces
incredible numbers of zoospores, minute cells each with its hour or
two of active, seemingly voluntary motion, then sinking to rest: what
happens then, how the species continues, no one knows, but the next
February the delicate fronds are there again.

The genus Callithamnion, taking it in the older sense, not as
divided up at present, is almost a calendar of the seasons, from
Antithamnion Americanum in February in Long Island Sound, to
Callithamnion corymbosum in Massachusetts Bay in November, while
the little Rhodochorton Rothii, continuously vegetating, begins to fruit
in December and continues until March.

Why one species selects one season and another another, why
Antithamnion Americanum forms its wonderfully delicate and bright
colored fronds before the waters begin to warm with spring, while its
not distant cousin, Grifithsia Bornetiana, comes only with the mid-
summer days, we cannot even guess; there seems to be no generali-

132 Rhodora [JUNE

zation that will cover these, and many similar cases. We can only
observe, and hope that some time the facts will furnish the clue.
And observing is a real pleasure, for those that have the time and the
inclination. There are days in every winter month when the weather
is mild, and a few hours at the shore on such days may show things
never seen by summer visitors. It is hardly likely that picnic parties
will be organized, to eat lunch on the rocks of Cape Ann or Marble-
head, and gather “ mosses ” ; but for one who has the opportunity,
and a fairly robust constitution, winter collecting has a relish, which
all who enjoy out-of-door exercise in cold weather will understand.

A NEW LOCAL FLORA. — Mr. Luman Andrews, of Southington, Con-
necticut, has just issued a “ List of the Flowering Plants and higher
Cryptogams growing upon the summit of Meriden Mountain, Con-
necticut.” We learn from the introduction that Meriden Mountain is
a trap dyke, with an altitude of 1,007 feet, being, in fact, the highest
of its kind in the state. The part particularly investigated was the
summit of the southern terminus, comprising about twenty acres. The
list, without laying claim to completeness, contains 287 species and
varieties. Rosaceae, Compositae, Ericaceae, Cyperaceae, Gramineae,
and Filices, are well represented, while very few Cruciferae, Caryophyl-
laceae and Leguminosae have been found, which is by no means sur-
prising in an exposed and rather sterile area. The list is obviously the
result of much conscientious field work, in which specimens have been
preserved in all cases admitting of doubt. A clear photographic print
of the mountain accompanies the list.

The intensive study of the vegetation of a limited and, upon the
whole, rather barren tract, although offering much that is profitable and
fascinating, is not very frequent. It is to be hoped that others may
follow Mr. Andrews' excellent' example.

Vol. 2, No. 17, including pages Q3 to 106 and plate r7, was issued May 21, 1900.

Rhodora Plate 18.

F.SCHUYLER MATHEWS, Del.

RHADINOCLADIA FaRLOWI, nov. gen.

> jt

Rbodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 July, 1900 No. 19

SOME JESUIT INFLUENCES UPON OUR NORTHEASTERN
FLORA.!

M. L. FERNALD.

THE canoeman who makes camp at night or lands for his mid-day
meal by the St. John or the Restigouche must observe how different
are the plants about him from those with which he is familiar at home.
Even those who in town lay no claim to botanical knowledge are im-
pressed by the large proportion of unfamiliar wild flowers; while, to
those who concern themselves primarily with such matters, the vegeta-
tion of the upper St. John has been, since the return of its first botani-
cal explorer, a constant source of problems. The scores of plants
unknown elsewhere in New England are not alone,-however, in
furnishing puzzling questions for the student of botanical geography,
for on the gravelly shores with these unique northern plants are seen
in great profusion many species which, about our cities and towns, are
every-day roadside weeds. A returning canoeman whose eyes are ever
open to the vegetation about him has recently written: * One of the
last plants that we saw on the borders of the Grand River settlement
was the campion-flower (.Szene Cucubalus). It was the first to attract
our attention on the pebbly beaches of the Restigouche. It was almost
constantly in sight on the whole course of the river. And yet it isnota
native plant, but introduced on this continent from the Old World where
it occupies wide areas from North Africa and India to the Arctic Ocean.
It has evidently followed the footsteps of man, both as settler and explorer,
for it is as abundant on the upper St. John as on the Restigouche." ?

lSlightly modified from a paper read May, 1897, before the Natural History
Society of New Brunswick.

? G. U. Hay; The Restigouche — with notes especially on its flora (Bull. Nat.
Hist. Soc. N. B. xiv. 18).

134 Rhodora [Jury

As I have wandered along the gravelly beaches of the St. John and
the Aroostook or have paddled through the calm lakes and whirling
rapids of the St. Francis, this point has often set me wondering how
to tell a really indigenous plant. For, wherever I have been on
the St. John waters, the main St. John as far as the Little Black, or up
the Aroostook and the St. Francis, the campion has always appeared in
great masses, covering the gravel with its slender spreading gray-green
stems and everywhere developing a wonderful profusion of white
flowers tipped by purple anthers. Such stretches of airy white
are among the most attractive features of these shores, for here the
campion has lost the weedy appearance which we ordinarily associate
with it and has assumed that untamed beauty and vigor which have so
unspeakable a fascination for those who follow the northern rivers.
Here along the cool shores the campion often mingles its clear white
with the varied blues of the milk-vetch (Asżtragałus alpinus) or per-
haps spreads its slender stems among the misty gray plumes of the
Huronian tansy (Tanacetum huronense). Often, too, a patch of
silver-weed (Potentilla Anserina) has crept in among the campion,
here and there displaying the wonderful sheen of its yellow flowers,
while a flash of white from its leaves tells that a stray breeze has crept
up the stream.

In northern Maine and New Brunswick the campion is not re-
stricted, however, to the rivers already named. During the scientific
survey of 1861, Professor Goodale saw it on the Allaguash, and it is
said to grow at Mirimichi and Richibucto. Nor is this plant limited in
its riparian distribution to northern Maine and New Brunswick. It
has been noted in Quebec, at Notre Dame du Lac on Lake Temis-
couata, the chief source of the Madawaska river; it is said to be abun-
dant with colt's foot on mountain streams in northern Vermont; and
Professor John Macoun, the distinguished government naturalist of
Canada, states that on the lower St. Lawrence it is found in the
greatest profusion. In fact, almost a century ago it was detected on
the St. Lawrence by the elder Michaux, sent to America by the French
government in search of trees useful in the arts, though from his note,
“in Canada, circa Quebec et loca habitata," one would assume that
the plant was there introduced.

Excepting this northeastern colony of the campion, we have no
indication that the plant is indigenous in America. It is common, to
be sure, in many parts of Canada and the eastern states, but, wherever

1900] Fernald, — Some Jesuit influences upon our flora 135

it occurs in thickly settled regions, it is apparently of recent introduc-
tion from Europe, and its behavior is that of a weed. It delights,
under such circumstances, in monopolizing waste places and roadsides,
but it is rarely found along water-courses. In *the Aroostook "! and
Madawaska,” on the other hand, it is very unusual to find the campion
growing along roadsides or in the neighborhood of dwellings: per-
sonally I have seen it under such conditions only once and that was by
the railroad at Fort Fairfield.

Another European plant which one sees everywhere along the
St. John is the mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). In 1861, Professor
Goodale called attention to this, expressing surprise that, at the mouth
of the Madawaska and at the Grand Falls, it was found on rocks with
the native species (4. canadensis). But for some reason this is the
habitat of the mugwort through the entire Madawaska region. Here
it prefers the gravelly thickets, where, with its dissected foliage of
dark green and white and its elongated, dusty-white spires, it makes a
striking companion for the goldenrods and asters; and further north,
at Notre Dame du Lac, it abounds in the thickets of raspberry, elder,
and other indigenous shrubs. But in eastern America the mugwort is
generally an introduced plant and, like the campion, has taken pos-
session of many rubbish heaps and old fields. It should be noted,
however, that, on Hudson Bay, the very form which grows on the St.
John is considered indigenous; and that early in this century both
Michaux, the French explorer, and Pursh, whose short brilliant career
was so full of pathetic romance, regarded our own plant as native, for,
in the words of the former it was found “in septentrionalibus Canadze,"'
and by the latter it was seen “ on the banks of rivers; Canada to New
England."

Many other European plants, less abundant on our northern rivers
than the campion and the mugwort, should probably be considered
with them. Among these are the field sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis)
and one of the hawkweeds, for the present considered a form of Hiera-

1 *'The Aroostook,” a general name, in Maine, for the section drained by the
Aroostook river and its tributaries; and, by extension, also applied to the country
drained by smaller branches of the St. John as far south as the Meduxnakeag.

? Madawaska, that portion of Maine and New Brunswick drained by the St.
John between the Grand Falls and Little Black river. The name, derived from
Madawaska river, originally designated the settlement at its mouth, but is now applied
to all the Acadian-French district of northern Maine and New Brunswick.

136 Rhodora [Jury

cium vulgatum. Early in this century the sow thistle was seen in New-
foundland, and in their recent explorations on that island, Dr. Benjamin
L. Robinson and his companion, Hermann von Schrenk, found it on
“ gravelly banks in Salmonier River, exclusively with native plants as if
indigenous.” In northern Maine, too, this plant grows in just such
situations. It is tolerably common on the St. John from the St.
Francis, where it grows on gravelly banks with the alpine cinquefoil
(Potentilla tridentata), to the mouth of Violette brook, where, at Van
Buren, it abounds with such species as the Huronian tansy, the spurred-
gentian, and the ever-present campion and mugwort. Unlike the
latter species, however, the field sow-thistle, in its apparently native
range in Maine, is not restricted to the St. John waters. It is locally
abundant on the calcareous-slate cliffs and the gravelly shores of the
Piscataquis in north-central Maine, growing luxuriantly by a water-fall
with native shrubs and herbs. About Bras d'or Lake in Cape Breton,
too, it is one of the commonest and most beautiful plants. When
warned by the government botanist that they should eradicate what
might quickly become a pest, the settlers replied that to them and
their grandfathers the plant had always been known as a harmless
species confined to the lake-shore. Yet this same sow-thistle, like the
campion and the mugwort, is, in southern New England, a frequent
weed by roadsides and in cultivated fields, where it has been recently
introduced from Europe.

The hawkweed (Hieracium vulgatum), so far as known, has shown
little tendency, like its cousins the orange hawkweed and the famous
king-devil weed, to court civilization. Wherever found in the north it
has been on shores or rocky banks, and not in cultivated or thickly
settled regions. It grows on the Labrador coast, and according to
Professor Macoun it is **frequent along river margins on Anticosti, and
along the Gaspé coast from Cape Rosier to Matane; also on the
heights of Point Levis. . . . It is probable that this species is common
on both sides of the Lower St. Lawrence and along the shores of the
guif. It is certainly indigenous." In Newfoundland, Robinson and
von Schrenk report it * in crevices of rocks by swift streams and water-
falls; Holyrood, and the cataracts of the Rocky river . . . to all
appearances indigenous." In Maine the plant is rare, but on the
Piscataquis river a form identical with the Newfoundland plant occurs,
with the bird's-eye primrose (Primula mistassinica), the bladder-fern,
and other strictly indigenous plants, in the crevices of wet cliffs near a

1900] Fernald, — Some Jesuit influences upon our flora 137

water-fall. Seventy miles to the northeast, at Island Falls on the
Mattawamkeag river, at the foot of the rocky island, which, with the
falls above it, has furnished the name for a prosperous young town, the
spray-showered ledges are bright with the alpine bilberry ( Vaccinium
caespitosum), Kalm's lobelia, and this hawkweed ; and below a wild
fall in the Penobscot, not far from the Indian village at Oldtown, the
plant abounds in a similar situation.

Along the northern rivers and shores, then, from Labrador and
Newfoundland through Gaspé and eastern Quebec and thence south
into New Brunswick and Maine, there are these common European
plants, most of which are more or less introduced into the thickly
populated regions as roadside weeds. Observers and authors have
treated these plants in various ways. As already noted, Michaux and
Pursh doubtless considered the mugwort native, and Asa Gray says it
is “apparently indigenous at Hudson's Bay, etc." though south of
that region he considered it only an introduced plant. The campion,
save on a few herbarium-labels, is nowhere recorded as indigenous.
The field sow-thistle has usually been treated as an introduced weed,
but, on the other hand, the hawkweed is pretty generally accepted as
native. It must seem quite clear that, if the mugwort and the hawk-
weed are native plants, the campion and the field sow-thistle, growing
with them or under the same conditions, must likewise be so regarded.!

Here, though, we encounter the question, what is an indigenous
plant? In the Old World, where through ages the mingling of races
has spread many plants from one end of the continent to the other,
this must often be an unanswerable question ; but in our own country
there is at least one criterion, that of history, which may generally be
applied. It is true that in the broadest sense we may not say what is
native, for through the geological ages there has been a constant
shifting of life from one place to another; and even to-day we may

1 Other species of the same or more restricted range are seemingly indigenous,
for example: Ranunculus hederaceus along Quiddy-Viddy Lake, etc., and Nardus
stricta and Triodia decumbens on Rennies River, Newfoundland; Tussilago Farfara
on river-banks, even well among the mountains, northern New England; Achillea
Ptarmica, which “looks like a native at River Charlo, Restigouche Co., and Kouchi-
bouguac, Kent Co." New Brunswick; Gnaphalium sylvaticum, by streams, on
muddy banks, and in clearings, northern Maine, New Brunswick and Cape Breton;
and Veronica arvensis, in springy spots along the Aroostook and the Penobscot
rivers. These and several others not here listed may have had the same origin as the
northeastern colonies of campion, etc.

138 Rhodora Sr)

readily see the sudden appearance of wind-spread plants, like the
fringed-gentian, in spots where they have hitherto been unknown ; or,
on our own St. John river, each spring we may see a wonderful wash-
ing down of species from the upper valleys to the rich basin of Kenne-
becasis Bay. The Indians, too, in their centuries of travel spread
hundreds of species, long before we could take any account of them.
Nevertheless, admitting such exceptions, we may fairly say that if the
plant has not come to its present position through the direct or in-
direct influence of historic man, dt is indigenous, otherwise itis intro-
duced.

How about the plants in question? It is well known, as we have
already seen, that, in thickly settled regions of America, at least three
of these plants are known to be of European origin; but so are many
other species, yarrow, plantain, etc., which are likewise undoubtedly
indigenous in the northern parts of our continent. And there are
scores of species, common like the campion, mugwort, field sow-thistle,
and hawkweed in northern Europe, which are certainly indigenous in
America. Among these are the bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum,
the rock cranberry (V. Vitis-/daea), the yellow-rattle, (Rhinanthus)
and the eyebright (Zuphrasia), all of which (excepting a few coast
and mountain stations) have in the east the same southern limit of
distribution as the plants which are especially under discussion.

When, however, we look into their broad range in America, a sig-
nificant fact appears. The yellow-rattle, for instance, grows in Labra-
dor, Newfoundland, northern New Brunswick and Maine and in the
White Mountains, on the New England coast, the northern shore of
Lake Superior, in the Rocky Mountains, and thence north to Unalaska
and the Arctic coast. Such in general is the range of all the plants
which, coming from the north, reach in eastern America the same
southern limit as the campion and its associates. The study of this
peculiar distribution is one of the most important and fascinating
problems for the northern botanist, but it must not now be allowed to
take us far from the main subject. In this discussion we may accept
without question the well-proved hypothesis that, prior to the glacial
period, these plants were common in the circumpolar regions. As the
glacial period came on the ice crept further and further equatorward
and gradually drove all forms of life nearer the tropics. In time,
when the ice-sheet covered New England, of course no plants could
live here; but, as the ice melted away, those species which had

1900] Fernald, — Some Jesuit influences upon our flora 139

formerly adapted themselves to live near it found the proper con-
ditions for their growth moving northward. Accordingly, as the ice
receded further and further, these plants reproduced themselves and
attained their greatest development more to the north than before.
They were closely followed in their migration by others which required
somewhat less arctic conditions, until a very general northward move-
ment was made by all the plants crowded during the glacial period
into the southern half of our hemisphere. The time has long since
passed when the arctic species in their poleward march covered New
England, the region of the Great Lakes and of the Rocky Mountains.
But on the higher mountain-summits, on sheltered rocky shores, and
on fog-enshrouded coasts these plants seem to have found congenial
conditions; at least, on the upper Rockies and the White Mountains,
on the northern shore of Lake Superior, on the eastern coast of New
England, and in cool, sheltered spots in the interior, they have per-
sisted as isolated remnants of a flora which once covered all the country
about us, but which is now of general occurrence only in the far north.

Through continental Europe and parts of Asia, the campion, mug-
wort, field sow-thistle, and hawkweed are very common, and they even
extend north to the Arctic Ocean. It would seem natural, then, that,
if they were to be grouped with the other European plants, the yellow-
rattle, etc., which have a similar range south of the St. Lawrence, we
should find them throughout Arctic America, on the Great Lakes and
in the Rocky Mountains. But this is not the case: the most northern
recorded station seems to be that of the mugwort on Hudson Bay ;
and there are no records, as far as we know, for any of the four plants
on our Arctic coast or in the Rocky Mountains. Considering, then,
their very restricted range in America, it is probable that these plants
were at some time introduced ; but there are no available historic
records by which this can be proved. There are surely no large towns
in the forests of Maine, New Brunswick and Quebec, and it does not
really seem probable that plants have been brought to the shores of
our northern rivers through the means by which they ordinarily reach
our city streets and waste places —the importation of foreign goods
and the constant shipping from one place to another of packing in
which the seed may have lodged.

The early history of the country through which these plants are
found suggests, however, a possible explanation. In 1:534, Jacques
Cartier entered the Strait of Belle Isle and found French fishermen

140 Rhodora [Jurv

already somewhat familiar with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Winter
quarters were established in 1535 near the present site of Quebec;
and from this time the banks of the lower St. Lawrence were more
and more visited by Europeans. At the end of the sixteenth century
Newfoundland was already the scene of extensive fishing operations ;
and in a single season its waters were visited by three or four hun-
dred fishing vessels, and more than a hundred habitations were built
upon the island. Prior to 1600 the French had carried on explora-
tions along the St. Lawrence ; and from the days of their earliest
settlements the Jesuit missionaries rapidly pushed into the entire
country from Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to the
Great Lakes. They early spread from the St. Lawrence through the
northern wilderness to Lakes St. John and Mistassini and to Hudson
Bay; and they very soon made their way to the Indian villages on the
St. John, the Penobscot and the Kennebec.

Coming as they did from a thickly populated section of Europe
where the campion, the mugwort, the field sow-thistle and the hawk-
weed are common plants — and it should be noted that the seeds of
all these plants are provided with means for clinging to garments or
anything with which they are brought in contact — it would be a most
natural thing for the French, consciously or unconsciously, to bring
with them a few seeds of these species. It would further surprise no
one, who has seen the campion overrun the fields about Boston and Cam-
bridge, that these plants should soon have established themselves along
the St. Lawrence, whose current would greatly increase the rapidity with
which they spread along its shores. And then it is certainly probable
that, in their extensive travels from Quebec through to the northern
country, or south into New Brunswick, Maine, or Vermont, the Jesuits
carried with them a few clinging seeds of these plants. The singular
point is that the campion and the mugwort do not grow in abundance
on the shores of the Penobscot and the Kennebec; though on the
latter river there is a small patch of campion on a gravelly bank at
Carritunk, forty miles above the old Indian village at Norridgewock,
where Sebastian Ràle so long had his ill-fated mission, but there it is
evidently of recent introduction. ‘This absence of the plants from the
Penobscot and Kennebec shores may be due to the fact that, though
the Jesuits came through from the St. Lawrence to these waters, the
seed, which at first would have adhered to their clothing or rough
blankets, would have been thoroughly brushed off after a few days

1900] Fernald, — Some Jesuit influences upon our flora 141

voyage on the St. John. Once started, however, on that river or its
tributaries, it would require only a few years for such plants to gain a
firm footing along the entire valley.

It will be remembered that the hawkweed (Hieracium vulgatum)
is generally found in the neighborhood of water-falls and that the field
sow-thistle, likewise, is apt to grow in similar places. Compared with
the campion and the mugwort, neither of these plants produces many
seed — the hawkweed rarely has more than a single clear-yellow head.
May it not be that these plants were established in. such spots by the
voyageurs, who, when they came to the falls, would, in making the
portage, shake out or at least disturb their blankets; and, though long
established, the plants have never spread far, like the campion and
the mugwort, because of their smaller number of seed ?

Beside the original voyageurs and the river currents, there are
other factors which have doubtless had a large share in the spreading
of plants on the St. John. Reference is made to the Acadian settlers
of the Madawaska region, and likewise to the modern canoeman and
river-driver, though compared with the Acadians, their share has been
a small one. The upper St. John valley from the Grand Falls to the
Allaguash was long ago settled by Acadians. These people were
largely those who came up the river after the pathetic expulsion of
1755. Fora century and a half they have passed their simple out-
door lives in comparative isolation. During most of that time their chief
means of conveyance have been various forms of bateaux ; and even
now, with railroads rapidly tapping the country, many a solitary farmer
from the St. Francis, the Allaguash, or the region toward Seven Islands
annually fills his “ dug-out " with oats or buckwheat and floats down
stream to the mill at Fish River (Fort Kent of the Yankees). The
constant travel of these people is the most effective means of spread-
ing plants from the mouths toward the sources of the streams.

In this discussion little attention is paid to the early voyages of
the Northmen, of John and Sebastian Cabot, of Gaspar Cortereal, of
the Portuguese fishermen and their contemporaries early in the six-
teenth century. They may have brought to this continent plants of
European origin; but their cruising was chiefly along shore, and their
settlements, when made, were only small and temporary, so that it is
doubtful if they materially influenced the character of our northern
flora. At any rate, there is nothing to suggest that they brought to us
the four plants we are considering.

142 Rhodora : [JULY

It is probable, however, that, though appearing indigenous on our

northern waters, the campion, the mugwort, the field sow-thistle and
the hawkweed are to be looked upon as European plants long ago in-
troduced by the Jesuits. And just as about our cities and towns they
often spread along highways, following the advance of commercial
intercourse, they have become thoroughly scattered and established
on the northern streams — the natural highways of the voyageur, the
Acadian settler, the modern canoeman and the river-driver. If this
be the true explanation, we should expect to find them on any of the
rivers, the Saguenay, the Chaudière, and the Richelieu, for example,
which are more or less directly confluent with the St. Lawrence.
They are to be expected, in fact, on any stream which was followed
by the Jesuits.

DAPHNE MEZEREUM IN VERMONT. — I wish to record in RHODORA
a very attractive addition to our Vermont flora, Daphne Mezereum,
Linn. The daphne is, of course, not uncommon in gardens. In Gray's
Manual it is stated that it escapes from cultivation in Massachusetts
and New York, but it is not recorded from northern New England. I
find it scattered over several square rods of a wooded ledge near Bur-
lington, Vermont, and in one place forming quite a thicket. Some of
the stems are an inch in thickness, showing that they have been there
for years. The plants flower and fruit abundantly, and seedling plants
are very numerous. I have also received the daphne this spring from
a correspondent in North Montpelier, Vermont, who reports it as a
* wild flower" there. Doubtless it occurs in many places in the State,
but has hitherto escaped record. — L. R. Jones, University of Vermont.

CRITICAL NOTES ON THE NEW ENGLAND SPECIES
OF LAMINARIA.

WILLIAM ALBERT SETCHELL.
( Conclusion. )

TAKING the various characters enumerated into consideration, the
New England species of Laminaria may be arranged and character-
ized as follows : —

1900] Setchell, — The New England species of Laminaria 143

DicrrAT;E. Blade split longitudinally into several or many segments.
Mucilage ducts present in both stipe and blade.
1. L. platymeris De la Pylaie.
Mucilage ducts absent in the stipe, present in the blade.
Stipe stout and decidedly compressed above.
2. L. digitata (L.) Edm.
* TL ensifolia Le Jolis.
" — f. typica Foslie.
v * — f. complanata Kjellman.
Stipe slender and flexible, slightly if at all compressed.
Blade undivided or split into few and comparatively broad segments.
3 L. intermedia Foslie.
A f. Jongipes Foslie.
b b f. cucullata Foslie.
d “ f. ovata Foslie.
Blade split into many and narrow segments.
4. L. stenophylla Harvey.
SrMPLICES. Blade undivided, elongated.
Stipe solid to the very apex, without mucilage ducts.
Mucilage ducts present in the blade.
Ip. L. saccharina (L.) Lam’x.
f. normalis Setchell.
» x f. caperata Farlow.
d iz f. Phyllitis Le Jolis.
Mucilage ducts absent in the blade.
6. A Agardhii Kjellman.
eg f. normalis Setchell.
Edo sf f. vittata Setchell.
Stipe hollow above, without mucilage ducts.
7. L. longicruris De la Pylaie.

The following notes on these species may serve to indicate further
the specific characters, and also to suggest certain points for further
investigation.

A. Dicirata. The four species under this group can generally
be distinguished by the characters given in the key, at least from
each other and from all species known with certainty thus far from
the coast of New England. While the digitate species are common
north of Cape Cod, they occur rather sparingly to the south of it.
Additional species are to be looked for along the northernmost
shores.

1. L. PLATYMERIS De la Pylaie. There is little to add to the
description and remarks of Farlow (1881, p. 94) concerning this
species. It is easily distinguished by its habit, its color, and its size
from the other digitate species of northern New England, as well
as by the possession of mucilage ducts in the stipe and hapteres.
When fresh, or even when soaked out after being rough dried, it
has a distinctive, penetrating odor quite different from that of any
other of the New England kelps. It grows in the lower sublittoral,
and even perhaps in the elittoral zone, epiphytic upon other large
alge. Its range is from Revere Beach northward. Its habit is well

144 Rhodora [JULY

shown by De la Pylaie's figure (1824, pl. 9, f. L). It is very close
to Z. Gunneri Foslie of the Norwegian coast.

2. L. DIGITATA (L.) Edm. The stipe in this species is stout and
rigid, so that it remains erect under the weight of the blade even
when the plant is left wholly or partially exposed by the recession of
the tide. It is also decidedly compressed above in all its forms, and
especially in the forma complanata. In these two characters are to
be found the distinguishing features of the species, at least as far as
the New England forms are concerned. A number of forms, pre-
sumably environmental, have been distinguished, most of which are
to be found within our limits. The species is abundant north of
Cape Cod, and occurs at certain exposed points to the south of it.

f. rvPICA Foslie. In its most characteristic and easily recognized
state, f. /y^iva is a fairly large plant, with stipe long proportional to
the blade, the base of the blade distinctly or even extremely cordate,
and the divisions of the blade many and narrow. Foslie gives a
characteristic figure of f. ¢ypzca (1884, pl. 4, f. 1). The stipe is usu-
ally longer than the blade, but not always so; and while decidedly
compressed above, is not so flattened as is the case in f. complanata.
The base is usually heart-shaped, but is at times decidedly cuneate,
especially in the plants from the south of Cape Cod. ‘This form
occupies the sublittoral and perhaps also the elittoral zone, seldom
reaching that part of the sublitoral zone near the lower limit of the
tides. It is common from Nahant northward, being cast ashore in
great quantity on all the northern beaches. It is the only form of
L. digitata which, to the writer's knowledge, passes Cape Cod to the
southward. It is found cast ashore at such exposed points as Gay
Head on Martha's Vineyard and Watch Hill, R. I., and comes ashore
also in great quantity at New London, Conn. The writer has found
plants of reduced size and cuneate base growing on piles on the
* Ocean Pier " at Watch Hill.

f. COMPLANATA Kjellman. This form is to be distinguished from
the preceding by its uniformly large size, and especially by the very
decided flattening of the stipe just underneath the base of the blade.
Kjellman’s figures (1877, pl. 1, f. 14-18) show well the extent of
this flattening. Kjellman’s most striking example had the stipe 7.5
centimeters broad just below the transition place, and only o.5 centi-
meters thick. The writer has seen specimens on the New England
coast of measurements closely approximating these. The f. comp/anata
is evidently a form of the deep waters, and has been found cast ashore
at Nahant Beach, near Lynn, Mass., and on ocean beaches on Peak's
Island, near Portland, Maine.

f. ENSIFOLIA Le Jolis. The stipe of this form is shorter than the
blade and usually more or less curved. By these characters it is to
be distinguished from both the preceding forms. Foslie's figures

1900] Setchell, — The New England species of Laminaria 145

(1884, pl. 8, f. 2 and pl. 6, f. 1) are very characteristic. It is a plant
of the tide pools of the littoral zone and of more or less exposed
shores in the uppermost part of the sublittoral zone. It is found
plentifully from Nahant northward, but the writer has never seen a
specimen of this form from south of Cape Cod.

3. L. INTERMEDIA Foslie. The weak, almost cylindrical stipe of
this species, together with the usually ample and slightly divided
blade, serve to distinguish it from others of the digitate section with-
out mucilage glands in the stipe. It has been found with us only
from the southern portion of the coast of New England. The writer
has found it growing in great abundance, in the upper sublittoral zone
(1-2 fathoms) at Ram Island near Noank, Conn., and H. M. Richards
has brought it up from a depth of 4—5 fathoms off Newport, R.I. It
has also been washed ashore at Newport, at Watch Hill and at New
London. The forms of Z. intermedia, as described by Foslie, have
all been found at the Ram Island locality and near one another. The
f. ovata is the one most commonly cast ashore.

f. LONGIPES Foslie. The long-stiped form is not common with us,
but occasionally a specimen occurs which may be referred here.

f. CUCULLATA Foslie. The f. cucullata is, when well developed, a
very distinct plant. As it occurs at Ram Island, with its short stipe
and ample, very cucullate blade, split often into only three or four
broad divisions, it looks unlike any form of Z. digitata, but as cast
ashore in smaller form, it is neither so cucullate nor so ample, yet has
an entirely different aspect from any other digitate species. Foslie
has given a very characteristic figure of it (1884, pl. 9, f. 2).

f. ovATA Foslie. Entire forms of this species are fairly common,
and are especially to be found washed ashore. They appear to be
rather young and undeveloped specimens. A typical plant is figured
by Foslie (1884, pl. 1o, f. 17.)

4. L. STENOPHYLLA Harvey. While what has seemed to the
writer to be true Z. stenophylla, is to be classed with Z. intermedia,
as regards the weakness and cylindrical form of the stipe; the
affinities are rather with Z. digitata as far as the numerous, narrow
divisions of the blade are concerned. The stipe is very weak and
almost cylindrical throughout its length; the blade is very narrow and
decidedly cuneate at the base, and the divisions of the blade are rela-
tively very numerous, narrow and deep. The plants seen by the
writer all grew at the lower limits of the littoral zone, on exposed
shores and on a substratum of mussels. The only localities where
the plants were studied were Peak’s Island and Nahant. In both
of these places, the plants were exposed to heavy wave action. It is
also found occasionally cast ashore. It has not been seen on the
coast to the south of Cape Cod, with the exception of a few speci-

146 Rhodora [Jury

mens washed ashore at Newport, R. I. Z. stenophylla appears to be an
annual, differing in this from all other digitate species of the coast of
New England except Z. intermedia. It fruits in October and dis-
appears soon after that. It never shows the rings in the cross-section
of the stipe, which are so common in the older plants of Z. digitata.

B. SiMPLiCES. While the digitate forms of the New England
coast are easily to be distinguished from one another or by descrip-
tions, and are also readily to be arranged under the species enumer-
ated, it is quite otherwise with the members of the genus Laminaria
with undivided blades. 'The numerous forms are neither readily
recognized nor readily arranged, and all that can be done with them
at present is to attempt some arrangement and leave them for future
study. It has seemed best, for reasons given under each of the follow-
ing species, to recognize three sets of plants belonging to this group.

L. SACCHARINA (L.) Lam'x. There seems to be nothing to dis-
tinguish this species from the next, except the occurrence of muci-
lage ducts in the blade of Z. saccharina and the absence of these
structures from the blade of Z. Agardhit. L. saccharina, in this
sense, occurs in abundance north of Cape Cod, but has not, thus far,
been detected to the south of it, although the search has been made
with some thoroughness. The forms of this species are many, and
not readily reducible under a few names; but the following enumera-
tion may help somewhat in indicating the limits of the variation of
the species.

f. NORMALIS Setchell. The stipe of this form is long or short,
but always much shorter than the blade. ‘The base of the blade is
cuneate when young, becoming orbicular, and even decidedly cordate,
when adult. The blade is ample, thin and ruffled when young, with.
the two rows of bulle, or alternate elevations and depressions, con-
spicuous. Later, the blade becomes thicker, though still ruffled and
bullate, but finally in autumn this ruffled and bullate ample summer
blade is replaced by a blade which is still thick, but perfectly plane,
always lacking the bulla and with only a trace, if any at all, of the
ruffle. This is the common form on the northern coast.

f. CAPERATA Farlow (as variety). The Z. caperata of De la
Pylaie is a well-marked form, or perhaps even variety, of this
species. In habit, it resembles Z. /ongicruris very much, as may be
seen from De la Pylaie's figure (1824, pl. 9, f. C.), having the stipe
long, as compared with the blade, sometimes even longer than the
blade, with the apical crook and sudden narrowing at the transition
place of that species. The stipe is solid, however, and the blade
has conspicuous mucilage ducts, so that it is to be regarded asa
form of Z. saccharina rather than of Z. longicruris. The species
appears to be annual, but that is not certain as yet, and careful
observations should be made to determine this point. This form is

1900] Setchell, — The New England species of Laminaria 147

thrown ashore on the exposed beaches of the shore of Massachusetts,
and also on those of Maine. The writer has seen it growing at
Peak's Island, just below extreme low water mark. The blades of
the latter specimens were noticeably broad.

f. Puytuitis Le Jolis. The young plants of this form of JZ.
saccharina, delicate in texture and color, are falcate in general out-
line, and present so different an appearance from the young plants
of the f. xormadis, that they certainly seem to belong to quite another
form at least. As the frond thickens, the falcate shape becomes less
distinct, but the blade remains plane, for the most part, and later the
plant disappears. It does produce scanty fruit at times. It has
occurred most abundantly on the shore of Massachusetts.

6. L. AGARDHII Kjellman. As was stated under the preceding
species, Z. Agardhii differs from Z. saccharina in no other respect
than the absence of mucilage ducts in the blade. In variety of habit
and manner of growth, the two species are identical, but it seems
best to consider them as distinct, pending further investigations on
the forms of our coast. The distribution of these two species is
peculiar on the New England coast. J. saccharina, in its various
forms, has been found only to the north of Cape Cod, while the
abundant plants of Laminarie of the Simplices section found to the
south of the Cape, are all Z. AgardAz. ‘The latter species, however,
does occur, though sparingly, to the north of Cape Cod, also.
More extended search, with this point in view, may cause these state-
ments to be modified. The forms of Z. Agardhii are very similar to
those of Z. saccharina, except that no plants of the habit of Z. saccha-
rina, f. caperata have yet been found.

f. NORMALIS Setchell. The ordinary form of Z. Agardhii presents
the same variations as those described above for Z. saccharina

f. normalis.

f. VITTATA Setchell. Plants occur quite commonly on the south-
ern shores of New England which resemble very closely plants of
L. saccharina f. Phyllitis, but without mucilage ducts in the blade.
They are in the most characteristic form, however, very much more
elongated than the plants of that form, and the elongated forms occur
also on the coast of Maine. The most striking plants of this form
are those collected at Fox Island, Hunnewell’s Point, Maine, by F. S.
Collins, and a considerable number which were found growing on the
piles of Ocean Pier, Watch Hill, R. L, by the writer. The stipe is
short, from 2—3 centimeters in length, the base of the blade is elongated
cuneate, and the blade is long and narrow, averaging from 30—65
centimeters in length and from 1-2 centimeters in width. The nar-
row plants may be regarded as the type of the f. v///a/a, but some-
what broader forms also occur, very similar in habit to the older
forms of Z. saccharina f. Phyllitis.

148 l Rhodora [Jurv

7. L. LONGICRURIS De la Pylaie. There is little to add to the
general description of this species given by Harvey and by Farlow.
It is one of the most striking and easily recognized of the species of
Laminaria. It is common north of the Cape Cod region, growing in
the tide pools of the lowermost littoral and in the upper sublittoral
region. In some cases it may grow in the lower sublittoral and elit-
toral regions. It reaches a greater size than any other species of
Laminaria, being at times 1o—12 meters long and 1—1.5 meters wide.
The stipe is long in proportion to the blade, with a distinct crook in
the uppermost part, which is hollow, and abruptly constricted just
below the transition place. South of Cape Cod it occurs at exposed
points. The writer has found it growing on piles of wharves at
Watch Hill, R. I., and at Ram Island, near Noank, Conn. It is also
commonly washed ashore after storms at Watch Hill, R. I., and at
New London, Conn.

'The presence or absence of mucilage ducts in this species needs
more careful investigation from the fresh material. Areschoug (1883,
p. 8), Kjellman (1883, p. 233), Rosenvinge (1893, p. 846, 1894, p.
91, 1898, p. 52), and Guignard (1892, p. 36), all assert that there
are mucilage ducts in the stipe, at least in the lower part, and Rosen-
vinge claims to have detected them even in the cortex of the hollow
portion of the stipe. The writer has been unable to detect any muci-
lage ducts in the stipe of this species, but does find, at times, a circle
more or less complete, of the perithecia of a species of sphariaceous
fungi, in the lower portion of the stipe of this and of Z. saccharina,
which has the appearance of a circle of mucilage ducts. This fungus
is mentioned by Farlow in his New England Algz (p. ro), and is of
very common occurrence on the stipes of this species, It may be
that this fungus, growing in such an unusual position, is the cause of
the disagreement in regard to the stipe. The writer does not find
mucilage ducts in the blade either; but this certainly needs more
study with fresh and carefully fixed material. Z. /ongicruris, in
spite of its large size, seems to be an annual plant.

List or Wonks REFERRED TO.

Areschoug, J. E., 1883. Observationes Phycologicz, Particula Quarta.
(Acta Reg. Soc. Scient., ser. III, vol. x.)

De la Pylaie, M., 1824. Quelques observations sur les productions
de l'ile de Terre Neuve et sur quelques Algues de la cóte de
France appartenant au genre Laminaire, (Ann. sci. nat. ser. I,
tome 4.)

De la Pylaie, M., 1829. Flore de Vile de Terre Neuve et des iles S.
Pierre et Miclon.

Farlow, W. G., 1881. Marine Algz of New England and adjacent
coast. (Reprinted from the Report of the U. S. Fish Commis-
sion for 1879.)

19] Leavitt, — Reversions in Berberis and Sagittaria — 149

Foslie, M., 1884. Ueber die Laminarien Norwegens. (Christiania
Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1884, No. 14.)

Guignard, Léon, 1892. Observations sur l'appareil mucifére des
Laminariacées. (Ann. sci. nat. ser. 7, tome 15.)

Harvey, W. H., 1852. Nereis Boreali-Americana, Part I, Melano-
spermez.

Kjellman, F. R., 1877... Bidrag till kännedomen af Kariska hafvets
Algvegetation. (Ofvers. af Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhand-
lingar, 1877, No. 2.)

Kfellman, F. R., 1883. The Alge of the Arctic Sea. (Kongl. Sven-
ska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Bandet 20, No. 5.)
Rosenvinge, L. Kolderup, 3893. Grønlands Havalger. (Meddelelser

om Grønland, III.)

Rosenvinge, L. Kolderup, 1894. Les Algues marines du Groenland.
(Ann. sci. nat., ser. 7, tome 19.)

Rosenvinge, L. Koiderup, 1898. Deuxième Mémoire sur les Algues
marines du Groenland. (Meddelelser om Grønland, XX.).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Calif.

REVERSIONS IN BERBERIS AND SAGITTARIA.
ROBERT G. LEAVITT.
(Plate 19.)

THAT single individuals should recover characters lost, or at any
rate intermitted for generations, is certainly a highly remarkable fact,
for which we cannot as yet very clearly account. "Thus in cattle spots
of peculiarly colored hair sometimes appear that can be definitely
traced to ancestors several generations removed. In horses, faint
zebrine stripes — characters evidently of considerable antiquity — some-
times come on the shoulders, flanks, and legs, especially in colthood.
These and a large body of similar cases of reversion are of course
familiar to everyone through the writings of Darwin.

Darwin noted a peculiar instance of reversion in a species of
Melilotus. In this genus the leaflets, in assuming the sleeping position,
twist on their stalks, and during the night stand with surfaces vertical,
one edge presented to the sky, the other to the earth. ‘This is the case
with fifteen species observed by Darwin. In one instance, however,
a deviation was noted: new shoots from some cut-down plants at first
acted, not like Melilotus, but like Trifolium, in which genus the custom-
ary sleep-movements are executed by the sharp upward bending of

I50 Rhodora [Jurv

the petiolules, so that the leaflets remain duting sleep with their apices
pointing toward the zenith. Darwin regarded this as probably due to
the resumption of a primordial habit inherited from a remote ancestor
allied to and sleeping like a Trifolium.!

The word “ reversion ” commonly means to us the reappearance of
a Jong-/osf character, or at least of some peculiarity which has jumped
one or two, or a few generations. But there is no essential difference
between reversions in this restricted sense, and the ordinary reproduc-
tion, without intermission, of the racial likeness from generation to
generation. All the features of the adult, as regards form, color, ec
are at each generation absolutely obliterated in the first, or unicellular,
stage of the offspring. No length of years or passing of generations
could make the obliteration more complete. The gap between the
perfected parent form and the unicellular offspring is one compared
with which the transition from the zebra-horse to the modern species is
trifling. When the multitudinous peculiarities of form, color, tempera-
ment, action, of structure external and internal, survive the plunge and
come safely through one such down-sinking of the organization, there
is little increase of wonder — as there is no difference in the essential
process — when one or another of these peculiarities delays a little in
coming to light again, under the form of what we call a reversion.

Again, we think of reversions as characters that become fixed in
the individual, when they appear. ‘The reverting pigeon permanently
retains its slate-colored plumage, the reverting sheep its dun-colored
or black fleece. In plants a reversionary leaf is a matured-leaf — it
may be on an immature plant — differing from the ** full character ”
leaf, and owing its form to the revival — as we say — of an ancestral
impulse. But it is a familiar story that in the history of any living
thing an orderly series of figures from the past appears, transient re-
vivings of old groups, — systematized reversions. The phenomena of
inheritance are all of one sort, whether the reappearing traits are per-
manent or not, and whether they occur regularly or only occasionally.

In the development of any individual we have thrown before us
dissolving views of extinct, precedent races; views for the most part
indifferently focused, but clear enough to give us most important infor-
mation of the natural affinities, along old lines, of the developing form.
In both branches of biological science this has, of course, long been
recognized, and studies of development have been most fruitful. Both

1 The Power of Movement in Plants, p. 347.

1900] Leavitt, — Reversions in Berberis and Sagittaria 151

embryonic and post-embryonic stages have been attended to, but the
former by far the most thoroughly in both Zoology and Botany.

In Botany investigations of the young stages subsequent to the
formation of the embryo, in order to discover hints of relationship
that must disappear at a little later date in the life history, have been
relatively few. But several workers are now paying attention to the
matter, with good results. Some of the most interesting discoveries
are coming from investigations of the minute anatomy of seedlings.

It scarcely need be said that the subject of reversions is of great
importance in the study of the processes of heredity ; and that in some
respects plants make better subjects than animals in inquiries concern-
ing the laws of reversion. Leaf-forms, in general simple, but in enough
cases not simple to excess, are fit subjects for such inquiries.

BERBERIS. In Figure 1 of the accompanying plate I have repre-
sented a two-months’ seedling of Berberis vulgaris. Were the young
plant found growing wild, and at a distance from mature plants of the
species, its parentage might not be suspected, the leaves are so unlike
those of the adult condition in respect to the length of the petiole and
the shape of the blade. The blade of the latter, or full leaf, is broader
toward the apex and tapers very gradually to its junction with the
extremely shortened petiole. ‘The youthful lamina reverses this, being
narrower above and more or less cordate at the base. It is distinctly
jointed to the well-developed petiole, the earlier and later leaves thus
agreeing in being unifoliolate.

Bushes of this species, four years old, from which I collected leaves
last fall, still showed the leaf-character of the seedling in preponderance
over shorter-petioled forms approaching the adult type. And, on iso-
lated branches of old bushes, I have this spring found persistent petioles
much longer than the normal, the stalks, without much doubt, of
similar reversionary leaves. For I look upon the “ abnormal” forms
as good examples of reversion.

We might guess that we have here the reappearance of an ancient
type from its constant occurrence at the period of life when both plants
and animals manifest ancestral traits. A like trait in the seedling of
an allied species, Berderis Thunbergit (Fig. 3), makes the inference of
a reversion still more plausible.

Of course the final and irrefutable evidence of reversion is the
direct comparison of the form in question with an ancestral type pre-

served in the rocks. But ancestral types are preserved also in living
/

152 Rhodora [Jury

forms. Indeed all organic forms are either directly or remotely ances-
tral, the parents being ancestors one generation removed. Of several
species having a common origin some are likely to keep original traits
longer than others, and do, as is well known in some cases, maintain
the aboriginal organization almost entire and unchanged for immense
periods of time. The required ancestral type may therefore often be
found in existent species; what is occasional — youthful, senile, or of
sporadic occurrence — in one form, being the habitual and character-
istic condition in some relative.

This test of the reversionary nature of a particular youthful character,
like the odd-shaped leaf of the Barberry seedling, must, as will be seen
in the case of Sagittaria, be used with caution. In this case, how-
ever, the resemblance between the youthful leaf of B. vulgaris and
the mature leaf of B. repens (Fig. 4) as regards both the length of the
petiole and the shape of the terminal leaflet, seems to be well explained
by supposing that the leaf of B. repens is very nearly like that of the
progenitor of both B. repens and B. vulgaris; and that in youth our
common species takes back to that progenitor, restoring the old form
to the terminal leaflet, and the original rachis, but not the lateral
leaflets.

Berberis vulgaris is a European and Asian form. B. repens isa
western plant. B. Zhundergit is Japanese. Going to South America
we find an interesting species for our present purpose in Z. Agapa-
tensis. ‘The specimens examined were from Bolivia. Fig. 8 reproduces
the outline of some of the mature leaves. In all but the somewhat
lessened length of the petiole they agree with the seedling leaf of B.
vulgaris. Most of the leaves of this species, however, show a little
tendency to acuteness at the base.

Berberis TÀhunbergii is particularly curious as to the marginal
teeth. The first set of leaves after the cotyledons, about four or five,
are entire, and devoid of spinous processes. Following these are an
equal number rather coarsely toothed, the teeth bristly-pointed. The
remaining leaves of the first year become more and more like the
characteristic leaf, which again is smooth-margined, being without teeth
and bristles. The smooth leaf, next to the cotyledons, does not seem
to be an adaptation to any circumstance of the seedling period, but
rather a reversion to a type possibly older than that represented in the
infancy of B. vulgaris. The succeeding rough leaves, again, have no
apparent adaptive relation to the seedling period, and probably revive

1900] Leavitt, — Reversions in Berberis and Sagittaria 153

a type now lost by B. Thundergii, but retained in many species, — the
bristly-margined type.

Berberis Thunbergii has by some authorities been treated as a
variety of B. vulgaris. When we compare the seedlings we seem to
find very positive evidence against any such assignment. If the two
forms were so very closely related, their seedlings should be nearly or
quite indistinguishable ; we see on the contrary that they differ more
markedly than the mature plants."

A point to be noted in both forms is that the reverting leaves ex-
hibit an added character, as compared with the leaves of the adult
plant. It would be easy to dispose of many cases of suspected pri-
mordial structure simply as cases of arrested development, in the sense
of aborted growth. But here the feeble, seedling plant produces organs
in one respect more highly organized than like organs of the mature
plant.

The trifoliolate leaves of B. repens, Figs. 4 and 5, are not the full
character leaves of that species ; though to judge from a good number of
herbarium specimens examined they are of rather common occurrence.
The prevailing leaves have five parts, or even seven. The contour of
the end leaflet is then altered (Fig. 6).

If, as is likely, B. vulgaris, B. ZÀhunbergit, and B. Agapatensis are
really unifoliate, then the trifoliate leaf of B. repens is probably near
the type from which they have all been derived by reduction. B.
Aquifolium, a more complex form, reverts only occasionally from its
more advanced position to the type characterized by the cordate ter-
minal leaflet; at least in the adult plant.

SAGITTARIA. In estimating the value of youthful characters for the
reading of family history, we must take into account the influence of
the requirements of the seedling, as differing from those of the adult.
The forms of cotyledons, for instance, are traceable to the form of the
fruit, the need of storing nourishment, and the exigencies of confinement
in small spaces. The contours rarely bear any relation to the contours
of the ordinary foliage leaves, present or past. Similarly after germi-
nation the young plant may encounter problems that never recur
subsequently, and meet these problems with specialized structures
having no connection with ancestral mature types. In the Sagittaria,
for example (Fig. 7), the interpretation of the linear first leaves (a, 2, c)
is complicated by the fact that the seedling is submerged, while the
hastate or sagittate adult leaf is aérial. Was there ever a time when

154 Rhodora [JuLy

the Sagittarias possessed no more highly differentiated leaf than the
present ribbon-form leaf of the seedling?

It is easier to answer the question with reference to the spoon-
shaped intermediate leaf (7). In the old-age of the plant — that is,
of any particular shoot of the branching rhizome in the species repre-
sented — the leaves retrace the course of development as the vegetative
vigor becomes exhausted and second childhood comes on. ‘The series
fg, Fig. 7, is a reversionary series, beginning with hastate forms
more and more unlike the sagittate character leaf, and ending with
very narrow-bladed lanceolate forms. These latter stand well out of
water, so that the direct action of that medium is eliminated from the
case, and even were there no other Sagittarias and the Alismas, we might
be tolerably sure,— from the doué/e appearance, in youth and in old age,
— that the lanceolate form represents a return to what was once the
farthest limit of differentiation.

'The nature of the linear, grass-shaped early leaves of the seedlings
and new shoots, which seem to be the same thing as the ultimate leaves
of several species, is perhaps doubtful. They are spoken of by several
writers as ?Ay/Z/odia. If the term has any distinctive meaning, it im-
plies reduction from a bladed to a bladeless condition. The linear
leaves are looked upon as petioles, with the notion that a part normally
produced in addition to and beyond these bodies is suppressed through
the influence of the surroundings.

Seedling stages should throw light on the question. Sagittaria
Montevidensis, of South America, passes through its seedling stages
very slowly, and presents a very complete series of transitional forms.
In these there is every indication that the lanceolate or elliptical blade
(4 ) is derived from the linear forms not by addition at the tip, but by
gradual differentiation of the terminal region of the linear leaf to form
the ultimate blade, while the lower part of the original body (or blade)
becomes gradually thickened and then rounded to make the ultimate.
petiole. If this is so, the grass-shaped early leaves are not reduced
forms in the sense appertaining to the phy//odia of the Acacias. "They
are in fact probably not 2AyZe«ia; they seem to be early complete
forms giving rise by progressive and structurally necessary steps to the
adult differentiated leaf.

The linear leaves of the seedling, forming in this manner the basis
of an evolution toward the full character leaf, seem little like cases of
what the zoologists would call larval adaptation. It is probably not

1900] Merrill, — Occurrence of Thamnolia in Maine 155

unreasonable to interpret them as reversions to a primitive type of
Sagittaria. That prototype may have been a submerged plant.

THE AMES LABORATORY, North Easton, Massachusetts.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19. Figure 1, a growing seedling of Berberis vu'garis.
2, characteristic leaf of the same species. 3, a pressed seedling of B. Zhunbergii,
4, reversionary leaf common on BZ. repens. 5, one of six very large, 3-foliolate leaves
on a sucker-like shoot of B. repens. 6, the character leaf of the same species.
7, stages in the development of Sagittaria AMontevidensis: a, b, c, d, e progressive
forms; the character leaf, sagittate, not represented; f, g, Å regressive forms in ex-
hausted shoots.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THAMNOLIA IN Mampg, The rare alpine lichen
Thamnolia has not before been reported from Maine, and the following
note may be of interest. In August, 1896, the writer collected near
the summit of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, the typical form of
Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer.; and in September, 1898, an
interesting form of the same species was found near the summit of
Mt. Katahdinin Maine. Specimens of the latter form were sent to Miss
Cummings, who determined them as Zhamnolia vermicularis, var.
subuliformis Schaer., and stated that in the Tuckerman Herbarium
there was but one representative of the type.

In habit of growth the variety is strikingly different from the type,
this feature being more marked than the shape of the thallus. The
type as collected on Mt. Washington was growing in densely cespitose
bunches, and the variety, as on Mt. Katahdin, was not at all cespitose,
but was very scattered, often isolated and intermixed with other lichens
and mosses, notably with Cetraria /slandica. It was found only spar-
ingly, and no specimens of the typical form were observed.

This species resembles at first sight a dead or bleached form of
some o the alpine species of Cladonia, but its color is very distinctive.
Owing to its silvery gray shade and its subulate thallus it is a very
beautiful and striking species. — ELMER D. MERRILL, Washington, D. C.

ASPIDIUM SIMULATUM IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. — Aspidium simulatum
was illustrated and described by Mr. George E. Davenport in the latter
part of 1896. Since that time it has been reported from compara-
tively few stations over a wide range. The writer is not aware that
this fern has been reported from but two localities in New Hampshire,
namely, Seabrook and Kingston. These towns are in close proximity,

156 Rhodora [Jury

and but just outside the Massachusetts boundary. In September, 1899,
this fern was found in considerable quantity in a small piece of low
woods in Contoocook, N. H. This station takes the fern well into the
State, and is an intermediate station in the large gap that at present
exists between the most northern of the New Hampshire stations and
the southernmost Maine station. — F. G. FLoyp, Boston, Mass.

PLANTAGO ELONGATA IN New ENGLAND. — The little plantain com-
monly known as Plantago pusilla, Nutt., but more properly called /.
elongata, Pursh, extends across the continent from east to west, but
from north to south its range is limited. According to the Synoptical
Flora, it is found along the Atlantic coast from southern New York to
Virginia. Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora also gives southern
New York as the northeastern limit of its growth. I have not seen
any report of its occurrence in New England. In the Catalogue of
Flowering Plants growing without cultivation within thirty miles of
Yale College, published in 1878 by the Berzelius Society, it is given as
found * On Long Island." It was very probably collected there by
Mr. E. S. Miller, who contributed much material for this catalogue.
A little nearer to us, yet still in the State of New York, is the station
discovered by Dr. C. B. Graves, who, in 1892, collected the species on
Fisher's Island.

It was my good fortune, on May 10, 1900, to find this little plant
at Black Hall, near the mouth of the Connecticut River, in the town
of Lyme, Connecticut. It was growing on a sandy bank by the road-
side, about half a mile from the seashore. With it was growing Draba
verna, L., and also another plant that, according to my experience, is
not common in this section, namely, the Corn Speedwell, Veronica
arvensis, L. :

The discovery of Plantago elongata at this station is interesting, as
showing that the plant has by some means crossed Long Island Sound,
and may be expected by collectors along the seashore in Connecticut,
Rhode Island, and southern Massachusetts.

How abundant the plant is at this place I cannot say, or how widely
distributed in the neighborhood. The station is far from my usual
collecting ground, and my time was limited. I secured in all probably
fifty or sixty plants. A specimen from this station has been sent to
the Gray Herbarium. — C. H. Bissett, Southington, Connecticut.

1900] Jones, — Information desired on Vermont plants — 157

INFORMATION DESIRED CONCERNING PLANTS DOUBTFULLY ASCRIBED
TO THE FLORA OF VERMONT. — The Vermont Botanical Club expect
to publish, in August, a catalogue of Vermont plants, admitting only
such species as can be verified by extant specimens. The Committee
on Preparation have been unable thus far to verify the following
species, reported for Vermont by the older botanists. Any botanist
knowing of Vermont specimens or stations for any of the plants in
this list will confer a favor by reporting the same to the secretary of
the club, Prof. L. R. Jones, Burlington, Vermont : —

Anemonella thalictroides, Spach. Galeopsis Ladanum, L.

Cimicifuga racemosa, Ell. Podostemon ceratophyllum, Michx.

Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Urtica dioica, L.

Linum Virginianum, L. Smilax rotundifolia, L.

Desmodium canescens, DC. Hypoxis erecta, L.

Lespedeza repens, T. & G. Potamogeton pulcher, Tuckerm.

Viola pedata, L. Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl.

Cornus florida, L. Scleria triglomerata, Michx.

Asclepias purpurascens, L. Solidago odora, Ait.

Asclepias verticillata, L. Eragrostris capillaris, Nees.

Hydrophyllum Canadense, L. Festuca tenella, Willd.

Gerardia flava, L. Glyceria obtusa, Trin.

Mentha Canadensis, var. glabrata, Tsoetes Engelmanni, var. gracilis,
Benth. Engelm.

A COLONY OF ALNUS GLUTINOSA IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, —
The European Alnus glutinosa, Willd., seems to be fairly well estab-
lished along the upper part of Whitmore Brook, West Medford, and
about the swamps drained by it. From twenty-five to thirty speci-
mens have been observed in this locality, varying in size from the
shrub of a few feet to a tree thirty-five to forty feet in height. A few
years ago this colony was much more numerous, but recently several
of the largest trees were sacrificed in the improvement of an estate.
No record has been found of the introduction of the species in this
place. — C. H. Monss, Medford, Massachusetts.

A FLORA OF MANCHESTER, NEw HAMPSHIRE. — The manifold
activities of the recently organized Manchester Institute of Arts and
Sciences have been placed upon permanent record in a neatly printed
volume (1) of its Proceedings." The most important feature in the

1 Manchester, New Hampshire, 1900; 8vo, pp. 158.

158 Rhodora [JuLy

report of the Botanical Section is a local flora of Manchester and
vicinity compiled by Mr. Frederick W. Batchelder. The flora is
restricted to the pteridophytes and spermaphytes, and is arranged
according to the sequence of Engler and Prantl’s Natiirlichen Pflan-
zenfamilien. The author enumerates 817 species and varieties of plants
within his limits, and adds a brief statement regarding the frequency
of each. At the end of the list are several pages of valuable notes
likely to stimulate observation upon the more critical species. On
page 74 occurs the new combination, G/yceria borealis, Batchelder
(Panicularia borealis, Nash). The abundance of oaks, of which Mr.
Batchelder enumerates no less than nine, is in striking contrast to
their paucity in the upland regions of southern New Hampshire.

PARIETARIA DEBILIS IN NEw HAMPSHIRE.— In August, 1896, while
on a bicycle trip to Nottingham, New Hampshire, I paid a hurried
visit to Pautuckaway Mountain, where many rare and interesting
plants were observed. Among them was a prostrate, vine-like weed,
which had a familiar aspect, but which I could not readily place in the
botanies of this region. By referring to the Botany of California,
however, I found it to be Parietaria debilis Forst., and then remem-
bered it as a common plant of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Some
seed planted in 1897 produced a few plants. I was unable to find
any more in the original locality in 1899, but this was probably owing
to the extreme drought. Although a homely weed, this plant is an in-
teresting find in New Hampshire, since it is far out of its range and
is new both to Gray's Manual and Britton and Brown's Illustrated
Flora. — A. A. Eaton, Seabrook, New Hampshire.

Vol. 2, No. 18, including pages 107 to 132, plate 18, and a portrait (unnumbered)
was issued June 21, 1900.

Rhodora i Plate 19.

Oo

a
b
“J

nra eg
=
RS

R. G. Leavitt, del.

REVERSIONS IN BERBERIS AND SAGITTARIA

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 August, I900 No. 20

NOTES OF A WILD GARDEN.
G. U. Hav.

PossiBLy some of the readers of RHODORA may be interested in the
experiment of a wild garden which I planned and started some twelve
years since, on a two-acre lot about eleven miles from the city of St,
John, New Brunswick. The plan was somewhat ambitious, being
intended to show within this small area all the flowering plants and
ferns, and their allies of New Brunswick, with possibly a few others,
trees and shrubs from other latitudes, for the purpose of comparison.
The latter are kept quite distinct from the * Natives" in the culti-
vated or open portions of the garden.

The abundant shade of a fine grove, with a northern exposure and
a depression running through it, in which is retained ample moisture
during the dry season, furnishes a suitable habitat for ferns and other
plants requiring shade and moisture. The rocks and miniature gorges
of the grove have welcomed the ferns especially ; and, almost without
effort, beyond the transplanting, these interesting plants of the prov-
inces, with but few exceptions, have flourished in the natural home
provided for them. And here it may be said, the whole aim in the
management of the garden has been to let nature have a free hand
with the exception of necessary clearing and pruning, and to obey her
more obvious dictates.

In one corner of the garden is a meadow very suitable for the plants
from the alluvial river bottoms of the upper St. John and its tributa-
ries, and the Restigouche and other rivers of the Province. This
meadow represents considerable toil as well as pleasure, but the results
have not always been what my too sanguine hopes led me to expect.
The meadow was teeming with yegetation when I began, and the
original inhabitants have made a stern fight against extirpation in

160 Rhodora [AvGusT

order to afford a habitat for the northern hordes brought in to disturb
their hitherto peaceful life. But as I look upon those transplanted
ones,that have grown and flourished, they recall — and I live over
again — canoe voyages on northern rivers, tent-life amid woodland
scenery, the sight of large game in these solitudes, deadly struggles
with small game, such as mosquitoes and black flies, as I dug up the
coveted treasures and, with wearied arms and back, toiled through
thickets and bogs to bring them safely to their destination.

But the piece de resistance in this meadow has been the brook. My
plan was to turn it aside in quiet bays and little placid lakes, on
whose bosom should repose water lilies, and where I should have at a
glance all our aquatic plants. But the turbulent little stream, dashing
down from the adjacent hill sides, has carried away — root and branch
— the plants placed too confidingly within the limits of its bed. It
refuses to become a partner to my scheme and emits a gurgle of de-
light at every fresh failure of mine to win it over, or at least to secure
its passive non-resistance.

Beyond, to the southward, there rises a hill whose fertility has been
drained to enrich the grove and meadow below it. The soil is dry
and poor, covered with a growth of pines, firs, birches, shrubs and
heath plants. Here the Heather (Calluna vulgaris) transplanted
from Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, has flourished for several years
— an evidence of the sterility of the soil. Here stands an aged white
pine, the sole survivor of a fire which swept over the place scarcely
two decades ago. ‘The scarred and blackened trunk and upper
branches, extended imploringly, tell of its struggle forlife. Crossing a
slight depression another knoll is reached on which stands a small
summer cottage where I shall be glad to welcome any reader of
RHODORA and show him, in part at least, a wild garden of New Bruns-
wick plants, with, alas, the graves of some of those that have perished
because of the too near approach to the Bay of Fundy's chill fogs and
winds.

In the garden there are over five hundred species of flowering
plants and ferns, many of which were zz situ, while others have been
planted during the past twelve years. The ferns, trees and shrubs,
and those flowering plants most easily transferable are more largely
represented. The ferns embrace a nearly complete list of this class
of New Brunswick plants. The trees and shrubs are also well repre-
sented. Of the eighty species found in the province more than two-

CE VS

1900 | Seymour, — Fruiting of Riccia natans 161

thirds are growing and in good condition, and in a short time I hope
to have this portion of our flora complete. Little or no attempt has
been made to arrange the plants according to any system of classifi-
cation, the chief aim being to provide natural habitats and surround-
ings, asfar as possible. Fora record of observations, made up to the
end of the season of 1898, on the plants of the garden I may refer
any one interested to Bulletin XVII of the Natural History Society of
New Brunswick.

Sr. JOHN, NEw BRUNSWICK.

THE FRUITING OF RICCIA NATANS.
A. B. SEYMOUR.

Riccia natans is abundant in a small pond near Mount Auburn,
Cambridge. Early in the season the surface of the pond is well
covered with it, as observed by Prof. L. M. Underwood and myself
in 1891. Presumably, it abounds every spring, but I have given it
no attention since 1891, till now. Early this spring it was floating in
great abundance along the shore of the pond. In June the pond,
which is shallow, becomes filled with a growth of water-grasses and
other plants, and the water in the pond is considerably lower than at
first, even in a season that is not very dry.

The tendency of the winds is to wash the floating Azccza ashore
and as the water recedes the plants are left on the mud. Weeds
soon spring up and hide them.

I have heard conflicting reports regarding the fruiting of this
plant. One says it fruits floating, another that it fruits on the mud.
The fact is, that fruit is found after the spores have had time to
mature. I have examined the plants this spring, from week to week,
from the earliest indication of fruiting to the completion of mature
spores. ‘The first mature spores were found about June 1, on both
floating plants and those fixed to the mud. Now, at the end of June,
no floating plants are seen. Plants on the mud have abundant spores
at full maturity. The fruit is figured in Gray's Manual.

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

162 Rhodora [ AUGUST

THE NEW ENGLAND SPECIES OF DICTYOSIPHON.
F. S. CorLiINs.

Tue genus Dictyosiphon was founded by Greville in 1830, on
the Conferva foeniculacea of Hudson, which, for a long time, was the
only species. There are now about ten species recognized, all but
one inhabiting the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, extending also
a short distance into the North Pacific. The one exception, which,
when better known, may have to be transferred to another genus, oc-
curs in South Pacific and Antarctic waters. à

The genus is characterized by a terete, more or less abundantly
branched frond, growing by an apical cell, by whose rapid division
and the repeated division of the segments cut off, the frond is formed ;
consisting of an inner layer of rather large, loose, colorless cells,
elongated in the direction of the length of the frond, and an exter-
nal layer of small, roundish or squarish colored cells. Unilocular
sporangia, spherical or flask-shaped, are formed in the cortical layer,
immersed or slightly projecting; plurilocular sporangia are unknown.

'There are two subgenera, characterized thus: —

EU-DICTYOSIPHON.

Species of large size, slender, filiform, little or not at all gelatinous; branches
and ramuli not attenuate at the base; cortical cells small; sporangia usually
scattered, single.

COILONEMA.
Of smaller size; branches of first and second. orders long, sub-simple, hollow,

inflated, tapering to both ends, especially to the base; cells of the cortical
layer large, rounded ; sporangia in groups.

Not one of the characters given above, however, is always to be
depended on; indeed, in a good proportion of individual plants, some
characters of one subgenus will be found combined with characters
of the other.

Specific limitations are vague ; very distinct types can be selected,
but all possible intermediate forms are found, and the determination
of individual specimens is often a matter of considerable difficulty,
and sometimes impossible. The following key will only approximately
indicate the New England forms:

Frond with stout percurrent axis and simple branches of nearly uniform length,
D. Macounii Farlow,
Frond quite slender, simple or with very few branches,
D. Ekmani Areschoug.

1900] Collins, — New England species of Dictyosiphon 163

Frond repeatedly branched,
All branches nearly the same size as the main stem.
Branches not contracted at the base, D. Aippuroides (Lyng.) Kuetz.
Branches contracted at the base,
D. hippuroides var, fragilis (Harv.) Kjellm.

Branches of successive orders smaller and smaller, the ultimate very slender,
All except the oldest parts beset with uniformly short ramuli,
D. hispidus Kjellman.
No definite short ramuli; branches not contracted at base,
D. foeniculaceus ( Huds.) Grev.
No definite short ramuli; branches contracted at base,
D. foeniculaceus var. Americanus Collins
It will be noticed that no account has been made of color, although
nearly all descriptions speak of D. Aippuroides as being dark brown,
D. foeniculaceus and D. hispidus light brown. The writer's experi-
ence is that in the living plant age and exposure have more influence
than have specific differences ; while in the dried specimens the man-
ner of preparation may make more difference than anything else.
Altogether the most common form in Europe is D. foeniculaceus,
the type of the genus; but in New England it seems to be not very
abundant, at least in its typical form. The main stem bears numer-
ous alternate branches, each bearing branches of the second order,
followed by third and other orders, each order being more slender
than the preceding, the ultimate very fine. Occasionally the main
stem and some of the larger branches are hollow, otherwise all are
solid. |
In Southern New England the typical form is seldom found, but
its place is taken by what appears to be an undescribed variety, for
which I propose the name var. Americanus. ‘The contracted bases
of the branches, the often longitudinally seriate cortical cells, and the
sporangia frequently in groups, show a tendency to the subgenus
Coilonema, while the size of the plant, the branches of several orders
growing successively more slender, agree with typical D. foeniculaceus.
In habit it resembles Striaria attenuata, Grev., more than it does
typical D. foeniculaceus. ‘The northernmost point at which it has
been found is at Weymouth, Mass. (F. S. C.), in the warm water col-
ony established there. It is the common Dictyosiphon at Newport,
R. I. (Mrs. W. C. Simmons), and at Bridgeport, Conn. (Isaac Hol-
den). South of New England it extends at least as far as Atlantic
City, N. J. (S. R. Morse). It occurs chiefly on Phyllitis fascia (Fl.
Dan.) Kuetz., in less frequency on Scytosiphon lomentarius (Lyng.)
Ag., and occasionally on other algae; it is found chiefly in spring.

164 Rhodora [AUGUST

'The plant which in northern New England has passed largely for
JD. foeniculaceus appears to be rather D. Aispidus Kjellm. In gen-
eral habit it is not unlike the older species ; the branching is abundant
and pretty regularly alternate, and the younger parts are uniformly
beset, often quite densely, with subulate or filiform ramuli, two or three
cm. long. These appear to be of a distinct class from the normal
branches, and of limited growth, remaining of the same dimensions,
while normal branches continue to grow and branch indefinitely.
The writer has collected this species at various points from Nahant,
Mass., to Mount Desert, Maine, and it probably continues along the
Canadian shore, as it occurs in Greenland, Spitzbergen and Norway.
It seems to prefer rocky pools on rather exposed coasts, and grows
by preference on Chordaria flagelliformis (Fl. Dan.) Ag. It is in its
best condition in July and August.

D. hippuroides (Lyng.) Kuetz, like the last species, has often
passed under the name of D. foeniculaceus, and it must be confessed
that it is not easy to distinguish the two. D. Aippuroides is a coarser
plant, less branched, the branches of various orders more nearly of
the same size and less tapering. Our plant, as compared with the
European forms, is of looser structure, and has a larger central cavity.
It is our largest species, and in favorable situations may reach a meter
in length. What appears to be a reduced form, not over a decimeter
in height, is found at Newport, R. I. (Mrs. Simmons). There is no
other record of its occurrence south of Nahant, but from that point
north it is common, usually growing on Chordaria flagelliformis, occa-
sionally on other algae.

D. ùippuroides var. fragilis (Harv.) Kjellman, has the branches
of the first order of nearly the same diameter throughout, except at
the base, where they are distinctly constricted; branches of higher
order than the first are few ; the general habit is that of the subgenus
Coilonema, and extreme forms also resemble D. Macounii Farlow.
It is common at Marblehead Neck, Mass., in company with the type,
both on Chordaria flagelliformis.

In the typical form of D. Macounii Farlow there is a stout main
axis like a Scytosiphon, and similarly hollow ; from this issue numer-
ous branches of nearly uniform length, and seldom divided or branched ;
they aie either straight or incurved, and taper to both ends. This
form occurs in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; only a reduced form, ap-
proximating D. Aippuroides, occurring in New England. This was

1900] Collins, — New England species of Dictyosiphon — 165

found by the writer at Mount Desert, Maine, in tide pools, in com-
pany with D. Aippuroides, in July.

D. Ekmani Areschoug is a smaller plant than any of the species
yet named, the fronds seldom exceeding five cm. in length. They
are normally simple, but sometimes have a few short branches. They
are very slender, in the American form of nearly uniform diameter,
while in the European form they are considerably larger in the middle
than at either end. The sporangia are full as large in this species as
in the others, somewhat larger in the American than in the European
form. It is a plant of the upper tide pools, growing on Scytosiphon
lomentarius, which it covers quite densely. It is common about
Nahant in spring and early summer, extending northeast to the bound-
ary, and is found also at Yarmouth, N. S. (Herb. Farlow.)

Though these are all the forms that occur within our limits, it may
not be amiss to mention two forms that occur in Northern Europe
and Greenland, and that may be expected to be found on the coast of
Maine. D. foeniculaceus var. flaccidus Kjellm. has stem and main
branches tubular, larger than in the type, but soft and easily torn.
D. corymbosus Kjellm. has a short axis and long, subequal, nearly
simple branches, not constricted at the base.

The following summary will give the more important references
for the species named, and some synonomy : —
D. FoENICULACEUS (Huds.) Grev.

Greville, Algae Britannicae, p. 56, Pl. VIII.

Farlow, N. E. Marine Algae, p. 66.

Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, No. 673.

Conferva foeniculacea Hudson, Flora Anglica, p. 594.

var. FLACCIDUS (Aresch.) Kjellm.
Kjellman, Algae of the Arctic Sea, p. 268.

D. flaccidus Areschoug, Observationes Phycologicae, Part 3, p. 31.
var. AMERICANUS Collins.

Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, No. 674.
D. uisPipus Kjellm.
Kjellman, Algae of the Arctic Sea, page 270.
Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, No. 677.
D. foeniculaceus subspecies hispidus Kjellman, Spetsbergens
Thallophyter, Part 2, p. 39, Pl. II, fig. 1.
D. urPPUROIDES (Lyng.) Kuetz.
Kuetzing, Tabulae Phycologicae, Vol. VI., p. 19, Pl. LII, fig. 2.

166 Rhodora [AuGust

Farlow, N. E. Marine Algae, p. 66.

Farlow, Anderson & Eaton, Alg. Am.-Bor. Exsicc., No. 95.

Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, No. 675.

Scytosiphon hippuroides Lyngbye, Hydrophytologia Danica, p. 63,

Pl. XIV, B.
var. FRAGILIS (Harv.) Kjellm.

Kjellman, Algae of the Arctic Sea, p. 268.

Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, No. 676.

D. fragilis Harvey in Kuetzing, Species Algarum, p. 485 ; Tabulae

Phycologicae, Vol. VI., p. 19, Pl. LII, fig. r.
D. Macouxir Farlow.
Farlow, Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. XVI., Dn. 4 sRk
LXXXVII, fig. 1.
D. EKMANI Aresch.
Areschoug, Observationes Phycologicae, Part 3, p. 52.
Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, No. 533.
D. convMBosus Kjellm.

Kjellman, Algae of the Arctic Sea, p. 267, Pl. XXVI.

The writer is indebted to Dr. L. Kolderup-Rosenvinge, of Copen-
hagen, for specimens of Dictyosiphon from Europe and Greenland,
and for notes as to the differences between the American and the
European forms.

ASTER CONCINNUS IN NEW ENGLAND.

L. ANDREWS,

EARLY in September, 1898, while botanizing with Mr. C. H. Bissell
along the foot of the precipitous cliffs of Meriden Mountain in Connec-
ticut, we found, growing with the little fern, Asplenium Trichomanes,
in the crevices of the rocks, a peculiar form of Aster. As these rock-
crevices are usually very dry and devoid of soil, rarely supporting
more than a small amount of vegetation, the occurrence of these Asters
was very noticeable. A few specimens were collected, and, after dry-
ing, were examined, but with very unsatisfactory results.

Later, in making up a package for the New England Botanical
Club, one of these strange Asters was included. The following por-
tion of a letter, dated June 9, 1900, from Mr. M. L. Fernald,
phanerogamic curator of the club herbarium, gives the result of his
investigation.

1900] Eaton, — A few additions to New Hampshire flora 167

“Your No. 674, Aster from 1,000 feet on Meriden Mountain,
proves to be the extremely rare and little known A. concinnus, Willd.
I have compared it with authentic specimens, which have themselves
been verified by comparison in the Willdenow herbarium, and feel no
hesitation in so placing it. The plant is one of the rarest and least
known of American species and, though Dr. Gray doubtfully referred
a few more southern specimens to it, your plant much better matches
the authentic specimens which we have than does anything else I

have seen. Other New England collectors have sent me plants under `

the name A. concinnus, but theirs have thus far proved to be forms of
A. laevis. Your plant, as you will see, has thinner, greener leaves than
that species, and the bracts are thin and linear-attenuate, not unlike
those of A. longifolius or A. paniculatus. I hope you will watch the
. plant this year and secure us some good material. I am sorry that I
did not detect the plant in time for your Flora of Meriden Mountain."
In the Synoptical Flora of North America, Dr. Gray says of Aster
concinnus : ** North America, received by Willdenow from Muhlenburg.
An indigenous specimen from Pennsylvania, Minn, in herb. Cosson.
This and perhaps that of North Carolina, Schweinitz in herb. Ell. (now
lost), and Arkansas, Harvey, seem to be the only indigenous ones
seen." We now have the pleasure of announcing in the pages of
Ruopora an additional station for this extremely rare species.

SOUTHINGTON, CONN.

En

A FEW ADDITIONS TO THE NEW HAMPSHIRE FLORA.
ALVAH A. EATON.

Tune lists of New England plants which appear in RHODORA are
very helpful to the general collector, showing him where knowledge is
deficient and observation demanded. They should also help com-
pilers of botanies so that no future work need leave a large percentage
of a state's flora unrecorded.

* Massachusetts and South” is the limit of many plants found over
the line in New Hampshire, and just about ten per cent of the plants
found in this neighborhood are not accredited to the state in a recent
pretentious work.

Under these circumstances it may not be amiss to amend the lists

168 Rhodora [AUGUST

as they appear, giving extension of range, and, in important cases, the
localities. )

Gaylussacia dumosa T. & G., in a bog at Nottingham.

Gaylussacia resinosa glaucocarpa Robinson, is more abundant in
the coast towns of Rockingham county than the type; the fruit is
larger, juicier, and more generally esteemed.

Crantzia lineata Nutt. Abundant about the Great Bay in the
Squamscot River, Exeter, and at New Market.

Sanicula canadensis L. Seabrook and Kensington, among deciduous
trees.

Rhus venenata D.C., is too common in many swamps.

Polygala cruciata L. Quite common on moist brackish grasslands,
near the marsh. Seabrook, Hampton Falls and Hampton.

Baptisia tinctoria R. Br. Common in sandy woods near the coast.

Genista tinctoria L. This beautiful pest has been met with only
at North Hampton, where it covers a space of about a square rod by
the roadside. It is rapidly spreading.

Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Nottingham, N. H., a few plants only.

Lespedeza reticulata Pers. Kensington and Nottingham; sandy
hills under deciduous forest.

Lespedeza polystachya Michx. Nottingham and Kensington, with
the last.

Medicago Lupulina L. Not uncommon.

Medicago arabica All. Quite plentiful in a cultivated field at South
Hampton. Not elsewhere observed. "

Cassia nictitans and Strophostyles approach the line at Amesbury
and may be expected in the state.

Two trees of Acer platanoides in a cemetery at Seabrook have
started a numerous colony, but the saplings are not allowed to thrive.
The seeds are spread broadcast by high northwest winds, and often
travel one eighth of a mile, but as the soil is all cultivated none sur-
vive save in fence rows. Doubtless these will persist.

SEABROOK, NR

CLEISTOGAMY IN LINARIA CANADENSIS.
J. R. WEBSTER.

IN August, 1898, I noticed at Milton, Mass., a plant of Zinaria
Canadensis that produced cleistogamous flowers only. In 1899, three

1900] Webster, — Cleistogamy in Linaria Canadensis 169

plants appeared within five or six feet of the spot where the first was
seen. These were examined almost daily from April to October, and
were seen to produce flowers abundantly, which were all cleistogamous.
No other plants of this species were noticed in the neighborhood of
these in either year. They grew in soil that was not very rich, and
was composed of gravelly loam with a small addition of material from
a peat meadow. They attained a height of twenty to twenty-four
inches, developing branched racemes, some of which were a foot or
more in length. Two of the plants branched from the bottom. They
were exposed to the sun in the morning, but were shaded in the latter
part of the day.

The closed corollas averaged about one-sixteenth of an inch in
height and about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter at the base.
They were closely contracted around the four anthers, and were com-
pressed into a little knot at the top. The expanded bases of the fila-
ments were confined within so small a circle that they coalesced,
forming a small corona within the corolla. The corollas were white,
with a faint blue tinge, slightly inclined to pink in the two or three
cases in which a short spur was produced. Almost all the flowers were
spurless. As soon as a corolla was pushed above its calyx by the
growth of the ovary, it was separated from the latter and dropped.
The flowers produced seeds.

Since my attention was first drawn to the occurrence of cleisto:
gamous flowers in Linaria Canadensis, I have noticed them in racemes
which bore also fully developed flowers on plants of this species grow-
ing in other localities. Mr. E. L. Rand, Mr. Walter Deane, and others
have also noticed them. Several authors describe the plant as fre-
quently having flowers with no corolla, or with a spurless corolla.

In Contributions from the U. S. Herbarium, Vol. III., No. 8, p. 517,
Rydberg records from the Black Hills of South Dakota a form of this
species: “ Very slender and depauperate, apparently with cleistoga-
mous flowers. ‘The same form has also been collected in Nebraska by
Rev. J. M. Bates, of. Valentine."

Mr. T. S. Brandegee states in Zoe for June, 1900, p. 13, that he
has noticed *a multitude of cleistogamous flowers on the lower part of
the main and the whole length of the many side branches" of Z. Caza-
densis, Dum., as it grows about San Diego.

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

170 Rhodora [ AUGUST

SOME UNDESCRIBED VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS OF
CAREX.

M. L. FERNALD.

IN the course of recent studies of New England Carices five
forms have been examined which differ so markedly from the described
species as to merit special recognition.

Carex vESTITA, Willd., var Kennedyi. Pistillate spikes solitary or,
if 2, closely approximate, the upper sometimes androgynous; stami-
nate spike very short, overtopped by the pistillate. Near Silver
Lake, Wilmington, Massachusetts, June 11, 1899 (G. G. Kennedy)
A remarkable plant, on a casual examination seeming to have only
pistillate spikes, and thus appearing very unlike typical C. vestita with
its long, clavate, staminate spike.

C. maritima, Müll., var. erectiuscula. Spikes short, 1.25 to 1.75
cm. long, short-peduncled or subsessile, erect, not drooping, scattered
or approximate : scales with shorter less conspicuous tips than in the
species: perigynia smaller than in the ordinary American form, barely
3 mm. long. Cushing, Maine, July 10, 1888 (F. S. Collins in herb.
C. W. Swan). An extreme form of the species parallel with C. crinita,
vars. minor and simulans.

C. lupulina x bullata. Coarse as C. Zupu/ina: pistillate spikes
subtended by broad elongated bracts, solitary or 2, remote, sessile or
short-peduncled, 3 to 5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, mostly staminate at
tip: perigynia firm as in C. ?u//afa, but large and dull as in C. Zupu-
lina: principal staminate inflorescence peduncled; the peduncle
about half as long as in C. bullata; the spikes numerous, as large as
in C. lupulina. About small ponds in woods, Medford, Massachu-
setts, July 31, 1870 (Wm. Boott).

C. retrorsa x utriculata. Spikes and perigynia as in C. wtric-
ulata, but the perigynia mostly retrorse as in C. retrorsa. Connec-
ticut, probably near Hartford (C. Wright in herb. C. W. Swan).

C. virescensx arctata. Slender and tall, 6 to 8 dm. high:
leaves long and comparatively narrow (broadest 3 or 4 mm. wide),
pubescent, especially on the sheaths: spikes slender, 2.5 to 5 cm. long,
2 to 2.5 mm. thick, mostly peduncled, ascending or spreading : perigynia
as in C. arctata, minutely puberulent or glabrous. Wooded banks with
both parents, Surry, New Hampshire, July 23, 1899 (M. L. Fernald
in herb. Alstead School Nat. Hist. No. 242). Beautifully combin-

1900] Bacon, Orchids of eastern Vermont 171

ing the characters of C. virescens and C. arctata. In foliage and
pubescence like the former, but in inflorescence much nearer the
latter species.

NEW OR RARE PLANTS FROM POWNAL, VERMONT. — Pownal, which
has furnished so many records of southern and western plants in Ver-
mont, was visited the last of May, and a number of species new to
the state were found.

Cornus florida, L., reported by Dr. J. W. Robbins in 1829, from
Castleton, and since reported in other parts of southern Vermont, but
unrepresented by herbarium specimens, was there collected.

Anemonella thalictroides, Spach, reported from ‘southern Ver-
mont” in Perkins’s Flora, was found growing abundantly with Ranun-
culus hispidus, Michx., about the hills of North Pownal. The latter
species has undoubtedly been mistaken many times for A. fascicularis,
Muhl.

Other noteworthy plants found at the same time were Ranunculus
bulbosus, L., R. abortivus eucyclus, Fernald, Antennaria petaloidea,
Fernald, Taraxacum erythrospermum, Andrz., Anemone riparia, Fer-
nald, and Polygonatum giganteum, Dietrich. — W. W. Eggleston, Rut-
land, Vt.

[Prof. S. F. Clarke, of Williams College, writes that Anemonedla has been known
for some years at “ Weeping Rocks" in Pownal. Ranunculus hispidus was re-
cently found by Mr. Ralph Hoffmann at Stockbridge, Mass., its first station in the
state. — Ep. ]

SOME ORCHIDS OF EASTERN VERMONT.
ALICE E. BACON.

A SECTION of the Connecticut valley, within a radius of four miles
from Bradford, furnishes some fine specimens of Orchidaceze, as well
as other plants of great interest to the botanist. Less than a mile
from the village is a swamp entirely covered at this season (June 25)
with Cypripedium spectabile, and a little earlier fine specimens of
C. pubescens and C. parviflorum were gathered there. This particular
swamp is also a favorite visiting place for many kinds of birds. In
the heart of the village, on a hill forming one of the banks of Wait’s
River, a small tributary to the Connecticut, is found an abundance of
C. acaule, during the last of May.

172 Rhodora [AuGusT

About two miles south is a high cool peat bog, from which I have
herbarium specimens of the following: J/icrostylis monophyllos, June
24; Calopogon pulchellus, July 8; Pogonia ophioglossoides, July 16;
Habenaria hyperborea, July 8; H. Hookeri, June 26; H. dblephari-
glottis, July 24. I havealso had Zipudaria discolor, but possess no her-
barium specimen, nor do I of Spiranthes Romanszoffiana, which is also
found in this bog. Here is also found plenty of Sarracenia purpurea,
just now in full flower. On the way to this peat bog we pass through
pine woods, where we find Goodyera repens, var. ophioides and G.
pubescens, and also Habenaria orbiculata.

Three miles west, in a wet meadow, are Spiranthes cernua, Aug.
31; Habenaria virescens, June 24; H. psycodes, July 29, and Æ.
fimbriata, July 7. A close examination of the peat bog above men-
tioned should, I think, show us Zéaris, and one or two more species
of Zabenaria.

About ten miles from here isa large swamp of several acres,
which is literally crowded with gigantic specimens of Cypripedium
spectabile; it has been practically undisturbed for generations, being
far from tourist routes, and known only to the country people as a
species of Valerian, and a specific for nervous troubles. Several
hundred stems were gathered last year without any perceptible effect
on the mass; many of the flowers were double — that is, with two in-
flated lips to one calyx, and the stems were from 2 feet to 3 feet high.

I hope to add to the number of orchids already found here, as
others, I feel confident, should be in this section.

BRADFORD, VERMONT.

BaPTISIA AUSTRALIS IN VERMONT,— For nearly ten years Baptisia
australis, R. Br., has been known to me on islands and alluvial banks
of White river in Royalton. The plant occurs in three places, all
within a distance of forty or fifty rods, and within half a mile of
Royalton Centre. The island, where the plant once grew, has never
been grassed over, but is composed of alluvial sands supporting wil-
lows, bush clover, dogbane, etc. Recently, I think, this station has
been destroyed by the washing away of a portion of the Island. In
this locality I have not failed, when I have looked for it, to find the
Baptisia in the past eight years. I have not taken the opportunity to

look above and below on White river, but should expect to find it

1900] Webster, — Boleti collected at Alstead, N. H. 173

below, and perhaps by the Connecticut. I have supposed the plant to
be a relic of cultivation, as it has been cultivated in Royalton, and the
colony may have started from a place two miles above the present
station. A small brook passes through the place and seed may easily
have been conveyed by the brook to the river.

In 189o I saw the plant in a cemetery lot one mile up river from
the established station, and not far from the bank. But itis hardly
possible that seed could have been carried thence by water agency.
So far as I know it is not conspicuously spreading.— Levi WILD,
Franklin, Vt.

BOLETI COLLECTED AT ALSTEAD, N. H.

H. WEBSTER.

A stay of five weeks in the hill town of Alstead, N. H., in July
and August, 1899, repeated in 1900, has given opportunity for the col-
lection of many fleshy fungi. Among them, and peculiar to the season,
are numerous species of Boleti, on which, in view of the increasing
attention given to these plants, a few notes may not be out of place.
The collections were made by roadsides, on open and wooded hillsides,
and in the hollows between the hills, usually in woods. Alstead Centre
is in the northern part of Cheshire County six miles east from the Con-
necticut River, at an altitude of 1120 feet. ,

Since the seasons, both in 1899 and 1900, were unusually.dry in the
region, a large and continuous crop of fleshy fungi was not to be ex-
pected, and collections on the whole were rather meagre. Neverthe-
less, here and there a mossy slope, or a springy bank, or a mass of
water-soaked decaying wood, held moisture enough to prevent the total
non-appearance of the fungi naturally sought in such places; and
well-shaded brooksides, swamps, and bogs were explored, not without
success. Indeed the variety, if. not the abundance of fleshy fungi was
sufficient to keep interest unflaggingly alive, and to furnish material for
constant study.

A word as to the treatment of the material collected may be sug-
gestive to others similarly situated, especially if they would preserve
Boleti. The process of drying, usually the stumbling block in the field,
was asfollows. In the first place a visit was made to the tinsmith, who

174 Rhodora [AUGUST

for a few dollars constructed a sheet iron box with shelves of wire netting.
'The dimensions of such a box may be adjusted to suit individual needs.
A convenient size is four feet high by two feet square or less, with sliding
shelves three inches apart. ‘These should be of strong coarse wire net-
ting, bound at the edges. Small squares of fine wire netting are con-
venient, also, for the reception of collections of small species. These
can be laid on the shelves. The box is without a top and without a
bottom, with a door in front, where it is held from collapsing by bands
of sheet iron above and below the door. At the very bottom holes
around the sides admit air. A kerosene stove completes the equipment.
The height of this determines the position of the lowest shelf, on which
it is well to lay a small plate of tin or glass, directly above the lamp,
to distribute the heat. With this apparatus, the lamp with a low flame,
relays of fungi may be conveniently dried ; a lot put in in the evening
will dry in the course of the night. When dry they may be allowed to
accumulate on driers heaped on floor or table until a misty or rainy at-
mosphere renders them flexible enough to be put to press. Some five
hundred collections were treated successfully in this way in five weeks
in 1900. It seems probable that a portable drying box of the kind de-
scribed, that could be arranged to fold or clamp at the corners, might
easily be made.

Among the fleshy fungi, properly so called, collected at Alstead, the
Boleti are prominent, as was to be expected, in a number of species.
The following list, with notes, will show what it was possible to find
among 'the hills of New Hampshire in a dry season.

It is natural, of course, to find Boletinus pictus Peck in every sphag-
num bog, and on the mossy hummocks in wet woods, especially where
there is abundance of decayed wood. It appears in Alstead at least as
early as July 4, and probably earlier. Occasionally a rotten log may
be found bearing a half dozen fruits in various stages, when the mycelial
strands may be disclosed by tearing the log to pieces. All specimens
examined had the solid stem and the dark red color required by the
author's description, but were slightly umbonate. As found about
Boston the species appears closer to B. cavipes Kalch., for the stem is
usually hollow at the base, although the color is not that ascribed to
the latter species.

Boletinus porosus (Berk.) Peck is occasional, but B. paluster Peck
has not yet been found. It has been collected at Centre Harbor by
Mr. C. F. Grover.

1900] Webster, — Boleti collected at Alstead, N. H. 175

Of the viscid Boleti only a few species occur so early in the season.
Boletus Americanus Peck has been repeatedly collected. Reports of
it are not infrequently to be referred to Boletinus pictus, which in its
late stages loses most of its tomentum and appears very yellow. B.
albus Peck has occurred several times in open woods, and B. granula-
tus L. more often, though not in its autumnal abundance. One or
two specimens intermediate between the two, but inclining towards BZ.
albus suggest the close affinity of the two species. I have generally
found, however, that in B. albus the pileus is small in comparison
with the length of the stem.

The only other members of the section Viscipelles so far found
about Alstead are B. ruózne/us Peck, and B. piperatus Bull, two species
which hardly show any viscidity, except in wet weather. The former
grows in small quantity in two or three localities, one of which is in
mixed woods, and another on an open hillside in moss just at the edge of
a hemlock grove ; one or two plants grew on decayed wood. Although
at first glance much like B. piperatus, especially when the pores have
become brown, the red and yellow tints of pileus and stem easily dis-
tinguish B. rudined/us. In its young state its coloring is most attrac-
tive, the comparatively large pores and often the upper part of the stem
being of a peculiar red — almost Indian red in one instance. With
the ripening of the spores this striking tint disappears from the tubes.
Some dried specimens still retain a trace of it, and preserve the red and
the marginal yellow of the pileus remarkably well. In the dozen
or more specimens found, the stem was yellow at the base as in B. piper-
atus,and with yellow flesh ; it was minutely flocculose above, and fibrous
striate below. The yellowish white flesh of the pileus generally showed
a faint band of pink near the pores. The dimensions of the spores
were 13% by 3% m, ora little more [12% to 15 by 4, Peck]. Mature
plants were found on July 21, 1899, and somewhat younger ones on
July 18, 1900. Whether it will continue to appear at about that date
remains to be seen, but it is not improbable that it may always be fairly
prompt to date, like some other species, whose limited occurrence both
in place and time is in such strong contrast with such plants as B.
scaber, B. subtomentosus, and even B. piperatus. ‘The last species is
fairly abundant along roadsides and in woods, from the middle of July,
or earlier, well into August, and probably later. In dried condition its
resemblance to the browner forms of B. rudinellus is close. The deter-
mination of B. rubinellus was kindly confirmed by Mr. Peck.

176 Rhodora [AUGUST

Of the pruinose and subtomentose boleti, five species out of six or
eight found, are easily recognizable. B. miniato-olivaceus Frost var.
sensibilis Peck seems less common than about Boston, certainly not
common enough to suggest the dangerous experiment of eating it.
It may be remarked, however, that the writer has eaten fresh young
specimens of this Boletus (the pores removed) withoutany other than
pleasurable results. Boleti even more than other fungi demand to be
eaten as soon as gathered.

B. bicolor Peck, in exact agreement with the author's description,
was found under a hemlock on a hillside on July 21, 1899. Its small
pores and red stem are conspicuous even in the dried state.

The Boletus that has been found in greatest quantity about Alstead
is one that I have referred to B. su/g/aóripes Peck. It agrees well
with the author's figure in Report 51 of the New York State Museum,
and with the description, except that the flesh is usually pale-yellowish
or yellowish-white, and the branny particles on the stem, in carefully
handled specimens, can hardly be overlooked. Sometimes, a reddish
tint appears on the lower part of stem at maturity. The color of the
pileus is, in general, dead-leaf brown, with occasional chestnut tints in
the pale-yellow color of pores and stem ; and in other points, including
the dimensions of the olivaceous spores (1212 to 15 by 4 to 5m, Peck),
it agrees well with the description, although the average size of the
spores appears to be about 13 by 314 w. This Boletus is conspicuous
about Alstead by reason of its abundance, and its repeated appearance
in woods and along wooded roadsides in July and early August. It
has several times been gathered in sufficient quantity to furnish a dish
at table, and can be recommended to those who like Boleti. Certain
specimens are somewhat pitted or corrugated (var. corrugis Peck).
This determination has been approved by Mr. Peck.

Of B. chrysenteron Fr. a few doubtful specimens have been col-
lected, referred here because of their yellow flesh.

B. subtomentosus L., is common and extremely variable. The
points relied on for recognition have been the soft, strongly tomentose
pileus, the long, large, depressed, but often decurrent pores, the ribs
on the upper part of the stem, the unchanging pale flesh, and the
yellow mycelial strands at the base of the stem, which is sometimes
reddish within.

The Calopodes are so far represented at Alstead by B. ornatipes

* See RHODORA, I: 2, pp. 21 — 23, Feb. 1899.

1900] Webster, — Boleti collected at Alstead, N. H. 177

Peck, which is rather frequent towards the end of July, and by P.
pachypus , Fr. which has been found twice. "The former species, with its
prevailing yellow color under a brownish pileus, and strongly reticulate
stem, is familiar. The specimens referred to B. pachypus are few and
somewhat doubtful, still they will go nowhere else. In general they
agree well with the description ; but the stem is not particularly thick,
and the spores are of the usual Boletus type, and not ovate. Their
dimensions are 14 by 4 & (14 by 6 Massee, 12% to 134% by 5 to 6
Peck). More material is needed to confirm this record.

Three species on the list are referable to the Edules. The first of
these, B. separans Peck, occurs here and there, one or two plants at
a time, in July and later, and is generally thick-stemmed and much
injured by insects. The brownish-red of the pileus, with often a yellow
margin, the lilac tints of the young buttons, and the tendency of the
pores to separate from the stem, are fairly constant characters.

Most worthy of note is B. eximius Peck. No firmer, heavier Boletus
can be found, nor any more instantly recognizable. Its purplish-brown
pileus, dark pores, and dark, hard, furfuraceous stem, distinguish it at
once. The tubes, it may be noted, are dull ochraceous or pale dead-
leaf color, and in a vertical section contrast with the grayish or grayish-
purple flesh. This Boletus, which seems not to be frequently collected,
occurs sparingly at Alstead in July and August. A fine group of them
was found on July 22, 1900, and being unusually free from insects,
was welcome as herbarium material.

Boletus affinis Peck, has been collected several times, but rarely
in condition for preservation. It is usually very soft, and succumbs
quickly to moisture, heat, and insects.

With the exception of one imperfect specimen, v2ry doubtfully re-
ferred to B. Satanas Lenz, and one specimen which is either B. a/veo-
latus B. & C., as described by Frost, or more probably 4. Frostii Rus-
sell, the Luridi are represented only by B. /uridus Schaeff, in various
pale forms. Typical B. /uridus has been found once. In the speci-
mens met with orange generally took the place of red, and the pores
were hardly vermillion. Other characters were good.

The single specimen referred to B. Frost is shining blood-red,
with a somewhat uneven pore surface, and flesh which changed to blue.
The reticulations of the stem are distinct, and the color strong, but
there is no great roughness or raggedness of surface, as in specimens
frequently collected in eastern Massachusetts.

178 Rhodora [ AUGUST

The three common species of the section Versipelles are common
also at Alstead, the most frequent being, of course, B. scaber Fr., which,
much to the annoyance of driving parties, has always to be investigated
along roadsides, lest something more interesting may be overlooked.
There are always exciting possibilities about a glimpsed Boletus. B.
` versipellis Fr. is less frequent, but common enough to earn the neglect
of collectors. B. chromapes Frost, on the other hand, partly from the
attractive contrast of the pink of the pileus and the yellow of the stem,
and partly because it occurs less frequently than expected, has usually
been brought in when found. It begins to appear late in July.

Two species of Hyporhodii have been collected, B. gracilis Peck,
which is not common, and B. /z//eus Bull. which is. There is little to
be said of either. B. fed/eus, however, is not so large as I am accus-
tomed to see it. A small form of it is not infrequent on stumps, pre-
sumably of hemlock, as noted by Peck.

B. cyanescens Bull. and B. castaneus Bull. represent the Cariosi,
neither of them frequent so far as seen.

Since the preceding account was in type, a few more forms deserv-
ing notice have been collected. One of these is plainly referable to
B. badius Fr., although the viscid cap is hardly shining when dry,
and the flesh shows no blue, but after a time a pinkish tint. The stem
is somewhat lined and finely brown-punctate. It agrees almost exactly
with the figure in Michael's Führer für Pilzfreunde, a little book whose
excellent colored plates ought to be better known. B. afinis Peck
is sometimes confounded with B. badius, but is a much softer species,
with flesh that usually turns yellowish, and pores that show bright ochra-
ceous tints, whereas those of B. badius turn promptly to green when
wounded.

A single specimen, which can be only B. griseus Frost, was found
July 28, 1900, on a drive to Keene. The grayish cap, small white
tubes, and beautifully reticulated whitish stem identify it, in spite of
some discrepancy in its proportions.

Another single specimen, obtained on the same drive, is a form, akin
to B. luridus which shows distinctly the characters ascribed to BZ,
erythropus Pers. It has a long slender cylindrical stem, the flesh of
which is red all through within. Its spores are large, 17 by 61% p.

Among many forms, which were at first placed with B. /uridus one,
which was sent to Mr. Peck, has been referred by him to B. vermicu-
losus Peck. The velvety pileus is brown, or yellowish brown; paler

1900] Andrews, — Orchids of Mt. Greylock, Mass. 179

towards the margin; thestem is similar in color, with a close scurfy
covering, glabrous and somewhat yellow above, marked with raised lines
as in B. /uridus; the tubes are yellow with brown mouths ; the yellow
flesh and the tubes change almost instantly to blue. Its spores are
* too small for B. Zuridus," being 10 to 11% by 5 to 517 y.

In addition there is the usual remnant of isolated collections await-
ing determination, the final disposal of which may increase the list.
Specimens of all the species here mentioned are preserved in the her-
barium of the Alstead School of Natural History, and many of them
also in that of the Boston Mycological Club.

ORCHIDS OF MT. GREYLOCK, MASSACHUSETTS.
A. LeRoy ANDREWS.

MT. GREYLOCK, from its foremost position among the mountains of
Massachusetts, and its recent promotion to the dignity of a State Res-
ervation, assumes such an importance that a brief consideration of a
few of its floral features may not be out of place. The mountain,
situated in western Massachusetts, represents a detached spur of the
Taconic system and forms an irregular mass several miles in length
and breadth, with several peaks and various depressions and eroded
valleys. On account of its great extent and its varied conditions of
altitude, soil, drainage, and exposure it -presents a flora of great
interest and variety.

In point of distribution its Orchids especially furnish a study
which well rewards investigation. We may conveniently divide the
mountain surface into four sets of conditions, marked generally by
pronounced floral distinctions, as follows: 1. Unwooded lower slopes
including grassy pastures, springy meadows, narrow drainage valleys,
etc. 2. Lower wooded slopes. 3. Upper wooded slopes. 4. Clear-
ings, at various elevations, generally thickly overgrown with June grass,
sometimes with blueberry bushes, ferns, etc.

In the first-mentioned localities, comparatively dry, steep, hillside
pastures yield Habenaria lacera and Spiranthes gracilis, both very
common species of this portion of Massachusetts. The more moist,
level places furnish S. /atifolia and S. cernua. Upon a steep bank
with a colony of sundew grows Habenaria tridentata.

180 Rhodora [Aucust

The areas referred to as the lower wooded slopes are possibly the
richest in species and afford approximately in the order of ascent,
Orchis spectabilis, Cypripedium acaule, Habenaria Hookeri, Liparis
liliifolia, Habenaria bracteata, H. hyperborea, Corallorhisa multifiora,
Habenaria orbiculata, and Goodyera tesselata.

While it is hard to draw a definite line between the lower and upper
slopes the following distinction may generally be made, the lower are
usually well drained by numerous brooks giving firmer and drier soil,
while the forest growth is largely of deciduous species ; the upper, on
the other hand, are extremely wet and cold, and evergreen trees pre-
ponderate, particularly spruces and balsams. To the upper slopes
belong Microstylis monophylios with occasional specimens of Corallo-
rhiza innata, the drier soil under spruce groves being carpeted with
beautifully reticulated leaves of Goodyera repens var. opAioides. Ha-
benaria dilatata is also reported here, probably correctly, though I
have not yet seen it.

The clearings are characteristic, generally natural, and frequently
of considerable extent. //asenaria lacera is unfailingly present, and,
no matter how dry the soil or the summer, always makes an effort to
unfold its flowers and develop its seed. As a good example of the
pertinacity of this species, I found on a very small grass plot not far
below the summit, at an elevation of something over three thousand
feet, two specimens just coming into bloom, the date being the seventh
of August, a month later than its date of flowering in the valleys below.
The occurrence of Microstylis ophioglossoides in one of these dry,
grass-covered meadows is noteworthy as so inconsistent with its usual
habitat. It occurs, so far as I know, only in one place, but is there
rather abundant and seems to thrive and bloom as well as in more
congenial swampy localities, though it very seldom develops a seed-
pod.

The above observations are based upon personal exploration of a
portion of the mountain surface, and while not necessarily exhaustive,
and probably admitting of exceptions and additions for other portions,
may be taken as a fair statement of the general conditions of growth
and distribution of Orchidaceae of Greylock Mountain.

THETFORD ACADEMY, Thetford, Vermont.

Vol. 2, No. 19, including pages 133 to 158 and plate 19, was issued
July ro, 1900.

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 September, 1900 No. 21

THE FERNS OF ALSTEAD, NEW HAMPSHIRE.
HELEN M. NOYES.

For several weeks I have watched with interest the ferns occurring
within a five-mile radius of the Alstead School of Natural History.
Besides Alstead itself this region embraces portions of several other
towns, though with few exceptions the species here enumerated have
all been collected within the limits of Alstead township. Notwith-
standing the fact that there is little or no limestone in the immediate
vicinity of Alstead, the natural conditions of the region — naked and
wooded hills, exposed and sheltered cliffs, upland and lowland woods
and swamps — are favorable to the development of very many species,
and the unusually complete representation of many genera has fur-
nished a good opportunity for study. To those familiar with the
limited region which I have examined, the following notes may be of
interest, while to others they may furnish data for some profitable
comparisons.

There is hardly a pasture or roadside, wet or dry, from which one
. does not get, as he walks or rides, the fragrance from the damp or
almost viscid fronds of the sweet-scented fern, Dicksonia pilo-
siuscula. The stone walls marking the boundary lines of the hillside
farms, and the boulders, often lodged in deep hollows, are banked on
either side by beds of the delicate, minutely pubescent fronds ; and
where the walls or fences have been destroyed the boundaries are
now marked by broad belts of Dicksonia. "Wherever the plant grows,
the fronds show a decided tendency to turn in one direction. Some-
times it seems that the fruit-bearing surfaces are all turned from the
light. This characteristic is particularly noticeable where the fern
grows in a ravine, with the intenser light entering from one direction.
Other observers have remarked the tendency of the fronds to face the

182 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER

prevailing wind of the region, and in evidence have pointed out large
patches in the open' where the light is essentially uniform from all
directions.

Often mixed with the Dicksonia, but as frequently growing by itself,
is the lady-fern, Asplenium Filix-femina, easily distinguished
from the other by its stouter, smoother, and more succulent fronds.
Along the roadsides and in open places the fronds are now (early
August) brownish and straggling from the weight of the fruit; but in
spite of the unattractive appearance of this fern, its soil variations
are striking and exceedingly baffling. I find it difficult to reconcile
as forms of the same species the plant of the dry roadsides and of
the wooded swamp not a hundred yards away ; yet the diverse forms
are so numerous and inconstant that it seems almost hopeless to
attempt any definite characterization of them.

In rich, shaded soil, especially in alluvium, I have occasionally
found the rarer Asplenium thelypteroides. In order to distinguish this
fern, at first sight, from the ostrich-fern, one must have a long
acquaintance with the plant. In the ostrich-fern, however, the
pinnae are firmer, more crowded and more over-lapping than in the
more herbaceous frond of the Asplenium; and, furthermore, if the As-
plenium is in fruit all doubt as to its identity will be removed, for an
examination of the under side of the frond will reveal the elongated
fruit dots characteristic of the genus.

Other representatives of this genus here are Asplenium ebeneum and
A. Trichomanes, often found side by side on shaded, moss-grown
rocks. The ebony fern, Æ. ebeneum, is the taller and more upright of
the two plants, with a smooth, stout, black stipe and rhachis, while
A. Trichomanes, the smaller of the two, occurs in dense spreading
tufts, a few green fronds often rising from a mass of dead, brown
stems, the remnants from many previous years.

Most interesting to me of the Alstead Aspleniums is a bed of A.
angustifolium, at what may be its easternmost station. The only
patch found was by the course of a spring brook, in rich, alluvial
woods near the Cold River, only a few miles from its junction with
the Connecticut. So closely did the plant resemble, at first sight, the
Christmas fern, that it was not until I had passed my hand over the
fronds and examined them more carefully that I noticed the difference.
The fronds are longer and more spreading, and of such delicate tex-
ture that they wilt as quickly as the maiden-hair, Adiantum pedatum, a

1900] Noyes, — Ferns of Alstead, New Hampshire 183

plant which abounds here as in all the rich woods of western Cheshire
County. At this time, early in August, the fruiting fronds of the
Asplenium, with elongated, crowded dots, are just appearing.

On a shaded hillside I have once found fruiting fronds of the brake,
Pteris aquilina, a plant common in every clearing, but, in my experi-
ence, rarely fruiting. Nor have I seen the plant so tall and broad as
here in the woods, where the fruiting plants are conspicuous by their
more straggling-branched appearance, caused by the infolding of the
margins to cover the spore-cases.

In a few places the rock-fern, Polypodium vulgare, covers the
ledges. In the shade the fronds are long and green, while in the
sun they are stunted and yellowish ; but nowhere here have I seen the
plant in such abundance as in eastern Massachusetts.

The two common species of Phegopteris, P. polvpodioides and P.
Dryopteris, are seen in their respective habitats. Beds of the former
are growing in the lee of many dry banks. "The fronds are triangular
in shape, peculiarly roughened, and almost, if not quite, invariably
the two lower pinnae are pushed forward and upward from the rest.
I have searched carefully for the broader fronds of P. hexagonoptera,
but evidently it is not found in this immediate vicinity. P. Dryopteris,
with its more delicate, thrice-divided fronds, spreads in waving carpets
over large areas of damp woods.

I am most pleased that this year the Aspidiums have been spread
before me for study as never before, — for I found some time since
that the secret of careful determination lies in careful comparison.
Aspidium noveboracense, with its pale fronds attenuated at base, here,
as in all New England, is frequent in the borders of woods, while in
the deeper shade is the common A. spinulosum var. intermedium. The
low, light-green fronds of A. Thelypteris had often attracted my atten-
tion in the meadows and swamps, but in the alluvial soil of Cold River
I was surprised to find the sterile fronds two feet high, while the more
slender, fruiting fronds were even taller.

Aspidium cristatum, one of the evergreen ferns, I see frequently
in swamps, where its fertile fronds, with large, closely-crowded fruit-
dots, are now mature. On the hillsides, A. marginale appears in
characteristic form. The fronds rise symmetrically from the crown,
the fertile ones often falling heavily back, some of them borne quite
to the ground by the weight of the large, marginal fruit-dots.

Another evergreen, striking by virtue of its shining fronds, is the

184 Rhodora [ SEPTEMBER

Christmas fern, Aspidium acrostichoides, in texture resembling Poly-
podium vulgare, but with the fronds longer and more deeply cut. On
the slope of Fall Mountain, in Walpole, I found a single clump of the
variety ézcisum, with the pinnae curiously cut and crisped, but hardly
so attractive as in the type.

The Woodsias are represented here by two species. W. //vensis is
found in patches on exposed rocks and cliffs. As the elevation and
exposure to sunlight increase the plant becomes very stunted and
chaffy, but in shaded places the green fronds rival in length those of
its scarcer relative, W. obtusa. The latter species has thus far been
found only on the slopes of Fall Mountain, but there it grows on an
earthy bank with Cystopteris fragilis, a species which loves best the
dripping, shaded rocks by streams.

All three of the Osmundas grow here. The flowering fern, O.
regalis, with only the tips fertile, is stunted and yellow in dry soil, but
tall and green in the swamps. The interrupted fern, O. C/aytoniana,
is more frequent here than the cinnamon fern, O. cinnamomea, and it
apparently fruits somewhat later. The sterile fronds of these two
species are not readily separated ata glance, but in the cinnamon
fern there is a tuft of wool at the base of each pinna, while the pinnae
of the interrupted fern are naked at base.

I came from a region where one plant of the ostrich fern, Onoclea
Struthiopteris, was a carefully protected garden treasure, and, natu-
rally, it has been a constant revelation to me to see, even along the
roadsides, the rank profusion of this splendid fern. It is in the allu-
vial soil of the river banks, however, that the plants become tropical
in their size and royal bearing. On the deep, black alluvium near the
Connecticut I found one day half an acre of these ferns. The great
crowns, with the slightly overlapping fronds, rose to the height of
several feet, and it seemed a pity to brush through such a luxuriant
growth. Each frond is a perfect production in itself, in form like the
feather from which it so aptly takes its name. From the centre of the
crown come the thick, twisted fruiting fronds. ‘These are not gene-
rally found; but even more of a surprise was the discovery by one
member of the school who found, in place of fruiting fronds, a nest
of the Maryland yellow-throat — truly a royal home for the young
songsters.

Growing beside these plants, — indeed often mingling with them —
are the broad, more herbaceous fronds of the sensitive fern, Onoclea

1900] Noyes, — Ferns of Alstead, New Hampshire 185

sensibilis. Here in the deep soil its fronds greatly exceed in size
those which we ordinarily see in the meadows, and they appear like
the basal leaves of some flowering plant. When the first frosts of
autumn come the sterile fronds blacken and shrivel, and only the
stiff fruiting fronds remain, brown and torn.

My attention has been drawn, likewise, to a group of fern-allies, the
Ophioglossaceae, which here present a very fair display of species.
Within a mile of the school I find four species of Botrychium, the
moonwort. B. virginianum is most common, its platform-like sterile
portion often a foot and a half wide, most exquisitely cut, and, with
the long-peduncled fruiting frond, raised high above the other her-
baceous vegetation of the dry woods. Not so attractive a plant, but
one fully as interesting to find, is B. matricariacfolium, which occurs
frequently among the leaves under deciduous trees. Its sterile pinnae
are small, but coarse and of thick texture, the fruiting portion being
the conspicuous part of the plant. Not far from this species, but
mostly among pine needles, I found, by searching on hands and
knees, the tiny plants of B. /anceolatum. In some places only the
fruiting tips appeared, while below, half covered, were the finely-cut
sterile pinnae. So frail are these two species that I was moved by an
impulse to tiptoe over the pine needles least I should crush one plant,

Botrychium ternatum, with its many varieties, does not appear so
commonly in this region as in localities near Boston. A single form
has thus far been noted, the variety zumZermedium, which rarely grows
in open pasture lands.

One hot morning, after studying the plate in Gray's Manual, I
hunted in a sunny meadow for the adder's-tongue, Ophioglossum vul-
gatum, and for some time the closest search did not reveal the smooth,
oval leaf and the uncanny green fruit-stalk. But when I discovered
at first one, then another, and another, among the tall meadow grass,
my delight was keen indeed. Further exploration has shown the
plant to be not uncommon in meadows and damp fields, where its
characteristic yellow roots are deeply buried in the sod.

ALSTEAD SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY:
Alstead Centre, N. H.

e e `

186 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER

A CLUSTER-CUP FUNGUS ON LESPEDEZA IN
NEW ENGLAND.

A. B. SEYMOUR.

THE Cluster-cup fungus, Aecidium Jeucostictum, growing on leaves
of various species of Lespedeza, was first mentioned as occurring in
North Carolina, being listed in Curtis's Catalogue of the plants of
that state. It has since been found in southern Illinois (Seymour) on
Lespedeza repens, in Canada (Dearness) on Z. capitata, and in Alaba-
ma (Earle). It was first described in Grevillea 3:61. December 1874,
by Berkeley as Aecidium Orobi var. leucostictum and again in Bull.
Ill. Lab. 2:226. 1885. There it is well considered a distinct species
as named above.

It has never been reported within five hundred miles of Boston
till now. On the twentieth of July, 1900, I found it fairly abundant
in several localities on Lespedeza hirta near Shoot-flying hill, about
five miles west of Hyannis, Mass., on the western end of Cape Cod.
The Canada specimens were also collected in July, but the southern
Illinois specimens in May.

The plant is easily detected by the pale but clear yellow spots
which occur on the upper surface of the leaf, opposite the cluster-
cups, and are about 2 mm. in diameter.

The cups are small, very inconspicuous and in clusters of about
twenty-five, scattered or arranged in minute “ fairy rings.”

The question now arises, what is the teleutosporic rust-form of
this fungus. If it is a heteroecious species, like wheat-rust, which
grows at one stage on barberry and at another on wheat, the teleu-
tosporic stage must occur on some plant of wide distribution. If,
however, the fungus is autoecious, producing teleutospores on the
same host plant, are the teleutospores known as such, or do they re-
main to be discovered?) Among known forms, the only one which
suggests itself is Uromyces Lespedezae. This has both uredo and
teleutospores known and is abundant on various species of Lespedeza.
It is very common and widely distributed. If Aecidium Jeucostictum
is correspondingly abundant, it must be generally overlooked.

Whatever its affinities, there is no apparent reason why it may not
be found elsewhere in New England.

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

1900] Fernald, — The bilberries of New England 187

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BILBERRIES IN NEW
ENGLAND.

M. L. FERNALD.

WHILE walking late in June in open pine woods near York Vil-
lage, Maine, the writer was greatly surprised to find, among low juni-
pers and other shrubs, a patch of dwarf bilberry, Vaccinium «aes, i-
tosum. The bushes, somewhat hidden by juniper, arrow-wood ( Vi-
burnum dentatum), and black cherry (Prunus serotina), covered an
area about twelve feet square, and were fruiting abundantly. Little
time was devoted to further search, and no other colonies of the plant
were seen; but the uniform character of the large tract of woods
suggests that the plant may not be restricted to the small area noted.

The special interest of this recently discovered colony at York
lies not alone in the fact that this is the southernmost known station
for the plant in eastern America, but chiefly in the striking circum-
stance that, as ordinarily known to New England botanists, Vac-
cinium caespitosum is a plant of the highest alpine summits. On the
mountains, furthermore, the dwarf bilberry is not, like the related
V. uliginosum, of general distribution. While the latter abounds
everywhere above timber-line on the New England and Canadian
mountains, the former (V. caespitosum) is generally confined to
extremely limited areas near the summits of a few peaks. In the
Quebec mountains it is known only at the summit of Mt. Albert in
Gaspé; on the highest peaks of New Brunswick 7. uliginosum alone
is found; as a mountain-plant in Maine V. caespitosum is known only
from two peaks, — Ktaadn, and at the pinnacle (4,450 feet) on Sad-
dleback, near Rangeley Lake; in the White Mountains it occurs
on the summits of Washington, Monroe, Moosilauke, and probably
Lafayette, but it is rare or unknown on the other peaks; in Vermont
it is found as an alpine species on Mt. Mansfield ; and in the Adiron-
dacks it occurs on the summits of Mts. Marcy and Whiteface.

Growing thus with Déapensia lapponica and other arctic-alpine
species upon the highest peaks of northern New England, New York,
and Canada, Vaccinium caespitosum would naturally be expected, like
them, in arctic and subarctic portions of eastern America. Although
it is said in the Synoptical Flora to grow on Hudson Bay, no au-
thentic record of it can be found from north of Hamilton river (lati-
tude 53?-54? N.); and recent explorers have seen it on the Labrador

188 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER

coast only as far north as Chateau Bay (lat. 52°). Furthermore,
Vaccinium caespitosum is a species unique to North America, not of
broad range in the northern hemisphere like most of the arctic-alpine
species of New England. If, like them, it occurred in arctic America,
we should expect to find it in northern Europe as well) But, as
stated, there is no evidence that the dwarf bilberry is an arctic
species, nor does it occur in Europe.

In New England and adjacent Canada, furthermore, the plant is by
no means confined to the alpine summits. In Vermont it has been
found on the banks of the West River at an altitude of not more than
400 feet (Rnopona, ii. 88). Among the White Mountains itis known
from a few valley stations, — for example, by Moose river in Randolph,
where it is said never to fruit, and in a pasture at Jackson. In Maine
the writer has found it at low altitudes in many sections. ‘The York
station recently discovered has been already mentioned. This, the
most southern known colony of the shrub, is within the limits of a
town where Sagina nodosa, Potentilla litoralis, P. tridentata, Plantago
maritima, and other far-northern species are known, But these plants
are all on rocky banks or cliffs near the sea, where the conditions are
not unfavorable to arctic species. The Vaccinium, on the other hand,
grows with huckleberries (Gaylussacia resinosa), columbine (Aguilegia
canadensis), Lecheas, Helianthemums, and other plants of southern
range, in dry open woods, nearly or quite three-fourths of a mile from
the sea.

With the exception of the York station (latitude 43° 8’), the
dwarf bilberry is as yet unknown in Maine south of latitude 44° 50’.
In the valley of the Kennebec it occurs on sheltered rocky banks at
Madison, and from there northward is not uncommon, — as often on
sunny hillsides as on sheltered banks. In the Carrabassett valley
the shrub is found on sandy knolls near West Embden, and at New
Portland it is abundant on the river bank. In the valley of the Sandy
river it has been seen only by the river in Phillips, but no other lo-
cality has been searched for it, In the valleys of the Penobscot and
its tributaries, the Piscataquis, the Mattawamkeag, and the Wassa-
taquoik, the plant is to be found on almost any ledgy or gravelly river-
bank from Orono northward, and not infrequently the shrub abounds
on dry sunny slopes. In fact, the * Sugar Loaf” in Orono, a hot sandy

1 For discussion of such distribution, see RHODORA, ii. 38.

1900] Fernald, — The bilberries of New England 189

hill where the dwarf bilberry thrives, is the northernmost station in
Maine for the southern species, Polygala polygama and Corylus ameri-
cana. In the valley of the upper St. John, however, from the mouth
of the Madawaska river westward, Vaccinium caespitosum reaches its
greatest development in Maine. There it is one of the common blue-
berries, covering acres of gravelly shore and hillside pasture. The
fruit is gathered as “Indian blueberry”; though, on account of its
habit — the berries solitary or few, and drooping from the axils — it
is less easily picked than the equally common V. canadense,

Little is known of the distribution of Vaccinium caespitosum in
New Brunswick, save in the St. John valley, but further exploration
will doubtless show it to be as frequent there as in Maine. There
are many large areas in Maine, too, where the plant has not been
noted, as the thickly populated section between the Sandy river and
York. Here, as in New Hampshire and Vermont, the species is
probably much more common than has been supposed. The com-
rarely a foot high, and with

parative insignificance of the shrub,
drooping flowers and fruits hidden by the leaves, — as well as the
prejudiced opinion that it should be looked for only upon alpine sum-
mits, has tended to keep the plant an unknown species in regions
where it may abound. At any rate, its comparative frequency
throughout Maine, from latitude 44° 50’ northward, and its absence
from Labrador, north of Chateau Bay and Hamilton river (latitude
54?), are sufficient evidence that the dwarf bilberry is a boreal or
Canadian plant, though of rather limited distribution in the East. Its
occurrence on the alpine summits of a few mountains, and not on the
lower treeless slopes, is not readily explained ; but that several common
species of our lowland woods — the bunchberry, Cornus canadensis,
etc., — thrive upon the alpine summits with Diapensia, Cassiope, and
Bryanthus, is a fact well known to all students of the New England
mountain flora. Vaccinium caespitosum, then a plant of somewhat
extended lowland range, should be classed, apparently, with Cornus
canadensis, rather than with the arctic-alpine Diapensia, Cassiope, and
Bryanthus which, in our latitude, cling exclusively to the alpine peaks.

With the common mountain bilberry, Vaccinium uliginosum, the
case is quite different. This species, as already stated, abounds
above timber-line on practically all the higher mountains of New
England, sometimes on peaks of scarcely 2,000 feet altitude. It is in
no sense confined merely to the * pinnacles,” as is the tendency with

190 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER

V. caespitosum, but it covers acres of ledgy slopes. Unlike the latter
species, however, the mountain bilberry rarely grows at low altitudes.
In Maine only three such stations are known,—a dry hillside in
Farmington, a ledgy shore of the Carrabassett in Jerusalem (in the
valley between Mt. Abraham and Mt. Bigelow), and Fort Kent on
the upper St. John, where it is reported by Miss Furbish (see Ruo-
DORA, i. 172). In New Hampshire it rarely descends to the valleys,
as in Franconia Notch ; and in Vermont a single lowland station is
recorded, on the bank of Lamoille river in the Green Mountains
(Ruoponma, ii. 88). Thus, although of very general distribution on
the mountain summits of New England, the mountain bilberry as a
lowland species is very exceptional.

In its broad range, Vaccinium uliginosum occurs throughout the
circumpolar regions of the northern hemisphere, and it is one of the
chief sources of food among northern races. It is very decidedly an
arctic-alpine species, though not of such restricted distribution on our
mountains as the arctic Diapensia, Cassiope, etc. Why this shrub,
which abounds in polar regions, should thrive just above timber-line
on so many of our mountains, while Vaccinium caespitosum, a low- -
land species, which is unknown north of latitude 54?, clings, when it
ascends the mountains, to the most exposed summits, is more easily
asked than answered. That this seemingly anomalous condition
exists there can be no doubt, but for its final explanation we must
await further investigation.

A REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT of SSfeironema lanceolatum. — A form
of Sfeironema lanceolatum which was exhibited at Horticultural Hall last
summer was the subject of much discussion. The plant was found in
Holbrook, on the banks of a ditch, in a meadow. It has since been
found in a second locality from the first, so that it cannot be regarded
as an abnormal development. The plant is remarkable in that the
stems trail along the ground /or a distance of five or six feet, rooting
at intervals in the mud. In this it resembles the southern S. radi-
cans, but specimens compared at the Gray Herbarium show it to have
the foliage, inflorescence, and calyx of S. /anceolatum.— ALICE L.
GRINNELL, Holbrook, Mass.

1900] Webster, — An afternoon outing for toadstools IQI

AN AFTERNOON OUTING FOR TOADSTOOLS.
H. WEBSTER.

THE rainy days of the second week in August were just in time to
revive the sinking hopes of the constant few among the members of
the Boston Mycological Club, who had been striving, despite the
parching drought of July, to find toadstools enough to maintain the
interest of the regular Saturday exhibitions at Horticultural Hall.
They had almost given up their efforts, which had been rewarded by
only a few of the commonest species, so often exhibited that visitors
to the exhibitions began to tire of them. Memories of moister seasons
of a few years ago, when the last week of July saw the tables gay with
seventy-five to a hundred species, seemed unreal, and unreliable as a
basis for present expectation. For such is the way with the fleshy
fungi. Given moisture, they fruit abundantly ; denied it, they fruit
stingily or not at all, and leave us to wait perhaps until the year
comes round again for a sight of the full range of species.

Coming from the New Hampshire hills, where, in spite of lack
of rain, toadstools had been gathered in great variety, if not in great
abundance, some of us were unwilling to accept the prevalent attitude
of discouragement. Inviting, therefore, a despairing friend or two,
we started on the afternoon of August tenth, with the mercury in the
nineties, for the Blue Hill region.

Though formerly somewhat inaccessible, except about Blue Hill
itself, this region is now opened to visitors in its eastern extent by the
electric railroad, which, leaving the Neponset River at Milton Lower
Mills, passes up Randolph Avenue directly through the heart of the
Metropolitan Reservation, between Chickatawbut and Hancock Hills.
At various points along the line the fungus hunter may find good col-
lecting, for there are numerous low slopes and hollows that are moist
at almost any time, and the swamps and bogs lying south of the range,
aboutGreat Pond in Braintree, and tothe east of Ponkapog,can be reached
by a longer ride and in the latter case by a moderately long walk.

The higher stony ground, especially where tumbled boulders and
broken rock lie exposed on southern slopes, should be avoided by
timid explorers. For such places are inhabited or haunted by rattle-
snakes, that still are numerous enough to make a word of caution
necessary. ‘Though numbers of these reptiles are killed every year,
they still thrive in limited areas, and the chance of meeting a strag-

192 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER

gler, who has perhaps come down to low ground for water, or for a
frog or two, is still to be reckoned with. ‘Twice within the last few
years I have met a rattlesnake in the region about Chickatawbut
hill; in neither case, however, was there really any danger, and in
neither case did the snake survive the encounter.

On this hot August afternoon our party left Milton about two
o’clock. In twenty minutes or so we were to all appearances far in
the country. Resisting the temptation to alight and take the empty
one-horse “ barge” or “team " that stood waiting above Tucker's hill
to take us or any one to Houghton's Pond — south of which, it may
be noted, stretches a broad extent of low ground, well wooded, to
Ponkapog Pond, a region that usually well repays a visit —we rode on.
to the nameless point that marks the limit of the first five-cent fare.

Striking into the young, hard-wood growth on the east of the road
we began, though on unpromising ground, to find toadstools immedi-
ately. The first species to be seen was Lactarius volemus, common
enough, but always interesting in the woods. Some of the older
specimens had the margins turned up, showing the gills, and the sur-
face of the pileus was much cracked. Near by was a single large
specimen of Peck's Lactarius corrugis, allowing an instructive com-
parison of the two species, which are very closely related. The latter,
as its author says, is darker, and characterized by the variously wrinkled
pruinose-pubescent pileus. It is fairly abundant in rather dry de-
ciduous woods in a few places in the Reservation. More conspicuous
than the Lactarii was Boletus aveolatus, numerous fruits of which thrust
their shiny red caps well above the leaves, some of which, however,
stuck fast to the viscid surface. ‘Though not well known farther
north, this red Boletus, with its rough, lacerated, red and yellow stem,
covered with a raised network of coarse, stiff ridges, is familiar in
woods about Boston, and is not improbably common throughout
eastern Massachusetts. The blood red of the young pileus gives
place to some yellow in more mature fruits. The young pores, of a
deep rich red, are frequently covered with drops of moisture. The
flesh changes quickly to blue, and the pore surface is often irregularly
pitted, characteristics which, with the very rough stem, identify the
plant with that which Frost described as Boletus a/veolatus B. & C.
By that name it seems convenient to refer to it, pending a revision of
the synonymy of this group of the genus. Associated with these
interesting species were Boletus chromapes, always attractive by its

1900] Webster, — An afternoon outing for toadstools 193

coloring, and B. ornatipes, which in the rough, coarse reticulations
of its yellow stem vies with Z. a/veolatus.

Treating with scant attention a few dried-up specimens of the
ubiquitous Russula foetens, and a single well-fruited Æ. furcata, and
pausing a moment by a stump to gather one or two small fruits of
Cantharellus aurantiacus of the pallid variety figured by Cooke,
which seems to be the common form in the region, I hunted over the
ground for the yellow form of Amanita rubescens and for Ravenel’s
Boletus, which I remembered seeing in that particular patch of woods
three years ago. They were not there this time. In fact Boletus
Ravenelii is so disappointingly rare about Boston that very few col-
lectors know the beauty of it except by hearsay. Once seen, its
exquisite, powdery yellow veil, that so long masks the tubes, and the
contrast between the sulphur yellow of the stem and the dull red of
the pileus linger in the memory and make one eager to find it again.
Had there been time to reach a pine grove, we should also have
sought its near relative, B. hemichrysus, whose dusty-looking, soft,
tawny-golden pileus is so conspicuous on the trunk or at the base of
a pine — when you can find it. I have collected it a mile or two
to the east, in Quincy, and a damaged specimen from Canton or near
there, turned up at the exhibition on the day following our excursion.
All collectors should hunt carefully for these two Boleti in early
August, and preserve and report those found.

Making our way back to the road through a tangled thicket cover-
ing boggy ground that would have been impassable dry-shod in an
ordinary season, and picking up a handful of Lactarius subdulcis,
another of Z. griseus, which is not frequent hereabouts, and one or
two pale specimens of Z. chrysorheus, we passed to the other side and
plunged into the shade of a bog that is less densely overgrown and
usually very wet. Here were one or two Leptonias and Inocybes,
dull colored and perplexing, and with them, always a joy to the eyes,
Peck's Entoloma cuspidatum, a plant not rare about Boston, but
collected only by those who insist on braving the mosquitoes and the
wet of sphagnum bogs. To be fully appreciated, the pale yellow
delicate fruits of this fungus, each tipped with an abrupt cusp, must be
seen rearing their frail caps above the soft masses of sphagnum in
which their stalks are buried. Were it not far an occasional hint of
salmon on the mature gills, the thought that they are pink-spored
would hardly occur to one.

E UP `

194 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER

Beyond the bog our objective point was a bit of moist ground
higher up, where last year grew abundance of Boletinus decipiens.
Careful search, however, failed to discover it, and perhaps we were
too early, for August 16, was the date in 1899. Boletus bicolor was
fruiting, a fungus very easily mistaken for B. miniato-olivaceus var.
sensibilis, on account of its color, pink and yellow in the older speci-
mens, its large, soft caps, and its odor, which to some suggests the
smell of sulphur, to others that of hickory nuts. The red stem,
yellow at the top, and the scarcely changing yellow flesh mark B.
bicolor. The other with the long name, has a yellow stem and
changes quickly to blue. Here also were two fruits of the anomalous
Paxillus paradoxus, half agaric and half polypore, with soft red
pileus and general suggestion of Boletus in tint and texture, and
yellow fleshy lamellae with conspicuous transverse partitions, in this
case less porous and so less like Boletinus than usual.

Warned by a rapidly darkening sky, and by approaching shocks

of thunder, we cut short our search and hurried back to the road,
` where we found shelter from the shower that speedily followed.
Satisfied that we had demonstrated the existence of toadstools even
in a dry, hot season, we were content to let the homeward car carry
us within a few rods of a wooded hill where we might have found
Lactarius luteolus, Craterellus Cantharellus, Boletus Peckii, Cantha-
rellus minor, and Cyclomyces Greenii, all of which have been collected
there, and perhaps were waiting for us as we passed. At a quarter
to six we were back again on sterile Boston pavements.

PLANTAGO ELONGATA IN RHODE IsLAND.—In the July number of
Ruopora I observe a brief communication on the occurrence of
Plantago elongata Pursh, or properly, as it seems to me, following the
unbroken usage of over fifty years, P. pusilla Nutt.

About 1871 I found the plant along the highway leading from East
Greenwich, Rhode Island, to the famous forge of General Greene.
About a quarter of a mile north of the forge, the road passed over a
sort of gravelly common, where it was quite abundant.

A year or two afterwards I found it about half a mile south of East
Greenwich, on the road to Hunt’s bridge. — J. W. Concpon, Mari-
posa, Cal.

Vol. 2, No. 20, including pages 159 to 180, was issued August 13, 1900.

Rhodora Piate 20.

C. E. Faxon. del.

RUBUS IDAEUS, VAR. ANOMALUS

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 October, 1900 No. 22

RUBUS IDAEUS AND ITS VARIETY ANOMALUS IN
AMERICA.

M. L. FERNALD.

(Plate 20.)

EARLY in June a very remarkable Rubus was found by Mr. W. W.
Eggleston in the crevices of limestone ledges at Cavendish, Vermont.
The shrub, which is distinctly of the raspberry type, is characterized
by its small roundish simple or rarely trifoliolate leaves, and at Cav-
endish it is associated on the ledges with another very local plant,
Arenaria macrophylla, Hook. A careful study of the American rasp-
berries shows Mr. Eggleston's plant to be referable to none of our
described forms, but it is found, on the other hand, to be essentially
identical with a very rare and much discussed Rubus of northern
Europe, A. iZaeus, L., var. anomalus, Arrhenius (A. Leesii, Babing-
ton).

'This round-leaved raspberry is known in Europe from only a few
limited stations in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Germany and Holland.
Its discovery among the Green Mountains, then, is interesting as
adding still another plant of northern Europe to our apparently
indigenous flora. But its occurrence in America is noteworthy not
merely from its geographic interest. The discovery of the plant at
new stations in Europe has generally been the signal for a fresh dis-
cussion of its relationships, and these discussions have shown the
variety anomalus to be phylogenetically one of the most significant
members of the genus.

For several years the botanical journals of northern Europe con-
tained extended articles and notes upon this Rubus, many of them
offering suggestions as to the origin of the plant. In the English
Botany, Boswell Syme suggests that *it may be a hybrid form, but

196 Rhodora [OCTOBER

I [he] cannot think it probable that the species [ A. Zeesz] is a variety
of A. idaeus."' The theory that the plant is a hybrid was further
maintained by William Culverwell, a distinguished authority on hy-
bridization as well as upon the genus Rubus. Mr. Culverwell pub-
lished a figure of a plant, perhaps identical with the round-leaved 2.
Leesii, which he states was produced by crossing the strawberry and
raspberry. One of the main points in the argument for the hybrid
origin of the plant was found in the general sterility of its drupes, a
condition which, as we shall see, is otherwise satisfactorily explained
by Dr. Focke of Bremen.

Among the numerous discussions of the round-leaved raspberry,
one in particular is of interest to us. In 1873, Professor Areschoug
published a paper entitled, “ On Rubus Idaeus, L.; Its Affinities and
Origin."3 In brief, Professor Areschoug's argument was as follows :
In Europe Auus idaeus is a unique species, the other fruticose Rubi
of Europe belonging to the blackberry type, and presenting such
a variety of intergrading forms that their specific limitations are very
obscure. ubus idaeus, however, differs from all these species in
having red or amber berries which separate readily from the recep-
tacle, in having thin bark which scales off from the old canes, and in
producing from the root buds which develop into canes. "These and
many minor points distinguish Rubus idaeus from the other European
species. Yet this isolated European raspberry varies excessively, a
tendency charactetistic of genera with many closely related species,
but not ordinarily seen in plants isolated from other species of the
genus or subgenus. Ordinarily, then, species which have a strong
tendency to vary are more or less completely connected with each
other — for instance, our American blackberries, or asters. “ But
KK. idaeus, L., though greatly variable, produces no intermediate
forms connecting it with the other European species, and this circum-
stance seems to me [Areschoug] to be of such importance that I
consider it as belonging to another type."

From the study of material from different regions, Areschoug
came to the conclusion that it is “very likely that Æ. zZaeus, L., as
wellas the North American forms most closely related to it, have

* Syme, Eng. Bot. iii. 162.

* For detailed discussion see Gard. Chron. n. s. xx (1883) 12, 276, 342.

3Journ. Bot. xi (1873), 108-115 [translated and revised from Botaniska
Notiser, 1872, 168-181].

1900] Fernald, — Rubus idaeus in America 197

their origin from species which primitively grew in Japan and adja-
cent countries." The relations of the European raspberry are undoubt-
edly with Asiatic and American species, and its closest ally is our
common raspberry, Rubus strigosus, a species so closely related to
R. idaeus that the two have sometimes been treated as one. A. idaeus
is spread over Europe and western Asia and Æ. strigosus, common in
North America, grows in Mandschuria and Japan and through Asia
to the Altai; so that Æ. zdaeus might have been derived from the
American A. strigosus. Other evidence, however, shows that a large
part of the flora of North America originated in eastern Asia,‘ and it
is more probable that the European and the American plants had
a common ancestor there, the plant with glandless calyx (2. idaeus)
spreading westward into northern Europe; the other with glandular
calyx (A. strigosus) crossing Behring Straits to the American conti-
nent.

Now the simple form is considered a more primitive stage in leaf-
development than is the compound form, so that in Rubus idaeus,
var. anomalus, we have a plant in which the leaves are much simpler
in their development than are those of typical Æ. zZaews and the
nearly identical A. strigosus. After critical study, then, Areschoug,
Focke, Babington, and others have concluded that the extremely local
round-leaved raspberry of northern Europe is an unusual form of
R. idaeus, tending, as shown by its short, round leaves, to revert to a
simpler ancestral type, and that the plant cannot well be considered
a distinct species. This conclusion is well supported by the investiga-
tions of Dr. Focke, who says: *I found that the restraining process,
by which the form of the foliage leaves was so curiously modified,
extended also to the carpellary leaves, and that the axes of these was
[were] shortened, so that they did not close and completely envelop
the ovules. Of the two ovules in each carpel, one uniformly pined
away at a very early stage; the other developed itself during the
blooming time in the normal way, but only few carpels were produced.
In most cases, however, they dried up whilst the flowering was in pro-
gress; and, though some appeared to be fertilized, yet seed entirely
failed to ripen. The infertility of the plant I saw, was correlative to
the character of its foliage; and we mustlook upon it as only a
curious form of A. zZaeus, which deviates from the type, so far as the

! See Asa Gray, Mem. Am. Acad., n. s. vi.;and extract, “The Flora of
Japan," in Scientific Papers of Asa Gray, ii, 125.

198 Rhodora [ OCTOBER

form of the leaf is concerned, in the same manner that /ragaria
monophylla deviates from typical Fragaria vesca.” !

The discovery of this peculiar plant in the Green Mountains is a
fact of great significance, and the questions immediately arise, is it truly
identical with the European Rubus idaeus, var. anomalus, or is ita rever-
sion of the similar (if not identical) American ubus strigosus? In
one particular alone do the American specimens differ from the
European. Among the pubescence on the calyx and peduncles
there are some stipitate glands, while the European plant ordinarily
has no glands.

Upon this character — the presence or absence of glands — rests
the separation of the American Rubus strigosus and the European
KA. ideaus. Yet the production of glands, as well as other characters,
is very inconstant in the American species. Ordinarily characterized
by the glandular calyx, plants are sometimes found with all possible
gradations from the glandular to the glandless state. Before me are
two numbered specimens of the American plant with absolutely no
glands upon the calices — a sheet from Assiniboia, collected in the
Cypress Hills by John Macoun (no. 4,550), and another from the
Black Hills of South Dakota, collected in Elk Cañon by Rydberg
(no. 657). These specimens are, very naturally, called Rubus stri-
gosus, Michx., but, were they from European collectors, they would pass
without question as A, ideaus, L. Other American specimens show
strong tendencies toward the European A. zZaeus. For example, Piper's
no. 2879, from Moscow Mountains, Idaho, though with numerous
prickles on the calyx, is practically- glandless. Often, too, shrubs
growing in shade show a strong tendency to lose not only the glands
of the calyx but the white pubescence ordinarily characteristic of the
leaves. Such tendencies are well illustrated by Piper's no. 2,268,
from woods at Spokane, Washington, and by Sandberg, MacDougal,
and Heller's no. 259, from rich bottoms in Nez Perces County, Idaho.
Similar variations are more or less familiar to all who have watched
the American plant in the field. Yet there is, without doubt, a very
marked tendency toward the production of glands in the American
plant, while the European form is commonly glandless. Maximowicz,
following the views of some earlier authors, has treated the American
and Asiatic plant as a variety of the European (A. idaeus, var. stri-

10. W. Focke, Journ. Bot., x. 27 [translated from the Oesterreichische
Botanische Zeitschrift, 1870, 98].

1900] Fernald, — Rubus idaeus in America 199

gosus, Maxim.'), and there is little doubt that the relationship of
_the plants is thus more truly presented than by the forced separation
of them as specific types. The extreme tendency, as seen in the
American plant, to variation not only in leaf but in the degree of
gland development, is sufficient to suggest that Maximowicz may
be too liberal in his treatment of the glandular plant, for, if in the
open one can find the glandular form, and near by, in shade, numer-
ous variations to the glandless state, the recognition of the American
plant, even as a geographic variety, seems scarcely warranted.

Nevertheless, whether we regard the two plants as representing
mere phases of a polymorphous species, A, ZZaeus, or as somewhat
characteristic geographic varieties — the glandular extreme encour-
aged by the dry atmosphere of the American continent, the glandless
one by the moister atmosphere of northern Europe — there is little
doubt that they are practically one species. And although the round-
leaved plant of the Green Mountains bears upon its calyx more
glands than are usual in the European plant, there seems little reason
to distinguish it as another variety. That the variable American
plant with glandular calyx should occasionally produce a sport parallel
with the glandless European var. anomalus is possible, and such
extreme variations may be looked for with some confidence.

But, in the case of the Cavendish station, it seems not improbable
that the plant had the same geographic origin as the colonies in
northern Europe, for, at the same station, at least one other plant is
known which is far removed from the broad range of its species.
There, as already mentioned, is found Arenaria macrophylla, a species
characteristic of the mountains of our Pacific slope, though occurring
also at isolated stations on the Great Lakes and in Labrador. The small
Rubus at Cavendish, then, is associated with a plant, which, with little
doubt, was established there during the northward march of the veg-
etation at the close of the Glacial Period ; and it is reasonable to suppose
that the Rubus, formerly growing in Age regions, was forced
south by the southward extension of the ice, most of the plants? fol-
lowing the meridians which pass through northwestern Europe, but a
few following down this side of the Atlantic ; and now a remnant of

* Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, xvii. (1871), 161.

* Although this plant ordinarily produces no fertile drupes, according to

Babington (Jour. Bot. xvi. 85) occasional good seed are formed — probably enough
to have spread the plant to its few scattered stations.

200 Rhodora [OCTOBER

the ancient American colony persists in this sheltered situation in
Vermont, as does Arenaria macrophylla, and as, in better known sta-
tions, do Diapensia lapponica, Cassiope hypnoides, and scores of other
plants of more northern origin.!

If this be the true explanation of the source of the Cavendish
colony of Rubus idaeus, var. anorialus, the plant must have occurred
among the Green Mountains for thousands of years ; but that it is
extremely local and scarce is obvious from the fact that it has remained
unobserved upon this continent until the. present year. This extreme
scarcity of the plant, in a region where the climatic conditions seem
favorable, is probably due to the usual sterility of the drupes as
emphasized by the European authors who have studied the plant, and
as likewise observed by Mr. Eggleston at the Vermont station.

If, on the other hand, the Cavendish plant is considered a rever-
sion of the glandular Rubus strigosus, we are adding nothing to the
argument that the American and European species are distinct, for,
if the two plants produce occasional sports so similar as to be undis-
tinguishable, we have fair evidence of their common ancestry if not
identity. In view of the extreme inconstancy of the glandular char-
acter of the two plants — the chief character relied upon to separate
them — it seems best to consider our American Æ. strigosus specifi-
cally identical with the European Æ. iZaews, and to treat the small
round-leaved variety from the Green Mountains as X. idaeus, var.
anomalus.

GRAY HERBARIUM.

Explanation of Plate 20. Rubus idaeus, L., var. anomalus, Arrhenius, drawn
from a Vermont specimen by C. E. Faxon.

COMMELINA VIRGINICA ESTABLISHED IN NEW ENGLAND, — Com-
melina Virginica, recorded in the Manual as occurring from New York
southward, has now for some years maintained itself perfectly in sev-
eral parts of Providence, coming up each year and blooming pro-
fusely. It escapes from hot houses and winter gardens. — W. W.
BatLey, Brown University.

[In some places about Boston and Cambridge, this Commedina has persisted
for years in damp yards and in waste ground. — Ep.]

* See RHODORA, ii, 138-139.

1900] Knowlton, — Flora of Worcester county, Mass. 20I

FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF WORCESTER
COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

C. H. KNOWLTON.

DuniNc the past year I have collected extensively about Webster,
one of the southern towns of Worcester County, Massachusetts. 'The
results have been very satisfactory. Thompson, Conn., joins Webster,
and also affords an interesting botanical field. I have been greatly
assisted in observation by Mr. L. J. Spalding, of Webster, and have
frequently compared notes with Mr. R. M. Harper, of Southbridge.
Mr. Joseph Jackson's County Flora, has also been of great assistance.
The asterisk indicates plants not included in that work.

* Ranunculus repens, L. Thoroughly established in and around
a brook at East Webster. This crowfoot is rare in interior Massa-
chusetts, and may be introduced.

Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. This grows abundantly in
Thompson, Conn., near the state line, and it is to be expected in `
Massachusetts. In Worcester County it has been reported only
from Millbury.

* Rubus setosus, Bigelow. Low thicket, East Webster.

* Lythrum Salicaria, L. Muddy shores of the Quinebaug and
Maanexit rivers, Dudley and Oxford, in great abundance. Not con-
sidered common in central Massachusetts.

Circaea alpina, L. Cold woods. Purgatory Chasm, Sutton, also
Athol. Very local in the county.

Cornus circinata, L'Her. Rich woods, Douglas and Sturbridge.

Linnaea borealis, L. Common, Royalston and Athol. Pre-
viously reported from Gardner and Templeton, and to be expected
throughout the northern towns of the county.

* Aster vimineus, L., var. foliolosus, Gray. Dry fields, Webster.
The type is common.

Rhododendron viscosum, Torr., var. glaucum, Gray. Rich woods
near a brook, Dudley, not far from the Charlton line, but a consider-
able distance from the station where it was reported by R. M.
Harper. (RHODORA, ii, 122.)

Limnanthemum lacunosum, Griseb. Shallow water, Whitin Pond,
Northbridge. ‘Though not much known in Worcester County, it is to
be expected in any pond where the level has not been too much
altered.

202 Rhodora [ OCTOBER

Gratiola Virginiana, L. Wet place in a clearing, Sutton. Pre-
viously reported from Lake Quinsigamond.

Polygonum Muhlenbergii, Watson. Shallow water of Maanexit
River, North Webster. Very local in the county.

Polygonella articulata, Meisn. Roadside, Dudley. Apparently
frequent in the towns of the southern border.

Betula papyrifera, Marshall. Occasional in rich woods, Webster,
Dudley. Not common in the southern towns of the county.

Abies balsamea, Miller. Although supposed to be restricted to the
northern towns of the county, small trees (not fruiting) occur in
Webster and Dudley.

Taxus Canadensis, Willd. Abundant in deep woods, Royalston.
Previously reported from Worcester.

* Scirpus subterminalis, 'Torr., var. terrestris, Paine. Abundant
in a small pond in Dudley (altitude 540 feet), September 9, 1899.
The pond is a part of a reservoir system, and, owing to a drought, its
water had been largely drawn off. The conditions were thus favor-
able for the development of this interesting form, which is not likely
to persist. Previously reported only from Herkimer County, N. Y.

* Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. Sandy shore of brook, Webster.
From this and Mr. Harper's observations, the species seems to be
rather frequent in southern Worcester County.

* Cladium mariscoides, Torr. Sandy swamps, Webster. Re-
ported from Brookfield and Sturbridge. |

* Panicum filiforme, L. Sandy field, Oxford. Previously re-
ported only from Brookfield.

* Panicum proliferum, Lam. Abundant around a small pond,
Dudley. Reported from Brookfield.

* Panicum virgatum, L. Sandy swamp, Webster. Reported from
Brookfield.

* Aristida gracilis, El. Roadside, with 4A. dichotoma, Webster.
Reported from Sturbridge.

* Woodwardia Virginica, Smith. Swamp near R. R. track,
Douglas. Reported from Webster.

* Botrychium matricariaefolium, Braun. Dry thicket near Pur-
gatory Chasm, Sutton. Very local.

CHELMSFORD, Mass.

1900 | Rich, — Some new acquaintances 203

SOME NEW ACQUAINTANCES.
WILLIAM P. RICH.

THE plant-hunter whose range of observation is restricted by the
force of circumstances to a distance of not more than a day's journey
to and from his home, and more often to a half-day's outing, gradually
finds that his well-gleaned fields no longer offer him the novelties
which once rendered buoyant his steps and cheered the long home-
ward walk with pleasing anticipation of what some new discovery
would prove to be. After several excursions in which nothing new is
added tó his lists, however interesting and profitable they may be in
other ways, his waning interest is one day suddenly revived, and his
enthusiasm rekindled, as he comes across not only one new plant,
which ordinarily would be satisfactory enough, but upon a numerous
company of weeds, many of which he has never before seen. They
prove to be a colony of recently introduced plants, and although
these newcomers are regarded by some as of little account, and stig-
matized as interlopers and vagrants, they are welcomed by the local
botanist, affording him glimpses of the vegetation of distant regions
which he can never expect to visit.

These enterprising plants, not contented with the means furnished
by nature for their dissemination, have in these later days taken to
travelling by rail. They suddenly appear in vacant lots around
freight yards, along railway banks, and on city dumps, with perhaps
the best intentions of settling down for a permanent residence and the
praiseworthy purpose of covering unsightly places with their verdure.
Their reception, however, is not very cordial. The hand of man is
against them, and they do not tarry long with us. The space they
occupy is wanted for other purposes, and, like the Wandering Jew,
they are soon forced to move on ; their coming and their going noted,
however, with pleasure by the few observers interested in such things.

A company of these tramps of the vegetable kingdom has during
the last three years taken up a temporary abode on a railway bank
at Dedham, Mass. Here they have flourished luxuriantly during the
summer until the annual mowing of the weeds in August by the railway
men, to which has been added the present year the burning over of
the locality, so that it is probable that most of these chance visitors
will be found here no more. In view of the certain extirpation of this
interesting botanical settlement, many of the species having already

204 Rhodora [OCTOBER

succumbed to the fierce attacks made upon them, a record of some of
the plants found here may be of value.

Salsola Kali, L., var. Zragus, Moq. (the Russian thistle). This
was first observed here by the writer, August 22, 1897, when two
bushy plants about a foot high were seen. It has since shown a ten-
dency to increase, twenty plants having been counted the present sea-
son, August 4, a few of them three hundred feet distant from the
original location. The plants first seen were quite different in gen-
eral appearance from Sa/so/a Ka/i, the seashore species. ‘They were
bushy-upright, their slenderer, greener leaves and stems contrasting
strongly with the decumbent, coarse, succulent plant of the seashore.
Later plants, however, seem to have changed their habit somewhat,
by becoming more prickly and prostrate, and now as it grows along
the gravelly railway track does not appear so very different from the
species of which it is probably only a variety. In this connection it
may be stated that in the Journal de Botanique, 1887, p. 281, M.
Constantin records the fact that when Sa/so/a Kadi grows along river
banks away from the sea it loses the fleshy character of its leaves and
passes into the var. Zragus. ‘This locality, with the one reported in
Ruopora, Vol. I, p. 47, by Mr. J. F. Collins, at Providence, R. I.,
appear to be the first records of the arrival in New England of this
western pest.

Bidens bipinnata, L. (Spanish Needles), was found growing
abundantly on the occasion of a visit made October 2, 1898. Its
tufts of prickly-barbed awned akenes made it a conspicuous object
amidst the other plants. It was apparently of short life here, none
having been seen by the writer since.

Ambrosia trifida, L. (Great Ragweed). Numerous plants of this
species, some of them attaining a height of seven feet, have been
seen on every visit during the last three years. It presents a striking
appearance, with its large three-lobed leaves, and, although coarse
and rough, it is an interesting plant when seen for the first time.
Although pronounced common in the Manuals, it is a rare plant in
eastern. Massachusetts, occurring only on waste ground, where it is
doubtless introduced from the West.

Xanthium strumarium, L. (Cocklebur). A few plants of this
not very common species were seen in mature fruit, October 2, 1898.
It is easily distinguishable from the much more common and similar
plant, Xanthium Canadense, Mill, by its smaller bur, which is at

1900] Rich, —Some new acquaintances 205

maturity about one half the size of the latter, and by its nearly
glabrous surface, the bur of X. Cazadense being densely hispid.
Xanthium spinosum, L. (Spiny Clotbur) was also noticed here.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. (Mexican Tea). Never before has
the writer seen hereabouts what could unhesitatingly be pronounced
this species. Its very leafy spikes, nearly entire upper leaves and
repand lower leaves, presenting a different looking plant from the one
with naked elongated spikes and coarsely toothed leaves known as
the var. Anthelminticum, Gray, which is so common on waste
grounds around Boston. ‘There were, however, some plants growing
with it of an intermediate character, showing that the two plants are
not specifically distinct.

Sisymbrium altissimum, L., was very abundant the present sum-
mer. When mature it loses all its leaves, leaving only a mass of
long, stiff, slender pods, which stand out in all directions from the
stem and branches.

Berteroa incana, DC. (Hoary Alyssum). This grows abundantly
on a grassy bank and along the roadside in the immediate vicinity of
the railway.

Conringia perfoliata, Link., which escaped the notice of the
writer, was collected here June 27, 1897, by Mr. E. F. Williams.

Verbena bracteosa, Mich. Two specimens of this western plant
were collected August 4.

Hibiscus Trionum, L. (Bladder-Ketmia), a branching annual with
an inflated calyx, was also among the strange plants found.

In addition to the above list, nearly all of which were collected by
the writer for the first time, there were noted the following plants that
are more commonly found in this part of the State:

Cenchrus tribuloides, L., Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm., Litho-
spermum arvense, L., Stachys palustris, L., Ricinus communis, L.,
Galeopsis Tetrahit, L., Solanum rostratum, Dunal., Amarantus bli-
toides, Watson, Artemisia vulgaris, L., Lactuca Scariola, L., Galin-
soge parviflora, Cav., var hispida, DC., and Lechea maritima,
Leggett. :

206 Rhodora [OcroBER

NOTES ON TWO RARE ALGZE OF VINEYARD SOUND.
R. E. SCHUH.

Tue following notes are offered in a somewhat extended form, in
the hope that by calling attention to these species their known range
may be considerably enlarged.

Giraudia sphacelarioides, Derb. and Sol., has been so confidently
sought on our coasts that Dr. Farlow, twenty years ago, in the Marine
Algæ of New England (p. 75), gave a brief description of it. Yet no
one seems to have discovered it until I found a well-grown, but sterile,
specimen at Vineyard Haven, in August, 1892. Nothing more was
seen of it until fruited forms were collected at Cottage City in Janu-
ary, 1895. It then occurred sparingly on Zostera, intermingled with
Punctaria, Ectocarpus, and various small species. It is easily over-
looked, as it is but 5 to 10 mm. high, and usually only a few filaments
are found together. It may readily be recognized by having a thallus
which is polysiphonous above and monosiphonous below. A figure,
copied from Hauck, is to be found in Bennett and Murray’s Cryp-
togamic Botany, p. 238. As this is a common Mediterranean species,
it should be sought late in autumn in Long Island Sound and in
Rhode Island waters.

Pogotrichum filiforme, Reinke. This small alga was a most sur-
prising find in our waters. It was before only known to occur rarely
at Helgoland, where it was collected by Reinbold. It is described
and figured by Reinke in his Atlas Deutscher Meeres-Algen, p. 62,
pl. 41, figs. 13-25. In January, 1895, three fertile and unmistakable
specimens, bearing unilocular sporangia, were found at Cottage City.
It was then growing on Zostera, in company with Desmotrichum, Girau-
dia, and various small species. The specimens distributed in Hauck
& Richter, Phycotheca Universalis, No. 470, are about 40 mm. high ;
our forms are dwarfed to one tenth that size, but otherwise corre-
spond closely with the type. The plant consists of several fine fila-
ments (arising from a thin substratum), which are composed usually
of a single series of quadrate cells, .o15—.030 mm. wide. Occasion-
ally these may be divided, so that for a short space two or more series
may be found side by side. The European specimens are olive-
brown, but ours are almost hyaline, except for a space along the
center of the filaments, where the darker spores are borne singly in
superficial cells which surround the underlying thallus so closely that

1900] Rand, — Plants from Duck Islands, Maine 207

it is entirely hidden. The plurilocular sporangia may be recognized
by their resemblance to those of Æctocarpus. The identification of
our specimens is due to the courtesy of Professor Farlow.

Since these notes were in type another very small specimen of
Pogotrichum filiforme has been discovered, which shows that this in-
teresting form still persists in New England. It occurred now upon
Sertularia pumila, Linné, among Sphacelaria, upon a bit of Asco-
phyllum which also harbored Clava /eptosty/a, Ag., a hydroid which
is rather common on the Fucacee at low water mark on exposed
shores. I am informed by Mr. G. W. Gray, Curator of the Marine
Biological Laboratory, that the specimen in question was collected
at Woods Hole about the end of last October. Since Vineyard Sound
is a waterway used by many foreign vessels, it is not improbable that
this plant is merely a waif from alien waters. Possibly future collec-
tions may cast light upon this interesting question.

BRISTOL, R. I.

PLANTS FROM THE DUCK ISLANDS, MAINE.
EDWARD L. RAND.

Tur Duck Islands, two in number, and small in area, lie seaward
about ten miles off the coast from Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert
Island, Maine. The smaller island, Little Duck, is high, poorly
wooded, partly cleared, and uninhabited. From a botanical point
of view it is little explored. "The larger island, Great Duck, is divi-
ded by a marshy depression from north to south, and is mostly
cleared, but has some old woods still remaining. It is now the site
of a lighthouse, and therefore inhabited by others besides the fisher-
men who often make temporary summer homes on both islands. Be-
fore the lighthouse was built, however, it had been long inhabited,
until fire destroyed the farmhouse and forced the settler to make a
- home elsewhere. Sheep now graze over a large part of this island,
and, as usual, make collecting most unsatisfactory to a botanist.

Some years ago, the late John H. Redfield, while engaged in
work on the flora of Mt. Desert, considered the plants of these small
outlying islands of sufficient interest to warrant the compilation of a
list, as he from time to time observed them. Two lists were pub-
lished by him in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, xii : 103

208 Rhodora [OCTOBER
(1885), and xx: 409 (1893). These lists are of course far from com-
plete, and represent only the results of a few short visits to the
islands. E

All visits are necessarily short, for access to the islands is diffi-
cult for many reasons, and landing on the rocky shores is uncertain
at any time. It is only therefore by a compilation of the results of a
number of these hurried botanical observations that sufficient infor-
mation can be obtained concerning the plants found there for compari-
son with those of the inner islands, and of the mainland. The following
list represents the plants, not contained in Mr. Redfield's lists, found
by me during a short visit made last summer, with the addition of
a few plants found at other earlier visits.

It may be said that thus far Cerastium arvense and Montia fon-
tana are the most interesting plants discovered on these islands.
The former plant, although common on Great Duck, is unknown
elsewhere in the region, and doubtless was introduced by some cause.
The latter plant is unknown elsewhere in the eastern United States
except on Great Cranberry Isle, some miles further inshore.

It should be here noted in regard to Mr. Redfield’s lists that Po/y-
gonum incarnatum there recorded, is an error; and that for Pre-
nanthes alba, we must probably read, Prenanthes serpentaria, Pursh.
These corrections were made by Mr. Redfield himself at the time of
preparing the Flora of Mt. Desert for publication.

Cardamine parviflora, L.

Cakile americana, Nutt.

Viola blanda, Willd.

V. lanceolata, L.

Stellaria borealis, Bigel.

Buda borealis, S. Wats.

Geranium Robertianum, L.

Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel.

Rubus triflorus, Richards.

Fragaria virginiana, Mill.

Potentilla littoralis, Rydberg.

Lonicera caerulea, L.

Aster Novi-Belgit, L.

A. nemoralis, Ait.

Taraxacum erythrospermum,
Andrz.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L.
Galeopsis Tetrahit, L.
Plantago major, L.
Atriplex patulum, L.,
var. hastatum, Gray.
Polygonum Hydropiper, L.
Urtica gracilis, Ait.
Microstylis ophioglossoides, Nutt.
Pogonia ophioglossoides, Ker.
Zostera marina, L.
Eleocharis palustris, R. Br.,
var. glaucescens, Gray.
KE. tenuis, Schultes.
KE. acicularis, R. Br.
Eriophorum vaginatum, L.
E. virginicum, L.

1900] Collins, — Marine flora of Great Duck Island, Maine 209

Carex rigida, Gooden., Agrostis alba, L.,
var. Goodenovii, Bailey. var. vulgaris, 'Thurb.
C. maritima, O. F. Mueller. A. alba, L.,
C. Magellanica, Lam. var. stolonifera, Vasey.
C. flava, L. var. viridula, Bailey. Calamagrostis canadensis, Beauv.
C. sterilis, Willd. (forms) Danthonia spicata, Beauv.
C. canescens, L. Poa compressa, L.
C. trisperma, Dewey. P. pratensis, L.
C. straminea, Willd., Osmunda cinnamomea, L.

var. aperta, Boott.

THE MARINE FLORA OF GREAT DUCK ISLAND, ME.
F. S. CorrLiNs.

Tue location and character of the Duck Islands are indicated in
another article in this number of RHopora, by Mr. Rand, with whom
I visited Great Duck Island last July. While he was investigating the
land flora, I gave my attention to the marine flora, and that it is
interesting may be inferred from the fact that I did not once step
above high-water mark, though I was among the first to land and the
last to re-embark. The shore near the landing point shows a nearly
horizontal stratification, with a slight upward slope seaward. There
is thus formed a series of terraces, each with a shallow pool along its
inner half. The bottom and sides of these pools are richly coated
with algae, and the general development of the flora here is more
luxuriant than on Mount Desert Island itself, even at exposed points.
Why a small outlying island should have a more luxuriant flora than
an exposed part of a larger island or of the mainland, it is hard to say;
but on the New England coast, at least, this seems to be the case.

Perhaps the most striking feature here was Ra/fsia deusta J. Ag.,
carpeting the bottoms of pools, sometimes in patches more than a
square meter in extent. This is a characteristic northern species, its
extreme southern limit on this coast being Nahant, Mass., and I had
never seen it so luxuriant as here. Those who know it only from
dried, shrunken, uniformly dark brown herbarium specimens, have no
idea of its beauty when growing. It consists of horizontal, overlap-
ping, fan-shaped fronds, radiately striate and concentrically zoned in

210 Rhodora [OCTOBER

shades of brown and yellow, lightest at the margin, sometimes remind-
ing one of a small and delicate Polyporus. Under this surface of
vigorous fronds is a thick mass of old, overgrown fronds, the lowest
practically a structureless mass. Probably many years’ growth is
needed to produce one of these thick carpets. Though all the other
species of this genus fruit abundantly, the fructification of this species
is yet to be discovered, and the Duck Island specimens, for all their
luxuriance, show nothing but vegetative growth.

Turning from a rare and local species to a widely distributed and
very common one, Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightf.) Grev. presents a
curious form here. I can find nothing in the many descriptions of
this plant in regard to a creeping base ; but here it formed dense mats
of rooting filaments, from the centre of which arose the well-known
vertical tufts. Where only the prostrate filaments occurred, no one
would suspect, without careful examination, that the brownish cir-
cular disk, a few centimeters in diameter, belonged to this common
species.

Laminaria platymeris De la Pyl. also shows different characters
here from what it has in some other places. As noted by Setchell,!
in Massachusetts bay it is epiphytic on the larger Laminarias; but
here it grows on the rock sides and bottoms of the larger pools.

In less than three hours' time, within a stone's throw of the point
of landing, I noted sixty-one species and two varieties of algae. No-

tice of microscopic forms was out of the question; but if we make a
"fair allowance for them, for plants preferring the different character
of shore which occurs in other parts of the island, and plants to be
found at other times of the year, the number given would probably
be doubled. It is therefore hardly worth while to give a list as
incomplete as our present must be. The Laminariacez were strongly
represented, both as to species and individuals, and there were five
species of Fucus. "The general brown aspect that these large plants
gave to the region was relieved by the green of Cladophoras of the
Acrosiphonia group, and the pink and white of Corallina and Litho-
thamnion. Most of the red algae were dull colored, but there were
some superb broad fronds of Rhodymenia palmata (L.) Grev., half a
meter in length, each frond full of tetraspores throughout ; while small,
but bright, fronds of Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightf.) Grev., and of
Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Huds.) Carm., lighted up the shallow pools.

! Rhodora, Vol. II, p. 143.

1900] Harvey, — Pogonia pendula in Maine 211

The thoroughly northern character of the flora made a hasty visit
tantalizing; one felt that a longer stay might be rewarded by some of
the curious forms that Rosenvinge has found at Greenland, many of
them growing on host plants that abound here.

POGONIA PENDULA IN MAINE.
Le Roy Harris HARVEY. `

WHILE on an extended collecting trip along the western border of
Maine, in the fall of 1899, the writer in company with a botanical
friend, climbed Frost Mountain for the purpose of obtaining specimens
of the maiden-hair spleenwort, Asplenium Trichomanes, L.; the ebony
spleenwort, Asplenium ebeneum, Ait., and the rusty Woodsia, Woodsza
Llvensis, R. Br.

Frost Mountain, having an altitude of about 3600 feet, is situated
in the town of Brownfield, forty miles northwest of Portland, ten miles
south of Fryeburg, and five miles from the New Hampshire line.
The ascent was made on the southwestern slope. Nearly half way
up we passed through a ravine-like depression covered with hard
growth, mostly beech. As we mounted the further slope of this
ravine, we simultaneously uttered exclamations of surprise, and
hastened forward to examine more closely our find, which we readily
recognized as Pogonia pendula. Growing in an isolated clump, were
four specimens — three well developed and one aborted. The plants
were firmly rooted in a bed of leaf mould over granite formation.
Two of the plants were carefully dug up for our herbaria, and the
others left, as we hoped thus permanently to maintain the locality.
We searched very carefully over the immediate slope, but to no avail.
' 'This is the first time the nodding pogonia, Pogonia pendula, Lindl.
has been reported east and north of Lake Winnipiseogee, N. H., and
is the fourth authentic locality in the New England states.

I append the following data, which have been kindly put at my
disposal by Mr. Emile F. Williams of Boston, who is compiling a
check-list of our New England orchids.

Mr. Williams has examined, to date, the following herbaria —
Gray; Brown University; W. P. Rich, J. R. Churchill, C. E. Faxon,

. Boston; G. G. Kennedy, Milton; Walter Deane and M. L. Fernald,
Cambridge ; C. H. Bissell, Southington, Conn.; J. F. Collins and W. W.

212 Rhodora [ OCTOBER

Bailey, Providence — and has found in them only a single specimen
of Pogonia pendula, this being in the Gray herbarium, collected by
Prof. D. C. Eaton at New Haven, Conn. No data further than
locality were given. Mr. F. W. Batchelder exhibited, at a meeting
of the New England Botanical Club in 1899, a specimen collected
from a large patch on the shores of Lake Winnipiseogee. In Mr.
Williams's herbarium are two specimens collected by Mrs. Walker
at Wilton, N. H., on the fifteenth day of August, 1899. The specimen
in the writer's herbarium bears the date, August 1 5, 1899, being the
exact date of the collecting of the specimens in Mr. Williams's
herbarium.

Baldwin gives Pogonia pendula as being found in three towns in
New Hampshire, one in Vermont, four in Massachusetts, one in
Rhode Island, and five in Connecticut. It is very doubtful, however,
whether Mr. Baldwin saw specimens from the above localities, as many
of his records were based upon unverified reports.

Careful search along our New Hampshire border ought to reveal
several more localities for this beautiful and somewhat rare orchid.

UNIVERSITY OF MAINE, Orono,

To FERN CorLECTORs.— Having now taken up my manuscript
for a Text-Book and Synopsis of the Ferns of North America,
planned in 1880, with the intention of revising and completing it for
publication, and wishing to fill out more completely the Distri-
bution Tables published in the Transactions of the Philosophical So-
ciety of Philadelphia for February, 1883, I should be glad to
receive from any one accurate lists of ferns known positively to grow
within the limits of their states or vicinities.

Specimens for verification, and vouchers, are also desired and
will be returned to sender whenever requested. — GEoRGE E. DavEN-
PORT, 67 Fellsway West, Medford, Mass.

Vol. 1, No. 21, including pages 181 to 194, was issued September 8, 1900.

Rhodora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 . November, 1900 No. 23

THE OLD-TIME FLORA OF PROVIDENCE.
WM. WHITMAN BAILEY.

Iris always most interesting, when possible, to learn the former
plant life of a great city. Especially is this so when one has himself
collected over the same ground at a later date. His surprise and de-
light are uncontrollable, to ascertain the presence of some essentially
wild species on what is now a crowded thoroughfare, or where at
present is located a public building.

Thus, Dr. John Torrey, the noted co-worker with Dr. Asa Gray,
kept a record of the plants growing in New York City, and the vicin-
ity, some eighty years ago. It is funny enough to read to-day — when
the original city extends into Westchester, and when the Greater New
York has embraced Brooklyn and Staten Island — of the wilder-
nesses teeming with wild-flowers in the suburban regions of Canal
Street and Union Square.

Fortunately, without the same intention, indeed with none but to
make a passing note for his own benefit — with no attempt at thorough-
ness even, — my father, when a young cadet at West Point, kept on his
visits home to Providence a record of what he there found. He en-
tered the Military Academy in 1828, graduating in 1832, and the re-
cord contains dates to 1837 — at which time he was professor in his
alma mater.

The book he employed as a manual in those days was the well-
known Z7oru/a Bostoniensis of Bigelow. It is now in my possession,
and is indeed a precious heirloom. It is, of course, arranged on the
Linnaean system, in which no attention is given to natural affinity.
There were no illustrations, but these were added by my father from
time to time, in neat, shaded pencil-drawings, the outline often being

RR i

214 Rhodora [NOVEMBER

in ink. Many of these sketches are really beautiful. Even the printed
pages are employed as a medium for illustration.

In viewing the * finds" of those long-ago days, one must consider
the very different topography that then existed; also that our waters
were formerly quite undefiled. Remember, for instance, that the cove
was a natural estuary of tolerably pure water, in which one could bathe,
and around which grew many littoral plants. To the north there were
sloping banks, leading up to the extensive pine-forest on Smith's Hill.
Indeed, I myself recall such conditions. Near the Vitriol Works, as
late as 1868, I gathered such plants as Leucothoe racemosa, Gray,
Rhododendron viscosum, Torr., and Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.

Again, even in my day, Long Pond, now filled in, was a charming
collecting ground, and it was only the other day, as it were, that a
new causeway throttled Greater Benedict Pond. Many fine things
used to grow there, among them Plantago Virginica, L.

When I first knew Leonard's Pond, in the tenth ward, it was not
even in the city, and only a very few houses were in sight. Nowa
dense population is gathered near it. Here I used to go for Epigaca
repens, L., and Cypripedium acaule, Ait. In Bradley's Swamp near-
by, almost up to the seventies, grew a patch of Rhododendron Rho-
dora, Don.

About Wanskuck, now a populous factory-village suburb of the city,
was a wild wood, and a most delightful and romantic walk extended
along the west bank of Randall's Pond, the earliest haunt of the May-
flower.

Cat Swamp, the Mecca of Botanists, was, even in my day, inviolate.
Fortunately its flora was collected by many acute observers, and col-
ored drawings made by a Mr. Peckham. These I learn are still acces-
sible. É

Slate Rock, sacred to Roger Williams, was, when I was a boy at
the University Grammar School, still in part surrounded by water.
We youths bathed from it where the water would now insure prompt
asphyxiation. A clear, lively brook babbled through and gave its
name to Brook Street. I remember it was open between Power and
Williams St, by the residence of Chief Justice Ames. Charming
groves extended to the river-side below the Rhode Island Hospital —
where were the park-like grounds of G. W. Rhodes. Various gas-
houses and power-works have usurped the place of these rural attrac-
tions. North of Angell Street, on College Hill, houses were few and

1900] Bailey, — The old-time flora of Providence 215
far between. Even on the University grounds, what is now known
as the ** Back Campus,” contained a prolific swamp, well within the
time limits of my own teaching.

The banks of the Seekonk have so changed as to be wholly unrec-
ognizable. ^ Beautiful forests, groves of laurel, meandering trout
brooks, banks gay with lupines and azalea, sands gushing with violets,
swamps, copses, and fens, presented a delightful and rural variety.
Nothing is left of all this but a sweet and imperishable memory.

Now let us revert to the still older days of 1828 and see what is re-
corded, I might note in passing, that there was at that time in Prov-
idence a group of able and enthusiastic young botanists, among whom
we find the names of S. T. Olney, George Hunt, Jesse Metcalf, A. L.
Calder, George Thurber, and J. W. Bailey. ‘These men, though after-
wards in part scattered, always kept in communication with each
other, and all had a deep pride in Rhode Island.

I again direct attention to the Linnaean arrangement of Bigelow
to account for the random way in which this record will appear. I
copy the notes as they come.

First, we find recorded the purple bladderwort, Utricularia pur-
urea, Walt., at Long Pond, a charming plant to find anywhere. The
locality has totally disappeared, — as has the pond itself, though up
to my time it was still excellent collecting ground. Its site is now
given over to Zactuca Scariola, L., and threats of the Russian thistle!
It is possible that this bladderwort may still be found at Little Bene-
dict Pond near by — a most delightful hole, full of Brasenia peltata,
Pursh, Vymphaea odorata, Ait., Nuphar advena, Ait., and various Sa-
gittariae, Spargania and Myriophylla, Near by grew, and perhaps
still grows, Coreopsis rosea, Nutt., which my father records as *abun-
dant” in 1828, at Long Pond.' My only certain locality for it now is
near Pawtucket, where it is accompanied by Eupatorium hyssopifolium,
L., Utricularia purpurea, Walt., Aster spectabilis, Ait., and other nice
things.

Circaea alpina, L., is recorded from Providence, without special lo-
cality, and /ris prismatica, Pursh, from Seekonk, in what is now East
Providence. The latter is abundant there still. In the old canal,
long since abandoned even before my day, is noted AZ yneospora alba,
Vahl, and at Leonard's Pond, A. glomerata, Vahl. Anthoxanthum
odoratum, L., is dated “ Providence, April 12, 1828.” It is one of our

* Since this was written a careful exploration fails to find it.

216 Rhodora [ NOVEMBER

commonest grasses giving the delicious odor to new-mown hay. We
also have Zeroch/oa borealis, Roem. & Sch., but these old notes do
not record it.

It is interesting to learn that Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisb., turned
up March 8, 1828 — a good average record. We can fancy how glad
those young collectors, all now passed away, were to welcome its
parti-colored hoods !

At the other end of the season we find Hamamelis Virginica, L.,
marked as occurring in Tifft’s woods, a location which I fail to iden-
tify. Buck-bean grew then where even now it flourishes — this year
perhaps for the last time — near the Friends’ School. This is by far
the best locality for Menyanthes I have ever known. I think it is
within our city limits, also in the suburb of Cranston. Cat Swamp
is being drained and filled in so that Menyanthes trifoliata, L., must
disappear, with the Typhas. Acorus Ca/amus, L., and many splendid
Carices, among them the one called O/vey?, Boott., which, however,
does not seem to stand. I have a letter from Hart Wright of years ago
questioning its stability, and I think L. H. Bailey and others have
merged it with an old species. Happy those whose monuments can
survive a generation ! . :

The bind-weed, Convolvulus sepium, L., is described as occurring
on the banks of the “Providence Canal” near Horton's Grove, July,
1830. This old abandoned canal, extending from Providence to
Worcester, early had its commercial usefulness destroyed by the rail-
road between these two cities. Thereafter it became largely choked
with aquatics and lawsuits to the mutual joy of the botanist and
lawyer. So, some few years since, when my assistants, Messrs. J.
Franklin Collins and Haven Metcalf desired some Zødea Canaden-
sis, Michx., for physiological work, I directed them to find it in the
canal — which they did. I had not seen it myself !

The Jersey tea, Ceanothus Americanus, L., is simply noted as from
Providence — and still grows in the municipality. One marvels if in
1828 the rose-bugs came too! Now-a-days the plant is always
thronged with them.

Under Viola pedata, L., the most abundant and most beautiful of
our Rhode Island violets, adopted by the school-children as the state-
flower (which — for obvious reasons — Rhododendron should be !),
is noted in pencil — “Variety velutina, has two of its petals very dark
purple and velvet-like.” This is the variety 2zco/or, Pursh, of to-day —

Se
t

1900] Bailey, — The old-time flora of Providence 217

which I myself have never seen. ‘The late George Thurber once wrote
me that in cultivation it became as large and handsome as a pansy.

Two localities of the butterfly-weed, Asclepias fuberosa, L., are
given, and are interesting as carrying this plant so far back in our
Rhode Island record. There has been a modern belief that it was
introduced from the West. My father's localities are ‘‘ Utacognut
Hill ” to-day called “ Neuticonquinut," and North Providence. The
last is very indefinite. It occurs to-day from Manton to Kingston.
Gentiana crinita, always a special favorite of my father's, is noted as
growing in Providence near the Friends' School, a still possible local-
ity, the days of which are limited. However, fortunately there are a
number of other spots. Hydrocotyle umbellata, L., grew at Masha-
paug Pond. I wonder if it does now! It is a plant that I associate
with more distant localities, say in South Kingston and Little Comp-
ton. Another umbellifer, Crantzia lineata, Nutt, is recorded as
abundant near Providence. No doubt it still is. Itis a plant that is,
as Mr. Mantalini would say, * demd damp, moist, and unpleasant,"
and one has to search for it in muddy, oozy flats at low tide. Indeed,
I often gauge a man’s enthusiasm for field-work by the number of
aquatics he has pulled in. It takes pluck to study Potamogeton, Natas,
Zannichellia Zostera, and the like.

The Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx., bears the
legend * Banks of the Woonasquatucket." ‘This is one of the two
rivers originally flowing into the cove in the middle of Providence,
and there uniting to form the so-called Providence river, into which
the Seekonk also flows. ‘The latter is the continuation of the Black-
stone below Pawtucket. An additional locality for the last plant is
‘Near Centre Hotel, August 31, 1830.” The long-leaved sundew,
Drosera intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC., is recorded as
Drosera longifolia, L. It occurred in a swamp near the Douglas turn-
pike, “ about four miles from Providence." This may now be in the city
limits. The Turk’s-cap lily, Zé/ium superbum, L., grew, as it has till
recently, in Moses Brown's meadow, viz. in the region between Angell

` Street, and Cat Swamp; the red lily, Z..PA/ade/pArcum, L., from the

same locality, where I, too, have always found Z. Canadense, L. My
father, however, notes the latter from “ Trip-town, R. I."
Then, as now, Medeola Virginiana, L., flourished in “ The Grotto.”

In my day it has been equally abundant in the ravine in Blackstone

Park and the grove to the east of the Metcalf Botanic Garden of Brown

218 Rhodora [NOVEMBER

University. Indeed, our University is very fortunate to obtain on its
own ground so many desirable wild plants. Itis a plot of very diverse
soil and moisture, now being properly laid out and planted.

The nodding Z7Z//ium has “ The Grotto” as a station. This is the
very beautiful ravine and stream so long included in the estate of the
Butler Hospital for the insane.

Of Rhododendron maximum, L., my father writes — “ Said to grow
in Attleboro.” Query — does it? Did he not know then, as he cer-
tainly did later, of the magnificent growth of it at Wickford and in
South County ?

Cassia Chamaecrista, L., abounds in the sandy regions of Rhode
Island quite up to the city. The smaller species, C. nictitans, L., not
included in Bigelow’s book — though surely it grows in Massachu-
setts — is mentioned as occurring in abundance near Mashapaug
Pond. It is curious to read the description in pencil, “ July, August.
Spreading, pubescent. Leaves in many pairs, linear; glands of the
petiole pedicelled; peduncles short, supra-axillary. 2-or 3-flowered.”
Cassia Marilandica, L., grew in plenty about “ Moses Brown's mea-
dows," — my own original locality, found years after, without consul-
tation with this record. These localities about Moses Brown's old
farm should be especially noted, for the city is fast encroaching upon
them. Where less than ten years ago were open fields, and grassy
lanes, are now curbed streets and numerous cottages. Sewers, too,
are draining the entire region.

Rhodora is not mentioned as from Rhode Island, nor is Moneses
grandiflora, Salisb., now both known to occur. Indeed, Rodora grew
within my own active collecting period in what is now the tenth
ward of the city. AZoneses is found in Smithfield. My father has no
record, either, of S. F. Olney’s locality for Zzzzaea borealis, L., the
only one ever known in the State, near Silver-spring bleachery. The
station has been obliterated some twenty years. If any one knows of
another, he is requested to speak up.

The white Indian-pipe, Monotropa uniflora, L., is checked as from
« Tifft’s woods." Among the crow-foots is found Ranunculus Cymba-
laria, Pursh, where I have myself always found it, along the Seekonk,
date, August, 1834. Thirty-two years between the dates of record of
father and son.

The scarlet painted cup, Castilleia coccinea, Spreng., is growing
scarce near the city. In those old days it occurred at Trip-town.

1900] Bailey, — The old-time flora of Providence 219

Epiphegus Virginiana, Bart, grew as in our own time, in ‘ The
Grotto.” I would extend the finding to almost any beech-grove in
the State. The only Gerardia recorded is G. tenuifolia, Vahl. as
found near the Woonasquatucket river, Aug. 14, 1830. This does
not necessarily mean within the city, though even now it is abundant
at a place remote from that cited, viz., beyond Cat Swamp. It is
rather curious that there is no mention of the four or five others, in-
cluding maritima, all within the lines of our city.

The localities of Orchids are always interesting. We find Hadena-
ria blephariglottis, Torr., turning up in those days at Mashapaug
Pond, and — still more interesting — “ near Sandy Bottom at the head
of Providence Cove, August, 1830.” Fancy it now, ye loiterers at
the new station, which occupies the position of the once limpid — and
later, putrescent — Cove! ‘This beautiful native grew on a spot now
defiled by ashes and garbage — and where toil the Italian scavengers,
neither do they spin!

Habenaria lacera, R. Br., is marked “ Dyer's pasture " — a location
I fail to identify — and Æ. psycodes at Trip-town. ‘This local name
has also vanished from the map. Where, too, were * Tifft's woods "
then the home of X. fimbriata, R. Br.? In my time it has occurred
in Olneyville. Arethusa bulbosa, L., I am delighted to note, was ob-
served in Cat Swamp, Juno, 1832. It was true to this record certainly
as late as 1890. Pogonia ophioglossoides, Nutt., was always found
there, but there is no check against P. verticillata, Walt., a choice
orchid, which still turns up in town. Some years it is brought me by
a number of people, — and from various stations.

Of course the lady’s slipper, Cypripedium acaule, Ait., was preva-
lent, as it is now, in all sandy woods. It prevails especially in the
tenth ward, formerly in the town of North Providence. The locality
given for Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt., is “ The Grotto.”

In 1830 wild rice, Zizania aquatica, L., grew, as it still does, “in
the wet land at the head of Providence Cove, where its tall reed-like
stems, swaying in the wind, and its feathery plumes, are fair to see.

Under Myriophyllum procumbens — what is it now? — my father
has this note, “ Leonard's Pond, N. Providence, fence leading from
a white house on the Louisquisset Turnpike, strikes the shore of the
pond at a spot where the M. ^. grows abundantly, August, 1837.”
Probably of the items here mentioned, pond, town, house, fence, road
and plant; only the road and the pond survive. However, the plant

220 Rhodora [NOVEMBER

may, perhaps, be found there, being an aquatic and not subject to
certain topographic disturbances, which would extinguish all things
terrestrial.

While little is said about Lycopods and ferns — we find this in-
tensely interesting note concerning Lygodium palmatum, Swartz., my
own station for which is South Scituate, R. I.

“Lygodium palmatum — abundant on banks of Tar Kiln River,
near Douglas Turnpike, R. I., July 4, 1834.” It would be well worth
while to look up this long-forgotten locality — and then, in the inter-
ests of science, again to forget it !

BROWN UNIVERSITY,

DICKSONIA PILOSIUSCULA, var. CRISTATA.
GEORGE E. DAVENPORT.

HAVING recently visited the type station for Dicksonia pilosiuscula,
Willd., var. cristata (Daenstedia punctilobula cristata, Maxon) in
company with Mr. F. G. Floyd, who first brought this fern to notice,
I have been able gradually to recall quite clearly the circumstances
under which I saw it for the first time in 1873. I had not at that
time taken up the study of ferns, but was more interested in the
flowering plants, consequently I did not pay that attention to this form
of the Dicksonia that I otherwise should have done, and the circum-
stance itself passed out of my mind until Mr, Floyd’s discovery
recalled it.

I had been botanizing on the Great Blue Hill in company with
the late veteran botanist, Mr. E. H. Hitchings, and, while following
one of the brook ravines down from the summit of the hill, we came
across this patch of bifid and crested Dicksonia. I now recall very
clearly our stopping sometime to look at it, and commenting on the
somewhat unusual occurrence, but, as we were after other things, and
as neither of us at the time had any special interest in ferns, we made
no collection of it, and I imagine it passed out of Mr. Hitchings’ mind
as it did out of my own.

The variation is interesting and difficult to account for. The
plants are restricted to a small area, and the variety is intermixed
with the normal form in such a manner as to suggest their both being
attached to the same rootstock. Mr, Floyd and I, however, took up

1900] Arthur, — New station for the dwarf mistletoe 221

very carefully several clumps in order to investigate this, but in each
case they separated readily into two distinct plants, the normal form
being on one rootstock, and the variety on the other.

My object in publishing this note is to show that there is every
presumption in favor of believing that the form has persisted in
maintaining its character for more than twenty-five years, long enough
surely to justify recognizing it as a permanent variation from the
normal character of the species.

It is not so easy, however, to account for the variation, as there is
absolutely nothing in the plant's environments to suggest an explana-
tion, both forms being closely intermingled, and therefore exposed to
precisely the same conditions; probably at least one half of the whole
patch showing bifid and crested apices to the fronds and pinnae.

MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS.

NEW STATION FOR THE DWARF MISTLETOE.
]. C. ARTHUR.

THE remarkable number of recent coincident finds of the dwarf
mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum Peck) reported in the January
RHODORA of this year, makes the discovery of another New England
station in itself of small moment. It was my good fortune this past
summer, however, to chance upon a more luxuriant and abundant de-
velopment of the plants than any so far recorded. It was while
spending some weeks at Isle au Haut, Maine, that I came one day
upon a portion of forest along the shore, of a few acres in extent,
composed almost entirely of white and black spruces in about equal
proportion, which presented an exceedingly novel and almost fantas-
tic appearance. ‘The general effect was that of an abandoned Italian
garden, with its once compact and well clipped forms, now ragged
and partly dead. Here and there witches’ brooms of characteristic
form, from a foot to three feet in diameter, were prominent, but it
was the transformation of whole trees from the smallest size to thirty
or forty feet in height into solid individual ** brooms " that produced
the strangest effect. Trees ten to fifteen feet high and of two-thirds
. that diameter were most numerous, and were formed of a close growth
of slender branches from the ground to the rounded summit, the usual
pyramidal form being entirely lost.

222 Rhodora [NOVEMBER

The mistletoe was not equally in evidence on all trees showing
equal transformation. On some it was produced sparingly, but on
others it stood so high and thick on the branches as to hide the leaves
and give a brown look even at some distance, the general effect being
softened, however, by the green of the youngest twigs. The foliage of
affected trees was usually of a paler and more yellowish green than
the normal, but the comparatively few dead and dying trees showed
that the mistletoe, although exhausting, was not so destructive a
parasite as one would fancy.

Isle au Haut is about the outermost island at the mouth of
Penobscot bay, and fifteen to twenty-five miles from the mainland, `
although many small islands with spruce trees intervene. The locality
here described is at Douglas (locally called Rich’s) cove, on the east
side of the island looking toward the open ocean. The island, which
is about six miles long and about half as wide, is well wooded through-
out, chiefly with spruces and birches, and rises along the central line
to over five hundred feet elevation, making the whole island into a
miniature mountain range rising from the sea. The fogs roll in from
the open ocean and envelop the eastern slope at all seasons, but ex-
cepting in severe weather they are intercepted by the central summits
and burned off before reaching the western shore, thus making a
decided difference in the atmospheric humidity of the eastern and
western slopes. To this difference in humidity, as suggested by Dr.
von Schrenk, I am inclined to ascribe the fact that in my subsequent
search, while I was able to find the mistletoe on the western slope of
the island, it was never in sufficient luxuriance to cause witches'
brooms or even noticeable fasciation of the branches. On the eastern
slope only one area was found in which the majority of the trees were
affected, but outside this area witches’ brooms of conspicuous size `
were not uncommon.

I probably found more of the white spruce (Picea Canadensis
B. S. P.— P. alba Link) affected than of the black spruce (P. Mariana
B. S. P.— P. nigra Link), but I could see no indication of discrimina-
tion by the parasite. I was more especially impressed with this
observation, as the two spruces are similarly affected by climatic con-
ditions, and have much darker foliage than when growing inland, in
large part being of the same deep blue-green as the balsam fir (Adies
balsamea Mill.), altogether making it difficult to distinguish them from
each other except by a close scrutiny of the youngest twigs to detect

1900] Bissell, — Abnormal flowers in Leonurus Cardiaca 223

the presence or absence of pubescence. And furthermore, throughout
the island the black spruce is attacked by a species of Peridermium,
which forms large compact witches' brooms that are very conspicuous
on account of their pale yellow color, and yet the white spruce is
never affected by the fungus. Why the fungous parasite should dis-
criminate between two host species resembling each other so closely
in every prominent character, while the spermophytic parasite does
not, seems a curious matter, beyond explanation.
PuRDUE UNIVERSITY.

ABNORMAL FLOWERS IN LEONURUS CARDIACA.
C. H.-BISBELL,

Last summer, in looking over a colony of the common “ Mother-
wort," growing by the roadside, I noticed several plants of unusual
appearance. Examination showed that the peculiar aspect of these
plants was due to a variation in the flowers, and that these presented
an interesting transformation by which the stamens are changed to
leaves (phyllody) and the corolla becomes less irregular (peloria).
Both the form and color of the corolla were abnormal. In place of
the usual arched upper lip, capped by a conspicuous tuft of white wool,
was a shorter, entire, somewhat lanceolate lobe. The lower lip was
also smaller than usual and provided with pointed lateral lobes. The
color was paler than üsualand had a greenish tint. The most con-
spicuous variation, however, was in the anthers, these being changed
into leaf-like, green appendages.

In looking up the literature of this species with special reference
to its teratology, I find several anomalies described, but none which
exactly covers this case. For instance, Freyhold' states that small
leafy tufts are sometimes formed between the calyx and corolla in
this species, although he does not record a change in the stamens.
A case of peloria in Z. Cardiaca, L., has been described by J. Pey-
ritsch, and illustrated by plate. His figures show a calyx with six
unequal teeth, a corolla with six short, rounded equal lobes and six
stamens with perfect anthers. Peloria is shown only in the upper
flowers of his plant, the lower being of the usual form.

` Freyhold, Beiträge zur Pelorienkunde, 3-14; Strasburg, 1875.

2 Denkschr. der k. k. Acad. der Wissensch. (Mathem. Cl.) xxxviii. Abt. 2,
134-148, t. 5; Vienna, 1878.

224 Rhodora [NOVEMBER

Our plant differs in many ways from this. The calyx is normal,
and the corolla, although much modified, is still two-lipped, while, as
stated, the most import-
ant variation is in the
anthers. Furthermore,
, no flowers of the normal
form were found on the
same plants. Masters,'
in treating of phyllody,
states that this occurs less
frequently in the stamens
than in the neighboring
organs; that sometimes
the whole stamen is af-
fected, at other times only a part ; that the change of the anther from
its ordinary condition to that of a leaf, indicates a great degree
of perverted development. He gives a list of species in which
phyllody of the stamens has been noted, but does not mention any
species of the order Zadiazae.

In all the flowers of our plant the anthers are changed to leaves,
varying somewhat in form, and in some cases the leafy growth ex-
tends downward on the filament. The style and stigma of these
flowers seemed normal and perfect, but were, so far as observed, abor-
tive, and did not produce seed, although surrounded by an abundance
of flowers with perfect anthers. Unfortunately, notes as to this point
were not as extended as desired, owing to the untimely mowing off of
the colony under observation.

The accompanying figure of one of the flowers is from a drawing
kindly prepared by Mr. Charles E. Faxon, The modified stamens
are shown at s7.

SOUTHINGTON, CONNECTICUT.

AUTUMNAL FLOWERING OF VACCINIUM PENNSYLVANICUM. — It was
an interesting experience in the middle of September to find in a de-
serted overgrown timber-road near Westford, Massachusetts, a quantity
of the early low blueberry, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, covered with
blossoms. ‘The unusual effect of the buds and blossoms, among the
old leaves, suggested the southern evergreen species, Vaccinium Jor-

! Vegetable Teratology, 253-256.

1900] ` Bissell, — A new variety of Zizia aurea 225

mosum. Later in the month, a few scattered plants of V. pennsylva-
nicum were found in bloom near Lake Minnewaska, Ulster County,
New York. Iam told that, though one often finds violets, and other
spring-flowering herbs blossoming again in autumn, this tendency is
unusual with shrubbery plants; and I remember finding nothing of
the kind before, though often in the woods in September and October.
Can it be the result of the unusually dry weather? — M. A. Cog,
Brookline, Massachusetts.

A NEW VICIA FOR NEw ENGLAND, — In the early summer of 1895,
Miss Patterson, one of my pupils, brought me specimens of a Vicia
collected in a roadside ditch, in the outskirtsof this village. I did
not examine it critically, but took it for a rank form of V. sativa, L., and
so recorded it in my note-book. Last summer I collected it from the
same station and, doubtful of its identity, sent specimens to the Gray
Herbarium, where Dr. E. B. Uline determined it as E sepium, L.,
a species generally distributed in Europe. Another American speci-
men in the Gray Herbarium, was collected by L. R. Jones in a mea-
dow at Montreal, in 1895.

Vicia sepium differs from V. sativa chiefly in the following charac-
ters: flowers 2—5, in sessile clusters or short racemes, the individual
flowers on short pedicels; leaves large, ovate or ovate-oblong; pod
comparatively short and broad.—- HERBERT E. SARGENT, Brewster
Free Academy, Wolfboro, New Hampshire.

A NEW VARIETY OF ZIZIA AUREA. — On a botanical trip last June,
at Salisbury, Connecticut, a field was crossed in which were many plants
of “ Golden Alexanders.” In this species, the leaflets are usually at
least twice as long as broad, tapering to a point, and sharply toothed.
Here, however, were individuals with leaflets nearly as broad as long,
very blunt, and with shallow teeth. They were growing with, and
otherwise seemed like the typical form, yet the variation is so striking,
that it seems worthy of a name and description, as follows :

ZIZIA AUREA, Koch, var. obtusifolia, N. var. Leaflets 2 to
4 cm. long, from obovate to broadly oblong, mostly rounded or
even retuse at the apex, closely serrate with shallow teeth. — Low
fields, growing with the typical form, Salisbury, Connecticut, 19 June,
1900. Type specimen in the Gray Herbarium. — C. H. BissELL,
Southington, Connecticut.

226 Rhodora [ NOVEMBER

SOLIDAGO TENUIFOLIA A WEED IN RHODE ISLAND. — Several per-
sons call my attention to the prevalence in Rhode Island of .So/iZago
tenutfolia as a weed. Itis locally known as Jemimy weed, and is said
to have first attracted attention about the time that Jemimy Wilkinson
left Central Rhode Island. It was considered “a curse put upon the
country for a repudiation of her doctrine."

A correspondent, Mr. W. H. Bennett of Apponaug, from whom I
derive this information, says: * No animal will attempt to eat it, and
i. spreads with great rapidity. Nothing but persistent pulling will
ever keep it down. It is even now increasing all over pasture and
waste lands, and bids fair to crowd out all else."

Mr. J. F. Collins and I, in 1894, noted its prevalence on Block
Island. — W. W. Bailey, Brown University.

WE have received a little four-page circular entitled Notes on
the Flora of Hartford, Litchfield and Tolland Counties [Connecti-
cut] by A. W. Driggs of East Hartford. The circular is dated
September 1, 1900, but, unfortunately, no place of publication is
mentioned. In it are recorded notes on the local distribution of fifty
spermophytes and pteridophytes, a few of them species not included
in Bishop's Catalogue of Connecticut Plants. The circular can
presumably be obtained from its author. R

Mr. H. K. MORRELL publishes in the Gardiner (Maine) Reporter
Journal for June 18, 1900, a vigorous appeal for the extermination of
the King Devil Weed, Hieracium praealtum, “the worst pest ever
introduced in Maine"; and suggests that every landowner in the
region infested by this weed ought to keep it from his own grounds,
and that the State should take active measures toward the eradication
of the plant where it now has a foothold. ‘Within four years it has
spread from the old Bartlett and Dennis field in West Gardiner, till
now Randolph, Chelsea, Farmingdale, and West Gardiner are pretty
badly infected with it, and it is spreading into Richmond, Gardiner,
and Litchfield."

Vol. 2, No, 22, including pages 195 to 212 and plate No. 20, was issued
October Q, 1900.

TRbooora

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB

Vol. 2 December, 1900 No. 24

POLYEMBRYONY IN SPIRANTHES CERNUA.
R. G. Leavitt

In the seed of Spiranthes cernua, I find that there is ordinarily
more than one embryo. When this fact was first noticed, it was sus-
pected that the occurrence might be local ; inasmuch as, while the poly-
embryony is seen from a glance at the seeds or ovules at almost any
stage, the case seems not heretofore to have been reported. Curtis
(Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. xx., p. 188) figured the seed, and he found
but a single embryo. Material from a distance, however, kindly sent
to me from Webster, Massachusetts, by Mr. L. J. Spalding, and from
Toronto by Dr. Jeffrey, shows the same condition as the local material.
Seed out of an herbarium specimen from Iowa is likewise polyem-
bryonic.

Two spikes collected respectively in Melrose and in Beverly, Massa-
chusetts, showed single embryos. One of these spikes was labelled
* flowers yellowish.” I have found a small plot of plants that have,
also, a normal embryology. All these latter plants are vigorous
specimens, and might perhaps be referred to the yellowish variety,
if such a variety may be distinguished. Other plants characterized
by long and dense spikes and yellow-tinged flowers have, however,
displayed the polyembryonic trait.

The normal embryology — of which, with the abnormal, I hope
soon to publish a fuller account — is interesting. The sexually de-
rived embryo develops no suspensor at the micropylar end of the em-
bryo-sac. It early establishes a connection with the opposite extrem-
ity, and from that quarter draws its nourishment. I may mention
that I have readily found the pollen tubes applied to the embryo-sacs at
the time of fertilization, and masses of empty tubes persisting in the

228 Rhodora [DECEMBER

ovaries sectioned, even after the embryos are well along ; this, in con-
trast to what I have noted in polyembryonic ovaries.

In the prevalent, abnormal development the inner integument of
the ovules displays an extraordinary growth and tendency to form em-
bryogenic masses even before the embryo-sac is mature. Indeed the
sac seems ordinarily to be pushed aside by the adventive growths,
and probably becomes functionless. I have rarely found traces of pollen
tubes in the ovaries. In a test made to determine the ability of the
plant to produce its polyembryonic seed under conditions absolutely
excluding fertilization, I have, at the time of writing, got so far as to
find adventive embryos of nearly the normal size. From present ap-
pearances I judge that the seed borne under test conditions will not
differ from that ordinarily produced.'

The adventive embryos number from one to five or six. When
several occur together, some are sure to be smaller than others. Even
when solitary, an adventive embryo is readily distinguished from an
egg-derived embryo in lacking the slight apical protuberance which
serves the normal germ as suspensor — or at least as haustorium. In
my observation, adventive and normal embryos do not occur in the
same pod, or even upon the same plant.

The embryonal tissue is apt to grow so vigorously as to distort and
frequently to rupture the seed. It is common to find large, rounded,
embryo-like masses outside the micropyle, connected by a chain of
richly protoplasmic cells to the nourishing region at the end of the
seed.

The forms of the embryos vary from spherical to elongate; not
rarely irregular and lobed examples occur. The lack of uniformity in
size, shape, and position of the embryos in the seed is in consonance
with the irregularity in all respects characterizing this mode of repro-
duction.

Tue Ames BorANICAL LABORATORY, North Easton.

! Since the above was written the pods of the plant under observation have
come to maturity with an abundance of seed full of embryos of the usual size and
formation.

€

1900] Andrews, — Ferns of a deep ravine 229

FERNS OF A DEEP RAVINE IN THETFORD, VERMONT.
A. LEROY ANDREWS.

A LOCALITY in the township of Thetford, Vermont, furnishes
within a limited space such a variety of ferns, including several
which are found very rarely, if at all, in the vicinity, that I am per-
suaded to attempt a brief description of it.

A deep, narrow ravine or gully cut in the side of a high hill, be-
comes in spring the bed of a small drainage brook, which later, how-
ever, becomes dry. Steep, rocky walls, clothed in a growth of
forest, close out effectually the rays of the sun, producing that inde-
scribable effect of forest twilight which we associate with the growth
of certain species of ferns. In every available place is collected a
thick deposit of vegetable mould. Here the ferns revel in a lux-
uriance that, in spite of a remarkably dry season, is hardly short of
tropical. They fringe the overhanging rocks, adorn every fissure,
grow in immense feathery clumps of graceful fronds at the bases of
the cliffs and along the brook-bed — a garden of ferns such as one
seldom sees.

But the interest is not wholly on the side of the æsthetic, — the
botanist also comes away well rewarded. A canister of specimens
furnishes the means for an interesting comparison and study.

The species with their distribution are as follows: From the rocky
pastures above straggle down large beds of Dicksonia püsiuscula, in
varying shades of light and dark green. The other species, uniformly
distributed on the steep slopes, are Aspidium marginale, A. acrosti-
choides, Pteris aquilina, Phegopteris Dryopteris, P. polypodioides, with
occasional sterile fronds of Onoclea sensibilis. Upon the flat tops of
rocks grow little colonies of Polypodium vulgare, while delicate
bunches of Cystopteris fragilis (apparently the season's second
growth) cluster beneath them, rarely showing fertile fronds. In the
accumulation of damp mould along the brook-bed grow the species
deserving especial mention. Mixed in charming contrast of form
and tint are large clumps of Aspidium marginale, A. spinulosum, var.
intermedium, A. Goldianum, A, aculeatum, var. Braunii, Adiantum
pedatum, Asplenium thelypteroides, A. angustifolium, with specimens
of Botrychium Virginianum, while the outlet of the ravine is marked
by a thicket of tall fronds of Onoclea Struthiopteris.

The three species, Aspidium Goldianum, A. aculeatum, var.

230 Rhodora [ DECEMBER

Braunii and Asplenium angustifolium were hardly to be expected
here, and careful search has failed to reveal them elsewhere in the
vicinity. All are species of the deep woods of mountainous regions,
the station for Asplenium angustifolium being close upon the eastern
limit of its range in New England, and that of Aspidium aculeatum,
var. Braunii one of comparatively few in New England, the others
being mostly confined to the White and Green mountains, or to more
northern mountainous localities. Thetford, situated on the Connec-
ticut River, is not at all mountainous, possessing only a few hills
with isolated patches of woods. ‘The ferns of the ravine, which I
have described, represent then, apparently, the few survivors of a
primitive, uniformly wooded condition, and will themselves undoubt-
edly soon succumb to the already threatened deforestation of their
home.

Since writing the above, further observation reveals a single plant
of Aspidium acrostichoides, var. incisum. ‘The plant is noticeably
distinct, with thicker, very dark green fronds, large, deeply-incised
pinnz, and the fruiting dots occurring in small numbers on each
pinna, separate, and in no case confluent or covering the pinna.
President Brainerd of Middlebury kindly confirmed my identification. `

‘THETFORD, VERMONT.

TWO NORTHEASTERN THALICTRUMS.
M. L. FERNALD.
( Plate 21.)

Late in June, 1899, the Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine spent
a forenoon exploring the south bank of the Aroostook river at Fort
Fairfield, Maine. Among the more striking discoveries was a delicate
meadow-rue first detected by Miss E. L. Shaw in the alluvial thicket
below the village, and afterwards found in abundance, by other mem-
bers of the party, in the thicket which, along the Aroostook ( as well
as the St. John ), forms the boundary between the steep wooded bank
and the gravelly beach of the river. The Zhadictrum, then in bloom,
was a dioecious or slightly polygamo-dioecious species, suggesting in
its flowers, and its thin glaucous foliage, the early meadow-rue ( 7* dio-
icum ) of southern New England. The stems of the Aroostook valley
plant, however, were much taller, often 1 m. high, bearing from three

1900] Fernald, — Two northeastern Thalictrums 231

to five large leaves and some smaller ones in the inflorescence. The
rootstock of the plant, furthermore, was slender and elongated, very
unlike the short thickish caudex of 7 dioicum ; and while the flower-
ing season of this northern plant was just beginning, the fruit of 7:
dioicum in southern Maine and Massachusetts was already past ma-
turity. The plant was obviously distinct from the recognized New
England species ; and it was pronounced by Professor John Macoun,
who was in the party, unlike any species known to him in eastern
Canada. The immature condition of the material, however, rendered
a final determination of the species impossible.

During the following September an unsuccessful attempt was made
by the writer to secure fruit from the Fort Fairfield plants. Some-
what earlier in September, 1900, à visit was made to the St. John
valley, where plants very similar in appearance to the Fort Fairfield
species were seen in abundance in the thicket between the river-beach
and the high wooded banks. These plants on the St. John were in-
variably past fruiting, as they were likewise at the original station at
Fort Fairfield. About two miles from Miss Shaw's station for the plant,
however, a single specimen, scarcely 4 dm. in height, was found in fine
fruit. Severe early frosts had injured the plant for herbarium purposes
so that after the fruit had been gathered the stem and leaves were in-
advertently tossed into the river. On second thought, however, the
rootstock was carefully dug and examined, when it proved to be not
elongated and slender as in the plant for which it had been mistaken,
but short and thickened, much as in 7: dioicum. Upon returning to the
Gray Herbarium it was found that the achenes of this plant were un-
like those of any described species of the genus, and that the smaller
plant of the Aroostook valley must be a second species unrecognized
. in our New England flora.

In Macoun's Catalogue of Canadian plants, and in Fowler's Cata-
logue of the plants of New Brunswick, numerous stations for Thalie-
trum diotcum in the St. John valley are cited, and the plant is also re-
ported from “ flat lands” on the Restigouche, while 7: purpurascens is
reported from numerous stations in Nova Scotia and from Anticosti.
An examination of the material in the herbaria of the Canadian Geo-
logical Survey Department and of the Natural History Society of New
Brunswick, kindly placed at the disposal of the writer by Professor
John Macoun and by Mr. Geo. U. Hay, shows thatthese plants are in the

“main identical with the larger species recently discovered on the Aroos-

232 Rhodora i [DECEMBER

took. In these herbaria the tall plant, found in flower at Fort Fairfield
by Miss Shaw, is well represented by fruiting material which proves
it beyond a doubt to be 7: occidentale, Gray, a species characteristic of
the mountains of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, rarely
found eastward to the Rockies. So far as the herbarium material
shows, the Nova Scotia and the Anticosti plants are both good 7° poly-
gamum, rather than 7. purpurascens with which they have been placed.
A fruiting specimen from the mouth of the Restigouche, reported in the
first part of Macoun's Catalogue as 7. dioicum, has subsequently been
treated by Professor Trelease as a probable hybrid between that species
and Z. purpurascens. But that this disposition of the plant is far from
satisfactory may be seen from the fact that the Restigouche speci-
men comes from a region 230 miles northeast of the nearest authen-
ticated station of Z. dioicum,' and some 450 miles from the northeast-
ern known limit of Z. purpurascens. The plant is, however, identical
with the larger species of the St. John and Aroostook valleys and it
matches perfectly 7: occidentale of the Northwest.

The smaller Zhadictrum, of which fruit was obtained at Fort
Fairfield during the past September, is beautifully represented in the
herbarium of the Geological Survey Department of Canada by a
sheet of flowering specimens collected by Professor Macoun in
thickets at Ottawa in August, 1894. In habit this plant strongly
suggests small-leaved forms of the Rocky Mountain 7. Fendleri, but
that species has elongated rootstocks and strongly compressed
achenes; while in the northeastern plant the caudex is short, and
the short, plump achenes terete. This plant, as already stated, can be
referred to no species of America nor of the Old World, and it is
here proposed as

THALICTRUM confine. Rootstock 2 to 4 cm. long, bearing
10 to 12 strong roots: stem slender, 3 to 6 dm. high, puberulent,
pale green, often finely mottled with purple, leafy to the summit: `
the four or five leaves glandular-pruinose, glaucous beneath,
the lower including the long petiole r.5 to 2 dm. long, the upper-
most including the short petiole 3 or 4 cm. long; leaflets sub-
orbicular broadly obovate or flabellate, coarsely toothed, 0.75 to
1 cm. long, the terminal on slender petiolules, the lateral short-

1 K. C. Davis (Minn. Bot. Studies, Ser. 2, 515) credits this species to Labrador,
but the occurrence of the plant in that district is seriously doubted. The only
Labrador specimen so named in the herbarium of the Geological Survey Depart-
ment of Canada is clearly 7: polygamum.

1900] Fernald, — Two northeastern Thalictrums 233

petiolulate or subsessile: flowers dioecious, greenish or purplish, the
panicles 1 or 2 dm. high, with ascending branches: sepals greenish,
oblong-lanceolate, caducous: carpels 6 to 10, glandular-pruinose ;
stigmatose style lance-subulate, 3 to 5 mm. long; achenes ovate-
lanceolate, excluding the persistent style, 4 or 5 mm. long, 2 or 3
mm. thick, plump, subterete, scarcely compressed or ancipital, with 8
simple or slightly branched strong ribs, the alternate ones strongest ;
seed linear-lanceolate, hardly filling the cell.—Alluvial thickets,
Ontario, Rideau Hall, Ottawa, in flower, August 8, 1894 (John
Macoun in herb. Geol. Surv. Dept. Canada, no. 2,956): MAINE, by
the Aroostook river, Fort Fairfield, in fruit, September 19, 1900
(M. L. Fernald ).

The characters and eastern stations of the larger plant may
be summarized as follows:

T. OCCIDENTALE, Gray. Rootstock slender, elongated: stem
glabrous, r m. or less high, leafy to the summit, the three to
six leaves glaucous beneath, smooth or minutely glandular, the lower
including the long petiole 1 to 2.5 dm. long, the uppermost includ-
ing the short petiole os to 1 dm. long, those of the inflorescence
often simple ; leaflets thin, reniform or obovate, with coarse rounded
lobes, the terminal on slender petiolules, the others short-petiolulate
or subsessile: flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, greenish
or purplish, the panicles 1.5 to 3 dm. high, with ascending branches :
sepals oblong : carpels glabrous or minutely glandular-pruinose ;
achene excluding the persistent style 6 or 7 mm. long, 2 or 3 mm.
wide, compressed, strongly ancipital, with three strong somewhat
branching ribs on each side: filaments, yellowish greenish or pur-
plish, elongated, slightly clavellate; anthers linear, mucronate. —
Proc. Am. Acad. VIII. 372. T. dioicum X purpurascens, Tre-
lease in J. M. Macoun, Can. Rec. Sci, 1894, 77. — NEw BRUNS-
wick, woods (*flatlands," Fowler’s Catalogue), Eel River, Resti-
gouche Co., in fruit, July 29, 1876 (A. Chalmers in herb. Geol.
Surv. Dept. Can. no. 844); South Tobique Lakes, July 18, 1900
(G. U. Hay); along the St. John river above Woodstock, in flower
and young fruit, July 3, 1899 (John Macoun in herb. Geol. Surv.
Dept. Can. no. 21,136); St. John, in fruit, Aug., 1890 (G. U. Hay):
Maine, thickets by the Aroostook river, Fort Fairfield, in flower,
June 29, 1899 (Miss E. L. Shaw and others of the Josselyn Botanical
Society of Maine); MawrroBA, Lake Winnipeg valley, 1857 — pre-
viously referred to Z. dioicum (Bourgeau): Montana, Wyoming and
westward.

GRAY HERBARIUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 21. — Thalictrum confine, drawn by C. E. Faxon
from original material. Figs. 1 and 2, fertile plant from Ottawa; fig. 3, flower of
the same; fig. 4, achene from Fort Fairfield specimen.

234 Rhodora [ DECEMBER

THE FIG AS A HARDY PLANT IN NEW ENGLAND. — For some years
the edible fig, Ficus carica, L., has maintained itself in Providence,
Rhode Island, in a suffrutescent state. With its roots deeply buried
in the cellar walls of a ruined house, it every year comes up, very
late, but thrives vigorously. Finally, it is caught by the autumnal
frosts, and all parts above ground perish. I have repeatedly thought
I had seen the last of the plant, when suddenly it would again throw
up its shoots.

In August of this year, I found /icus carica, L., growing under
very similar conditions in a waste lot in Gloucester, Mass. I do not
know if it maintains itself through the winter.

W. Wuirman BaiLEv, Brown University,

SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON THE EARLY GROWTH OF
IMPATIENS BIFLORA.

C. B. GRAVES.

Ir may not be generally known that the common jewel-weed,
Impatiens biflora Walt. (Z. fulva Nutt.), at one stage of its growth is
an opposite-leaved plant. At any rate there is no mention of this
feature in such descriptions of the genus as are accessible to me.
That such is the fact, however, is easily seen by examining a patch of
young plants in the spring. Following the cotyledons come either
three or four pairs of strictly opposite leaves at well-marked nodes.
These nodes persist throughout the season, becoming, in fact, much
more prominent later, and frequently have opposite branches arising
from them. In this young stage the alternate arrangement is to be
found only beginning among the very small leaves crowded at the
summit, At this time the most conspicuous feature is the distant
pairs of long-petioled opposite leaves, and this, with: the slender
unbranched stem and small size ( 6 to 15 inches tall in cool woods
on May 3o of this year), gives the plants an appearance strikingly
unlike that of the late summer specimens.

Another point of interest is the early appearance of cleistogamous
flowers. Already, by May 3o, in the woods visited on that date,
they were uniformly present and young capsules were easily found.
By the middle of June — probably earlier — pods were ripe and dis-
charging seeds. ‘They continue to be abundantly produced for at

1900] Robinson, — New England Agrimonies 235

least a month before petaliferous flowers appear. This past season
it was not until July 15 that the first flowers were seen here, and
for a week or more after that they occurred only sparingly.

Plants in cool, moist woods may retain their opposite leaves until
late July, and very many of them apparently die without ever
showing a petaliferous flower. During the remainder of the season,
both kinds of flowers are freely produced.

Impatiens in this respect offers a noteworthy contrast with Viola,
whose petaliferous flowers always precede and sometimes follow
the cleistogenes of summer. From this behavior of Impatiens it
seems hardly probable that temperature can be the only factor deter-
mining the production of one or the other form of flower, as has been
suggested in the case of the violets.

THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND
AGRIMONIES.

B. L. ROBINSON.

Four years ago Mr. E. P. Bicknell’ published an account of the
American species of Agrimonia, lucidly distinguishing no less than
seven of them, instead of the two commonly recognized in the then
current manuals. While Mr. Bicknell's work bears ample evidence of
care and accuracy in the botanical observations which he recorded,
it fails signally to carry conviction in the matter of synonymy and
nomenclature. The following notes, it is hoped, may contribute to a
final settlement of our five New England species of this genus.

1 A. HIRSUTA, Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 509 (1896).
"There can be no doubt from Wallroth's careful and detailed charac-
terization that this is his 4. gryposepala, published in 1842. To dis-
place this well-described specific combination of W allroth, Mr. Bick-
nell takes up the varietal name “hirsuta,” published by Muhlenberg
in his catalogue. Unfortunately, however, Muhlenberg’s plant was
not properly described, and 4. Eupatoria hirsuta, Muhl., is at best a
nomen subnudum. Now, whatever difference of opinion may exist on
the question whether a specific name may be displaced by an earlier
varietal name, there can, I think, be only one opinion as to the inad-
visability of discarding a name of known and definite application and

1 Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 508-523, t. 282-283.

236 Rhodora [DECEMBER

replacing it by one so vague and obscure, that its original application
is a matter of mere conjecture.

Let us see upon just what grounds Mr. Bicknell can maintain the
identity of Agrimonia Eupatoria hirsuta, Muhl., with the species to
which he has applied the name A. Airsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. The
type of Muhlenberg's plant is, I learn, either not in existence or at
least in a state of confusion with other material, which makes its cer-
tain identification impossible. Consequently our sole knowledge of
4. Eupatoria hirsuta, Muhl., is to be derived from the original
description. Muhlenberg’s treatment of Agrimonia is as follows :

Calix. Corolla. DIGYNIA Habitat, etc.

5 fid. 5 pet. 360 AGRIMONIA. AGRIMONY. Semina 1-2 in calice.
lut, 1. eupatoria hirsuta 4 rough-haired. Pens. fl. Aug. Car.
lut. B. glabra ?! smooth Pens. fl. Aug.
lut. 2. parviflora ?! dotted Pens. fl. Aug.
lut. 3. pumila Y little Miss.

A glance at this treatment will show that the description of

A. Eupatoria hirsuta contains but one distinctive word,“ rough-haired.””!
It must have required extraordinary powers of intuition to discover
from this one word just which of seven more or less hairy plants
Muhlenberg meant by his Agrimonia Eupatoria hirsuta, especially as
the plant in question, according to Mr. Bicknell’s interpretation, turns
out to be villous rather than hirsute and is one of the least hairy spe-
cies of the whole group,— much less so, in fact, than the typical A.
Eupatoria of Europe. Unfortunately many of us are not endowed
with this well-nigh necromantic power, and must accordingly stop in
our retrogressive search after priority at the earliest sufficient and
intelligible description. To persons of these more modest attain-
ments A, Eupatoria hirsuta must be a negligible nomen subnudum
and A. gryposepala, Wallr., be preferred to A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell.
It is true the combination 4. Zupatoria B hirsuta was also em-
ployed by Dr. Torrey and, as Mr. Bicknell informs us, “ independently
for a more hairy form of the same plant.” I have not succeeded in
finding the type of this variety in the Torrey herbarium. Concerning
the variety we learn from Dr. T orrey's description merely that it was
a smaller and much more hairy plant than what Torrey regarded the
typical form of 4. Eupatoria, the latter being probably the very plant
* The range including Carolina cannot be regarded as distinctive, since several

species are either known to occur in Carolina or from their general distribution
are to be expected there.

1900] Robinson, — New England Agrimonies 237

(A. gryposepala) to which Mr. Bicknell has applied the name sua.
Torrey's A. Eupatoria B hirsuta has therefore scarcely more definite-
ness than A. Eupatoria hirsuta, Muhl.

2. A. BRITTONIANA, Bicknell, l.c. 510. Suspecting from an exam-
ination of authentic material of Mr. Bicknell's new species that it was
identical with the plant of Central Europe which has for many years ,
figured as A. pilosa, Ledeb., I forwarded some specimens of the
American plant to Berlin, where it was subjected at the Royal Botani-
cal Museum to a critical comparison by Mr. J. M. Greenman, who
pronounces it in all respects identical with the material there repre-
senting Ledebour's species. I have not had an opportunity to have
the plant compared with Ledebour's type, but have no reason to doubt
the accuracy of the German specimens, especially as Russian speci-
mens of A. pilosa, determined by no less an authority than Maximo-
wicz, are clearly the same. Mr. Bicknell says of his species. “4A.
Brittoniana is in fact very distinctivé from any American species
while nearly related to certain Asiatic forms — 4. vzseidu/a Bge., A.
pilosa Ledeb., and A. Dahurica Willd., plants which have been vari-
ously confused together by authors, and all of which have finally
been referred to 4. Eupatoria L.” This is certainly a high-handed way
of disposing of a species like 4. 57/052, which is not only well repre-
sented in the larger herbaria, but recognized in such standard works
as Nyman's Conspectus, several editions of Garcke's Deutschlands
Flora, Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, etc. It is also rather incon-
sistent with other parts of Mr. Bicknell's work. Surely various names
for the American Agrimonies have been much confused, and most of
them were referred to 4. Eupatoria, yet Mr. Bicknell has not hesitated
to take them up even when their status, as in 4. Eupatoria hirsuta, is
most vague.

However, there is still an earlier name for Mr. Bicknell’s 4. Brit-
toniana, as this is just what Michaux described as A. striata, a fact
suggested to me by Michaux’ rather characteristic description, and
recently confirmed by a personal examination of the well-preserved
type of A. striata at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The Michaux spec-
imen is in every way a close match for Mr. Fernald’s plant from St.
Francis, Maine, the latter being Mr. Bicknell’s first-mentioned type
of A. Brittoniana. As a corollary of these observations, attention
may be called to the identity of 4. pilosa, Ledeb., as now interpreted
in Germany and Russia, with A. striata, Michx., which, as the earlier

238 Rhodora [ DECEMBER

name, should be accepted for this species in Europe as well as in
America.

` 3. A. MOLLIS, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. xix. 221 (1892); 4. En:
patoria y mollis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 431 (1840). The earliest specific
combination for this plant is 4. p/atycarpa, Wallr., Beitr. i. 38 (1842),
a name which will be preferred by conservative botanists to the recent
combination derived by Professor Britton, from the earlier varietal
name mollis.

4. A. STRIATA, Bicknell, l. c. 509, not Michx. A significant fact
regarding Mr. Bicknell’s interpretation of the Michauxian A. striata
is that its range — ** Southeastern New York, and doubtless Connecti-
cut, to Virginia, west to Missouri "— did not include Michaux’ type
station which was in Canada (presumably Quebec). Had Mr. Bick-
nell noticed this fact he could scarcely have failed to surmise the iden-
tity between Michaux' plant and Mr. Fernald's St. Francis plant
from the same general region. The earliest satisfactory name for
A. striata, Bicknell not Michx., is A. microcarpa, Wallr.

5. A. PARVIFLORA, Solander. This is the only one of the five
species which Mr. Bicknell credits to New England, which Mos to
me to bear a correct name in his revision.

In conclusion, our New England forms may be synopsized thus :
Roots fibrous, unthickened, :

Principal leaflets numerous, 9 to 15.. . . . . A. PARVIFLORA, Solander.
Principal leaflets fewer, 3 to 7 (rarely 9).
Bristles of the fruit early spreading.
A. GRYPOSEPALA, Wallr. (4. hirsuta, Bicknell).
Bristles of the fruit erect, connivent.
A. STRIATA, Michx. (4. Brittoniana, Bicknell).
Roots fusiform, distinctly thickened,
Leaflets smoothish . . A. MICROCARPA, Wallr. (A. striata, Bicknell).
Leaflets tomentose beneath. A. PLATYCARPA, Wallr. (A. mollis, Britton).
A. gryposepaía, Wallr., and A. striata, Michx., are rather widely dis-
tributed in New England, but 4. parviflora, A. microcarpa, and A.
platycarpa appear to reach their northeastern limit in Connecticut,
and have not, to the knowledge of the writer, been reported from any
other New England state.

Gravy HERBARIUM,

1900] Fernald, — Scirpus maritimus in America 239

THE REPRESENTATIVES OF SCIRPUS MARITIMUS IN
AMERICA.

M. L. FERNALD.

THE bulrush, so abundant in all New England saltmarshes, and
characterized by its densely clustered thick brown spikelets and its
long moniliform rootstocks with subspherical tubers, has been gen-
erally known as Scirpus maritimus, L. The species, as it grows upon
our eastern coast, presents two marked forms. One, the abundant
plant of the New England marshes, has ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong
spikelets densely clustered in a head subtended by two or three in-
volucral leaves. The other, sometimes growing with the dense-
headed form and often intergrading with it, is characterized by the
somewhat branched inflorescence, elongated rays springing from near
the base of the dense central head of spikelets. This form with the
branching inflorescence is much less common in New England than
is the plant with congested inflorescence, but further south it is com-
mon, and it occurs also inland and upon the Pacific coast, as does
likewise the plant with dense heads. "The two forms of the plant are
thus of very broad range in America, but, aside from their habital dif-
ferences, no characters are found by which they can be separated.
In their extremes they are strikingly different, but, with very numerous
transitional forms and no perceptible differences in the spikelets and
achenes, the two plants can be considered only varieties of one broadly
distributed species.

In 1803 Michaux described this American plant, or at least the
more branching form, as Scirpus maritimus, var. macrostachyus
(“ spicis sessilibus Pedunculatisque "), distinguishing it from the Euro-
pean S. maritimus by its thicker spikelets (** Spicule quam in europaea
multo crassiores "). In 1814 Pursh described as a species, S. robus-
tus, the large plant (* spicis oblongis, corymbo composito") with the
note, “certainly specifically distinct from S. maritimus, with which I
carefully compared it," and in this species he included the var. mac-
rostachyus of Michaux.

Subsequent authors, however, treated the American plant as iden-
tical with the European .S. maritimus, and under that name it was
known in America until 1892, when Dr. Britton pointed out that the
plant of the eastern saltmarshes differed from S. maritimus not only
in its thicker spikes but in its achenes, those of the European species

240 Rhodora [DECEMBER

being trigonous, while those of the American S. rbbustus are com-
pressed or lenticular. ‘The achenial character seems a constant one
in the American plants examined ; and this, together with the thicker
spike already emphasized by Michaux and Pursh who must have
been familiar with the true S. maritimus of Europe, sufficiently dis-
tinguishes S. robustus of Pursh from the Linnean species with which
it has been confused. Some specimens from our Pacific coast are
doubtfully referred by Dr. Britton to the true S. maritimus, but no
mature achenes have been examined, and for the present the status
of that species in our flora must remain doubtful,

In the Illustrated Flora Dr. Britton describes as A. robustus the
plant with spikelets “in a dense, often compound, terminal clus-
ter." . This, as already stated, is the commoner form of the plant on
our northeastern coast, but the form obviously intended in the de-
scriptions of both Michaux and Pursh is the one with definitely
branching inflorescence. In the same work Dr. Britton describes as
a species, S. campestris, a rather characteristic plant of the Great
Plains and Rocky Mountains, with exceedingly light-colored spikelets.
Except for the rather inconstant color character, this Great Plain
plant does not differ, however, from the dense-headed plant of the
coastal region.

In 1899 Professor Aven Nelson published as a species, Scirpus
paludosus, a Wyoming plant similar to S. campestris, Britton, “from
which it is clearly separated by its remarkable tubers ( subspherical,
10-25 mm. in diameter)," as well as by its darker scales and achenes.
Comparison with specimens from Professor Nelson shows that his
species is in no way different from the common American plant with
brown spikelets in dense terminal heads. Furthermore, A, PaZudosus
instead of differing from S. campestris in its “ remarkable tubers” is
very like that plant (as shown by herbarium specimens ) in this point—
a character likewise shared by the European S. maritimus as well as
our own S. robustus.

In his description of Scirpus campestris, Dr. Britton emphasized
the pale color of the achenes, but an examination of mature achenes
shows them often to be quite as dark as in A. ^a/udosus and the larger SS.
robustus. With only the pale color of its spikelets to ‘distinguish it
from the common dense-headed form of S. robustus, S. campestris seems
much better treated as a Great Plain variety of that species. The
identity of Nelson's A. paludosus and the common form with congested

1900] Fernald, — Scirpus maritimus in America 24I

spikelets has already been noted ; and that the latter plant, as seen on
the eastern coast, is only an extreme form of S. robustus is well known
to students of our saltmarsh vegetation. We have, then, in America
three strong tendencies in A. robustus, which may be summarized as
follows :

SCIRPUS ROBUSTUS, Pursh. Spikelets brown or ferrugineous, oval
to oblong, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 7 to 12 mm. thick, clustered in a subglo-
bose terminal head, and with several elongated rays bearing one to
several spikelets ; all much exceeded by the 2 or 3 involucral leaves ;
achenes from obovate to suborbicular, compressed or lenticular, not
angled on the back. — Fl. i. 56; Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi.
8o, at least as to synonyms. S. maritimus, var. macrostachyus, Michx.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 32; Gray, Man. 527. S. maritimus, in part, of American
authors, not L. — Saltmarshes of the coast, New England to Texas and
in alkaline regions of the interior (New YORK at Salina, C/infom ;
New Mexico, C. Wright, no. 1962, in part, etc. ), also on the Pa-
cific coast from WASHINGTON ( Piper, no. 1008) to CALIFORNIA (C.
Wright, etc.).

Var. paludosus. Spikelets brown or ferrugineous, in a dense,
rarely compound, head, usually without elongated rays. —.5. paludo-
sus, Aven Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 5. S. maritimus, in part,
of American authors, not L. S. robustus, Britton in Britton & Brown,
Ill. Fl. i. 268, as to descr. and fig. Saltmarshes, abundant on the Atlan-
tic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (?) and New England south-
ward, in the interior at various alkaline stations (Salina, New York,
Clinton ; SASKATCHEWAN, Bourgeau ; Cypress Hills, Macoun ; western
DakorA, Zeiberg; Reno Co., Kansas, Hitchcock; Howell Lakes and
Seven Mile Lakes, WvowiNc, A. Nelson, nos. 5312, 6878 ; Santa Inez
Mountains, CALIFORNIA, Mrs. Cooper, etc.), and on the Pacific coast
( CALIFORNIA, Hartweg, etc.).

Var. campestris. Similar to the latter, but spikelets straw
colored or very pale. — S. campestris, Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill.
Fl.i.267. * Manitoba” to Kansas, Nevada, eastern California, and
northern Mexico — (Western Kansas, Oyster; NEVADA, Humboldt
Sink, Watson, no. 1214; ARIZONA, Gila, Zhurber, no. 687; NEw
Mexico, Rio Laguna, Marcy Exped.; CALIFORNIA, Mojave Desert,
Cooper, no. 2216, Parish, no. 1544 ; SONORA, Horseshoe Bend, 1889,
Palmer, no. 931).

GRAY HERBARIUM.

242 Rhodora [ DECEMBER

YELLOW-FRUITED ILEX VERTICILLATA. — In a recent excursion
into the country to collect and compare the different forms of Carya
and Quercus, to notice the effects of frost on the foliage, and inci-
dentally to visit the new pumping station for the water supply of
the city of New Bedford, located in Lakeville, fourteen miles from
the city, I had the good fortune to find something novel and in-
teresting.

On leaving the electric car at Lakeville, I walked down a new
road, recently opened through the woods, to the beautiful lake
known as Little Quittacus, distant half a mile from the main road.
After proceeding about half the way, I espied by the roadside A
clump of bushes bearing a bright yellow berry, so unlike any other
fruit as to arrest the attention at once. Although but a few scattered
leaves remained upon the bushes, they were easily identified as a form
of “lex verticillata, Gray, being, in fact, the forma chrysocarpa,
Robinson, RHODORA, 2, 106, of which the only previously recorded
station is Georgetown, Massachusetts.

In the immediate vicinity there were many bushes bearing
the normal scarlet berries, but a thorough search for other specimens
of this rare variety was without avail. Passers by had evidently had
their curiosity awakened, for a large branch of the golden berries
was thrown carelessly by the roadside. This yellow-fruited form of
our common black alder is, I find, in cultivation at the Arnold Arbor-
etum, and there, as in its wild state, exhibits an earlier defoliation
than neighboring specimens of the typical red-fruited variety. —
E. WiLLiAMSs Hervey, New Bedford, Massachusetts.

POLYGALA POLYGAMA, VAR. ABORTIVA MERELY AN AUTUMNAL
STATE. — It is a well-known fact that Polygala polygama, Walt.,
bears normally two kinds of flowers, namely, the conspicuous ones
with well-developed corolla, and the small pale or greenish cleis-
togamous flowers. "The former are borne in terminal racemes, while
the latter are usually confined to short basal shoots which often push
themselves under the leaf-mould or surface soil In his detailed
monograph of the genus Polygala, however, Professor Chodat
described as var. abortiva, a supposed form of P. polygama in which
short racemes of cleistogamous flowers arose also from the upper
axils, even the terminal raceme sometimes bearing only reduced

* Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genèv, xxxi. pt. 2. no. 3, 280.

1900] Webster, —Tricholoma portentosum 243

and cleistogamous flowers. This form has been observed at various
points in New England, and always at places where the typical form
is also known to occur. As it presented no difference of foliage, its
status as a variety has been subject to suspicion. Some months
ago Mrs. H. A. Penniman of South Braintree, Massachusetts, having
detected its peculiar character, sent specimens of the variety adortiva
to the Gray Herbarium. On learning of its doubtful status, she
undertook a careful observation of the variety and species as they
occurred about her summer home at Brewster, Massachusetts. She
has now found that individuals, which during the spring and
summer exhibit the character of the typical form, frequently, if not
normally, develop, in early autumn, the cleistogamous racemes from
their upper axils and become transformed into the so-called var.
abortiva. This is accordingly shown to be merely a late state of
the typical plant, fully analagous, in fact, to the autumnal cleis-
togamous state of our common violets. Mrs. Penniman's observa-
tions are substantiated by an excellent suite of specimens deposited
in the Gray Herbarium. — B. L. ROBINSON.

TRICHOLOMA PORTENTOSUM.

H. WEBSTER.

Amonc the species of Tricholoma which have come into favor
with the mycophagists of eastern Massachusetts is Zricholoma porten-
fosum Fries, an edible toadstool which is usually abundant in late au-
tumn, when, as was the case this year, October and half of November
pass without the coming of severe frost. Practically confined to
pine woods, or at least to woods of coniferous trees, it there appears
in such quantities as in many places to alter the look of the needle-
strewn ground. At intervals of a few yards the pine needles are
pushed up from below in loose heaps, beneath which clumps of the
gray-topped mushrooms stand in a measure protected from the frost;
or the caps are raised quite through the needles and the thick white
or yellowish white stems stand out against the brown background.
As the caps are sticky at first, they carry up with them some of the pine
needles, which remain firmly attached even after the surface has be-
come quite dry. In woods where the carpet of needles is soft and
thick, however, the fungus does not so plainly betray its presence, ex-

244 Rhodora [DECEMBER

cept to the squirrels. ‘They know it, and probably are on the watch
for it, for it is one of their regular autumn foods, which they can use
while storing away their winter supply of nuts. But for these foragers,
who scratch away the pine needles and drag the mushrooms to a con-
venient mound, where they leave the remnants of their feast scattered
about, or who tuck pieces of the caps in the forks of neighboring
bushes, or under projecting ends of bark on the trunks of the pines,
the fungus might often escape notice. Such evidence should provoke
a search, which will always be rewarded, though the searcher may have
to drop upon all fours and scratch like the squirrels before he finds
what he is after.

Though what has been said ought almost to be enough to make this
autumn Tricholoma recognizable, for in the writer's experience, there
is no other toadstool, about Boston at least, to which the same remarks
would apply, some further note of its characteristics had best be given.
As is true of the genus, it has no ring, and its lamellz, slightly attached
to the stem, show the regulation notch or sinus with which anyone who
would know Tricholoma must become familiar. The lamella are broad,
white, often with a tinge of yellow at the outer end; the stem is
firm, white, or nearly so, sometimes hollow, especially in mature speci-
mens, but frequently nearly solid, or showing merely a looseness of
structure in the interior; the cap is smooth and slightly uneven and ir-
regular, often a little shiny, and beautifully streaked with long innate
fibrils that extend outward from the centre and deepen the grayish or
brownish violaceous tint of the sürface. In the older specimens the
thin pellicle bearing these fibrils often becomes a little broken up and
ragged, and can easily be stripped clean from the white flesh. The
fungus has no odor, or scarcely any, though its taste when raw is
slightly farinaceous. It is remarkably free from the attacks o£ insect
larvze, owing in part, no doubt, to the late season of its fruiting. Its
size is from two to four inches broad ; the stem is at least half an inch
thick, and sometimes double that, and two to five inches long.

Like so many of our agarics, Zyicholoma portentosum is a species
of the Old World as well as of the New, having been studied and de-
scribed by Fries in the early part of this century. As given by the
Swedish mycologist, the European habitat of the species is the same as
that described for it in New England, where it is, to use Fries's state-
ment, “a common species in pine woods, growing in late autumn in
company with Zricholoma equestre." The latter is a brownish yellow

IO WT T E:
^ E

1900] Webster, — Tricholoma portentosum 245

toadstool also with a sticky cap, but with yellow gills, rather conspic-
uous and distinguished looking, as the name implies, which has like-
wise become favorably known to discerning mycophagists. Notes
on it may be found in RHODORA I: 57.

With the species just mentioned 7. portentosum is placed in the
group Limacina, which includes all the members of the genus which
have a viscid cap. This characteristic is of great significance in this
genus, yet apt to be overlooked by a novice in such matters, partly
from inattention, and no doubt, also, because it is not always apparent
in dry weather. On this point the warning, uttered by Fries (Hymen-
omycetes Europzi, p. 47), is worth repeating: ‘Those without ex-
perience should be careful not to neglect the very natural sub-divisions
of this group, or to imagine that the term peus viscid, though the
viscidity may disappear in dry weather, is of slight importance; there
is no single mark more essential than this, for it depends upon the
original structure of the pellicle of the pileus."

To the neglect of this characteristic is probably due the fact that
T. portentosum is usually confounded with 7: ferreum, though the lat-
ter species has a pileus that is always dry. In consequence of this
confusion, it is probable that the range of the species is much greater
than might be supposed from its recorded distribution. Fries himself,
as late as the time of publication of his Icones, twenty-five years ago,
after he had observed the species for fifty years, expressed his sur-
prise that such a “common and thoroughly distinct species” had
escaped the notice of earlier authors.

How widely the species is distributed in the country is not at pres-
ent known. It has been found in New Hampshire as well as in Mas-
sachusetts, and I think also in Maine and in Connecticut. Probably
it will be found throughout New England. Yet Mr. Peck, in a recent
letter to the writer, says that he has not found it in New York.

In Fries's description [Icones 1: 21.] the following points are noted,
which are equally true of the fungus as found with us.

** Solitary or gregarious, or even more rarely forming dense clusters,
odorless, taste mild. Stem remarkably fleshy-fibrous throughout, sub-
equal, naked, but streaked with fibrils, white. Pileus fleshy, thin in
comparison with the stocky stem, at first convex, then plane, somewhat
umbonate, unequal and repand, viscid, streaked with dark innate
fibrils, but even, glabrous, commonly smoky in color, but varying to

violaceous, livid, and in old age becoming pale; margin always naked,
thin. Flesh white, slightly inclining to yellowish, fragile. Lamellz

246 Rhodora [DECEMBER

rounded, almost free, 44 to 1 inch broad, distant, at first white then
becoming yellowish or grayish-pallid." Fries’s figure [Icones, pl.
24], might have been drawn from New England specimens.

It may be added that the spores are white, narrowly oblong-elliptical,
3 to 34% p broad by 4% to 6 y long.

Tricholoma terreum Scheff. is a species of the group Genuina,
characterized by a rough fibrillose or scaly pileus which is never in the
least sticky. It commonly shows browner tints than 7. portentosum, fre-
quently has a strong farinaceous smell, and shows cinereous tints in
the lamella and on the stem. Placed side by side the two species can
easily be told apart by a glance at the pileus, in one case smooth and
virgate, in the other rather rough and scurfy. The absence of viscid-
ity in Z. Zerreum is, however, the point to which attention must be
directed. "The spores are white, broadly elliptical, 4 to 5 a broad by
6 to 7 p long.

The species is frequent in woods of deciduous trees, but is also
found in pine woods. About Boston it is, apparently, not so common
as 7. portentosum, at least it is not so often collected.

; ERRATA.
Page 12, line 5; Jor Wissentliche read Wissenschaftliche.
EDS UU To M * forma.
Be e * st. 9 generally «^ genera.
T CEECONOES: "S Nuttal * - Nuttall.
* 87, * 1; * ANGUSTIFOLIA “ ANGUSTIFOLIA.
cso) "397 Dé. Ton. vg De Ton.
* rog,lastline; * 1899 t TOPO
" 54, Et 77 cm, MS 1.8

* 174, “ 38; * Harbor by Mr. C. F. Grover read Ossipee by
Mr. F. O. Grover.

* 188, last line ; for 38 read 138.

* 190, line 29; for from read remote from.

* 196, line 24; ** charactetistic read characteristic.

* 198, lines 13 and 23; for zdeaus read idaeus.

* 212, last line; for Foi r read Vw. 2.

“ 215, line 36; for Rhyncospora read Rhynchospora,

" 220, * 15; “ Daenstedia “ Dennstaedtia.

Besch e: “ shrubbery “ shrubby.

Vol. 2, No. 23, including pages 213 to 226, was issued November 9, 1900.

1900]

Index

247

INDEX TO VOLUME 2.

Names of new plants are printed in full face type.

Abies balsamea, 202, 222.

Abnormal Flowers in Leonurus, 223.
Acacia, 154.

Acer dasycarpum, 35; Negundo, 125;

pennsylvanicum, | 37; platanoides,
168; saccharinum, 725; spicatum,
327, 122.

Achillea Ptarmica, 137.

Acorus Calamus, 216.

Acquaintances, Some New, 203.

Acroblaste Reinschii, 43.

Acrosiphonia, 210.

Actinococcus aggregatus, 48; subcu-
taneus, 48.

Additions to Flora of Amherst Re-
gion, 68; New Hamp. Flora, 167.

Adiantum pedatum, 182, 229.

Adlumia cirrhosa, 122.

Aecidium leucostictum, 186; Orobi,
186.
Afternoon Outing for Toadstools,

IQI.

Agardhiella, 131; tenera, 48.

Agarics, Unusual Variations of two
common, 32.

Agaricus Christinae, 128; sapidus, 76.

Agarum Turneri, 45.

Agrimonia, 235; Brittoniana, 237,
238; dahurica, 237; Eupatoria, 235,
236, 237; gryposepala, 235, 236, 238;
hirsuta, 235, 236, 237, 238; micro
carpa, 238; mollis, 238; parviflora,
236, 238; pilosa, 237; platycarpa,
238; pumila, 236; striata, 237, 238;
viscidula, 237.

Agrimonies, The Nomenclature of
the New England, 235.

Agrostis alba, 209; scabra, 98, 99.

Ahnfeltia plicata, 48.

Alaria esculenta, 45; Pylaii, 45.

Algae, Notes on,—ii, rr; Notes on
two Rare, of Vineyard Sound, 206;
Preliminary List of New England
Marine, 41; Rhadinocladia, a New
Genus of Brown, III.

Alisma, 154.

Allium tricoccum, 124.

Alnus glutinosa in Eastern Massa-
chusetts, 157; viridis, 98.

Alstead, New Hampshire, Boleti col-
lected at, 173; Ferns of, 181.

Alyssum calycinum, 122.

Amanita strobiliformis,
cens, 193.

Amarantus blitoides, 205.

Amblystegium irriguum, 62.

Ambrosia trifida, 204.

Amelanchier oligocarpa, 98.

America, Representatives of Scirpus
maritimus in, 238; Rubus idaeus,
and its Variety anomalus in, 195.

Amherst Region, Further Additions
to Flora of, 68.

Amorpha fruticosa, 91.

Amphicarpa monoica, 89; Pitcheri,

33; rubes-

gl.

Amphithrix janthina, 41; violacea, 41.

Anabaena torulosa, 41; variabilis, 41.

Andreaea petrophila, 62.

Andrews, A. LeRoy, Orchidaceae of
a Series of Swamps in southern
Vermont, 114; Orchids of Mt.
Greylock, Mass., 179; Ferns of a
deep Ravine in Thettord, Vt., 229.

Andrews, Florence M., Notes on a
Species of Cyathus common in
Lawns at Middlebury, Vermont, 99.

Andrews, L., Aster concinnus in
New Eng., 166; Notice of Work, 132.

Andromeda polifolia, 38, 125.

Anemone riparia, 171.

Anemonella thalictroides, 157, 171.

Angraecum, 31.

Anomodon apiculatus, 62;
tus, 62.

Antennaria, 88; canadensis, 69; neg-
lecta, 69; neodioica, 69; Parlinii,
69; petaloidea, 171.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, 215.

Antithamnion americanum, 48, I3I;
boreale, 48; cruciatum, 48; flocco-
sum, 48; plumula, 48; Pylaisaei, 48.

Apios tuberosa, 89.

Apocynum hypericifolium, 69.

Apodanthes, 1.

Aquilegia canadensis, 188.

Aralia quinquefolia, 122.

Arceuthobium, 2, 3. 5, 8, 9, 10, t1;
minutum, 2; pusillum, r, 2, 3, 6,8,

attenua-

248

9, 221, Further Notes upon Distri-
bution and Host Plants of, 9, in
Massachusetts, 6, in the St. John
and St. Lawrence Valleys, 10,
Notes on, 2, On a New Host in
Vermont, 8.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, 124.

Arcyria denudata, 79, 81.

Arenaria groenlandica, 97, 98; ma-
crophylla, 195, 199, 200.

Arethusa bulbosa, 114, 124, 219.

Arisaema Dracontium, 126.

Aristida dichotoma, 202; gracilis, 60,

202.

Armillaria mellea, 32.

Arnica Chamissonis, 98.

Artemisia, 39; Abrotanum, 39; Ab-
sinthium, 39; annua, 39; canaden-
sis, 135; Stelleriana, 38, 40, a Na-
tive of New England? 238; vul-
garis, 135, 205.

Arthrocladia villosa, 45.

Arthur, J. C, New Station
Dwarf Mistletoe, 221.

Asclepias purpurascens, 157; tubero-
sa, 217; verticillata, 157.

Ascocyclus orbicularis, 45.

Ascophyllum, 207; Mackaii, 45; no-
dosum, 45.

Asperococcus echinatus, 45.

Aspidium acrostichoides, 184, 229, 230;
aculeatum, 229, 230; cristatum, 183;
Goldianum, 229; marginale, 183,
229; noveboracense, 183; simula-
tum in New Hampshire, 155; spin-
ulosum, 183, 229; Thelypteris, 183.

Asplenium angustifolium, 182, 183,
229, 230; ebeneum, 182, 211; Filix-
foemina, 182; thelypteroides, 182,
229; Trichomanes, 166, 182, 211.

Aster concinnus, 166, 167, in New
England, 166; laevis, 167; longi-
folius, 167; nemoralis, 123, 208;
Novi-Belgii, 208: paniculatus, 167;
spectabilis, 215; vimineus, 2or.

Astragalus alpinus, 89, ot, 134;
Blakei, 80, 91; canadensis, 89, 91;
occidentalis, 91; Robbinsii, 89, or.

Atlantic Coast, Coreopsis involu-
crata on, 34.

Atmospheric Moisture, Relation of
Certain Plants to, 29, 63.

Atrichum crispum, 96; undulatum,

for

06.

Atriplex patulum, 208.

Autumnal Flowering of Vaccinium
pennsylvanicum, 224: State, Poly-
gala polygama, var. abortiva mere-
ly an, 242.

Averill, Charles K., Distribution of

Rhodora

[DECEMBER

Certain Trees and Shrubs in west-
ern Connecticut, 34.

Bacon, Alice E., Some Orchids of
eastern Vermont, 171.

Badhamia, 78.

Baeomyces roseus, 67.

Bailey, Wm. Whitman, Commelina
virginica established in New Eng-
land, 200; Old-time Flora of Prov-
idence, 213; Solidago tenuifolia, a
Weed in Rhode Island, 226; the
Fig as a Hardy Plant in New Eng-
land, 234.

pros ciliaris, 48; fusco-purpurea,
48.

Baptisia australis in Vermont, 172;
tinctoria, 89, 168.

Bartonia iodandra, 55, 56, 57,—Species
New to the United States, 55; Mo-
seri, 55, 56, 57; tenella, 55, 56, 57.

Batchelder, Frederick W., Notice of
Work, 157.

Berberis and Sagittaria, Reversions
in, 149; agapatensis, 152, 153; re-
pens, 152, 153, 155; Thunbergii,
I51, 152, 153, 155; vulgaris, 151,
152, 153, 155.

B[ergen], J. Y., The Teaching Bot-
anist [notice], 52.

Berteroa incana, 205.

Betula papyrifera, 35, 126, 202.

Bidens Beckii, 70; bipinnata, 204;
cernua, 69.

Bilberries in New England, Distri-
bution of, 187. /

Bissell, C. H., Fragrostis Frankii in
Connecticut, 87; Plantago elongata
in New England, 156; Abnormal
Flowers in Leonurus Cardiaca,
223; New Variety of Ziziaaurea, 225.

Blackberries of New England, 23.

Blephilia ciliata, 126.

Blue-fruited Huckleberry, 81.

Bolbocoleon piliferum, 43,

Boleti, Calopodes, 176; Cariosi, 178;
collected at Alstead, N. H., 173;
Edules, 177; Hyporhodii, 178;
Luridi, 177; pruinose and subto-
mentose, 176; Versipelles, 178; vis-
cid, 175; Viscipelles, 175.

Boletinus cavipes, 174; decipiens,
194; paluster, 174; pictus, 174, 175;
porosus, 174.

Boletus affinis, 177, 178; albus, 175;
alveolatus, 177, 192; americanus,
195; badius, 178; bicolor, 176, 194;
castaneus, 178; chromapes, 178, 192;
chrysenteron, 176; cyanescens, 178;
erythropus, 178; eximius, 177; fel-

1900]

leus, 178; Frostii, 177; gracilis, 178;
granulatus, 175; griseus, 178; hemi-
chrysus, 193; luridus, 177, 178, 179;
miniato-olivaceus, 176, 194; orna-
tipes, 176, 193; pachypus, 177;
Peckii, 194; piperatus, 175; Raven-
elii, 193; rubinellus, 175; Satanas, 177;
scaber, 175, 178; separans, 177; sub-
glabripes, 176; subtomentosus, 175;
vermiculosus, 178; versipellis, 178.

Boston Mycological Club, 93.

Bostrychia rivularis, 48.

Botanical Club, Vermont (Winter
Meeting, 1900), 88.

Botrychium, 185; lanceolatum, 185;
matricariaefolium, 119, 185, 202;
ternatum, 185; virginianum, 185, 229.

Brachythecium campestre, 62; Novae-
Angliae, 62; oxycladon, 62; popu-
leum, 62; salebrosum, 62.

Brachytrichia Quoyii, 41.

Brainerd, Ezra, Typical Goodyera
repens in New England, 22; Black-
berries of New England, 23.

Brasenia peltata, 215.

Brassavola, 31.

Brassia, 31; Wrayae, 64.

Brauneria pallida, 85, 86, 87; tennes-
seensis, 85, 86, 87.

Brown Algae, Rhadinocladia, a New
Genus of, III.

Bryanthus, 186.

Bryopsis plumosa, 43.

Bryum caespiticium, 62.

Buda borealis, 208.

Burlingtonia, 31; decora, 63.

Burt, E. A, Russula emetica in Ver-
mont, 7I.

Burt’s Note on Russula emetica, 72.

Cakile americana, 208.

Calamagrostis acuminata, 99; cana-
densis, 99, 209.

Callithamnion, 131; Baileyi, 48; bys-
soideum, 49; corymbosum, 49, 131;
roseum, 49; tetragonum, 49.

Calluna vulgaris, 53, 160.

Callymenia reniformis, 49.

Caloglossa Leprieurii, 49.

Calopogon pulchellus, 114, 172.

Calothrix aeruginea, 41; confervi-
cola, 41; Contarenii, 13; crustacea,
41; fasciculata, 41, forma incrus-
tans, 13, 41: fusco-violacea, 41;
parasitica, 41; pulvinata, 41; sco-
pulorum, 41; vivipara, 4I.

Camelina sativa, 122.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 14.

Canby, Wm. M., Coreopsis involu-
crata upon the Atlantic Coast, 34.

(ae uad

Index 249

Cantharellus aurantiacus, 193; minor,

194.

Capsella in January, 84.

Cardamine parviflora, 208.

CIE a0: arctata, 121, 170, IJI;
bullata, 69, 170; canescens, 209;
crinita, 170; Deweyana, 127; Em-
monsii, 84; flava, 209; folliculata,
124; fusca, 121; granularis, 127;
limosa, 70; lupulina, 170; lupulina
X bullata, 170; Magellanica, 209;
maritima, 209, var. erectiuscula,
170; muricata, 69; Novae-Angliae,
83, 84, in eastern Massachusetts,
83; Olneyi, 216; retrorsa, 127, 170;
retrorsa X utriculata, 170; rigida,
209; Some Undescribed Varieties
and Hybrids of, 170; sparganioides,
127; sterilis, 209; straminea, 209;
stricta, 69; torta, 127; trisperma,
. 209; utriculata, 170; varia, 84; ves-
tita, 170, var. Kennedyi, 170; vires-
cens, 171; virescens X arctata, 170;
Willdenovii, 127.

Carum Carui, 70.

Carya, 241.

Cassandra calyculata, 38.

Cassia Chamaecrista, 89, 218; Mari-
- "p 89, 218; nictitans, 89, 168,
218.

Cassiope, 189, 190; hypnoides, 200.

Castagnea virescens, 45; Zosterae, 45.

Castilleia coccinea, 218.

Catharinea undulata, 62.

Cattleya, 31.

Ceanothus americanus, 216.

Cenchrus tribuloides, 205.

Centaurella Moseri, 55, 56.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, 214.

Ceramium arborescens, 49; Capri-
cornu, 49; circinatum, 49; fastigia-
tum, 49; Hooperi, 49; pedicella-
tum, 49; rubrum, 49; squarrosum,
49; strictum, 49; tenuissimum, 49.

Cerastium arvense, 124, 208.

Cetraria islandica, 155.

Chaetomorpha aerea, 43; Linum, 43;
Melagonium, 43.

Champia parvula, 49.

Chantransia Daviesii, 49; secundata,
49; Thuretii, 49; virgatula, 49.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, 205; ur-
bicum, 126.

Chesterville, Maine, Flora of, 123.

Chiloscyphus polyanthos, 62.

Chiogenes hispidula, 38.

Chlorochytrium Schmitzii, 11, 43.

Chlorocystis Cohnii on the Massa-
chusetts Coast, 104.

250

Chondria dasyphylla, 49; sediíolia,
49, tenuissima, 49.

Chondrus crispus, 49.

Chorda, 112; Filum, 45; tomentosa, 45.

Chordaria flagelliformis, 45, 164.

Choreocolax Polysiphoniae, 49.

Chroococcus turgidus, 41.

Chrysopsis falcata, 125.

Churchill, J. R., An Unusual Form
of Drosera intermedia, var. amer-
icana, 70; Preliminary Lists of
New England Plants—vi. Legu-
minosae, 89.

Cimicifuga racemosa, 157.

Circaea alpina, 125, 201, 215.

Cistaceae, 22.

Cladium, 123; mariscoides, 123, 202.
Cladonia, 155; cristatella, 67; furcata,
67, pyxidata, 67; rangiferina, 67.
Cladophora, 210; albida, 43; arcta, 43;
expansa, 43; flexuosa, 43; íracta,
43; glaucescens, 43; gracilis, 43;
hirta, 43; Hutchinsiae, 43; laete-
virens, 43; lanosa, 43; Magdalanae,
43; refracta, 43; Rudolphiana, 44;

rupestris, 44.

Cladostephus spongiosus, 45; vertic-
illatus, 45.

Clava leptostyla, 207.

Cleistogamy in Linaria canadensis,

168.

Clethra alnifolia, 70.

Club, Boston Mycological, 93; New
England Botanical (Officers for
1900), 22; Vermont Botanical
(Winter Meeting, 1900), 88.

Cluster-cup Fungus on Lespedeza in
New England, 186.

Codiolum gregarium, 12, 44;
gipes, 44; Petrocelidis, 12, 44.

Coe, M. A., Autumnal Flowering in
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 224.

Coilonema, 162.

Collectors, To Fern, 212.

Collins, Frank S., Notes on Algae—
ii, 11; Preliminary Lists of New
England Plants—v. Marine Algae,
41; Seaweeds in Winter, 130; New
England Species of Dictyosiphon,
162; Marine Flora of Great Duck
Island, Maine, 209.

Collybia radicata, 127.

Colony of Alnus glutinosa in eastern
Massachusetts, 157.

Comatricha, 79; caespitosa, 8o, &r.

Commelina virginica established in
New England, 200.

Conant. Jennie F., Boston Mycolog-
ical Club, 93.

Conferva foeniculacea, 162, 165.

lon-

Rhodora

[DECEMBER

Congdon, J. W., Plantago elongata
in Rhode Island, 194.

Connecticut, Distribution of Certain
Trees and Shrubs in western, 34;
Eragrostis Frankii in, 87; Stations
ior some less usual Plants of, 125.

Conringia perfoliata, 205.

Convolvulus sepium, 216.

Corallina, 210; officinalis, 49.

Corallorhiza innata, 121, 126, 180:
multiflora,180; odontorhiza, 124,219.

Coreopsis aristosa, 34; involucrata
on Atlantic Coast, 34; rosea, 215;
trichosperma, 34.

Cornus canadensis, 37, 189; circinata,
201; florida, 157, 171.

Coronilla varia, 89.

Cortinarius collinitus, 32.

Corylus americana, 189.

Coulter, J. M., Notice of Work, 40.

Crantzia lineata, 168, 217.

Craterellus’ Cantharellus, 194.

Craterium minutum, 81.

Crépin, François, Note upon proba-
ble Hybrid of Rosa carolina, L.,
and R. nitida, Willd., 112.

Cribraria, 81; aurantiaca, 81.

Critical Notes on New England Spe-
cies of Laminaria, 115, 142.

Crotalaria sagittalis, 89.

Cruoria pellita, 11.

Cryptoglaena americana, 4r.

Cuphea viscosissima, 125.

Cuscuta arvensis, 126.

Cyathus in Lawns at Middlebury,
Vt., Notes on Species of, 99; Les-
ueurii, 99, 100, IOI; stercoreus, 100,
IOI; striatus, 101; vernicosus, 90, IOI.

Cyclomyces Greenii, 194.

Cymbidium, 31.

Cyperaceae, 115.

Cyperus aristatus, 61.

Cypripedium, 31; acaule, 115, 171, 180,
214, 219; parviflorum, 171; pubes-
cens, 114,171; spectabile, 114, 171.

Cystoclonium purpurascens, 49.

Cystopteris bulbifera, 127; fragilis,
184, 229.

Cytisus scoparius, 89.

Dennstaedtia punctilobula, 220, 246.

Dalibarda repens, 122.

Danthonia spicata, 209.

Daphne Mezereum in Vermont, 142.

Dasya, 131; elegans, 49.

Davenport, George E., To Fern Col-
lectors, 212; Dicksonia pilosiuscu-
la, var. cristata, 220.

Day, Mary A., Local Floras of New
England, 73.

1900]

Decodon verticillatus, 123.

Delesseria alata, 50; angustissima,
50; sinuosa, 50.

Dendrobium, 31, 64, 65; nobile, 63,

64.

Dentaria diphylla, 122.

Derbesia vaucheriaeformis, 44.

Dermocarpa prasina, 41; violacea,
41.

Desmarestia aculeata, 45; viridis, 46.

Desmodium acuminatum, 89; cana-
dense, 89; canescens, 89, 91, 125,
157; ciliare, 89; cuspidatum, 89;
Dillenii, 89; humifusum, 89; mari-
landicum, 89; nudiflorum, 89; pani-

- culatum, 89; rigidum, 89; rotundi-
folium, 89; sessilifolium, 89; strict-
um, 89.

Desmotrichum, 111, 206; balticum,
46, 111; undulatum, 46.

Development of Spirogyra crassa in
refilled Ponds, Luxuriant, 33; of
Steironema lanceolatum, Remark-
able, 190.

Diachea, 79.

Diapensia, 189, 190; lapponica, 187,
200.

Dichelyma capillaceum, 96;
cens, 96; Swartzii,

Dicksonia, 182; pilosiuscula, 181, 229,
var. cristata, 220.

Dicranella cerviculata, 62.

Dicranum Bergeri, 96; Bonjeani, 62;
Drummondi, 96; longifolium, 62;
montanum, 96; palustre, 96; scopa-
rium, 96; undulatum, 62, 96; viride,

palles-

Dictydium, 79.

Dictyosiphon corymbosus, 165, 166;
Ekmani, 46, 162, 165, 166; flacci-
dus, 165; foeniculaceus, 46, 163,
164, 165; fragilis, 166; hippuroides,
46, 163, 164, 165; hispidus, 46, 163,
164 165; Macounii, 46, 162, 164,
166; New England Species of, 162.

Diderma, 78; floriforme, 79.

Didymia, 78.

Distribution and Host Plants of Ar-
ceuthobium pusillum, 9; of certain
Trees and Shrubs in western Con-
necticut, 34; of some Rarer Plants
of central Massachusetts, 119; of
Bilberries in New England, 187.

Ditrichum vaginans, 62.

Draba verna, 156.

Driggs, A. W., Notice of Work, 226.

Drosera intermedia, var. americana,
70, 71, 217, an Unusual form of,
70; longifolia, 217.

Index

Ke d a
D

251

Duck Islands, Maine, Plants from
the, 207.

Dwarí Mistletoe in New England, r;
New Station for, 221.

Early Growth of Impatiens biflora,
Observations upon, 234.

Eaton, Alvah A., Parietaria debilis
in New Hampshire, 158; Additions
to New Hampshire Flora, 167.

Echinacea, 85; Notes on, 84; angusti-
folia, 85, 86, 87; pallida, 85, 86;
purpurea, 85, 86; sanguinea, 86;
serotina,

Echinospermum Lappula, 205.

Ectocarpus, 206, 207; aecidioides, 46;
confervoides, 46, forma brumalis,
13, 46; dasycarpus, 46; elegans, 46;
fasciculatus, 46; granulosus, 46;
lutosus, 46; Mitchellae, 46; ovatus,
46; penicillatus, 46; siliculosus, 46;
subcorymbosus, 46; terminalis, 46;
tomentosoides, 46; tomentosus, 46.

Eggleston, Willard W., Further
Notes upon Distribution and Host
Plants of Arceuthobium pusillum,
9; Hudsonia ericoides in New
Hampshire, 22; Polymnia canaden-
sis in Vermont, 70; Flora of Mt.
Moosilauke, 97; New or Rare
Plants from Pownal, Vermont, 171.

Elachista fasciculata, 46; fucicola, 46;
lubrica, 46; stellaris, 46.

Elatine americana, 69.

Eleocharis acicularis, 208; diandra,
60, 61, in central New York, 61,
Rediscovery of, 60, var. depressa,
60; intermedia, 61; ovata, 60; palus-
tris, 208; tenuis, 208.

Elodea canadensis, 216.

Empetrum nigrum, 97, 98.

Enteridium splendens, 79, 81.

Enteromorpha, 104; clathrata, 44;
compressa, 44; crinita, 44; cruciata,
44; erecta, 44; Hopkirkii, 44; intes-
tinalis, 44; Linza, 44; marginata,
44; micrococca, 44; minima, 44;
percursa, 44; prolifera, 44; ramu-
losa, 44; torta, 44.

Entoderma Wittrockii, 44.

Entoloma cuspidatum, 193.

Entophysalis granulosa, 41; Magno-
liae, 41.

Epicladia Flustrae, 44.

Epidendrum, 31.

Epigaea repens, 214.

Epilobium palustre, 125.

Epiphegus virginiana, 219.

Eragrostis capillaris, 157; Frankii, 87,
127,in Connecticut, 87; Purshii, 127.

252

Eriophorum alpinum, 121; gracile,
69, 121; vaginatum, I21, 127, 208;
virginicum, 208.

Erythrotrichia ceramicola, 50.

Essex County, Massachusetts, Un-
common Mosses in northern, 95.

Euglenopsis, III.:

Eupatorium hyssopifolium, 215.

Euphrasia, 138.

Eurhynchium strigosum, 62.

Euthora cristata, 50.

Faxon, Edwin (Biographical Sketch),
107.

Fern Collectors, To, 212.

Fernald, M. L., Arceuthobium pusil-
lum in St. John and St. Lawrence
Valleys, 10; Some Northeastern
Species of Scirpus, 15; Is Artemisia
Stelleriana Native of New Eng-
land? 38; Rediscovery of Eleoch-
aris diandra, 60; Notes on Echina-
cea, 84; Scirpus sylvaticus, a Cor-
rection, 106; Some Jesuit Influences
upon our Northeastern Flora, 133;
Some Undescribed Varieties and
Hybrids of Carex, 170; Distribu-
tion of Bilberries in New England,
187; Rubus idaeus and its Variety
anomalus in America, 195; Two
Northeastern Thalictrums, 230;
Representatives of Scirpus mari-
timus in America, 238.

Ferns of Alstead, New Hampshire,
181; of a deep Ravine in Thetford,
Vermont, 220.

Festuca tenella, 157.

Ficus carica, 234.

Fig as a Hardy Plant in New Eng-
land, 234.

Fimbristylis autumnalis, 123.

Fissidens adiantoides, 62.

Flora, Additions to New Hampshire,
167; of Amherst Region, 68; of
Chesterville, Maine, 123; of Great
Duck Island, Maine, The Marine,
209; of Manchester, New Hamp-
shire (Notice), r57; of Mt. Moosi-
lauke, 97; of Providence, Oldtime,
213; of Vermont, Information de-
sired concerning Plants doubtfully
ascribed to, 157; of Worcester Co.,
Massachusetts, 201; Some Jesuit
Influences upon our Northeastern,

133.
Floras of New England, Local. 73.
Flowering of Vaccinium pennsylvan-
icum, Autumnal, 224.

Rhodora

[DECEMBER

Flowers in Leonurus Cardiaca, Ab-
normal, 223.

Floyd, F. G., Aspidium simulatum in
New Hampshire, 155.

Fontinalis antipyretica, 62; Lescurii,

Form of Drosera intermedia, var.
Americana, An Unusual, 70; of
Rubus triflorus, Pink-flowered, 87.

Fragaria monophylla, 198; vesca,
198; virginiana, 208.

Fraxinus sambucifolia, 37.

Fruiting of Riccia natans, 161.

Fucus, 11, 210; Areschougii, 46; cer-
anoides, 46; edentatus, 46; evanes-
cens, 40; filiformis, 46; platycarpus,
46; vesiculosus, 46, 47, forma gra-
cillima, 14, 47.

Fuligo, 78.

Fungus on Lespedeza in New Eng-
land, A Cluster-Cup, 186.

Galeopsis Ladanum, 157; Tetrahit,
205, 208

Galinsoga parviflora, 205.

Ganong, W. F., Notice of Work, 52.

Garden, Notes of a Wild, 159.

Gaura biennis, 125.

Gaylussacia dumosa, 168; resinosa, 6,
81, 83, 188, var. glaucocarpa, 83, 168.

Gelidium crinale, 50.

Genista tinctoria, 89, 168.

Gentiana crinita, 217.

Genus of Brown Algae, Rhadinocla-
dia, a New, III.

Geocalyx graveolens, 63.

Georgia pellucida, 62.

Geranium pusillum, 125; Robertian-
um, 208.

Gerardia flava, 157; tenuifolia, 219.

Gigartina mamillosa, 50.

Giraudia sphacelarioides, 206.

Gleditschia triacanthos, 9r.

Gloeocapsa crepidinum, 4r.

Gloeocystis zostericola, 44.

Gloiosiphonia capillaris, 50, 210.

Glyceria acutiflora, 120; borealis,
158; obtusa, 157. |

Gnaphalium sylvaticum, 137.

Goldenrod, A little-known
England, 57.

Gomontia polyrhiza, 44.

Goniotrichum elegans, 50; ramosum,

New

50.

Goodyera pubescens, 172; repens, 22,
121; 172, 180, in New England,
Typical, 22; tesselata, 180.

Gracilaria multipartita, 50.

Gratiola virginiana, 202.

Graves, C. B., A little-known New

UM KE
Ate A

1900]

England Goldenrod, 57; Some Ob-
servations upon the Early Growth
of Impatiens biflora, 234.

Great Duck Island, Maine, Marine
Flora of, 209.

Greylock (Mt.), Massachusetts, Or-
chids of, 179.

Griffithsia Bornetiana, 50, 131; ten-
uis, 50.

Grimmia apocarpa, 62.

Grinnell, Alice L., Remarkable de-
velopment of Steironema lanceol-
atum, 190.

Grinnellia, 131; Americana, 50.

Grout, A. J., Notes on Vermont
Plants, 88.

Growth of Impatiens biflora, Obser-
vations upon the Early, 234.

Gymnogongrus Griffithsiae, 50; nor-
vegicus, 50.

Habenaria, 172; blephariglottis, 124,
126, 172, 219; bracteata, 180; dila-
tata, 115, 124, 180; fimbriata, 172,
219; Hookeri, 172, 180; hyperborea,
114, 172, 180; lacera, 114, 179, 180,
219; obtusata, 124; orbiculata, 172,
180; psycodes, 114, 172, 219; tri-
dentata, 179; virescens, I 14, 124, 172.

Haberer, Joseph V., Eleocharis dian-
dra in central New York, 6r.

Halosaccion ramentaceum, 50; Sco-
pula, 50.

Halothrix lumbricalis, 47.

Hamamelis virginica, 216.

Haplospora globosa, 47.

Hardy Plant in New England, The
Fig as a, 233.

Harger, E. B. Stations for less
Usual Plants of Connecticut, 125.

Harper, Roland M., Further Addi-
tions to Flora of Amherst Region,
68; Notes on Distribution of Rarer
Plantsof central Massachusetts, 119.

Harvey, LeRoy Harris, Pogonia
pendula in Maine, 211.

Harveyella mirabilis, 50.

Hay, G. U., Notes of a Wild Gar-
den, 159.

Heather in New England, 53.

Hecatonema maculans, 47.

Hedysarum boreale, 89.

Helianthus ` grosse-serratus,
rigidus, 125.

Heliopsis scabra, 125.

Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, 61.

Hemitrichia vesparium, 79.

Hervey, E. Williams, Yellow-fruited
Tlex verticillata, 242.

125;

Index

253

Hibiscus Trionum, 205.

Hieracium praealtum, 226; vulgatum,
E35, 130, IAE

Hierochloé borealis, 216.

Hildenbrandia Prototypus, 50.

Host in Vermont, Arceuthobium pu-
sillum on a New, 8; Plants of
Arceuthobium pusillum, Further
Notes upon the Distribution and, 9.

Hottonia inflata, 125.

Howe, CD. Fifth Annual Winter
Meeting of Vermont Botanical
Club (1900), 88.

Huckleberry, Blue-fruited, 8r.

Hudsonia ericoides in New Hamp-
shire, 22.

Huntington, J. W., Some Uncom-
mon Mosses in northern Essex
Co., Massachusetts, 95.

Hybrid of Rosa carolina, L., and
R. nitida, Willd., Note ` upon
Probable, 112.

Hybrids of Carex, Some Unde-

scribed Varieties and, 170.

Hydrocoleum glutinosum, 42; lyng-
byaceum, 42; majus, 42.

Hydrocotyle umbellata, 125, 217.

Hydrophyllum canadense, 157.

Hyella caespitosa, 42.

Hygrophorus, 72; conicus, 128; fuli-
gineus, 32.

Hylocomium squarrosum, 95; um-
bratum, 62.

Hypnea musciformis, 50.

Hypnum Crista-castrensis, 62; flui-
tans, 96; Haldanianum, 63; ochra-
ceum, 63.

Hypoxis erecta, 157.

Ilea fulvescens, 44.

Ilex verticillata, 105, 106, 241, 242,
forma chrysocarpa, 106, 242, var.
cyclophylla, 105, Variations of,
104, Yellow-fruited, 242.

Impatiens, 235; biflora, Some Ob-
servations upon Early Growth of,
234; fulva, 234.

Influences upon our Northeastern
Flora, Some Jesuit, 133.

Information desired concerning
Plants doubtfully ascribed to Flora
of Vermont, 157.

Iris prismatica, 215.

Tsactis plana, 42.

Islands (see Duck, Great Duck).

Isoétes echinospora, 120; Engelman-
BL 157.

Isthmoplea sphaerophora, 47.

254

Jack, J. G., Arceuthobium pusillum
in Massachusetts, 6

January, Capsella in, 84.

Jesuit Influences upon our North-
eastern Flora, 133.

Jewell, H. W., Pink-flowered Form
of Rubus triflorus, 87.

Jones, L. R., Arceuthobium pusil-
lum on New Host in Vermont, 8;
Daphne Mezereum in Vermont, 142.

Juncus canadensis, 121; Greenii, 69;
militaris, 69; nodosus, 126; trifi-
dus, 97, 98.

Kalmia angustifolia, 6; glauca, 6, 38,
123, 125.

Katahdin Iron Works, Maine, List
of Mosses collected at, 6r.

Kennedy, Geo. G., Carex Novae-
Angliae in eastern Massachusetts,
83; Edwin Faxon (Biographical
Sketch), 107.

Knowlton, C. H., Flora of Chester-
ville, Maine, 123; Further Notes
on Flora of Worcester Co., Mas-
sachusetts, 201.

Labiatae, 224.

Laccaria laccata, 32.

Lactarius chrysorheus, 193; corru-
gis, 192; griseus, 193; luteolus, 194;
subdulcis, 193; volemus, 192.

Lactuca Scariola, 125, 205, 215.

Laelia, 31.

Laminaria, 116, 118; Agardhii, 117,
143, 146, 147; caperata, 47; Criti-
cal Notes on New England
Species of, 115, 142; digitata, 12,
47, 117, 118, 143, 144, 145; Gunneri,
144; intermedia, 47, 118, 143, 145,
146; longicruris, 12, 47, 117, 118,
143, 146, 148; Phyllitis, 47; Platy-
meris, 47, 118, 143, 210; saccharina,
47, 117, 118, 143, 146, 147, 148;
stenophylla, 47, 118, 143, 145, 146.

Laminariaceae, 115, 117, 131, 210.

Laminariae, II, 115.

Larix americana, 9, 10, 36.

Lathyrus maritimus, 89, 208; ochro-
leucus, 89; palustris, 89; pratensis,
89; sativus, 92.

Leathesia difformis, 47.

Leavitt, Robert G., Relation of cer-
tain Plants to Atmospheric Mois-
ture, 29, 63; Reversions in Berberis
and Sagittaria, 149; Polyembryony
in Spiranthes cernua, 227.

Lecheaintermedia, 124; maritima, 205.

Leguminosae, Preliminary List of
New England, , 80.

Rhodora

[DECEMBER

Leonurus Cardiaca, Abnormal Flow-
ers ih). 223.

Lepiota cristata, 32; naucina, 32.

a nervosa, 62, 63; polycarpa,
3.

Lespedeza, 186; angustifolia, 89; cap-
itata, 90, 186; Cluster-cup Fungus
on, in New England, 186; hirta,
186; intermedia, 90; Nuttallii, 90;
polystachya, 9o, 168; procumbens,
90, 168; repens, 157, 186; reticulata,
90, 168; Stuvei, 90; violacea, 9o.

Less Usual Plants of Connecticut,
Stations for, 125.

Leucobryum, 65, 66.

Leucothoé racemosa, 125, 214.

Lilium canadense, 217; philadelphi-
cum, 217; superbum, 217.

Limnanthemum lacunosum, 201.

Linaria canadensis, 168, 169; Cleis-
togamy in, 168

Linnaea borealis, 201, 218.

Linum virginianum, 157.

Liparis, 172; liliifolia, 180.

Liquidambar Styraciflua, 37.

Liriodendron Tulipifera, 122.

List of Mosses collected at Katah-
din Iron Works, Maine, 61.

Lists of New England Plants, Pre-
liminary,—v. Marine Algae, 41;
vi. Leguminosae, 89.

Lithospermum arvense, 205.

Lithothamnion, 210; circumscriptum,
50; colliculosum, 50; compactum,
50; evanescens, 50; flabellatum, 50;
foecundum, 50; laeve, 50; laeviga-
tum, 50; Lenormandi, 50; norvegi-
cum, 50; polymorphum, 50; Un-
geri, 50.

Little-known New England Golden-
10d: A 57.

Lobelia Dortmanna, 125.

Local Floras of New England, 73.

Loiseleuria procumbens, 97.

Lomentaria rosea, 50; uncinata, 50.

Lonicera caerulea, 123, 208.

Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius, 126.

Loranthaceae, r.

Lotus corniculatus, 92.

Lupinus perennis, 90.

Luxuriant Development of Spiro-
gyra crassa in Refilled Ponds, 33.

Luzula spicata, 97; vernalis, 121.

Lycogala epidendrum, 78.

Lycopodium annotinum, 99; inunda-
tum, 120: Selago, 98, 99.

Lycopus sessilifolius, 126.

Lygodium palmatum, 220.

Lyngbya aestuarii, 42; confervoides,
42; gracilis, 42; Lagerheimii, 42;

1900]

lutea, 42; majuscula, 42; semiplena,
2; subtilis, 42.
Lythrum Salicaria, 201.

Macbride, Thomas H., The Slime
Moulds, 75.

MacMillan,
Work, 87.

Maine, List of Mosses collected at
Katahdin Iron Works, 61; Marine
Flora of Great Duck Island, 209;
Occurrence of Thamnolia in, 155;
On the Flora of Chesterville, 123;
Plants from the Duck Islands, 207;
Pogonia pendula in, 211.

Marine Algae, Preliminary List of
New England, 41; Flora of Great
Duck Island, Maine, 209.

Masdevallia, 31.

Massachusetts, Arceuthobium pusil-
lum in, 6; Carex Novae-Angliae in
eastern, 83; Coast, Chlorocystis
Cohnii on, 104; Colony of Alnus
glutinosa in eastern, 157; Further
Notes on Flora of Worcester Co.,
201; Notes on Distribution of
Some Rarer Plants of central, 119;
Orchids of Mt. Greylock, 179;
Some Uncommon Mosses in
northern Essex County, 95; Walk-
ing-fern in Worcester County, 14.

Mastigocoleus testarum, 42.

Maxillaria, 31.

Medeola virginiana, 217.

Medicago, 91; aculeata, 92; agrestis,
92; arabica, 90,.168; denticulata,
90; hispida, 90, 92; laciniata, 90;
lappacea, 92; Lupulina, 9o, 168;
maculata, 90; sativa, 90.

Melilotus, 149; alba, 90; officinalis, 90.

Melobesia Corallinae, 50; farinosa,
50; Lejolisii, 50; macrocarpa, 50;
membranacea, 51; pustulata, 51.

Mentha canadensis, 157.

Menyanthes, 216; trifoliata, 216.

Merrill, Elmer D, List of Mosses
collected at Katahdin Iron Works,
Maine, 61; Occurrence of Tham-
nolia in Maine, 155.

Mertensia, 77.

Mesogloia divaricata, 47.

Microchaete grisea, 42.

Microcoleus chthonoplastes, 42.

Microspongium gelatinosum, 47.

Microstylis
180; ophioglossoides, 180, 208.

Middlebury, Vermont, Notes on a
Cyathus common in Lawns at, 99.

Minnesota Plant Life, Notice of, 87.

Mistletoe in New England, The

Conway, Notice of

monophyllos, 114, 172, |

Index 255

Dwarf, 1; New Station for the
Dwari, 221.

Mnium sylvaticum, 63.

Moisture, Relation of certain Plants `
to Atmospheric, 29, 63.

Moneses grandiflora, 122, 218.

Monostroma crepidinum, 44; fus-
cum, 44; Grevillei, 44; groenlandi-
cum, 44; latissimum, 44; leptoder-
mum, 44; pulchrum, 44; undula-
tum, 44; Vahlii, 44.

Monotropa uniflora, 218.

Montia fontana, 208.

Moore, G. T., Chlorocystis Cohnii
on the Massachusetts Coast, 104.

Moosilauke (Mt.), Flora of, 97.

Morrell, H. K., Notice of Work, 226.

Morss, C. H., Colony of Alnus glu-
tinosa in eastern Massachusetts,
I57.

Mosses collected at Katahdin Iron
Works, Maine, 61; in northern Es-
sex Co., Massachusetts, Some Un-
common, 95.

Mt. Greylock, Massachusetts, Or-
chids of, 179.

Mt. Moosilauke, Flora of, 97.

Mucilago, 79.

Muhlenbergia diffusa, 120; Willden-
Ovli, I20.

Murdoch, John, Jr., Capsella in Jan-
uary, 84.

Mycological Club, Boston, 93.

Myosotis arvensis, 124; laxa, 69.

Myriactis pulvinata, 47.

Myrionema balticum, 47; foecundum,
47; globosum, 47; vulgare, 47.

Myriophyllum, 215; procumbens, 219.

Myriotrichia clavaeformis, 47; fili-
formis, 47.

Naias, 217.

Nardus stricta, I37.
Native of New Eneland?
misia Stelleriana, 38.
Naucoria Christinae, 127, 128, 129;
festiva, 128; hilaris, 128; Jennyae,

129; lugubris, 128.

Nemalion multifidum, 51.

Nemastoma Bairdii, 51.

Nemopanthus fascicularis, 38.

New Acquaintances, Some, 203;
Genus of Brown Algae, Rhadino-
cladia, a, 111; or Rare Plants from
Pownal, Vermont, 171; Station for
Dwarf Mistletoe, 221; Variety of
Zizia aurea, 225; Vicia for New
England, 225.

New England Agrimonies, Nomen-
clature of, 235; Aster concinnus in,

Is Arte-

256

166; Blackberries of, 23; Botanical
Club (Officers for 1900), 22; Clus-
ter-cup Fungus on Lespedeza in,
186; Commelina virginica estab-
lished in, 200; Distribution oí Bil-
berries in, 187; Dwarf Mistletoe in,
1; Fig as a Hardy Plant in, 234;
Goldenrod, a Little-known, '57;
Heather in, 53; Is Artemisia Stel-
leriana a Native of, 38; Local
Floras of, 73; New Vicia for, 225;
Plantago elongata in, 156; Plants,
Preliminary Lists of,—v. Marine
Algae, 41,—vi. Leguminosae, 89;
Species of Dictyosiphon, 162; Spe-
cies of Laminaria, Critical Notes
on, II5, 142; Typical Goodyera
repens in, 22.

New Hampshire, Aspidium simula-
tum in, r55; Boleti at Alstead, 173;
Ferns of Alstead, 181; Additions to
Flora, 167; Hudsonia ericoides in,
22; Parietaria debilis in, 158.

New York, Eleocharis diandra
central, 6r.

Nidularia stercorea, 101; striata, IOI.

Nodularia Harveyana, 42; spumi-
gena, 42.

Nomenclature of New England Agri-
monies, 235.

Northeastern Flora, Some Jesuit In-
fluences upon our, 133; Species of
Scirpus, Some, 15; Thalictrums,
Two,' 230.

Note upon a Probable Hybrid of
Rosa carolina, L., and R. nitida,
Willd., 112.

Notes of a Wild Garden, 159; on
Algae, ii, 11; on Arceuthobium pu-
sillum, 2; on Distribution of Rarer
Plants of central Massachusetts,
119; on Echinacea, 84; on Flora of
Worcester Co., Massachusetts, 201;
on New England Species of Lami-
naria, Critical, 115, 142; on a Spe-
cies of Cyathus common in Lawns
at Middlebury, Vermont, 99; on
Two Rare Algae of Vineyard
Sound, 206; on Vermont Plants, 88;
upon Distribution and Host Plants
of Arceuthobium pusillum, 9.

Noyes, Helen M., The Ferns of AI-
stead, New Hampshire, 181.

Nuphar advena, 215; minimum, 125.

Nymphaea odorata, 215.

in

Observations upon the Early Growth
of Impatiens biflora, 234.

Occurrence of Thamnolia in Maine,
res,

Rhodora

[DECEMBER

Odontoglossum, 31. :

Old-time Flora of Providence, 213.

Oncidium, 31, 64; sphacelatum, 30;
varicosum, 63, 64.

Onoclea sensibilis, 184, 229; Struthi-
opteris, 184, 229. *

Onosmodium virginianum, 125.

Ophioglossaceae, 185.

Ophioglossum vulgatum, 185.

Orchidaceae of a Series oí Swamps
in southern Vermont, 114.

Orchids of eastern Vermont, 171; of
Mt. Greylock, Massachusetts, 179.

Orchis spectabilis, 180.

Oryzopsis asperifolia, 120, 121;
lanocarpa, 120.

Oscillatoria amphibia, 42; Corallinae,
42; laetevirens, 42; limosa, 42;
margaritifera, 42; nigroviridis, 42;
princeps, 42; tenuis, 42.

Osmunda cinnamomea, 184,
Claytoniana, 184; regalis, 184.

Ostreobium Quekettii, 42. .

Outing for Toadstools, An After-
noon, 191.

Oxytropis campestris, 90, 92.

me-

209;

Panicularia borealis, 158.

Panicum filiforme, 202; proliferum,
202; virgatum, 202; xanthophysum,
120, 121, 124.

pem debilis in New Hampshire,
158.

Parmelia caperata, 67.

Parnassia caroliniana, 217.

Paxillus paradoxus, 194.

Pellaea atropurpurea, 14, 127.

Pentstemon laevigatus, 126.

Peridermium, 223.

Peristeria, 31.

Petrocelis cruenta, 12, 51.

Peysonnellia Rosenvingi, 51.

Peziza rapulum, 106.

Phaeosaccion, 111, 131; Collinsii, 47.

Phaseolus perennis, 90, 92; vulgaris,92.

Phegopteris Dryopteris, 127, 183,
229; hexagonoptera, 183; polypo-
dioides, 183, 220.

Phormidium ambiguum, 42; autum-
nale, 42; Corium, 42; favosum, 42;
fragile, 42; persicinum, 11, 42; Val-
derianum, 42.

Phoradendron flavescens, r.

Phyllitis, 131; fascia, 47, 163; zoster-
aefolia, 47.

Phyllophora Brodiaei, 51; membrani-
folia, 51; Traillii, sr.

Picea alba, 3, 5, 10, 222; canadensis,
3, 5, 222; mariana, 2, 6, 222; nigra,
2, 6, 10, 36, 126, 222; rubra, ro.

1900]

Pilinia maritima, 44.

Pink-flowered Form of Rubus tri-
florus, 87.

Pinus resinosa, 124; rigida, 124.

Pisum sativum, 92.

Plagiochila asplenioides, 63.

Plagiothecium denticulatum, 63; late-
bricola, 96; turfaceum, 63.

Plant Relations, Notice of, 40.

Plantago elongata in New England,
156, in Rhode Island, 194; major,

208; maritima, 188; pusilla, 156,
194; virginica, 214.

Plants from the Duck Islands,
Maine, 207.

Plectonema calothrichoides, 13, 42;
Golenkinianum 13, 42; terebrans, 42.

Plenosporium Borreri, 51.

Pleurocapsa fuliginosa, 42.

Plumaria elegans, 5I.

Poa compressa, 209; pratensis, 209.

Podostemon ceratophyllum, 157.

Pogonatum alpinum,63,96; tenue, 62.

Pogonia ophioglossoides, 114, 172,
208, 219; pendula, 211, 212, in
Maine, 211; verticillata, 219.

Pogotrichum filiforme, 206, 207.

Polemonium, 77.

Polycystis elabens, 42; pallida, 43.

Polyembryony in Spiranthes cernua,
227.

Polygala cruciata, 168; polygama,
189, 242, var. abortiva merely an
Autumnal State, 242.

Polygonatum giganteum, I7I.

Polygonella articulata, 121, 202.

Polygonum acre, 69; Hydropiper,
208; hydropiperoides, 124; incarna-
tum, 208; Muhlenbergii, 69, 202.

Polyides rotundus, 51.

Polymnia canadensis in Vermont, 70.

Polypodium vulgare, 183, 184, 229.

Polyporus, 210.

Polysiphonia atrorubescens, 51; elon-
gata, 51; fastigiata, 5I; fibrillosa,
51; Harveyi, 51; nigrescens, 5I;
Olneyi, 51; subtilissima, 51; urceo-
lata, 51, 210; variegata, 51; vestita,
51; violacea, 5I.

Populus balsamifera, 35; heterophyl-
la, 126; monilifera, 35. 126.

Porphyra coccinea, 5I; laciniata, 51;
leucosticta, 51; miniata, SI.

Potamogeton, 217; and Spiraea,
Varieties of, 102; gemmiparus, 68;
Nuttallii, 102, var. cayugensis, 102;
praelongus, 127; pulcher, 157.

Potentilla Anserina, 134; frigida,
109; fruticosa, 37, 124; litoralis,

Index 257

188, 208; palustris, 122; tridentata,
97, 136, 188.

Poterium canadense, 122.

Pownal, Vermont, New or Rare
Plants from, 171.

Prasinocladus, 111; subsalsus, 45.

Preliminary Lists of New England
Plants,—v. Marine Algae, 41; vi.
Leguminosae, 89.

Prenanthes alba, 208;
208; trifoliata,

Primula mistassinica, 136.

Pringsheimia scutata, 45.

Prinos padifolius, 105, 106; verticilla-
tus, 105, 106

Protoderma marinum, 45.

Providence, Old-time Flora of, 213.

Prunus serotina, 187.

Pteris aquilina, 183, 229; cretica, 88.

Ptilota pectinata, 5I.

Punctaria, 131, 206;
plantaginea, 47.

Pylaiella littoralis, 47.

Pyrus arbutifolia, 69; nigra, 69; sam-
bucifolia, 98.

=

serpentaria,

latifolia, 47;

Quercus, 241; ilicifolia, 36; macro-
carpa, 36; Muhlenbergii, 36; palus-
tris, 36; stellata, 36.

Rafflesia, 1.

Ralfsia Borneti, 12, 47; clavata, 47;
deusta, 47, 209; pusilla, 48; verru-
cosa, I2, 48.

Rand, Edward L., Plants from the
Duck Islands, Maine, 207.

Ranunculus abortivus, 171; bulbosus,
171; Cymbalaria, 218; fascicularis,
171; hederaceus, 137; hispidus, 171;
pennsylvanicus, 122; repens, 201;
sceleratus, 157.

Raphidostegium recurvans, 63.

Rare Plants from Pownal, Vermont,
New or, 171.

Rarer Plants of central Massachu-
setts, Notes on distribution of, 119.

Razoumofskya robusta, 4.

Rediscovery of Eleocharis diandra,

Relation of certain plants to Atmos-
pheric Moisture, 29, 63.

Remarkable Development of Steir-
onema lanceolatum, 190.

Representatives of Scirpus maritimus
in America, 239.

Reversions in Berberis and Sagit-
taria, 140.

Rhadinocladia, a new Genusof Brown
Algae, 111; Farlowii, 112.

Rhinanthus, 138.

258

Rhizoclonium Kerneri, 45; riparium,
45; tortuosum, 45.

Rhode Island, Plantago elongata in,
194; Solidago tenuifolia, Weed in,
226.

Rhodochorton membranaceum, SY:
parasiticum, 12, 51; Rothii, 12, 51,

131.

Rhododendron, 216; maximum, 218;
Rhodora, 214; viscosum, 122, 201,
214.

Rhodomela Rochei, 51; subfusca, 51;
virgata, 51.

Rhodophyllis dichotoma, 52.

Rhodora, 218.

Rhodymenia palmata, 11, 52, 210.

Rhus venenata, 123, 168

Rhynchospora alba, 202, 215; fusca,
127; glomerata, 215; macrostachya,
127.

Rhynchostegium rusciforme, 63.

Riccia natans, Fruiting of, 161.

Rich, William P., Some new Ac-
quaintances, 203; The Heather in
New England, 53.

Ricinus communis, 205.

Rivularia atra, 43; Biasolettiana, 43;
Bornetiana, 43; nitida, 43.

Robinia hispida, 90; Pseudacacia, 90;
viscosa, 9o.

Robinson, B.. L., A Blue-fruited
Huckleberry, 81; Nomenclature of
the New England Agrimonies,
New England Agrimonies, 235;
Polygala polygama, var. abortiva,
merely an autumnal state, 242; Va-
riations of Ilex verticillata, 104.

Rosa blanda, 124; carolina, 112, 113,
and Rosa nitida, Willd., Note
upon a probable hybrid of, 112;
carolina X nitida, 113; var. setigera,
113; humilis, 112; nitida, 113.

Rubus allegheniensis, 25, 28; argutus,
26, 28; canadensis, 26, 27, 28; cunei-
folius, 27, 28; Enslenii, 27, 29; fru-
ticosus, 23; hispidus, 25, 27, 28,
29; idaeus, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,
200, and its variety ` anoma-
lus in America, 195; invisus, 23,
27, 29; Leesii, 195, 196; Mills-
paughii, 26; nigrobaccus, 24, 25,
26, 28; nigrobaccus X villosus, 27,
28; odoratus, 122; roribaccus, 225
sativus, 23, 26, 28; setosus, 27, 28,
29, 201; strigosus, 197, 198, 200;
triflorus, 87, 208, A pink-flowered
form of, 87; villosus, 25, 26, 27, 20.

Rudbeckia hirta, 84; pallida, 85, 86;
purpurea, 85.

Russula emetica, 71, 72, in Vermont,

Rhodora

[DECEMBER

71; Dr. Burt’s Note on, 72; foe-
tens, 193; fragilis, 72; furcata, 193.

Saccorhiza dermatodea, 48.

Sagina nodosa, 188.

Sagittaria, 153, 154, 155, 215; grami-
nea, 120; heterophylla, 126; monte-
vidensis, 154, 155; Reversions in
Berberis and, 149.

St. John and St. Lawrence Valleys,
Arceuthobium pusillum in the, To.

St. Lawrence Valleys, Arceuthobium
pusillum in the St. John and, 1o.

Salicornia ambigua, 126.

Salsola Kali, 204.

Sambucus racemosa, 37.

Sanicula canadensis, 168.

Sargassum bacciferum, 48; Filipen-
dula, 48.

Sargent, Herbert E., A new Vicia
for New England, 225.

Sarracenia purpurea, 172,

Scapania nemorosa, 63.

Scaphospora Kingii, 48.

Scheuchzeria, 70; palustris, 126.

Schizogonium laetevirens, 45.

Schrenk, Hermann von, Notes on
Arceuthobium pusillum, 2.

Schuh, R. E., Rhadinocladia, a new
Genus of Brown Algae, 111; Notes
on two rare Algae of Vineyard
Sound, 206.

Scinaia furcellata, 52.

Scirospora Griffithsiana, 52.

Scirpus, 19, 21; atratus, 18; atrocinc-
tus, 17, 21, 69, var. grandis, 17, 21;
atrovirens, 19; caespitosus, 98;
campestris, 240, 241; cyperinus, 15,
16, var. Andrewsii, 16, 21, var. con-
densatus, 16, 21; debilis, 127; Erio-
phorum, 15, 16, 17, 18; lenticularis,
18, 19; lineatus, 18; maritimus, 239,
240, 241, in America, The Repre-
sentatives of, 238; microcarpus, 18,
19, 20, 21, 106; paludosus, 240, 241;
Peckii, 21; pedicellatus, 16, 17, Var.
pullus, 17, 21; polyphyllus, 21, 157;
robustus, 240, 241, var. campestris,
241, var. paludosus, 241; rubro-
tinctus, 20, 21, 106, var. confertus,
21; Some northeastern species of,
15; subterminalis, 202; sylvaticus,
18, 19, 20, 21, 106, 121, a correction,
106, var. Bissellii, 2r.

Scleria triglomerata, 157.

Scolopendrium, rr. `

Scorpiurus subvillosus, 92,

Scuticaria, 3r.

Scytosiphon hippuroides, 166;
mentarius, 48, 163, 165.

lo-

1900]

Seaweeds in Winter, 130.

Selenipedium, 31.

Sertularia pumila, 207.

Setchell, William Albert, Critical
Notes on the New England Species
of Laminaria, IIS, 142.

Seymour, A. B., Fruiting of Riccia
natans, 161; Cluster-cup Fungus
on Lespedeza in New England, 186.

Shrubs in western Connecticut, Dis-
tribution of certain Trees and, 34.

Silene Cucubalus, 133.

Sisymbrium altissimum, 205; Thalia-
num, 125.

Sium Carsonii, 69.

Slime Moulds, The, 75.

Smilax rotundifolia, 157.

Solanum nigrum, 124; rostratum, 205.

Solidago altissima, 57; asperula, 58,
59; canadensis, 57, 59; Elliottii, 59;
juncea, 57; macrophylla, 98; odora,
157; rugosa, 57, 59; sempervirens,
57, 50; sp. 57; tenuifolia, a weed in
Rhode Island, 226; ulmifolia, 59;
Virgaurea, 97.

Sonchus arvensis, 135.

Sorocarpus uvaeformis, 48.

Sparganium, 215. `

Species new to the United States,
Bartonia iodandra,—a, 55; of Scir-
pus, Some northeastern, 15.

Spermothamnion Turneri, 52.

Sphacelaria, 207; cirrhosa, 48; race-
mosa, 48; radicans, 48.

Sphagnum, 65, 66, 110; acutifolium, 63.

Spiraea alba, 103; salicifolia, 103,
Varieties of Potamogeton and, 102.

Spiranthes cernua, 172, 179, 227;
Polyembryony in, 227; gracilis,
179; latifolia, 126, 179; Romanzof-
Dana: II5, 172. i

Spiranthes cernua, 172, 179, 227,

Spirogyra crassa in refilled Ponds,
Luxuriant Development of, 33.

Spirulina Meneghiniana, 43; Nord-
stedtii, 43; subsalsa, 43; versicolor,43.

Spyridia filamentosa, 52.

“Stachys palustris, 205.

Station for Dwarf Mistletoe, New, 221.

Stations for some of the less usual
plants of Connecticut, 125.

Steironema lanceolatum, a remarka-
ble Development of, 190; radicans,

190.

Stellaria borealis, 125, 208.

Stemonitis, 79, 81; maxima, 79.

Sterrocolax decipiens, 52.

Sticta pulmonaria, 67.

Stictyosiphon Griffithsianus, 48; sub-
simplex, 48.

Index

259

Stilophora rhizodes, 48.

Stone, G. E., Luxuriant Develop-
ment of Spirogyra crassa in refilled
Ponds, 33; The Walking-fern in
Worcester County, Mass., 14.

Streblonema Chordariae, 48; fascicu-
latum, 48; reptans, 48.

Streptopus roseus, 126

Striaria attenuata, 48, 163.

Strophostyles, 168; angulosa, 90.

Subularia aquatica, 88.

Swamps in southern Vermont, The
Orchidaceae of a series of, 114.

Symploca hydnoides, 43.

Symplocarpus foetidus, 216.

Tanacetum huronense, 134.

Taraxacum erythrospermum, 171, 208.

Taxus canadensis, 202.

Teaching Botanist, Notice of, 52.

Tephrosia virginiana, 90.

Thalictrum, 230, 232; confine, 232,
233; dioicum, 230, 231, 232, X pur-
purascens, 233; Fendleri, 232; occi-
dentale, 232, 233; polygamum, 232;
purpurascens, 231, 232.

Thalictrums, Two northeastern, 230.

Thamnolia in Maine, Occurrence of,
155; vermicularis, 155.

Thetford, Vermont, Ferns of a deep
Ravine in, 229.

Thuidium delicatulum, 63; recogni-
tum, 63; scitum, 63.

Tillandsia usneoides, 65.

ee polycephala, 76; viridis,
I.

Tipularia discolor, 172.

To Fern Collectors, 212.

Toadstools, Afternoon Outing for.19r.

Trees and Shrubs in western Con-
necticut, Distribution of certain, 34.

Trichia decipiens, 79; varia, 79.

Trichocolea tomentella, 63.

Tricholoma equestre, 244; portento-
sum, 243, 244. 245, 246; terreum,
245, 240. :

Trifolium, 149, 150; agrarium, 90;
arvense, 90; dubium, 90; hybridum,
70, 90; incarnatum, 90; medium,
90, pratense, 90; procumbens, 90;
repens, 90; stoloniferum, 92.

Trigonella Cassia, 92; Noeana, 92.

Trillium, 218.

Triodia cuprea, 127; decumbens, 137.

Tripsacum dactyloides, 127.

Tussilago Farfara, 137.

Two northeastern Thalictrums, 230.

Typical Goodyera repens in New
England, 22.

260

Ulothrix collabens, 45; flacca, 45;
implexa, 45; variabilis, 12, 45.

Ulva Lactuca, 45.

Uncommon mosses in northern Es-
sex County, Massachusetts, 95.

Undescribed Varieties and Hybrids
of Carex, Some, 170.

United States, Bartonia iodandra,—
a species new to the, 55.

Unusual Form of Drosera interme-
dia, var. Americana, 70; Variations
of two common Agarics, 32.

Uromyces Lespedezae, 186.

Urospora penicilliformis, 45.

Urtica dioica, 157; gracilis, 208.

Usnea barbata, 66, 67.

Utricularia, 70; cornuta, 126; inter-
media, 126; purpurea, 123, 126, 215;
resupinata, 123.

Vaccinium caespitosum, 88, 98, 137,
187, 188, 189, 190; canadense, 189;
corymbosum, 82; formosum, 224;
Oxycoccus, 208; pennsylvanicum,
82, 224, 225, Autumnal Flowering
of, 224; uliginosum, 88, 97, 98, 138,
187, 189, 190; Vitis-Idaea, 97, 98, 138.

Vanda, 31.

Variations of Ilex verticillata, 104; of
two common Agarics, Unusual, 32.

Varieties and Hybrids of Carex,
Some Undescribed, 170; of Pota-
mogeton and Spiraea, 102.-

Variety of Zizia aurea, A new, 225.

Vaucheria litorea, 45; piloboloides,
I3, 45, var. compacta, 13, 45;
Thuretii, 13, 45.

Verbena bracteosa, 205.

Vermont, Arceuthobium pusillum on
a new Host in, 8; Baptisia austra-
lis in, 172; Botanical Club (winter
meeting, 1900), 88; Daphne Meze-
rium in, 142; Ferns of a deep
Ravine in Thetford, 229; Informa-
tion desired concerning Plants
doubtfully ascribed to the Flora of,
157; New or rare Plants from
Pownal, 171; Notes on a Species
of Cyathus in Lawns at Middle-
bury, 99; Plants, Notes on, 88;
Polymnia canadensis in, 70; Rus-
sula emetica in, 71; Some Orchids
of eastern, 171; Orchidaceae of a
Series of Swamps of southern, 114.

Veronica arvensis, 137, 156; Bux-
baumii, 126.

Rhodora

ULT

—

[ DECEMBER

Viburnum cassinoides, 37, 125; den-
tatum, 187; lantanoides, 37; Opu-
IHE, See

Vicia caroliniana, 90; Cracca, 90;
for New England, A new, 225; hir-
suta, 90; sativa, 90, 225; sepium,
225; tetrasperma, 9o.

Vineyard Sound, Notes on two rare
Algae of, 206.

Viola, 235; blanda, 208; lanceolata,
208; palustris, 98; pedata, I57, 216;
rotundifolia, 122; Selkirkii, 124.

Viscum album, r.

Vitis. Labrusca, 124.

Walking-fern in Worcester County,
Massachusetts, 14.

Webera sessilis, 63, 96.

Webster, Hollis, Variations of two
common Agarics, 32; Dr. Burt’s
Note on Russula emetica, 72; Note
on Peziza rapulum, 106; Naucoria
Christinae, 127; Boleti collected at
Alstead, N. H., 173; An afternoon
Outing for Toadstools, 191; Trich-
oloma portentosum, 143.

Webster, J. R., Cleistogamy in Li-
naria canadensis, 168.

Wiegand, K. M., Some Varieties of
Potamogeton and Spiraea, 102.

Wild Garden, Notes of a, 159.

Wild, Levi, Baptisia australis in Ver-
mont, 172.

Williams, Emile F., Bartonia iodan-
dra,—a species new to the United
States, 55.

Winter, Seaweeds in, 130.

Wocdsia Ilvensis, 184, 211; obtusa, 184.

Woodwardia angustifolia, 127; vir-
ginica, I24, 202.

Worcester County, Massachusetts,
Further Notes on the Flora of,
201; The Walking-fern in, r4.

Xanthium canadense, 204, 205; spin-
osum, 205; strumarium, 204.

Xanthoxylum americanum, 201.

Xenococcus Schousboei, 43.

Yellow-fruited Ilex verticillata, 242.

Zannichellia, 217.

Zizania aquatica, 210.

Zizia, aurea, A new variety of, 225,
var. Obtusifolia, 225.

Zostera, 206, 217; marina, 208.

Rhodora Plate 21

C. E. Faxcn, del.

THALICTRUM CONFINE, nov. spec.