Hodova JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee VOLUME 29 1927 Boston, Mass. [ Providence, R. 3. 300 Massachusetts Ave. Preston and Rounds Co. / ) CANSO ar: Dodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. January, 1927. No. 337. CONTENTS: The Flower of Chimaphila. Theo. Holm.................... 1 On our purple-flowered Eupatoriums. K. K. Mackenzie....... 6 Muhlenbergia uniflora. M. L. Fernald........................ 10 On the Flora of Boothbay, Maine. N. C. Fassett.............. 14 Trillium grandiflorum in Maine. F. J. Keyes.................. 15 Two Plants New to Mt. 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THE Pyrolaceae, Pyrola as well as Moneses and Chimaphila, were well known to the older botanists, and described under the name Pyrola. Brunfels (1532) knew Pyrola rotundifolia; Clusius (1576), P. secunda, Moneses and Chimaphila umbellata; Plukenet (1696), Chimaphila maculata; Haller (1740), P. minor, etc. Fuchs (1549), however, used the name Limonium, but his figure leaves no doubt of being intended for some species of Pyrola. Some few other genera were also called Pyrola, among them Trientalis and Cornus canadensis (Bauhin), Parnassia (Morrison), Epigaea (Plukenet), and Goodyera (Loeselius). Since then the genus has been divided by Pursh, who segregated Chimaphila, and by Salisbury, the author of Moneses. On the other hand, Amelia and Thelaia Alefeld,! and Actinocyclus Klotzsch are considered only as subgenera of Pyrola in the works of Bentham, Hooker, Gray, Engler and Prantl and several others. Though Pursh established Chimaphila, Michaux had already called attention to the pronounced difference in habit and floral structure, when comparing Pyrola umbellata and P. maculata with the other species.? A few years after Pursh, Nuttall redescribed Chimaphila, mentioning the actual presence of a style “very short, immersed in the germ,” besides “germ surrounded at the base by a glandular ring." This is 1 For references consult the bibliography appended. The classification, proposed by Elias Fries (1840), according to which Moneses should represent a species of Chimaphila, namely Ch. uniflora Fr., has not been adopted except by Lange (l. c., p. 427). 2 Rhodora [JANUARY the earliest record of a nectary in the Pyrolaceae, and with regard to Hypopithys and Monotropa, Nuttall described also the segments of the corolla as having “a cucullate nectariferous base," and the de- velopment of “ten very short recurved filiform appendices alternating with the stamens.” In Europe the Pyrolaceae were described and several figured by Radius (1821), who was familiar with the works of Pursh and Nuttall, but without making any mention of the nectary in Chimaphila. On the other hand, Alefeld (1856), in his comprehensive treatment of the Pyrolaceae, called attention to Pyrola secunda, in which he observed: “ovarium basi nectariis 10, compressis, acutis, triangularibus, copiose mel secernentibus, filamentis alternantibus, valliculis fundo petalorum oppositis." This author described Moneses as having " ovarium nec- tariis destitutum," but said nothing about Chimaphila, evidently not knowing the work of Nuttall. Meanwhile Irmisch, who studied the Pyrolaceae so very carefully from a morphological and biological viewpoint, succeeded in finding a discus or nectarium in Chimaphila umbellata, independently of Nuttall, whose work he would have cited, if he had read it. Finally, according to Drude, a 10-dentate nectar-secreting discus occurs in Moneses. But no further discoveries have been recorded of nectaries in the other species. Bentham and Hooker mention the nectaries very briefly “10-crenatus” in Pyrola secunda, “ obscurus" in Moneses, and “inconspicuus” in Chimaphila, and Gray (Synopt. Flora) mentions the disk as “obsolete or obscure” in Pyrolineae, except in Pyrola secunda, where the “hypogynous disk" is described as “10-lobed.” Very few authors have given much attention to this structure. Torrey, however, observed the disk in Chimaphila to be glandular, and Blytt, in his Flora of Norway, recorded the facts brought out by Alefeld and Irmisch. In describing the floral diagram of the Pyrolaceae, Eichler cites the observations of Irmisch and Alefeld, while Sachs gives a figure of the nectar-glands in Chimaphila. Con- versely, in the more recently published work by Warming, “Spermato- fyter” (1912), the Pyrolaceae (Pyrola, Moneses, and Chimaphila) are said to be destitute of honey, while nectariferous glands are attributed to Monotropa. Finally, in the North American Flora, Rydberg men- tions only the nectaries in Pyrola secunda. "Thus, considered alto- gether, the accounts of these structures are anything but complete, 1927] Holm,—The Flower of Chimaphila 3 and it seems strange that the observations made by Nuttall, Alefeld, Irmisch, and Drude have been so frequently overlooked. With regard to the pollination of the flower in Chimaphila, we have not been able to find any reference to the matter in literature. Her- mann Mueller has described the process in Moneses and some few species of Pyrola, and Warming in P. grandiflora. Sprengel described it in Monotropa, but neither in Pyrola nor Chimaphila. We might state at once that Mueller considered self-pollination to be excluded from Moneses on account of the mutual position of the stamens and stigma, but with the admission that he failed to observe any insects in the flowers. In Pyrola minor, on the other hand, this author did finally succeed in observing visitors, some beetles and flies. Ac- cording to Warming, spontaneous self-pollination seems possible in Pyrola rotundifolia, and especially so in P. grandiflora. By these authors the pollen-tetrads are described as glabrous and readily falling out of the anthers. In Chimaphila umbellata and Ch. maculata the flowers are fragrant, notably in the latter, and we observed a secretion of nectar in the form of minute drops (mostly ten at the same time) from the discus, thus corroborating the statements of Irmisch. The flowers are very conspicuous by their color, pink in Chimaphila umbellata, creamy white in the other species, with the anthers deep rose to purplish in the former, yellowish brown in the latter. These facts, in connection with the fragrance, induced us to believe that pollination by insects would be most natural. Nevertheless, we failed to observe a single case out of several hundreds where insects were actually present. Probably the pollinators are nocturnal insects. The flowers, even as buds, are pendulous in both species and per- fectly polypetalous. They remain pendulous in Chimaphila umbellata for some time after pollination, while in the other species the peduncle often becomes erect, holding the flowers in a position fully exposed to lateral light. The ten stamens have their filaments widened consider- ably and thickened, ciliate in Chimaphila umbellata (figs. 4-6), densely hairy along the margins and all over the lower face in Ch. maculata (figs. 9-11). In both species the anthers are extrorse in the bud, with the pores in the lower portion, but become inverted at a later period, thus placing the pores at the top. Besides that, the two halves of the anther are widely separated from each other and conspicuously 2-horned, with each pore placed at the end of its own 4 Rhodora [JANUARY tube (figs. 4, 9, and 14). The pollen-grains are united into tetrads, which are viscid and fall out in small clumps, while in the other Pyrolaceae the pollen is dry and very light. Viscid pollen is known from some of the Rhodoraceae. The style is partly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary (fig. 13); the stigma is broad, orbicular, and disc-shaped, with the margin 5-crenate. The ovary (fig. 12) is not smooth, but shows five linear ridges alternating with five bifurcate, and is surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped disc, pale green, with the margin entire, and secreting nectar (figs. 7, 12 and 13). The flowers are protogynous. Before they open, the stigma is free and very viscid (fig. 1), while the anthers are not yet ready to shed the pollen (fig. 12). For even if the pores are open at a very young stage of the flower, some time is required before the anthers turn over and shed the pollen. When the flower opens, the anthers are held in a horizontal position with the pores in the periphery (fig. 2). In Chimaphila umbellata they become vertical after pollination (fig. 3); in Ch. maculata, they are almost vertical in the flower just opened, becoming more spreading, almost horizontally, after pollination (fig. 8). At the time of pollination the anthers have thus turned over with the pores pointing more or less towards the stigma, but owing to the position of the stigma, the pollen can hardly reach its viscid sur- face, unless by means of visiting insects. Moreover, the pollen is not shed so very readily; some movement is necessary before the sticky pollen-masses can come out. It would thus appear as if the pollina- tion must be effected by means of insects which, attracted by the odor, visit the flowers and, in sucking the honey, necessarily touch the anthers. The movement of the anthers will cause the heavy, viscid pollen to fall out, and, covered with pollen, the insects may transfer it to another flower; thus cross-pollination becomes established. Fruiting specimens of both species of Chimaphila are abundant every year, and the number of seeds is immense. Nevertheless, seedlings of these species, or plants developed from seeds, are extremely seldom found. This may be on account of the great difficulty in striking the proper conditions, soil especially, for the germination of the seeds. The generally social occurrence and the very wide geographic distri- bution of the Pyrolaceae depends upon their power to spread by means of stolons, as well as by root-shoots. Nuttall was the first author to point out the affinity of Monotropa to Pyrola, and by Warming (1912) this classification has been accepted. 1927] Holm,—The Flower of Chimaphila 5 Thus the family Pyrolaceae includes Monotropa and its allied genera, Pterospora, etc. Some few points in the family diagnosis as written by Warming (op. cit., p. 350) are not exactly correct. The anthers are not awnless in all these plants; they are 2-awned in Plterospora. The flowers are not always destitute of nectaries; such occur in Chimaphila, Moneses, and Pyrola secunda. Finally, Pyrola aphylla is neither leafless nor poor in chlorophyll. CLINTON, MARYLAND. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 156. Chimaphila umbellata. Fig. 1, flower-bud, showing the stigma perfectly free, X 3. Fig. 2, flower just opened, the anthers kept in a horizontal posi- tion, X 3. Fig. 3, a mature flower, showing the anthers in a vertical position, X3. Figs. 4 and 5, stamens of same flower drawn in fig. 3, X 6. Fig. 6, a stamen, dorsal face, from the bud drawn in fig. 1, X 6. Fig. 7, base of the ovary of a mature flower, showing the disk (white in the figure); stamens, petals, and sepals removed; X 6. Chimaphila maculata. Fig. 8, a mature flower; anthers held in a horizontal position; X 3. Figs. 9, 10, and 11, three stamens of same flower, ventral, dorsal, and side view, X 6. Fig. 12, a flower-bud, showing the pistil with the disk (D) at the base and one stamen; the other parts removed; X 6. Fig. 13, longitudinal section of same pistil; D = the disk; X 6. Fig. 14, part of an- ther, showing the 2-lobed pore. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Alefeld, F. Ueber die Familie der Pyrolaceen. Linnaea 28, 1856, pp. 21, 71, 78, and 81. Blytt, M. N. Norges Flora, vol. 1. Christiana, 1861, p. 848. Eichler, A. W. Blüthen-Diagramme. Leipzig, 1875, p. 343. Engler and Prantl. Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, IV, pt. 1. Leipzig, 1897, p. 8 (Pyrolaceae by Drude). Gray, A. Synoptical Flora of North America, 2nd ed., vol. 2, pt. 1. New York, 1886, pp. 17 and 46. ; Irmisch, Thilo. Einige Bermerkungen über die einheimischen Pyrola-Arten. Bot. Zeit. 14, 1856, p. 585. Same. Kurze Mittheilung über einige Pyrolaceen. Flora 42, 1859, p. 497. Klotzsch, I. F. Studien über die natürliche Klasse Bicornes L. Linnaea 24, 1851, p. 3. Lange, Joh. Haandbog iden Danske Flora, 4th ed. Kjøbenhavn, 1886-1888, p. 426. 6 Rhodora [JANUARY Mueller, Hermann. Alpenblumen, ihre Befruchtung durch In- sekten. Leipzig, 1881, p. 375. Nuttall, Th. The Genera of North American Plants, vol. 1. Philadelphia, 1818, p. 275. Pursh, Fr. Flora Americae Septentrionalis, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Lon- don, 1816, p. 300. Radius, Justus. Dissertatio de Pyrola et Chimaphila. Leipzig, 1831. Sachs, J. Lehrbuch der Botanik, 4th ed. Leipzig, 1874, p. 544. Sprengel, C. K. Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur. Berlin, 1793, p. 238. Torrey, John. A Flora of the State of New York, vol. 1. Albany 1843, p. 455. Warming, Eug. Biologiske Optegnelser om Grønlandske Planter. Bot. Tidsskr. 15, 1886, p. 165. Same. Froeplanterne (Spermatofyter). Kjøbenhavn, 1912, p. 350. CLINTON, MARYLAND. FURTHER LIGHT ON OUR PURPLE-FLOWERED EUPATORIUMS. KENNETH K. MACKENZIE. Last year Dr. S. F. Blake on his visit to England at my request kindly examined and made photographs of and notes on some of the specimens of North American purple-flowered Eupatoriums preserved in some of the old herbaria there. American botanists are certainly under obligation to Dr. Blake for the care he gave to this matter. This information and other information which has come to hand have thrown much additional light on the problem of the proper identifica- tion of these plants heretofore discussed by Prof. K. M. Wiegand and myself in Rnopona (22: 57 and 22: 157). The facts to be added to the discussion may be grouped under the different species as follows: EUPATORIUM TRIFOLIATUM Dr. Blake's notes are as follows: “ Clayton 620, Brit. Mus.—Leaves lanceolate, cuneate into petiole, thin, penninerved, beneath gland- dotted and along veins sordid-pilosulous; stems essentially glabrous 1927] Mackenzie,—On our Purple-flowered Eupatoriums 7 (but inflorescence sordid-pilosulous), not evidently glaucous, purple at nodes, not speckled, pithy and solid!; inflorescence convex. (No specimen of this species in Linn. Herb.) ” The photograph is of the upper part of a RS E plant. As noted by Prof. Wiegand * the specimen seems abnormal," but specimens ex- actly answering it are quickly found wherever the species is at all abundant. However, it is easily understandable how it was misun- derstood in the absence of notes. The statement made concerning this species that “as far as can be made out from the print, the stem is purple and glaucous and not darker at the nodes. "The stem is also cracked in one place in a manner more likely to occur if it were hollow” is now to be contrasted with the facts as given by Dr. Blake and quoted above. It is very evident from both the description and specimen of Eupatorium trifoliatum that it is the plant treated both by Prof. Wiegand and myself as species No. 4. EUPATORIUM MACULATUM. The Amoenitates Academicae of Linnaeus are devoted almost en- tirely to the dissertations of his pupils. However, all of these dis- sertations had previously been published as separate pamphlets. It has come to be realized, therefore, that references should properly be made to the original dissertations and not to the Amoenitates. "These original dissertations were issued under the names of the various pupils of Linnaeus, and in the absence of a direct statement that the work was the work of Linnaeus, it seems to me that the ordinary rule should be followed and the species described in these dissertations should be credited to their respective authors and not to Linnaeus. It has been supposed that when Linnaeus came to republish these species in the Amoenitates, he merely copied the original dissertations with the exception of some preliminary matter. As a general rule, he did this, but not infrequently he made changes, sometimes of an extremely radical nature. "The result is that it is never safe to rely on the Amoenitates. "The original dissertations must always be con- sulted. Unfortunately, these original dissertations are scarce. "There are 186 of them in all, botanical and non-botanical, and my informa- tion is that a complete set does not exist in the United States. ` In discussing Eupatorium maculatum both Prof. Wiegand and I relied entirely on the description appearing in the Amoenitates and 8 Rhodora [JANUARY this description I quoted in Rnopona (22: 161). The true original description, however, is as follows: “77. EUPATORIUM (maculatum) foliis quinis, lanceolatis, aequa- liter serratis, petiolatis, venosis. * Descr. Folia quinque ad genicula, lanceolata, aequaliter serrata. Caulis tenuissime maculatus. Varietas Eupatorii purpurei ad hoc, ut & ejus synonyma & descriptio spectant. Eupatorium enim purpureum foliis quaternis, lanceolato-ovatis, inaequaliter serratis, rugosis est." Juslenius, Centuria I. Plantarum 27. 1755. It will be noted that Juslenius did not refer to any particular col- lection, but merely gave a general description, although in this dis- sertation when he was basing new species on collections by Kalm, Loefling or Hasselquist, he cited these collections. The description previously copied by me from the Amoenitates (Rnopona 22: 161) was given as published by Linnaeus in 1759. To the original description it will be noted he (1) added all the citations and the habitat; (2) added the word “tomentosis” in the first line; and (3) added the words “vel sex” in the middle of the phrase “folia quinque ad genicula.” On the basis of a specimen in the Linnaean herbarium, Prof. Wiegand identified this species. A photograph of this specimen has now been furnished me by Dr. Blake. It shows a specimen having two whorls of six leaves each. It therefore was not the specimen on which the original description of Eupatorium maculatum was based as was assumed (l.c. 59), because that description called only for a plant having five leaves at each node. This specimen may well have been before Linnaeus when he en- larged the description of the species, although it is equally possible that his enlarged description was merely taken from previous authors. Therefore, I will quote Dr. Blake's description of the specimen: “One sheet, K(alm), in Linn. Herb. Leaves oblong or ovate oblong, feather veined, simply crenate-serrate, thickish (more veiny and thicker than the two sheets of E. purpureum), acuminate, cuneate at base, pilose beneath with many-celled hairs, blade to 12 X 4.5-5 cm., petiole 1-1.2 cm.; stem purplish (probably once glaucescent ?) with very few linear spots, glabrous below last whorl of large leaves; pe- duncle and convex inflorescence densely sordid-pilosulous with lax many-celled hairs; involucre 7.5 mm. high, purplish-tinged; corollas 6 mm. long, pale purplish-tinged, exserted about 3 mm." 1927] Mackenzie,—On our Purple-flowered Eupatoriums 9 The photograph shows a plant with strongly convex inflorescence. It is not the northern species with flat-topped inflorescence with which it was identified by Prof. Wiegand, but is the species described by Juslenius. It is readily placed in Wiegand's Species No. 3 by the use of his key in Rgopona (22: 62). The original description of Eupatorium maculatum was certainly very plain. Linnaeus afterwards added citations, all of which were incorrect (RHODORA 22: 162). These must of course be disregarded and the name applied to the plant to which the description applies, the Species No. 3 of Prof. Wiegand’s and my treatments. It may be added that the only plants cited by or known to Linnaeus with leaves in whorls of more than four belonged to this species. EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM. When in 1755 Juslenius removed from the aggregate Eupatorium purpureum his Eupatorium maculatum with leaves in whorls of five, he left in it species with leaves in whorls of four. Specimens with leaves in whorls of six were not provided for, but later Linnaeus took them out also and added them to Eupatorium maculatum. What was left in Eupatorium purpureum consisted in small part of what Prof. Wiegand treated as Species No. 2 and in large part of his Species No. 1. The Linnaean description applies to Species No. 1. The work of Juslenius in keeping the Linnaean name for the plant to which the Linnaean description applied was excellent. That is the plant treated by Prof. Wiegand as Eupatorium verticillatum Lam., and that is the plant which should be called Eupatorium purpureum. In conclusion it is proper to emphasize again the point that the idea prevalent in certain quarters that these old species should be identified by specimens in the old herbaria without reference to descriptions or citations is most incorrect and mischievous. The Linnaean herbarium especially is full of specimens incorrectly labeled, often by Linnaeus himself I believe. In dealing with Iris, Dyckes (the Genus Iris p. 6) says “ very nearly half of the Linnaean specimens appear to be wrongly named.” Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 177-178) shows the mixtures in Solidago. I myself went over the sheets of Carex and found that the errors were numerous. The specimens when they agree with de- scriptions are often very helpful, but the names should be applied in accordance with descriptions given and not according to specimens of whose history nothing is known. MAPLEWOOD, New JERSEY. 10 Rhodora [JANUARY MUHLENBERGIA UNIFLORA. M. L. FERNALD. MUBLENBERGIA uniflora (Muhl.), n. comb. Poa? uniflora Muhl. Descr. Gram. 151 (1817). Agrostis serotina Torr. Fl. U. S. i. 88 (1824). Vilfa serotina Torr. in Gray, Gram. et Cyp. i. no. 2 (1834). V. tenera Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. Sér. 6, vi. 87 (1840). Poa modesta Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. xlv. 45 (1843). Sporobolus serotinus (Torr.) Gray, Man. 577 (1848). S. uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 5 (1900). Muhlenbergia uniflora is the delicate grass of northeastern America which long passed as Sporobolus serotinus and which has recently been called S. uniflorus. It is a most definite species but, as indicated above and as will appear in the discussion, its generic and even its tribal affinity have both been open to varying interpretations, the species passing at different times as a member of Poa and of Eragrostis of the Festuceae and at other times as a species either of Agrostis, Vilfa or Sporobolus of the Agrostideae; and now, rightly as it seems to me, it finds a place in Muhlenbergia of the latter tribe. Sporobolus, as the generic name clearly indicates, is the genus of the Agrostideae with grains free at maturity, as in Eragrostis of the Festuceae. Not only are its grains free (whence the English “ Drop-seed Grass") but the lemmas or flowering glumes are delicately membranaceous and often colorless. The plant which has been passing as Sporobolus uniflorus is emphatically not a “ Drop-seed Grass;" its mature grains, gathered in October when the spikelets are quite ripe, are firmly em- braced by the lemma and palea and much mechanical force is required to free them; in other words, the fruit is that of Muhlenbergia. Fur- theremore, the firm green to metallic-purple 3-5-nerved lemmas re- move the species from Sporobolus and place it in Muhlenbergia. On the American continent Muhlenbergia uniflora has a diffuse panicle but in the Newfoundland variety, later to be discussed, the panicles are usually contracted and slender, closely simulating those of M. Richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. and its allies which Rydberg! has rightly removed from Sporobolus. In fact, the habit of M. uniflora, of becoming perennial by proliferation from the lower axils of the old culms, is so like that of M. Richardsonis (Sporobolus Richardsonis Merr.), that the extreme plant of Newfoundland is auickly separated from M. Richardsonis only by its smaller spikelets and blunter lemmas. 1 Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl., xxiii, 599-601 (1905). 1927] Fernald,—Muhlenbergia uniflora 11 When well developed, Muhlenbergia uniflora has diffuse panicles with freely forking capillary branches and with the capillary pedicels mostly 2-6 times as long as the spikelets. In Newfoundland, however, as already noted, it tends to have a strongly contracted panicle, with erect only slightly forking branches; but occasional colonies with spreading branches are found. The extreme Newfoundland plants have panicles only 0.2-1 cm. in diameter, but the exceptionally large panicles reach a diameter of 3 cm. In all Newfoundland specimens (and a few from Nova Scotia) the pedicels are short, many of them less than twice the length of the spikelets. But the most interesting point shown by many of the Newfoundland plants is the tendency of the terminal spikelets to be 2-flowered, with the lower flower perfect, the upper pistillate. Not all the plants exhibit this character but of 11 numbers before me 6 show some of the terminal spikelets 2-flowered, some panicles with only 1 or 2 such spikelets, others with varying numbers up to35. Departing in three tendencies from the continental type and clearly connecting with it in Nova Scotia, the Newfoundland plant is most satisfactorily treated as a geographic variety, the two extremes very distinct but not fully differentiated from each other since the segregation of the Newfoundland and the continental areas by the submergence of the continental shelf. It is proposed as MUHLENBERGIA UNIFLORA, var. terrae-novae, n. var., a forma typ- ica recedit paniculis plerumque contractis 1.2-8 em. longis 0.2-1 cm. diametro (rare diffusis deinde 3 cm. diametro), ramulis plerumque coarctatis; pedicellis lateralibus plerumque 1-2 mm. longis; spiculis superioribus saepe bifloris, flore superiore femineo.—NEWFOUNDLAND. The following are thoroughly characteristic: moss and silicious rocks along rill, slope of South Hill, St. John's, August 14, 1924, Fernald, Long € Dunbar, no. 26,244 (TYPE in Gray Herb.); wet mossy and turfy slopes of sandstone and arenaceous slate hills back of Carbonear, August 6 and 7, 1911, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 4539; peaty or muddy borders of ponds, Grand Falls, August 14, 1911, Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington, no. 4540; wet sandy shore of Rushy Pond, August 28, 1911, Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington, no. 4541; open peat bogs back of Birchy Cove (Curling), August 10, 1910, Fernald, Wiegand & Kit- tredge, no. 2504; seepy runs in bog-barrens among the gneiss hills back of Port aux Basques, August 31, 1924, Fernald, Long & Dunbar, no. 26,243. "The following display no 2-flowered spikelets but are otherwise characteristic: swamps near confluence of Exploits River and Badger Brook, August 13, 1894, Robinson & Schrenk; bogs, Bishop Falls, July 28 and 29, 1911, Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington, no. 4538; boggy shores of small ponds, Birchy Cove (Curling), 12 j Rhodora [JANUARY August 11, 1910, Fernald, Wiegand & Kittredge, no. 2503; depressions in sphagnous marsh, Lark Harbor, August 31, 1926, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 100; bare depressions in wet peat on gneiss hills along Grandy Brook, September 11, 1926, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 101. The occurrence of 2-flowered spikelets is not restricted to the New- foundland plant, though it is there more general than on the continent. Throughout the range of typical Muhlenbergia uniflora plants with 2-flowered spiklets occur. Thus, the typical continental plant is represented in the Gray Herbarium and the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club by 160 numbers; and of these, 27 numbers (17% of the whole) show 2-flowered spikelets: plants from Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New Jersey and Michigan. In most specimens such spike- lets are few (1 to 3 or 4) but in some collections they are so abundant as to give the plant a resemblance to Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. M. uniflora was originally described by Muhlenberg as perhaps a Poa, Poa? uniflora, which he thought might be a variety of Poa capillaris L., now universally called Eragrostis capillaris (“ Habitus P. capillaris, cujus forsan varietas’—Muhlenberg); and the late William Boott, certainly an acute botanist, collecting material with 2-flowered spike- lets at Fresh Pond, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts, and Thoreau, getting a similar plant near Concord, each labeled it without question as Eragrostis capillaris! Furthermore, Edward Tuckerman, familiar with the Fresh Pond plant with 2-flowered spikelets, described it as Poa modesta “spiculis . . . bifloris," identifying with it Muhlenberg's P. ? uniflora but changing the seemingly inappropriate name because “it seems almost certain that it [Muhlenberg's plant] was a branch of this Poa, from which part of the florets had fallen off;" and John Carey, commenting, in the Gray Herbarium, on material called Poa modesta from New Hampshire, wrote: *I do not see why these may not be reduced northern forms of Eragrostis capillaris." ! It is, likewise, significant that, although the treatment given by Hitchcock in the 7th edition of Gray's Manual eliminates conspicuous 1 In view of the obvious difficulty of quickly distinguishing young plants of Muhlen- bergia uniflora with 2-flowered spikelets from small plants of Eragrostis capillaris, the following statement of contrasts may prove useful. ERAGROSTIS CAPILLARIS. Tufted annual, with ciliate leaf-sheaths; spikelets 2- several-flowered; glumes attenuate; upper lemma (when spikelet only 2-flowered) distinctly overtopping the lower; mature grain free from the lemma and palea. MUHLENBERGIA UNIFLORA. Perennial by proliferation from the lower axils of old culms; leaf-sheaths glabrous; spikelets 1-2-flowered; glumes blunt or merely acutish; upper lemma (when spikelets 2-flowered) barely exceeding the lower; mature grain closely embraced by the lemma and palea. 1927] Fernald,—Muhlenbergia uniflora 13 mention of 2-flowered spikelets in Sporobolus and Muhlenbergia (merely giving a note under S. compressus, “Spikelets rarely 2-flow- ered”), all six preceding editions, beginning with Gray's own in 1848 and running through the Watson & Coulter edition of 1889, consist- ently defined the genus Sporobolus with “Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered” and placed S. compressus (S. Torreyanus) and S. serotinus (now Muhlenbergia uniflora) in a section with “spikelets not unfre- quently 2-flowered.” Bentham & Hooker, also, in their synopsis of genera under the tribe Agrostideae, add “ Excepta: Spiculae interdum 2-florae in speciebus 2 Sporoboli;” ! and in their fuller discussion de- signated the two species emphasized by Gray. And Nash went still further, in his description of Sporobolus saying “occasionally 2-3- flowered.” ? It should be sufficiently clear from these notes that Muhlenbergia uniflora is a species of unusual interest. Ordinarily it is a perfectly good Muhlenbergia, with 1-flowered spikelets, but occasionally it develops a few spikelets which are at variance with the general char- acter of Muhlenbergia and the tribal character of the Agrostideae in having 2 flowers; and when these spikelets become numerous, as in the plant which Tuckerman described as Poa modesta and which Carey, William Boott and Thoreau independently identified with Eragrostis capillaris, the line between the tribes Festuceae and Agrostideae indeed becomes obscure. Not only do Muhlenbergia uniflora and Sporobolus compressus? show this breakdown of a traditional tribal character, but it is easy to find in some other species—S. confusus Vasey and S. asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurb., for example—a few 2-flowered spikelets; and as early as 1843 Torrey described his Muhlenbergia am- bigua as “ 1-2-flowered . . . superior floret often perfect, and maturing its fruit;” 4 while Scribner states that “The presence of a more or less developed second floret, noted in the original diagnosis of M. ambigua, occurs in other species of this group" 5 "The development of occa- sional 2-flowered spikelets in Agrostis (for instance, A. borealis Hartm. from Newfoundland, Wiegand, Gilbert & Hotchkiss, no. 26,476) further indicates that search may show such spikelets to occur ex- 1 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl., iii, 1084 (1880). 2 Nash in Britton & Britton, Ill. Fl., i. 150 (1896). 3] have seen no good fruit of this species and am, therefore, not prepared to say whether it is a true Sporobolus. 4 Torr. in Nicollet's Rep. 164 [237] (1843). 5 Scribner, Ruopona, ix. 20 (1907). 14 Rhodora [JANUARY ceptionally in other genera of the Agrostideae. Their exceptional oc- currence is presumably a reversionary tendency in which the com- paratively advanced Agrostideae hark back to the more primitive Festuceae; at least, such an interpretation is in accord with the views of the relative advancement of the two tribes put forward in 1911 by the late C. E. Bessey! in an outline which has been adopted with only slight modification by Hitchcock? in this country and by Wettstein3 in Europe. GRAY HERBARIUM. NOTES ON THE FLORA OF BOOTHBAY, MAINE—II. Norman C. Fassett. MONTIA LAMPROSPERMA Cham. This species was found on a salt- marsh at Ocean Point, confined to a spot where a brush pile had been burned the previous year. Hitherto unknown southwest of Penobscot Bay. EuPHRASIA PURPUREA Reeks, var. Ranp (Robinson) Fernald & Wiegand. Very abundant at the edge of the turf on the summit of sea-cliffs, White Island. An extension of range southwestward. PLANTAGO JUNCOIDES Lam., var. GLAUCA (Hornem.) Fernald. Ex- posed sea-cliffs, White Island. PLANTAGO OLIGANTHOS R. & S., var. FALLAX Fernald. Salt marsh, Ocean Point. An extension southwestward from the station at Great Cranberry Island.* A study in the field of our two maritime species of Plantago confirmed the statements of Professor Fernald regarding their ecology. On the rocks and sea-cliffs P. juncoides and its variety glauca were consistently found, while material collected on the salt- marshes was always P. oliganthos and its variety fallax. DEPARTMENT OF Botany, University of Wisconsin. 1“ There are six tribes and several sub-tribes, of which the Bamboos are the lowest, while the Agrostideae, Paniceae and Maydeae are at the summits of as many diverging phyletic lines "—Bessey, Outlines of Plant Phyla, ed. 2: 14 (1911). Bessey's arrange- ment may have been published in the first edition, which I have not seen. 2 “‘ The tribes have been arranged in a new sequence based on the complexity of the flower structure."—Hitchcock, Gen. Grasses U. S. 2 (1920). 3 Wettstein, Handb. Syst. Bot. Aufl. 3: 895-902 (1924). 4 RHODORA xxvii. 93-104 (1925). 1927] Keyes, —Trillium grandiflorum in Maine 15 TRILLUM GRANDIFLORUM IN MAINE.—About the first of May, 1926, my friend, Miss Ella Adams, was following some boundary lines through scattered ash, birch and hemock woods in the town of Ches- terville, Maine, when she happened to find a pure white Trillium. Thinking it a sport of the Smiling Wake Robin (Trillium undulatum) she picked it and travelled on. Soon she came to a bed of the plants and found, on returning home and consulting her Manual, that it was Trillium grandiflorum Salisb. The place was very damp and rocky, in open woods where yellow ladies’ slippers, maiden-hair fern and other plants of damp woods grew. The heavy timber had been cut off so one could see through the scattering trees and the flowers were everywhere in great beds. My friend told me about them and we made several trips during May to the place to see the beds while they were in bloom. They reminded one of beds of white lilies and looked like a carpet of snow a short distance away. Some of the flowers measured from four to six inches across. The last trip we made the flowers were a rosy pink and nearly as pretty as when pure white. About Memorial Day we picked an arm full of the blossoms for decoration and we made slight impression on the patches, the plants were so abundant. Prof. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium writes me that so far as he is informed the species has never before been found native east of Vermont.—FLORENCE J. Keyes, Dryden, Maine. Two Prants New To Mr. Karambin.—While on a walking trip on Mt. Katahdin, Maine, last September, I had the good fortune to find two plants new to the region. The first was in the North Basin, in one of the gullies of the head wall to the right of that usually ascended. Here, among the plants of Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. which lined the stream-bank, I noticed a few that looked different and had the outward characteristics of E. lactiflorum Haussk. When the plant was shown to Professor Fernald, he verified this assumption on ex- amination of the seeds. "This species, although well known in the White Mountains, has not been reported before from Mt. Katahdin. The next day proved the most interesting botanically. While looking at the plants of Saxifraga Aizoon L. in the chimney, I noticed among them two plants of a Draba which I did not recognize, and which did not correspond to any of the Drabas described in Gray's 16 Rhodora [JANUARY Manual. Although I searched the surrounding rocks, I failed to find more than two plants, so I dared to take only a stalk with the seed pods. When I showed this to Professor Fernald, he identified it as Draba fladnizensis Wulfen, an arctic-alpine species which had not been found before south of the Shickshock Mountains of Quebec, and is therefore new to New England. Although both the Draba and the Saxifrage are normally lime-loving, they were growing here on granite rocks in an acid soil region, and seemed quite healthy. "There may be a little rich pocket in that particular spot, and it would cer- tainly be interesting to find the soil reaction there.—G. L. STEBBINS, JR., Harvard University. The date of the December issue (unpublished as this goes to press) will be an- nounced later. Rhodora Plate 156 Theo. Holm delin. CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA, Figs. 1-7, and C. MAcuLaTa, Figs. 8-14. Hodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. February, 1927. No. 338. CONTENTS: Solidago conferta Miller. K. K. Mackenzie................... 17 On Eragrostis peregrina and its Relatives. H. W. Pretz........ 19 Dep AX X MEN... a 26 Equisetum pratense in Berkshire Co., Mass. C. A. Weatherby.. 32 300 Massachusetts Ave. Preston and Rounds Co. Boston, Mass. | Providence, R. 3. * RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of New England. Price, $2.00 per year, postpaid (domestic and foreign) ; single copies (if available) 20 cents. Volumes 1-8 or single numbers from them can be sup- plied at somewhat advanced prices which will be furnished on application Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be gladly received and published to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms will be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than one page of print) will re- ceive 25 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear. Extracted re- prints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to B. L. ROBINSON, 3 Clement Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Subscriptions, advertisements, and business communications to W. P. RICH, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Mass. Entered at Boston, Mass., Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. BOTANICAL BOOKS, New and Second Hand, PRESTON & ROUNDS CO., Providence, R. I. CARD-INDEX OF NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS, 1885 TO DATE. For American taxonomists and all students of American plants the most important supplement to the Index Kewensis, this catalogue in several ways exceeds the latter work in detail, since it lists not only the flowering plants, but pteridophytes and cellular crypto- gams, and includes not merely genera and species, but likewise sub- species, varieties and forms. A work of reference invaluable for larger herbaria, leading libraries, academies of sciences, and other centers of botanical activity. Issued quarterly, at $22.50 per 1000 cards. GRAY HERBARIUM of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. CHECK LIST OF GRAY'S MANUAL, 7th EDITION, compiled by M. A. Dax. Leatherette. Pocket size. Invaluable for collector's memoranda and herbarium records. Published and sold by the Gray HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass. Price postpaid 20 cts. each. Ten copies $1.50. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. Vol. II. Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America, by M. L. Fernald, 102 pages. Aug. 1925. $2.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Advertisements of Nurserymen and Dealers in Botanical and other Scien- tific Publications are inserted in these pages at the following rates per space of 4 in. by 3-4 in. 1 year $4.00, 6 months $2.50. TRbooora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 29. February, 1927. No. 338. SOLIDAGO CONFERTA MILLER. KENNETH K. MACKENZIE. GREATEST of gardeners was, I believe, Philip Miller. Born in 1691, he died on December 18, 1771. During his long life, he was at the head of his fraternity in Europe, and was responsible for the in- troduction of a vast number of species of plants into European gardens. His best known work was his excellent Gardeners Dictionary. This was a folio work which first appeared in 1731. It went through eight editions during Miller’s life time, the last of which appeared in 1768. There was also a ninth edition by Thomas Martyn, which ap- peared after Miller's death. Miller also issued the Gardeners Dic- tionary Abridged. This passed through six editions, the last of which appeared in 1771, the year of Miller’s death. His most ambitious work was called “ Figures of the most beautiful, useful and uncommon plants described in the Gardeners Dictionary.” This was first issued in parts, each of which contained six colored il- lustrations of plants. (There was also an uncolored edition.) The first number was issued March 25, 1755, and one was issued regularly every month thereafter. So on March 31, 1759, we find Miller an- nouncing that he had published forty-seven numbers up to that time, and had the material ready for three more parts to complete the work. These numbers were issued at five shillings each. In 1760 he issued the work as a whole. The completed work is a fine folio and contains 300 plates; and the fact that it was sold when issued for twelve guineas shows how much interest in flowers existed at that time in Great Britain, especially when one bears in mind how very much greater the purchasing power of a guinea was then than it is now. 18 Rhodora [FEBRUARY Miller’s works were published not only in English, but also in French, German and Dutch. They were all very noticeable for the great care displayed by him in the selection of the best kind of type, the best kind of paper, and the best kind of binding. The result is that copies now offered for sale are usually in excellent condition. They will undoubtedly continue to exist and give good service for many centuries after more modern works in which less attention has been given to such matters will have become useless. In his earlier works, Miller used the old polynomial system for naming plants, but in the 1768 edition (the 8th) of his Gardeners Dic- tionary and in the 1771 edition (the 6th) of his Gardeners Dictionary Abridged, he adopted the Linnaean binomial system. A very con- siderable number of new names especially of American plants, were so published by him. Curiously, many of these names have been neglected, although his descriptions were usually full for that period; while, on the other hand, later names from that most miserable pro- duction, Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis, seem to have invariably been care- fully investigated. Among the very interesting descriptions given by Miller is that of his Solidago No. 27 in the eighth edition of his Gardeners Dictionary in 1768. This, named by him Solidago conferta, was described by him as follows: “27. Solidago (conferta) caule paniculato racemis inferioribus sim- plicibus, summis confertissimis, foliis glabris integerrimis. Wound- wort with a paniculated stalk, the lower spikes simple, those at the top in very close clusters and entire smooth leaves.” “The twenty-seventh sort grows naturally at Philadelphia; the lower leaves are spear-shaped, oblique, smooth, and entire, standing upon long footstalks. The stalks rise from three to four feet high; the spikes of flowers which come out from the wings of the stalks are long, blunt, and a little recurved at the end; those on the upper part of the stalk are erect, and clustered together in a close spike; they are yellow, and appear in September." This species has been neglected because Miller failed to refer back to his finely illustrated work above referred to—" Figures of . . . plants described in the Gardeners Dictionary." In that work he did not use the binomial system, but there fully described (p. 170) under the same polynomial as in his later work and with practically identical descrip- tion, is to be found the same species. "There too is given the further 1927] Pretz, On Eragrostis peregrina and its Relatives 19 information: “This sort grows naturally at Philadelphia, from whence the seeds were sent me by Dr. Bensel." But in addition to this, his beautiful colored plate 254, fig. 2, one of the few colored plates of Solidago ever published, makes the identification of his species very certain. Solidago conferta Miller is the species which many years later was called Solidago speciosa by Nuttall, and we must adopt the appropriate name of Miller instead of Nuttall's excellent name. MAPLEWOOD, New JERSEY. ON ERAGROSTIS PEREGRINA AND ITS RELATIVES. H. W. PRETZ. l THE publication of Eragrostis peregrina Wiegand as a new species! and a local collection of this species at about the same time both served to awaken interest in a group of weed species that previously had received scant attention excepting for a mild inquiry concerning the proper identity of Eragrostis caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn. and Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. With the full intention of making some note of the occurrence of E. peregrina in the local region, it was planned to give especial attention in connection with regular field work to the collection and observation of this and related species of the group but this field program was very nearly abandoned because from the very first E. peregrina was found to be of very frequent local occurrence. However, the apparent scarcity of material in herbaria as published by Professor Wiegand led to a renewal of interest with the result that many collections and observations were made in the years from 1918 to 1921. The intention of offering some note of this at the time was not realized but it is believed that a summary of the results of these collections and observations in the local region together with those of subsequent years may be of some value and interest and they are here briefly offered. The first local collection of E. peregrina was made along a railroad but it was soon learned that, although of general occurrence and an ex- pected species about railroad stations as well as along railroad property away from them, the plant was apparently not at all definitely related 1 A new species of Eragrostis of the Old World and North America. K.M. Wiegand. Ruopora, Vol. 19, June 1917, No. 222, Pp. 93-96. 20 Rhodora [FEBRUARY to the railroad so often responsible for weed introductions. It occurred not only about the towns and villages but about country churches and schoolhouses, farmyards or farm buildings, and, not infrequently, along roadsides usually closely adjacent to farm buildings or villages— places often unconnected with and away from railroads. Once it was collected along a sparsely grassy road trail through woods that was subsequently found to lead to farm buildings. Though found so generally about farms, etc., that its occurrence came to be expected, some such places were found where it was ap- parently absent and it appeared to be absent from some areas of waste ground and some other places where it might reasonably have been expected to occur. An apparent absence of this kind was once noted (1924) in passing several groups of farm buildings for a distance of a few miles along the Little Lehigh creek which flows here through a limestone valley although the plant is present at places in the lime- stone region adjacent. Also, at some country schoolhouses and churches it was quite abundant, at others it was found only sparsely present after careful search, and at a few appeared to be absent al- together. However it is only fair to say that for lack of time or op- portunity thorough search was not always possible. At a farm west of Kutztown in Berks county there appeared to be none in sight about the very favorable looking habitat furnished by the farmyard but after careful search some was found growing in a weedy, turfy association close to the farmhouse fence so that its absence can not safely be presumed unless thorough and careful search be made. In some farmyards it was found to grow abundantly even in areas where severely trampled and it has been observed in such places as well as elsewhere to occur with thick weedy association. "Where it occurred along roadsides it was always as a weed, or with the weedy association, of more or less disturbed ground. In Allentown it has been noted practically throughout the city as a roadside gutter species in unpaved streets, on sidewalks, on cinder or soil strips between pavement and curb on sidewalks, about sidewalk openings around trees, on brick strips of sidewalks, etc. At one place close to the business centre of the city where streets are all paved it has been noted in chinks and hollows on one part of the stone covered plaza of the county courthouse. Across the street on a pavement it fairly outlines in its very abundance the bricks of the strip on either side of the flagstones and has almost the appearance of 1927] Pretz,—On Eragrostis peregrina and its Relatives 21 a turf. At still another corner it has been noted for years in a slight depression protected from footsteps and where slight soil exists in such a brick strip beside a marble steps. Similar conditions prevail in small towns and villages where it has been found to occur sparsely, abundantly or frequently along gutters, sidewalks, etc.,—conditions so largely identical with those noted for the Philadelphia region by Mr. Bayard Long! that further detailed record here seems unnecessary. As a guest, a few trips were made by automobile through parts of counties adjacent to Lehigh upon which there were some opportunities to make a few collections and observations. On one of these trips from Riegelsville along the Delaware river through upper Bucks county adjacent to Lehigh county, collections were made at two places in Riegelsville, about a road at the sheds of an old historic Mennonite church near Pleasant Valley, and at a farm near Fairmount, all widely separated stations. On another trip to near Douglassville along the Schuylkill river, a distance of over thirty-five miles from Allentown, collections were made in Berks county at a schoolyard at Bally, a schoolyard between Eschbach and Bechtelsville, on a pavement about in the business centre of Boyertown, a roadside entrance to a farm- yard near Douglassville, and before the hitching post of the hotel at Amityville, all widely separated stations. Short excursions of like character have been made westward into Berks county and, besides one collection from a farmyard near Kutztown, a number of occur- rences in this general region have been noted. More recently on trips afoot it has been collected at Bingen railroad station in Nor- thampton county and it has been observed at a schoolyard and two roadside stations near to farm buildings (three widely separated stations) along another road in upper Bucks county closely adjacent to Lehigh county. The observations and collections on these few trips certainly lead strongly to the inference that the occurrence of E. peregrina is very similar to that observed more intimately in Lehigh county. Though collections were not made from many observed localities, a series of collections of E. peregrina numbering seventy-five was made in Lehigh county alone. Of these, sixteen came from about Allentown and some few others might be considered as duplicating a locality. Similarly, over sixty collections of E. caroliniana were made, twenty- t Eragrostis peregrina a frequent plant about Philadelphia. Bayard Long, RuHo- pora, Vol. 20, Oct. 1918, No. 238, Pp. 173-180. 22 Rhodora [FEBRUARY four of which came from about Allentown. E. pilosa is represented by twenty-three collections in Lehigh county from fourteen localities. In the region under observation outside of Lehigh county, eleven col- lections of E. peregrina and three collections of E. caroliniana were also made. A series of these collections is at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia where they have come under the observation of Mr. Bayard Long who in addition to thus verifying determinations has been of most valuable assistance in confirming by his own experi- ence some of the observations recorded in this note, as well as in other ways. These collections consist of several hundred individual plants bearing panicles ranging in condition from immature to overripe and showing wide variation in luxuriance, habit of growth, etc., at least in part correlated with the habitat in which they were found to occur. Such a series, collected primarily for distributional data, naturally offers a good opportunity for further study of the species in relation to the species group of which it is a member but it is not the purpose of this note to add to the published diagnosis by Wiegand! and Long? of the characters of this admittedly complex species group. In spite of the rather wide variation displayed in these collections of members of this species group, examination of the material has shown the characters as already published to have strong validity. Although the material collected could be quite consistently referred to the separate and respective specific units, the need for further study in the group was constantly recognized. 'The very abundance of material observed (as well as collected) in the region has made even a record of some general observations or im- pressions as to distribution, habit, etc., gained through field work seem hazardous. Frequently E. peregrina was found occuring with E. caroliniana but each has been found to occur where the other was apparently absent and their coincidence appears to be purely acciden- tal. Though erratic in distribution like many other weed species, both of these species were found to be widespread in frequence throughout Lehigh county, if not general, but there appeared to be no relation between them as to comparative abundance, which was a matter of great variation in both species. For instance, at one place hundreds 1A new species of Eragrostis of the Old World and North America. K. M. Wiegand. Ruopora, Vol. 19, June 1917, No. 222, Pp. 93-96. 2 The specific characters of Eragrostis peregrina and its two allies. Bayard Long, Ruopora, Vol. 21, Aug. 1919, No. 248, Pp. 133-140. 1927] Pretz,—On Eragrostis peregrina and its Relatives 23 of plants of E. caroliniana lined for a short distance both sides of a country dirt road about the distance of a city block away from any farmhouse while E. peregrina was confined, as far as could be deter- mined after some search, to a very limited occurrence of comparatively few plants. It would seem that, as already noted, both E. peregrina and E. caroliniana, though occurring in cinder or other ballast along railroads and in some waste ground, normally are elsewhere plants of disturbed ground related to habitations and usually found closely adjacent to them. The truth of Professor Wiegand's statement that E. peregrina “can be readily recognized by its general appearance" was abundantly de- monstrated in the field. After some experience it was even felt that— together with E. caroliniana—it could be fairly or even rather con- fidently recognized, especially where it grew abundantly, from moving cars, automobiles, etc. Though it has not been necessary to use such observations for the purposes of this note, observations of this kind were often helpful in marking or locating occurrences from which col- lections and observations later were made. "Though both of these species vary considerably in height and luxuriance mainly according to habitat, E. caroliniana is more normally the taller in average material. It is also normally a larger, bushier, more diffuse plant of many more slender, ascending branches than E. peregrina, which is normally smaller, more stocky or stout in appearance, even in small or tiny plants, and with a greater tendency of spreading its fewer stouter branches horizontally on the ground to a node from which the stem arises upright. Plants of E. caroliniana are lighter green in color than E. peregrina and in one place, visited several times, where the two species grew together, they appeared to be readily separable vegetatively before they came into flower or fruit. Any difficulty! that has arisen in the ready recognition of the mem- bers of this species group in the field, has come through the presence in the local area of a plant apparently referable to E. pilosa. Unlike E. peregrina and E. caroliniana of rather general distribution, as far as known, this latter plant appears to have a distribution in the local . area that is quite different and only in part coincident with the above named species. Collections and observations appear to indicate that 1 Eragrostis Frankii Steud., collected at fifteen stations in Lehigh county and ob- served at others, has proven to be readily distinguishable in the field from the members of the species group here considered. 24 Rhodora [FEBRUARY this species occurs in its greatest frequence across the “shale” region parallel and quite closely adjacent to the Kittatinny or Blue mountains in Lehigh county. It has been collected at a few rather widely separ- ated stations in the “shale” region southward and at two places in the Saucon valley south of the South mountains. A few very small plants apparently referable to E. pilosa were collected with some equally poor or depauperate material of E. peregrina on the cinder roadbed of the Perkiomen Railroad along the base of the north slope of the South mountains southwestward of Emaus station but else- where locally it has not been found to occur like the frequent and often abundant E. peregrina and E. caroliniana about railroads. It has been found to occur alone or with either E. peregrina or E. caroliniana, or both, but elsewhere than over this range in Lehigh county it has not been detected in the local region. Though associated with habitations, E. pilosa has been collected and observed to occur along roadsides especially where fields are ploughed to the edge of the road or its gutter, about unworn spots of road inter- sections or little used dirt roads, etc. In such places it is frequently quite abundant. Near habitations or at road intersections where it may be trampled and grow in low turf-like mats, it may appear quite deceptively like abundant E. peregrina in general appearance. E. pilosa normally appears to be a taller, more slender, generally erect, plant than E. peregrina but otherwise in general appearance it suggests a stronger relationship or affinity with that species than with E. caro- liniana which however in turn in general appearance seems more closely related to E. pilosa than to E. peregrina. This impression that E. peregrina and E. caroliniana appear to be more closely related to E. pilosa than to each other has merely been suggested by such dif- ficulties as developed through abundant experience in the recognition of the members of this species group by appearance in the field and not through any analysis of the characters. That the panicles of E. pilosa are of a deeper, more reddish, purple color than in E. pere- grina is probable but by no means certain. The impression prevails that the more grayish purple of local E. caroliniana is quite readily distinguishable from the color of E. peregrina but E. pilosa offers more difficulty in this respect. There is a most striking difference between E. pilosa and both E. peregrina and E. caroliniana in the time of first fruiting. Both of the latter first come into flower and fruit at about the same time 1927] Pretz,—On Eragrostis peregrina and its Relatives 25 though possibly E. peregrina may be slightly the earlier. E. peregrina has been noted as early as June 20th (1921) along the streets of Allen- town with panicles spread in fresh flowering or fruiting condition and this date might be accepted as approximate for extreme earliness for the species locally. Similarly E. caroliniana has been collected as early as June 30th (1918). Local field experience has shown that E. pilosa! is about a month later—or even more—in reaching a similar condition. Recently (1925) three roadside stations for E. pilosa were visited on July 12th and August 30th in an effort to confirm further this observation. At one station a grassy association had spread out over the little used road and no Eragrostis was detected at all. On the earlier date at one of the other stations no Eragrostis was found after careful search and at the other a few plants with rather fresh im- mature panicles, mostly unexpanded, were discovered that could be referred to E. pilosa. Later however on August 30th, E. pilosa was found in fair abundance locally along the roadsides at both of these latter stations with fresh panicles. Latein the season all three species may be found in fresh flowering or fruiting condition together and it has not been possible to correlate this late fruiting of seemingly fresh plants of E. peregrina and E. caroliniana after the first or early fruiting plants—a condition that must not be confused with fresh bloom from the lower nodes of old plants with barren panicles of earlier fruiting. As far as known there have been few published records of the oc- currence of E. peregrina since Mr. Bayard Long has shown it to be a widely distributed species in the Philadelphia and adjacent region.? A survey of those parts of Lehigh county visited has shown E. pere- grina to be widespread and abundant and to occur, not as a waif, a new, casual or spontaneous introduction, but as a weed firmly estab- lished by long occupancy, even though displaying all the erratic 1'There was less opportunity to observe E. pilosa in the field than in the case of either of the other two more widely distributed species. However at one place where the species was abundant it was possible with comparatively little effort to secure a number of plants in which the first branch of the panicle was single instead of the . usual two or a whorl of branches which is a character of E. pilosa so constant as to be almost distinctive. E. peregrina appears consistently to have the first branch of the panicle single. 3 Eragrostis peregrina a frequent plant about Philadelphia. Bayard Long, Rmo- pora, Vol. 20, Oct. 1918, No. 238, Pp. 173-180. ?]t may be interesting to note in this connection that E. peregrina was collected about Philadelphia as early as 1864 and that two collections in the Porter herbarium from Lancaster, Pennsylvania—a town in Lancaster county over fifty-five miles southwest of Allentown and in the drainage of the Susquehanna river—were made in 1889 and 1898. See paper of Mr. Bayard Long, cited above. 26 Rhodora [FEBRUARY characteristics in behavior, frequence, etc. of a weed species. This condition is shared by E. caroliniana and, in part, by E. pilosa of this species group. Mr. Long has shown conditions and the distribution in the Philadelphia and adjacent region to be largely identical and has also shown a general relationship with the local region through several outlying stations, one of them from Lehigh county. It is strongly presumed from the observations and collections already made in the counties adjacent to Lehigh county that conditions in these areas will be found on more intimate investigation to be quite similar to those in Lehigh county. The general region northward toward and in the mountains beyond the limits of Lehigh county has not been touched and the outposts locally have not been reached. "Thus there has been neither time nor opportunity to extend further the limits of occurrence of E. peregrina in the general local region. However in this brief note, apart from the specifie conditions noted for Lehigh county, a general relationship with the Philadelphia region has been definitely indicated and it is hoped some information has been offered that will not only be useful in an understanding of the general relation- ship of this highly complex and difficult species group but that will be helpful as well in establishing the general distribution of E. peregrina in America. ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA. USAGE. KENNETH K. MACKENZIE. In an article which has just appeared in RHoDora (28: 138) Mr. Weatherby touches on many points. He most earnestly and fully believes in his point of view and is therefore entitled to the fullest respect for his views. He deals with a number of different subjects. He fails to consider where his suggestions would lead, if applied. He is often delightfully vague. Some of the matters touched on are not of any general importance, but there are others which do very much deserve notice. In the first place, it should be emphasized that the greatest curse which science has to deal with is laziness and mental inertia—the desire that because one has learned a thing in a certain way, that it should always remain that way. A matter so learned to an in- 1927] Mackenzie, —Usage 27 dividual with this view-point has become “usage.” He sets himself up from his own horizon to judge the world and illustrates the old view that every man makes himself a measure of the universe. Be- cause a few books have become known to such an individual and have become the basis of his knowledge, he regards them as sacrosanct. Because for a few years and among a few scientists certain methods have been followed, he regards these as required in perpetuity by what he calls “usage.” The law long years ago had similar views presented, and emphatically settled that much more is required to constitute good usage. We each and all have deeply imbedded in us a desire not to have things to which we are accustomed changed. A well known scientist puts the matter very correctly in a letter in which he says “I do not suppose I have any right to complain personally, for I did a bit of it myself not so many years ago, but it is much more difficult to accom- modate one's self to the changes made by somebody else." But if we are to have progress, we must view all suggestions of change with open mind and apply only one test to them; that is, whether they are correct or not. I earnestly submit that real science should always, first, last and all the time aim to get at the truth. No question of convenience or anything else should stand in the way of getting at the truth. That is the one thing which should always and under all cireumstances be aimed at. Errors of every kind should be searched out and corrected, regardless of whether finding and correcting them will make some in- dividuals unhappy. Scientists all over the world have properly held up to scathing criticism and rebuke actions of the legislatures of southern states in prohibiting the teaching of evolution, but scientific circles averse to correction of their own errors—fighting for and desir- ing to hold to them on the ground of usage or any other euphemistic phrase for mental inertia—are just as blameworthy. And it may be noted here what these southern states are upholding to them is usage and usage which to them is of a sacred character. They have a basis of religious conviction for their action, which is entirely lacking among those scientists to whom usage is so important. Another thing it is also earnestly submitted which is equally neces- sary and equally important, is the need to treat all scientists fairly and on the same basis. When scientists adopted the plan of quoting the authors of scientific names in connection with their names, they 28 Rhodora [FEBRUARY adopted a plan, one of the purposes of which was to give some measure of enduring recognition to authors who rarely, if ever, got anything else out of a lot of hard work. But when such a plan is adopted, the fair and honest procedure is to see that each author is given credit for the work he does. When A proposes a genus or a species and later on B proposes the same genus or species under another name, the proper thing to do is to take up and use the first name. But here again we come up against the same mental inertia so often characteristic of scientific work. Some few botanists will have become acquainted with the work of B and not with the work of A or the work of B may have been put out by some large institution and the work of A not. Then the cry is at once set up that the work of B has become known through “usage” and his names must be placed in a list of nomina conservanda and always used, while the first work of A must be rele- gated to obscurity. One would think that it would be the easiest thing in the world to learn these earlier names once for all, and that the amount of labor in so doing would be infinitely less than the amount of labor and trouble involved in having some scientists using the names of B and some using the names of A. And to save a little trouble is the only reason for a list of nomina conservanda. But learning unaccustomed names is for some reason one of the hardest things which a certain type of scientist can bring himself to do—his entire nature calls on him to protect and cherish the names with which he himself has become familiar. Like the scenes of his childhood, they are part of his life, and woe be it unto anyone who in any way dares to attack them. But let anyone suggest that a name proposed by any such scientist himself should be arbitrarily legislated against and then see with what enthusiasm the suggestion will be received by such scientist! Of the specific suggestions made by Mr. Weatherby the first to be noted is his very great over-emphasis on the value of specimens in old herbaria. Unfortunately this fails to take into account the situation with respect to these old herbaria and the extent to which the speci- mens are authentic. The questions involved have been carefully gone into by various scientists and their papers are readily accessible. Some years ago Dr. T. Holm (Am. Journ. Sci. (4) 15: 145-152. 1903) went into the facts involved fully. The following quotations are from his article. “The futile endeavor on the part of certain modern systematists to 1927] Mackenzie, —Usage 29 verify plant-species, established by the earlier authors, by means of their herbarium-specimens but regardless of the diagnoses, has re- sulted in some very strange discoveries, so strange indeed that they are hardly to be believed. And the excuse for not considering the diagnoses is simply the belief that the herbarium-specimens are to be looked upon as “types” of the respective species. . . . It would appear at once that the verification of such old species means a good deal more than a hasty examination of the specimens, that no small amount of literary research is involved, a study of the author's method of describing, of citing, the history of the herbarium as it has been left at his death, ete. . . . There is no indication whatever to prove that the specimens preserved in these old herbaria are those that served as base for the diagnosis. . . . It is a well-known fact that a large number of the specimens collected by Linnaeus do not correspond with the diagnosis, written by himself. . . . It is, thus, evident that Linnaeus' species must be studied by means of his diag- noses and not from the specimens or quotations, and this is, of course, in many instances, quite a difficult task." To follow Mr. Weatherby's intimations and identify Linnaean species by his specimens regardless of his descriptions, would result in an extraordinary number of changes of names. Dyckes (Genus Iris, p. 6) says about half the Iris specimens are incorrectly named. Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 177-9) found the Solidago badly mixed. I have gone over the Carex sheets and the incorrectly named ones are there in abundance. I am sure that a similar condition exists in the other genera. In studying these old species and genera, I try to put myself in the place of the author, and where he had what has turned out to be a mixture, I try to find out what he had primarily in mind, and to that element I apply his name. Where he has given a description, I apply his name to a plant answering his description, except where he gives clear indications that this is not the proper course. Where he has given no description, but based his species on references to older authors, some having plates and others not, I know from my own ex- |. perience in similar matters, that in all probability he was many more times influenced by the plates than by the older descriptions and there- fore in such cases names are ordinarily applied in accordance with the plates. Specimens in his herbaria are often of the greatest possible value in doubtful cases, but what an author wrote must always be 30 Rhodora [FEBRUARY given preference. The method pursued is the type-method. It is the method which has been in use for many, many years by many botanists in one way or another. Calling it the type-method merely emphasizes the need of some definite procedure in this class of in- vestigation; and the rules of the type-method simply point out the best criteria for use in trying to find out what authors have really had in view. These rules when properly understood and applied are in no sense arbitrary, but are a wonderful help in arriving at results which are not arbitrary, but which best express what previous authors had in mind. The statement that older authors did not work with types is entirely wrong. They could not have done any work at all if they had not had material before them with which to work; and from such material, whether a plant in the field, a specimen in the herbarium, a plate or a description from a previous author, do we select what best expresses an author's view and call it a type. Concerning Solidago rigida, I am sorry that Mr. Weatherby fails to let us know what he thinks the plate of Hermann represents. He surely does not identify it with the “Solidago rigida" of the manuals. It is in fact an unusually excellent illustration, as far as foliage is concerned, of the plant with which I identified it. That plant does have stem-leaves to which the phrase that the leaves are * as if embracing the stem at the base" does apply, as Mr. Weatherby could easily find out on investigation. In fact this phrase applies better to that plant than it does to the Solidago rigida of the manuals. That plant as is well known also does have forms in which the racemes are not recurved but erect and fascicled. Hermann in order to il- lustrate a tall plant without bending on a small page, cut off parts of his specimen both at the bottom and at the top, as he did with many others. His illustration shows undeveloped flowers or small clusters far down the branchlets from the developed flowers shown—a result probably arising from growing American plants under European con- ditions. (See Gray Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 163. 1882.) Anyone comparing Solidago rigida of the manuals with this plate with any degree of care at all, would not attempt to justify their identity, and I do not understand that Mr. Weatherby makes any such identification. He is merely vague. The Linnaean name is taken from Hermann’s name. All his citations refer to the same thing. His polynomial semi-descriptive name in the Hortus Clif- fortianus is evidently based on Hermann’s plate and description as 1927] Mackenzie,—Usage 31 every word is applicable, just as many of his names and descriptions are based on old plates and descriptions. He cites this name in the Species Plantarum with one word changed just as he and other older authors did constantly in citing names. The species is not listed among those which grew in the Cliffortian Gardens in the days there of Linnaeus (Virid. Cliff. 85-86), and it is not probable that anyone can now tell how the specimen labeled Solidago rigida in the Linnaean herbarium came there or whether it was in existence when he wrote the Hortus Cliffortianus. The proper thing to do is to apply definitely his name to the plate and descriptions he cited, and that requires, as I previously pointed out, the use of the name Solidago rigida for the plant which has been called Solidago patula Muhl.! It so happens that I have dealt with the purple-flowered Eupa- torium question further in another paper, prepared before Mr. Weath- erby's paper came to hand. His views on the International Rules seem either “wholly without authority" (whatever that means), or a good illustration of how hopeless those rules are to interpret. Heisa firm believer in the arbitrary method. No rules of nomenclature are needed by adherents of these views. All that is required is a mere list of names with the ukase that these names and none others shall be used. Anything more is needless. Let me say before concluding that after checking up a great many names, I have been more and more impressed with how well and how definitely the vast percentage of them have been applied and how well and how definitely the principle of absolute priority quickly works out as compared with that vague and indefinite thing known as usage. ] am sorry indeed to note that Mr. Weatherby has seen fit to sneer at a study of the older authors and to term such investigations “ ar- chaeological." I would recommend all botanists to study these old works, and I would especially recommend to members of the New England Botanical Club the need for the broadest kind of study. These old books are full of useful information of all kinds. Their 1 In this connection, it is to be noted that in the Linnaean herbarium Aster novae- angliae L. is represented by Aster grandiflorus L.; Aster cordifolius L. is represented by Aster divaricatus L. (A. corymbosus Ait); Aster Tradescanti L. is represented by Aster paniculatus Lam.; and Aster Novi-Belgii L. is represented by Aster puniceus L. and by Aster paniculatus Lam. In all of these cases, Gray went back into the old synonymy cited by Linnaeus, found the starting point for each species, and applied the Linnaean names accordingly. In each of these cases, he disregarded the speci- mens in the Linnaean herbarium. In other words, in each one of these cases he did exactly the same thing which I did in the case of Solidago rigida L. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 164-8. 1882). 32 Rhodora [FEBRUARY authors were often not able to describe floral structures well and often failed to illustrate them well, but they made up for this by much more fully and carefully studying other parts of the plant. The advent of the Linnaean sexual system of classification had a very bad effect on the study of all parts of plants except the flowers, and that has to a very considerable extent persisted to this day. It is very noticeable in our botanical manuals. But much of this other information is well brought out in these older authors. And I never go over their pages without a greater respect for their labors and learning and their desire for knowledge and their desire to impart it. I never feel like sneering at such work. MAPLEWOOD, NEw JERSEY. EQUISETUM PRATENSE IN BERKSHIRE County, Mass.—Equisetum pratense Ehrh. has apparently never been reported from Berkshire County, Mass. and its actual occurrence there may be worth recording. It adds one more to the long list, well known to any field botanist, of interesting things found while stopping for lunch. During such a stop in the course of an automobile excursion, in the valley of a small tributary of the Blackberry River in the township of New Marlboro, my attention was attracted by some lustrous-leaved willows, probably Salix serissima, in a nearby thicket. Investigation showed that the thicket also contained a small but vigorous colony of Equisetum pratense. A specimen will be deposited in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club. E. pratense is known from three stations in the Housatonic valley in Connecticut, the northernmost within three miles of the Massa- chusetts line. There seems to be no reason why it should stop there; although a species of rather scattered and discontinuous distribution in New England, it may be hopefully looked for in the Housatonic valley in Massachusetts.—C. A. WEATHERBY, Gray Herbarium. The dates of issue of the December and January issues (unpublished as this goes to press) will be announced later. Dodova JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. March, 1927. No. 339. CONTENTS: me A J. C. Nebsn............ I or E gen 33 Pythium gracile in the United States. F. K. Sparrow, Jr........ 37 A New Species of Aphanocapsa. A. M. Keefe................. 39 Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence. H. K. Svenson....... 41 Rehder's Manual of Trees and Shrubs (review). M. L. Fernald.. 49 The Date-palm in Massachusetts. N. P. Woodward........... 51 300 Massachusetts Ave. Preston and Rounds Co. Boston, Mass. ` | Providence, R. 3. RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of New England. Price, $2.00 per year, postpaid (domestic and foreign) ; single copies (if available) 20 cents. Volumes 1-8 or single numbers from them can be sup- plied at somewhat advanced prices which will be furnished on application Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be gladly received and published to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms will be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than one page of print) will re- ceive 25 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear. Extracted re- prints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to B. L. ROBINSON, 3 Clement Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Subscriptions, advertisements, and business communications to W. P. RICH, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Mass. Entered at Boston, Mass., Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. BOTANICAL BOOKS, New and Second Hand, PRESTON & ROUNDS CO., Providence, R. I. CARD-INDEX OF NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS, 1885 TO DATE. For American taxonomists and all students of American plants the most important supplement to the Index Kewensis, this catalogue in several ways exceeds the latter work in detail, since it lists not only the flowering plants, but pteridophytes and cellular crypto- gams, and includes not merely genera and species, but likewise sub- species, varieties and forms. A work of reference invaluable for larger herbaria, leading libraries, academies of sciences, and other centers of botanical activity. Issued quarterly, at $22.50 per 1000 C GRAY HERBARIUM of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. CHECK LIST OF GRAY'S MANUAL, 7th EDITION, compiled by M. A. Dax. Leatherette. Pocket size. Invaluable for collector's memoranda and herbarium records. Published and sold by the Gray HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass. Price postpaid 20 cts. each. Ten copies $1.50. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. Vol. II. Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America, by M. L. Fernald, 102 pages. Aug. 1925. $2.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Advertisements of Nurserymen and Dealers in Botanical and other Scien- tific Publications are inserted in these pages at the following rates per space of 4 in. by 3-4 in. 1 year $4.00, 6 months $2.50. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 29. March, 1927. No. 339. M. W. GORMAN. James C. NELSON. (With portrait.) THe death of M. W. Gorman, which occurred in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland, on Oct. 7, 1926, removes from the scanty ranks of Oregon botanists the last of our picturesque trio of pioneer field- botanists—Howell, Cusick, and Gorman—men of a type now rapidly becoming extinct, who, without formal scientific preparation or academic position, were animated by an intense love of science, and who devoted their energies to a study of the native flora, often under the most adverse and discouraging conditions. It is idle to speculate on what, with better preparation, they might have accomplished. Howell’s Flora of Northwest America, considering the circumstances under which it was produced, raises its author almost to the rank of a genius, and forcibly calls to mind the work of that other tireless investigator and pioneer, Joao de Loureiro, in Cochin China; and during the years in which Howell was struggling with difficulties and discouragements of every sort, Mr. Gorman was his constant associate and faithful friend, whose modesty and self-effacement alone pre- vented him from claiming the title of collaborator. Martin Woodlock Gorman was born at Douglas in the Province of Ontario, Nov. 10, 1853, the son of Peter and Mary (Woodlock) Gorman. His father, a Canadian of Irish descent, was engaged in the lumber business in his younger days, but retired from active business after inheriting the paternal homestead at Douglas. His mother, a native of Ohio, was also of Irish descent. The young Martin seems to have inherited an interest in trees from his father; 34 Rhodora [March he was fond of telling his friends how he spent many youthful hours transplanting all the species of trees he could find in the forest to a little plantation of his own—a sort of miniature “Arboretum. ” After securing a common-school education, he left home at the age of 16 to clerk in a store, and at 20 went to Montreal, where he spent eleven years in office work. During this time he occasionally attended the lectures of J. W. (afterward Sir William) Dawson, the geologist, at McGill University, and made the acquaintance of John Macoun, then botanist of the Canadian Department of Agriculture. In 1885 he came to Portland, Oregon, where he was at first a clerk in a bank, but after a few years became travelling representative of a salmon-cannery operated by relatives of his in Alaska. This work gave him the longed-for opportunity to study the flora and fauna of the Pacific Coast. In his business capacity he made five trips to southeast Alaska between 1890 and 1895. In 1898 he joined the gold-seekers who were flocking to Dawson, and penetrated into the Yukon Territory to a point on the White River 200 miles above its confluence with the Yukon. Although wholly unprovided with facilities for pressing or drying specimens, “the call," as he often phrased it, "was strong," and he collected assiduously during the trip. Many of his specimens were lost in a tragic accident resulting in the drowning of his companion, and his own miraculous rescue, by a wholly unexpected boat; but he brought out at least ten new species, and as great an authority as E. L. Greene declared that the results of this trip surpassed in value those of the fully-equipped Harriman Expedition. At the close of the Lewis and Clark Exposition, held in Portland in 1905, all the buildings were demolished except the Forestry Build- ing, which was taken over by the city as a permanent memorial, being constructed wholly of Oregon timber in its native state, in the form of a gigantic Swiss chalet. Of this building Mr. Gorman was appointed Curator, and held the position until his death— which ensued as the result of pneumonia following a cold caught while raking leaves about the grounds. His little room in the build- ing, filled to overflowing with books, papers and specimens, was the unfailing resort of all botanists who visited Portland. In his summer vacations he made collecting trips to all parts of Oregon and Wash- ington; he has left a record of 17 of these trips, almost every one of which resulted in notable extensions of range or discovery of new 1927] Nelson,—M. W. Gorman 35 species. He minutely botanized the environs of Portland, making a special study of the disappearance of native species under the en- croachment of civilization; and to accompany him on one of these trips was a rare privilege, for he not only saw everything and detected the slightest change of environment, but had the happy faculty of pouring forth a running commentary of reminiscence and illustration, tinged with genial Irish wit, that made his society eagerly sought. He never married, but his kindly and unselfish disposition prevented him from developing into the classic old-bachelor type. His interest in humanity was unfailing, and his charity and tolerance seemed never to be exhausted. Much-abused as the word “gentleman” has been, it could with little exaggeration be literally applied to him; he represented the finest ideals of his race. He was wholly free from vanity or self-seeking, painfully modest as to his own attainments, always ready to subordinate his own judgment, and never indulging in harsh or carping criticism even of those whose views were most widely divergent from his. To the end of his life his botanical interest was chiefly directed toward the trees and shrubs; but he collected everything, and devoted a large part of his time to making deter- minations for his many correspondents. His long association with Thomas Howell made him an admirable commentator on the Flora of Northwest America; he had accompanied Howell on many of his expeditions, and was able to give detailed information as to time and place of collection of many of his species. His own large collection he never wholly reduced to order, but by the terms of his will it becomes, along with his books and papers, the property of the Uni- versity of Oregon. The genus Gormania (Crassulaceae) was named in his honor by Dr. Britton, but it is unfortunately too close to Echeveria to be maintained by many Eastern botanists. Of the species which he discovered, and in some of which his name has been commemorated, the following may be mentioned: 1. Cardamine neglecta Greene 7. Betula alaskana Sarg. 2. Lomatium Gormani (Howell) 8. Androsace Gormani Greene C. & R. 9. Pentstemon Gormani Greene 3. Sisyrinchium littorale Greene 10. Ranunculus vicinalis Greene 4. Aquilegia columbiana Rydb. 11. Arnica attenuata Greene 5. Ranunculus Gormani Greene 12. Bistorta ophioglossa Greene 6. Polypodium hesperium Maxon 13. Erigeron purpuratus Greene 1 Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 29. 1903. 36 Rhodora [M ARCH 14. Erigeron Gormani Greene 17. Eucephalus Gormani Piper 15. Astragalus Gormani Wight 18. Claytonia chrysantha Greene 16. Panicum pacificum Hitche. 19. Saxifraga Gormani Suksd. & Chase Although Mr. Gorman possessed to a high degree the ability to write clearly and picturesquely, he published little. The following list seems to represent the total of his published work: 1. Economic Botany of Southeastern Alaska. Pittonia 3: 64-85. 1896. 2. Report on the name Mazama. Mazama 1:5. 1896. 3. Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake. Mazama 1: 150. 1897. 4. Eastern Part of the Washington Forest Reserve. 19th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Pt. 5: 315-350. 1898. 5. Complexities of the Diamond Hitch. Mazama 2:242. 1905. 6. Vegetation of the Northwest Slope of Mt. Baker. Mazama 3: 31. 1907. 7. Useful Books on Botany for the Mountain Climber. Mazama 4: 51. 1915. 8. Two Useful Botanical Manuals. Mazama 5: S7. 1916. 9. Flora of Mt. Hamilton, Washington. Mazama 6:67-77. 1920. “Mazama,” it might be explained, is a periodical appearing at irregular intervals in Portland as the organ of “The Mazamas,” the local Alpine club, which each year officially ascends some chosen peak in the mountains of the Northwest. Mr. Gorman was an active and enthusiastic member. The botanists of Oregon are so lamentably few in number, and the flora of the State is still so imperfectly known, that the loss of even a single worker seems far more irreparable than in the more fortunate East; while to those who were privileged to be friends as well as fellow- laborers, no tribute will seem adequate. “Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit: Nulli flebilior quam mihi." : SALEM, OREGON. 1927] Sparrow,—Pythium gracile in the United States 37 OCCURRENCE OF PYTHIUM GRACILE IN THE UNITED STATES. F. K. Sparrow, Jn. WHILE examining a culture of Spirogyra crassa Kiitz. in search of fungus parasites, a fungus that was later identified as Pythium gracile Schenk, was found infecting certain of the filaments. As far as the writer has been able to ascertain, this fungus has never before been recorded from the United States either on this, the host on which it was originally described by Schenk, or on any other alga. Therefore the following brief note as to this occurrence has been prepared in the hope that it may prove of value to others interested in the group. The host, Spirogyra crassa, was found October 20, 1926, in a small, quiet pond near Belmont, Massachusetts. Upon examination, several filaments, with cells growing vigorously and in active division, were found to have non-septate mycelium spreading freely from cell to cell within them and extending lateral branches outside into the water. One of the infected filaments was transferred to a Van Tieg- hem culture, where, within the host cells after nine days, numerous oogonia and antheridia were formed. No fecundation, however, was observed and no mature oospores were found. Several days later, non-sexual reproductive structures were developed and by means of these and the earlier sexual stage, the fungus was identified as Pythium gracile Schenk. Uninfected filaments of Spirogyra crassa healthy and in vigorous condition, when placed in these drop cultures containing the Pythium, were rapidly and readily penetrated by the mycelium of the fungus, thus indicating it was not merely a weak parasite able only to attack the alga in a condition of lowered resist- ance. Of the other members of the Pythiaceae parasitic upon Spirogyra, Pythium gracile has been separated from the closely related Pythium tenue Gobi, mainly on the absence in the latter fungus of cross walls separating the antheridia and zoosporangia from their vegetative hyphae. In the Pythium here reported these septa were, indeed, found but their presence below the antheridia was established with difficulty because they were only faintly discernible while these organs were young and soon dissappeared as they matured. The several known species of Pythium, parasitic upon green algae, resemble each 38 Rhodora [Marcu other in their vegetative hyphae and in their non-sexual reproduction but differ in their sexual organs. Pythiwm gracile as originally described by Schenk did not form sexual reproductive bodies and consequently the interpretation of his species is somewhat difficult. Butler (1) has summarized admirably the confusion that exists regarding the exact identity of the members of the sub-genus Aphrag- mium, to which Pythium gracile belongs, and there is no need of going further into that point here. The identification of the present species as Pythium gracile, seems however, thoroughly in accordance with the accepted concept of that species. Pythium gracile was first reported and described from Germany by Schenk (6) in 1859 on Spirogyra nitida, Spirogyra heeriana (crassa) and Cladophora (sp. ?). Ward (5) (1883) found it in Spirogyra (sp. ?) in Great Britain. De Wildeman (3) (1895) reported its occurrence, under the generic name Nematosporangium proposed by Schróter, in France and Belgium on Spirogyra (sp. ?) and Clado- phora (sp. ?). It was again reported from Germany by De Bary (2) (1860) who found it parasitic upon Vaucheria (sp. ?) and Bangia atro- purpurea and described it at that time as Pythium reptans on the basis of its non-sexual stage only. Butler (1) (1907) observed the fungus on Vaucheria aversa, collected in Freiburg, Germany and found what was possibly the fungus on Spirogyra (sp. ?) in India, but as no sexual stage developed in this latter case he was not certain as to its true identity. The same investigator also found this species in India growing saphrophytically in the soil, in old water-cultures on Abutilon roots and on decaying Marchantia plants. He further described it as occurring in India parasitic upon Ricinus communis and upon Zingiber officinale, to which it was seriously injurious. A search through the literature, including Rabenhorst's * Krypto- gamen Flora," Engler and Prantl’s “Die Naturlichen Pflanzen- familien,” Saccardo’s * Sylloge Fungorum,” Oudemans' * Enumeratio Systematica Fungorum," Farlow's “A provisional Host Index of the Fungi of the United States" and the proof sheets of the host index in preparation at the Farlow Herbarium, has failed to uncover a single reference to this fungus in the United States. Indeed, only one mention of the occurrence of Pythium gracile in the whole of North America was found, published in the list of fungi collected during the Harriman Alaskan Expedition of 1899 (4). It was col- lected by De Alton Saunders on Popof Island, where it occurred 1927] Keefe,—A New Species of Aphanocapsa 39 parasitic in vegetative filaments of Spirogyra porticalis. The identi- fication of the fungus was made by Dangeard but no plates or descrip- tion were given. The finding of this fungus in Massachusetts, as here reported, probably indicates a more widespread distribution than the few records hitherto published would seem to indicate and in the course of further collection, it is to be expected that it will be encountered elsewhere in the United States. LITERATURE. 1. Butler, E. J. 1907. An Account of the Genus Pythium and Some Chytridiaceae. Mem. Dept. Agr. in India. Bot. Series, Vol 1, No. 5. pp. 61-71 Plate I. 2. de Bary, A. 1860. Einige neue Saprolegnieen. Prings. Jahrb. für Wiss. Botanik, II. Plate XXI, figs. 38-41. 3. de Wildeman, E. 1895. Notes Mycologiques, VI. Anns. Soc. Belge Microsc., XIX. Page 207. 4. Saccardo, P. A., Peck, C. H., and Trelease, W. 1900-02. Report of the Harriman Alaskan Expedition, Vol. V, p. 35. 5. Ward, H.M. 1883. Observations on the Genus Pythium (Pring.). Quart. Jour. of Micros. Science, n. ser, XXIII. Plate XXXVI, figs. 37-39. 6. Schenk, A. 1859. Algologische Mittheilungen Verhandl. d. phys. med. Gesel. in Wiirzburg, IX. p. 12, Plate I, figs. 1-6. a CrYPTOGAMIC LABORATORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. A NEW SPECIES OF APHANOCAPSA. ANSELM MAYNARD KEEFE. EARLY in August, 1926, Mr. H. K. Svenson of Union College, Schenectady, called my attention to a strange blue-green alga in a fresh water pond between Woods Hole and Falmouth, Massachusetts. - The name of this body of water, “Salt Pond,” is a misnomer and probably refers to its character at some previous time. At present - a roadway and a stretch of sandy beach separate it from the salt water of Vineyard Sound. 40 Rhodora [Marcu Along the eastern shore of the pond in question were two or three areas of what proves to be a unique blue-green alga. The roots of the Blue Joint Grass, Calamagrostis canadensis, here resist the action of the water to such an extent that along the shore line are shaded nooks or pockets sometimes as much as a foot or two in diameter and about six inches deep. Here, growing unattached to the bottom, occurred the alga in question. The young colonies are almost spherical, about the size of a pea; older colonies, however, are 3-4 inches in diameter and more or less compressed. The young colonies have a fairly firm texture but the more mature ones are extremely fragile and readily break up into fragments under the action of the waves. Individual cells are pale blue in color and vary from 0.7-1 y. in diameter. The gelatin- ous sheath of each cell is extremely hyaline and the sheaths are completely confluent with one another. Thus the whole colony forms a homogeneous gelatinous mass filled to its periphery with an immense number of minute spherical cells that lie at some distance from one another. This arrangement of the cells within the colony places it among the Aphanocapsas. The most interesting feature of the organism, however, is its size, the colonies attaining a larger diameter than has been previously reported for the genus. The general characteristics of the individual cells seem to bring this alga close to the A. delicatissima of W. S. and G. S. West!, which has been found in Wisconsin and elsewhere by G. M. Smith. Since A. delicatissima is a completely microscopic form, rarely if ever measuring more than 50 y. in the greatest dimension of its colonies, the enormous size of this colony would seem to warrant the assump- tion that it is a new species. In this relationship, however, it is well to bear in mind G. M. Smith's pertinent observation regarding A. delicatissima: “The cells of this species are smaller than many bacteria. . . . When the colonies are of any considerable size the mass of cells has a decided blue-green color so that the organism must be considered a blue- green bacterium or a blue-green alga of bacterial size. The latter view seems to be the more logical. It is very probable that the bacteria have been derived from the blue-green algae and the Wests' discovery of blue-green algae of bacterial size is very suggestive. ”? 1 Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 40: 431. 1912. ? Phytoplankton of the Inland Lakes of Wisconsin. Wis. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur- vey, No. 57:41. 1920. 1927] Svenson, —Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 41 I have taken the liberty of naming this new algal species for Dr. Ivey F. Lewis of the University of Virginia, who has for many years directed the botanical instruction at the Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Mass. Specimens of this form are being placed in the herbaria of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Wisconsin and Harvard Universities. The following diagnosis is submitted: Aphanocapsa Lewisii, sp. n. Strato magno, globoso vel elliptico compresso, inter saxos libere submerso; gelatinosa textura, hyalina subfirma; colore subolivaceo-viride, sicco fusco-viride; familiis usque ad 5 em. latis, quorum majoribus vel aetate provectis vi undis frangun- tur et dissipantur; cellulis sphaericis, 0.7 ad 1 y diam., densissime aggregatis, contentu pallide coeruleo. Loc. In aqua dulce, “Salt Pond" nuncupato, prope Falmouth, Mass. For his kind assistance in placing this organism I am greatly indebted to Dr. G. M. Smith of Stanford University. Sr. NORBERT COLLEGE, WEST DEPERE, WISCONSIN. STUDIES ON INTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF MARITIME PLANTS,—I. EFFECTS OF POST-PLEISTOCENE MARINE SUBMER- GENCE IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. H. K. SvENSON. INTRODUCTION. Tue period of geological history since the Pleistocene glaciation has increasing significance, in large part due to the study in Europe of post-glacial plant migrations and plant remains. Similarly, in North America, as has been elaborated by Asa Gray, a partial destruc- tion of vegetation during glacial times was followed by a northward migration of the flora when warm weather ensued. At the close of this last glacial period the Champlain submergence, a marine trans- gression into low-lying regions adjacent to the retreating ice, left its mark in the form of elevated beaches and fossiliferous clay deposits. Exact limits of this marine submergence are not known, but portions of the Maritime Provinces of Canada were inundated, marine sedi- ments were deposited in river valleys of eastern New England, and Lake Champlain was occupied by an arm of the sea which extended through the St. Lawrence valley to the Great Lakes. In the past, 42 Rhodora [Marcu the effect of this marine submergence upon the flora of the Great Lakes has been the subject of extensive speculation, much of it unfortunately not sound, for during the nineteenth century the extent of this submergence was poorly understood. The writer has ap- proached the subject from a modern aspect, and although no unusual results have been attained, feels that the present paper may serve as a basis for further accumulation of facts which will throw light on the complicated phytogeographic history of New England. The writer is especially indebted to Professor M. L. Fernald, under whose inspiration and guidance the work was attempted, and to the late Miss Mary A. Day, librarian of the Gray Herbarium; to the late Professor J. B. Woodworth and to Professor J. H. Stoller for informa- tion on geological matters; to Dr. S. F. Blake of the Department of Agriculture for critical notes on the Lake Champlain region, and to Professor R. E. Torrey for information and specimens from the region of Amherst, Massachusetts. HISTORICAL SURVEY. Although plants of a maritime nature were recorded by Pursh from the salt springs about Onondaga Lake as early as 1807, the first recorded connection between these plants and oceanic submergence was made by Torrey.! “It is remarkable," to quote Torrey, “that on the shores of the Great Lakes, there are certain plants, the proper station of which is the immediate neighborhood of the ocean, as if they constituted part of the early Flora of those regions, when the lakes were filled with salt water, and have survived the change that has taken place in the physical conditions of their soil. Among such species may be enumerated Cakile maritima, Hudsonia tomentosa, Lathyrus maritimus, and Euphorbia polygonifolia. " Paine's brilliant catalogue of the plants of Oneida County followed in 1865,? noting with more detail the occurrence of plants of saline or maritime habitats in the interior of New York State, and forming a basis for the work of subsequent writers. Of the occurrence of Juncus balticus [var. littoralis] in the swamp at West Bergen Paine (p. 92) says, “This plant appears out of place here. Its usual habitat is the border of the Lake [Ontario]; while this station is three hundred feet or more above the level of the Lake, and nearly twenty miles 1 Torrey, John. Fl. New York. 1843. p. vi. ? Paine, J. A. Regents’ Rept. N. Y. State. 1865, 1927] Svenson, —Eftects of post-pleistocene Submergence 43 south of the shore and has been found still farther inland. Other shore plants accompany it; . . . all depend on the water of the Lake for their establishment. "Their presence at the place, therefore, indicates that the surface of the water has been so much higher, or the land so much lower, at some time past. Furthermore, this is a seaside plant, native in the north of Europe and on our northern coast. Forits introduction to the Great Lakes it is just as dependent on the ocean as are Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Atriplex hastata, Sali- cornia herbacea, Naias major [N. marina], Ruppia maritima, Tri- glochin maritimum, J[uncus] bulbosus |J. Gerardi], Scirpus maritimus [S. campestris, var. paludosus], and Spartina stricta [S. alterniflora] for their existence at Onondaga Lake, and Lathyrus maritimus on the beaches of Oneida Lake. "These localities are all nearly on the same level, which must have been the shore of a maritime bay, during some ancient period. "This period cannot have been less remote than the Post-tertiary, and may have been among the epochs of the Tertiary itself." In mentioning Najas marina, he writes (p. 138), “The presence of a plant of so well-established maritime character in a bay of a freshwater lake, is at once surprising and suspicious. But the mystery is easily cleared. The belt of Medina sandstone commencing just southwest of Utica, . . . extending through the western part of this county, southern Oswego, along the shore of Lake Ontario in northern Cayuga, Wayne, Monroe counties and westward, is everywhere saliferous, abounding in springs and wells from some of which salt was manufactured in old times." In 1867 Drummond! listed the plants showing this peculiar sea- board and Great Lakes distribution, discussing at length the problems of their migration. “It has long been a fact familiar to American botanists that a number of strictly maritime plants are diffused along the shores of the Great Lakes, in the immediate vicinity of some smal- ler lakes, and extensive swamps, situated a short distance away, and near salt springs in New York State and Wisconsin. The number of these has been, within the last two years, slightly increased. The Rev. Mr. Paine and Judge Clinton, have detected Naias major All., Ruppia maritima Linn., and Leptochloa fascicularis Gray—a perhaps sub-maritime species [the Onondaga plant is the maritime Diplachne maritima Bicknell]—near the margin of the Onondaga Lake, in New ! Drummond, A. T. The distribution of plants in Canada in some of its relations to physical and past geological conditions. Can. Nat., n. S., 3: 161-177. 1867. 44 Rhodora [M ARCH York State, and Canadian botanists, although they have not added to this section of their lake shore flora, have yet thrown some further light upon its distribution. The brief catalogue hereunder, probably includes all the maritime plants, with one or more, perhaps, strictly submaritime species, now known to have this peculiar range. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. Rumex maritimus Linn. Cakile Americana Nutt. Euphorbia polygonifolia Linn. Hudsonia ericoides Linn. Naias major All. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Ruppia maritima Linn. Hibiscus moscheutos Linn. Triglochin maritimum Linn. Lathyrus maritimus Bigel. Triglochin palustre Linn. Atriplex hastata Linn. Scirpus maritimus Linn. Salicornia herbacea Linn. Leptochloa fascicularis Gray. Polygonum aviculare Linn. var. [= Diplachne maritima Bicknell]. littorale Link. Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. Hordeum jubatum Linn. [= Ammophila breviligulata Fer- Polygonum articulatum Linn. nald] * It is to be observed that some of these plants have a very extended inland range, whilst others are apparently distributed over very limited areas. Hudsonia tomentosa, Lathyrus maritimus, and Tri- glochin maritimum are, perhaps, the most widely diffused. * If, however, I am correct in referring the origin of the distribution of the inland maritime flora to the post-pliocene epoch, it will furnish an argument for the maritime character of such deposits as are coeval with those of the eastern sections of the province referable to this epoch. If the Great Lakes were in these distant and yet com- paratively recent times, bodies of salt water, or if they were united into one vast inland sea, as, judging from geological evidence, was probably the case, we can readily account for the migration of the sea-shore species along the coasts. . . . As year followed year, and the lakes became imperceptibly more fresh, successive individuals of some of the species would, as it were insensibly, become reconciled to the new conditions. . . . It is further to be observed that the greatest number of species exist around, or at smaller sheets of water, not far from the shores of Lake Ontario, the Lake which, of all our inland freshwater seas, is much the nearest to, in fact, almost adjoins what formed in post-pliocene times, the ocean coast, and to the shores of which the first migration of sea-shore plants was probably effected. ” Hitchcock! came to the conclusion that if these so-called mari- 1 Hitchcock, C. H. The Distribution of Maritime Plants in North America. A Proof of Oceanic Submergence in the Champlain Period. Proc. Am. Assoc. 19: 175-181. 1870. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 45 time plants depended upon the ocean for their distribution, then the sea in the Champlain period must have penetrated the continent as far as Minnesota. A list of seventy-nine species with geographical distribution is enumerated. Hitchcock reports from Lake Cham- plain three types, Hudsonia tomentosa [a species of sands of the coast and inland to the Great Lakes], Seirpus Olneyi [apparently an error in determination], and Hordeum jubatum [this is preceded by a ques- tion mark, indicating doubt as to whether it should be classed as a maritime plant]. “From molluscan remains it is proved that the Hudson and Champlain valleys were covered by salt water in the period now under consideration. The proof of submergence, from the occurrence of maritime plants, is very meagre, only four species appearing on the list. The only Hudson River representative is Salsola Kali. It is possible that future researches may add to the list. It may likewise be observed that the Lower St. Lawrence furnishes fewer species than the borders of the Great Lakes. Is it not possible that these breaks in the connection are proofs of thc correctness of our theory? If the continued existence of these plants about the lake is due to the presence of large bodies of water, even in the absence of salt, then we should not expect to find them remain- ing along the narrow Champlain, nor the still narrower Hudson River, nor, to a large extent, the St. Lawrence. The conditions are not favorable to their preservation.” In the "Geology of New Hampshire" Hitchcock! again reviewed the relation of plant distribution to marine submergence, and added to it the possibility of marine submergence of the Lake Winnepesauke region, from the presence there of such typically marine fish as the salmon and smelt. Hitchcock, essentially a geologist, derived his botanical information from Paine, Porter, Lapham, and other botan- ists of his time. Finally Drummond? under the title, “The Distribution of some Canadian Plants, an Argument for the Marine Origin of the Erie Clays" attempted to correlate the presence of arctic plants in the Lake Superior region with the marine submergence, concluding that the boreal and semi-arctic plants of the Lake Superior coasts probably migrated there with or prior to the maritime plants. All these discussions, however, belong to that period of American ! Hitchcock, C. H. Geol. N. H. 1: 564-568, 1874. ? Can. Nat. n. s. 7: 217-223. 1874. 46 Rhodora [MARCH geological history in which the Glacial Theory was becoming estab- lished, during which the water-laid deposits were considered as of marine rather than fluviatile or lacustrine origin. Toward the close of the nineteenth century the marine deposits were seen to be of limited extent, the name “Champlain” being derived from their characteristic occurrence about the region of Lake Champlain. THE CHAMPLAIN SUBMERGENCE. The term “Champlain,” to some extent the subject of geological controversy, is used in the present paper to signify the period of marine submergence following closely upon the retreating ice of the last stage of the Pleistocene glaciation. The early controversies as to the origin of the glacial drift, to which period the foregoing dis- cussions on maritime plants really belong, are here omitted, and the literature which is cited is noted only with the view of establishing the proximal limits of marine submergence. No review is made of the supposed recent submergence along the northern Atlantic coast.! Since the literature is so abundant and bibliographies are present in nearly all the larger works, only a few contributions to the subject are mentioned. As a general treatment may be mentioned the work of DeGeer? in 1892. Isobases show points of equal submergence in eastern Canada and New England. The Champlain Sea extends through the Hudson valley, making New England and the Maritime Provinces in conformity with earlier views an island surrounded by salt water. In a more recent general account Upham? states, “That the land northward from Boston was lower than now while the ice-sheet was being melted away is proved by the occurrence of fossil molluses of far northern range, including Yoldia (Leda) arctica Gray, which is now found living only in the Arctic seas, preferring localities that receive muddy streams from glaciers and from the Greenland ice- sheet. This species is plentiful in the stratified clays resting on the 1 For a detailed account see J. W. Goldthwaite: Supposed Evidences of Subsidence of the Coast of New Brunswick within Modern Time. Can. Dept. Mines, Museum Bull. 2: 45-67. 1914, and H. H. Bartlett: The Submarine Chamaecyparis Bog at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Ruopora 11: 221-235. 1909. 2 DeGeer, G. On Pleistocene Changes of Level in North America. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 25: 454—477. 1892. For a modified copy of DeGeer's map see Ruopora 13: pl. 91 (opp. page 142). 1911. 3 Upham, Warren. Stages of the Ice age. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 33: 491—514. 1922. The Champlain Stage. p. 510—512. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 47 till in the Saint Lawrence Valley and in New Brunswick and Maine, extending southward to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. But it is known that the land was elevated from this depression to about its present height before the sea here became warm and before the south- ern molluscs, which exist as colonies in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, migrated thither, for these southern species are not included in the extensive lists of the fossil fauna in the beds overlying the till. "In the Saint Lawrence Valley the marine deposits reach the southern end of Lake Champlain, whence the beds and this stage ending the Ice Age are named, to Ogdensburg and Brockville, and at least to Pembroke and Allumette Island, in the Ottawa River, about 75 miles above the city of Ottawa. The isthmus of Chignecto, connecting Nova Scotia with New Brunswick, was submerged, and the sea extended 50 to 100 miles up the valleys of the chief rivers of Maine and New Brunswick. The uplift from the Champlain sea- level was 10 to 24 feet in the vicinity of Boston and northeastward to Cape Ann; about 150 feet near Portsmouth, New Hampshire; from 150 to about 300 feet along the coast of Maine and southern New Brunswick; about 40 feet on the northwestern shore of Nova Scotia, thence increasing westward to 200 feet in the Bay of Chaleurs, and about 560 feet at Montreal; 150 to 400 or 500 feet, increasing from south to north, along the basin of Lake Champlain; about 275 feet at Ogdensburg, and 450 feet near Ottawa. The differential elevation was practically completed, as we have seen from the boreal character of the Champlain marine molluscan fauna, shortly after the departure of the ice-sheet." EasrERN New ExaLAND.—To consider the subject in more detail, the zero isobase undoubtedly occurs in the immediate vicinity of Boston, reaching the height of eighty feet in the elevated sea beaches of Cape Ann, and to about 200 feet in the vicinity of Portland, Maine. The isobases run parallel to the coast of Maine, beach levels increasing as one goes inland. Stone? gives the following approximate heights to which the sea could have advanced in river valleys of Maine: Saco, 200-250 feet; Presumscot, 250-260 feet; Little Androscoggin, 400 feet; Androscoggin at Livermore Falls, 375 feet; Sandy River at ! Woodworth, J. B. Note on the elevated beaches of Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Cambridge) 42: 191-194. 1903. ?*Stone, G. H. The Glacial Gravels of Maine. Monograph 34: U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 484. 1899. This work also contains a preliminary map of the marine clays of Maine. 48 Rhodora [Marca Farmington, 440 feet; Kennebec at Bingham, 450-500 feet. The actual heights are probably somewhat less than these. In correlating the stages of the glacial period, Clapp! describes the Leda clays as extending through the St. Lawrence valley and south along the coast as far as Boston. Although the clays at Cambridge, Revere, and Lynn, and other places near Boston do not contain fossils, they probably belong to this class. “In New Hamp- shire they are finely developed. . . . In Maine they extend along the coast from Kittery to Eastport, forming many low plains near the sea and extending up most of the river valleys. In York County they extend fifteen miles or more from the coast. In the valley of the Presumscot River they are found nearly to Sebago Lake. Farther north similar clays occur at higher elevations as far as Sandy River at Farmington; but the clays above Skowhegan may possibly not be marine as fossils have not been reported in them. The marine clays are abundant along Sheepscot River in Lincoln County, and are widely distributed in the vicinity of Rockland, Knox County. They extend up the Penobscot to beyond Oldtown.” (To be continued.) REHDER’S MANUAL or CULTIVATED TREES AND SHRUBS*—Rehder’s Manual is going to be one of the most frequently consulted reference- books. It is a handsome compendium of all the trees and shrubs which have been or are likely to be cultivated in temperate North America. Consequently, bringing together in compact form descrip- tions and keys covering woody plants of many geographic regions, it is bound to be as indispensable to the working botanist as to the cultivator of trees and shrubs. Every student of plants is faced, — especially in the neighborhood of cities and parks, with the difficulty of quickly identifying many of the planted species. This difficulty is now removed. Comparison with Sargent's Manual of the native trees of the same area makes the importance of Rehder's book apparent. Thus Sargent describes 9 species and 1 variety under Abies; Rehder has 38 species and more than 30 varieties. In Betula Sargent has 10 species and 1 variety; Rehder has 38 species, 27 varieties and many hybrids. In Fraxinus Sargent has 16 species; Rehder 42 species and 35 varieties; and so on through hundreds of genera; and, of course, the shrubby genera (even down to such diminutives as Chimaphila) are not included by Sargent. ! Clapp, F. G. Complexity of the Glacial Period in New England. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 18: 505—556. 1908. 2 Alfred Rehder. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in North America. 930 pp. New York. The Macmillan Co. 1927. 1927] Fernald,—Rehder’s Manual of Trees and Shrubs (review) 49 The book, naturally, is worked out on the lines already familiar in Rehder's prolific publications. Both generic and specific segrega- tion often go farther than some systematists will be inclined to follow; but in other cases the treatments are refreshingly conservative. To illustrate these points: Rehder maintains Xolisma as a genus distinct from Pieris because he finds that in the species he treats as Xolisma the anthers are not awned, while in Pieris they have reflexed awns; but, as Matthews and Knox!, after a detailed study of many species, assert, "the distinction between filamentous and antherine appendages, as employed by Rehder, has no real existence. . ; as generic characters between Pieris and Xolisma they have no real value." On the other hand, following the most conservative systematists, Rehder keeps Vaccinium intact (including Batodendron, Vitis-Idaea and Oxycoccus along with $ Euvaccinium and $ Cyano- coccus). In other words, the book very definitely represents Rehder's own views and other botanists may not at once accept all his decisions. In nomenclature the author follows in general the International Rules, so that most of the generic names agree with those used in Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture and his Manual and in the 7th edition of Gray's Manual. A noteworthy departure “is the use of the term 'var.' for any subdivision below the species, regardless whether it was originally described as subspecies, varietas, forma, lusus, etc. In monographs and similar taxonomic publications it is no doubt desirable, and in the case of polymorphic species often necessary, to distinguish subdivisions of different rank and subordin- ate to each other, but for the designation of any form below the species, three names should be sufficient. . . . Double citation is not employed in this book; this is often used to indicate that in a combination of names the name of the species or variety did not originate with the author, but was taken from an older combination. d Though double citation indicates that a species or variety had been described before, it makes no difference in regard to the responsibility for the accepted combination. . . . As the author- ity of varietal names the author who first placed the name under the correct and accepted binomial . . . is cited, regardless whether he published it as a subspecies, variety, forma, lusus, ete.” It is unfortunate for a professed follower of the International Rules thus to violate the Rules; but it is still more to be regretted that a tremendous misrepresentation of values and of facts and a needless and far-reaching confusion in nomenclature should thus be promulgated. Surely, a single freaky clump with dissected foliage or an albino (legitimate formae) are not of the same taxonomic importance as a constant and wide-ranging plant which has consistent subspecific or varietal characters as well as an individual range. Yet by Rehder’s merging of the lesser categories the taxonomic ! Matthews & Knox, The Comparative Morphology of the Stamen in the Ericaceae. Trans. and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xxix. 258 (1920). 50 Rhodora [M ARCH values are completely confused. One illustration will suffice. Betula nana, var. Michauxii so far differs from B. nana as to have been sepa- rated by Opiz as a monotypic genus, Apterocaryon; and it is the only representative of the Eurasian B. mana in North America (except in Greenland and perhaps arctic Alaska). Alnus incana, forma tomophylla Fern. was based on a single eccentric clump of our common alder with “cut” leaves. Taxonomically and geographically it is almost negligible; yet, treated by Rehder as “ var. tomophylla Fern." it is fallaciously raised to a rank equivalent to that of Apterocaryon or Betula Michauxii or B. nana, var. Michauxii. This sort of thing may be convenient, but it cannot appeal to most systematists. Not only are profound scientifie facts distorted in such cases, but by the citation of the author of Alnus incana, forma tomophylla as the author of the variety, another perversion of the actual fact occurs. The authors of vAR. tomophylla are, of course, (Fern.) Rehder; and one cannot but wonder at the reasoning of an author who under the specific combinations rejects the parenthetical authority, but in case of all names under the species cites, when the category has been altered, only the parenthetical authority (without parenthesis). 'The amount of checking by botanical users of the book necessary to determine the correct authors of the thousands of so-called varieties is appalling! In one other matter it is hoped that in a future issue the author will find it possible to make the book more satisfactory. This is the statement of natural ranges. For purely horticultural purposes the natural range of the species may be unimportant; but, when a range is stated, it is not too much to wish that it should be broadly correct. Betula nana, var. Michauxii may again serve as an illustra- tion of my point. Rehder limits it exclusively to * Lab[rador]. "' But, when it was originally published, as B. Michauxii Spach, Spach distinctly gave its range: “America borealis et insula Terrae Novae," and there are certainly plenty of Newfoundland specimens in the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum. Again, Dryas Drummondü was cited by Torrey & Gray (1840) from Anticosti and it has repeat- edly been collected and listed from there, the Gaspé Peninsula and the Mingan Islands, all in Quebec (noted from Quebec 15 times in the volumes of RnopoRa), and it is included in both editions of Britton & Brown. There are good specimens of it from Quebec at the Arnold Arboretum; consequently Rehder's restriction. of its range to “Arct. Am. s. to Mont." is difficult to understand. (Incidentally, the species is unknown in Arctic America). Again, after Rehder & Wilson had described from China and northwestern America Arctous alpina, var. rubra it was pointed out! in this journal that the characters relied upon to separate Arctous from Arctostaphylos were not stable and that Arctous alpina, var. rubra occurs not only in China and northwestern America, but in western Siberia and in ! RHoboRa, xvi. 21-33 (1914). 1927] Fernald, —Rehder's Manual of Trees and Shrubs (review) — 51 'astern Quebec; and it has subsequently been collected in and reported from Newfoundland. The author of the new Manual surely knew - of the discussion above cited, and it is unfortunate that in the state- ment of range of Arctous ruber all mention of eastern North America should be omitted. These matters in which many botanists will not agree with the author of the Manual are such as are likely to find expression in the work of any individual author, particularly if his viewpoint is that acquired from working with specially selected and often too sharply contrasted representatives in a museum or a living collection. In the nursery the minor forms are often more interesting than the true geographic varieties and subspecies and even than distinct species; but from a taxonomic and phytogeographie standpoint, they are only of minor interest and their elevation to superior rank is mis- leading. In spite of these somewhat academic criticisms, it should again be emphasized, however, that Rehder's book is one which will be needed by every working botanist. To the nurseryman, horti- culturist and amateur gardener it will be indispensable.—M. L. FERNALD, Gray Herbarium. THE DATE-PALM AS A RUDERAL PLANT IN MASSACHUSETTS.— Like all growing cities, Worcester, Mass. maintains a number of dumping grounds. While crossing one of these on Sept. 13, 1915, the writer noticed a number of peculiar-looking plants growing all about. On digging up several of the plants, the unmistakable stone of the Date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) was found, still attached to the seedlings. These seedlings consisted of two erect, rigid, narrow, strongly- veined leaves, growing from an underground stem. The longer of the leaves were from 3 to 9 inches in length; the underground stems were two or more inches in length; and the white root system, striking deep into the ashes which composed the dump, were 4 or more inches long. The roots all broke before they could be traced to their ends. The characteristic date-stone was connected to the lower end of the stem at about the middle of the inner or grooved side. These plants have been collected by the writer in 1915, 1916, 1921, 1923 (twice), 1925 and 1926. The original stand contained about 50 plants; these have materially diminished since then. The past summer, which was neither very hot nor wet, brought out less than a dozen plants. In drying the leaves roll very closely length- wise, break off and disappear during the winter. 52 Rhodora [MARCH The recurrence of this unusual species here is a problem. The possibility of new stones being added in successive seasons, is dis- counted by the fact that the edge of the dump has been pushed out into the swamp some 100 feet or more, and that no new material has been thrown off on the old part of the dump for several years. The date-stones may have been left with other refuse from the fruit- stands of our foreign population; and naturally slow growth and re- tarded germination may have followed. By a strange coincidence, a single plant of the Wild Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) was found with the big colony of the Date- palms in 1921; while on a dump a mile away a flourishing colony of Wild Tobacco was recorded in 1912 (RHopora, Oct., 1912) and in 1923 this dump produced a dozen Date-palm seedlings for a single year.—NoRMAN P. Woopwarp, Worcester, Massachusetts. Vol. 28, no. 336, including pages 233 to 260 and title-page of the volume, was issued 28 January, 1927. Vol. 29, no. 337, including pages 1 to 16 and plate 156, was issued 28 Jan- uary, 1927. Vol. 29, no. 338, including pages 17 to 32, was issued 28 January, 1927. Douora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. April, 1927. No. 340. CONTENTS: The Hepatica transsilvanica Group. A. N. Steward............. 53 Interesting Plants of Northern Labrador. R. H. Woodworth..... 54 Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence (continued). H. K. Svenson 57 Solidago altiseima. EK. K. Macken.. 1.5 s 8 Foo a 72 Streptopus oreopolus in the White Mountains. M. L. Fernald.... 76 300 Massachusetts Ave. Preston and Rounds Co. Boston, Mass. | Providence, R. F. RHODORA.-—^A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of New England. Price, $2.00 per year, postpaid (domestic and foreign) ; single copies (if available) 20 cents. Volumes 1-8 or single numbers from them can be sup- plied at somewhat advanced prices which will be furnished on application Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be gladly received and published to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms will be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than one page of print) will re- ceive 25 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear. Extracted re- prints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and prooís to B. L. ROBINSON, 3 Clement Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Subscriptions, advertisements, and business communications to W. P. RICH, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Mass. Entered at Boston, Mass., Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. BOTANICAL BOOKS, New and Second Hand, PRESTON & ROUNDS CO., Providence, R. I. CARD-INDEX OF NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS, 1885 TO DATE. For American taxonomists and all students of American plants the most important supplement to the Index Kewensis, this catalogue in several ways exceeds the latter work in detail, since it lists not only the flowering plants, but pteridophytes and cellular crypto- gams, and includes not merely genera and species, but likewise sub- species, varieties and forms. A work of reference invaluable for larger herbaria, leading libraries, academies of sciences, and other centers of botanical activity. Issued quarterly, at $22.50 per 1000 cards. GRAY HERBARIUM of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. CHECK LIST OF GRAY'S MANUAL, 7th EDITION, compiled by M. A. Day. Leatherette. Pocket size. Invaluable for collector's memoranda and herbarium records. Published and sold by the Gray HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass. Price postpaid 20 cts. each. Ten copies $1.50. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. Vol.II. Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America, by M. L. Fernald, 102 pages. Aug. 1925. $2.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Advertisements of Nurserymen and Dealers in Botanical and other Scien- tific Publications are inserted in these pages at the following rates per space of 4 in. by 3-4 in. 1 year $4.00, 6 months $2.50. TRbooora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 29. April, 1927. No. 340. THE HEPATICA TRANSSILVANICA GROUP OF EASTERN EUROPE AND ASIA. ALBERT N. STEWARD. In studying the species of Ranunculaceae which occur in Eastern and Central China, the writer found at the Gray Herbarium a speci- men collected by Dr. Augustine Henry in Hupeh Province and described as Anemone (Hepatica) Henryi Oliver (1). The section Hepatica of the old genus Anemone has been recently re-accepted as a valid genus by many botanists, so the question arose of finding a valid name for this plant, if it should prove to be clearly separable from others of the group which bear earlier descriptions. The investigation of this matter brings to light some interesting opinions concerning the species most closely related to this plant. There seem to be three species of Eastern Europe and Asia separated from others by a constant character of mucronately or mucronulately lobed leaves. These are H. transsilvanica Fuss (2), Anemone Fal- coneri Thomson (3), and A. Henryi Oliver mentioned above. Finet and Gagnepain (4) do not recognize the genus Hepatica. They reduce Anemone Henryi and A. transylvanica (a synonym for Hepatica transsilvanica) to A. hepatica var. transylvanica. Ulbrich (5) collects A. transylvanica, A. Henryi and A. Falconeri into A. angulosa (non Lamrck.). These, however, appear to be clearly distinguishable species. Therefore the names Hepatica Henryi (Oliver) [= Anemone Henry? Oliver] and Hepatica Falconeri (Thomson) [= Anemone Falconert Thomson] are here presented as new combinations. In connection with the last named of these, it should be pointed out that the author 54 Rhodora [APRIL of the original description recognized that, “This little plant appears to be intermediate between the genus Hepatica, which has a sessile flower and the Anemonanthea section of Anemone, which has divided involucral leaves and muticous achenia." (3) The distinguishing characters of these species are: Flowers projected above the involucre on a short pedicel (about . A I oe pc vk es dA hace cohen ac re iui H. Falconeri Flowers sessile on and closely subtended by the involucre. f Leaves deeply cleft (to the middle or beyond), 5-8 cm. in diameter, rather coarse in texture; mature petioles 8-20 em. long, sparsely appressed-pubescent: flowers 3-4 209 O a a ee, TEE H. transsilvanica Leaves shallowly lobed (not more than !4 of way to base), 3-5 cm. in diameter, thinner in texture; mature petioles 5-10 cm. long, shaggy- villous: flowers 1-2 em. in diameter, : yellow (from description)... H. Henryi REFERENCES. (1) Hooker's Icones Plantarum xvi. t. 1570. (1887.) (2) Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenbürgischen Ver- eins fur Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt i. 83. (1850.) (3) Hooker's Icones Plantarum ix. t. 899. (1852.) (4) Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France li. 66. (1904.) (5) Engler’s Botanische Jahrbücher xxxvii. 190, 271-272. (1905.) GRAY HERBARIUM. INTERESTING PLANTS OF NORTHERN LABRADOR. R. H. WoopwonTH. A SCIENTIFIC expedition, planned and commanded by Columbus O'D. Iselin, spent the summer of 1926 working in the region of north- ernmost Labrador. The expedition was mainly one of oceanography. The writer was most fortunate to be invited to join the party in order to collect plants for the Gray Herbarium whenever the oppor- tunity presented itself. Difficulties in drying specimens were met with on account of the usual dampness of a sailing vessel together with an unusually damp season. 'The use of flaked napthalene sprinkled upon the specimens before they were packed away was a decided aid in drying. Collections were made from fourteen stations, four of which are in the vicinity of regions of previous collections. The plants have been identified at the Gray Herbarium, Harvard ~ b 1927] Woodworth,—Interesting Plants of Northern Labrador f University, under the direction of Prof. M. L. Fernald. In general they have appeared to be typical arctic plants, which have hereto- fore been brought back from Labrador. Some of the species, however, are worthy of note. DUPONTIA MICRANTHA Holm. On gravelly sea beaches; Ryan’s Bay and Ekortiarsuk Bay. Originally described from northern Labrador and shores of Hudson Bay. The species is apparently of wide arctic range, since material from Spitzbergen (T. M. Fries, August, 1868) belongs here rather than with D. psilosantha, with which it was originally identified. TRISETUM SPICATUM (L.) Richter. On alluvial terraces; Ryan’s Bay. First collection from south of Ellesmereland of the typical arctic and Eurasian plant. When Fernald revised the eastern American variations of the species! he stated that this typical form with very dense violet or bronze obovoid panicle was unknown in America south of the Arctic. T. SPICATUM, var. MarpENu (Gandoger) Fernald. On alluvial terraces; Sandwich Bay, Saglek Bay, Nachvak Bay, Ryan’s Bay, Ekortiarsuk Bay. T. SPICATUM var. PILOSIGLUME Fernald. On alluvial terraces; Nachvak Bay. This and the preceding variety were already known from Labrador. DESCHAMPSIA ALPINA (L.) R. & S. On sandy river bank; Ryan’s Bay. An arctic-alpine species of Eurasia, already known from Greenland but not previously from North America. Kosresta Betiarpu (All) Degland. On granitic hillsides; Nachvak Bay and Ryan’s Bay. An arctic-alpine species not pre- viously known in eastern America from south of Ellesmereland. CAREX BIPARTITA All. On alluvial terraces; Ryan's Bay. Not definitely recorded from Labrador but collected by Sornborger at Rama (no. 256) and distributed as C. glareosa Wahlenb. C. TRISPERMA Dewey. In sphagnum bog; Sandwich Bay. A slight extension to the northeast; the species already known from along the Straits of Belle Isle. C. HarLERI Gunn. On alluvial terraces; Ryan’s Bay. Hereto- fore known in Labrador only from the Straits of Belle Isle (Blane Sablon, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 2852). 1 Fernald, The Representatives of Trisetum spicatum in eastern America. RHODORA, xviii. 195—198 (1916). 56 Rhodora [APRIL Juncus BIGLUMIS L. On rocky hillside; Ekortiarsuk Bay. First collection from south of Baffinland. J. BREVICAUDATUS (Engelm.) Fernald. On sandy river bank; Sandwich Bay. A slight extension to the northeast, from the Straits of Belle Isle. LUZULA CAMPESTRIS, var. ALPINA Gaud. On rocky hillside; Ekortiarsuk Bay. Heretofore known in North America only from the northwest shore of Hudson Bay and from the Shickskock Mts. of Quebec. Iris VERSICOLOR L. On sandy river bank; Sandwich Bay. A slight extension northeastward from the Straits of Belle Isle. SALIX ANGLORUM Cham., var. KOPHOPHYLLA Schneider. On rocky hillsides; Saglek Bay, Nachvak Bay. New to Labrador. | Previously known only from Newfoundland and eastern Quebec. S. BEBBIANA Sarg., var. PERROSTRATA (Rydb.) Schneider. On rocky river bank; Sandwich Bay. Northeastern extension from north- ern Newfoundland and Saguenay Co., Quebec. BETULA PAPYRIFERA Marsh., var. CORDIFOLIa (Regel) Fernald. On sandy alluvial bank; Sandwich Bay. Northeastern extension from northern Newfoundland and Saguenay Co., Quebec. The trees had cherry-red bark. COCHLEARIA GROENLANDICA L., var. OBLONGIFOLIA (DC.) Lange. On gravelly alluvial terraces; Saglek Bay and Ryan’s Bay. The material from northern Labrador is a good match for authentic Greenland specimens. SAXIFRAGA GASPENSIS Fernald. On rocky hillside; Nachvak Bay. This species has heretofore been known only from the Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. ANTENNARIA PYGMAEA Fernald. On rocky hillsides; Nachvak Bay and Ryan’s Bay. Specimens larger than previous collections, reaching a full decimeter in height; occasionally with 2-3 heads. A. SoRNBORGERI Fernald. On rocky hillsides; Ryan’s Bay and Ekortiarsuk Bay. Previously known only from Rama. The species strongly contrasting in the field with the common A. alpina on account of its rigid habit. A. ISOLEPIS Greene. On damp rocky hillsides; Nachvak Bay and Ryan’s Bay. The involucres tend to be greenish rather than white, as in earlier collections. The species is quickly recognized in the field on account of its flaccid flowering stems. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 57 PETASITES TRIGONOPHYLLA Greene. HRiver-delta; Nachvak Bay. New to Labrador. Heretofore known in eastern America only on the Shickshock Mts. of the Gaspé Peninsula and on Anticosti Island. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. EFFECTS OF POST-PLEISTOCENE MARINE SUBMER- GENCE IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. H. K. SvENsoN. (Continued from p. 48.) CaNaDA.—In New Brunswick, Chalmers! shows the presence of marine deposits across the isthmus of Chignecto, throughout the valley of the Kennebecasis River, and extensively along the Miri- michi River. The deposits are confined to the coastal areas and river estuaries. In the upper St. John Valley, the terraces and clays are of lacustrine origin. “In the region along the south side of the St. Lawrence, below Rivière du Loup, there has been a subsidence of from 345 to 375 feet with reference to the present sea level in the Post-tertiary period. Above the 375 feet contour line, no evidence of submergence was seen. ^? Johnston? finds it impracticable definitely to trace the northern boundary of the Champlain Sea at its maximum height in the Ottawa valley because of weakness of development of the highest shore-line and because of the character of the rocky upland area, but shows that, in general, the northern boundary lay along the face of the Laurentian Plateau escarpment, roughly parallel to the Ottawa River. The sea extended far up the Ottawa valley, possibly as far as the head of Lake Temiskaming. “The southwestern margin of the sea has not been traced, but it is known from the altitudes of the raised beaches and from the distribution of the marine sediments that it was bounded, approximately, by the eastern border of the Pre-Cambrian upland area in south-central Ontario. At the highest stage of marine submergence, the portion of the triangular area between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, lying east of a line 1See Surface-geology maps accompanying Canadian Geol. Surv., 1885 to 1888, also Ann. Rept. 1885: 40 gg. ? Can. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept. 1886: 8M. 3 Johnston, W. A. Late Pleistocene Oscillations of Sea-Level in the Ottawa Val- ley. Can. Dept. of Mines. Mus. Bull. 24: 1916. 58 Rhodora [APRIL drawn from Ottawa to Brockville, was entirely submerged except for a few isolated hills. It has long been known that the upper as well as the lower portion of the St. Lawrence valley was also sub- merged, and that the level of the marine waters extended westward into the Ontario basin. In the upper St. Lawrence valley, however, the submergence was not so great as in the Ottawa valley; for the Ottawa valley lies at a lower level and was depressed to a greater extent, as shown by the higher altitudes of its marine deposits." The Champlain Sea at the time of its greatest extent occupied prac- tically the same extent in New York as did the glacial Lake Troquois.! As previously mentioned, Hitchcock postulated the extent of oceanic submergence “as far as Minnesota.” This question seems to be settled in a recent publication by Baker,? from which the following quotation comes. “The finding of marine fossils in the fields near Chicago Lawn raised a serious question as to their origin. The presence of certain crustacea (Mysis) in the lake as well as of such plants as the beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus), the beach plum (Prunus maritima) and the seaside spurge (Euphorbia polygonifolia) has led several writers to the conclusion that the waters of Lake Michigan were once salt. The presence of these plants and crustaceans are, however, not sufficient on which to build a theory of this kind. At first sight it might be thought that the fossil shells . . . offer indubitable evidence of the presence of marine waters at this stage of postglacial history. The species recorded are all of southern distribution, living plentifully in the Gulf of Mexico or the waters of the southern and eastern coast of the United States. Therefore the incursion of the sea must have been from the south by the way of the Mississippi Valley and not from the northeast by way of the St. Lawrence Valley. If there was such an incursion, there should certainly be evidences in the territory lying to the south of the area in question; but no evidence has been found which would support such a contention." “It seems quite evident from subsequent study, that all these marine shells were artificially introduced by man. The presence of certain marine crustaceans in the Great Lakes has suggested the possible occupancy of the lake basin by marine waters. These organisms, however, easily accustom themselves to fresh water ! Mather, K. F. The Champlain Sea in the Lake Ontario Basin. Journ. Geol. 25:542-554. 1917. ? Baker, F. C. The Life of the Pleistocene or Glacial Period. Univ. Illinois Bull. vol. 17: no. 41. p. 14. 1920. 1927] Svenson,—FEffects of post-pleistocene Submergence 59 and it is quite probable, if not certain, that they entered the lakes by way of the North Bay outlet, via the Ottawa River, during the Champlain submergence. "The low temperature of the glacial waters would enable these creatures to become gradually accustomed to fresh water.” CHAMPLAIN VALLEY AND Hupson RiverR.—Earlier writers as- sumed the presence of marine deposits in the upper valley of the Hud- son, and a sheet of salt water connecting Lake Champlain and the ocean at New York. This view is still maintained by Fairchild. Wood- worth, however, believes that the Champlain Sea did not extend south of Whitehall, N. Y., approximately the southern limit of the present Lake Champlain. A recent paper by Miss Goldring has appeared in relation to the salinity of the Champlain Sea.? I quote from this as follows: * No fossils have been reported from the Pleisto- cene deposits south of Croton Point, either from the New York or New Jersey shores. The most northern point at which Pleistocene fossils have been reported from the Hudson Valley is at Storm King, fifty miles above New York. . . . The laminated character of the Hudson Valley clays, seen as far south as Haverstraw, and the absence of this peculiar laminated character in any of the localities in the Champlain area where marine fossils were found verifies what has already been indicated by the distribution and character of the fauna of these areas: (1) that the Pleistocene waters of the Hudson Valley were fresh or practically fresh north of the Storm King; (2) that the Champlain Sea extended southward in a brackish condition, gradually freshened, to a point a few miles south of Crown Point station, and that south of this area its waters were fresh or practically fresh. "' Stoller? also arrives at a similar conclusion *that at no time was there a continuous body of marine waters connecting the Saint Lawrence arm of the sea with the ocean at New York." Turning to southern New England, the elevation of the Housatonic valley precludes any oceanic submergence during the Champlain 1 Woodworth, J. B. Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. N. Y. State Museum Bull. 84: 224. 1905. ? Goldring, Winifred. Decreased salinity of the Pleistocene Champlain sea going southward. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 32: 132-133. 1921. Abstract, also The Cham- plain Sea. N. Y. State Museum Bull. 239, 240. 1922. 3 Stoller, J. H. Late Pleistocene History of the Lower Mohawk Valley. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.:33: 515-516. 1922. 60 Rhodora [APRIL Period, except at the very mouth of the river. Hitchcock! conceived "that salt water extended up the several rivers, including the Con- necticut, certainly as high as 500 feet, and probably higher." Estu- arine conditions in the Connecticut valley were thought by Fair- child? to have extended as far as St. Johnsbury, Vermont, but recent work by Antevs? shows conclusively that southern New England was not submerged at this time, no traces of marine submergence being found in the Connecticut valley. From a strictly botanical viewpoint the foregoing survey may seem extensive, yet it serves to bring together isolated material upon which the phytogeographic treatment must rest. In con- clusion it is seen that while the Post-Pleistocene marine sea covered large areas in the St. Lawrence and Champlain valleys, depositing in them marine clays and sands, the saline waters were absent from the Great Lakes west of Lake Ontario, from most of the Hudson valley, from southern New England and the Connecticut valley, and from the St. John valley in New Brunswick. PLANT DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO THE MARINE SUB- MERGENCE. In a study of the vegetation of New England one is impressed by the fact that certain plants characteristic of maritime beaches and brackish habitats along the coast frequently ascend the river valleys of New England and often occur abundantly in the region of Lake Champlain and the lowlands surrounding Lake Ontario—plants such as Typha angustifolia, Zannichellia palustris, Potamogeton pectinatus, Phragmites communis and Lathyrus maritimus. Thus Blake* writes of Atriplex patula var. littoralis from Lake Champlain “a plant of coastal and Great Lake range with us, now proving to occur also in the Champlain Valley like Ammophila arenaria, Lathyrus maritimus, and Artemisia caudata.” Similarly in the upper St. John valley are Triglochin palustris and Juncus balticus var. littoralis, species ordinarily of brackish coasts in New England and the Mari- 1 Hitchcock, C. H. The Champlain Deposits of Northern Vermont. Vt. Geol. Survey. 1906. 236-253. ? Fairchild, H. L. Pleistocene Marine Submergence of the Connecticut and Hudson Valleys. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 25: 219-242. 1914, also Bull. N. Y. State Museum 209, 210. 1919. 3 Antevs, Ernst. The Recession of the Last Ice Sheet in New England. Am. Geog. Soc. Research Series. no. 11: 1922. 4 RHODORA, 16: 39. 1914. 1927] | Svenson,—Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 61 time Provinces. Hibiscus Moscheutos and Iris prismatica, charact- eristic at the edges of salt marshes live inland; the former in river valleys above high tide, as in the Charles and Concord Rivers in eastern Massachusetts, the latter of more general distribution, but confined to the region of the coast. "The distribution of the Lemnaceae is striking. These small aquatics grow luxuriantly in brackish ponds along the coast of southern New England, extending inland at low elevations in eastern Massachusetts, are almost entirely absent from Maine, but appear in abundance in the clays of northern Nova Scotia, from King's County to Cape Breton, extending through Prince Edward Island and the Magdalen Islands to thecoast of Labra- dor. 'They occur also in the Champlain and Ottawa regions, along the Hudson River, and to the westward. With such a wide distri- bution—from South America to the Labrador Coast—it does not seem that temperature could be the primary limiting factor. A similar distribution is seen in Sparganium eurycarpum, not of such general distribution as Lemna, but in eastern New England and the Maritime Provinces confined to the coastal clays from the Magdalen Islands southward, extending into northwestern Nova Scotia and the clay valleys of southern New Brunswick and southern Maine, and like Lemna and Typha angustifolia appearing again in the Cham- plain and Ottawa regions to the westward. In general, though these plants are often of broad interior distribution in the North American continent, in New England they are of limited range, confined to the coast and occurring inland in such areas as northeastern Massachu- setts, the clay regions of the Maritime Provinces, Lake Champlain and the river valleys of Southern New England. Nearly all of them, together with many true halophytes, occur in the salt regions of western New York. It is apparent that this distribution coincides to some extent with the limits of the Champlain Sea which has al- ready been discussed. Thus Fernald! writes, “The distribution of S[parganium] androcladum (S. lucidum) is unusual. Abundant in eastern Missouri and adjacent Illinois, it is apparently unknown or at least unrecorded in the region between the Mississippi Valley and eastern Pennsylvania. Thence it extends to Long Island and east- ward to Nantucket, Cape Cod, and Middlesex County, and up the Connecticut Valley to Franklin County, Massachusetts. It seems to be isolated in the Champlain Valley, Vermont (bank of Winooski 1 RHODORA, 24: 28. 1922. 62 Rhodora [APRIL River, Burlington, Aug. 30, 1903, N. F. Flynn) and in the St. Lawrence Valley below Quebec (Beauport, July 30, 1905, J. Macoun no. 68,925). This distribution in New England and eastern Canada suggests that the plant has followed inland the regions where marine clays left by the Champlain subsidence are found and that search will show it to be more abundant that we now realize." In describing the dis- tribution of Cakile edentula, Victorin! writes “Cette plante, bien que caractéristique de l'habitat salin, se retrouve sur les bords des Grands Lacs. Nous avons hasardé ailleurs une hypothése au sujet de ce fait de géographie botanique. Il est probable qu'à l'époque Cham- plain, par suite de l'invasion marine, les eaux des Grands Lacs sont devenues saumátres. Le Caquilier une fois établi a pu s’accomoder graduellement au changement de salure des eaux." If the climate was at the time suitable for plant growth, the Cham- plain Sea must have been more or less effective for the introduction of maritime plants into the interior, and it might be expected—as occurred to the older botanists—that some of these plants would remain in places where salt deposited by the marine waters was not wholly leached out, as, for example, compact marine clays. The opinion has been expressed that inland distribution of plants which grow in brackish habitats might follow the limits of the Champlain submergence in New England, in other words, their distribution might to a large extent be controlled by this factor. The unusual distribution of Lemna, Typha angustifolia, Sparganium eurycarpum, Iris prismatica, and others in New England, and their occurrence with many well-known halophytes in Western New York made this plausible. With the knowledge of controversial reports by Fair- child and others regarding the limits of marine submergence, the problem of relationship of plant distribution in New England with the Champlain Sea, was assumed. There has been extensive work on similar problems in Europe, involving both the living and fossil floras, where, moreover, the limits of post-Pleistocene submergences analogous to the Champlain submergence have been more thoroughly studied than in America. Although, early in the prosecution of this work, it appeared that Post-Pleistocene marine submergence was not the main limiting factor in the distribution of these plants in eastern North America, yet it seemed of interest to carry the work to a conclusion, with a critical survey of geographical ranges of the plants together with the literature. 1 Marie-Victorin, Frére. La Flore du Temiscouata, p. 66. Quebec. 1916. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 63 Complexity is heightened by soil and climatic factors. Further, it is not possible clearly to differentiate plants of fresh water habitats and those which live in brackish or salt water. Thus Nichols! (p. 380—381) says of the Cape Breton vegetation, “It is impossible to draw a sharp line between brackish and salt swamps, on the one hand, and between brackish and fresh swamps, on the other. In the character of the predominant plants, the vegetation of the higher, shoreward reaches of a well developed salt marsh almost invariably resembles that of a brackish meadow, and it commonly includes various species characteristic of fresh water swamps.” “The vegeta- tion . . . that of a slightly brackish marsh, consisting largely of Spartina Michauxiana, Agrostis alba maritima, Scirpus americanus and Eleocharis palustris, together with Potentilla pacifica, Triglochin palustris, and Carex maritima. In the open water of the channel grow Ruppia maritima and Potamogeton pectinatus. Bordering the pool is a zone of Typha latifolia, followed by a zone of Juncus balticus littoralis.” This description might well, with the exception of one or two species, describe the vegetation of the brackish shores along the entire coast of New England and the Maritime Provinces. A list of thirty such indifferent halophytes follows (see page 65), showing the inland distribution of plants of maritime shores and brackish marshes, in certain areas which are significant from the point of view of the Champlain submergence. 'The accompanying notes afford a more detailed account of the distribution of these plants and the reasons for including or omitting certain species. A large part of the area under consideration has been personally investigated by the writer; further information concerning distribution of these plants has been obtained from reliable local floras, the Gray Herb- arium, and the herbaria of the New England Botanical Club, the Boston Society of Natural History, Massachusetts Agricultural College, New York State Museum and Union College. The plants classified here as “indifferent halophytes" are essenti- ally those which St. John? lists as *halophytic along the south shore of Saguenay County, but broadly distributed across the interior of North America" with the addition of some plants of more southerly range. Many plants considered as maritime by Hitchcock and ! Nichols, G. E. The Vegetation of Northern Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Conn. Acad. Arts and Sciences 22: 249—467. 1918. 2 St. John, H. A Botanical Exploration of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can. Dept. Mines. Memoir 126: 11. 1922. 64 Rhodora [APRIL Drummond—plants growing on the sea strand and dunes—have been shown by Kearney to be nonhalophytic, although here again it is difficult to draw a distinct line. Kearney, in describing the excessive light and heat on the sea shore writes, “ All the conditions of the environment are common as well to the sandy beaches of great fresh water lakes, so that it is in no way remarkable, from an ecologi- cal point of view, that such typical sea coast plants, for example, as Ammophila arenaria, Cakile americana, Lathyrus maritimus and Euphorbia polygonifolia are likewise found on the shores of Lake Michigan. ” Some halophytes of interior distribution are excluded from this list since they occur frequently as weeds and often depend largely upon man for their dispersal. Such plants are Hordeum jubatum, Chenopodium leptophyllum, Atriplex patula and var. hastata, Rumex maritimus var. fueginus. With the exception of Stellaria humifusa which was collected by Goodale in the upper St. John valley in 1862, but which has not been found there since that time, no true halo- phytes have been found growing naturally in the interior of New England or the Maritime Provinces, except in the salt springs of New Brunswick, of which an account will be given later. The indifferent halophytes, which occur inland in New England and the Maritime Provinces, are listed in the following table, and their occurrence in the critical areas here discussed is indicated by asterisks. The table is followed by detailed notes upon the distri- bution of particular species.? ! Kearney, T. H. Are plants of sea beaches halophytes? Bot. Gaz. 37: 436. are floras cited are: Stone, G. E. A List of Plants in Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, Massachusetts. Amherst. 1913. Hoffmann, R. Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: 171-382. 1922. Conn. fl.: Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut. Conn. State Nat. Hist. Survey. Bull. 14: 1910. Citations of habitat are from specimens in the Gray Herbarium and the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club, unless otherwise noted. Typha angustifolia.. Sparganium eurycar- Potamogeton bup- leuroides. ....... Potamogeton Friesii. Potamogeton filifor- mis & vars....... Zannichellia palust- a T A Triglochin maritima. d palustris. Sagittaria hetero- phyla TE Hierochloe odorata.. Phragmites com- Cyperus ferax ..... Eleocharis olivacea. . Scirpus americanus. s validus.. ... acutus..... fluviatilis. . . ae heterochae- Lemna minor...... $ trisulca .... Juncus balticus var. Bttoralis: o. Iris prismatica..... Potentilla Anserina Lathyrus palustris . £i maritimus Hibiscus Moscheu- Myriophyllum exal- DescenB.. .-..... Samolus floribundus. * Lake Champlain region * * * x % X * * Generally distributed in clays of eastern Maine Upper St. John Valley Merrimae and Concord Rivers XX XX * & & ^ Connecticut Valley, Massachusetts * XX XK XX X X » Housatonic Valley, Mass- * * 9$ * achusetts * Ottawa Region * t + & & * Western New York 4 4d AE €» & € AA * * Northeastern New York * * Great Lakes * Soe £8 V 9 € Canada Salt Plains * 66 Rhodora [APRIL Typha angustifolia L. In brackish and salt marshes along the coast north to Damariscotta Mills, Maine (RHoporA 23: 199, 1921). Rare inland except in the region of Lake Champlain. In Massachu- setts reported from Belchertown (G. E. Stone), and as rare in Berk- shire County (Hoffmann). In Connecticut, inland at Oxford and Salisbury (Conn. fl.). Common in the lowlands about Albany and Schenectady and central New York. The narrow-leaved forms of T. latifolia are often confused with this species. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Characteristic of clays along the coast, rarely in the interior, but not so characteristically halophil- ous as Typha angustifolia. Inland in eastern Massachusetts, Con- necticut valley, Housatonic valley, Lake Champlain, and eastern New York. Of its presence at Bic, Rimouski County, Quebec, Professor Fernald writes (RHoDoRA 10:96. 1908), “The most north- erly stations previously known to the writer for Sparganium eury- carpum are at Pictou, Nova Scotia, about 350 miles to the southeast [of Bic], at Oldtown, Maine, 200 miles or more nearly due south, and on Lake Champlain." During the summer of 1923, N. C. Fassett and the writer found it at Montmagny, about 130 miles southwest of Bic. Some collections in brackish habitats are: QUEBEC: salt marsh, Bie (M. L. Fernald); brackish ponds and deadwaters of inlet streams, Magdalen Islands (Fernald & Long); Marne: by alkaline pool, Woolwich (Fernald & Long); Mass.: brackish swamp, Scituate (E. F. Williams); etc. Potamogeton pectinatus L. This species of pondweed is character- istically maritime in eastern New England and the Maritime Prov- inces. In Maine known only from the valley of the St. Francis River, Aroostook County (M. L. Fernald), and from brackish pools at the mouth of the Kennebec River. In eastern Massachusetts it oceurs only in the lagoon-like brackish ponds of southern Cape Cod and the neighboring islands, but is widely distributed in western New England, in the Connecticut River to Hanover, New Hampshire, in eastern New York, Lake Champlain, and the interior of North America. Potamogeton bupleuroides Fernald. Most common in brackish pools but is widely distributed in inland waters in Maine, New Hamp- shire, and western Massachusetts. “In ponds, streams, and brack- ish waters. Occasional near the coast, extending inland as far as East Windsor." (Conn. fl) 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 67 Potamogeton Friesii Rupr. This species has the following distri- bution: river-mouths entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence in southern Labrador, Western Newfoundland, the Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, and at Truro and Amherst in Nova Scotia. It reappears in the Champlain region, western Massachusetts, and western Connecticut. The only station in eastern New England was at Fresh Pond [formerly brackish], Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is also found at the mouth of the St. John River in Gaspé, at Seneca Lake, New York, and infrequently at stations about the Great Lakes. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. including var. borealis St. John. Of northerly range and characteristic of calcareous regions, but often in brackish water in the St. Lawrence region. In New England only from Lake Champlain, and a single station at Fort Fairfield, Maine. Westward it is widely distributed. Triglochin maritima L. In New England known exclusively as a salt marsh plant, with the exception of two stations in Maine, one at Caribou Bog, Crystal, the other on gravelly beaches at Fort Fairfield. However, it is common in the interior of Newfoundland, occasional in swamps and bogs of central and western New York, and of wide continental distribution. Triglochin palustris L. “It is a common plant of limy or slightly brackish wet places in the northern section of the state [Maine] as well as in northern New Brunswick and Quebec, and it follows the coast, in brackish marshes, to Wells, near the New Hampshire border." (M. L. Fernald, RHODORA 10: 172. 1908.) It is of more northern distribution than 7. maritima, which extends southward to Ocean County, New Jersey. It is also occasional in central and western New York. Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh. Of very limited distribution in Berkshire County, becoming abundant in the Lake Champlain region and eastern New York. Otherwise confined in New England almost entirely to the tidal mouths of the larger rivers, such as the Kennebec in Maine. In New Hampshire it follows the Merrimac River to Manchester, and is reported from Hanover (E. F. Williams). In Massachusetts and Connecticut it is known from the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers. Zizania aquatica. For a recent critical treatment of this species N. C. Fassett, see Rnopona 26: 153-160. 1924. It occurs often 68 Rhodora [APRIL in brackish water, and also in the critical areas which are listed, with the exception of the upper St. John, and the Housatonic Valley. The range of typical Z. aquatica is described (l. c. p. 156) as “mouths of rivers and in brackish places, along the Atlantic coast of North America from southern Maine to western Florida and probably Louisiana, inland in northern New York, and rarely in Michigan.” However, some of the varieties of Z. aquatica have wide inland dis- tribution. This plant was omitted from the list of indifferent halo- phytes, and is not especially important in respect to the problem under discussion. Spartina Michauxiana Hitche. This grass, so common at the edge of salt marshes, is not infrequent about the larger lakes of Maine and Lake Champlain. In Massachusetts, it is found inland along the Concord, Charles, and Connecticut Rivers, and in two localities in Worcester County. “Frequent to common along the coast and near tidal rivers; rare inland as at Glastonbury and Oxford." (Conn. fl.) Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahl. Frequent about borders of salt marshes, occurring occasionally inland, even at high altitudes. Phragmites communis Trin. “Borders of marshes, either salt or fresh. Apparently rare inland." (Conn. fl.) In the clay country of western Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Magdalen Islands, and New Brunswick, southward along the coast. Inland to Lake Champlain, the upper St. John River, and several localities in central and southwestern Maine; in Massachusetts along the Concord and Connecticut Rivers, and very rarely in Berkshire County. Cyperus ferax Rich. A southern species of salt-marsh borders as far north as eastern Massachusetts. Inland on the Neponset marshes near Boston, and reported from the Connecticut River meadows (G E. Stone). Also in western New York. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. This is best treated as a “ halo- phyte.” “Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, originally described from the saline marshes of Onondaga Lake, New York, is found in saline habitats in northern or cooler areas of North America and Asia. In America it extends southward along the coasts to New Jersey and California, and through the interior to western New York, Illinois, Texas and Central Mexico." (See M. L. Fernald: The Variations of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Ruopora 16: 160-163. 1914.) It also grows about the salt springs of New Brunswick. 1927] — Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 69 Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Perhaps most characteristic of fresh- water swamps, but reaching its best development in brackish water. North as far as Mt. Desert and Nova Scotia. Rather common in northeastern Massachusetts; occasional in the Connecticut, Housa- tonic, and Champlain Valleys. Scirpus americanus Pers. Abundant in salt marshes along the coast, and frequently inland on the borders of sandy ponds. MAINE: in Androscoggin Valley to Leeds and Poland; N. H.: Manchester; Mass.: borders of ponds near the coast, especially in Plymouth County and Cape Cod, Brookfield (Worcester County), and at two stations on the Connecticut River, occasional in Berkshire County; Vr.: common in the Champlain region. Scirpus validus Vahl. Well distributed throughout, but most abundant in brackish marshes. Scirpus acutus Muhl. Widely distributed in eastern Maine and New Brunswick; along the Merrimac, Charles, and Concord Rivers and in Berkshire County in Massachusetts, also Cape Cod and Nan- tucket; Coos County in New Hampshire; Litchfield County and Hartford in Connecticut; and around Lake Champlain. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gr. Local, known at the following places. N. B.: Westfield, Nerepis River, “at high tide nearly covered ” (M. L. Fernald); Marxe: tidal swales, Bowdoinham, Phippsburg; Mass.: Lawrence, Watertown; Conn.: fresh and salt creeks and marshes, and along the Connecticut River to East Windsor; VT.: common around Lake Champlain. Occasional in eastern New York, and to the westward. Scirpus heterochaetus Chase. In New England known only from Lake Champlain and from the Charles River at Dedham, Massachu- setts. It occurs in northeastern New York (see Ruopora 25: 208. 1923) and westward. Lemna minor L. The distribution of this plant has already been noted. It is also occasional in the valley of the Housatonic in western Massachusetts, and in western Connecticut. Lemna trisulca L. More local than the preceding species. It has a similar distribution in the Maritime Provinces, is known from Houlton and Rockport in Maine (see RHopora 23: 199. 1921), and in New Hampshire at Seabrook, on the coast. In eastern Mas- sachusetts it has been reported from Medford, Cambridge, and South Lincoln, and from several stations on Nantucket. On western Mas- 70 Rhodora [APRIL sachusetts, western Connecticut, and the Champlain region it is not uncommon, and is of wide continental distribution to the westward. Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. Ordinarily a plant of sea strands and brackish meadows, it is found far up the St. John valley, inland along the shores of the Great Lakes, and in bogs in western New York. Iris prismatica Pursh. This is a southern species extending north to Wells Beach, Maine, and isolated on Cape Breton Island. Char- acteristic of the edges of salt marshes, but found inland in fresh meadows near the coast as far west as the Concord River, Mas- sachusetts. Potentilla Anserina L. This should not be confused with P. pacifica Howell. Beaches about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and apparently indigenous in the St. John Valley, Champlain Valley, and northwestward. The European plant is occasionally introduced on the seashore about cities. Lathyrus palustris L. and vars. Commonly in brackish situations _near the seashore, occurring inland in the St. John Valley and the Lake Champlain region. Rather common inland about the Great Lakes. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. A southern plant occurring in salt marshes along the coast, and inland in the Charles and Concord Rivers, Massachusetts. Also at Woodbury, Conn. (Conn. fl.) and in central New York. Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald. A calciphile species occurring also in brackish water. Known at Blanc Sablon, Labrador and the west coast of Newfoundland; in the St. John Valley, Maine; and at a few stations, chiefly brackish, along the coast to New Haven, Connecticut. Occasional west of the Connecticut River and about Lake Champlain. (See RHopora 21: 120-124. 1919.) Samolus floribundus H. B. K. Of extensive interior distribution in the southern and central states, but, except at stations in Brattle- boro and Middlebury, Vermont, confined to brackish river estuaries in New England and the Maritime Provinces, and the brackish pond shores of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. From the list of indifferent halophytes Eleocharis palustris has been omitted. This represents a technically complex group, the var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray, often characteristic of brackish water, but having a distribution not well defined. Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 71 Heller, likewise difficult of identification from reports, is recorded by Wiegand (RHoDORA 25: 62. 1923) from “brackish marshes along the coast from New Hampshire to Florida, Texas, and the West Indies, and also inland about the Great Lakes." House (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 72. 1924) reports it as “local or rare inland to the marshes of western and central New York and northward to St. Lawrence County." Eleocharis diandra Wright has also been omitted; al- though it sometimes occurs in brackish places, it can scarcely be considered as halophytic. Ptilimnium capillaceum!, although occur- ring inland in the southern states, apparently does not come into the zone of the Champlain submergence. From the foregoing discussion of the distribution of indifferent halophytes it is clear that none of them are confined to the area of the Champlain submergence, with the possible exception of Zanni- chellia palustris, which is known inland in New England only from Lake Champlain. Of the thirty plants tabulated in the list, sixteen occur in the Housatonic valley in Massachusetts, and thirteen in the Connecticut valley in Massachusetts, areas clearly beyond the influence of the Champlain submergence. Likewise in eastern New York, Stoller? has clearly shown that the marine submergence did not include the ancient Mohawk River channel, represented by Round Lake, Ballston Lake, and Alplaus Creek, connecting with the present channel at Schenectady. At Ballston Lake and Round Lake the writer has noted Typha angustifolia, Sagittaria heterophylla, Lemna minor, and Lemna trisulca, and in addition to these Potamogeton pectinatus, Phragmites communis, Scirpus fluviatilis, and Hierochloe odorata occur at Schenectady, all outside of the range of the Cham- plain submergence. In eastern Massachusetts we find Iris prismatica in meadows into which the marine waters could not possibly have come. Knowlton,’ in describing the flora of the Sandy River Valley in Maine, mentions the marine clays and sands left near Farmington but lists no plant that might be considered significant from the point of view of submergence. However, in considering the Merrimac Valley which Antevs (l. c.) has shown to have been submerged as far as Manchester, New Hampshire, we find occurring inland to Man- ! Ptilimnium capillaceum is regarded by Taylor as possibly representing a relic from marine submergence in New Jersey. See N. Y. Bot. Gard. Memoir 5: 11. 1915. ? Geol. Soc. Am. Bull 33: 515—526. 1922. 3 RHopoRa, 16: 11-17. 1914. 72 Rhodora [APRIL chester, Scirpus americanus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Sagittaria heterophylla, and Eleocharis diandra. The vegetation of the Merrimac Valley has not been carefully investigated from this point of view and it is possible that we might have here plants limited in their distribution to the former extent of the Post-Pleistocene sea. How- ever, a reconnaissance of the Lake Champlain region, the St. Lawrence Valley, and eastern New Brunswick in the summer of 1923, did not bring to light any indication of the survival of maritime plants in regions clearly covered by the Champlain submergence. (To be continued.) SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA L. KENNETH K. MACKENZIE. As is known, we have in the eastern United States one group of strongly stoloniferous goldenrods characterized by triple-nerved leaves to which belong the species now appearing in our botanies as Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago altissima L., and another group of strongly stoloniferous goldenrods characterized by not having triple-nerved leaves, to which group belongs the species now appearing in our manu- als as Solidago rugosa Mill. Now, some time before he published his work Hortus Upsaliensis in 1748, Linnaeus grew in the gardens at Upsala, Sweden, two species of American goldenrods. The first species, which later became the primary basis for his Solidago canadensis, was especially characterized by “foliis trinerviis.” The second species, which five years later became the primary basis for his Solidago altissima, was described as follows: *2. SOLIDAGO paniculato-corymbosa, racemis reflexis, floribus adscendentibus, foliis enerviis integerrimis. * Virga aurea altissima serotina, panicula speciosa patula. Martyn. hist. 14. t. 14. “Habitat in Malandia [should be Marilandia]. “ Hospitatur, sub dio, perennis. “Obs. Praecedenti valde affinis a qua differt: 1. Foliis crassioribus, margine vix vel parum scabris, superficie vix manifeste trinervi. 2. Caule duplo altiore, seu quadrupedali. 3. Tempore florendi seriore, scilicet octobri." Linnaeus Hort. Ups. 259. 1748. 1927] . Mackenzie,—Solidago altissima 73 It will be noted that he particularly emphasized the fact that the and that the plant was , leaves were “superficie vix manifeste trinervi’ twice as tall as the first species and was a late-flowering plant. Five years later, in publishing Solidago altissima, he amplified his description and remarks as follows: *3. SOLIDAGO paniculata-corymbosa, racemis recurvis, floribus adscendentibus, foliis enerviis subintegerrimis. Hort. ups. 259. “Virga aurea altissima serotina, panicula speciosa patula. Mart. cent. 14. t. 14. “Habitat in America septentrionali 9|. "Habitus praecedenti simillimus, diversus magnitudine, tempore florendi, serraturis nervisque foliorum; caeterum eadem commiscet plantas vix genuinas, forte hybridas, ut vix limites reperias. | Itaque conferantur. “Virga aurea novae angliae altissima, paniculis nonnunquam re- flexis. Boerh. lugdb. 1. p. 97. “Virga aurea americana hirsuta, radice odorata. Dill. elth. 410. t. 304. f. 391. “Virga aurea novae angliae, rugosis foliis crenatis. — Dill. elth. 406. t. 308. f. 392. "Virga aurea americana aspera, foliis brevioribus serratis. Dill. elth. 411. t. 305, f. 392. “Virga aurea marilandica, spicis florum racemosis, totiis! integris scabris: Mart. cent. 13. t. 13." Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: S78. 1753. And later (Sp. Pl. (Ed. 2) 2: 1233. 1760) he changed the word ‘subintegerrimis” to "serratis." In arriving at a proper conclusion as to the proper use of the name Solidago altissima we must, of course, always bear in mind that Lin- naeus had before him not only an actual specimen, but had grown the plant he named in the gardens at Upsala. Under such circumstances, if he cited plates from other authors representing some other species, his name must be applied to the plant he had before him and not to any other plant. The plant so described by Linnaeus was, for about a hundred years, identified with the plant which has more recently been called Solidago rugosa Mill. Then very unfortunately, Dr. Asa Gray noticed that Martyn’s plate fourteen cited by Linnaeus was not the plant to € 1 The word ''totiis" is a misquotation for ''foliis."' 74 Rhodora [APRIL which the name Solidago altissima was being applied. Thereupon, he announced (Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 177. 1882) that the name Solidago altissima must be treated as a synonym of the other species of Lin- naeus, Solidago canadensis, stating that “the true original of the Lin- naean species is the “plant of Martyn’s His. Pl.” represented by an excellent plate." ! He entirely passed over the fact that Linnaeus ex- pressly declared that his Solidago altissima had “foliis enerviis” as compared with the "foliis trinerviis" of his other species. He properly emphasized the fact that the plates doubtfully referred to Solidago altissima by Linnaeus should not be controlling, but he failed to consider that all of these plates except Martyn's plate 13 emphasized the statement of Linnaeus that he was dealing with a plant not pos- sessing “foliis trinerviis," as none of them except Martyn's plate 13 illustrate plants with three-nerved leaves. Following this article by Dr. Gray, the unfortunate Solidago al- tissima L. was reduced to synonymy and there remained for a number of years. Then Prof. M. L. Fernald (RHopora 10: 91-2. 1908) proceeded correctly to identify Martyn's plate with a very widely dis- tributed plant with triple-nerved leaves but with fairly large sized heads, and contrasted it with another widely distributed plant with triple-nerved leaves and small heads to which he restricted the name Solidago canadensis. On the basis of this identification he used the name Solidago altissima for the former plant. He quoted some of the remarks of Linnaeus, but, for some reason unknown to me, failed in any way to allude to the fact that Linnaeus described Solidago altis- sima as not having triple-nerved leaves; and failed to allude to the long continued use of the name by numerous botanists for the plant which he has called Solidago rugosa. In the Linnaean herbarium there is much confusion about the speci- mens of Solidago altissima. One sheet is a mixture of Solidago ne- 1 The history of the Linnaean Solidago canadensis is curiously similar to that of Solidago altissima. It was primarily based on a plant cultivated at Upsala, and in describing it, Linnaeus cited “ Virga aurea angustifolia, panicula speciosa canadensis. Pluk. alm. 389 t. 236 f. 1." He took his name from this Plukenet citation and it is the “true original of the Linnaean species" (Canadensis) just as much or just as little as the Martyn plate is the “true original" of Solidago altissima. Nevertheless, Gray said: “The Syn. Pluk. Alm. t. 236, fig. 1, which may have suggested the specific name, is to be excluded." (Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 177. 1882). Then he identified the Plukenet figure with Solidago odora Ait. (Syn. FL, 12: 151. 1884.) Following the course adopted with Solidago altissima, he should have used the name Solidago cana- densis for Solidago odora. As I have indicated I do not think the course followed with Solidago altissima was correct, nor do I think that the Plukenet figure represents Solidago odora. 1927] Mackenzie,—Solidago altissima 15 moralis, S. bicolor and S. odora. Another “ticketed by Linnaeus ‘altissima’ is noted, apparently by Smith's hand, as ‘S. Canadensis,’ but it probably is not” (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 177. 1882). A very interesting sheet, however, exists, the significance of which Gray failed to recognize. He says, “a specimen ticketed ‘serotina’ by Linnaeus, and by Smith ‘altissima’ is the species which has so long passed as S. altissima; viz, S. rugosa Mill." (Gray, l. c.). Turning again to the Linnaean description of S. altissima, it is to be noted that he particularly dwelt on the species being a very tall one and also a late-flowering one. Martyn also used both the words “ serotina” and “altissima” in connection with his plant. Linnaeus named his species “altissima,” probably both from his own description and from Mar- tyn’s name. It may, therefore, be hazarded that he had first named it “serotina” both from his own description and Martyn’s name, and that he failed to change his herbarium sheet. It will be recalled that he never published any “ Solidago serotina” and the only sheet in his herbarium which fully answers his description of Solidago altissima is the one marked by him Solidago serotina and noted by Smith as Solidago altissima. It will be recalled too, in this connection, that Solidago bicolor appears in his herbarium as Solidago discolor. I am sure that Gray’s statement that “ Linnaeus did not well know his species of Aster and of Solidago” (Proc. Am. Acad. 17:168. 1882) is most emphatically a correct statement. Both his S. canadensis and his 5. altissima are mixtures, and his herbarium is a very sad mixture. In his conception of Solidago altissima he first had mixed in some plant with entire leaves, either Solidago odora or the Martyn plate 14. As shown, he himself gradually eliminated this and his final description is a consistent one. It seems evident then that Solidago altissima should again be used as it was for about a century before 1882; namely, for the species which has of late been appearing in our botanies as Solidago rugosa Mill. Solidago hirsutissima Miller Gard. Dict. Ed. 8 (Solidago No. 15) 1768 1s I believe the name to be used for the plant which has lately been appearing as Solidago altissima L. MAPLEWOOD, NEW JERSEY. 76 Rhodora [APRIL STREPTOPUS OREOPOLUS IN THE Warre Mountatns.—Streptopus orcopolus Fernald, Ruopora, viii. 70 (1906), is an abundant species of subalpine woods and meadows of the Shickshock Mts. of Gaspé and it has recently been found to be equally characteristic of sub- alpine slopes in northwestern Newfoundland. It was, therefore, peculiarly interesting to find in a collection of miscellaneous speci- mens recently transferred from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University to the Gray Herbarium a very typical sheet of flowering material of S. oreopolus, collected by W. N. Suksdorf on Mt. Wash- ington, New Hampshire, July 17, 1887. The plant had been labeled in the hand of Dr. J. W. Blankinship “Streptopus roseus Mx.?", thus indicating a long-standing doubt as to its identity. The fact that it was collected by Suksdorf is determined from other labels of similar date, which bear his name; Mr. Suksdorf having been an assistant to Sereno Watson in 1886 and 1887. S. oreopolus has the long recurving perianth-segments of S. amplexifolius DC., but the flowers are deep crimson; and the leaves, instead of being whitish beneath, are green, only slightly paler than above. All specimens in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club (22 of them from the White Mountains) are typical S. amplexifolius and S. roseus.— M. L. FERNALD, Gray Herbarium. Vol. 29, no. 339 including pages 33 to 52 and a portrait plate, was issued 8 April, 1927. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. May, 1927. No. 341. CONTENTS: Polygonum Hydropiper. E. E. Stanford ....................... 77 Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence (continued). H. K. Svenson 87 Varieties of Artemisia borealis. M. L. Fernald ................. 93 Rayless Aster multiflorus. K. P. Jansson..................... 95 Romance of Economic Botany (Review) ........................ 95 Boston, Mass. | Providence, R. 3. 300 Massachusetts Ave. Preston and Rounds Co. 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Published and sold by the Gray HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass. Price postpaid 20 cts. each. Ten copies $1.50. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. Vol.II. Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America, by M. L. Fernald, 102 pages. Aug. 1925. $2.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Advertisements of Nurserymen and Dealers in Botanical and other Scien- tific Publications are inserted in these pages at the following rates per space of 4 in. by 3-4 in. 1 year $4.00, 6 months $2.50. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 29. May, 1927. No. 341. POLYGONUM HYDROPIPER IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. E. E. STANFORD. Polygonum Hydropiper L. is a characteristic and well-marked European species which is also somewhat widespread in North America. Recent American floristic works give the impression that it is indigenous in some portions at least of its American range. The discovery of a rather well-marked variety, described later in this paper, which is characteristic of a considerable portion of the American range of P. Hydropiper, lends a certain interest to the nativity of the American plant and justifies some discussion of the records of P. Hydropiper in America. The “P. Hydropiper” of early writers is strongly suggestive of P. punctatum Elliott (P. acre HBK.).! P. punctatum resembles P. 1 American botanists have not been in full agreement as to the name to be used for this species, but P. punctatum Elliott and P. acre HBK. are usually considered syn- onymous. The dates of publication are very close, and the records of that time are not all that might be desired. Most of the early North American works used the name of Elliott, probably largely because they were more certain of the identity of his plant than of the one described by Kunth from '' prope Havanam et Caracas. ” Also, in the earlier days the question of priority had not assumed its present import- ance. The first volume of the more common two-volume edition of Elliott's '' Sketch ” bears the date of 1821; it was, however, issued in a previous edition serially during 1816 and 1817. This edition is very rare. Part V, bearing the treatment of the Polygonums, as preserved in the Library of the Gray Herbarium, bears the date 1817. Barnhart (Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxviii. 680—688) has investigated the date of its publication and places it as probably December, 1817. The present writer has made inquiry of the Library of Congress and is informed that the South Carolina records concerned were probably destroyed during the Civil War. Under the cir- cumstances there seems no prospect of fixing the date more exactly. Vol. II of the folio edition of the ‘‘ Nova Genera et Species " of Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth is also dated 1817. This also appeared serially, and according to the researches of Barnhart (Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxix. 585-598) the portion treating of Polygonum (ii. pp. 177-180) came out in February, 1818. Under the circumstances Elliott's name seems preferable, and will here be used, except when P. acre is used in a quotational sense. 78 Rhodora IMay Hydropiper in the bright green cast of its foliage, in its somewhat interrupted and uncrowded panicle, and particularly in the evident development of internal glands (never glandular hairs) and strong peppery flavor. Among the principal differences between the two are the rugosity and dull lustre of the often lenticular achene of P. Hydropiper as contrasted with the smooth shining surface of the normally trigonal fruit of P. punctatum. Detailed descriptions of the achenes of these plants, however, are hardly to be found in the observations of early American floristic writers. P. punctatum, however, has normally eight stamens and a five-parted white or whitish calyx, while P. Hydropiper usually possesses only six stamens and a rather herbaceous calyx which is most often four-parted. "The earlier writers, following the Linnean system, were usually careful to enumerate the stamens, and in evaluating their descriptions more weight may be laid on this particular than on some others which might more quickly engage the attention of present-day systematists. It might be noted in passing, that the examination of a considerable amount of material designated by various collectors as “ Polygonum Hydropiper” and deposited in the Gray Herbarium indicates that the habit-similarities of these two technically well-defined species still cause a great deal of confusion among American collectors. Appearance of reduced panicles within the ocreae of P. Hydropiper, with a resultant rather bulged appearance of the short stipular sheath of this plant, contrasts strongly with the close-cylindrie effect of the longer sheaths of P. punctatum. This character, not generally noted in the floras, was apparently first made known by Meehan.! This writer, oddly enough, published the phenomenon as a dif- ferential character occurring in P. acre HBK., rather than in P. Hydropiper; his error in identification was noted by Small in 1895. The strong acrid pungency of P. Hydropiper attracted theattention of physicians of previous centuries, who employed it as a diuretic, as a blistering agent, and for various other purposes. "Thus it is not surprising that the first references to what was taken for this plant in America are to be found in medical writings. Cutler, in 1785, employed the Linnean description of P. Hydropiper, but not the binomial, with the descriptive comment: “Blossoms white. Common both in dry and moist land. August. It occasions severe smarting when rubbed on the flesh. . . . It ! Meehan. On a special form of Cleistogamy in Polygonum acre. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 1892. 163-164. 1927] .. Stanford,—Polygonum Hydropiper 79 dyes wool yellow. Dr. Withering says, it cures little aphthous ulcers in the mouth.—That the ashes mixed with soft soap is a nostrum, in a few hands, for dissolving the stone in the bladder; but perhaps not preferable to other caustic preparations of the vegetable alkali. "! And the German, Schópf? uses the Linnean binomial, giving: “toc. Noveboraci subhumida. " and: “vsvs: Calculus! Odontalgia, Excoriatura oris. ” The text of neither of these writers is sufficiently explicit to exclude P. punctatum. The “white flowers” of Cutler are rather suggestive of that species. Cutler, apparently, never traveled abroad, but Schópf, very probably, may have been familiar with the European plant. Perhaps it is worth noting that P. Hydropiper, which of recent years has been forgotten by the medical profession, seems, judging from two recent papers, to have newly attracted attention in Russia as a hemostatic. Certainly there is need for something of this sort in Russia, and P. Hydropiper seems naturally well suited to the Bolshevik taste. Among the systematists, Michaux seems first to have listed P. Hydropiper in. America: “P. stipulis laxis, glabris, apice ciliatis, maculatis: foliis lanceolatis, omisso margine glabris: spicis filiformibus, debilibus, subcernuis; bracteis remotiuscule alternis; floribus albidis, octandris, semitrigy nis. Obs. Sapor, herba, florescentia Hydropi peris europaei. Flores semel vidi 7-andros, nunquam vero stamina pauciora. Hab. in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, regione Illinoensi et Carolinis. "? Small, in 1895, accepted this description as referring without doubt to the Linnean P. Hydropiper; but whatever Michaux's personal knowledge of the European species described by Linnaeus (1753), the characters of the androecium and the white flowers engender a strong suspicion that Michaux's plant is the same that was later to be described by Elliott as P. punctatum. Next, chronologically, comes the rather cryptic "Catalogus" of Mühlenberg (1813). The flowers of “P. Hydropiper” here are “alb.-pur.” A purpurascent tint sometimes appears on the calyx- tip of P. Hydropiper, but the prevailing hue of the flower is greenish. ı Cutler, An Account of Some of the Vegetable Productions naturally growing in this Part of America, botanically arranged. Mem. Am. Acad. i. 439 (1785). ? Schópf, Materia Medica Americana potissimum Regni Vegetabilis (1787). Re- printed as Bull. Lloyd Libr. no. 6. Reprod. Ser. no. 3 (1903). 3 Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 238 (1803). 80 Rhodora [May Pursh (1814), who referred P. hydropiperoides Michx. to P. mite Pers., described a “ P. Hydropiperoides" of his own: “P. floribus 8- andris semi-3-gynis . . . Miche. fl. amer. 1. p. 228. sub. P. Hydropiperide . . . Flowers white; taste and appearance of P. Hydropiper, but different in the flowers." Here, again, the white flowers, 8 stamens and 3 styles at once suggest P. punctatum. Elliott (1817) proposed P. punctatum, which is described in fair detail and is generally considered synonymous with P. acre HBK. which was published at almost the same time. Elliott cites both P. ‘hydro- piperoides Pursh and P. Hydropiper Michx. as synonyms, and the same citation is given by such closely contemporary writers as Barton (1818), Darlington (1826) and Beck (1833), who do not list P. Hydro- piper. The first American description which appears really to fit the Linnean plant is that of Bigelow (1814): “Stamens six; styles two, half united; leaves lanceolate, spotless, waved; spike filiform, nodding; stem erect. Sm. Well known for its intense acrimony. . . . Stipules loose, glabrous, fringed with hairs at the top . . . Michaux observed eight, and never less than seven stamens in this plant in America »1 25 " Sm.," carried back to Smith (1800) brings to light a Latin descrip- tion from which that of Bigelow is a translation, and which was obviously drawn from English material. But Bigelow's second edition (1824) includes as synonyms P. hydropiperoides Pursh and P. punctatum Ell. The identity of Bigelow's plant, then, is rather problematical. If the description be taken at its face value it is apparently the oldest American description of true P. Hydropiper, but the citation of the synonyms indicates that Bigelow did not clearly understand the species. The three editions of Darlington give some ground for the suspicion that the “P. punctatum Ell." of some of these early writers may really have been P. Hydropiper. In the first edition of the * Florula Cestrica" (1826: p. 48) the description of * P. punctatum" is brief, and might apply to either plant; but the notation of habitat suggests P. Hydropiper: “ Barnyards, lanes, along ditches, &c. common.” In the second edition (1837: p. 248) the wording is much amplified: n : styles 2, or 3; seed lenticular, or triquetrous . . . Flowers articulated to pedicels about as long as the perianth ! Bigel. Fl. Bost. 93 (1814). 1927] Stanford,—Polygonum Hydropiper 81 Perianth green, covered with brownish glandular dots, the margins of the segments white, often tinged with purple . . . Seed compressed, ovate and lenticular, or ovoid-triquetrous LS purplish black when mature, roughish punctate under a lens. Hab. Moist waste grounds; margins of pools & ditches: frequent i Obs. The seeds of this species are generally compressed, with 2 styles; but often on the same plant they are triquetrous ii All of which is suggestive of P. Hydropiper and not of P. punctatum; furthermore, the flowers on pedicels about equaling the perianth and the compressed, ovate and lenticular (not flattened) fruit are characters of the American variety of the plant rather than of the European type. P. Hydropiper Michx. is included in the synonymy, with the state- ment “not? of L." Darlington's third edition (1853: p. 247) elucidates the matter: “P. Hydropiper L. . . . P. punctatum. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2, p. 248, not of Ell. (fide ENGELMANN) . . . Hab. Moist waste grounds; introduced? . . . Obs. I have a suspicion that this is but a naturalized weed, among us. It would seem to be distinct from the P. punctatum of ELLiorr,—with which I have hitherto confounded it. Dr. ENGELMANN, writing to me, in October, 1847, says—Polygonum Hydropiper and P. punctatum are two well-dis- tinguished species; known from a distance already by the heavy pendulous green spikes of the former, and the light more distant- flowered erect whitish spikes of the latter; this has, also, amongst other distinguishing characters, shining smooth nuts,—the other opaque rough ones, Kc. Both grow here [St. Louis, Missouri] com- mon." Though Darlington does not cite his first edition (1826) he no longer lists P. punctatum Ell. Therefore it is fairly apparent that P. Hydro- piper was common in Chester County, Pennsylvania, as long ago as 1826, and (judging also by more recent references in which the two are confounded) it may well be conjectured that Darlington may not have been the only writer of that day to describe P. punctatum from P. Hydropiper. Engelmann's German botanical experience, coupled with his well-known powers of observation, accounts for his clear differentiation of these two species whose similarities had proved so deceitful. Widespread occurrence in 1826, of course, does not necessarily mark the plant as native. P. Persicaria (a much more aggressive weed, however) was described from Virginia by Gronovius (1739) and is generally and probably correctly listed as an introduction. The first edition of Gray’s Manual (1848: p. 387) describes FE: 82 Rhodora [May Hydropiper, L. . . . leaves lanceolate . . . wavy margined; sheaths inflated . . . fruit either lenticular or 3-sided í roughish . . . (P. Hydropiperoides, Pursh. P. punctatum, Ell.) Low grounds, very common . . . A well-known, intensely acrid plant." The second edition (1856: p. 373) separates P. Hydropiper and P. acre HBK. (P. punctatum Ell.) with the comment on the former " (Nat. from Eu.)" In the fifth edition (1867: p. 416) is the remark as to P. Hydropiper: “apparently introduced eastward, but indigenous northward." Small, in 1895, amplified this somewhat: * Naturalized from Europe southward and eastward, said to be native in the north and west”; and this is virtually the statement carried in the seventh edition of Gray's Manual (1908). Britton & Brown (1896) take another view: “Naturalized from Europe in our area, perhaps indigenous in the far Northwest," and this statement was also continued by Britton in 1901. Turning, therefore, to records primarily concerning other sections of the country, Walter (1788) and Elliott (1817) list from the South nothing suggestive of P. Hydropiper. It is also missing from the three edi- tions of Darby's Southern Botany. Chapman (1860) does not contain it, but his second edition (1883) lists it as * Common Smart- weed . . . Roadsides, Northern Georgia, and northward,” without comment on its origin there. Among southwestern and western records, Porter cited “P. Hydropiper" as occurring at “Samoita Valley, Arizona, at 4,500 feet elevation . . . Roth- rock (688). Introduced?”! But Rothrock's no. 688, as represented in the Gray Herbarium, is typical P. punctatum Ell. Watson in 1880, included P. Hydropiper as “A European species which also ranges across this continent northward; found in Washington Territory and perhaps in Northern California."? Coulter said “ Ranging across the continent northward where it is probably indigenous. ''? Hydberg in 1917 said “nat. from Eu.”;4 Howell (1902) and Piper (1906) list P. Hydropiper from the Northwest, but offer no speculations as to how it got there, Central and eastern Canadian records are scanty. Provancher (1862) lists a plant as: * P. Hydropiper Michx.— P. punctatum Ell. Calice de méme que le tige chargé de poils glanduleux, ! Porter, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. vi. 232 (1878). ? Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 14 (1880). 3 Coult. Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 320 (1885). ! Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 337 (1917). 1927] Stanford, —Polygonum Hydropiper 83 brunátres Styles 2-3. Akéne trigone, non luisant, finement rugu- eux.—Canada—Floride: fossés; commune." The fruit is the fruit of P. Hydropiper, but the “poils” are the hairs of a stranger. Macoun's Catalogue (1883) gives no formal description, but “In ditches by roadsides, and on roads in woods eastward and apparently introduced, but westward it is found on the margins of lakes, ponds and rivers where settlement has never taken place. It is easily distinguished from the next [P. acre HBK.] by its triangular, black and shining achenium." There is the possibility that this may be in part responsible for the opinion of some later writers as to the western nativity of P. Hydropiper. But most evidently the plant is P. punctatum. Macoun’s “P. acre" is not described; his means of differentiation suggests that it may be P. H ydropiper. All the stations listed for it are in Ontario. It is evident from this possibly tedious review that the early history of P. Hydropiper on the continent is inextricably mixed with that of P. punctatum (chiefly, no doubt, with the slender annual var. leptostachyum), It is also evident that as long as a given plant passed as the latter it usually was supposed to be native, but that either, taken for P. Hydropiper, was very likely to be thought an immigrant. From the literature and from the collections of the Gray Herbarium it appears that P. Hydropiper in America is less widespread than is sometimes stated; considerably less widespread, for instance, than P. Persicaria, of whose foreign origin there is no doubt. "The latter is a weed of cultivation; P. Hydropiper is of barnyards, wet lands, bogs, woods, and waste places. Yet the records and material do not indicate it as occurring far from civilization. From the avail- able evidence, it occurs chiefly east of the Mississippi and in the Pacific Northwest. In its most typical development the American variety of P. H ydro- piper, presently to be described, occurs in eastern Canada and the United States from the Atlantic coast to Iowa and Oklahoma. Mate- rial from the Pacific states of Washington and Oregon, and the only specimen seen from Idaho, and certain scattered specimens from the eastern portion of this continent, appear to be inseparable from the European type. What information is available as to the locality of these specimens usually indicates them as of ballast neighborhood, waste-dumps, or of places long-settled. "The frequent occurrence in the Pacific Northwest of evidently native types of various plants 84 Rhodora [May quite inseparable from well-known European species is rather well- known; still, the evidence available in the case of P. Hydropiper would rather indicate it as an introduction in that part of the country. As to the possible identity of the American variety with any European variation of P. Hydropiper, it may be said that the Lin- nean species is indeed a variable one, and one which has been ex- tensively subdivided by European students, but the literature indi- cates that these European subdivisions are based chiefly on the habit and foliage rather than the characters of the inflorescence and fruit which are to be accentuated in the present instance. Some European material at hand resembles the American in certain respects, but the latter is believed to be sufficiently divergent and widespread on this side of the Atlantic to justify its separation. A peculiarity sometimes noted in the European species is the pro- duction of comparatively large fascicles of elongated and imperfect achenes of a similar state of development, in contrast with the usual condition in the sugbenus Persicaria, which in the large-fascicled species usually prolong the period of development of the flowers of the fascicle. This tendency of the European material is also found in that from the Pacific Northwest, and in scattering eastern speci- mens otherwise referable to the European type, but is not noticeable in any material at hand which is otherwise of the American type, although the latter represents a considerably larger number of speci- mens. In view of the discussion of hybridism in an earlier paper,' the suggestion of that cause of this phenomenon may be raised, and cannot be dealt with summarily. There is also the possibility of concealed parasitism. Whatever the cause, its occurrence in material of the European type, and its absence in the American, is sufficiently striking to deserve mention. The definite type of departure from the European characters of inflorescence and fruit as seen in the American variety seems too fundamental to have been established in the short period of European settlement of this country. It has been shown that the early records of this supposedly introduced plant are enveloped in a haze of un- certainty. "Taking the situation as a whole, it seems to the present writer highly probable that the American variety of P. Hydropiper may represent a race of the plant whose establishment here far 1 Stanford, Possibilities of Hybridism as a Cause of Variation in Polygonum. Ruo- DORA, xxvii. 81-89 (1925). 1927] Stanford,—Polygonum Hydropiper 85 antedates the settlement by white men and which has profited sufficiently by the advance of civilization to seize an increasingly prominent place in the American flora. For congeneric examples of a similar opportunism one need seek no further than the well-known P. Careyi Olney and P. pensylvanicum L., whose weed-tendencies entitle them to rank in that respect with most of the more assertive European additions to our flora. The inclusive species, Polygonum Hydropiper may be defined as follows: Plants annual, bright green or reddened, intensely acrid and glandu- lar, but without glandular hairs; ocreae below usually dilated with more or less concealed diminutive panicles of cleistogamous flowers: typical panicles usually drooping: calyx green, mostly 4-parted, achene lenticular or trigonal. The two American variations are distinguished below: Pedicels not strongly exserted from the ocreolae: achenes mostly “post iy cingi dci PEE THE AM op ttc P. Hylropiper Pedicels strongly exserted from the oereolae: achenes 2-2.5 mm. A Vlde i im tuts P. Hylropiper var. projectum PorvcouuM HYDROPIPER L. Sp. Pl. 361 (1753).—Annual, whole plant peppery and acrid: stem 2-6 dm. high, erect, or assurgent, the extremities somewhat drooping, often much branched, green or brown, glabrous; internodes 3-6 em. long; nodes not much swollen: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. wide, 4-9 cm. long, sessile or decurrent on a very short petiole, acute or acuminate, often blunt at tip, cuneate or cuneate-rounded at base, glabrous or glabrescent, glandular-punctate; margin and veins nearly nude or with minute bristles; margin somewhat crisped or undulate: ocreae 0.5-1 em. long, scarious, brown, minutely glandular-roughened, rather loose, appear- ing inflated below because of partly concealed panicles consisting of a few flowers only; margin truncate, with a few short bristles (about 1 mm. long): inflorescence of numerous panicles, some rudimentary and partially or wholly concealed in the ocreae, others with long slender sinuous or nodding peduncles; ocreolae and few-flowered fascicles scattered along the rhachis or sometimes rather crowded: ocreolae 2-2.5 mm. long, narrow-turbinate, herbaceous or with red- dened tips, nude or with sparse bristles, rather obliquely truncate: pedicels nearly or wholly included in the ocreola, appearing shorter than the fruiting calyx: calyx green or reddish-tipped, usually 4- parted to below the middle (sometimes 3- or 5-parted), copiously dotted with dark glands; fruiting calyx 3-4.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, closely inclosing the entire fruit, or the style-tips barely visible: stamens 6 or fewer, appearing reduced, included: style 0.5 mm. or less, 2- or 3-parted, included or sometimes exserted in fruit: achene 86 Rhodora [May 2-2.5 mm. wide, 3-3.5 mm. long, dark brown, lenticular and strongly convexed on one side, flattened or somewhat gibbous on the other, or trigonal with broad angles, dull and striate with minute puncta- tions, rather sharp-pointed.—P. Hydropiper of European authors; not of American (for the most part at least). Persicaria Hydropiper (L.) Opiz, Seznam, 72 (1852).—Widespread in Europe; in North America introduced in Newfoundland, the Magdalen Islands, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Massachusetts; also Oregon, Washington, and Idaho; chiefly in or near settlements; probably elsewhere. The following are referred here. NEWFOUNDLAND: Birchy Cove (Curling) Fernald & Wiegand, no. 3313. Quebec: Bords du ruisseau, Longueuil Victorin, no. 9745. Nova Scotia: Canso, August 23, 1901, J. Fowler. MassACHUSETTS: moist ground, West Cambridge, Gray Herb. Local Coll. September 29, 1894; waste heap by Horn Pond, Woburn, October 11, 1896, E. F. Williams. OREGON: Portland, Suksdorf, no. 2951; Salem, J. C. Nelson, no. 2480, Linnton, Suksdorf, no. 1567. WASHINGTON: by a spring at Prindle, Skamania County, Suksdorf, no. 7418; Bingen, Klickitat County, Suksdorf, no. 6947. Inano: stream-edge, Boise, June A. Clark, no. 294. Var. projectum var. nov., foliis plerumque 1-1.5 em. latis 4—5 em. longis; ciliis ocrearum circa 2 mm. longis, ocreolis plerumque ciliatis; calycis fructiferis 2-2.5 mm. latis 2-2.3 mm. longis breviter ovoideis vel breviter trigonis exsertis; pedicellis gracilibus ocreolis subaequan- tibus; achaeniis 1.9-2.2 mm. latis 2-2.5 mm. longis trigonis vel biconvexis obtuse acuminatis nigrescentibus.—Presumably P. Hydro- piper of the following American authors: Bigel. Fl. Bost. 93 (1814); Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3: 247 (1853); Gray, Man. 387 (1848), in part, and ed. 2: 373 (1856); Small. Monog. N. A. Polyg. 84 (1895); Britton € Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 560 (1896).* Wet places, borders of woods and waysides, Quebec to Wisconsin, southward to Oklahoma and Georgia; probably also in California. "The following are referred here. QUEBEC: vicinity of Cap à l'Aigle, Macoun, no. 68,698; Little Metis, Fowler, August 27, 1906. MAGDELEN IsLanps: wet clearing, Grind- stone, Grindstone Island, Fernald, Long & St. John, no. 7371. Nova Scoria: brackish shore, Sydney Mines, Bissell € Linder, no. 21,067; pebbly beach, Purcell’s Cove, Halifax Harbor, Howe & Lang, no. 1504. Marne: Rumford, Parlin, 1889. Massacuusetts: Jamaica Plain, Faxon, open roadside gutters near farm barns, Worthington, Robinson, no. 778. RHoDE IsLaND: ditches around Reservoir, Newport, Rich, September 21, 1901; Tiverton, Greenman, no. 1751. New York: low ground, Ithaca, Metcalf, no. 2238. VIRGINIA: near Franklin, Heller, no. 1125. West VIRGINIA: moist pebble shore, banks of Shaver's Fork, Parsons, Tucker Co. 4. H. Moore, no. 2806 (TYPE in Gray Herb.). MicHIGAN: along a swamp road, 1 Not P. Hydropiper Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 239 (1803); Darlington, Fl. Cestr. 48 (1826) and ed. 2: 247 (1837); Porter in Rothrock, Cat. Pl. Nev. etc. 231 (1878); Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 441 (1883); all of which are P. punctatum Ell. — 1927] Svensom,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 87 Turin, Marquette Co., B. Barlow, August 10, 1901. "WISCONSIN: Milwaukee, Lapham. ILLINOIS: rock barrens, Wakanda, Gleason, June 12, 1903; moist soil, Skokie Marsh, W. of Glencoe, Sherff, September 3, 1911. Iowa: Ames, Pammel, Bell & Combs, no. 197. OKLAHOMA: moist creek-bank near Shawneetown, McCurtain Co., Houghton, no. 3881 (distributed as P. hydropiperoides); by R. R. track near Howe, Leflore Co., Stevens, no. 27,981. The following is referred here as a somewhat exaggerated type, unique in the col- lections at hand, not resembling material from Oregon and Wash- ington, which is referable to typical P. Hydropiper. CALIFORNIA: moist places in fields in the blue oak belt, 5 mi. so. of Redding, plentiful, Heller, no. 12,445 (distributed as Persicaria punctata). COLLEGE OF THE Paciric, Stockton, California. EFFECTS OF THE POST-PLEISTOCENE MARINE SUB- MERGENCE IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. H. K. SvENsON. (Continued from p. 72.) Tue Post-PLEISTOCENE SEA IN RELATION TO THE INTERIOR Dis- TRIBUTION OF MARITIME PLANTS IN EUROPE. Oceanic submergences in Europe corresponding to the Champlain submergence have been carefully studied, and with these submergences has been correlated the distribution of living plants and plant remains found in the post-glacial and inter-glacial deposits. Most of this work has been done in Scandinavia,! by the coóperation of geologists and botanists. Miss Warburg? describes plants of the seashore which survive in the interior of Sweden, probably due to the fact that the sea formerly reached these places. The Milaren [a lake near Stockholm] was once a bay of the Baltic Sea, and upon its shores still survive plants of the sea coast, such as Triglochin maritima and Juncus Gerardi. From her I quote as follows: * Besides the plants already mentioned Sernander gives still another example of this kind of relic in the flora ! For a survey of Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene changes of level in Scandinavia, and a brief review of successive plant immigrations see W. F. Wright: The Quaternary Ice Age. 1914. ? Warburg, Elsa. On Relics in the Swedish Flora. Geol. Soc. Upsala Bull. 8: 146—170. 1908. 88 Rhodora [May of Upland. In the middle of a flat meadow, a salt spring is situated, the salinity of which is derived from the marine clay of the surround- ings. Because of drainage conditions the original seawater salts of the clay have not been quite removed, thus several elements of the old salt-loving vegetation have been able to remain around the spring. We find there not only the Malar relics, Juncus Gerardi and Tri- glochin maritima, but also Glaux maritima and Alopecurus ventricosus. “Elymus arenarius is quoted as another example. It belongs gen- erally to the flora of the seacoast, but is also found at the shores of the [lake] Vettern and Viinern and at some rivers in Norrland. How- ever these occurrences might be due to quite accidental spreading, as this grass also lives in the interior in a place which never in post- glacial time has been reached by the sea. ” Frödin! (p. 36), in a survey of the coastal vegetation of western Sweden, concludes that salt from the Post-Pleistocene marine sub- mergence would not remain in the soil in sufficient quantities to influence the present vegetation. However, a recent survey? of the coast vegetation of Sweden has the following statement: “Most of the species . . . found on shore-meadows, sea drift deposits, or in salt water, are in the interior confined to oecologically similar habitats within the districts of our region richest in nutriment. The localities are to a great extent situated below the highest marine boundary, and it is conceivable that at least some of the species—especially those having a resistant wiry subterranean system and usually uniting into hard associations— might be relicts from former seashores." “Cynanchum vincetoxicum and Poa bulbosa may probably be interpreted as surviving in the interior from old, higher seashore.” These citations tend to show that in Europe as in North America, the influence of Post-Pleistocene submergence upon the present distribution of the vegetation is somewhat problematical. The extent of submergence from the point of view of fossil plant remains is more significant.? !Fródin, John. Tvenne vástskandinaviska klimatfaktorer och deras växt- geographiska betydelse. Archiv fór Botanik. Band 11, No. 12: 1—74. 1912. ? F. Hard av Segerstad: The main Features of the floral plant-geography of southern Sweden. Bot. Notiser 1925: 222-250. 1925. 3 For a critical correlation of plant remains with the former extent of the post- glacial sea in eastern Sweden, see U. Sundelin: Ueber die spatquatire Geschichte der Küstengegenden Oestergótlands und Smalands. Geol. Soc. Upsala Bull. 16: 195- 242. 1918-1919. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 89 INVESTIGATION OF THE Sr. LAWRENCE VALLEY AND THE NEW BRUNSWICK SALT SPRINGS. During the summer of 1923, Mr. N. C. Fassett and the writer inves- tigated a region included in the Champlain submergence area, from Burlington, Vermont, to Montreal, and through the St. Lawrence Valley to Matane County, Quebec, thence into New Brunswick by the Matapedia River, along the coast to Moncton, and through the Kennebecasis Valley to St. John and the coast of Maine (Mr. Fassett was engaged in research on estuarine plants, and the writer is In- debted to him for the identification of many plants collected during this trip). It was felt that investigation of a region known to have been submerged in the Champlain period—such as the Lower St. Lawrence, or the Kennebecasis Valley of New Brunswick—might disclose features of plant distribution not to be seen farther to the southward. However few, if any, direct evidences were seen of the adaptation or survival of maritime plants inland, under circum- stances that would allow one to conclude that they existed merely because of the salt which had remained in marine clays deposited during the Champlain submergence. Along the south side of the lower St. Lawrence the elevated clay terraces are very prominent, Chalmers! recording a subsidence of from 345 to 375 feet in the region below Riviére du Loup, but with the exception of Euphrasia and Juncus balticus var. littoralis noted on the clay banks just west of Trois Pistoles and elsewhere, no mari- time plants were seen on these terraces. Juncus balticus var. lit- toralis also occurs in fresh meadows in proximity to the ocean and along the tidal shores of the St. Lawrence, extending inland to the Great Lakes. It is of interest to record the progression of maritime plants along the St. Lawrence River. No attempt was made to trace the exact extension of these plants westward, but at St. Augustine, Portneuf County, appeared Triglochin maritima; at St. Michel, Bellechasse County, Ranunculus Cymbalaria; at St. Jean-Port-Joli, L’Islet County, Solidago sempervirens, Limonium trichogonum, Plantago decipiens, Spartina alterniflora, Salicornia europaea, Rumex pallidus, Lathyrus maritimus and Atriplex patula var. hastata; at St. Roche des Aulnaies, L'Islet County, Iris setosa var. canadensis, Cakile edentula, M ertensia maritima, Allium Schoenoprasum var. sibiricum, and Senecio Pseudo- 1 Ann. Rept. Can. Geol. Survey. 1886. 8M. 90 Rhodora [Mav Arnica; and about three miles west of Rivére du Loup, Temiscouata County, Potentilla pacifica, Scirpus nanus, and Ammophila breviligu- lata. The halophytic vegetation of Temiscouata County is described in detail by Marie-Victorin (l. c.). The subsidence in the region of the Bay of Chaleurs has been described by Chalmers,' but the marine deposits are not so striking as those along the St. Lawrence River. "The less severe climate, as the name of the bay would suggest, offers opportunity for the existence of southerly types of both plants and animals, probably due to the great expanse of warm, shallow water, protected from ocean currents. Even oysters flourish here. "These southern animals—and very likely the southern plants, such as Aster subulatus var. obtusifolius—came at a time subsequent to the Champlain submergence (See previous quotation from Upham). The Champlain Sea covered relatively small areas near the coast, and extended up the river valleys. To quote from Chalmers,? “There was first a subsidence, which seems to have commenced in the glacial period, continuing until its close or later, the land . . . sinking about 220 feet below its present level relative to the present high tides of the Bay of Fundy. When this subsidence had reached its maximum the coast districts were partially submerged and the isthmus of Chiegnecto almost wholly. One arm of the bay would form a strait along the Petitcodiac and Kennebeckasis valleys, making the longitudinal tract lying to the southeast an island.” Accompanying maps show the presence of marine clays and sands throughout the Kennebecasis Valley. Hence, if any single region in New Brunswick should show evidences of the survival of marine plants upon the Post-Pleistocene marine deposits, it seems that the Kennebecasis Valley should be the region, but only Spartina Michauxiana which grew commonly on sandy roadsides, often at a fairly high elevation above the Kennebecasis River, was observed. It is possible that here the plant may owe its existence to the marine deposits. In the Kennebecasis Valley are salt springs which in earlier days were extensively worked. From the largest of these, about four miles northeast of Sussex, salt water flowed from a driven pipe at a considerable pressure, and in the surrounding miniature salt marsh, Salicornia europaea grew abundantly. Intermingled with it were ! Ann. Rept. Can. Geol. Survey, 1887-1888: 20N. ? Ann. Rept. Can. Geol. Survey. 1888-1889. 10N. 1927] | Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 91 Atriplex patula var. hastata, Juncus bufonius var. halophilus, Spergu- laria salina, and a single plant of Ranunculus Cymbalaria. Within the influence of the salt, within about twenty meters from the pipe, grew Agrostis alba var. maritima, Distichlis spicata, Puccinellia paupercula var. alaskana, Scirpus acutus, Scirpus americanus and Juncus balticus var. littoralis. It is possible that surface springs may have contributed some salt water to these plants. This was the only locality in which Juncus balticus var. littoralis was found at a situation remote from the ocean, nor did search reveal it at any other place in the valley. The other salt springs are less accessible, since they are away from the main avenue of travel. Two of these are found along Salt Spring Creek, about thirty miles southeast of Sussex. At the first of these to be visited, at Salina, salt water trickled from a small depression about five meters from the stream, and communicated to the stream by means of a very small brook, which was nearly dry. About this were growing a few plants of Atriplex patula var. littoralis and Agrostis alba var. maritima. No other halophytes were seen. At Salt Springs, a mile to the northward along the same stream, preliminary attempts had been made to produce salt upon a commercial scale. A well was driven and from an iron pipe of about 10 cm. diameter the salt water gushed forth. Although fully as much salt water flowed as in the spring at Sussex, maritime plants with the exception of Agrostis alba var. maritima were entirely lacking. The ground about the pipe is discolored by iron, and the water soon makes its way to a small brook which cuts through the meadow turf. The lack of halophytes may be due to several causes; namely, the site of the well (which was driven in 1895) may not have been marked by surface springs sufficient to maintain such plants, or drainage might be such that salt-marsh plants would not prosper, or, what seems more reasonable, the recent opening may not have allowed salt marsh plants to arrive there from other parts. Of these New Brunswick springs Bailey! writes, “The rocks of the Lower Carboniferous formation are in several places the scoures of salt springs, as in the vicinity of Sussex in Kings County, at Salt- Spring Brook, parish of Upham, in the same county, and on the Tobique River, in Victoria County. Of these the Sussex springs are the most important. "There are half a dozen springs within a radius Bailey, L. W. Ann. Rept. Can. Geol. Survey. 1897. 121 M, 122 M. 92 Rhodora [May of a quarter of a mile, all about six miles from Sussex station, but less than a mile from the line of the Intercolonial Railway. No attempt has been made to manufacture salt in other localities in the province. Brine springs also occur at Salina. This locality was visited by Mr. R. Chalmers, of the Geological Survey, in 1895, when a boring in the highly inclined Lower Carboniferous rocks had been made to a depth of 330 feet. A specimen of the brine was collected remarkable because of the large pro- portion of potassium. ” Since the springs have been used by man “for nearly a century” it is impossible to decide whether the maritime plants occur naturally there, i. e., as a result of the post-glacial submergence, or whether they have been unconsciously introduced by man in the extraction of salt, or from time immemorial by animals frequenting the salt springs, or by winds or birds. The salt water of the Petitcodiac lies less than forty miles to the northward. It is from that direction that one might naturally expect the transfer of maritime plants. It is of interest to compare the vegetation of these springs with the vegetation of the salt springs of western New York. A list of such halophytes follows: HALOPHYTES IN WESTERN NEW YORK. Ruppia maritima L. Najas marina L. Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa (Merrill) Fernald Agrostis alba var. maritima (Lam.) Mey. Diplachne maritima Bicknell Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Scirpus nanus Spreng. Scirpus campestris var. paludosus Fernald. Juncus bufonius var. halophilus Buchenau & Fernald. Juncus Gerardi Loisel. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. Chenopodium rubrum L. Atriplex patula L. Salicornia europaea L. Spergularia salina J. & C. Presl. Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kit. (See RHODORA 12: 157. 1910.) Spergularia alata Wiegand (See RHopora 22: 15. 1920.) Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. Aster subulatus Michx. Aster angustus (Lindl.) T. & G. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. 1927] Fernald,—Varieties of Artemisia borealis 93 HALOPHYTES IN THE NEw BRUNSWICK SALT SPRINGS. Agrostis alba var. maritima Juncus bufonius war. halophilus (Lam.) Mey. Buchenau & Fernald. Distichlis spicata Greene Atriplex patula L. Puccinellia paupercula var. alas- Salicornia europaea L. kana Fernald & Weatherby Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. Spergularia salina J. & C. Presl. The New Brunswick salt springs support Distichlis spicata and Puccinellia paupercula var. alaskana, neither of which is reported from western New York. A striking contrast appears in the Cham- plain region in regard to the presence of halophytes, for with the exception of Atriplex patula, not uncommon inland as a weed, no true halophytes are found about Lake Champlain. All three regions were probably equally submerged by the Champlain Sea, but in New York and New Brunswick, the halophytes occur in the neighbor- hood of saline deposits. One therefore comes directly to the con- clusion that salt deposited by the Post-Pleistocene marine invasion alone does not support the growth of true halophytes in eastern North America. (To be continued.) SOME VARIETIES OF ARTEMISIA BOREALIS. M. L. FERNALD. ARTEMISIA BOREALIS Pall., var. latisecta, n. var., a var. typica recedit foliis rosulatis crassioribus, segmentis oblongis vel oblanceo- latis saepe 3-4 mm. latis.—Newfoundland, Labrador and eastern Quebec. NEWFOUNDLAND: talus of trap sea-cliffs, French (or Tweed) Island, Bay of Islands, September 2, 1926, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 476 (TYPE in Gray Herb.). LABRADOR: Rama, August 20-24, 1897, Sornborger, no. 62, in part. QUEBEC: Southwest Point, Anticosti Island, August, 1861, Hyatt, Shaler & Verrill. In typical Artemisia borealis and in var. Purshii Besser the rosette- leaves are much more finely divided, the linear to narrowly oblanceo- late divisions being mostly 0.5-1.5 (rarely 2) mm. wide. Var. lati- secta has the nearly glabrous involucres of typical A. borealis rather than the densely villous involucres of var. Purshii Bess. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 326 (1834). 94 Rhodora [May Artemisia borealis, a Purshii, like many other species and varieties published by Besser, had a very confused christening. This arose through the fact that Besser, who was preparing a monograph of the genus, had the good-natured but unfortunate habit of putting out many of his new propositions in a sort of tentative way in the works of other authors and too often with descriptions or synonymy quite unlike those finally published by him. When he first published A. borealis, a Purshii he described a characteristic plant from Labra- dor, arctic America and the Rocky Mts. (now also known in Green- land, Newfoundland and eastern Quebec) with villous involucres: “sericea, cinerea; . . . periclinii squamae villosae”; but he ap- pended the citation of the glabrous-headed A. spithamaea Pursh, a fact which has led some later authors to infer that the name 4. borealis, a Purshii was merely a nomenclatorial substitute for A. spithamaea. Besser’s original treatment, however, suggests that he knew that he was dealing with two quite distinct plants: Ist, A. borealis, a Purshii, a cinereous-silky plant with villous involucres; 2d, “A. spithamaea. Pursh, Fl. Am. v. 2, p. 522; folia prioris glaber- rima: . . . periclinii squamae glabrae." Certainly these two extremes occur on the Labrador coast, whence Pursh had his original material, and his description of A. spithamaea (1814) indicates that Pursh, as Besser stated, had the plant with glabrous involucres: “calycibus scariosis." These were just the words used by Pursh in describing the glabrous involucre of A. canadensis Michx.; but when he had a species with pubescent involucres he definitely so described it: for example, A. vulgaris L. “calycibus tomentosis. " In a publication one year later than his original description of Artemisia borealis, a Purshii, Besser repeated! his diagnosis of the plant with villous involucres and unequivocally cited A. spithamaea as a synonym. He appended, however, diagnoses of several note- worthy forms, indicated by letters, and only under these minor forms did he include plants with glabrous involucres. A. spithamaea, then, was considered by him as belonging to A. borealis, a Purshii, in its inclusive sense, but his diagnosis of the variety was based on something else; and still later, in DeCandolle's Prodromus, Besser held tenaciously to the characterization of var. Purshii "capitulis extus villosis. ?”? 1 Besser, Dracunculi seu de sectione IV'? et ultima Artemisiarum Linnaei. Mosc. Soc. Nat. Bull. viii. 80 (1835). 2 Bess. in DC. Prodr. vi. 99 (1837). 1927] Jansson,—Rayless Aster multiflorus 95 Besser’s treatments were certainly perplexing and Torrey & Gray thought to clarify! them, by giving a brand new but unnecessary name to the plant with villous heads: Artemisia borealis, “B Besseri A. borealis, a Purshii, Bess. . . . excl. syn. Pursh”; while they correctly treated A. spithamaea as a separate variety: “ò spithamaea: . . . at length glabrous . . . A. spitha- maea, Pursh! fl. 2, p. 522. (At length glabrous throughout; . . )" Very recently Hall and Clements, merging A. borealis with A. cam- pestris L., coined the combination A. campestris, subsp. spithamaca (Pursh) Hall & Clements? for the plant with “Involucre densely villous"; but from the facts above stated it should be clear that Artemisia spithamaea Pursh was a plant with heads glabrous or essentially so, while the unfortunately named A. borealis, a Purshii Bess. was repeatedly described by Besser as the plant with villous involucres. Gray HERBARIUM. RAYLESS ASTER MULTIFLORUS.—In the first part of October of this year (1926), while walking through a sandy field here in Groton, I noticed, among the thousands of individuals of Aster multiflorus that covered the field, a patch of plants that looked peculiar to me, and upon closer examination I discovered the total absence of ray-flowers in them. Otherwise they had the characters of typical Aster multi- florus. There were five or six plants in the colony. I understand that this is the first mention of this Aster without ray- flowers. Specimens are to be deposited in the herbarium of the Con- necticut Botanical Society.—K. P. Jansson, Groton, Conn. Tug Romance or Economic Botany. In an attractively written book? Donald Culross Peattie tells the story of man’s history as controlled by the discovery and use of a comparatively limited number of plants. Each chapter is a readable story, replete with romance and pleasing touches, but all pervaded by a serious purpose. The DT. € G., Fl. ii. 417 (1843). ? Hall & Clements, Phylog. Meth. in Taxon. 123 (1923). 3 CARGOES AND Harvests by Donald Culross Peattie. 311 pp. New York and London. D. Appleton & Co. 1926. $2.50. 96 Rhodora [May fifteen chapter headings give concisely a suggestion of the themes discussed: Plant Power; The Spices of Ind; Quinine—the Coming of a Savior; The Age of Rubber; The Five O’Clock Cup; The Vanishing Vegetable Dyes; Camphor—the Strategic Crop; The Potato—the Poor Man’s Friend; Breadfruit and a Mutiny; The Poppy—Blessing and Curse; Tobacco—the Companionable Weed; The Reign of Cotton; The Tree of the Leper; Our Inherited Crop; Must We Starve?—M. L. F. Vol. 29, no. 340, including pages 53 to 76, was issued 2 May, 1927. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. June, 1927. No. 342. CONTENTS: Notes on Connecticut Lichens. A. W. Evans.................. 97 Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence (concluded). H. K. Svenson 105 Validity of Digitaria. A. 8. HUChossh iiser diia a 114 Josselyn Botanical Society (Notice of Meeting)................ 116 Providence, R. 3. Preston and Rounds Co. Boston, Mass. | 300 Massachusetts Ave. RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of New England. Price, $2.00 per year, postpaid (domestic and foreign) ; single copies (if available) 20 cents. Volumes 1-8 or single numbers from them can be sup- plied a£ somewhat advanced prices which will be furnished on application. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be gladly received and published to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms will be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than one page of print) will re- ceive 25 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear. Extracted re- prints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to B. L. ROBINSON, 3 Clement Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Subscriptions, advertisements, and business communications to W. P. RICH, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Mass. Entered at Boston, Mass., Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. BOTANICAL BOOKS, New and Second Hand, PRESTON & ROUNDS CO., Providence, R. I. CARD-INDEX OF NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS, 1885 TO DATE. For American taxonomists and all students of American plants the most important supplement to the Index Kewensis, this catalogue in several ways exceeds the latter work in detail, since it lists not only the flowering plants, but pteridophytes and cellular crypto- gams, and includes not merely genera and species, but likewise sub- species, varieties and forms. A work of reference invaluable for larger herbaria, leading libraries, academies of sciences, and other centers of botanical activity. Issued quarterly, at $22.50 per 1000 c GRAY HERBARIUM of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. CHECK LIST OF GRAY'8 MANUAL, 7th EDITION, compiled by M. A. Dax. Leatherette. Pocket size. Invaluable for collector's memoranda and herbarium records. Published and sold by the Gray HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass. Price postpaid 20 cts. each. Ten copies $1.50. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. Vol.II. Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America, by M. L. Fernald, 102 pages. Aug. 1925. $2.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Advertisements of Nurserymen and Dealers in Botanical and other Scien- tific Publications are inserted in these pages at the following rates per space of 4 in. by 3—4 in. 1 year $4.00, 6 months $2.50. TRbooora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 29. June, 1927. No. 312. NOTES ON CONNECTICUT LICHENS.! ALEXANDER W. Evans. Tur “Catalogue of the Lichens of Connecticut," recently pub- lished by Miss Rose Meyrowitz and the writer,” with the collaboration of Mr. G. K. Merrill, of Rockland, Maine, gave an enumeration of the species known from the State at the close of 1925, with the cita- tion of the towns where each species had been found. During the year 1926, the writer continued his explorations for lichens, as op- portunity offered, visiting a number of towns from which no species had previously been reported. On several of his excursions he again profited by the kind coóperation of Dr. G. P. Clinton, of the Connecti- cut Agricultural Experiment Station, and was thus enabled to collect material in certain more or less remote localities. On another occa- sion, in company with Mr. F. A. Musch, of New Haven, the region near the mouth of the Connecticut River was studied. The most extensive collections, however, were made in Greenwich, Stamford, and other towns in the southwestern part of the State. 'The present paper, in which the results of the 1926 season are recorded, represents a supplement to the Catalogue. 'The reports for the towns of Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, and Westbrook should be accredited to Mr. Musch and the writer; all the other reports (except in the few cases indicated), to the writer alone. The generous assistance of Mr. Merrill has again been given, and specimens defi- nitely determined by him are marked (as in the Catalogue) by the letter “M.” in parentheses. The records thus designated, however, give but an incomplete idea of his help, since nearly all the other 1 Contribution from the Osborn Botanical Laboratory. ? Connecticut Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 37. February, 1927. 98 Rhodora [JUNE records have been verified by him, although based on the writer's determinations. The sequence of genera in the list below follows that of Zahlbruckner in the second edition of Engler and Prantl's * Die natürlichen Pflan- zenfamilien." In the Catalogue the first edition was followed, since the second was not then available. Fortunately the only difference between the two, so far as the lichens of Connecticut are concerned, is in the position of the families Ephebaceae, Collemaceae, Pannariaceae, Stictaceae, and Peltigeraceae. In the first edition this group of families follows the Acarosporaceae; in the second it precedes the Lecideaceae. The Ephebaceae and Pannariaceae are not represented in the list, but the other three families are represented by the genera Leptogium, Lobaria, and Peltigera, respectively. For the sake of brevity the names of the families and higher groups are omitted, since these are given in full in the Catalogue. The lichens listed include two species of Lecanora and a form of Cladonia cristatella which are proposed as new by Mr. Merrill. The descriptions of these new lichens, at the writer’s request, were pre- pared by Mr. Merrill, and the reports from stations outside Con- necticut have been largely compiled from his notes. The type speci- mens are in the Merrill Herbarium. DERMATOCARPON AQUATICUM (Weis) Zahlbr. Greenwich and Stamford. DERMATOCARPON HEPATICUM (Ach.) Th. Fr. Darien, the second station for Connecticut. DERMATOCARPON MINIATUM var. COMPLICATUM (Lightf.) Th. Fr. Darien and Woodbridge. PYRENULA NITIDA (Weig.) Ach. Stamford. TRYPETHELIUM VIRENS Tuck. Branford, Kent, New Canaan, and Stamford. The only record for this species in the Catalogue was quoted from Hall’s report and was based on specimens collected by Barron at Wallingford. These specimens were not seen by the authors. The 1926 material grew on several different kinds of trees. ARTHONIA LECIDEELLA Nyl. Norwalk and Old Saybrook. Only one station for this species is given in the Catalogue. ARTHONIA RADIATA (Pers.) Ach. Kent, the fourth station for Connecticut. GRAPHIS SCRIPTA f. RECTA (Humb.) Nyl. Old Saybrook and Stamford. GRAPHIS SCRIPTA f. VARIA Leight. Stamford (M.). CROCYNIA LANUGINOSA (Ach.) Hue. Greenwich, Hamden (L. Sudbury), and Stamford. 1927] Evans,—Notes on Connecticut Lichens 99 DIPLOSCHISTES scRUPOSUS (L.) Norm. Cornwall. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (L. f.) S. F. Gray. Southbury. LOBARIA AMPLISSIMA (Scop. Arn. New Canaan. PELTIGERA APHTHOSA (L.) Hoffm. Stamford. PELTIGERA CANINA (L.) Hoffm. Cornwall and Stamford. PELTIGERA POLYDACTYLA (Neck.) Hoffm. Stamford (M.). PELTIGERA RUFESCENS (Neck.) Hoffm. Salisbury. LECIDEA ALBOCAERULESCENS (Wulf.) Ach. Cheshire (Musch), Darien, Greenwich, New Canaan, New Haven, North Branford (Musch), Salisbury, Southbury, and Stamford. The specimens from Cheshire and North Branford were collected in 1925 but, by an over- sight, were not reported in the Catalogue. LEcIDEA CYRTIDEA Tuck. Greenwich (M.), the third station for Connecticut. LECIDEA GRANULOSA (Ehrh.) Schaer. Salisbury (M.). These specimens grew on earth among rocks; the two reported in the Cata- logue were lignicoline in habit. LECIDEA GREGARIA Merrill. Darien and Greenwich. This species, which was proposed as new in the Catalogue, has now been found in five Connecticut towns but is not yet known outside the State. LECIDEA PLATYCARPA Ach. Cornwall, the third station for Con- necticut. LECIDEA VERNALIS (L.) Ach. New Canaan, Salisbury, and Stam- ford. BACIDIA ATROGRISEA (Del) Arn. New Canaan (M.), the second station for Connecticut. BACIDIA UMBRINA (Ach.) Branth € Rostr. Branford and Darien. This species is now known from four Connecticut towns. RHIZOCARPON CONFERVOIDES DC. Cornwall and Guilford. RurzocARPON EUPETRAEUM (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Southbury (M.) and Stamford (Britton & Evans, M.). This species is now known from four stations in Connecticut. RHIZOCARPON GRANDE (Floerke) Arn. On rocks. Stamford (Britton & Evans, M.). New to Connecticut. BAEOMYCES RosEUS Pers. Greenwich, Meriden (Musch & Nichols), and Old Lyme. CLADONIA BACILLARIS f. CLAVATA (Ach.) Wainio. Kent. CLaponia Boni f. RETICULATA (Russ.) Merrill. Darien (M.), the second station for both species and form from Connecticut. CLADONIA CAESPITICIA (Pers.) Schaer. Greenwich, Milford, and Orange. Only one Connecticut station for this species is reported in the Catalogue. CLADONIA COCCIFERA var. PLEUROTA (Floerke) Schaer. Green- wich, the second Connecticut station for this variety and the fourth for the collective species. ; CLADONIA CRISTATELLA Tuck. Cornwall, Darien, Meriden (Musch & Nichols), Milford, North Haven, and Orange. 100 Rhodora [JUNE CLADONIA CRISTATELLA f. abbreviata Merrill, f. nova. “Thallus well developed and characteristic of the species. Apothe- cia appearing as if epiphyllous, but podetia sufficiently distinct on careful examination, short, or very short, 1-3 mm. high, the cortex thin, smooth and light colored. " On rotting wood and on banks. Fromipa: Sanford (S. Rapp), TYPE. Connecticut: Milford (Evans). CLADONIA CRISTATELLA var. VESTITA Tuck. Greenwich and Kent (M.). The material from the second station, as determined by Mr. Merrill, represents a passage-form between the species and the variety. CLADONIA DELICATA (Ehrh.) Floerke. Kent and Orange. Only two stations for this species are given in the Catalogue. CLADONIA DIDYMA (Fée) Wainio var. MUSCIGENA (Eschw.) Wainio. On decayed wood. Guilford (M.). New to Connecticut. The present material is scanty and is mixed with C. ochrochlora m. cera- todes. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA (L.) Fr. f. FIBULA Ach. On banks. Guil- ford (M.) and Stamford (M.). Hall! reported “C. fimbriata" from Connecticut and Mr. Merrill doubtfully referred his specimens (which were collected in Killingworth) to f. fibula. Owing to their uncertainty and to the fact that C. fimbriata is to be regarded as a “composite” species, Hall's specimens were not mentioned in the Catalogue. CLADONIA FOLIACEA var. ALCICORNIS (Lightf.) Schaer. Southbury (M.), the second Connecticut record for this species and variety. In his report on the specimens Mr. Merrill remarks that “very little of the material found in this country compares with the robust European exhibits.” CLADONIA FURCATA (Huds.) Schrad. Woodbridge. CLADONIA FURCATA Var. RACEMOSA M. PINNATA (Floerke) Wainio. Kent. CLADONIA GLAUCA Floerke. Cornwall. CLADONIA MACILENTA Hoffm. var. STYRACELLA (Ach.) Wainio. On banks. Stamford (M.), the first Connecticut record for the variety. “C. macilenta,” however, was cited from Connecticut by Wood,’ on the basis of specimens collected at Sharon by Green. Since the species is “composite” and since the Sharon specimens were not available for examination, no reference to C. macilenta was made in the Catalogue. CLADONIA MITRULA Tuck. Milford and Orange. CLADONIA OCHROCHLORA In. CERATODES (Floerke) Wainio. Bran- ford (M.), Greenwich (M.), Milford (M.), and New Canaan (M.). The specimens from Greenwich, as noted by Mr. Merrill, lack apothe- cia and show an “alien thallus.” 1 Amer. Nat. 11: 173. 1875. 2 Torreya 14: 80. 1914. 1927] Evans,—Notes on Connecticut Lichens 101 CLADONIA OCHROCHLORA m. TRUNCATA Floerke. New Canaan (M.), the second Connecticut station for this form. CLADONIA PITYREA f. scyPHIFERA (Del.) Wainio. On earth over rocks. Greenwich (M.), the first Connecticut station for this form and the second for the species in a collective sense. CLADONIA PYXIDATA Var. CHLOROPHAEA Floerke. Cornwall, Green- wich, and Meriden (Musch & Nichols). CLADONIA PYXIDATA intermediate between vars. CHLOROPHAEA and NEGLECTA. Darien (M.). CLADONIA RANGIFERINA (L.) Web. Barkhamsted and Cornwall. CLADONIA SQUAMOSA m. PHYLLOCOMA (Rabenh.) Wainio. Salis- bury. CLADONIA SQUAMOSA f. SQUAMOSISSIMA Floerke. New Canaan (M.), the first Connecticut station for this form. CLADONIA SUBCARIOSA Nyl. Greenwich (M.), the second town in Connecticut from which this species has been reported. CLADONIA SYLVATICA f. LAXIUSCULA Del. Barkhamsted, Green- wich, and Southbury. CLADONIA UNCIALIS f. DICRAEA (Ach.) Wainio. Barkhamsted, Cornwall, Old Lyme, and Salisbury. STEREOCAULON DENUDATUM Floerke var. CAESPITOSULUM Nyl. On earth over rocks. Salisbury (M.), the first Connecticut record for this species. STEREOCAULON PASCHALE var. CONGLOMERATUM Fr. On a stone wall. Cornwall (M.), the first Connecticut station for this variety. GYROPHORA DirLENm (Tuck.) Müll. Arg. Barkhamsted. GYROPHORA MUHLENBERGH Ach. Barkhamsted, Cornwall, and Salisbury. UMBILICARIA PUSTULATA var. PAPULOSA (Ach.) Tuck. Barkham- sted and Salisbury (Britton). BIATORELLA SIMPLEX (Dav.) Branth € Rostr. Darien and Old Lyme (M.). ACAROSPORA FUSCATA (Schrad.) Arn. Old Lyme. PERTUSARIA AMARA (Ach.) Nyl. Old Saybrook, the fourth station for Connecticut. PERTUSARIA CEUTHOCARPA (Sm.) Turn. € Borr. New Haven and Roxbury. This species, reported for the first time from America in the Catalogue, is now known from four stations in Connecticut. PERTUSARIA MULTIPUNCTA (Turn.) Nyl. Barkhamsted and Green- wich. PERTUSARIA PUSTULATA (Ach.) Nyl. Kent (M.). Lecanora Bock Th. Fr. Old Lyme (M.), the second station for Connecticut. LECONORA CINEREA (L.) Sommerf. Southbury. LECONORA GIBBOSA (Ach.) Nyl. Darien (M.) and Old Saybrook (M.). The species is now known from four Connecticut towns. LECANORA PALLIDA (Schreb.) Schaer. Old Saybrook. 102 Rhodora [JUNE Lecanora riparia Merrill, sp. nov. “Saxicoline form. Thallus spreading, imposed on a whitish hypo- thallus and thus quasi-effigurate, thin with the hypothallus here and there visible, or thickened and granulose-verruculose, gray, sordid- gray, or cinereous; KOH +, CaCl —. Apothecia variable in size, 1-4 mm. in diameter, round with an entire or subcrenulate thalline margin, the disc reddish brown to chestnut, plane with a conspicuous margin or convex with the margin reflexed. Spores 8-nae, 13-17 X 7- 10 y, ellipsoid with a thickened epispore; asci inflated; paraphyses somewhat thickened, unbranched. Hymenial gelatine I + blue, the color persisting except in thin sections, then wine-red. On various rocks and ledges, in every case just above the water level in tidal rivers or inlets, at times submerged or within reach of spray. 7 Lignicoline form. Thallus spreading, in forms liable to sub- mergence inconspicuous, when found on drifted wood in a situation at or above the upper limit of tidal influence, commonly somewhat thickened and verruculose-granulose. Apothecia 1-4 mm. in diam- eter, the margin conspicuous and flexuous or round and entire. Spores and other internal characters as in the rock forms. “Corticoline form. "Thallus commonly slightly thickened, but in other respects resembling in all of its characters the lignicoline states. ” MAINE: “on schistose rocks," Rockport (Merrill), TYPE; "on greenstone," North Haven (Merrill); “on calciferous schist, and also on fence posts, erect or thrown down in a muddy flat," Cushing (Merrill); “on peridotyte," Freeport (A. H. Norton); “on decorti- cated trees and shrubs of a sea-cliff," Matinieus Island (Merrill); *on dead wood, near level of water in a tidal stream," Thomaston (Merrill), distributed in Lichenes Exsiccati, No. 24. CONNECTICUT: on rocks and on an old post near salt water, Old Lyme (Evans & Musch); on rocks and on oak trees near the beach, Darien (Evans). WasHINGTON: “decorticated logs in a tide-flat, ” Sequim Bay (J. M. Grant); “decorticated drift logs," Dungerness (4. S. Foster). "Very near Lecanora subfusca war. campestris Schaer., but the apothecia average larger and the paraphyses are thicker; the halo- phytic habit, moreover, argues for distinctness.” LECANORA SUBFUSCA (L.) Ach. Southbury (M.); two specimens, one from bark being "near v. chlarona," and the other from rocks representing a "forma," according to Mr. Merrill. LECANORA SUBFUSCA var. CAMPESTRIS Schaer. Southbury, the second town in Connecticut from which this variety has been re- ported. Lecanora subpallida Merrill, sp. nov. “Plant eorticoline. Thallus orbicular, sub-effigurate, imposed on a white hypothallus, sordid cinereous, more or less smooth and even, or granulate, or verruculose-granulate, the granules small; KOH + > crimson. Apothecia small to at length medium, borders ir- 1927] Evans,—Notes on Connecticut Lichens 103 regularly flexuous, plane with a distinct thalline margin, or tumid and convex with the margin decurved, commonly gray or caesious- pruinose. Spores 8-nae, ellipsoid with a thickened spore wall, 12- 16 X 6-7 y; asci ventricose. ” “Widely diffused on the bark of various trees but not recognized, often identified as a sordid Lecanora pallida;" rarely on old wood. MassacHusetts: Wareham (C. A. Robbins), TYPE; Ellis (G. P. Clin- ton). Connecticut: Old Lyme (Evans & Musch). ALABAMA: Millersville (Pollard & Maxon); Fairhope (Evans). BRITISH COLUM- BIA: Goldstream, Vancouver Island (J. Macoun). CALIFORNIA: Santa Catalina Island (L. W. Nuttall). LECANORA VARIA (Ehrh.) Ach. Darien, Old Lyme, and Old Say- brook. OCHROLECHIA TARTAREA (L.) Mass. Stamford (M.) CANDELARIELLA VITELLINA (Ehrh.) Müll. Arg. Branford, Corn- wall, Darien, Milford, and Old Lyme. PARMELIOPSIS ALEURITES (Ach.) Cromb. Barkhamsted, Cornwall, Old Lyme, and Orange. PARMELIA AURULENTA Tuck. Greenwich, Guilford (M.), New Canaan (M.), and Stamford (M.). Only one collection of this species was reported in the Catalogue. PARMELIA CAPERATA (L.) Ach. Barkhamsted, Greenwich, New Canaan, Norfolk, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, and Southbury. PARMELIA CONSPERSA (Ehrh.) Ach. Norfolk, Southbury, and Stamford. PARMELIA CONSPERSA f. ISIDIATA (Anzi) Hue. Darien, Greenwich and Woodbridge. PARMELIA OLIVARIA (Ach.) Hue. Kent and Salisbury. PARMELIA PERFORATA (Jacq.) Ach. Old Lyme. PARMELIA PHYSODES (L.) Ach. Cornwall and Old Lyme. PARMELIA RUDECTA Ach. Branford, Cornwall, Kent, New Canaan, Norwalk, Old Saybrook, Southbury, and Stamford. PARMELIA SAXATILIS (L.) Ach. Cornwall, the fifth station for Connecticut. > PARMELIA SUBAURIFERA Nyl. Cornwall and Old Lyme. PARMELIA SULCATA Nyl. Greenwich (M.), New Canaan, Norfolk, Old Lyme, Salisbury, and Stamford. PARMELIA TILIACEA var. SUBQUERCIFOLIA (Hue) Merrill & Burn- ham. Old Saybrook (M.), the third station in Connecticut for this variety. PARMELIA TILIACEA var. VICINIOR (Hue) Merrill. Kent, the third town in Connecticut from which this variety is now known. CETRARIA OAKESIANA Tuck. Salisbury (M.), the third station for Connecticut. NEPHROMOPSIS CILIARIS (Ach.) Hue. Cornwall (M.). ALECTORIA CHALYBEIFORMIS (L.) S. F. Gray. Norfolk and Old Lyme. 104 Rhodora [JUNE CALOPLACA AURANTIACA (Lightf.) Th. Fr. Norwalk and Old Lyme. CALOPLACA AURANTIACA var. ERYTHRELLA (Ach.) Nyl. Darien and Roxbury (M.). CALOPLACA CERINA Var. SIDERITES (Tuck.) Merrill & Burnham. Darien (M.) and Kent (M.). CALOPLACA PYRACEA (Ach.) Th. Fr. Old Saybrook, the fourth Connecticut station for the species. XANTHORIA LYCHNEA (Ach.) Th. Fr. Greenwich, Norwalk, Old Saybrook, Salisbury, Southbury, and Stamford. XANTHORIA PARIETINA (L.) Th. Fr. Old Saybrook. BUELLIA COLLUDENS (Nyl.) Tuck. On rocks. Southbury (M.). The specimens are not typical but are referred provisionally to this species by Mr. Merrill. This is the first record for Connecticut. BUELLIA CONSPIRANS (Nyl.) Wainio. Kent and Old Saybrook. BUELLIA DISCIFORMIS var. SAXICOLA Oliv. On rocks. Greenwich (M.) and Old Lyme (M.). The variety is new to Connecticut. BUELLIA MYRIOCARPA (DC) Mudd. Old Saybrook. RINODINA OREINA (Ach.) Mass. Cornwall, Darien, Old Lyme, and Westbrook. RINODINA SOPHODES (Ach.) Th. Fr. On rocks. Woodbridge (M.), the first definite Connecticut record for the species. As shown in the Catalogue R. sophodes var. confragosa, as listed by Hall, is now regarded as a distinct species, under the name R. confragosa (Ach.) Koerb. PYXINE SOREDIATA (Ach.) Th. Fr. Norwalk, Southbury, and Stam- ford. PHYSCIA AQUILA var. DETONSA (Fr.) Tuck. Kent and Stamford. PHYSCIA OBSCURA var. ENDOCOCCINA (Koerb.) Th. Fr. Barkham- sted, Branford, Cornwall, Greenwich, Kent, Old Lyme, Orange, Salisbury, and Southbury. PHYSCIA OBSCURA var. VIRELLA Leight. On trees. Barkhamsted, the first Connecticut record for this variety. PHYSCIA PULVERULENTA var. LEUCOLEIPTES Tuck. On trees. Old Saybrook (M.), Norwalk (M.), and Southbury (M.). This variety is here reported from Connecticut for the first time. Puyscta sTELLARIS (L.) Nyl. Cornwall, Greenwich, New Canaan, Norwalk, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, Southbury, and Stamford. PHYSCIA STELLARIS var. AIPOLIA Nyl. On trees. Greenwich (M.), the first Connecticut station for this variety. PHYSCIA TENELLA (Scop. Nyl. Old Saybrook. Puyscia TRIBACIA (Ach.) Nyl. Darien, Greenwich, New Canaan, Norwalk, Old Saybrook, Southbury, and Stamford. ANAPTYCHIA SPECIOSA (Wulf.) Wainio. Kent, the fifth station for Connecticut. In the Catalogue 301 “lichen-forms,” representing 231 distinct species, are enumerated. The additions included in the preceding 1927] Svenson, —Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 105 list increase the number of lichen-forms, now known from the state, to 318 and the number of species to 240. In the Catalogue records from 79 Connecticut towns were given, leaving 90 towns from which no reports on lichens had been received. The explorations of 1926 give records from 9 additional towns, reducing the number still to be heard from to 81. In the Catalogue the towns from which 10 species or more had been reported numbered 36; to these towns the following, 7 in number, may now be added: Greenwich, Kent, New Canaan, Old Saybrook, Salisbury, Southbury, and Stamford. "The 5 towns standing at the head of the list, with the number of species recorded from each, are as follows: Killingworth, 95; Guilford, 53; New Haven, 52; Bethany, 51; and Washington, 46. In the Catalogue only 5 species were reported from 20 or more towns apiece, while 22 were reported from 10 to 20 towns apiece. These numbers may now be raised to 10 and 27, respectively. The 10 leading species of the state, according to the present records, with the number of towns from which each species has been reported, are the following: Parmelia caperata, 36; P. rudecta and Physcia stellaris, 30 each; Cladonia eristatella and Parmelia conspersa, 28 each; Physcia obscura, 26; Ph. tribacia, 24; Cladonia furcata, C. sylvatica, and Lecidea albocaerulescens, 21 each. In the Catalogue the leading species, Parmelia caperata, had only 29 towns to its credit. The species, additional to those noted in the Catalogue, which are now known from 10 or more towns apiece, are the following: Alectoria chalybeiformis, Candelariella vitellina, Cladonia rangiferina, C. uncialis, Dermatocarpon aquaticum, Gyrophora Muhlenbergii, Pertusaria pustu- lata, Physcia aquila, Ph. pulverulenta, and Rinodina oreina. YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, CONNECTICUT. EFFECTS OF POST-PLEISTOCENE SUBMERGENCE IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. H. K. Svenson. (Continued from p. 93.) HALOPHYTES OCCURRING ON THE ATLANTIC COAST AND IN THE SALINE REGIONS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA. Before discussing the Champlain Sea as a means of dispersal of halophytes, it may be well to consider the distribution of halophytes 106 Rhodora [JUNE which occur on the Atlantic coast and also in the regions west of the Great Lakes. St. John and Courtney! have recently described the striking similarity or identity of plants about a saline lake in Okanogan County, Washington, with those inhabiting the salt marshes of the sea coast. Upham,’ in 1890, listed the plants about the saline springs in the Canadian Northwest, and from him the following quotation and list is made. “The following plants peculiar to the seashore and its salt marshes, not found elsewhere in the Eastern States and Provinces, excepting some of them at salt springs in New York and along the shores of the Great Lakes, reappear in abundance on the saline and alkaline soil in certain parts of the Red River Valley, and of the western prairies and arid plains: Buda marina Dumort [Spergu- Rumex maritimus L. [var. fuegi- laria sp.| nus (Dusén) Phil.] Glaux maritima L. Triglochin maritima L. Heliotropum Curassavicum L. Scirpus maritimus L. [S. campes- Plantago eriopoda Torr. tris, var. paludosus (A. Nels.) Chenopodium rubrum L. Fern. | Atriplex patulum L. var. hastatum Distichlis maritima Raf. in its Gray. var. airoides Vasey Salicornia herbacea L. [Probably Puccinellia airoides Salsola Kali L. Wats. € Coult. or P. Cusickii Rumex salicifolius Weinmann [R. Weatherby. See RHODORA 18: mexicanus Meisn.| 181-183. 1916.] Hordeum jubatum L. (To the above enumeration may be added Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad., and Plantago oliganthos R. & S., both of which are repre- sented by specimens in the Gray Herbarium.| Coville? reports a somewhat similar group of halophytes and indif- ferent halophytes from Death Valley, including such plants as Typha angustifolia, Triglochin maritima, Zannichellia palustris, . Ruppia maritima, Eleocharis rostellata, Scirpus acutus, Scirpus campestris and Ranunculus Cymbalaria. As an additional illustration of the occurrence of western halophytes in eastern America may be noted the occurrence about the Gulf of St. Lawrence of Erigeron loncho- phyllus, Aster angustus, and Aster laurentianus, endemic representa- 1 St. John, Harold and W. D. Courtney. The Flora of Epsom Lake. Am. Journ. Bot. 11: 100-107. 1924. 2 Upham, Warren. Geographic Limits of species of plants in the basin of the Red River of the North. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 25: 140-172. 1890. 3 Coville, F. V. Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 1893. 1927] Svenson, —Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 107 tive of A. frondosus.! The significance of the distribution of these halophytes of the Atlantic coast in western North America will be considered under the following headings. THE INTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF HALOPHYTES BY FACTORS OTHER THAN THE CHAMPLAIN SEA. Other factors than the Champlain Sea are involved in the interior distribution of the halophytes and indifferent halophytes. These may be summed up as transportation factors (canals, railroads, winds and birds), environmental factors (temperature, marl and limestone deposits, and drainage conditions). 1. TRANSPORTATION BY CANALS AND RAILROADS.— he early decades of the nineteenth century saw a great increase in trans- portation, initiated by the building of canals, soon followed by railroads. The Erie Canal, opened in 1825, established a waterway from the sea to the Great Lakes by way of the Mohawk Valley, and with the Champlain and Oswego Canals forms a series of canals traversing New York State, bringing into continuous waterway communication Lake Champlain, the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. It seems inevitable that canal boats in passing up the Hudson River should have carried with them plumed seeds of Typha angustifolia and Scirpus fluviatilis, seeds of mud-loving plants, as Eleocharis diandra, and occasionally the seeds of true halophytes. To-day, in the old Erie Canal bed between Amsterdam and Fort Hunter, one may see Typha angustifolia and Phragmites communis struggling along under what are obviously unsuitable conditions, and since these plants are not noted in the adjacent Mohawk River, one comes to the conclusion that they were dependent upon the canal for their presence. To what extent canals and railroads have been effective in the transfer, however, of halophytes into western New York, can only be conjectured. A few, for example, Tri- glochin maritima and Eleocharis rostellata, occur in bogs remote from transportation routes, and many were recorded by Pursh and by Torrey? before the advent of canals and railroads. Pursh* mentions 1See Ruopora 12: 225-227. 1910, and 16: 57-61. 1914. 2 Torrey, John. Flora of New York. 1843. 3 Pursh, Frederick. Journal of a Botanical Excursion in the Northeastern part of the State of Pennsylvania and New York, during the year 1807. Philadelphia, 1869. See page 54. For a review of early Jesuit accounts of the Onondaga salt springs and development of the salt fields, see F. J. H. Merrill: Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 11: 1893. 108 Rhodora [JUNE in 1807 the presence of Samolus floribundus, Salicornia europaea, Triglochin maritima, Ranunculus Cymbalaria and Hibiscus Moscheutos in the marshes about Onondaga Lake. Yet salt manufacture was being carried on at that early period, and for over a century the springs had been visited by Jesuits and Indians coming often from remote distances, and who in their incursions in the quest of salt may unconsciously have carried about with them the seeds of maritime plants. That these halophytes are easily and rapidly spread may be seen from observations on Potamogeton crispus by Hull, and from Far- well’s notes on the occurrence of Salicornia europaea, Aster subulatus, and Pluchea camphorata about the salt works in Michigan. To quote from Farwell,’ “We can only surmise that they may have been brought west by means of railway freight traffic and when lodgement was made in this section, which provided the proper saline conditions suitable for their development, they persisted and have made flourishing colonies that are rapidly extending over the entire section which has been made saline by means of the escaping waters from the mine and the salt crushers." Similarly Fernald and Wieg- and? record the introduction of Spergularia marginata on the saline borders of Onondaga Lake, and Wiegand* has recently described a new species, Spergularia alata from central New York. 2. TRANSPORTATION BY WINDS AND BIRDS.—Of transportation by winds but little can be said, except that under present climatic conditions, transportation of maritime plants into the Great Lakes from the seacoast, would tend to be slightly reduced, since moist east winds would tend to hinder the passage of plumed seeds. With the influence of salt carried by ocean winds upon the interior distri- bution of plants, the writer proposes to deal in a succeeding paper. As regards seed transportation by birds, we are concerned in the comparatively small area included under the Champlain submergence, not with bird migrations, but with more or less customary inland flights. Birds in migrating over long distances do not, as a rule, carry seeds,? but it is conceivable that aquatic resident birds, such 1Hull, Edwin D. Advance of Potamogeton crispus. Ruopora 15: 171-172. 1913. ? Farwell, O. A. New Ranges for Old Plants. Ruopora 18: 243-244. 1916. 3 RHODORA, 12: 157-163. 1910. 4 RHODORA, 22: 15-16. 1920. * For a discussion of this subject see M. L. Fernald: Botanical Expedition to New- foundland, Ruopora 13: 143-145, 1911, and Theodore Holm: Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, 5: 79B, 80B, and 112B. 1922. 1927] Svenson,—Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 109 as gulls, might do so, and if seeds were carried it might be expected that those of halophytes would be present. Seagulls come far inland in the regions occupied by the Champlain Sea; the writer has observed them in the Mohawk River near Schenectady, on the Lamoille River near Montpelier, Vermont, and on the St. Lawrence River, some miles above Quebec. Bailey! describes the presence of diatoms belonging to marine genera in the saline lakes of Saskatchewan. Though their presence has been suggested as being due to migratory birds, it is found that the species are unlike those of the Atlantic or Pacific seaboard. 3. THE INFLUENCE OF LIMESTONE AND MARL DEPOSITS.—In a previous note mention was made of indifferent halophytes which were characteristic of calcareous areas. Such plants might be exemplified by Potamogeton Fries, P. filiformis, P. pectinatus, Myriophyllum | exalbescens, and Sagittaria heterophylla, which in New England and the Maritime Provinces are confined to brackish lagoons and river estuaries along the coast and to interior calcareous regions such as Berkshire County in Massachusetts, Coos County in New Hampshire, and Aroostook County in Maine. St. John? makes similar observations of plants on the Labrador coast growing in proximity to the seashore but otherwise confined to calcareous regions of the interior. Professor Fernald records the presence of Juncus balticus var. littoralis and Triglochin maritima in the upper St. John Valley of Maine, and describes as follows the vegetation of Caribou Bob in Crystal, Aroostook County,* “we note that the peculiar association of species which is found on Caribou Bog (and so far as we know on no other bog of New England) is repeated in many of its details on the famous Bergen Swamp in Genessee County, New York, a swamp which ‘has long been considered one of the most interesting botanical points in western New York,’ and in similar marshes in Wayne County, New York . . . These three bog- areas, then, are very similar in their vegetation and are characterized by a remarkable aggregation of rare or local species derived from very dissimilar floras: some of the species being characteristic of the prairies of the interior, others as typical of the Atlantic coast or even of our salt marshes; some well known northern calciphile, others ordinarily 1 Bailey, L. W. An Annotated Catalogue of the Diatoms of Canada showing their Geographical Distribution. Contributions to Can. Biol. 2: 31-68. 1924. ? Can. Dept. Mines. Memoir 126: 36. 1922. 3 RHoponRaA 12: 118, 119. 1910. 110 Rhodora [JUNE as distinctly calcifuge species. The association of these plants, especially such species as Triglochin maritima, Phragmites communis, Scirpus caespitosus, Tofieldia glutinosa, Habenaria leucophaea, Are- thusa bulbosa, Drosera linearis, and Lonicera oblongifolia, some of which are entirely unknown on other bogs of New England and New York, indicates some common feature of these bogs which it will be very enlightening to work out. A somewhat similar association of plants, with a slight variation in the exact species, occurs in some of the marly bogs on the coast of the Gaspé peninsula, where there is a remarkable mingling of marl-swamp types with the characteristic plants of sphagnum bogs and even of brackish or saline shores. "! It is, however, not so remarkable to find plants of the seacoast occurring in calcareous regions, for limestones have essentially been formed in marine waters and unless greatly metamorphosed should contain and liberate by solution most of the salts normally found in coastal lagoons and estuaries. Drainage in these areas is appar- ently significant. It is the writer’s experience that where rapid drain- age of water occurs, as, for example, the underground drainage in the limestone region of Middle "Tennessee and Kentucky, these indifferent halophytes are practically absent. We may infer that the glacial period, in which moraine of various types was deposited, resulting in the formation of lakes and swamps, and the deviation of river channels, brought about conditions more favorable for the spread of the indifferent halophytes such as Scirpus and Potamogeton than may have occurred in the period immediately preceding glacia- tion. Such regions of deposition accumulate salts and provide quiet waters suitable for plant growth; moreover such areas close to sea- level would tend to be submerged by a marine invasion such as the Champlain submergence. Herein seems to be a solution of the prob- lem. Granting that indifferent halophytes follow to some extent the area of the Champlain submergence, their presence is undoubtedly to be attributed to the fact that they are occupying deposition areas which afford the necessary salts and an environment somewhat similar to the brackish regions adjacent to the coast. ROUTES OF MIGRATION OF HALOPHYTES INTO THE GREAT LAKES.— Since the early botanists stressed the idea that vegetation within the limits of the ice sheet had disappeared during glacial time and ¡For observations on these swamps of New York, see Metcalf & Griscom, Rare New York State Plants, Ruopora 19: 28-37, 48-55. 1917; and Beckwith & Macauley, Plants of Monroe County, New York, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. 3:1-150 1894. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 111 that plant migration into this area ensued when the ice had sufficiently withdrawn, the question presents itself as to the routes by which these halophytes reached the Great Lakes. Like the bog plants just mentioned, these so-called maritime plants do not represent a homogeneous group, but are composed of representatives of various types, true psammophytes, such as Ammophila breviligulata, Euphorbia polygonifolia, and Hudsonia ericoides; psammophilous halophytes, such as Lathyrus maritimus, Juncus balticus var. littoralis, and Cakile edentula; plants boreal in distribution, such as Triglochin maritima (south along the coast to New Jersey), Triglochin palustris (south to New Hampshire), and Ranunculus Cymbalaria (south to Connecti- cut); and plants of southern distribution coming north to New Eng- land or southern Nova Scotia, as Hibiscus Moscheutos and Eleocharis rostellata. It is scarcely to be considered that all migrated simultan- eously, but that boreal types, corresponding to the arctic fauna of the Champlain Sea, first made their appearance (See Antevs, l. c., p. 90-91), followed by southern types. Although no definite facts can be established, due to the paucity in America of fossil plants of this period, yet three main routes of migration present themselves, as follows: 1. By railway and canal from the Atlantic seaboard, through the Mohawk Valley, a topic which has already been discussed with reference to Spergularia marginata, Potamogeton crispus, Aster subulatus, Pluchea camphorata, and others. 2. By the St. Lawrence Valley. This is the natural route for psammophytes such as Ammophila breviligulata, which penetrate inland along sandy shores, and which Kearney (l. c.) has shown are not halophytes; and for true halophytes which may have been in- troduced by the Champlain Sea, although it is doubtful whether the Champlain Sea was greatly instrumental in the introduction of halophytes into the Great Lakes region. Many halophytes such as Eleocharis rostellata, Juncus Gerardi, Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa, and Najas marina do not occur northward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the same is true of indifferent halophytes, notably Hibiscus Moscheutos, Samolus floribundus, and Typha angustifolia. Ruppia maritima? Scirpus nanus, Scirpus campestris var. paludosus, 1 Juncus Gerardi occurs in eastern Newfoundland. The citation from Vermont (See Gray’s Manual 7th ed. p. 270) was based upon plants derived from discarded packing material. 2 See Fernald, M. L. & K. M. Wiegand. The Genus Ruppia in Eastern America. Ruopora 16: 119-127. 1914. On page 126 is a description of var. onondagensis 112 Rhodora [JUNE Salicornia europaea and Chenopodium rubrum remain as true halo- phytes which may possibly have been introduced into the region of the Great Lakes by the Champlain Sea, but there is no evidence, except perhaps in the case of Ruppia (see footnote). It has been clearly shown that marine waters did not occupy the Hudson Valley during this period, and therefore natural introduction of maritime plants by this route is out of the question. Fig. 1. North American range of Ranunculus Cymbalaria. 3. From regions adjacent to the glaciated area. There is the possibility that many plants native to the saline regions of central New York during the last interglacial period survived in regions adjacent to the advancing or retreating ice, wherever salt was contributed by springs or moraine. What seems more probable, however, is that plants of boreal tendencies, such as 7. riglochin maritima, Triglochin palustris, and Ranunculus Cymbalaria (see fig. from Onondaga Lake. “From var. subcapitata which is apparently frequent about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it is at once distinguished by its long peduncle; but its podogynes and fruits so closely resemble those of the latter plant as to suggest that var. onondagensis is a derivative of the maritime var. subcapitata which has become slightly altered in its isolated inland habitat. 1927] Svenson,— Effects of post-pleistocene Submergence 113 1), which have by far their greatest distribution in western America, migrated eastward. The similarity of the present halophilous vegetation of the West with that of central New York and the Atlantic coast, has already been stressed by Upham (l. c.) and by St. John (l. c.). At the time of recession of the ice sheet, a great area with homogeneous temperature and humidity must have extended along the front of the retreating ice with a terrain adapted to the growth of aquatic or semi-aquatic plants, and in alkaline regions to halophilous plants, making possible an extensive west to east as well as south to north migration. Upon retreat of the ice cap, relies of the northern saline types would thus be left in mountainous regions, about saline springs, or in cold calcareous bogs. A similar expansion of more southern halophytes and indifferent halophytes would naturally follow. From this point of view it seems as logical to consider Ranunculus Cymbalaria at Onondaga Lake as the most eastern station of an extensive area in the west as to consider it an interior migrant from the Atlantic seaboard. The origin of the halophytic flora of the Great Lakes, therefore, appears to be complex, involving not only the question of post- Pleistocene submergence, but also the question of postglacial migra- tions from the West, and of apparently most importance, trans- portation by human agencies. SUMMARY. From review of literature and from investigation the writer finds that maritime plants (halophytes) do not persist inland in eastern North America by reason of the post-Pleistocene marine submergence, unless salt springs or equivalent conditions are present, as in certain regions of New York and New Brunswick. No vascular plants of characteristically brackish habitat (indifferent halophytes) appear to be confined throughout their distribution in New England and the Maritime Provinces to the region occupied by the marine submerg- ence, but their distribution inland is usually confined to low lying areas adjacent to the sea, or to inland areas with impeded drainage where the underlying rocks are calcareous. "The botanical evidence of oceanic submergence offered by early writers is of little value It does not seem that maritime plants (halophytes) have by natural means entered the Champlain or Ontario basins by way of the Hudson valley, but that they have come partly by way of the Gulf of St. 114 Rhodora [June Lawrence and partly from the west and southwest after sufficient removal of the ice to the northward. Human agencies have been perhaps the most effective means of distributing these plants. Union COLLEGE, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK. THE VALIDITY OF THE GRASS GENUS DIGITARIA. A. S. HITCHCOCK. DIGITARIA, as generally accepted (for a genus or a section of Pani- cum) for the last hundred years, has included Panicum sanguinale L. and its allies. Digitaria was rejected by Nash! because it was thought to be a homonym of Digitaria“ Heister (Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 38. 1763), " and Syntherisma was accepted in its place. A re-examination of the evidence shows that Digitaria should be accepted as valid, Panicum sanguinale L. being selected as the standard species. The first use of the name Digitaria was by Fabricius? where it is credited to Heister, “Digitaria Heist.; Dactylis Rai. Gramen dactylon majus panicula longa, spicis pluribus nudis crassis. Sloane." The Sloane reference given by Fabricius is cited by Linnaevs? under Panicum dissectum. Under the American Code Panicum dissectum has been assumed to be the type of Digitaria Heist. because the two which fact also established 39) names are “associable by citation, effective publication under that code. In an investigation of the Linnaean types of American grasses‘ it was found that the Sloane reference was cited by Linnaeus under Paspalum virgatum in 1759, as well as under Panicum dissectum in 1753. The specimen in the Sloane Herbarium is Paspalum virgatum. I think this reference of Sloane’s plant to Digitaria by Fabricius should be considered an error, a misidentification. The identification was doubtless made from the plate in Sloane’s work. European botanists at that time had a very vague idea of the tropical American flora and too much weight should not be given to the citation of exotic references. It appears that Fabricius himself recognized his error for in the second edition of his work? he omits the Sloane refer- 1 Britt. & Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1: 110. 1896. ? Fabr. Enum. Pl. Hort. Helmst. 207. 1759. 3Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. 4 Hitchcock, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 133. 1908. 5 Fabr. Enum. Pl. Hort. Helmst. ed. 2. 374. 1763. 1927] Hitchcock,— Validity of Digitaria 115 ence, which he replaced by a synonym from Clusius and by a descrip- tion, both of which refer to Panicum sanguinale. In the original edition the first reference is “ Dactylis Rai.” Ray! has no group called Dactylis; but under the heading “ De Gramine Dactyloide seu Ischaemo” (obviously what Fabricius referred to) are included a number of grasses with digitate inflorescence (Andropogon hirtus, Cynodon dactylon, and others) one of which was later described by Linnaeus as Panicum sanguinale. Taking Fabricius’ reference to Ray, instead of that to Sloane, as the basis of Digitaria Heist., we find Panicum sanguinale to be one of the elements of the group, and probably the only one in the region covered by Fabricius’ flora. Taking all these facts into consideration it seems reasonable to select Panicum sanguinale as the type of Digitaria Heist., although the genus was not yet effectively published. The next use of Digitaria was by Adanson,? who credits the name to Heister. The tabulated characters used by Adanson are vague but from his group characters and from the index it is evident that he had in mind, in part at least, Tripsacum and Coir. Since Adan- son does not propose a new genus but credits the name to Heister his use of Digitaria should be regarded as a misapplication, not the publication of a new genus. Haller? gives a generic description of Digitaria, crediting the name to Heister and Adanson, and including Panicum sanguinale L. and P. dactylon L. (Cynodon dactylon) but not giving binomial specific names. Four years later Scopoli* describes * DIGITARIA HEIST. ADANS. HALL." and includes the two species described by Haller, giving them the specific names D. sanguinalis and D. dactylon. This is the first adequate publication of the genus, which should be cited Digi- taria Heist.; Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772. Persoon® separated the two elements, retaining Digitaria for Panicum sanguinale and its allies and giving the new generic name Cynodon to Panicum dactylon. In the preceding paragraphs I have given the facts concerning Digitaria and have indicated my judgment as to the best method of 1 Hist. Pl. 2: 1271. 1688. 2 Fam. Pl. 2: 38, 550. 1763. 3 Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 244. 1768. 4 Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772. š Syn. Pl. 1: 84. 1805. 116 Rhodora [JUNE disposing of the case, namely, to accept Panicum sanguinale L. as the type species of Digitaria as used by Fabricius, by Adanson, and by Scopoli. However, I realize that not all botanists may agree with me in this. Some may insist that Digitaria Heister should be typified by Paspalum dissectum L.; others may feel that Digitaria as used by Adanson should rest on the description and synonymy even though Heister is cited as the author of the name. In either case Digitaria as used by Scopoli becomes a homonym. To insure the use of Digitaria in the sense of Scopoli, I would therefore suggest that Digitaria in the latter sense be added to the list of Nomina Conservanda. WasHINGTON, D. C. JossELYN BOTANICAL SocrETY.— The thirty-second Annual Field Meeting will be held July 11th to 15th, 1927, at Atlantic House, Milbridge, Washington County, Maine. Rates $3.50 per day. Mil- bridge, on the Narraguagus River, is near Narraguagus Bay and furnishes collecting on exposed coasts, saltmarshes, sheltered shores, and inland streams, marshes and bogs. Members and guests wishing to attend should notify Mr. George Bloch, proprietor of the Atlantic House, as early as possible. The usual programme of the society, daily collecting trips, with examination of specimens and short talks for the evenings, will be followed. For further information write Miss ABBIE F. Minorr, Secretary, Phippsburg, Maine. Vol. 29, no. 341, including pages ?? lo 96, was issued 6 June, 1927. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD HOLLIS WEBSTER Associate Editors CARROLL WILLIAM DODGE WILLIAM PENN RICH, Publication Committee Vol. 29. July, 1927. No. 343. CONTENTS: Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon. Bro. Louis Arsene........... 117 Identity of Cladonia Beaumontii. C. A. Robbins.............. 133 Spartina patens in the Genesee Valley. W. C. Muenscher..... 138 Soil Reaction of Saxifraga Aizoon. E. T. Wherry............- 139 Boston, Mass. | Providence, R. 3. 300 Massachusetts Ave. Preston and Rounds Co. RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of New England. Price, $2.00 per year, postpaid (domestic and foreign) ; single copies (if available) 20 cents. Volumes 1-8 or single numbers from them can be sup- plied at somewhat advanced prices which will be furnished on application. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be gladly received and published to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms will be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than one page of print) will re- ceive 25 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear. Extracted re- prints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to B. L. ROBINSON, 3 Clement Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Subscriptions, advertisements, and business communications to W. P. RICH, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Mass. Entered at Boston, Mass., Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. BOTANICAL BOOKS, New and Second Hand, PRESTON & ROUNDS Co., Providence, R. I. CARD-INDEX OF NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS, 1885 TO DATE. For American taxonomists and all students of American plants the most important supplement to the Index Kewensis, this catalogue in several ways exceeds the latter work in detail, since it lists not only the flowering plants, but pteridophytes and cellular crypto- gams, and includes not merely genera and species, but likewise sub- species, varieties and forms. A work of reference invaluable for larger herbaria, leading libraries, academies of sciences, and other centers of botanical activity. Issued quarterly, at $22.50 per 1000 cards. GRAY HERBARIUM of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. T CHECK LIST OF GRAY'S MANUAL, 7th EDITION, compiled by M. A. Day. Leatherette. Pocket size. Invaluable for collector’s memoranda and herbarium records. Published and sold by the Gray HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass. Price postpaid 20 cts. each. Ten copies $1.50. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. Vol. II. Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America, by M. L. Fernald, 102 pages. Aug. 1925. $2.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Advertisements of Nurserymen and Dealers in Botanical and other Scien- tific Publications are inserted in these pages at the following rates per space of 4 in. by 3-4 in. 1 year $4.00, 6 months $2.50. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 29. July, 1927. No. 343. CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE ISLANDS OF ST. PIERRE ET MIQUELON. Bro. LOUIS ARSENE. PART I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. I. First EXPLORATIONS. Gautier and his work. The first work of any consequence written on the flora of the Islands of St. Pierre et Miquelon—the French Archipelago to the south of Newfoundland—is found in a thesis of - Mr. Gautier, a chemist to the French Navy, published at Montpellier, France, in 1886,! and now so rare that it is next to impossible to find it. I owe to Mr. Flahaut, the eminent professor at the University at Montpellier, the advantage of having a copy of that thesis lying before me. He was good enough to have it typewritten from the bulky quarto volume in the library of the University, where the theses of the School of Pharmacy are bound, and he has carefully verified by himself the copy made. He will allow me to present him my grateful acknowledgements. At the time the Gautier thesis was published, the knowledge of the plants of the region of Newfoundland was very incomplete: thus a good number of his determinations are erroneous; and, on the other hand, we do not know whether or not he left a collection of the plants which he had gathered. He does not name any locality, and, more than once, he simply states the genus without clearly designating the species. After a minute examination of his text, I am prepared ! Alphonse Gautier, Pharmacien de la Marine: Quelques mots sur l'Histoire naturelle et la météorologie des Iles St. Pierre et Miquelon (Terre-Neuve). Mont- pellier, 1886. 118 Rhodora [JuLy to say that he records 181 species, indigenous or introduced, of Phanerogams and vascular Cryptogams. He systematically leaves aside certain genera and whole families. For instance, he records but 3 Cyperaceae, without naming a single Carex. Bonnet’s Flora.—In 1887, Dr. Bonnet of the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle at Paris published in the “Journal de Botanique" his Florule des Iles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon! based on the specimens preserved in the Museum, and derived from three different sources: a. The herbarium of De La Pylaie, made up after this botanist's explorations in the French Islands in 1816, 1819 and 1820, and comprising 215 species. b. A small collection of 38 species, made in 1822, during a cruise, by Beautemps-Beaupré, a naval officer. c. À collection of 145 species presented to the Museum in 1883 by Dr. Delamare of Miquelon. Delamare's Flora.—The following year, in 1888, Dr. Delamare published in collaboration with Renauld and Cardot, his Florule de l'Ile Miquelon? This work records 246 species of vascular plants, among which are included the 145 species spoken of above, and 101 others. Delamare did not explore St. Pierre, and his invéstigations in the Island of Miquelon were brought to bear chiefly on the Cryptogams exclusive of Algae. So one must not wonder that he did not record a considerable number of plants which, if not common, at least are far from being rare, and some of which grow quite near the Village of Miquelon where he lived. Results achieved by my predecessors. Of the 38 species recorded by Beautemps-Beaupré, 14 were not included in the series of 215 species found by De La Pylaie. Gautier added 63 species to the discoveries of his two predecessors, discoveries that, moreover, were most likely unknown to him; he confirmed 118 of their records, but 111 species seen by them escaped his notice altogether. As to Dela- mare, his lists contain 66 new species and 180 confirmed. After his researches, the ensemble of the vascular flora of the Islands com- prised 358 species of which 112 had not been found by him. Among those 358 species, 283 might be considered as native, and 75 as introduced. 1 “Journal de Botanique” de Morot, i. Paris, 1887. 1 Florule de l'Ile Miquelon par E. Delamare, F. Renaud et J. Cardot. Lyon, 1888 1927] Arséne,—Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 119 II. My own INVESTIGATIONS. A residence of several years at St. Pierre and frequent crossings to Grande Miquelon and to Langlade (which are respectively the northern and southern parts of the Island of Miquelon, united by a sand isthmus 7 miles long) have enabled me not only to trace out the greater part of the species mentioned by the botanists who have preceded me, but to discover 129 others—108 native and 21 in- troduced—which must in future take their place in the recorded flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon. My botanical studies in that country were made from 1899 to 1903, and it was chiefly during the summers of 1900, 1901, and 1902 that my researches were pushed ahead. I have the advantage of having preserved the notes I made from day to day after each of my explora- tions, and I glean therein that out of 130 botanical excursions, 82 were in St. Pierre, 27 in Grande Miquelon and 21 in Langlade. That shows that I have chiefly studied the flora of St. Pierre. So, I have good reason to believe that very few species found by De La Pylaie and Gautier in this small Island have escaped my observation. I ascertained in the whole Archipelago the presence of 454 species of vascular plants, and I gathered them all with the exception of 4 of the most common. Unfortunately, the specimens of 18 species were not preserved by me; either because they were lost after my departure from St. Pierre in July, 1903; or because they were destroyed after identification, as being insufficient for preservation in a herba- rium and with the view of making another collection which my sudden and final departure did not allow me to realize. During the year 1926, I sent to Professor Fernald specimens—a few of them only fragmentary—of 430 species! taken out of my herba- rium of St. Pierre et Miquelon. "This collection will remain in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. "The specimens of two other species that I have been unable to supply to Mr. Fernald—Habenaria Hookeri and Pyrola minor—will be found in the New York Botanical Garden. Moreover, in 1906, I sent to that Institution a good number of native and introduced plants, chiefly those whose identification 1 With regard to species, it must be understood once for all, that in the statistics of this little work of mine, the word is taken in rather a broad sense: it includes the varieties bearing a name and having often been considered as species properly so called by certain botanists. In the whole flora, there are 77 varieties, 1 form and 1 hybrid. In 56 cases, the species is represented only by a variety, the type being unknown in the Islands; 3 species are represented by 2 or 3 varieties without the type being present; only 13 species have the type and its variety. 120 Rhodora (Juny could, in my opinion, present some difficulty. Dr. Britton and Dr. Small examined these plants, and the latter had the kindness to send me his remarks with the list of the corrections to be made upon my determinations. But the study of the plants of northeastern America has made such strides these last twenty years, the botanical nomencla- ture relating to this region has been so modified, that it appeared prudent for me to publish nothing about the flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon Islands without laying my work before the eminent special- ist on the flora of Newfoundland and neighboring regions. My best thanks are due to Professor Fernald for having kindly verified my determinations, and for rectifying them in case of need. The report he sent on my herbarium, with documents on the critical species, enabled me to bring up to date the notes I present to the readers of RHODORA. III. THE ENSEMBLE OF THE FLORA. The flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon as it is made out in the general list which I give at the end of the present paper, numbers 487 species, of which 391 are native and 96 introduced. I have included therein 33 species of which 6 are introduced—brought to notice by my predecessors and which I have not found: 8 by De La Pylaie, 1 by Beautemps-Beaupré, 18 by Gautier and 6 by Delamare. There would have been a much larger number if we were to include all the names given to the plants of the Islands by Gautier, Bonnet and Delamare, for not only Gautier, but even Bonnet and Dela- mare made obvious mistakes, and their identifications cannot reason- ably be maintained in their entirety. In about 85 cases, after a very special study of each one, I had to transfer under other headings the names of the plants they referred to. Only a comparison between the plants gathered by them and those gathered by me would help settle any remaining doubts. It is more than likely that among the 18 species reported by Gautier and not met with again, several, because of some error in the naming, are contained in the lists of Bonnet and Delamare, or in mine. I have left them in the general list because there might be some possibility of their presence in St. Pierre et Miquelon; besides, has not experience warned botanists how imprudent it is to reject, with too great a facility, the affirmations of those who have preceded and opened up the way for them? Likely enough some of the names rejected by me ought to be maintained, 1927] Arsène, — Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 121 as they are, in the flora, or be brought under names different from those to which I connected them. Of the 113 species recorded by his predecessors and not found by Delamare, 77 had been brought to notice by De La Pylaie, 5 by Beautemps-Beaupré and 31 by Gautier. Whilst I succeeded in rediscovering 69 of the non-confirmed plants of De La Pylaie and 4 of those of Beautemps-Beaupré, I was quite unable to find more than 13 of Gautier's. That is a much smaller proportion, and such a result seems to justify the remark made above regarding the plants of Gautier which have not been found again. IV. NATURE OF THE SOIL AND PRINCIPAL STATIONS. Gautier and Delamare have treated of the physical geography and climatology of the Islands and it is not my intention to make any reference to them. Iam not aware that the country was ever visited by a trained geologist and that any work of a serious nature has been published on its geological constitution and the history of its rock- formations. I personally deeply regret not to have profited by the opportunity I had, when living there, to study more carefully the nature of the soil and the intimate relations between it and the flora. The Islands are formed of reddish porphyritic rocks with veins of quartz, as can be easily seen by examining the rugged cliffs of almost the entire coast-line, or the barren summits and slopes of the hills where the rock is denuded. Granite is found at Cap Blanc in Grande Miquelon and argillaceous schists in Langlade. Pure limestone and calcareous formations of any kind are entirely absent; nevertheless some calcicoles are found in Miquelon: Equisetum scirpoides, Listera convallarioides, Laportea canadensis, Geranium Robertianum. I do not feel myself competent enough to give an opinion of any weight regarding the glaciation of the Archipelago. The erratic boulders which are seen, at certain places along the coast, between the lines of low and high water, have very likely been brought there by floating icebergs rather than by the work of glaciers. Gautier thinks the numerous isolated rocks, of various nature, which cover the southern plain of St. Pierre between the Town and Anse à Ravenel and Savoyard Point have the same origin and were carried there when that part of the Island was submerged. Does not the presence in Miquelon of Alchemilla alpina, which is only to be found 122 Rhodora [JULY in America on one of the summits of the Colorado Mountains, supply us with an argument in favor of the non-glaciation of the Miquelon Archipelago? | I am inclined to think it was spared or hardly touched by the glaciers which during the Pleistocene time invaded the centre of Newfoundland; if there was a glaciation it was only local.! The principal stations where the native vegetation thrives are the following: (1) maritime sands, sandy beaches and shingle banks, firm and movable dunes; (2) rocky cliffs and landslips on the seashore, maritime hillsides; (3) salt marshes and meadows, brackish slime, and ponds communicating with the sea; (4) inland bogs and swamps, peaty moors and plains, marshy borders of ponds and brooks, fresh water ponds; (5) rugged summits and naked slopes of hills, gravelly and rocky barrens; (6) grassy slopes and semi-wooded bases of the hills, grassy plains neither sandy nor boggy; (7) wooded valleys. The first is most interesting and of a wide range, for it includes the plain of Miquelon near the Village, and the Isthmus of Langlade whose total area is not much below that of the whole Island of St. Pierre. They constitute, so to say, the only alluvial soil of Miquelon. Their flora, especially that of the southern and northwestern dunes of the Isthmus, resembles much that of Sable Island. The number of species essentially maritime, growing only in stations 1,2 and 3, is not very high: hardly 40 species, that is 10% of the native flora. In station 1, we find: Agrostis alba, var. maritima, Ammophila breviligulata, Festuca rubra, var. oraria, Elymus arenarius, var. vil- losus, Juncus balticus, var. littoralis, Atriplex glabruiscula, Salsola Kali, Polygonum Ravi, Spergularia salina, Sagina nodosa, Arenaria peploides, var. robusta, Cakile edentula, Potentilla Anserina, Lathyrus maritimus, Convolvulus sepium, var. pubescens, Mertensia maritima. In station 2: Cochlearia cyclocarpa, Sedum roseum, Ligusticum scothi- 1[Bro. Arsene's belief that the French Islands were hardly touched by the Wis- consin glaciation finds strong support in the conclusions of Coleman regarding Newfoundland: ‘‘that there is evidence in Newfoundland of early Pleistocene glaciation by ice caps . . . The retreat of the early ice sheet, which was prob- ably of Kansan or Jerseyan age, was followed by great emergence of the land . . . The effects of the early glaciation have been greatly obscured by later processes, and the ancient glaciated surface is in most places covered with débris and fragments of the underlying rock resulting from long-continued weathering . . . Probably hundreds of thousands of years elapsed . . . before the still fresh bowlder clay and striated surfaces were formed by the less extensive Wisconsin ice sheets The Wisconsin ice probably covered less than half the island and was in the form of small separate sheets or valley glaciers.''—Coleman, The Pleistocens of Newfoundland. Journ. Geol. xxxiv. 193-223 (1926).—M. L. F.) 1927] Arséne,—Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 123 cum, Coelopleurum lucidum, Plantago juncoides, var. decipiens, Senecio Pseudo-Arnica. In station 3: Ruppia maritima, var. obliqua (in brackish water), Zostera marina, var. angustifolia (in sea water), Triglochin maritima, Scirpus americanus, Carex exilis, Carex maritima, Carex salina, var. kattegatensis, Iris setosa, var. canadensis, Rumex mexicanus, Chenopodium rubrum, Montia lamprosperma, Ranunculus Cymbalaria. It is impossible to draw a sharp line between the three stations, even for strictly halophilous plants: a number of the plants of station 1 are found in station 2 or 3 and vice versa. Halophytes very often live in close association with non-maritime species which have in- vaded their special habitats and are thoroughly established there. But the sea beach itself, especially when formed of pure sand or peb- bles, is often bare of vegetation, with the exception of a few salt- loving plants such as Arenaria peploides and Cakile edentula. If the flora of the Islands has a distinctive aspect of dreariness and monotony, it is, above all, due to the third and fourth stations. It may be safely asserted that the ponds, swamps, marshes and bogs cover more than half of their area, and 200 species at least, that is more than 50% of the native flora, are marshy aquatic or semi- aquatic plants. The genus Carex seems to me the most striking of the paludal flora of the Islands. Nevertheless, it has been little studied by my predecessors since they have recorded but 11 species in all: I have been able to find 9 of these 11, and I have discovered 31 others. The 42 species of Carex of St. Pierre et Miquelon represent 1/9 of its flora, whereas this same genus represents but 1/22 of the flora of northeastern America, and hardly 1/40 of that of France. Among the families that deserve very special attention, let me mention the Orchidaceae and the Ericaceae. It is a marvellous thing to see, in summer, extensive areas of the otherwise dreary bogs and barrens of the Islands literally covered with their colonies in full bloom. There are 24 species of Orchidaceae, that is 6% of the flora; the proportion in northeastern America is 2% and in France 1.7%. The number of Ericaceae is about the same: 25 species, a little more than 6.6% of the flora, a high proportion when compared with the 2.4% of northeastern America and, above all, with the 0.7% of France. The wooded valleys of Langlade form a station affording also much 124 Rhodora [JuLy interest. By their great extent they allow vegetation to expand and grow in a way quite unknown in Grande Miquelon and particularly in Saint Pierre. Among the 70 species that I have not been able to trace in the last Island, and which, in the present state of our knowledge, might be regarded as peculiar to Miquelon Island, there are more than 30 that belong exclusively to the valley of Belle Riviére, and to the neighbouring valleys of Anse aux Soldats and Anse à Ross. In my expeditions, only about a dozen of the species of Saint Pierre have not been met with either in Grande Miquelon or in Langlade. But it would be rash to affirm that they do not grow there. In fact I have explored the Island of Miquelon—whose area is 9 times that of Saint Pierre—but casually; and I feel sure I have not seen half of the interesting localities of Grande Miquelon, nor a quarter of those of Langlade, and it may be safely asserted that the greater part of the latter has never been visited by a botanist. So I am con- vinced that new investigations will allow of the adding of a good number more of species to the flora of the Archipelago. There must be more than 450 native species. "That is a much greater number than the total put forward by Dr. Bonnet; he estimated that the 269 species—native and introduced—recorded in his “Florule” represented 8/10 of all the plants that grow in Saint Pierre et Miquelon. That was leaving the impression that the total of native species could hardly be greater than 260. It is more than likely he would never have drawn such a conclusion had he visited the French colony of Newfoundland. One family especially does not seem to be sufficiently represented. in the flora as it is known tous. Only 15 native species of Compositae have been observed in St. Pierre et Miquelon; that is about 1/26 of the phanerogamous flora. Such a number appears much inferior to what one would expect in a country where the stations are many and, in some degree, varied. For the East of Canada and the United States, the proportion is 1/8. "That is also the ratio in France. It would be well to look for the following species of Compositae which grow in southern Newfoundland: Eupatorium maculatum; Solidago sempervirens, uliginosa, graminifolia; Aster puniceus and novi-belgii; Erigeron ramosus and annuus; Bidens frondosa; Prenan- lhes nana. 1927] Arséne,—Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 125 V. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY. (a). Introduced. Plants. To examine in a rational way the geographical affinities of the flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon, we must put aside the 96 introduced species. "This number, which is 1/5 of the whole flora, may appear considerable. But the colony was inhabited even before Canada and the United States: we have proofs that it was visited by Breton and Basque fishermen as early as 1504, and that permanent settlements were made from 1600 onward. It is likely that some of the plants introduced are not yet naturalized; they are seldom found and always in a more or less isolated state. But the greater number among ther seem to have adapted themselves to the climate and soil; many have spread so far into the interior of Grande Miquelon and Langlade that it is difficult to distinguish them from the indigenous plants. Among those whose right to be called native is doubtful, I shall mention especially: Primula veris, which I came across in but one locality, near the Town of St. Pierre; Myosotis arvensis and Erigeron canadensis, indigenous on the American continent, but which I did not notice in the interior of Langlade or Grande Miquelon; Anagallis tenella, reported by both Gautier and Delamare, which I was unable to find despite a special search for it, and which, moreover, has not yet been observed in America; Carex remota, a Europeo-Asiatic plant reported by Delamare which, also, escaped my notice. I have, notwithstanding, included these five species in the list of native: plants. In regard to Carex remota, it seems impossible to treat it as an introduced species, if it were really ever found in Mique- lon. It may be that Delamare mistook for it a plant common in bogs and which resembles it in general appearance, Carex canescens, var. disjuncta. But the fact that C. remota was reported from New- foundland by Despreaux in the beginning of the last century pleads in favour of its maintenance in the indigenous flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon. There are no specimens of Carex remota from Delamare in the Museum of Paris: Dr. Bonnet mentions as coming from him only Carex aperta and folliculata; so, it seems impossible to settle the question with the documents now available. (b) Relations between the Flora of the French Islands and that of the Neighbouring Countries. I have not a sufficient knowledge of the flora of northeastern 126 Rhodora [JULY America to treat in a competent way of the relations between the flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon and that of the adjacent regions: Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia and Sable Island, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and Magdalen Islands, Gaspé Peninsula, New England and its alpine areas, etc. I leave to Professor Fernald and his associates of the Gray Herbarium the task of studying this interesting matter, fortunate if I have been able to supply them with any new data. I shall content myself with the following remarks. Newfoundland. In his Notes upon the Flora of Newfoundland,! Dr. Edwin H. Eames reports, as worthy of notice, 267 plants collected by him in July and August, 1908, in the regions of Bay of Islands and Bay St. George. Out of this number, 164 species—6195—are found in the French Islands, 200 miles distant, a striking proof that their flora is near that of the West of Newfoundland. Nevertheless, St. Pierre et Miquelon have only a few—15 perhaps—of the plants special to the Long Range, isolated species of the West of America, or endemics of western affinity whose number Professor Fernald estimates at 160 at least. To be sure, the Miquelon flora is yet nearer that of the South of Newfoundland and very likely it does not differ in any way from that of the Burin Peninsula. Miquelon Island, geographically and geologic- ally, is but an extension of the last, a few miles to the West. But was the Peninsula ever visited by botanists? My own explorations there were limited to a few walks in the vicinity of St. Lawrence on Placentia Bay, and Grand Bank on Fortune Bay. It would doubtless be interesting to compare botanically the French Islands with the Avalon Peninsula, in the Southeast of Newfoundland. A certain number of European plants, unknown or very local on the American continent—except perhaps in Nova Scotia and the region bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence—and growing in that part of Newfoundland, have not been found in St. Pierre et Miquelon, but it would be well to look for them there. I may mention: Agrostis canina, Sieglingia decumbens, Nardus stricta, Glyceria fluitans, Festuca capillata, Carex leporina, Ranunculus hederaceus, Potentilla pro- cumbens, Galium saxatile, Pedicularis sylvatica and palustris, every 1 RHoDORA, xi. 85-99, May, 1909. 1927] Arséne,—Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 127 one of them native in the Island of Jersey. Ido not speak of Calluna vulgaris, Arbutus Unedo and Saxifraga Geum; there is not the least chance of finding them in St. Pierre et Miquelon. The following European plants are native in the French colony as in the Avalon Peninsula: Potamogeton polygonifolius (also on Sable Island), Des- champsia caespitosa (the type, large panicled), Juncus bulbosus (Sable Island), Juncus effusus, var. conglomeratus, Luzula campestris, var. congesta,! Polygonum Ra, Ranunculus Flammula, Pyrola rotundi- folia, var. arenaria. I am asking myself if Veronica officinalis of Miquelon is not identical with the special form, not yet sufficiently studied, which Professors Fernald and Wiegand collected in mossy swales and spruce woods of the Avalon Peninsula in 1911. The following plants, numbering ten, have not yet been reported from Newfoundland, but they are likely to be found at least in Burin Peninsula? *Equisetum littorale, * Juncus articulatus, var. obtusatus, * Luzulasaltuensis,* Laportea canadensis, Thalictrum dioicum, Alchemilla alpina, Epilobium angustifolium var. macrophyllum, * Bartonia virginica, Houstonia Faxonorum,* *Convolvulus sepium, var. pubescens. To this list there is no longer any reason to add Mitchella repens as it was found for the first time in Newfoundland, near Port aux Basques, by Mr. Bayard Long in 1924.5 Southern Labrador. The flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon is equally similar to that of southern Labrador. Out of the 195 native plants collected by Mr. R. H. Wetmore near Hamilton Inlet and Lake Melville in the summer of 1921,* 124 at least, that is 64%, are also native in the Islands, though the distance is not less than 600 miles. Sable Island. I have already had an opportunity to bring together, in a botanical point of view, Sable Island and Miquelon. 2/3 of the plants native in Sable Island as recorded by Dr. St. John? belong also to the flora 1 Known only in S.W. Newfoundland: Ruovora, xxviii. 56 (1926). 2 RHODORA, xxviii. 81 (1926). 3 The plants marked * grow in Nova Scotia. * Houstonia Faronorum (Pease & Moore) Fernald, n. comb., to be published with these notes. 5 RHODORA, xxviii. 56 (1926). 5 RHODORA, xxv. 4-12 (1923). 7 St. John: Sable Island; Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History; Vol. vi. No. 1. 1921. 128 Rhodora [JULY of Miquelon. I shall specially mention the endemic Lathyrus palustris var. retusus. Perhaps Centaurium umbellatum, native in Sable Island, might be found in the sand plains and dunes of Miquelon, but I never saw it; it is abundant in the sandy barrens of Jersey under the characteristic form of var. ellipticum Druce. Some other Sable Island plants ought, in my opinion, to be searched for in Miquelon: Agropyron repens, var. pilosum, Carex hormathodes, Carex silicea, Tillaea aquatica, Rosa virginiana, Œnothera cruciata, Centunculus minimus, Teucrium canadense, Euphrasia purpurea, Gnaphalium obtusifolium. I think I found Tillaea aquatica in 1902 near the Grand Barachois, but it was late in the season, the flowers were gone and I did not take specimens, hoping to make a future collection. Nova Scotia. Out of the 480 native plants which in his work on the flora of Nova Scotia! Professor Fernald reports as remarkable in some way, about 110—only 23%— are known in St. Pierre et Miquelon. I feel that a comparison cannot be judiciously made if grounded on the very special plants enumerated in the above-mentioned work, and very likely representing less than one half of the flora of the silicious southwestern part of the Peninsula. However, the small proportion we get shows very clearly the greater disparity existing between St. Pierre et Miquelon and Nova Scotia on one side, as compared with Labrador or Newfoundland on the other. One thing must be noted at the same time: that the similarity of the geological constitution and the climatic conditions in south- western Nova Scotia and St. Pierre et Miquelon (as also in S. E. Newfoundland) give a somewhat similar general appearance to their vegetation, particularly that of their peaty bogs, savannahs, barrens, and of their numerous ponds. So a good number of the character- istic southern costal plain species—whose range sometimes extends as far as Florida and the Gulf of Mexico—growing abundantly in Nova Scotia are likewise found in St. Pierre et Miquelon. I may mention Schizaea pusilla, Potamogeton bupleuroides, Calamagrostis Pickeringii, var. debilis, Eriophorium virginicum, Carex vulpinoidea, C. stipata, C. leptalea, C. intumescens, Juncus effusus, var. solutus, Iris versicolor, Habenaria clavellata, H. blephariglottis, Pogonia ophio- 1 Fernald: The Gray Herbarium Expedition to Nova Scotia, 1920; Ruopora, xxiii. (May, 1921 to April, 1922). 1927] Arséne,—Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 129 glossoides, Arethusa bulbosa, Calopogon pulchellus, M yrica carolinensis, Rubus recurvicaulis, Rosa carolina, Gaylusaccia dumosa, var. Bige- loviana, Chelone glabra, Solidago rugosa, Cirsium muticum. I have given on p. 128the Nova Scotia plants nativein St. Pierreet Miquelon and new to Newfoundland. The alpine areas of New England and the region bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In making use of the Tables prepared by Professor Fernald in his scholarly work, Persistence of Plants in unglaciated Areas of Boreal America,! we find that the flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon comprises: a. 41 species out of the 93 arctic species reaching their southern limits in eastern America chiefly on alpine and subalpine areas of New England or northern New York (Table I), or 45%. It is a high proportion which, at first sight, enhances the distinctly alpine char- acter of the flora. To these 41 species should be added Alchemilla alpina and Houstonia Faxonorum, the latter heretofore considered endemic on the alpine summits on the White Mountains. b. 5 species out of the 78 arctic plants whose southern limits in America are the region bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Table II). The proportion is only 6% and it is very likely too high, the presence of two of these species, reported only by Gautier, Lycopodium alpinum and Artemisia borealis, being very doubtful indeed. c. 16 species out of the 65 boreal, but scarcely arctic, or European plants whose southern limits in America are also the region bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Table III), or 25%. d. 23 species out of the 297 western or endemic species centering on the Gulf of St. Lawrence—Gaspé, Long Range of Newfoundland, Labrador—and found in neither arctic nor subarctic America nor in Europe, that is about 8%. The plants of northwestern America growing in the French Islands are: Lycopodium sabinaefolium, var. sitchense, Juniperus horizontalis, Calamagrostis canadensis, var. robusta, Carex Michauxiana (Asia), Listera convallarioides, Rumex mexicanus, Rubus acaulis, Epilobium angustifolium, var. macrophyllum, Epilobium glandulosum, Coelopleurum lucidum, Halenia deflexa, Anaphalis margaritacea, var. subalpina, Senecio Pseudo-Arnica (Asia); that is 13 species out of 155. 1 Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Vol. xv, No. III. Boston, 1925. 130 Rhodora [JULY And the endemics centering about the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Abies balsamea, var. phanerolepis, Luzula campestris, var. acadiensis, Iris setosa, var. canadensis, Betula Michauxii, Cochlearia cyclocarpa, Empetrum Eamesti, Gentiana nesophila (?),? Lonicera villosa, Lonicera villosa, var. calvescens (Great Lakes), Aster radula, var. strictus; that is 10 species out of 142. (c). Relations between the Flora of the French Islands and that of the Boreal Hemisphere. The 391 native species may be summarily classified as follows: 1st.210 species exclusively American, or 54%; 2nd.42 species common to Europe and America, or 11%; 3rd. 19 species common to Asia and America, or 5%; 4th. 120 species common to Europe, Asia and America, or 30%. Ist. American Species. The 210 American species are subdivided as follows: a. 25 arctic or subarctic species coming, at low altitude, hardly south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reaching the alpine regions of New England; that is 12% of the total of American plants.? b. 145 boreal species of the temperate regions, many of them going south almost to the 36th degree of latitude (States of Pennsyl- vania and Virginia) and not going farther north than the lower boundary of the subarctic zone; that is 69% of the total of American plants on the Islands. If we exclude from this list the 20 species whose southern limit is the Gulf of St. Lawrence, we see that the majority of American plants which invaded the French Islands belong to the temperate regions of northeastern America, and have a southern, rather than a boreal, tendency. c. 40 species reaching the warm temperate to subtropical zone, that is Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Mexico, and not ! Reported by Bonnet (De La Pylaie) and Gautier. ? Reported by Gautier (doubtful). 31 have, in the present classification, treated as arctic the S. P. & M. plants contained not only in Tables I and II of the aforementioned work of Professor Fernald, but also those of Table III. The plants of his Table IV have been placed in the lists of temperate regions, except the Asiatico-American Rubus acaulis and the American Empetrum Eamoesii which have been considered as arctic. I thought it was better not to separate Rubus acaulis from R. arcticus; as for Empetrum Eamesii it has in Miquelon a strong tendency to dispute every inch of ground to arctic plants; it is found on the high- est and quite denuded summits; it may yet be discovered in Arctic America. 1927] Arséne,—Flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon 131 going farther north than the 50th degree of latitude, or 19% of the American plants on the Islands. When dealing with the flora of Nova Scotia, I named a good num- ber of these southern or coastal plain species; here are some others: Glyceria nervata, Bromus ciliatus (var. denudatus), Thalictrum poly- gamum, Cakile edentula, Cardamine pensylvanica, Sarracenia pur- purea, Impatiens biflora, Ginothera muricata, Epigaea repens, Galium Claytoni. 2nd. Species not exclusively American. A like classification can be made for the plants common to Europe and America, to Asia and America, to Europe, Asia and America, taking into account their area of dispersion in North America. a. Europeo-American plants. They are few in number, 42 species in all: 12 arctic, 26 of the temperate regions, and only 4 reaching the subtropical zone. Several are hardly European: the arctic Habenaria dilatata and Habenaria obtusata do not grow outside Ice- land and the North of Norway; the American Lobelia Dortmanna is very rare and local in western Europe; the southern Eriocaulon septangulare is found in Europe only in the British Isles (Ireland and Scotland). Others are as sparingly American, as I have already said elsewhere. b. Asiatico-American plants. Less numerous than the preceding— there are only 19—they present, however, some interest. 5 belong to the arctic zone, namely Elymus arenarius, var. villosus, Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Rubus acaulis, Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, var. minus and Artemisia borealis; 9 to the temperate regions, among which are Osmunda Claytoniana, Lycopodium obscurum, Mitella nuda, Rubus Idaeus, var.canade nsis, Geum macrophyllum, Lathyrus palustris, var. pilosus; 5 reach the subtropical zone, namely Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda cinnanomea (also native in South America), Polygonum sagittatum, Hypericum virginicum and Monotropa uniflora. c. Europeo-Asiatico- American plants. They constitute by far the most numerous of the three groups not strictly American, numbering 120 species, nearly 1/3 of the native flora. As was to be supposed, the arctic section, formed of circumpolar plants, is very important: 46 species, which is 39% of the Europeo- Asiatico-American flora and 52% of the whole arctic (or alpine) flora of the Islands. Here are some of the most remarkable plants of this section: 132 Rhodora [JuLY Equisetum variegatum, Lycopodium Selago, Lycopodium annotinum, var. pungens, Hierochloe odorata, Hierochloe alpina, Scirpus hudsonia- nus, Carex scirpoidea, Carex rariflora, Sagina nodosa, Silene acaulis, var. exscapa, Montia lamprosperma, Sedum roseum, Rubus Chamae- morus, Rubus arcticus, Epilobium palustre, Cornus suecica, Arcto- staphyllos alpina, Diapensia lapponica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Achillea borealis. The intermediate section—plants of the temperate regions— comprises 50 species which form 41% of the Europeo-Asiatico-Ameri- can group, but only 21% of the ensemble of the species of the temp- erate regions. This fact shows well enough that the invasion of these plants was not so easy as that of the cireumpolar plants. In this section we find: Carex aquatilis, Carex Buxbaumii, Carex pallescens, Carex Oederi, Streptopus amplexifolius, Listera cordata, Corallorhiza trifida, Alnus incana, Veronica scutellata, Veronica serpyllifolia. As for the southern section, it does not comprise more than 24 species whose area of dispersion is, in general, very extensive. I may mention: Potamogeton polygonifolius, already cited, which grows not only in Europe and Asia, but in Greenland, in Africa and in Australia; Zostera marina, Agropyron repens, Lemna minor, Juncus bufonius, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium repens, Callitriche palustris, etc. I have also included in this section Equisetum sylvaticum, var. pauci- ramosum, very rare if not unknown in Europe, and which is the usual form of the species in North America. 3rd. Résumé of the Classification. The following table is a résumé of the classification of the American and non-American native plants growing in St. Pierre et Miquelon; it combines the classification in latitude with the classification in longitude. (d). Conclusion. If the flora of St. Pierre et Miquelon is not so poor as Dr. Bonnet thought it to be after studying the specimens preserved in the Paris Museum, we may, however, concur with him in the general conclusion that “elle est caractérisée par l'absence d’espéces spéciales et par une identité parfaite avec la flore des contrées voisines."! All its native species and varieties are found either in Nova Scotia or Newfoundland . Bonnet: Florule des I. St. Pierre & Miquelon: Journ. de Bot. 1, p. 264. 1927] Robbins,—Identity of Cladonia Beaumontii 133 eS. lek o? Mia m Ol & om | ie pone o|co e SEE [28 elses 325 t Sh a “= ole + 0 a [o 5 Su SENE Sols | SEAL ENS a ESERIES [528 '&.9|9.|g9|g- 59g. am 9..-2m|g2o- SlLa sg A RES PA EA uS E uS ESLIBS+|[22 [321592 a+ |=8 de od|9 =