Hovora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief ALBERT FREDERICK HILL STUART KIMBALL HARRIS Associate Editors RALPH CARLETON BEAN VOLUME 51 1949 The New England Botanical Club, Ince. 8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. Hovora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY ALBERT FREDERICK HILL Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS Vol. 51. January, 1949, No. 601. CONTENTS: Some Notes on Echinochloa. Norman C. Fassett. .............. 1 Two Species of Oxybaphus in Indiana. Edwin D. Hull. ......... 3 Zoochlorella conductrix occurring in New Brunswick Symbiotically with Ophrydium. Herbert Habeeb and John J. Caldwell... 4 An abbreviated Flora of Maine (Review). M.L. F. Juncus Greenei and Rhus glabra in Quebec. Marcel Raymond. 9 Salicornia europaea in Illinois. Glen S. Winterringer. ....... eet | Notes on four Virginia Plants. Lena Artz. .................... 12 The New England Botanical Club, Ine. 8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. RHODORA. —4 monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of the Gray's Manual Range and regions floristically related. Price, $4.00 per year, net, postpaid, in funds payable at par in United States currency in Boston; single copies (if available) of not more than 24 pages and with 1 plate, 40 cents, numbers of more than 24 pages or with more than 1 plate mostly at higher prices (see 3rd cover- page). Volumes 1-9 can be supplied at $4.00, 10-34 at $3.00, and volumes 35—46 at $4.00. Some single numbers from these volumes can be supplied only at ad- vanced prices (see 3rd cover-page). Somewhat reduced rates for complete sets can be obtained on application to Dr. Hill. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be considered for publication to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms may be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than two pages of print) will receive 15 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear, if they request them when returning proof. Extracted reprints, if ordered in ad. vance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to M. L. Fernald, 14 Hawthorn Street, Cambridge 38, Mass. Subscriptions (making all remittances payable to RHODORA) to Dr. A. F. Hill, 8 W. King St., Lancaster, Pa., or, preferably, Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. Entered as second-class matter March 9, 1929, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Specialists in Scientific and Technical Publications EIGHT WEST KING ST., LANCASTER, PA. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately No. I. A Monograph of the Genus Brickellia, by B. L. Robinson. 150 pp. 96 fig. 1917. $3.00. No. III. The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton, Section Axillares, by M. L. Fernald. 183 pp., 40 plates, 31 maps. 1932. $3.00. No. IV. The Myrtaceous Genus Syzygium Gaertner in Borneo, by E. D. Merrill and L. M. Perry. 68 pp. 1939. $1.50. No. V. The Old World Species of the Celastraceous Genus Microtropis Wallich, by E. D. Merrill and F. L. Freeman. 40 pp. 1940. $1.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass. ‘IRbodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 51. January, 1949. No. 601. SOME NOTES ON ECHINOCHLOA NorMAN C. FASSETT THE native North American Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. was differentiated, under the name E. muricata (Michx.) Fernald, from the introduced E. crusgalli (L.) Beauv., by Fernald, Ruo- DORA xvii. 106 (1915) and by Wiegand, RHopora xxiii. 50—52 (1921). The characters separating them were largely quantita- tive; E. muricata was described as having the spikelets more bristly and the tip of the coriaceous lemma firmer than in E. crusgalli. Further to blur the differences between the species, two varieties of E. muricata were described by Wiegand, char- acterized by having less bristly spikelets. It is therefore reassuring to observe a definite and qualitative, though minute, difference. In E. crusgalli the tip of the coria- ceous lemma is dark, dull, wrinkled and sharply differentiated from the smooth lustrous body of the lemma; the lustrous portion bears, just below the junction with the wrinkled tip, a ring of minute setae. These setae are about the size of the smallest pubescence on the glumes and sterile lemma, and their detection requires considerable magnification. In E. pungens (E. muricata) the texture of the fertile lemma blends gradually from the smooth lustrous bedy to the dull wrinkled tip without a line of demarkation and without a ring of setae, although the distal portion of the withered tip is sometime setulose. All of the European material of E. crusgalli in the Gray Herbarium was found to have the ring of setulae on the coriaceous lemma. Identifications of most North American collections, 2 Rhodora [JANUARY separated into E. crusgalli and E. pungens, appear correct, with an unfortunate exception. A collection from Grand Tower, Illinois, H. A. Gleason 1720, with rather small and only slightly bristly spikelets, has a ring of setae on the coriaceous lemma, and is E. crusgalli. This sheet is the Tyre of E. muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand, and so the basis of E. pungens var. occiden- talis (Wiegand) Fernald & Griscom, Ruopona xxxvii. 137 (1935) and of E. occidentalis (Wiegand) Rydberg, Brittonia i. 82 (1931). Wiegand's variety is good, and all his cited specimens clearly belong with it, excepting only the type. But the name must stand or fall with the type; E. muricata var. occidentalis becomes a synonym of E. crusgalli and a new name must be applied to the concept described by Wiegand. EcuHrNocHLOA PUNGENS (Poir. Rydb., var. Wiegandii nom. nov. €E. muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand, RHopona xxiii. 58 (1921), as to description and cited specimens except the TYPE. As TYPE of var. Wiegand the following may be specified: sandy roadside, Hayden Island, Oregon, September 8, 1915, J. C. Nelson 1974, in the Gray Herbarium. Professor Wiegand's treatment of the subdivisions of Æ. muricata recognizes essentially four recombinations of two sets of characters, involving the size and the armature of spikelets. Typical E. muricata (now typical E. pungens) has large bristly spikelets; var. ludoviciana has large less bristly spikelets; ‘‘var. occidentalis" (E. pungens var. Wiegandiz) has smaller less bristly spikelets; and vars. microstachya and multiflora have small spikelets with many spreading bristles with swollen bases. Those who, like the present writer, are impressed with the long- acuminate spikelets (multiflora-like) and the long panicles reaching 30 or 35 cm. in specimens of var. microstachya from the northern states, and so find themselves unable to distinguish var. multiflora from var. microstachya, may unite them under the name var. microstachya. The more recently described E. pungens var. coarctata Fernald & Griscom, RHODORA xxxvii. 136 (1935), “differs from the other described varieties in having the sterile lemma glabrous or merely puberulent on the back, with the bullate-based spicules few and marginal or very rarely on the keel." This is precisely the dis- tribution of spicules on most material of typical E. pungens, 1949] Hull,—Two Species of Oxybaphus in Indiana 3 from which the writer is unable to separate the type specimen of var. coarctata. A second sheet determined as this variety, from Cornland, Norfolk Co., Virginia, Fernald & Long 13881, is quite different in aspect; its narrowly ellipsoid coriaceous lemma, awned second glumes, and slightly hispid sheaths place it with E. Walteri. In E. colonum and E. frumentacea the coriaceous lemma has a ring of setae closely resembling that of E. crusgalli. E. zelayensis and E. Walteri lack the ring of setae. In E. crus-pavonis and its var. decipiens! the tip of the coria- ceous lemma is a little more sharply demarked from the lustrous body than in E. pungens, but there is no ring of setae. Æ. crus- pavonis has been much confused with E. crusgalli but the two may be readily separated by this character. E. crus-pavonis proves to be much more common in South America than is E. crusgalli: in fact there are in the Gray Herbarium but two sheets of the latter (both from Argentina) as against more than 30 of E. crus-pavonis, most of which had originally been labelled as E. crusgalli. In Mexico, E. crusgalli seems to be present but less common than E. crus-pavonis. DEPARTMENT OF BorANY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Two SPECIES OF OxvBAPHUS IN INDIANA.—Both of these are included in Deam’s “Excluded Species" in his “Flora of Indiana", each having been reported but once, and that long ago. O. linearis I found in considerable quantity in open rather sterile soil on the Nickel Plate Railroad east of Hobart in Lake Co., very near Porter Co. Deam says: “Reported in 1902 by Dorner as established along the Wabash Railroad near Lafayette." This is well over 100 miles from Hobart. I have known the species in the Hobart locality for many years, and, while it has not spread any considerable distance, it seems to be thoroughly established. O. hirsutus Deam says was "reported to Coulter for Jenkins as found in Wabash Co." This station, while nearer Hobart than the preceding, is stil a considerable distance away. This species I found in the same locality as O. linearis, and like it, it ! E. crus-Pavonis (HBK.) Schult., var. decipiens (Wiegand) n. comb. E. echinata var. decipiens Wiegand, Ruopora xxiii. 61 (1921). 4 Rhodora [JANUARY was in flower July 14, 1948. Plants are not so numerous, but are scattered over the area, and seem to be established. Plants of both species have been sent to the Gray Herbarium.— Epwin D. Hutt, Gary, Indiana. ZOOCHLORELLA CONDUCTRIX OCCURRING IN NEW BRUNSWICK SYMBIOTICALLY WITH OPHRYDIUM HERBERT HABEEB AND JOHN J. CALDWELL WHILE collecting Algae in the ledge-pools near the falls at Grand Falls, New Brunswick, one pool was found to contain delicate, green, jelly-like balls and clouds of what appeared macroscopically to be another member of Tetrasporaceae. On microscopic examination the specimens proved to be an infu- sorian with an included alga. They were identified as respec- tively, Ophrydium sp. (probably versatile) and Zoochlorella conductrix Brandt. F. S. Collins in the Green Algae of North America (Tufts College Studies. Scientific series. 2: 79-480. 1909) lists two species of Zoochlorella and separates them as follows: Cells 3-6 microns diameter... n.a anaana aana aaa. Z. conductriz Cells 1.5-3 microns diameter... oaa auauna. Z. parasitica Collins also mentions that Z. conductrix occurs in tissues of Hydra and allied freshwater organisms, while Z. parasitica Brandt occurs in tissues of Spongilla, in Ophrydium and in other freshwater organisms. Measurements show that the Zoochlorella in our specimens average about 5 microns in diameter; placing the alga in Zoochlo- rella conductrix. This seems to indicate that the differences between Z. conductrix and Z. parasitica are slight or that Ophry- dium is impartial as a host. The Ophrydium stretched out in action measured up to 350 microns in length, the narrowest part of the neck, as small as 20 microns in diameter, while the thickest part of the body measured up to 43 microns in diameter. The colonies grew to a diameter of 10 cm. and were free-floating or on the bottom of the pool, depending on oxygen production. As we are unable to determine the Ophyrdium down to species, figures are appended for future reference. 1949] M. L. F.,—An abbreviated Flora of Maine 5 ) STO of wo o * oco LE 5 ' o o 3 eer see K—— 100M» UNIDENTIFIED OPHRYDIUM Specimens numbered Habeeb 10585 and 10743 are deposited in the Cryptogamic Herbarium, Chicago Natural History Museum and in the collections of Herbert Habeeb. The Cryptogamic Herbarium, Chicago Natural History Museum, will distribute the duplicates. It may be of interest to note that Zoochlorella parasitica has been reported from southern Quebec by C. W. Lowe in the Pro- ceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. III, 31 (sV): 291-316. 1927. Dr. Francis Drouet informed us that there are specimens labelled Z. parasitica in the Cryptogamic Herbarium, Chicago Natural History Museum, from our general vicinity. Marne: edge of Wood's Pond, vicinity of Blue Hill, Hancock Co., Wm. R. Mazon 11235, 25 Aug. 1946. QUEBEC: small woodland pond, west branch of Mont Louis River, M. L. Fernald, C. W. Dodge, and L. B. Smith 2250, 30 July 1923. GRAND FALLS, NEw BRUNSWICK. AN ABBREVIATED FLORA oF Matne.—The Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine has just issued a very handy Check-list of the Vascular Plants of Maine!. ‘Responsibility for the groups included are: Steinmetz for the grasses and sedges, Hyland for the woody plants, Edith B. Ogden for the ferns, and Ogden for the other groups.” Such a division of responsibility leads, naturally, to different standards and divergent treatments. What some would call distinct others, with different outlook, will not; groups which some admit others, in parallel cases, exclude. For instance, "Plants now 1E, C, OGDEN, STEINMETZ, F. H. AND Hywtanp, F. Check-list of the Vascular Plants of Maine. Josselyn Bot. Soc. Me., Bull. no. 8. 70 pp., Orono, Me., August, 1948. To be obtained for 50c from Dr. F. H. STEINMETZ, Coburn Hall, Univ. of Me., Orono, Maine. 6 Rhodora [JANUARY considered to be a part of our flora, whether native or naturalized, are indicated by plus (+) signs in the column for each county where found. Those plants growing on wool-waste, ballast, abandoned gardens, and other habitats where they may not yet be part of our flora but show indications of becoming so are indicated by minus (—) signs." That is well as a principle; but, having spent all or parts of his summers botanizing in Maine for at least 30 years, the present writer finds, unfortunately, that it cannot be applied without pretty full understanding, which here seems sometimes not complete. The entries in the Check-list total 2702, but, somewhat surprisingly, this total includes the PLANTED TREES, such as Gingko biloba, Abies concolor, Pinus M ugo, Sciadopitys verticillata, Gymnocladus dioica, etc., etc. To most people foreign plants pur- posely planted and not usually spreading into the wild would seem out of place in what the first line of the Foreword calls the ‘‘native and adventive" plants of the state. If the planted trees belong in such a list, surely planted Philadelphus, Weigelia and other popular shrubs of the garden-border, the scores and scores of hardy perennials (Crocus, Delphinium, Paeonia, Digitalis, etc.) and the "short and simple annuals of the poor" (China-Aster, Cosmos, Eschscholzia, etc.) should not be excluded. The attempt in a brief summary in columns for the 16 counties to say what is “a part of our flora", what merely casual on **wool-waste", ete., while in the main logical, in practice often leads to some disappointments. Thus Cynoglossum boreale is entered as a species which “may not yet be part of our flora". It is, however, a woodland type, occurring in Canadian forest across the continent. The labels of specimens in the Gray Herbarium and that of the New England Botanical Club, from Maine and adjacent regions, which indicate habitats, read as follows: sandy alluvial woods, beneath larches (TYPE); coniferous woods; alluvial soil (Fort Kent); roadside (Houlton); woods (Orono); open woods, sandy soil (South Chesterville); dry soil on an esker (Chesterville); gravelly soil (Chesterville Ridge); woods; rich woods. Again, the very definite Populus tremuloides, var. magnifica, with so many characters that it surprises one that someone has not called it a species, is entered in this category of doubtfully established plants. Try to uproot it! When the present writer first met it, as an extensive grove of the largest trees he had ever seen of P. tremuloides, on the north bank of the Aroostook River, he made special notes on its unusual bark, branchlets, etc., as something noteworthy. In fact, all the labels of Maine material in the two herbaria before him indicate the collectors’ belief that the tree is both indigenous and firmly established: river-bank (Fort Fairfield); river-bank (Orono); open woods and fields (Deer Isle); mixed woods (Lincolnville); shore and roadside (Isle au Haut—many sheets from several stations collected as something noteworthy); wooded river-bank (Bowdoinham). The firm status in the flora of Bromus Kalmii and Triplasis purpurea is doubted, although both of them have been collected in their typical habitats at one or more stations which connect very closely with their more extensive areas farther west or south. The habitats of the Bromus, as given on the labels, are “sandy woods, Oxford" and “Sand-plain, Newfield”, such statements of habitat coinciding with those of specimens from New Hampshire and other parts of interior New England: "sandy wooded terrace", “rocky woods”, “dry, thin woods", “dry rocks", “sand-plain” “dry soil of thicket”, ete. Similarly, T'riplasis, charac- teristic of coastal sands and abundant wherever found from the South to southern Maine, was collected by the late Walter Deane, “prostrate in sand, 416 feet in diam.”, at York Harbor. A few miles away, at Rye, Little Harbor (repeatedly collected), thence via Salisbury Beach and. Ipswich, it abounds on maritime sands to all points south. Why are not these two native species reaching their natural eastern or northern limits in southwestern Maine, just as do scores of other plants? While on this slippery subject of deciding what is really a part of the flora, what perhaps not, we may check some plants which are admitted without question to the dignity of a + sign. Most so dignified plants are unques- 1949] M. L. F.,—An abbreviated Flora of Maine ‘| tioned; but the plus-sign for such species as Deschampsia elongata, Chenopo- dium graveolens and Collomia linearis might, by those who know their broad natural ranges, be seriously questioned. The Deschampsia is native from the Rocky Mts. westward; the Chenopodium of the southwestern United States, Mexico and South America; the Collomia of the Gaspé region and western North America. It is, then, quite as one would expect to find that the + for Deschampsia elongata is based on a collection made by Parlin in 1896 and labeled "wool-waste, local, North Berwick"; Chenopodium graveolens marked "North Berwick, Sept., 1903"; and Collomia linearis from "ballast", Presque Isle, and from *wool-waste" and from “old field: plant probably originating from wool-waste", North Berwick. Surely if any species qualify as "growing on wool-waste, ballast" and meriting the minus ( —) sign" these seem perfect cases. Incidentally, one notices, just before Triplasis, the entry, under Tragus, T. racemosus from York County. The very trifling representation of the genus in the state could have been doubled. One year Parlin got T. racemosus; another year, T. Berteronianus Schultes, also from “around wool-waste" at North Berwick. | In fact, in spite of the evident effort to see and check everything, to the point that names published in Ruopora as late as August 16, 1948, won their places, further search in RHODORA and elsewhere will reveal many additions to the Check-list. These need not here be recorded but memoranda will be supplied to the authors, who ask for such coóperation. On the other hand, some entries may need dropping or alteration. There are about 50 of these which, it is hoped, will be reconsidered before the publication of the projected state-flora. Four cases will make clear such need. OPHIOGLOssUM VULGATUM. The plant of acid to mediacid peat or wet sand in Maine is var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell, discussed in detail and illus- trated in RnHopoRa, xli. 495 et seq., pl. 572 (1939). This eastern North American var. pseudopodum is very unlike the true Eurasian plant (see dis- cussion, l. c. and plate 571). If it is felt that no recognition of geographic varieties in this semicosmopolitan species should be made (following the belief of Clausen, rather than that of Nuttall, Gray, Beck, E. G. Britton, Christensen, Clute, Hultén and others), then the varieties and forms of Botry- chium, Athyrium and other wide-ranging and variable species should be omitted. PUCCINELLIA PUMILA (Vasey) Hitchc. In RHopona, xxxvi, 346-348 (1934), it was shown that this combination rests upon a wholly inadequate basis. The plant of the Maine coast is P. paupercula (Holm) Fern. & Weath., var. alaskana (Scribn. & Merr.) Fern. & Weath. SALIX PETIOLARIS Sm. In Ruopora, xlviii. 47, 48 (1946), it was shown that, following Pursh (a notorious drunkard who made scores of confusions), American botanists have been misapplying this name. Smith's species (or hybrid) was a tree or coarse shrub of Europe, well illustrated by him and others of his time, which has nothing to do with our slender shrub, S. gracilis Anders. "The facts that Pursh blundered and that some present-day students put greater emphasis on what they erroneously learned than upon careful typification of names do not alter the fundamental points. PorLEMoNIUM VaN-BnuwTIAE Britton. The record entered is for Knox County. In the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club there is a thoroughly characteristic specimen from Matinieus, Knox County, collected by the late C. A. E. Long, of old-fashioned Jacob's-ladder, correctly identified as the European P. caeruleum L. and labelled "spreading in old cemetery". Was this the basis of the record? The very different P. Van-Bruntiae is a localized native in bogs, wet woods and mountain-ravines from Vermont and New York to Maryland and West Virginia. These four cases out of twelve times as many indicate that there is yet a great deal of work to be done in rechecking many entries. It is also evident 8 Rhodora [JANUARY that in this, as in all other state-lists, it is important that the authors under- stand the broad natural ranges of the species which extend into the local area from north, south, east or west. Without the broad natural ranges in mind the local occurrence of less usual plants is likely to be misinterpreted. Cases of this kind have been noted. Another, which perhaps needs investigation, is that of Sisyrinchium albidum, entered with a plus-sign. The natural range of the species is from Georgia to Louisiana, north to North Carolina, southern Ontario, Ohio, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin and Missouri; but in 1898 the late Kate Furbish picked a flowering tip of it on Drake’s Island in Wells. Is it truly a fixed element in our flora or a casual adventive? The authors of the projected Flora have undertaken a man-sized task, for the reconciliation of divergent views and the deduction from them of satisfac- tory solutions requires close study of many contradictory treatments and fully authentic specimens. Perhaps the use of only two signs (+ and —) to cover many different categories is not enough. In any state we have the abundant and dominating natives (Lycopodium clavatum, Abies balsamea, Calamagrostis canadensis, Nymphaea odorata, etc.); indigenous but localized species (Botry- chium Lunaria, Potamogeton confervoides, Agropyron pungens, Pedicularis Furbishiae, etc.); other indigenous plants not clearly established or but once found and now unknown (Carex rariflora, collected by Goodale on Mt. Ka- tahdin in 1862 and Anemone parviflora, recorded in 1862 by Goodale from Fort Kent but apparently not seen there by others—presumably a lapsus for A. multifida); intentionally introduced plants which are now well naturalized (Arrhenatherum elatius, Trifolium pratense, Pastinaca sativa); intentional intro- ductions as yet but slightly naturalized (Echinochloa frumentacea, Setaria italica, Dianthus plumarius); garden-plants spreading out of bounds (/ris pumila, Dianthus barbatus, Sempervivum tectorum); purposely introduced plants only casual and not persisting in the wild (Zea Mays, Solanum tubero- sum); adventive or foreign plants arriving without man’s wish but thoroughly naturalized (Digitaria sanguinalis, Rumex Acetosella, Chenopodium album); similarly adventive but only slightly naturalized (Hibiscus Trionum, Abutilon Theophrasti); viatical adventives, travelling largely along railroads and high- ways (Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. = E. peregrina Wieg., Erysimum inconspi- cuum, Lepidium ruderale, Linum usitatissimum); adventive but mostly casual, soon vanishing weeds of wool-waste (Bouteloua gracilis, Cenchrus longispinus, Medicago laciniata, Erodium moschatum, Artemisia ludoviciana var. Brittonii and an endless stream of others). In view of the very many groups, as to their status in the region into which a local flora naturally divides itself, would it not be well to recognize at least some of these groupings (and perhaps others)? As the new Check-list now stands there is no indication as to whether the plants are native, intentionally introduced or adventive. The emblematic tree of Maine, Pinus Strobus, has the same sign as the most pestiferous of adventive weeds, like Rumex Aceto- sella or Hieracium aurantiacum; the beautiful and relatively rare native Cynoglossum boreale, the “fossil species”, Gingko biloba, planted in a few door- yards, species of Madia coming up in someone’s hen-yard from imported hen- feed, and the miserable Cenchrus pauciflorus, sprouting from burs clipped out of wool imported from Mexico or our Southwest, all have their status indi- cated by the same minus-sign. Surely some more realistic method of classify- ing the floristic elements would be useful. These critical memoranda are made in the utmost friendliness. The present writer, born and brought up in Maine and for many years returning there, is, perhaps, so fond of the “State of Maine” and its flora as to be a bit disturbed when a publication upon them, which has been prepared with much evident close work, shows at many points neglect or oversight of many details which would have made it wholly authoritative. The projected Flora, we may be sure, will eliminate such questionable points.—M. L. F. 1949] Raymond,—Juncus Greenei and Rhus glabra 9 JUNCUS GREENEI AND RHUS GLABRA IN QUEBEC MaARCEL RAYMOND Juncus Greenet Oakes & Tuckerman was found for the first time in Quebec, at Cap-de-la-Madeleine (St.-Maurice Co.), on August 20, 1947, during the foray of the Torrey Botanical Club. The rush grew in dense formations in a clearing, in a Pinus Banksiana barren. Its rigid habit and its brown calyx give it a rather unusual aspect to one familiar with Quebec Junci. The distribution, as stated in Gray's Manual (7th ed., 1908): "sandy or barren soil, Me. to Vt. and N. J.; locally about the Great Lakes", tends to stamp it as a southern species which one would not expect to find as far north as reported herein. A specimen was sent to Professor M. L. FERNALD, who has been kind enough to com- municate the following note and observations: “Thank you for this fine sheet of Juncus Greeneit. It is the first we have had from Quebec and a great extension northward in this longitude. Although abundant on sterile sands, acidic rock and worn-out soils near the coast of New Jersey, Long Island and New England, the species reaches the sand-dunes of southwestern Nova Scotia at the northeast. In western Maine and in the White Mts. of New Hampshire, it ascends to bare granitic summits and slopes up to 3800 feet. It avoids the largely calcareous Green Mts. of Vermont but swings north to the southern and western borders of the Adirondack area of New York. Farther west it reappears on the north shore (Algoma Distr.) of Lake Huron, thence west into Minnesota, going south to sands along the Great Lakes, etc. in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois. Your new station in St.-Maurice Co. suggests that it will turn up in more siliceous areas between there and Algoma”. (M. L. FERNALD, in litt. Feb. 24, 1948). A careful revision of the material collected in the Ottawa river valley and labelled Juncus tenuis Willd. or J. macer S. F. Gray has so far proved fruitless. However, botanists in the Ottawa distriet should be on the lookout for this interesting species. Actually, the region around Lake St. Peter, with its lengthy stretches of sand, serves as the northernmost limit for many 10 Rhodora [JANUARY southern elements, 1. e.: Aster linariifolius L. var. Victorinii Fern., Carex Merritt-Fernaldii Mack., C. Muhlenbergii Schk., Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt., Convolvulus spithamaeus L., Cyperus filicul- mis Vahl var. macilentus Fern., Lechea intermedia Leggett var. laurentiana Hodgdon, Lilium philadelphicum L., Prunus susque- hanae Willd., to which list one should now add Juncus Greene? Oakes & Tuckerman. Rhus glabra L. has been searched for in Quebec for a long time, and was at last found, in August 1947, in Farnham, Missisquoi Co. It grew on a sand-ridge close to a large bog remarkable for its rich flora: Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr., Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont, Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopo- dum (Blake) Farwell, Utricularia geminiscapa Benj., Wood- wardia virginica (L.) J. E. Smith. A party consisting of Messrs. Albert CouRTEMANCHE and Aubert HAMEL, of the Service de Biogéographie de l'Université de Montréal, and the author of this note, assisted Dr. J. E. Potzger of Butler University in the transportation of boring- equipment during his survey of the bogs of the province of Quebec. At Farnham, looking for a suitable path through which to cart the cumbersome instruments through the bog, two members of the group were stranded and sheepishly returned with the woeful tale that they had inadvertently walked through Rhus Vernix L. Poison Sumach, however, is very rare in Quebec. It is known only from East (?) Templeton, in the Ottawa Valley, Laprairie, in the vicinity of Montreal, Ste. Victoire (Richelieu Co.) and St. Chrysostome (Huntingdon Co.). After a careful search the author located about a hundred individuals of the harmless Rhus glabra L., the species itself a brand new addition to the flora of Quebec. As Rhus typhina L. surrounds the stand, the hybrid (X R. hybrida Rehder) may well turn up eventually. The author wishes to thank Prof. M. L. FERNALD for permis- sion to use the phytogeographical indications he has given in his letter and to James Kucyniak, of the Montreal Botanical Gar- den, for his kind assistance with the drafting of this note. MoNTREAL BoTANICAL GARDEN. 1949] Winterringer,—Salicornia europaea in Illinois 11 SALICORNIA EUROPAEA IN ILLINo1s.—After checking several sources of information it appears that Salicornia europaea L. had not been found in Illinois until last year. This plant of saline soil was collected by the writer in Cook County, Illinois, on September 2, 1948, and from the same locality again two weeks later. The specimens were collected in an area approximately one hundred feet by ten feet. Seven plants were observed in a casual inspection. The habitat of the plant is as follows: a muddy flat, frequently inundated, along the bank of the Little Calumet River at a point about 1200 feet west and 25 feet south of northeast corner of Section 8, T 36 N, R 14 E. This location is just north of the town of Harvey and about one quarter mile west of Halsted Street. This species of Salicornia has been attributed to Wisconsin,! but this is the first known collection in Illinois. Since waterways connect Lake Michigan with Atlantic coastal waters and those of the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, it seems likely that this plant is a recent introduction to our area. It is hardly possible that S. europaea L. is to be considered a relict as are some of the plants of the Great Lakes area. Hence the idea of introduction is a more plausible explanation of the occurrence of this plant in northern Illinois. Chemical analysis, by O. W. Vogel of the Illinois State Water Survey Division, revealed that water saturating the soil has about ten times the normal mineral content of ordinary ground water in that area. Since the mineral content of this water is also many times that of Lake Michigan it is possible that the supply of chlorides and sulphates comes from some industrial source. Dr. L. T. Kurtz analyzed a soil sample and reported the pH to be 7.5. Some other plants associated with the Illinois locality of Salicornia are: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., E. walteri (Pursh) Heller, Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host, Atriplex hastata L., and Cyperus erythro- rhizos Muhl. Specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium of University of Illinois (No. 1588, 1599), as well as the Chicago Museum of Natural History (1588) and Gray Herbarium (1588). !'W. C. Muenscher, Aquatic Plants of the United States, p. 219 (1944). 12 Rhodora [JANUARY Verification of identity of specimens has been made by Pro- fessor G. Neville Jones and Dr. J. A. Steyermark.—GLen S. WINTERRINGER, Department of Botany, University of Illinois. NOTES ON FOUR VIRGINIA PLANTS.—In one of the many narrow valleys of the Massanutten Mountain area in northern Virginia lies a small, but botanically interesting, bog. The valley, varying in altitude from one thousand to twelve hundred feet, is flanked on either side by quartzite ridges and has been carved out by the wearing away of the less resistant shales and limestones that comprise the valley floor. These latter rocks supply the needs of lime-loving plants, while disintegrating sandstone, together with humus, meets the needs of the acid- loving ones. The bog, lying within this valley, has an elevation of about one thousand feet. Its varied and interesting flora consists of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Of the trees, Fraxinus nigra Marsh. is probably the one of greatest interest in this area. This northern species of Ash, as far as it is known, reaches its southern limit in Summers County, West Virginia. As far as I know, the station given in this paper is the only known one for this species in Virginia. "There are twenty-three or more trees of Fraxinus nigra within and on the borders of the bog. Clustered close about the base of one, which grows well within the bog, is a clump of Cypripedium reginae Walt., part of a small group of some forty-seven plants of this Cypripedium found in this locality, which, in turn, is one of the four known stations in Virginia for this northern orchid. All four of the stations are in the Massanutten area, two in Rocking- ham County, Virginia, two in Shenandoah County, Virginia. Near the border of the bog a Black Ash shelters a group of twelve or more plants of Liparis Loeslii (L.) Richard, another northern orchid, this one very near the southern limits of its range. A fourth plant of interest in this, as yet, incompletely explored bog, is Utricularia gibba L., a plant more commonly found inhabiting Coastal Plain areas. To C. O. Handley, Jr., of V. P. I., belongs the credit for having first found this Utricularia in this area.—LENA Artz, Waterlick, Virginia. Volume 50, no. 600, including pages 285—326 and title-page of volume, was issued 22 December, 1948. Rhodora - JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chíef CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY ALBERT FREDERICK HILL Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS Vol. 51. February, 1949, No. 602. CONTENTS: Monographic Studies on the Characeae. I. Emendation of EN NNNM. E. D. Wood. .........-.. 5. s 13 Some Results of a Summer’s Botanizing in Oklahoma. II i Sic ssh aos atta tavi Cai disi a 18 Polyploidy in Passiflora lutea. J. T. Baldwin, Jr. ............... 29 Does Dicranum arcticum occur in southern central Quebec? James Kucyk. ois ooo cs ceed snnegesscies ee eee 29 Dicentra Cucullaria f. purpuritincta in Quebec. Marcel Raymond. 30 A most useful Series of Illustrations (Review). M.L.F........ 31 Dobydlum; a Correction. Ede. .......... edv duos 32 The New England Botanical Club, Ine. 8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. RHODORA. —4 monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of the Gray's Manual Range and regions floristically related. Price, $4.00 per year, net, postpaid, in funds payable at par in United States currency in Boston; single copies (if available) of not more than 24 pages and with 1 plate, 40 cents, numbers of more than 24 pages or with more than 1 plate mostly at higher prices (see 3rd cover- page). Volumes 1-9 can be supplied at $4.00, 10-34 at $3.00, and volumes 35—46 at $4.00. Some single numbers from these volumes can be supplied only at ad- vanced prices (see 3rd cover-page). Somewhat reduced rates for complete sets can be obtained on application to Dr. Hill. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be considered for publication to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms may be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than two pages of print) will receive 15 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear, if they request them when returning proof. Extracted reprints, if ordered in ad- vance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to M. L. Fernald, 14 Hawthorn Street, Cambridge 38, Mass. Subscriptions (making all remittances payable to RHODORA) to Dr. A. F. Hill, 8 W. King St. Lancaster, Pa., or, preferably, Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. Entered as second-class matter March 9, 1929, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Specialists in Scientific and Technical Publications EIGHT WEST KING ST., LANCASTER, PA. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately No. I. A Monograph of the Genus Brickellia, by B. L. Robinson. 150 pp. 96 fig. 1917. $3.00. No. Ill. The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton. Section Axillares, by M. L. Fernald. 183 pp., 40 plates, 31 maps. 1932. $3.00. No. IV. The Myrtaceous Genus Syzygium Gaertner in Borneo, by E. D. Merrill and L. M. Perry. 68 pp. 1939. $1.50. No. V. The Old World Species of the Celastraceous Genus Microtropis Wallich, by E. D. Merrill and F. L. Freeman. 40 pp. 1940. $1.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass. Rhodora Plate 1119 TZ On Fig. 1, compact form, LECTOTYPE of N. Morongit Photo, E, A, Robinson NiTELLA Monowxcir Allen, emend. Allen, X 1.2; fig. 2, typical form, E. T. Moul, no. 3173 (RDW), X 0.7; fig. 3, typical form, TYPE of N. maxceana Allen, X 0.9. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 51. February, 1949 No. 602 MONOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE CHARACEAE. I. EMENDATION OF NITELLA MORONGII R. D. Woop (Plate 1119) T. F. ALLEN (Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 14: 214. 1887) described a new species of Characeae, Nitella Morongii Allen, based on a collection cited as “. . . gathered by the Rev. Thos. Morong, on the Island of Nantucket, in a very muddy pool, July 21st, 1887." He later (The Characeae of America, part 2, fasc. 2: pl. 16. 1894. New York) illustrated the new species. Since Allen’s death in 1902, this species has caused certain taxonomic difficul- ties. Through the cooperation of M. S. Doty, the writer has had the opportunity to study a series of specimens from the Woods Hole region, and feels obligated to attempt to clarify the apparent facts about the species and summarize the information. The collection made by Rev. Thomas Morong includes a series of possibly fifty specimens. This series is quite consistent, and duplicates which have been issued to various herbaria (including MISS, MIN, UC, FH)! are very good. The majority of speci- mens are fertile and mature, and exhibit about the same gross appearance. Among the specimens seen by the writer, none has been specified as the type. Further, the writer has been unable to discover the specimen from which the published drawing was 1 Abbreviations of herbarium names follow Lanjouw, Chron. Bot. 5: 142-50. 1939, with the exceptions of the private herbaria of W. R. Taylor (WRT), M. S. Doty (MSD), E. T. Moul (ETM), the writer’s herbarium (RDW), and the herbarium of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. (MBL). 14 Rhodora [FEBRUARY made; but a photograph of N. Morongii apparently by T. F. Allen is extant in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, accompanied by its original specimen. For this reason, the writer has selected this specimen as the type, and has designated the specimen as follows: “rype (lectotype), Thomas Morong no. 4, July 21, 1887. In a very muddy pool on the roadside, near Siasconset, Nantucket" (NY) (Fria. 1). During July, 1947, the writer visited Nantucket, and sought the type locality of this species. Opposite Bloomingdale on the Siasconset Road are no small pools. On this, the east side, was a small Sphagnum bog completely covered by a mat; and somewhat farther south was an extensive Typha swamp. On the west side of the road was a cattle hole. None of these fit the description of the type locality, and it is concluded that the original pool no longer exists, A thorough search of the existing possible sites turned up no Characeae. Miss Grace Wyatt of the Maria Mitchell Association of Nantucket graciously guided the writer to other likely stations, but without success. No specimens comparable to Morong’s plant have been reported since 1887, as far as is known to the writer. A letter from Morong to Allen concerning his collection is extant in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The information is as amusing as it is pertinent: “No. 4. The nearest I can come to this is Nitella gracilis, possibly the large, diffuse form which Halstead [Halsted] says on authority of Farlow grows in Nobska Pond, at Woods Holl; but is it not extraordinarily heavy and stout for N. gracilis? If it were not of this order, no one would think of putting such forms together, but you do strange things with Chara— as for instance C. inter- media and C. intermedia var. americana arc about as much alike in size as a walnut and a morning glory . . . " Halsted (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 20: 176. 1879) published the record of N. gracilis Ag. from Nobska Pond. Halsted's specimen is extant in the Farlow Herbarium. The "authority" mentioned was ap- parently W. A. Setchell or F. S. Collins; but in either case the specimens were distributed as N. gracilis f. brachyphylla under No. 1195 in the Phycotheca Boreali-Americana. The humor attests to shghtly acid opinions by Allen's contemporary bot- 1949] | Wood,—Monographic Studies on the Characeae 15 anists. Halsted’s plants take on a greater significance as ex- panded later. Prior to Morong’s type collection, L. L. Dame had collected the same species in the same locality in 1886. The specimens are extant in the New York Botanical Garden, and have been dis- tributed to other herbaria (including UC, F, FH, MISS). Con- cerning this collection, the label on the specimen (now in herb. NY) from F. S. Collins’ herbarium is annotated: ‘This specimen apparently the first ever found of this species; it remained unde- termined until 1887, when Mr. Morong found, at the same place, a Nitella which Dr. Allen named as above [N. Morongii Allen]. A comparison of Dame's and Morong’s plants shows a decided difference in appearance, but almost complete identity of funda- mental features. Dame's plants are densely bushy with well- formed heads about 5-10 mm. in diameter, and regular sterile branchlet whorls similar to N. gracilis (Sm.) Ag. On the other hand, Morong’s plants have very small fertile heads 2-3 mm. in diameter, and very poorly developed sterile branchlet whorls. A possible explanation for this divergent expression might be suggested by his notes (in herb. NY) as follows: “The pool is one which does not dry up in the summer time, I am told; and is used by horses on the road as a drinking place. Hence, this little plant is constantly trampled by the feet of animals in the mire. It is à wonder how it lives with such usage, and in such dirty water." The present writer is of the opinion that a possible reason that this form has never again been collected is that Morong's plants exhibit a unique physiological expression which resulted from this peculiar combination of adverse circumstances impinging upon the plants in that pool at that season of that year. A third type of plant which closely resembles Morong’s collection is Halsted's N. gracilis mentioned above. As stated in Morong's letter to Allen, this plant is relatively large and quite diffuse. It also has characteristic condensed fertile heads and diffuse sterile whorls. Fundamentally, it differs from Dame's collection of 1886 only in being more diffuse. In all ascertainable respects, such as oospore membrane, oospore dimensions, furca- tion of branchlets, structure of dactyls and mucros, it is identical. Halsted's plant, then, 1s apparently a more diffuse ecological 16 Rhodora [FEBRUARY expression of N. Morongii. This same form has been repeatedly collected at Woods Hole during the last fifty years, and is quite stable in its characteristics. It has been collected from Nobska Pond, Golf Pond, and Harper Pond, where it was found during the summer of 1947 by E. T. Moul (ria. 2). A fourth plant extant in the New York Botanical Garden is contained in the species-cover for N. mazceana. T. F. Allen had a difficult time indeed with this plant. It was at first identified as N. batrachosperma (Reich.) Braun, as indicated by written data on the herbarium sheet. It was reported as such by Maria Owen (Plants of Nantucket, p. 74. 1888. Northampton) as the first record of this species for America. Allen (The Characeae of America, part 2, fasc. 3: 27. 1896. New York) hesitatingly offered a tentative description of this plant under the name N. maxceana Allen, as possibly distinct from N. minuta Allen and N. batracho- sperma. 'The name of his new species, with description accom- panied by a specimen, was validly published, as recently pointed out by the present writer (Farlowia 3: 379. 1948). The only known existing specimen is hereby designated as the type and so indicated on the label accompanying the specimen: “TYPE: July 7, 1887, Morong. Maxey's Pond, Nantucket, Mass." (NY) (Fic. 3). On comparison with Halsted's plant or with the so-called N. gracilis of the Phycotheca Boreali-Americana, one finds N. mazxceana Allen to be identical with the N. gracilis of Halsted and F. S. Collins. A fifth plant extant in the New York Botanical Garden, where it had remained among the indeterminatae previous to the present study, is accompanied by the data: “Nitella, Woods Holl, Mass. 1883." "This plant is almost a perfect intermediate between N. mazrceana and N. Morongii, and helps close the gap between the two supposed species. The conclusion which apparently must be made is that all the plants mentioned represent merely expressions of N. Morongit, and that the “typical? N. Morongii is in reality a very extreme abnormality; and N. gracilis according to Halsted and N. mazceana Allen are the normal form of the species. The descrip- tion for this species thus requires emendation, and a revision is given below. NiTELLA Momowarn Allen, emended (Fic. 2). Plant monoe- 1949] Wood,—Monographie Studies on the Characeae 17 cious, up to 20 cm. high, delicate: branchlets of two types, in- cluding the normally expanded sterile or weakly fertile branch- lets, and the greatly reduced sterile branchlets: sterile branchlets 2-5 (-8) in a whorl, 15-26 mm. long, 1-2 times furcate into 3-5 secondary rays, 2-3 tertiary rays: dactyls of sterile branchlets 2-3, 2-celled, the ultimate cell a conical mucro which is early deciduous: fertile branchlets 6—7 in a whorl, twice furcate, greatly reduced, 1-3 (-8) mm. long; 3-5 (-12) such reduced whorls borne on a reduced branch, the entire fertile complex resembling a dense head (or spike); heads appearing axillary in sterile whorls, or terminal, enveloped in weak mucus: dactyls of fertile branch- lets 2 (-3), 2-celled, of which one is commonly shorter than the other, terminated by an elongated mucro: gametangia solitary, an oogonium and an antheridium at each fertile branchlet node: oogonia 290-386 u long by 210-288 y. broad; coronula 35 x 35 u; oospores 238-268 y. long by 180—210 y broad; striae of 5 prominent ridges; membrane roughened with anastomosing lines, almost appearing finely reticulate or grumous: antheridia 134-148 u long by 174-179 y. broad, short-stipitate.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 14: 214. 1887, descr.; N. mazceana Allen, Char. Amer., part 2, fasc. 3: 27. 1896; N. gracilis (Sm.) Ag., accord. to Halsted, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 20: 176. 1879; N. gracilis f. brachyphylla, accord. to F. S. Collins, in Phye. B.-A., fasc. xxiv, no. 1195; N. batrachosperma (Reich.) Braun, accord. to Allen in Maria Owen, Pl. Nantucket, p. 74. 1888. —MASSACHUSETTS: Nan- TUCKET CO.: Maxey's Pond, July 7, 1887, T. Morong (NY) (TYPE of N. maxceana, in New York Bot. Gard.); Siasconset, in a small pond on the south side of Sconset Road opposite ‘“Bloom- ingdale," July, 1886, L. L. Dame (NY, in one P. B.-A. packet, no. 1382); in a very muddy pool on the roadside near Siasconset, July 21, 1887, T. Morong (LEcroTvPE in New York Bot. Gard.); ibid., Aug. 23, 1896, F. S. Collins (P. B.-A., no. 1382, NY, BRU). Dukes co.: Naushon Island, Petchett Pond, July 5, 1946, Hannah Croasdale (MBL). BARNSTABLE co.: Golf Pond, July, 1931, G. M. Gray (WRT); July 6, 1917, W. R. Taylor (WRT); June 24, 1935, Hannah Croasdale (WRT); Harper Pond, July 7, 1947, E. T. Moul, no. 3173 (ETM, NY, RDW); July 11, 1947, Urda K. Wood (NY, RDW); Nobska Pond, July 15, 1894, W. A. Setchell and W. J. V. Osterhout, no. 644 (FH, MBL, NY, UC); July 15, 1894, W. A. Setchell (P. B.-A., no. 1195); Woods Hole, [locality not given] 1883, [coll.?] (NY); Halsted (FH) as N. gracilis. Two markedly different forms are recognized as ecological variants: (1) compact form, with heads greatly reduced, 2-5 mm. in diameter, 5-12 fertile whorls on a fertile branch forming a spike-like head (July 21, 1887, T. Morong (NY)); and (2) diffuse 18 Rhodora [FEBRUARY form, with heads 5-12 mm. in diameter, 2-4 fertile whorls on a fertile branch, forming a more or less spherical head (July 7, 1887, T. Morong (NY)). Zaneveld (Blumea 4: 70. 1940) states that in his opinion N. Morongii Allen should be united with N. translucens Pers., but the present writer has been unable to discover much in common between the two species. A final decision on relationships must await further investigation. Botany Department, RHODE ISLAND STATE COLLEGE, KiNGsTON, R. I. SOME RESULTS OF A SUMMER’S BOTANIZING IN OKLAHOMA U. T. WATERFALL! DuniNaG June and July, 1947, the author participated in a projeet of the Oklahoma Biological Survey which included (1) a study of the floristic composition and ecology of relict Okla- homa grassland sites, and (2) a study of the flora and phyto- geography of the state as a whole. The part of the work first mentioned is being accomplished by studying grassland sites situated throughout the state. Areas were selected which will give a fairly accurate picture of the composition of, and seasonal succession on, the original prairies and plains of our state. In general two kinds of sites have been chosen: (1) meadows, consisting of unplowed prairies which have been saved for hay production, and (2) miscellaneous small areas which have escaped plowing or grazing due to their relative inaecessibility and size (such as small sites surrounded by rocky outcrops, or certain areas in railroad-right-of-ways). The former will not give an altogether true picture of the situation since mowing, too, is selective. It is thought, however, that study of relicts of all kinds will yield results of some value. They will be discussed in a later paper. The present paper deals primarily with distributional notes concerning species rarely collected in the state, and species ! Botanist, Oklahoma Biological Survey. 1949] Waterfall,—Botanizing in Oklahoma 19 newly recorded from Oklahoma. The latter are prefixed with an asterisk in the following account. One of the most interesting and productive regions botanized was the Black Mesa area in western Cimarron County in the western end of the Oklahoma Panhandle. From it have been taken almost a third of the additions to the Oklahoma flora here- inafter recorded. It constitutes a distinct phytogeographic province, called the Mesa de Maya region by Blair and Hubbell.! According to Duck and Fletcher? 363 square miles of Oklahoma are included in this area, which they call the pinyon-juniper- mesa game type. It is a part of a mesa region extending into our state from northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. The most distinctive geographic feature of the area is the Black Mesa itself, a sandstone, basalt-capped mesa with an elevation of almost 5,000 feet, rising 500-700 feet above the sur- rounding terrain. It is the highest point in Oklahoma. Many of the floral affinities appear to be southwestern as will be evidenced by the enumeration which follows later. The valleys between the mesas are covered with grass and are often characterized by Opuntia arborescens. The principle species of the grassland, when not overgrazed, are Hilaria Jamesii and Bouteloua gracilis, with Buchloe dactyloides, Bouteloua curtipen- dula and Sporobolus cryptandrus forming conspicuous parts of the vegetation. Other grasses are: Muhlenbergia Torreyi, Triodia pilosa, Andropogon saccharoides, Panicum obtusum and Sitanion Hystrix. When overgrazed Muhlenbergia Torreyi, Buchloe dac- tyloides and Triodia pilosa become the common species. On sandy soils Munroa squarrosa is locally abundant, increasing under overgrazing. The mesa slopes are often characterized by Pinus cembroides var. edulis, Juniperus monosperma, and, in some places, by a chaparral of Quercus spp., including Q. grisea. Other common species include Rhus trilobata var. pilosissima and Cercocarpus montana. Between rock ledges and arroyos on these slopes, 1 Blair, W. F. and T. H. Hubbell. The Biotic Districts of Oklahoma. Am. Midl. Nat. 20: 425-454, 1938. 2 Duck, L. G. and Jack B. Fletcher. A Survey of the Game and Furbearing Animals of Oklahoma. State Bulletin No. 3: 42. Oklahoma Game and Fish Comm., Okla- homa City, Okla. 3 Schoff, Stuart L. and J. Willis Stovall. Geology and Ground Water Resources of Cimarron County, Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 64: 21 and 120. 1943. 20 Rhodora [FEBRUARY where water and soil accumulate, there are found clumps of Andropogon scoparius, Andropogon Gerardi, Sorghastrum nutans and Panicum virgatum. These mesic species are not commonly found elsewhere in the surrounding terrain, hence their relict nature in this area is adduced. In these arroyos are also found, sometimes in abundance, Rubus deliciosus, Ribes cereum and a dwarfed form of Prunus virginiana, perhaps var. melanocarpa. On the adjacent slopes Glossopetalon planitierum often forms large matted clumps. Along an arroyo at the base of a xeric slope was found Allionia incarnata, an unexpected addition to the state flora. Bromus anomalus var. lanatipes, previously unknown from the state, is fairly common along the arroyos and at the bases of rock ledges. Other characteristic species found on the slopes include: Aristida glauca, Bouteloua eriopoda, Lycurus phleoides, Panicum Hallii, Trichachne californica, Eriogonum tenellum, Eriogonum Jamesii, Atriplex canescens, Dalea formosa, Baccharis Wrightii, Pericome glandulosa and Stephanomeria pauciflora. Near the base of the mesa were taken Aristida divaricata and Mentzelia multiflora, both seldom collected within the state. Gilia laxiflora is frequently found on the lower hills, ridges and plains throughout this area. On the low ridges near the edges of the mesa country some of the characteristic species collected include: Sitanion Hystrix, Eriogonum lachnogynum, Dalea Jamesii, Psoralea argyrophylla, Mentzelia multiflora, Oenothera lavandulaefolia, Gilia laxiflora, Cryptantha Jamesii var. multicaulis, Baccharis Wrightii, Senecio longilobus, Senecio tridenticulatus and Stephanomeria pauciflora. On very shallow soil Paronychia sessiliflora is often abundant. Contrasting vegetation types, and still good collecting grounds, are to be found in the extreme southeastern part of the state. For example, near Tom, in McCurtain County, in oak-pine (Pinus Taeda) the following species were among those taken: Kyllinga brevifolia (previously unreported from the state), Gillenia stipulata, Rhexia mariana var. leiosperma, Ludwigia hirtella, Eryngium prostratum, Diodia virginiana and Vernonia texana (new to our flora). In a near-by roadside ditch was found Verbena bonariensis, an adventive which has either recently spread into the state, or has been overlooked previously. In the near-by cypress swamps (T'axodium distichum) were 1949] Waterfall,—Botanizing in Oklahoma 21 found: Polypodium polypodioides (epiphytic), Fimbristylis Vahlii, Sabal minor, Brunnichia cirrhosa, Cassia Tora, Rotala ramosior var. interior, Ludwigia glandulosa var. typica, Trepocarpus Aethusae, Asclepias variegata, Hydrolea ovata, Heliotropium indicum, Justicia lanceolata and Spermacoce glabra. Other contrasting regions will be dealt with in subsequent papers, and all will be treated more fully as more data become available. There follows an annotated enumeration of some of the more interesting plants collected. It includes 29 additions to the state flora. All the specimens cited are in the Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma. Duplicates of most of them will be available for distribution to a few other herbaria at a later date. ENUMERATION OF SPECIES EPHEDRA ANTISYPHILITICA Berl. ex C. A. Meyer. Cutler! cites only the following from Oklahoma: “Along the Red River, Harmon Co., Dec. 16, 1933, Goodman and Barkley.” In our herbarium we have material from Beckham, Jackson, Harmon, Cotton and Greer Counties. *AGROPYRON SMITHII Rydb., var. MOLLE (Scribn. and Smith) Jones. Waterfall 7511, sandstone slopes, 7 miles southeast of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. Hitchcock? states that var. molle has “about the same range as the species." Of 22 sheets in our herbarium we have only the above representing var. molle. The others are representative of var. typica, nom. nov., A. Smithii Rydb., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gar. 1: 64. 1900, sens. strict. *BROMUS ANOMALUS Rupr., var. LANATIPES (Shear) Hitche. The pubescent-sheathed variety of B. anomalus was collected as Waterfall 7465, in arroyos running up the northeast slope of Black Mesa, 4 mi. north of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947; and Waterfall 7506, sandstone slopes 7 miles southeast of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. MUHLENBERGIA ARENICOLA Buckl. is fairly common in the Black Mesa area. Since it increases under conditions of over- grazing, its presence in abundance serves as an indicator of over- grazing in this region. A collection was made as Waterfall 7534. *STIPA SCRIBNERI Vasey. Apparently referable to this species is material collected as Waterfall 7493, mesa slopes 1 mile west and 1-2 miles WSW of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. 1 Cutler, Hugh Carson, Monograph of the North American Species of the Genus Ephedra, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 415. 1939. ? Hitchcock, A. S. Manual of the grasses of the United States. USDA Misc. Publ. 200: 233. 1935. 22 Rhodora [FEBRUARY According to Hitchcock! the species has been previously known from the adjoining states of Colorado and New Mexico. Of the five species of Stipa now known in Oklahoma (Featherly? has listed four) two, S. neomexicana and S. Scribneri, are known only from the Black Mesa area of Cimarron County. Since this constitutes a distinct phytogeographie province, similar to the regions from which the species were previously known, it is not startling that they are found here, but they are unlikely to be found much farther east within the state. *TRICHACHNE CALIFORNICA (Benth.) Chase was collected as Waterfall 7453, in an arroyo running up the northeast slope of the Black Mesa, 4 miles north of Kenton, Cimarron County, July 9, 1947. It is fairly common in this area. Hitchcock? states that the species ranges from Texas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. Featherly* lists only Trichachne patens from Oklahoma, stating that it is found in Greer County. *KvLLINGA BREVIFOLIA L. A collection taken as Waterfall 7593, in oak woods west of Tom, McCurtain County, July 18, 1947, is referred to this species since it has obovoid achenes, large scales which are scabrous-keeled, and is of perennial habit. The genus Kyllinga is not listed in Jeffs and Little's checklist. Small in both his Flora’ and Manual’ gives the range of K. brevifolia in the United States as being Georgia to Florida and Texas. *KYLLINGA PUMILA Michx. was collected as Goodman and Water- fall 4546 along Little River, north of Broken Bow, McCurtain County. Britton and Brown? include “Kansas, Texas” in their range-statement. In checking our herbarium another sheet of this species was found; it is Bebb 6108, roadside ditch, Delaware Co., Oct. 7, 1940. Since it is not listed by Jeffs and Little (op. cit.) these collections definitely add the species to the state flora. SCIRPUS KOILOLEPIS (Steud.) Gleason. [(Sc?rpus carinatus (H- and A.) Gray)] In our herbarium there is only one sheet of this species from the state. It is Little 944, Muskogee Co., June 11, 1927. The author's summer collections provide two additional stations. They are No. 6882, edge of pond 8 miles east and 24% miles south of Miami, Ottawa Co., June 6, 1947, and No. 7360, 1 Hitchcock, A. S. op. cit. 434, 435. ? Featherly, H. I. Manual of the Grasses of Oklahoma, Bull. Okla. A. and M. Coll. v. 48 no. 21. 1946. 3 Hitchcock, A. S. op. cit. 551. 4 Featherly, H. I. op. cit. 93. 5 Jeffs, R. E. and Elbert L. Little. .A Preliminary List of the Ferns and Seed Plants of Oklahoma. Publ. of the Univ. of Okla. Biol. Surv. v. 2, no. 2. 1930. *Small, J. K. Flora of the Southeastern United States. 174. 1903. ? Ibid, Manual of the Southeastern Flora. 155. 1933. 8 Britton, Nathaniel Lord and Addison Brown. Illustrated Flora. 1: 296. 1936. 1949] Waterfall,—Botanizing in Oklahoma 23 edge of pond among stabilized sand dunes, 20 miles west of Medford, Grant Co., July 7, 1947. *HABENARIA LACERA (Michx.) R. Br. Waterfall 6945, climax prairie, 7.7 miles east of Locust Grove, Mayes Co., June 7, 1947 is referred to this species. No species of Habenaria is listed by Jeffs and Little (op. cit.). Stemen and Myers! list one species (as Perularia flava). The latter is the only species we have in our herbarium. Stevens? lists H. ciliaris in his Flora, but he only says that it "should be expected in . . . (the) . . . eastern part of the state." At present I do not know of this expectation having been realized. Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray should be found within the state. Although we have no specimens in our herbarium, and the usual manual range-statements do not include our state, Nuttall* in describing Orchis leucophaea says "hab. in moist prairies near Kiamecha, Red River". If this statement means the confluence of the Kiamichi River with the Red River it would locate the collection in the southeastern part of the present state of Oklahoma. *QUERCUS GRISEA Liebm. was collected as Waterfall 7498 and 7499 on mesa slopes 1 mile west and 1-2 mile WSW of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. Here it was quite common. As- sociated with it were Pinus cembroides var. edulis and Cerco- carpus montanus. *RUMEX PULCHER L. The author's 7576 was taken from a dis- turbed prairie, 3 miles east of Ft. Towson, Choctaw Co., July 18, 1947. We also have: Bebb 4367, along roadside, Cookson Hills, Cherokee Co., June 10, 1939; Demaree 12609, moist places, Valiant, McCurtain Co., May 16, 1936; Waterfall 2100, along Kiamichi River, 8 miles east of Hugo, Choctaw Co., June 15, 1940. *SUAEDA SUFFRUTESCENS 8. Wats. This southwestern peren- nial Suaeda was collected from two widely separated saline sites in the western part of the state. The collections are the author’s 7296, saline plain 414 miles south of Hollister, Tillman Co., June 27, 1947, and No. 7544, saline-gypseous flats, 16 miles east of Orienta, Major Co., July 11, 1947. *ALLIONIA INCARNATA L. This southwestern species was an unexpected find on the Black Mesa. It was collected as Water- fall 7474, zeric NE slopes of Black Mesa, 4 miles north of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. Erigeron divergens var. cinereus was so abundant that it gave the slopes a grayish-green color which 1 Stemen, Thomas R. and W. Stanley Myers. Oklahoma Flora. 1937. ? Stevens, G. W. The Flora of Oklahoma. Unpublished MSS. Original deposited in the Widener Library of Harvard University. 1916. 3 Nuttall, Thomas. Collections toward a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas. Trans- actions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 5, n. s. 1837. 24 Rhodora [FEBRUARY could be seen for a mile or more. Other associated species in- cluded Eriogonum tenellum and Dalea formosa. *PARONYCHIA SESSILIFLORA Nutt. The author's 7500 from mesa slopes west of Kenton, Cimarron Co., is referred to this species. Although the species appears in Jeffs and Little (op. cit.) and Stemen and Myers (op. cit.) we have in our herbarium only one other sheet, Barkley 465, twenty miles west of Boise City, Cimarron Co., July 8, 1928. It was determined as Leptodactylon caespitosum Nutt., and in 1946 was referred to Paronychia sessili- flora by Goodman. Core! does not record it from Oklahoma. 'The species was fairly abundant where the author collected it. LOEFLINGIA TEXANA Hook. The following collections are so referred: Waterfall 7115, sand dunes stabilized by Artemisia filifolia and Plantago Purshii, 5 miles north of Mooreland, Wood- ward Co., June 18, 1947; Waterfall 7279, sand dunes covered with Artemisia filifolia and Aphanostephus skirrhobasis on the north side of the Red River, 4 miles west and 4 south of Randlett, Cotton Co., June 27, 1947. Hopkins? has previously reported this plant from Harper County. Apparently it extends across the western part of the state in sand. *DIANTHUS ARMERIA L. The following are referred to this species: Hopkins 3255, Dripping Springs, Delaware Co., May 7, 1938; Waterfall 7039, along creek 3 miles east and 2 north of Dripping Springs, Delaware Co., June 8, 1947. *RIBES CEREUM Dougl. This Rocky Mountain Ribes was collected as Waterfall 7475, at base of escarpment just below the top of the northeast side of Black Mesa, 4 miles north of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. POTENTILLA RECTA L. This species, seldom collected in our state, was taken as Waterfall 6879, overgrazed pasture, 54% miles east of Miami, Ottowa Co. It had increased under over- grazing. Rusus pELICIOSUS Torr. Although recorded by Jeffs and Little (op. cit.) the species is seldom collected in Oklahoma. We have no sheets in our herbarium. Waterfall 7469 was col- lected from the northeast slopes of Black Mesa, 4 miles north of Kenton and 7507 from sandstone slopes 7 miles southeast of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. *HOFFMANSEGGIA DREPANOCARPA Gray was collected as Waterfall 7505, mesa slopes, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. The collection is so referred because it has characteristic lunate pods and eglandular calyx lobes, pedicels, petioles and rachises. 1Core, Earl L. The North American Species of Paronychia. Am. Midl. Nat. 26: 386-387. 1941. :Hopkins, Milton. Notes from the Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma. RHODORA 45: 268. 1943 1949] Waterfall —Botanizing in Oklahoma 25 Flowers were not present. Rydberg! gives the range of the species as: ‘“‘western Texas to Colorado, Arizona and Chihuahua". Presumably it occurs across New Mexico to the Black Mesa in western Oklahoma. *PETALOSTEMUM DECUMBENS Nutt. was taken as Waterfall 7570 from a climax prairie 7 miles west of Hugo, Choctaw Co., July 18, 1947. Other sheets in our herbarium are: Pearl Nelson 70, Valliant, McCurtain Co., May 6, 1936; Demaree 12641, prairie, McCurtain Co., May 16, 1936; Waterfall 677, 3 miles west of Idabel, McCurtain Co., June 4, 1937. *RHUS MICROPHYLLA Engelm. This southwestern desert species was collected as Waterfall 7220 on the dolomite cap of a butte, 4 miles east and 4 south of Eldorado, Jackson County, June 20, 1947. It was also observed growing in abundance on the adjacent gypsum bluffs along the Red River. Barkley? lists the species from Hardeman Co., Texas, which is the adjoining county south of the Red River. *RHUS TRILOBATA Nutt., var. PILOSISSIMA Engl. is fairly com- mon in the Black Mesa area. It is represented by: Waterfall 7476, base of escarpment, Black Mesa, 4 miles north of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. Barkley? cites no Oklahoma collec- tions, the nearest station, then known, being near Amarillo, Texas. *CALLIRHOE LINEARILOBA (Gray) Gray was collected as Water- fall 7284, sand dunes covered with Artemisia filifolia and A phano- stephus skirrhobasis on the north side of the Red River, 4 miles west and 4 miles south of Randlett, Cotton Co., June 27, 1947. CEVALLIA SINUATA Lag. was found growing on gypsum bluffs along the Red River, 4 miles east and 4 miles south of Eldorado, Jackson Co., July 29, 1947. It was collected as Waterfall 7705. Waterfall 7717 was taken from gypsum bluffs, south side of Elm Fork River, 3 miles west and 14 south of Eric, Harmon Co., July 29, 1947. The species is recorded by Jeffs and Little (op. cit.), but must be seldom collected within the state. We have no other specimens in our herbarium. EcHiNocAcTUS TEXENSIS Hoffer was collected as Waterfall 7704 from a buffalo grass (Buchloé dactyloides) pasture, 3 miles south of Gould, Harmon County, July 29, 1947. It is not re- corded for Oklahoma by Britton and Rose* who give the range as "southeastern New Mexico, Texas and northern Mexico." Clark? has reported the species from the state: “. . . quite rare 1 Rydberg, Per Axel, Caesalpiniaceae, N. Am. Fl. 23: 312. 1930. 2 Barkley, Fred A., Anacardiaceae, Flora of Texas 3: 101. 1943. 3 Barkley, Fred A., A Monographic Study of Rhus. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 24: 409—410. 1937. 4 Britton, N. L. and J. N. Rose. The Cactaceae. 3: 181. 1922. 5 Clark, Ora M. The Cacti of Oklahoma, Proc. Okla, Acad. Sci. 13: 34. 1933. 26 Rhodora [FEBRUARY and local in its distribution over the clay and gypsum brakes of Harmon County." There are no previous collections in our herbarium. ' LUDWIGIA GLANDULOSA Walt., var. TYPICA Munz. To var. typica may be referred Waterfall 7611, mud flats along creek, 7 miles east of Idabel, McCurtain Co., July 20, 1947. It is some- what difficult to evaluate the reports of L. glandulosa in our flora. Stevens (op. cit.) lists the species, but attributes it to Oklahoma *'aec. to Holz. and Olive." Jeffs and Little (op. cit.) list it, but there is no other sheet of var. typica in our herbarium. Stemen and Myers include it in their Flora (op. cit.), but their collections are not available for study. Munz? gives “southern Illinois and Indiana to eastern Texas" as being the range. This could include eastern parts of our state. Atleast the above num- ber designates a confirmatory collection. *LUDWIGIA GLANDULOSA Walt., var. TonnEvi Munz. In our herbarium is one sheet, Little 1651, Muskogee Co., June 18, 1927. Since Jeffs and Little's List was published in 1930, it is possible that this sheet is the basis for their inclusion of the species. Munz! states that the range of var. Torreyi includes Florida, Louisiana and Texas. This present report definitely places this variety within the state. LUDWIGIA HIRTELLA Raf. Little and Olmstead collected this species east of Broken Bow, McCurtain Co., June 28, 1930, as their No. 424. Waterfall 7597 was taken from oak-pine woods west of Tom, McCurtain Co., July 18, 1947. Munz? includes eastern Texas, but not Oklahoma, in his range-citation. Evi- dently, he had no material from our state. However, Stemen and Myers list it in their Flora (op. cit.). Daucus Carota L. In our herbarium we have only two sheets of this introduced species. They are Whaley 63, Miami, Ottawa Co., and Waterfall 7018, bluffs along Highway No. 59, Adair Co., June 10, 1947. D. pusillus is quite common in Okla- homa. BREWERIA PIcKERINGII (Torr.) Gray was taken as Waterfall 7370, stabilized sand dunes, 20 miles west of Medford, Grant Co., July 7, 1947. The species is little collected in our state. In the area where the above were taken it is fairly common. Our specimens have the style barely cleft to entire. *GILIA LAXIFLORA (Coulter) Osterhout. Referred to this species are: Waterfall 7444, sloping plains north of Black Mesa, north of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947; Waterfall 7486, 1 Munz, Phillip A. The American Species of Ludwigia. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 71: 164. 1944. ? Munz, Philip A. The American Species of Ludwigia. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 71: 157. 1944. 1949] Waterfall,—Botanizing in Oklahoma 27 mesa slopes, 1 mile west and 1-2 miles WSW of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. *VERBENA AMBROSIFOLIA Rydb., forma EGLANDULOSA Perry. The forma is not listed from Oklahoma by Perry.! The author collected it as Waterfall 7437, stony hillside, 16 miles southeast of Kenton, Cimarron Co., July 9, 1947. *VERBENA BONARIENSIS L. This species was collected as Waterfall 7599, along ditch, south of Tom, McCurtain Co., July 18, 1947. It has been known previously from near-by Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana.? *SoLANUM TonnEvi Gray, forma album, forma nov., corollis albidis. The TYPE of the white-flowered form was collected as Waterfall 7340, sand in small stabilized dunes, 1 mile east of Weatherford, Custer Co., July 3, 1947. The forma was also collected as Waterfall 7975, limestone ridge, 2 miles east and 7 south of Ada, Pontotoc Co., June 21, 1948. VERBASCUM BLATTARIA L., var. ALBIFLORUM Ktze. was col- lected as Waterfall 7000, near pond surrounded by oak-covered, stony slopes, 4 miles north of Highway No. 62 on the Tynor Creek road to Ballard, Adair Co., June 9, 1947. "The white- flowered variety is more abundant in southeastern Oklahoma, while the typical, yellow-flowered variety is more common in the northern part of the state. *GALIUM CONCINNUM T. and G. I have the following collec- tions of this species: Waterfall 6953, deep rich woods along creek south of Dripping Springs Park, Delaware Co., June 7, 1947; Waterfall 6968, steep stony bluffs in deep woods along Sager Creek, 1 mile east and 1 north of Mosley School (3 miles west and 2 north of Siloam Springs), Delaware Co., June 8, 1947. I do not find a previous record of G. concinnum in our flora. LONICERA ALBIFLORA T. and G. This species has been pre- viously known in our state from the Arbuckle Mountains. It was taken from the Wichita Mountains as Waterfall 7321, north slopes of granite mountains south of Lake Altus, Kiowa County, June 28, 1947. *APHANOSTEPHUS RAMOSISSIMUS DC. was collected as Water- fall 7198, on dolomite knoll, 3 miles north of Duke, Jackson County, June 20, 1947; Waterfall 7790, saline flat 11. miles south of Gould, Harmon County, June 5, 1948; Waterfall 7794, buffalo grass pasture, 3 miles north and V4 mile east of Eldorado, Jackson County, June 5, 1948. It is true that Aphanostephus ramosissimus is listed by Stemen 1 Perry, Lily M. A Revision of the North American Species of Verbena. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gar. 20: 328. 1933. ? Perry, Lily M. A Revision of the North American Species of Verbena. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gar. 20: 254. 1933. 28 Rhodora [FEBRUARY and Myers!. However, they do not mention A. pilosus Buckley. Their phrase, "foliage hispidulous", plus their range-statement, “Wichita Mountains", leads one to conclude that they actually had A. pilosus at hand, especially since Gray? includes A. pilosus with A. ramosissimus as “a remarkably hispid form." Shinners? includes ‘‘Edwards Plateau and north to the Panhandle" in the range of the species. It has been collected across the Red River near Vernon, Texas (Shinners 7978); hence it is not surprising to find it in a part of our state where there are numerous other species with southwestern affinities.. BaAccHARIS WricutTi Gray is a fairly common species in the Black Mesa area in the western end of Cimarron County. The author has several numbers from that area. It is not listed by Jeffs and Little (op. cit.). Stemen and Myers (op. cit.) say that it is found in ‘‘dry prairies, Harper County." ERIGERON DIVERGENS T. and G., var. CINEREUS Gray is so abundant on slopes of the Black Mesa that it gives them a grayish-green color which may be seen for a mile or more. The author collected it as his number 7471, xeric northeast slopes of Black Mesa, 4 miles north of Kenton, Cimarron County, July 9, 1947. HELIANTHUS CILIARIS DC. This species, little collected in our state, was taken as Waterfall 7417, ditch, 13 miles east of Boise City, Cimarron County, July 9, 1947. Locally it is fairly com- mon in the western part of the Oklahoma Panhandle. *RUDBECKIA MISSOURIENSIS Engelm. Referred to this species are plants taken as Waterfall 7567, prairie, 7 miles west of Hugo, Choctaw County, July 18, 1947. Small* states that the range is from Louisiana to Missouri. SENECIO TRIDENTICULATUS Rydb. was collected as Waterfall 7428, plains 8 miles east and 8 south of Kenton, Cimarron County, July 9, 1947. Greenman! lists three of Stevens’ collections, with- out definite locality, from Oklahoma. Duplicates of two of these are all the material we have of this species in our herbarium, It is fairly common in the Black Mesa area of the Panhandle. *VERNONIA TEXANA (Gray) Small was found in oak-pine (P. Taeda) woods, 2 miles south and 2 west of Tom, McCurtain County, July 18, 1947. It was collected as Waterfall 7589. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, NORMAN, OKLAHOMA 1Stemen, Thomas R. and W. Standley Myers. Oklahoma Flora: 556. 1937. 2 Gray, Asa. Synoptical Flora of North America 1?: 163. 1886. 3 Shinners, Lloyd H. Revision of the Genus Aphanostephus DC. Wrightia 1: 109- 111. 1946. 1 Small, J. K. Manual of the Southeastern Flora. 1933. *5Greenman, J. M. Monograph of the North and Central American Species of the Genus Senecio. Part II. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3: 179-183. 1916. 1949] Kucyniak,—Dicranum arcticum 29 POLYPLOIDY IN PASSIFLORA LUTEA.—Nearly fifteen years ago I found Passiflora lutea L. in Clarke Co., Virginia, near a lime- stone bluff overlooking the Shenandoah River. When dug up and moved to The Blandy Experimental Farm a few miles away, the plant thrived and has fruited profusely. Wray M. Bowden reported the 2n-number of this collection to be 84 and published a root-tip metaphase showing this number of chromosomes (American Journal of Botany 32: 191—201. 1945). On October 17, 1948, near Lake Drummond in the Great Dismal Swamp, Norfolk Co., Virginia, I came across a fruiting plant of Passiflora lutea. It grew among blackberries in a forest opening and on black muck soil. Because Bowden’s chromo- some-number determination was high for the genus, seed were taken from the Dismal Swamp specimen and planted in our greenhouse. Two seedlings have been cytologically examined: 2n = 24. 'These chromosome counts indicate that polyploidy exists in this species and suggest that there are intraspecific chromosomal races. If such races do occur, I would like to map their geo- graphic—and perhaps ecologic—distributions and, accordingly, would appreciate it if collectors should send me seed or living plants accompanied by statements of exact locality and soil type. Gray's Manual records the species from southern Pennsylvania to Missouri, Texas, and Florida.—J. T. BALDWIN, JR., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. Dors DICRANUM ARCTICUM OCCUR IN SOUTHERN CENTRAL QuEBEC?—[In his paper on Canadian Eastern Arctic mosses [Musci, Nat. Mus. of Can. Bulletin No. 97: 393. 1947], Prof. Wm. C. STEERE remarks that Kiaeria glacialis (Berggr.) Hagen is “A real cireumpolar species of the Arctic zone. . . . Previously only once reported from the Canadian Eastern Arctic, and then from the southernmost [viz., Northern Labrador] part”. Consequently, an apparent problem in distribution arises when one discovers that the same species is listed, under Dicra- num arcticum Schimp., a synonym, by Abbé Ernest LEPAGE [Liste des Lichens, Mousses et Hépatiques du Québec . . .", Le Nat. Can. 72: 319. 1945] for a station considerably south of the known range of the species. 30 Rhodora [FEBRUARY The only record of the species for Quebec is based upon the collection by F. ManmrE-ANSELME from Beauceville, Beauce County. The locality it comes from, lying in south-central Quebec, has not yet yielded any of the floristic elements which have made the Gaspé region the mecca of arctic-alpine species south of the 55th parallel in northeastern North America. Through the kind courtesy of F. Fasrus, s. c., the author has had access to the original collection, No. 2854, in the M.-ANSELME herbarium, which bears the identification of Dicranum arcticum. Assuming that the leaves bore a ‘‘nervure non-dentée", the specimen collected, on soil in a field, May 1, 1939, was named D. arcticum. Closer examination of the costa reveals the pres- ence of weak teeth on the upper dorsal side. Transversal sec- tions through the median nerve show it toconsist of heterogeneous cells. The serration towards the leaf-apex is poorly developed but the upper leaf-cells are all elongate and porose. Rather than leave the material under D. arcticum it would be more appropriate to place it with D. scoparium Hedw. while fully noting that the material shows considerable variation and under certain aspects might pass for D. Bonjeani DeNot.— JAMES KucyniAk, Montreal Botanical Garden. DicENTRA CUCULLARIA F. PURPURITINCTA IN QUEBEC.—Di- centra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. is à very common plant with us, with a distribution extending as far eastward as Rimouski Co. (Lepage), and Gaspé Co.: Ruisseau Sorel (Rousseau) and Mont Saint-Pierre (Dansereau). On the other hand, the more south- ern Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp., is restricted to the Montreal region. 'The present note reports the discovery of Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. f. purpuritincta Eames, RnoponaA 33: 169, 1931, in Quebec. It was found on May 4, 1948, at Saint-Jean (Saint-Jean Co.), in a large deciduous wood which surrounds a quarry and which is noted for its rich spring flora. Saint-Jean is located midway between Montreal and the American border. In the form, the corolla is pink while the sepals are reddish- purple. It was described from southwestern Connecticut and 1949] M. L. F.,—A useful Series of Illustrations 31 was noted to be of rather frequent occurrence there. This striking plant exhibits a coloring not common in our spring flowers.—MancEL Raymond, Montreal Botanical Garden. A MOST USEFUL SERIES OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— The new venture, DRAWINGS oF BRITISH PraNrS!, will interest all in North America who wish good illustra- tions of a large proportion of our naturalized flowering plants, for it is to Britain and continental Europe that we are indebted for a large proportion of the plants which, beginning early in the 17th century, have more and more monopolized our disturbed or cleared areas. In fact, during the International Congress at Ithaca in 1926, the European delegates (Borza, Briquet, Chodat, Domin, Hill, Rendle, Svedelius, Wettstein and others) urged the present writer to take them where they could see some truly American plants. All which they had seen about the streets and fields near Ithaca were the common ruderal and agrestal weeds so familiar to them at home! Drawn by a dis- cerning artist, with an eye for technical details of the species, the illustrations should be of utmost service to our floristic and taxonomie students, in showing exactly what the British plant is like, although it must not be overlooked that the plant found in Britain may sometimes differ from that described by Linnaeus or others from outside Britain; and, furthermore, that many Euro- pean species, adventive with us, first reached us from the Mediterranean or other areas not British. These illustrations, then, are important for us, because in technical groups it is always possible that we have misidentified some of our species. The drawings will, therefore, help set us straight. Not only our adventive or introduced weeds can thus be checked by those who lack abundant European material The amphigean plants, native of northern or temperate regions, can be Fraser ea The British Anemone Pulsatilla, Myosurus minimus, Ranunculus trichophyllus, circinatus or reptans and countless others can now be checked by anyone against their North American representatives; and now for the first time we can, possibly, clear the identities of the plants known with us as Fumaria officinalis, for that in- clusive series is here illustrated as 10 different species and their reputed specific distinctions shown. It would be a great boon to the user, however, if there were something like diagnoses or keys and if the authenticity of the specimens illustrated were in some way indicated. ‘The letter-file of the present writer contains a note from an outstanding English taxonomist, anxious to prove that a certain British plant is not conspecific with the Ameri- can one to which it had been referred, pointing out that careful drawings of our plant in American monographs were of no value because the specimens drawn were not cited! In the new British work one has to put the same faith in the exact identity of the plant drawn as he does in many earlier illustrations of quite different plants under the names here used. In the new work, for instance in the case of Part II, plate 18, it is possible to meet difficulties. Without a key one becomes puzzled, for in the habit-sketch (under Fumaria) the bracts are shown chiefly as denticulate along the upper margin, but in fig. B the enlarged bract is drawn with this margin entire. Which is correct? Perhaps Fumaria is not finally solved. The foreword to the series is written by Sir Edward Salisbury, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Consequently, the recent ruling of Sir Edward that the scholarly practice of Kew botanists (as well as such respected ! Drawings of British Plants by STELLA Ross-Craia, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Foreword by Sir Edward Salisbury. Part I. Ranunculaceae; part II. Berberidaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae. June, 1948. G. Bell & Sons htd., York House, Portugal Street, London, W. C. 2. Pt. I 6 s. net; pt. II 4 S. 6 d. net. 32 Rhodora [FEBRUARY taxonomists as Linnaeus, Lamarck, Willdenow, the DeCandolles, the Hookers, Bentham, Eichler, Kunth, Torrey, Gray and countless others) for many de- cades, of capitalizing the initial letter of personal specific names, must be abandoned, is here put into practice. This, it is assumed, is supposed to be *progressive"!, ‘The results of the abandonment of capital initials for personal specific names may often be unfortunate. Thus, again referring to Fumaria, the species, F. Bastardii, was named by Boreau in honor of the great French botanist, Toussainr BASTARD but, deprived of its capital initial, the name seems more a dishonor than an honor and one gets the impression that the parents of the distinguished botanist of Angers were blindly optimistie in selecting the given name Tous-saint! But these little details aside, the new series of Drawings is bound to be most helpful and it will be almost as much needed in America as in Britain.—M. L. F. OPHRYDIUM; A ConRECTION.— Through an error of the Editors the text-figures on page 5 were called “UNIDENTIFIED OPHRY- DIUM”. The caption should have been: Fias.: 1, individual, OPHRYpIUM animals; 2, animal condensing to a telo- troch; 3, telotrochs or free swimming individuals; 4, telotrochs in resting state; 5, individual in process of binary fission? Readers are asked to note this correction.—Ebs. 1 See note on this subject in Ruopora xlix. 79—81 (1947). Volume 61, no. 601, including pages 1—12, was issued 19 January, 1949. Rhodora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY ALBERT FREDERICK HILL Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS Vol. 51. March, 1949, No. 603. CONTENTS: Carlina vulgaris in the Cayuga Quadrangle, 42-43° N., 76-77° W. Robert T. Clausen. A necessary Transfer in Liatris. Haskell Venard. .............. 34 Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.— No. CLXIX. Part I. Some Identities in Breweria. M. L. Fernald and Bernice Q; Schubert. oi... cana ISI 35 Part II. Studies of Eastern American Plants. M. L. Fernald 1. Blackberries, eld and new. . uus 5L E 43 2. Rhizome-characters in and minor Forms of Viola. ...... 51 A new Species of Sarcostemma from Oklahoma. U. T'. Waterfall. 58 Ewberium Technique. N. C. Fassett........ 51... 84 4208 59 Diervilla sessilifolia in Virginia. Francis Welles Hunnewell. .... 60 The New England Botanical Club, Ine. 8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of the Gray’s Manual Range and regions floristically related. Price, $4.00 per year, net, postpaid, in funds payable at par in United States currency in Boston; single copies (if available) of not more than 24 pages and with 1 plate, 40 cents, numbers of more than 24 pages or with more than 1 plate mostly at higher prices (see 3rd cover-page). Back volumes can be supplied at $4.00. Some single numbers from these volumes can be sup- plied only at advanced prices (see 3rd cover-page). Somewhat reduced rates for complete sets can be obtained on application to Dr. Hill. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or in- directly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be considered for publication to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Illustrations can be used only if the cost of engraver's blocks is met through the author or his institution. Forms may be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than two pages of print) will receive 15 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear, if they request them when returning proof. Extracted reprints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to M. L. Fernald, 14 Hawthorn Street, Cambridge 38, Mass. Subscriptions (making all remittances payable to RHODORA) to Dr. A. F. Hill, 8 W. King St., Lancaster, Pa., or, preferably, Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. Entered as second-class matter March 9, 1929, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Specialists in Scientific and Technical Publications EIGHT WEST KING ST., LANCASTER, PA. MEMOIRS OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM. A series of illustrated quarto papers issued at irregular intervals, sold separately. No. I. A Monograph of the Genus Brickellia, by B. L. Robinson. 150 pp. 96 fig. 1917. $3.00. No. HI. The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton, Section Axillares, by M. L. Fernald. 183 pp., 40 plates, 31 maps. 1932. $3.00. No. IV. The Myrtaceous Genus Syzygium Gaertner in Borneo, by E. D. Merrill and L. M. Perry. 68 pp. 1939. $1.50. No. V. The Old World Species of the Celastraceous Genus Microtropis Wallich, by E. D. Merrill and F. L. Freeman. 40 pp. 1940. $1.00. Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass. Plate 1120 Rhodora Abbe del. M. E. JARLINA VULGARIS * C QTRbooora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 51. March, 1949 No. 603 CARLINA VULGARIS IN THE CAYUGA QUADRANGLE, 42-43° N., 76-77? W. RonBERT T. CLAUSEN! (Plate 1120) In 1944, on April 9, while walking in open woods on the slope near the southwestern corner of Cayuga Lake, I observed a strange thistle which I was unable to identify with the aid of Gray's Manual or Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora. Sub- sequently, in 1948, my class in taxonomy encountered many . plants of this same thistle in the vicinity of Dryden, Tompkins County, New York. The first specimens, obtained in April, retained a few fruits which had persisted through the winter. The achenes were grayish and densely strigose, very different from those of species of Cirsium, Carduus or Onopordum, but the pappus was plumose as in Cirsium. The involucral bracts, spreading in rotate fashion, and the very spiny leaves, finely arachnoid-pubescent dorsally, were distinctive. Following fail- ure to identify specimens with these characteristics using the manuals mentioned above or the books on weeds by Muenscher and by Fogg, I consulted the key to the genera of composites, prepared by Dr. Wilhelm Miller, in Bailey’s Standard Cyclo- paedia of Horticulture. There, I was able to determine the genus as Carlina and the species as C. vulgaris L. Subsequent comparison with herbarium specimens from Europe has sub- stantiated this identification. 1The cost of publication of the accompanying plate is being met by the Depart- ment of Botany, Cornell University. 34 Rhodora [MaRcH In the present season, 1948, I have followed with interest the development of Carlina in the vicinity of Dryden. The plants occur in several pastures and fields a few kilometers apart. One of the largest stands is in a pasture along a small brook 1.8 km. southeast of Dryden Lake. This pasture is in the extreme western portion of Harford Township, Cortland County, N. Y. There the plants had made good vegetative growth and were with large floral buds on July 25. Three weeks later, on August 15, many of these same plants were in flower. The specimen illustrated in the plate is a plant collected on that date. The heads were of striking appearance. The inner spreading involu- cral bracts were stramineous and acuminate. These contrasted markedly with the dahlia-purple florets. The corollas were slender-tubular, 8.5 mm. long, with the tubes purple above, white below, 7.5 mm. long, and the lobes ovate, acute, 1 mm. long. The purplish, lanuginose stems also were distinctive. Inquiry or investigation at several institutions, namely the Gray Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden, New York State Museum, United States National Herbarium and Univer- sity of California has failed to reveal other records of any species of Carlina in North America. For that reason, I have distributed specimens of my collection no. 7287 to all of these institutions. Also a sheet of this collection is in the herbarium of Cornell University, along with specimens collected on May 9 and July 25, 1948. The present note and illustration may help readers to identify Carlina vulgaris and cause them to be on the watch for its occurrence elsewhere. Since its seeds are disseminated by the wind, it may become a pest on agricultural lands in the same way as various species of Cirsium. The infestation around Dryden still could be controlled without too great expense. A little effort now might avoid considerable nuisance in the future. PLATE 1120. CaRLINA VULGARIS from pasture near Dryden, New York. A. Habit sketch (X 0.4). Aa. Leaf, dorsal surface (X 0.8). B. Head from above (X 0.4). C. Floret from side (X 1.6). D. Floret from above CX 1.6). E. Fruit (X 2.4). Drawings by Miss E. M. Abbe. Dept. oF BorANv, ConNELL University, Ithaca, N. Y. A NECESSARY TRANSFER IN LiaTRIS.— In L. O. Gaiser's mono- graph, “The Genus Liatris”, in RHopona 48: 250. 1946, Liatris 1949} Fernald and Schubert,—Some Identities in Breweria — 35 spicata y racemosa DC. (1836) is included in the synonymy of L. graminifolia (Walt.) Willd., var. dubia (Barton) Gray (1848). Although Gaiser does not mention DeCandolle’s variety in her discussion of the types of the various components of L. gramini- folia, she does include it in the list of unquestioned synonyms. Since DeCandolle’s variety antedates Gray’s by twelve years, it would seem that a transfer is necessary, namely: LIATRIS GRAMINIFOLIA (Walt.) Willd., var. racemosa (DC.), comb. nov., based on Liatris spicata y racemosa DC. Prodr. 5: 130. 1836.—HASKELL VENARD, Atlanta, Georgia. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CLXIX Part I. SOME IDENTITIES IN BREWERIA M. L. FERNALD AND BERNICE G. SCHUBERT (Plates 1121-1129)! Disturbed by the fact that Breweria Pickeringii (Torr.) Gray rests upon a plant from southeastern North Carolina (Wilming- ton) which was originally described as having the central flower of each “aggregate” inflorescence sessile, whereas the plants of southern New Jersey, western Illinois and adjacent Iowa, and the Oklahoma-Texas region have them pedicelled, the senior author has borrowed from several of the larger American her- baria all the material which has passed as B. Pickeringit. The present notes summarize the results of our study of the assembled material from these strikingly disjunct areas and another region not generally included in the stated range. Before entering upon discussion of that species, however, it is important to clear the identities of some earlier described species in order that any references to them may not be misleading. BREWERIA AQUATICA (Walt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. iil. 217 (1878), rests nomenclaturally on Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Carol. 94 (1788), our PLATE 1121, ric. 1. It has also been called Stylisma aquatica (Walt.) Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 346 (1860) and Bonamia aquatica (Walt.) Gray, Man. ed. 5: 376 (1867). 1 The cost of engraving met through aid from Mr. Bararp Lona. 36 Rhodora [Marcu In all Gray’s work, as summarized in the Synoptical Flora, he treated Breweria aquatica as a catch-all to include all plants of temperate North America in the subgenus Stylisma which he did not merge with the very different B. humistrata (Walt.) Gray and B. Pickeringii (Torr.) Gray. Under B. humistrata (our PLATE 1122) he placed the strikingly dissimilar Convolvulus patens Desr. (PLATE 1121, ria. 2) and C. trichosanthes Michx. (PLATE 1123), while some specimens labelled by him as B. humistrata are of the very distinct B. angustifolia Nash (PLATE 1124). Nowadays, however, the name Breweria aquatica is generally applied to a plant with style cleft half way to base or still lower, filaments essentially glabrous, flowers mostly 3 in small corymbs, with the short bracts close to the base of the corymb, the pedicels and calyx densely villous (PLATE 1123), a plant which, we shall see, is quite unlike Walter’s type. The name C. trichosanthes Michaux, as applied by Small, covers a plant very unlike Michaux's type (PLATE 1123, ria. 1), for Small had a very slender plant, usually with narrower leaves, the solitary flowers long-stalked above the remote bracts, the calyx minutely tomentulose, the filaments villous (PLATE 1121). It is evident that the types of Walter's Convolvulus aquaticus, Michaux's C. trichosanthes, Torrey’s C. Pickeringii and some other types have entered only vaguely into recent interpreta- tions. Walter's C. aquaticus was more fully described by him than many of his species: aquaticus 9. caule tereti prostrato; foliis, petiolis brevibus, oblongis, nervo acumi- natis, pubescentibus, alternis; pe- dunculis axillaribus, unifloris, folia aequantibus; bracteis duabus subu- latis; calyce pentaphyllo tomen- toso; floribus brevibus, rubro-pur- pureis, tomentosis; stylo bipartito, capsula villosa. Fortunately the Fraser scrap-book of fragments of Walter's plants contains definitely a “scrap” of Convolvulus aquaticus, no. 231 on p. 36 (our PLATE 1121, FIG. 1, X 1%). This, so far as it goes, is identieal with C. patens Desr. in Lam. Encycl. iii. 547 (1789), a portion of the TYPE of which is shown, X 1, in PLATE 1121, ric. 2. This type-sheet had previously been shown by Rhodora Plate 1121 pf ONG Pi dili . = 3 lana HERE MUS PARIS ( Sài oe gia les pring. ach j | M | 3f | Tom ill 1 Cave ls sn X. epee Photo. B. G. Schubert BREWERIA AQUATICA: FIG. 1, TYPE of CONVOLVULUS AQUATICUS Walt., X Ll; FIG. 2, TYPE of Convolvulus patens Desr., X 1⁄4; FIG. 3, calyx and style, X 5, from southwest of Hinesville, Liberty Co., Georgia, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2632. Rhodora Plate 1122 Photo, B, G. Schubert DREWERIA HUMISTRATA: FIG, 1, portion of flowering branch, X 1, from Pee Dee near Mars Bluff Bridge, Florence County, South Carolina, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2635; ric. 2, calyx and style, X 5, from east of Cahoon Pond, northwest of Suffolk, Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 13,429. Plate 1123 Rhodora US : Pr A 2.-- Y" Con v. Prefer Ea cid The, Photo. B. G. Schubert BREWERIA MICHAUXII: FIG. 1, TYPE, also TYPE of CONVOLVULUS TRICHOSANTHES Michx., X 4, after Cintract; FIG. 2, portion of flowering branch, X 1, of “B. aquatica” of most auth. from Miami, Florida, Curtiss, no. 5855; Fic. 3, calyx and style, X 5, from Punta Rassa, Florida, Tracy, no. 7719; ria. 4, portion of flower, X 5, to show long style-branches, from Miami, Florida, Curtiss, no. 5855. Rhodora Plate 1124 2 Photo. B. G. Schubert BREWERIA ANGUSTIFOLIA: FIG. l, portion of plant, X1, from Dixon, Onslow County, North Carolina, L. F. & Fannie R. Randolph, no. 962; ria. 2, calyx and summits of style, X 5, from near McClellanville, Charleston County, South Carolina, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 176, as B. patens; FIG. 3, fruiting calyx, X 5, from no. 962. 1949] Fernald and Schubert,—Some Identities in Breweria 37 Fernald in Rnopona, xlii. t. 624, fig. 1 (1940). Walter's frag- mentary type and the fuller one of Desrousseaux are readily matched by many specimens from the southeastern United States, such as Wiegand & Manning, no. 2632 from Liberty County, Georgia, our FIG. 3, this, like many other similar collec- tions, distributed as Breweria trichosanthes sensu Small. We are, somewhat inconveniently, forced to make the following change: BREWERIA AQUATICA (Walt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. iit. 217 (1878), as to basonym only. Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Carol. 94 (1788). Conv. patens Desr. in Lam. Encycl. ii. 547 (1789). Stylisma aquatica (Walt.) Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 346 (1860), as to basonym only. Bonamia aquatica (Walt.) Gray, | Man. ed. 5: 376 (1867), as to basonym only. Breweria tricho- santhes sensu Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 959 (1903), not Conv. tricho- santhes Michx., basonym. — Stylisma trichosanthes sensu House in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxiv. 148 (1907), not Conv. trichosanthes Michx., basonym. Breweria patens (Desr.) Fernald in RHODORA, xlii. 298, pl. 624 (1940). PLATE 1121. As already pointed out by the senior author in RHODORA, l. c. the type of Convolvulus trichosanthes Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. 137 (1803), our PLATE 1123, ric. 1, X L4, therefore of Breweria trichosanthes (Michx.) Small, as to basonym only, is the plant which has been erroneously passing as B. aquatica. As indicat- ing this identity a characteristic piece of a modern specimen, X 1, (from Miami, Florida, Curtiss, no. 5855) and some enlarged details from other specimens, X 5, are shown as figs. 2-4). Michaux's description and preserved TYPE are unequivocal; but, unfortunately, his specific name is illegitimate, since he cited as exact synonyms the two earlier species of Walter (1788), “C. humistratus et aquaticus. WALT.” It is, therefore, necessary to use a different binomial; and since Michaux so clearly described his plant and left so characteristic a type we are calling it Brewera Michauxii, nom. nov. Convolvulus trichosanthes Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 137 (1803), nom. illegit.; Fernald in Rnuopona, xlii. 298 (1940). ? Stylisma elliptica Raf. N. Fl. N. Am. pt. iv. 55 (1838), not B. elliptica Smith. & Schubert in Contrib. Gray Herb. exxvii. 31, pl. 2, figs. 31 and 32 (1939). B. tricho- santhes (Michx.) Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 959 (1903), as to basonym only, not as to plant described. Stylisma trichosanthes (Michx.) House in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxiv. 148 (1907), as to basonym only, not as to plant described. B. aquatica sensu most Am. 38 Rhodora [Marcu auth., not as to basonym, Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. PLATE 1123. From the synonymy given by House in his study of Stylisma, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxiv., especially p. 149 (1907), under 5. aquatica in his sense, ?. e. our Breweria Michauxii, one would infer that there are two names available for this species. The first, Convolvulus erianthus Willd. ex Spreng. Syst. 1. 610 (1825), described “C. foliis linearibus elongatis basi attenuatis nudius- eulis, . . . pedunculis elongatis 1 floris", etc. can hardly be our plant, which has the very pubescent elliptic-oval to oblong leaves broadly rounded to cordate at base and the peduncles mostly 3-flowered. Until the type of Willdenow's species can be studied it would be futile to guess what he had. House also cites as belonging to this species Stylisma elliptica Raf. “Fl. Tellur. 4: 55. 1836". Obviously House did not closely inspect Rafinesque’s account, for the species is not in Flora Telluriana (pt. 4 published in 1838) and p. 55 was occupied by generic and subgeneric segregates of Old World Veronica. In his New FI. N. Am. pt. 4 (1838) Rafinesque described his Stylisma elliptica on p. 55. It is quite possible that Rafinesque had B. Michauxii, for his “leaves petiolate elliptical hardly pubescent, base sub- cordate, end obtuse mucronate” is rather definite for it (except "hardly pubescent”) but “calix smooth" is not at all good for a closely pubescent calyx. This character and the “hardly pubes- cent" leaves immediately suggest B. humistrata. At any rate, the name cannot be taken over into Breweria because of the large- flowered Mexican B. elliptica Smith & Schubert (1939). Now coming to the amazingly disjunct series known as Breweria Pickeringii, it is a somewhat striking fact that the TvPE and few extant specimens of the original Convolvulus Pickeringii Torr. in M. A. Curtis in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 129 (1835) seem not to be matched by any other collection nor has anything conspecific with it been found in the type-area, the famous and much explored region of Wilmington, North Carolina. Both B. angustifolia (PLATE 1124) and true B. aquatica (PLATE 1121), misidentified as B. Pickeringii, have been collected farther up the valley of Cape Fear River; but Curtis stated that “Most of the species enumerated inhabit a circle around this place [Wilming- ton] of about two miles radius". In 1830 the population of 1949} Fernald and Schubert,—Some Identities in Breweria 39 Wilmington was about 3000; now it is about twelve times that number, with a considerable summer increase, and its longest diameter is 5 miles. That may account for the lack of recent collections. Even the connection with the Wilmington plant (collected by Moses Ashley Curtis) of Dr. Charles Pickering is a bit obscure. The species, as Convolvulus Pickeringii, was pub- lished in the Catalogue of Plants growing spontaneously around Wilmington, North Carolina, from a manuscript received in September, 1834. In his introductory pages Mr. Curtis said (p. 86): “In preparing the Catalogue I have been kindly assisted by Dr. Torrey, whose name will at once ensure confidence in its general accuracy. To him have been communicated nearly all the doubtful and new species, and they have received numer- ous corrections and references." There is also acknowledgment of help from Dr. James F. McRee, but nothing about Pickering. On p. 105, under Convolvulus, there is an entry ''Pickeringii. Tor. (26)", this indicating that Torrey was author of the name, and in the “Remarks on several Plants in the Catalogue" no. 26 (p. 129) is as follows: (26) Convólvulus Pickeringii. Prostrate, villous; Leaves linear, 12-15 lines long, one line wide, obtuse, not mucronate; Peduncles longer than the leaves, 3 flowered; Flowers aggre- gate at the summit, two of them pedicelled in the axis of the leaves that exceed the flowers, with linear bracts at the base of the calyx which equal the flowers, the other sessile and without bracts. The upper peduncles become 2 and 1 flowered. Calyx very villous. Corol hairy, white; style 2 cleft a little below the summit, the parts unequal; Stigmas capitate. Hab. sandy barrens. Flowers June. Allied to C. patens, but clearly distinct. First noticed by Dr. Pickering, to whom it is dedicated. The original material sent to Torrey had Curtis's comment: “Nearer C. trichosanthes, var. patens Ph. than Elliott’s C. aquatica?". In the remark of Torrey (or perhaps Curtis) at the end of the description there is the clue to the origin of the specific name. Charles Pickering had collected the New Jersey variety six years earlier, the label (in his own hand) of his specimen in Herb. Phil. Acad. reading: (capsule one-seeded !) 4 miles from Quaker Bridge N. J. Aug. 1828. C. Pickering 40 Rhodora [Marcu A portion of this Pickering specimen, characteristic for New Jersey, is shown in PLATE 1126, Fic. 1. That it superficially resembles Convolvulus patens; i. e. true B. aquatica (PLATE 1121, FIG. 2) is obvious, but it has elongate foliaceous bracts, shorter and blunter sepals and (when adequate material is examined) less deeply divided styles. Although the name Pickeringii was based on the New Jersey plant, the detailed description and the locality (Wilmington) of the Curtis plant (PLATE 1125) indicate that as the TYPE of the species. It is singular that Torrey did not enter the name on what is obviously the TrvPE-sheet. In DC. Prodr. ix. 450 (1845) Convolvulus Pickeringii was called Stylisma evolvuloides Choisy, 6. angustifolia Choisy, although the specimen seen was ‘‘comm. a Gray", who had collected the New Jersey plant only. Incidentally, Choisy’s S. evolvuloides could not have been more inclusive: made up of Convolvulus humistratus and aquaticus Walt., C. patens Desr., C. tenellus Lam. and C. trichosanthes Michx.! As we interpret Breweria Pickeringit, the aggregate species (MAP 1) is characterized by its very narrow linear or linear- oblanceolate leaves; elongate peduncles bearing 1-3 (rarely—5) flowers, each inflorescence subtended by a pair of elongate bracts similar to the foliage-leaves, the densely pubescent. broad sepals blunt or in two varieties pointed, the style shallowly cleft to barely notched or subentire. The remarkable disrup- tion of range has resulted in the local fixity of some characters, although in the aggregate these isolated varieties have the most significant characters much alike. Typical B. Pickeringii (PLATE 1125), the plant of Wilmington, North Carolina, has the pubescence of branches, pedicels and sepals densely villous; the central flower of each small corymb or the single flowers sessile; the 2 lateral flowers of the 3-flowered corymbs on pedicels only 1-4 mm. long and 2-bracted at summit, the longer of the unequal branches of the style 2-3 mm. long. Isolated from it, about 400 miles to the north, is the variety (PLATES 1126 and 1127) found locally in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Like typical Breweria Pickeringii in habit, foliage, pubescence, blunt sepals and style (except that the 2 branches may often be subequal), it has the single flower or the central one of 2-5-flowered corymbs raised above the bracts on a definite Rhodora Plate 1125 Photo, B. G. Schubert BREWERIA PICKERINGII: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, an inflorescence, X 5, showing subsessile central flower and 2-cleft style. Rhodora Plate 1126 (* a buds. 24. fen we v. Photo, B. G. Schubert BREWERIA PICKERINGH, var. CAESARIENSIS: FIG. 1, portion of the Pickering plant from New Jersey, X 1, source of the name but not the description of the Curtis plant from Wilmington, North Carolina; ria. 2, Pickering's label, X 2; FIG. 3, calyx and style, X 5, from the Pickering plant. 1949] Fernald and Schubert,—Some Identities in Breweria 41 pedicel and the pedicels of the lateral flowers 0.5-1.5 em. long. This localized plant we are calling var. caesariensis. Near the fall-line, on the Savannah River, more than 250 miles southwest of Wilmington, the late Alfred Cuthbert col- lected on the sandhills near Atlanta, Georgia, a plant (PLATE 1128) which looks like Breweria Pickeringit, var. caesariensis, having the flowers all pedicelled, the lateral ones with pedicels up to 1.5 cm. long, but the sepals, instead of being blunt, are acuminate, a character suggesting B. angustifolia (PLATE 1124), EXPLANATION Existing gésces/ elds. £xposeo alfer ofsaopearanmce of PLEISTOCENE sce. PIU Pier o Clary, Orittless 4 IBA areas wholly ar pority exposed during PLEISTOCENE. Areas Of mountain a valley quicualtan during the FUL STOCE NE. zz ANIE COBS fai? e PICHI areas d exposed during the QUATERNARY. d Srobeble nd area available since close of the TERTIARY. Probable land area aveailob/e since close of the CRETACEOUS. Froheble land area available since close of fhe JURASSIC. Probable land area avetlebhle since close of fhe PACLCOZO/C, or unknown. RANGES OF (1) BREWERIA PICKERINGII, var. ANGUSTIFOLIA; (2) var. CAE- SARIENSIS; (3) var. CuTHBERTII; (4) var. PATTERSONI. but var. Cuthbertii has the elongate foliaceous involucre and involucels (rra. 2) and the only slightly cleft style of B. Pick- eringii, with which Cuthbert originally identified it. These three varieties of the Atlantic states form a consistent series, marked by the positively cleft style (with longer branch 2-3 mm. long), sepals blunt (except in the little known var. Cuthberti) and the villosity tending to be fulvous. Farther west and stil more isolated from the plants of southeastern North Carolina and of New Jersey there is a very strongly marked variety (PLATE 1129) with all the characters of the Atlantic series, except for a more canescent and closer pubescence, acute or aeutish sepals (as in var. Cuthbertii) and, most marked of all, styles subentire or very shallowly cleft, with the longer branches rarely 1 and very rarely 1.5 mm. long. The difference in the branching of the style is the most significant, the acute or acutish 42 Rhodora [Marcu sepals less so, and the canescence of the pubescence probably a long-time response to more inland environment. We are, therefore, looking upon this more western plant as a far-isolated and itself bicentric variety, the larger area in Texas and Okla- homa, the smaller on dry prairies of Muscatine County in south- eastern Iowa and of adjacent Henderson County, Illinois. It thus approaches the northeastern corner of Missouri, a state from which it is not reported (doubtless Missourians would not admit that they have land sterile enough for it). This distinc- tive plant of dry prairies we are naming for the keen botanist of Henderson County, Illinois, the late Harry N. Patterson, whose model specimens are found in most of the herbaria studied. B. Pickrerinei (Torr. in M. A. Curtis) Gray, var. angustifolia (Choisy), comb. nov. Convolvulus Pickeringii Torrey in M. A. Curtis in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 105 and 129 (1835). Sty- lisma evolvuloides Choisy, 8. angustifolia Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 450 (1845). Bonamia Pickeringii (Torr.) Gray, Man. ed. 5: 376 (1867). Breweria Pickeringii (Torr.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. it, 217 (1878).—Characterized by its villous and rather fulvous pubescence; peduncles with linear or linear-oblanceolate folia- ceous paired bracts at summit; flowers 3 in a close corymb or on the terminal shoots solitary, the central one sessile, the lateral ones on pedicels only 1—4 mm. long; sepals obtuse; style distinctly 2-cleft, the longer branch 2-3 mm. long.— Known only from the TYPE-COLLECTION, from dry sand, Wilmington, North Carolina, June, 1834 (rvPE) in Torrey Herb. (N. Y. Bot. Gard.), isotypes in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard. and Herb. Phil. Acad. PLATE 1125. Var. caesariensis, var. nov., a var. angustifolia differt floribus 1-5, omnibus pedicellatis, pedicellis lateralibus 0.5-1.5 em. longis. —Dry sandy woods and openings, local, Pine Barrens of NEw JERSEY. Type: along Mullica River southwest of Batsto, August 21, 1910, Bayard Long in Herb. Phil. Acad. PLATES 1126 and 1127. Var. Cuthbertii, var. nov., a var. caesariensi differt sepalis acuminatis.—GEoRGaIA: sandhills, Augusta, June 29, 1901, Alfred Cuthbert, TYPE in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard. PLATE 1128. Var. Pattersoni, var. nov., caulibus pedicellis calycibusque plus minusve cinereo-pubescentibus; floribus pedicellatis; sepalis acutis; stylo subsimplice, subintegro vel breviter diviso, ramo longiore rariter 1 vel 1.5 mm. longo.— Dry sandy prairies, Hender- son County, Illinois and Muscatine County, Iowa; more frequent in Oklahoma and widespread in eastern and southern Texas.! 1 In the United States National Herbarium there is a sheet from the Department of Agriculture bearing the data ‘Kansas, E. A. Papinoe, 1875". Otherwise we know of no evidence of the plant in Kansas. Rhodora Plate 1127 Photo. B, G. Schubert BREWERIA PICKERINGII, var. CAESARIENSIS: FIG. 1, portion of TYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, branch showing fuller inflorescences, X 1, from Pleasant Mills, New Jersey, July 27, 1882, H. R. Bassler; ric. 3, fruiting calyx and style, X 5, from New Jersey, Knieskern. Rhodora Plate 1128 Photo. B. G. Schubert BnEwERIA PICKERINGH, var. CuTHBERTII, all figs. from TYPE: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 14; FIG. 2, an inflorescence, X 125; FIG. 3, calyx, X 5. Rhodor: Plate 1129 Photo. B. G. Schubert BREWERIA PIcKERINGH, var. Parrknsoxt: FIG. 1, portion of TYPE, X 1; FIGs. 2 and 3, calyces and styles, X 5, from TYPE; FIG. 4, calyx and notched style, X 5, from Grant Co., Oklahoma, Waterfall, no. 7370; ric. 5, calyx and entire style, X 5, from Weatherford, Texas, Tracy, no. 8068. 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 43 TYPE: prairies near Oquawka, ILuinors, August, 1873?, Harry N. Patterson in Herb. Patterson, Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. PLATE 1129. In this study we have had the advantage of seeing the material in the following herbaria, besides that in the Gray Herbarium: New York Botanical Garden; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; United States National Herbarium; Duke Uni- versity; State College of University of North Carolina, Raleigh; Chicago Natural History Museum; Missouri Botanical Garden; and University of Oklahoma (including a fine series of freshly collected specimens). To the officials of these institutions who have aided us by these loans we express our thanks and apprecia- tion. Without these loans we should: have remained in the dark regarding the original Curtis material and the unique var. Cuthberti. Part II. STUDIES OF EASTERN AMERICAN PLANTS M. L. FERNALD 1. BLACKBERRIES, OLD AND NEW (PLATES 1130-1132) RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS Porter, forma suffultus, f. nov. (TAB. 1130, rrG. 1), racemis valde bracteatis, bracteis 6-15 pedicellos plerumque superantibus.— Locally abundant in New England. The following are characteristic. New HAMpsHIRE: abundant in large colonies, Shelburne, Fernald & Pease, no. 15,738 (distrib. as var. Gravesii because essentially without prickles); border of dry woods, Shelburne, Fernald & Pease, no. 15,763; damp thick- ets, borders of woods and roadsides, Thornton Gore, Fernald, nos. 15,655, 15,700, 15,749 (TYPE in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. New Engl. Bot. Cl.), 15,820; dry open sandy soil, Haver- hill, Fernald, no. 15,771. MassacuusetTts: Beverly, 1886, Asa Gray; Ayer, May 30, 1934, Ordway & Bullard; roadside thicket, West Brookfield, July 9, 1935, C. H. Knowlton; dry roadside, Konkapot Valley, New Marlboro, July 24, 1912, Ralph Hoffmann. Connecticut: below “Indian Burying Ground", Franklin, June 18, 1915, R. W. Woodward; Bristol, ‘‘a freak", Blanchard, no. 97, set 5; Southington, Blanchard, no. 97, set 3. Although called by Blanchard “a freak", forma suffultus is, where I have well known it in the Franconia and the Androscog- gin regions of New Hampshire, an abundant and very obvious and consistent plant of recent clearings and borders of woods. 44 Rhodora [MARCH PLATE 1130, fig. | shows the extreme development of racemes, much prolonged and with most of the pedicels subtended by simple overtopping bracts; but clear transitions to more typical R. allegheniensis occur. Thus, on no. 15,655 the upper racemes have 9-11 bracts but lower on the cane the lateral racemes are those of typical R. allegheniensis, with only 1-5 bracts. Forma suffultus suggests Bailey’s illustration in Gent. Herb. v. 12, fig. 3 (1941) of a 'novirame"; but the bracteate inflorescences of forma suffultus are the regular racemes of floricanes, not ‘‘novi- rames" on the primocanes! R. ALLEGHENIENSIS, forma calycosus (Fernald), stat. nov. R. nigrobaccus, var. calycosus Fernald in Rnopona, iii. 234 (1901). R. allegheniensis, var. calycosus (Fernald) Fernald, |. e. x. 51 (1908); Bailey, Gent. Herb. v. fig. 232, E (1944). I am holding Rubus allegheniensis in its inclusive sense for the relatively coarse, erect to high-arching species with velutinous lower leaf-surfaces, cylindric racemes mostly 1-3 dm. long and with stipitate glands numerous on rachis and pedicels. In so doing I heartily indorse Bailey’s sensible attitude of 1902 in Cycl. Am. Hort. iv. 1578, when he wrote: “No end of species could be made, but it is doubtful whether a great multiplication of species-names would contribute anything more than confusion to the literature and knowledge of the genus" and (p. 1582) “There seems to be little utility in separating forms that cannot be distinguished in at least a fair proportion of the specimens". I cannot, however, wholly indorse the reverse attitude now so much in evidence because altogether too many minor variants and clones are being put out as *new species", for the author of the conservative and wholly safe doctrine of 1902 wrote in 1925 of “aberrants” which “may be species, nascent species, or kinds of nonconformities" and then went on to assure us that his "new species" are not necessarily true or conventional species after all: “Tt will be understood, therefore, that when I write ‘new species’ (or species nova) I do not use the term in its old formal final sense; I am thinking of a congeries of plants so harmonious within itself and so distinct from all others as to require name and diagnosis if we are to discuss the subject intelligently; and I regret that modern practice has not given us a word of clearer accuracy and significance". —Gent. Herb. i. 205 (1925). Some of the terms for minor variants which were used by 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 45 Ascherson & Graebner or the terms variety, subvariety, forma, forma biologica, forma specialis and individual or clone were available. Bailey, l. c., was opposed to throwing ‘‘them loosely or uncritically into some recognized species: this extends the confusion". But perhaps much that has been published on the group can hardly escape the tag, “uncritical”; at least it has often indicated ‘‘confusion”’. To me there is no satisfaction, after many days of struggling with them, in trying to separate from Rubus allegheniensis (R. nigrobaccus Bailey) such selected and surely intergradient nearly conformist plants of Bailey, Gent. Herb. v. fasc. viii (1944) as R. auroralis (pp. 525, 526), R. longissimus (pp. 527, 528), R. virginianus (pp. 532, 533), R. separ (pp. 532, 534 and 535), R. uber (pp. 535 and 536), and R. marilandicus (pp. 537, 538); nor can I see anything more than a useless synonym in the name R. Rappii Bailey in Hanes, Fl. Kalamazoo Co., Mich. 156, fig. 14 (1947). To be sure, R. longissimus is distinguished, among other inconstant characters, in the key by “broad short obovate leaflets at base" of the "cluster 20 cm. long", but the bracteal leaflets shown in fig. 230 of characteristic R. allegheniensis are much more obovate, while, if they are significant, plenty of New England specimens with racemes up to 3 dm. long could be made to glorify all the sisters, cousins and aunts of the chance collec- tors. Furthermore, by the key R. allegheniensis comes under “Prickles on primocane axis many", while R. virginianus has “Prickles on primocane very few or none". Nevertheless, com- parison of the figure of A. allegheniensis (fig. 230) and that of R. virginianus (fig. 240) shows about 13 small prickles on 14 cm. of primocane of the former (‘‘Prickles . . . many") but 14 on 17 em. of primocane of the latter (‘‘Prickles . . . very few or none"). That seems like a pretty vague ''specific"" difference. Again, I find myself equally puzzled (and others must be similarly so) by other reputed species of the § Alleghenienses. Under “B” in the key in Gent. Herb. v. 509, 510 (1944) Rubus Rosa Bailey and R. alumnus Bailey come under ‘‘Primocane leaflets . . . cordate”, while R. apianus is under “BB. Primo- cane leaflets . . . not cordate, narrow or tapering to base . . . ”’. Unfortunately, however, the would-be interpreter notes that the terminal primocane-leaflet of the last “species” is shown in fig. 46 Rhodora [Marcu 252 as broadly ovate and somewhat cordate. Its apex is not quite so prolonged as shown for R. Rosa but the difference be- tween this leaflet and the terminal “cordate” one shown for R. alumnus is scarcely evident. As Bailey so forcefully stated in 1902, the designation of many trends as species can contribute nothing ‘more than confusion to the literature and knowledge of the genus". If he joined the once aggressive group of ‘“mutationists’’ who saw a species in every clone and hybrid in Oenothera he could add still further “confusion”; or if he tackled Carya he could find hundreds of his "species" in every hickory-forest, for it is never safe to collect as one number specimens from two adjacent trees! ‘There seems to be little utility in separating forms that cannot be dis- tinguished in at least a fair proportion of the specimens". Inci- dentally, it should not be overlooked that, nowadays, when Bailey calls a plant a “species”, he does “not use the term in its old formal final sense". If he were an anthropologist what would he do with Homo sapiens? $ Alleghenienses is well defined in Gent. Herb. v. 507 (1944) as “Gland-bearing highbush . . . brambles, . . . often very stout . inflorescence typically a long racemiform cluster with continuing axis . . . ; rachis of inflorescence, pedicels, usually the calyx, as mostly also the petiolules and parts of petioles, bearing stalked glands". That defines a well marked and gener- ally understood section. It is, therefore, more than a bit per- plexing to find in recent publications proposed new species, designated as belonging to the Alleghenienses, which patently lack these distinctive characters and as definitely display the significant characters of other defined and generally recognized sections. As striking and as disconcerting as any is Rubus Bigelovianus Bailey, l. c. iii. 255 (1934) and v. 558, fig. 245 (1944), a plant with the aspect, slender and bristly canes, essential lack of glands, cuneate floricane-leaflets, and inflorescence and fruits of § Setosi; for this very characteristic section is described, 1. c. 129, as “plants, of small size . . . characterized . . . by setose or stouter . . . armature on canes and pedicels and by rather short inflorescence that is likely in infrutescence to become as broad as long and cymiform . . . : floricanes often lopped or prostrate even though primocanes may be erect... , seldom 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 47 much more than about 80 cm. tall, . . . flowers small, commonly with narrow well separated petals: fruit small, usually acid and not pleasantly edible". Rubus Bigelovianus, collected while Bailey was looking for R. setosus Bigel. in the general type-area, Sudbury, Massachusetts, and named for Jacob Bigelow, “commemorated his visit to Sud- bury", presumably referring to the collection of R. setosus in June, 1823. Otherwise it would be most difficult to say what visit was commemorated, for Jacob Bigelow pleased his parents by making his first recorded “visit” at his birth in Sudbury on February 27, 1787, and his home was in Sudbury until he took up medical practice in Boston, his parents still continuing to reside at Sudbury!. RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS Porter, var. populifolius, var. nov. (TAB. 1130, FIG. 2), a var. typica differt foliolis vel laminis brac- tearum elliptico-ovalibus vel subrotundatis obtusis 2.5-5 cm. longis latisve.—MassAcHUsETTS: border of woods, Stockbridge, July 16, 1916, Ralph Hoffmann (TYPE, 3 sheets, in Herb. New Engl. Bot. Club). In the strongly rounded blades and leaflets of the bracteal leaves var. populifolius at once suggests Populus tremuloides and by some might be called a distinct species. Its primocane, how- ever, has very characteristic leaves of typical Rubus allegheniensis, the long-petiolulate median and terminal long-acuminate leaflets cordate-ovate. The specimens were sent in as R. Andrewsianus Blanchard but they have the heavily stipitate-glandular petioles, petiolules, rachis and pedicels and the elongate raceme of R. allegheniensis. Rubus Andrewsianus is one of the fifteen or twenty minor variants of R. pensilvanicus Poir. (1804) which have been desig- nated as “species”, a score which could be vastly multiplied if collections were made and named from tens of thousands of other burns and recent clearings. R. pensilvanicus and its host of minor variants belong to the series under $ Argut, which is characterized by lack of glands and by a corymbiform inflores- cence. As an aggregate of minor trends, occurring through much of temperate eastern North America, it includes not only R. Andrewsianus but R. philadelphicus Blanchard, R. pergratus 1 See GEeonaE E. Erus. Memoir of Jacob Bigelow, Cambridge, 1880. Inciden- tally, see Fernald in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc Ixxxvi. 68 (1942). 48 Rhodora [Marcu Blanchard and many others. If anyone is skeptical, let him look at four plates in Gent. Herb. v: figs. 315 and 316 (R. penstlvani- cus), 319 (R. Andrewsianus) and 321 (R. philadelphicus). Then, if he finds specific or any significant differences, let him illuminate those of us who have wasted many days in searching for them. To be sure, the key (pp. 610 and 611) puts Rubus pensilvanicus under “Axis or peduncle of flower-cluster and the pedicels armed with stout thick-based strongly curved or hooked prickles”, while R. Andrewsianus is under a contrasting ‘‘Axis or at least the peduncle of flower-cluster and the pedicels naked, or the prickles, if any, few and weak and not broad-based nor hooked". Nevertheless, the TYPE of R. pensilvanicus, as shown in the photo- graph sent to me from Paris, shows 16 of the 25 pedicels which are clearly visible quite without prickles, this type shown in Bailey's fig. 315, while the fruiting branchlet “a” shown by him as representative of this species, distinguished by ‘‘pedicels armed with stout thick-based strongly curved or hooked prickles”, has all the pedicels shown as unarmed! In the figure (319) of R. Andrewsianus one can count 8 slightly armed pedicels, while in Blanchard's *set 1" from “type sta." in the Gray Herbarium several pedicels have two hooked prickles up to 2 mm. long. Again, try the illustration of R. philadelphicus (fig. 321). By the key (pp. 610 and 611) R. pensilvanicus and R. Andrewsianus have the “Floral leaflets and simple leaves (in the flower-cluster) . . . decidedly acute to acuminate or attenuate”, those of R. philadel- phicus “obtuse or only briefly abruptly acute". Nevertheless, there seems to be no definable difference in the tips of the leaflets as shown, for in “a”, under R. pensilvanicus, the bracteal leaves and leaflets are shown as scarcely different from those of the others. If these are really different species they have successfully hidden their distinctive characters and they are, at best, “nascent species, or kinds of nonconformities not yet accounted for in our philosophies" (Gent. Herb. i. 205), remind- ing one of the simple and ungarnished yankee philosophy of Blanchard when he wrote, regarding another species: ‘The plants at all these stations differ a little from each other, but even at the type station a difference in soil and surroundings causes a considerable variation. This is to be expected nearly every- where in the rose family"— Blanchard in Torreya, vi. 120 (1906). 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 49 Blanchard, of course, did not take into account Poiret’s R. pensil- vanicus, for, accepting the verdict of Index Kewensis, everyone supposed, until I secured a photograph of Poiret’s type, that his species was “R. strigosus”! As for Rubus pergratus Blanchard in HHopona, viii. 96 (1906), that characteristic plant of southeastern Canada and New Eng- land, where its fruit is highly esteemed, seems to be a strong and large-fruited development of R. philadelphicus, with no clear morphological differences. As defined by Blanchard it has the primocanes bearing prickles which are "strong, stout, 2 to 8 to the inch of stem,"—the leaves pubescent beneath, the flowering shoots more or less pubescent, “even woolly on some"; i. e. it belongs in the § Arguti, which is defined by Bailey (Gent. Herb. v. 46) under “Leaves (and other parts) variously pubescent . . prickles usually abundant, mostly hooked or bent or at least broad-based”. But, for some reason not clear to others, R. pergratus has disappeared from his treatment of the Arguti and is placed under the § Canadenses, this section properly defined (l. c.) as having “Leaves essentially smooth . . . : canes without priekles or with only few and weak straight ones". This plant, with leaflets velvety to touch beneath, with stout hooked prickles and with a corymbiform inflorescence, has suddenly appeared, not only in § Canadenses, but under R. canadensis itself (“known by its thin usually glossy smooth foliage [by “smooth” meaning glabrous] . . . and in typical forms by its nearly or quite un- armed canes: . . . inflorescence . . . the primary narrow long- racemiform clusters") as A. canadensis, var. pergratus (Blanch- ard) Bailey, l. c. v. 470 (1944), with *Leaves soft-pubescent to the finger underneath, therefore gray and the lateral ribs more or less obscured”, overlooking the strong prickly canes, the corymbi- form inflorescence, etc. If the characters used in defining the sections mean nothing it is time to give up. They do, however, hold reasonably well if one will refrain from contradicting them and from describing in the glabrous $ Canadenses plants with copious pubescence, or in the copiously glandiferous $ Allegheni- enses plants without glands, etc. The confusion is not primarily in the sections. R. PENSILVANICUS Poir., forma phyllophorus, f. nov., racemis plus minusve elongatis, bracteis numerosis.— With the typical 50 Rhodora [Marcu few-bracted plant or in more favorable habitats. The following belong here. Nova Scorta: rich moist open thicket by brook, Sandy Cove, Digby County, Fernald & Long, no. 21,592, as R. orarius; spruce woods and thickets, Brazil Lake, Yarmouth Co., Bartram & Long, no. 23,991, as R. orarius. New HAMPSHIRE: borders of dry woods near Mascot Pond, Gorham, Fernald & Pease, no. 15,643, as R. orarius; dry thickets and borders of woods, Lincoln, July 28, 1917, Fernald, no. 15,701 (TYPE in Herb. Gray); damp thickets, borders of woods and roadsides, Thornton Gore, Fernald, no. 15,642. In its very leafy-bracted raceme resembling R. allegheniensis, forma suffultus (PL. 1131, fig. 1) except for its glandless and more corymbiform raceme and the subglobose fruits, characters which place it with the polymorphic R. pensilvanicus of § Argutt. See discussion above. Rusus (§ ALLEGHENIENSES) sceleratus Brainerd, sp. nov. in lit., TAB. 1131 et 1132, valde adscendens inextricabiliter arcuato- ramosus, cannis tholos 1.8-3 m. altos formantibus; primocannis ad 1 em. diametro densissime armatis; aculeis rectis horizontali- bus deltoideo-subulatis vel subulatis vel aciculiformibus, glandulis stipitatis intermixtis; primocannae foliis quinatis supra glabris subtus fulvo-tomentosis, foliolo terminali late ovato acuminato basi rotundo-cordato, duplicato-dentato; petiolo petiolulisque valde armatis glandulosisque; inflorescentiis racemoso- vel sub- paniculato-corymbiformibus valde armatis; fructibus subglobosis 8 mm. diametro.—Nxw HAMPSHIRE: clearings, alluvial terrace of Androscoggin River, Pontook Dam, Dummer, Coós County, September 6, 1917, Fernald & Pease, no. 15,649 (rype in Herb. Gray.; isoryPES in Herb. New Engl. Bot. Cl. and elsewhere). Rubus sceleratus. was so designated by Dr. Ezra Brainerd shortly before his death but, although duplicates of the large series were sent out under that name 30 years ago, I am sur- prised to find that the name he gave did not get published. T he species is the most fiercely armed of any I have ever encountered in the field, comparable only with R. pugnax Bailey, Gent. Herb. v. fasc. viii. 524, fig. 235 (1944), which I know only in the her- barium. But, whereas true Rk. pugnax (type-series from Hart- land, Connecticut) has the primocane quite glabrous and armed with pale and very broad-based prickles without intermixed glands, R. sceleratus has the primocanes densely crowded with stipitate glands, setae and fulvous prickles much more slender than in R. pugnax. The inflorescence of R. pugnax is similar to that of R. allegheniensis, an essentially simple and cylindric Rhodora Plate 1130 Photo. B. G. Schubert RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS, forma sUFFULTUS: FIG. 1, portion of fruiting branch, X l5, from TYPE-SERIES. R. ALLEGHENIENSIS, var. POPULIFOLIUS: FIG. 2, portion of fruiting branch, X 15, from TYPE-SERIES. Rhodora Plate 1131 Photo. B. G. Schubert RUBUS SCELERATUS: small portion of branchlet of primocane, X 25, from TYPE-SERIES. Rhodora Plate 1132 Photo. B. G. Schubert RUBUS SCELERATUS: small portion of branchlet of floricane, X 24, from TYPE-SERIES. l 0? 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants §1 raceme; that of R. sceleratus more corymbiform, with the pedicels often changed to forking branches; 7. e., it is related to the inclusive R. glandicaulis Blanchard. From that common species of southeastern Canada and northern New England it is at once distinguished by the very intricately branching and doming habit, the coarse and crowded prickles of the primocane, the strong armature of petiole and petiolule, the dense tomentum (instead of thin pilosity) of the lower leaf-surface, the spreading (instead of appressed or nearly wanting) pubescence of the nerves of the lower surface and the armed inflorescence. At the big dam at Dummer Rubus sceleratus covered a very extensive area of recently burned clearing. While Pease and I were vainly struggling to secure some representative pieces without tearing to shreds the entrapped foliage (a nearly impos- sible task; note the illustrations), the keeper of the dam came to express his wonder at our performance and the hope that we would destroy several acres of the pest. Asked what kind of bramble he called it, his feelings were promptly indicated by his reply: “It’s a damn nuisance!" Whereupon Pease and I, further struggling to get specimens without too seriously lacerating ourselves, composed a tentative name from Dummerdam and the conventional ending, ensis. Sending material to the Rever- end Doctor Brainerd, who was then deep in his study of the genus, I received a letter, stating that the name we had used was a bad hybrid of profane English and Latin and that he was calling it R. sceleratus. He won but he did not find the opportunity to publish his milder profanity. 2. RHIZOME-CHARACTERS IN AND MINOR ForMs OF VIOLA (PLATES 1133-1136) In studying the genus Viola as it occurs in eastern North America several cases have been noted where the plants with vernal petaliferous flowers would seem to indicate the need of uniting what have generally or often been considered distinct species. In view, however, of the prolonged and very pains- taking study, reinforced by cultivation of and experimentation with our species and their hybrids by the late Ezra Brainerd, I, naturally, hesitated to make hasty and less considered changes. In seeking for characters not generally used but which, in care- 52 Rhodora [Marcu fully collected material, seem very real, I have turned to the vegetative reproduction and the rhizomes, features which in some other groups have been found to be quite stable. One of the cases in which the striking differences in the rhizome are already recognized is that of the eastern V. canadensis L., of rich mesophytie and deciduous forest of southeastern Canada and the eastern states, and the Cordilleran and mid-western V. rugulosa Greene, which in Wisconsin and Minnesota meets the generally more eastern plants (in Wisconsin, Dr. Fassett informs me, often characterizing shaded bluffs of Niagara limestone, rather than the more typical mesophytie forests). Very slight differences in outline of leaf and degree of scariousness of stipules have been noted but these are rather evasive and difficult to define. When, however, the subterranean parts are carefully dug it is found that the eastern V. canadensis is non-stoloniferous and with a stout rhizome (PLATE 1133, rra. 1) and thick crown; whereas the western V. rugulosa spreads by slender, flexuous and freely forking subterranean stoloniform rhizomes (FIG. 2), these setting new crowns at their tips. So long as people are satisfied to snatch the plants without carefully digging the sub- terranean parts they will struggle to make out the differences. In fact Greene, describing V. rugulosa from Minnesota, without mention of stolons, followed it by the stoloniferous V. Ryd- bergii, the Rocky Mountain plant with slender stolons. Care- fully made collections from the type-station in Minnesota of V. rugulosa, however, show the long and flexuous stolons of V. Rydbergit. The very definite Viola tripartita Ell. is in its typical form at once distinguished from V. hastata Michx. by having the lower leaves of the foliaceous summit sharply divided into long narrow segments or lobes, but the later leaves are uncleft and suggest those of V. hastata. To increase the difficulty, there is an ex- treme form of V. tripartita with all the leaves uncleft, this form, forma glaberrima!, so much simulating V. hastata that I find 1 VIOLA TRIPARTITA Ell., forma glaberrima (Chapm.), stat. nov. V. hastata Michx., 8.? DC. Prodr. i. 300 (1824)—without name, although by Harper said to have been called “var. glaberrima Ging.". V. hastata, var. glaberrima [wrongly ascribed to Ging.] Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. ed. 3: 34 (1897). V. tripartita glaberrima Harper in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvii. 337 (1900). The citation of Gingins as the basic author seems to be erroneous. In DeCandolle's Prodromus, A. P. DeCandolle prepared the treatment except in cases where Gingins was actually cited. 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 53 nearly a quarter of the specimens of the two in the Gray Her- barium originally misidentified. Dr. Roland Harper has pointed out that in V. hastata the young leaves are flat, those of V. tripartita plicate, but that this difference does not show in pressed specimens. If, however, one has carefully collected material the rhizomes make the differentiation simple: the rhizome of V. tripartita and its forma glaberrima (PLATE 1133, FIG. 3) is subligneous, blackish and densely covered with long fibrous roots; that of V. hastata (rra. 4) fleshy, whitish, coarsely toothed and subtuberous, strongly simulating the rhizome of Dentaria or of Medeola. Had the earlier authors noted the very different rhizomes they would hardly have united the two species. The last cases to be noted here are in the usually recognized stoloniferous series. So long as the cireumpolar Viola palustris L. has violet corollas and stays in alpine and subalpine ravines the flowering plants are quickly distinguished from those of the smaller-flowered V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. There is no difficulty in distinguishing fruiting material, since the grayish seeds of V. palustris are 1.5-1.7 mm. long and a full mm. thick, the blackish seeds of V. pallens 1-1.4 mm. long and only 0.7-0.8 mm. thick. The trouble is with flowering material of V. palus- tris, forma albiflora Neum., which is found in subalpine ravines of Newfoundland. Both plants have deliciously fragrant vernal flowers and the difference in size is trifling. However, when properly collected V. palustris shows stiff and cord-like stolons 1-1.5 mm. thick, V. pallens having the stolons slenderly thread- like and flexuous. If the former is merely grabbed the crucial character will be missed. Some acute field-botanists have asserted that, after all, V. lanceolata L. and V. primulifolia L. are merely leaf-variations of a single polymorphous species. Had they closely watched their growth-habit after the vernal flowering they would have seen a pretty striking difference. In V. lanceolata, very soon after the vernal flowering, the rhizome or crown sends out leafy prostrate stolons bearing cleistogamous flowers. By midsummer these highly fruitful leafy stolons form mats (PLATE 1134, FIG. 1) and by late autumn one finds extensive and close carpets with abund- ant dehiscing capsules. This character was clearly described more than a century ago, when Torrey & Gray (Fl. N. Am. i. 139 54 Rhodora [Marcu (1838)) wrote: “Rhizoma creeping; often bearing very long creeping stolons with an apetalous flower on a short peduncle at each joint". Of the hundreds of collections of V. lanceolata before me essentially all which show plants past vernal flowering exhibit the floriferous and leafy stolons. In Viola primulifolia, however, it is a very exceptional plant which shows many or any cleistogamous flowers on the stolons; and up to midsummer the very long and freely forking stolons remain leafless or essentially so, the cleistogamous flowers being on erect and prolonged peduncles borne chiefly from the crowns or from the first nodes of the stolons (PLATE 1135, ria. 1).! Much later in the season, in September and October, the stolons may bear well developed leaves but no (or very exceptional) short-stalked cleistogenes. This final production of leaves on the stolons, which eventually end in new crowns, and the absence of cleistogenes except from the crowns, is well displayed in an isotype (Harper, no. 1675, from near Moultrie, Georgia, coll. September 25, 1902) of V. reptabunda Greene, Leaflets, ii. 94 (1910), our PLATE 1135, FIGs. 2 and 3. Such autumnal develop- ment of leaves on the stolons is shown in many specimens of typical cordate- or subcordate-leaved V. primulifolia? and its north-ranging var. acuta. The last of these plants to consider is Vola vittata Greene, Pittonia, iij. 258 (1898) or V. lanceolata L., var. vittata (Greene) Weath. & Grisc. in RHopona, xxxvi. 48 (1934), a plant of the ! The specimen trom which this figure was made (Fernald & Long, no. 21,925 from Arcadia, Nova Scotia, July 29, 1920) is of V. primulifolia, var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & Gray, l. c. (1838), this based on V. acuta Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2: 95 (1824), which came from ‘‘Cambridge [Mass.], particularly about the pine trees on Craigie's road [now Brattle Street], in moderately damp soil”. Edward Tuckerman deposited in the Gray Herbarium material which he marked as identical with Bigelow's plant, adding that Bigelow had sent him specimens from the original station. The latter locality, "the pine trees on Craigie's road", was apparently the wet depression beneath large white pines between Brattle and Craigie Streets, which was still conspicuous when the present writer came to Cambridge in 1891. 2 When V. primulifolia, forma subcordata Griscom in Ruopona, xxxviii. 50 (1936) was defined: ‘‘Foliis maioribus subcordatis vel rariore cordatis, saepe crassioris vel rugosis’’, growing from Florida '' North along the coast to southeastern Maryland”’, the Linnaean account of typical V. primulifolia was apparently not given sufficient weight: ‘foliis oblongis subcordatis’’ followed by '' Folia cordata, oblonga, obtusissima, crenata, basi decurrentia per petiolum, omnino ut in Primula officinali.". Typical V. primulifolia, with cordate to subcordate leaves, extends northward on the Coastal Plain to New Jersey and inland from the Gulf to Oklahoma. Var. acuta. with blades not cordate, reaches Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, central Maine, southern Quebec, southern Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota. 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 55 southern Coastal Plain, extending north to southern New Jersey and inland to Coffee County, Tennessee. At vernal flowering the leaves and flowers are often indistinguishable from those of typical V. lanceolata but as the season advances the new leaves are greatly prolonged and narrow, with lance-linear blades 0.6-3 dm. long, their margins often (but not always) more denticulate, the peduncles relatively high. However, the evident transition in foliage induced Weatherby & Griscom to treat it as a variety of V. lanceolata, a course which Alphonso Wood had indicated on the label of a Georgia specimen from Professor William T. Feay more than 80 years ago (Wood's manuscript name not published). In southeastern Virginia the few known colonies of V. vittata (or var. vittata) show none of the leafy superficial stolons with axillary cleistogenes which characterize typical V. lanceolata (PLATE 1134, rrG. 1). Instead, the plant spreads by slender cord-like subterranean rhizomes which at their tips set new leafy crowns (PLATE 1134, FIG. 2). Since, however, the plant is more abundant southward I have asked for and received the loan of the material in the Britton Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden for which I am very thankful. This series and that of the Gray Herbarium, although often duplicating one another, are mutually very helpful, for the latter series contains material from three southern states not represented in the former. Fur- thermore, while the rhizome-character receives much confirma- tion, the presence of superficial flowering stolons is apparent in several plants which, in their very prolonged leaves, are other- wise good V. vittata. Of the 77 specimens studied a few are so carelessly collected as to give no evidence, but 43 clearly show the subterranean rhizome and no superficial stolons, while 12 collections as clearly show the superficial leafy stolons, some of them bearing axillary cleistogenes as in typical V. lanceolata. Among these superficially stoloniferous plants may be cited 5mall, no. 8710 from Indian River, Coco, Florida; Tracy, no. 5006 from Biloxi, Mississippi; and Brainerd, no. 179, raised from Biloxi roots. Such plants as these seem to indicate that, in spite of the great length of the leaves and the generally non- stoloniferous habit, V. vittata is perhaps better considered a well defined southern variety of the more widely dispersed and usually shorter-leaved V. lanceolata. Such transitional material sug- 56 Rhodora [Marcu gests the need of also watching closely the behavior of V. cana- densis (PLATE 1133, FIG. 1) and V. rugulosa (rta. 2). The following minor forms may be noted: V. pepata L., var. LINEARILOBA DC., forma ranunculifolia (Juss.), stat. nov. V. ranunculifolia Juss. ex Poir. Encycl. viii. 626 (1808). V. pedata, y. ranunculifolia (Juss.) Gingins ex DC. Prodr. i. 291 (1824) as to source of name, not as to plant de- scribed. Forma ranunculifolia (see PLATE 1136, FIGs. 1 and 2) occurs rather rarely through much of the range of typical var. lineari- loba; specimens before me from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. A leaf and a flower from Jussieu’s TYPE are shown in PLATE 1136, FIGs. 1 and 2. Although the name, used in varietal rank by Gingins in DeCandolle’s Prodromus, was taken over directly from Jussieu, the plant he had before him in the Prodromus herbarium of DeCandolle belonged to the next form. V. rkbATA L., var. LINEARILOBA DC., forma cuneatiloba Brainerd in herb., f. nov. (TaB. 1136, rra. 3), segmentis foliorum cuneato-obovatis leviter incisis.—Tyrr from 3000 ft. alt., Kate’s Mountain, near White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier Co., West Virginia, May 16, 1892, J. K. Small in Herb. Gray. The type and another sheet in the Gray Herbarium bear Brainerd’s annotation-labels. These and several others bear a later unpublished combination. Some sheets have Brainerd’s intimation that these plants with broadly cuneate and but slightly cleft leaf-segments are specimens with autumnal foliage. This annotation appears beside a plant from Woburn, Massachusetts, with flowers expanded; all other specimens of this form are indicated as collected in May or show expanded flowers. Not only do these sheets bear unpublished annotations. Most of the sheets of forma cuneatiloba bear an unpublished combination by Brainerd with a basonym which was published later than Jussieu’s name. Similar annotations are presumably in other herbaria. V. FIMBRIATULA Sm. forma umbelliflora, f. nov. (ras. 1136, ria. 4), pedunculis trifloris, floribus subumbellatis; foliis basin versus valde incisis. Type from Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 20, 1912, J. Richard Lunt in Herb. Gray. Forma wmbelliflora is an extraordinary departure from the common and typical Viola fimbriatula, for the latter, like all the Rhodora Plate 1133 Photo. B. G. Schubert RHIZOMES OF VIOLA, X 1: FIG. 1, V. CANADENSIS; FIG. 2, V. RUGULOSA; FIG. 3, V. TRIPARTITA, forma GLABERRIMA; FIG. 4, V. HASTATA. Rhodora Plate 1134 Photo. B, G. Schubert RHIZOMES OF VIOLA, X IH: ria. 1, V. LANCEOLATA; FIG, 2, V. LANCEOLATA, var. VITTATA (V. vittata). Rhodora Plate 1135 Photo. B. G. Schubert RHIZOMES OF VIOLA PRIMULIFOLIA, X 1: FIG. 1, var. ACUTA from Nova Scotia; FIGs. 2 , and 3, typical plant from Georgia (isotype of V. reptabunda Greene). Rhodora Plate 1136 Photo. B. G. Schubert Types IN VIOLA, all figs. X 1: FIGs. 1 and 2, V. prepara, var. LINEARILOBA, forma RANUN- CULIFOLIA ; FIG. 3, forma CUNEATILOBA ; FIG. 4, V. FIMBRIATULA, forma UMBELLIFLORA. 1949] Fernald,—Studies of Eastern American Plants 57 species of the Cucullata group of Viola, has single-flowered peduncles. Unfortunately Mr. Lunt did not record more explicitly than Halifax, the locality; but here is a plant which should be sought by Nova Scotians.! . V. ADUNCA Sm., var. minor (Hook.), comb. nov. V. Muhlen- bergiana, @. minor Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 78 (1830). V. labra- dorica Schrank in Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. i?. 12 (1818). V. adunca, var. glabra Brainerd in Rnopona, xv. 109 (1913). V. adunca, forma glabra (Brainerd) G. N. Jones in Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. v. 194 (1936). In taking up var. minor for the glabrous and commonly more boreal or subalpine extreme of Viola adunca the earliest varietal name is revived. Hooker's variety was based on citations of plants of various authors under the name V. debilis Pursh, not Michx., including the Richardson material. A specimen of the latter labelled V. debilis by Richardson himself is the same as var. glabra of Brainerd. I have sought in vain for any character to hold the latter apart from V. labradorica. The var. minor (or glabra) in eastern North America extends 900 miles farther north than typical puberulent V. adunca; and at its southern limit in the East it ascends into alpine areas, typical V. adunca in the East never doing so. EXPLANATION OF PrarES 1133-1136 PLATE 1133, RuizowEs or ViOLA: FIG. 1, V. CANADENSIS L., X 1, from Hudson Falls, Washington Co., New York, May 24, 1918, House; ria. 2, V. RUGULOSA Greene (V. Rydbergii Greene), X 1, originally from Boulder, Colorado, transplanted to Middlebury, Vermont, and distrib. in Brainerd's Violets of E. N. Am., no. 138; ric. 3, V. TRIPARTITA Ell., forma GLABERRIMA (Chapm.) Fern., 1, from north of Fort Payne, DeKalb Co., Alabama, Svenson, no. 7701, as V. hastata; ria. 4, two rhizomes, X 1, of V. HASTATA Michx. from Tallulah Falls, Georgia, Perry & Strahan, no. 948. Prate 1134, Ruizomes or VIOLA: FIG. 1, V. LANCEOLATA L., X 1, from Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Fernald & Long, no. 24,180 ; FIG. 2, V. LANCEOLATA, var. VITTATA (Greene) Weath. & Grisc. (V. vittata Greene), X 1, from White- field's Millpond, southwest of Corinth, Southampton Co., Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 14,368. PLATE 1135, RHIZOMES or VIOLA: FIG. 1, V. PRIMULIFOLIA L., var. ACUTA (Bigel.) Torr. & Gray, X 1, from Arcadia, Nova Scotia, Fernald & Long, no. 21,925; FIGS. 2 and 3, typical V. PRIMULIFOLIA, from ISOTYPE of V. reptabunda Greene, X 1, from near Moultrie, Colquitt Co., Georgia, Harper, no. 1675. PraTE 1136: FIGs. 1 and 2, leaf and flower of TYPE, X l4, of VIOLA PEDATA L., var. LINEARILOBA DC., forma RANUNCULIFOLIA (Juss.) Fern. (V. ranun- culifolia Juss.) ; FIG. 3, portion of TYPE, X 1, of V. PEDATA, Var. LINEARILOBA, forma CUNEATILOBA Brainerd; Fic. 4, portion of TYPE, X 1, of V. FIMBRIATULA Sm., forma UMBELLIFLORA Fern. ! On the same trip Mr. Lunt, on July 18, collected Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Bart., the locality given simply as Halifax, this the first evidence of the species from east of York County, Maine. To be continued 58 Rhodora (Marcu A NEW SPECIES OF SARCOSTEMMA FROM OKLAHOMA U. T. WATERFALL! A coLLECTION of Sarcostemma was made by the author in the Black Mesa Area of the Oklahoma panhandle in June, 1948. It appeared possibly referable to S. heterophylla which it resem- bled in having peduncles longer than the pedicels, and plane leaves. However that species has flowers about 8 or 9 mm. in diameter?, and the corolla-lobes have fimbriate margins? The Black Mesa Sarcostemma has larger flowers, about 17-20 mm. in diameter, and the margins are smooth. The corollas, with their oblong, obtuse lobes which are glabrous internally and sparsely short-pubescent externally, more nearly resemble those of S. crispum. However the latter species has flowers about 12-13 mm. in diameter, the corolla-lobes are ciliolate, the peduncles and pedicels are often about equal in length, and the leaf-margins are usually erisped. The species from the Black Mesa is further characterized by having laterally bilobed coronal vesicles, a dis- tinguishing feature found in neither of the other species with which it might be confused. Believing this to be a distinct species, the author is describing it under Sarcostemma in accord- ance with Woodson's conclusions‘ regarding the inadvisability of attempting to maintain Funastrum and Philibertia. If the two be retained as distinet genera, the present species would ob- viously fall in Funastrum. SancosTEMMA lobata, sp. nov. Caules volubiles, sparse recurvato-puberuli; folia sparse puberula, anguste linearia (4-10 em. longa, 0.5-2.0 cm. lata ad basim), laminae basibus auriculato-hastatis vel aurieulato-cordatis vel obtusis, petiolis 5-10 mm. longis; peduneuli 3-6 em. longi, 2- vel 5-flori, pedi- cellis 1-2 cm. longis; sepala linearia vel lineari-lanceolata; flores 17-20 mm. diametro, petalis extrorsum sparse puberulis intror- sum glabris, oblongis vel ovato-oblongis obtusis, 8-10 mm. longis 4 mm. latis, annulis 0.5-0.7 mm. altis, coronae segmentis lobatis. 1 Botanist, Oklahoma Biological Survey. : Torrey, John, Bot. Mex. Bound. 161. 1858. 3 Torrey, John. U. S. Rep. Explor. Miss. Pacif. 5: 362. 1858. 1 Woodson, Robt. E. North American Asclepiadaceae. 1, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28: 216-217. 1941. 1949] Waterfall, —New Species of Sarcostemma 59 SARCOSTEMMA LOBATA: .FIG. 1 (left), open flower from the TYPE, actual diameter 2 cm.; Fic. 2 (right), gynostegium, actual diameter 2 mm. Drawings by Helen Skinner. | The TYPE is: Waterfall 7914, collected from sand around white sandstone north of the Black Mesa, three miles north and one- half mile west of Kenton, Cimarron County, June 13, 1948. It is in the Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma. IsorvPES are in the Gray Herbarium, and the herbaria of the Missouri and New York Botanical Gardens. Growing with the type collection of Sarcostemma lobata were Asclepias macrotis, Oryzopsis hymenoides, and a Physalis sp., possibly P. Fendleri. Sarcostemma lobata was also collected as Waterfall 7928, slopes of buttes six miles south of Kenton, Cimarron County, June 14, 1948. Dept. or PLANT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, Norman, Oklahoma. HERBARIUM TECHNIQUE.—Pressed and dried plant material may be softened for dissection by the use of a solution of “Tide.” Probably “Vel,” “Dreft,” or any of the detergents now on the market, would do as well. No particular formula is needed; use perhaps a teaspoon of Tide to a pint of water and stir rather than shake to avoid forming suds. Softening action is practi- cally instantaneous, and material need not be removed from a herbarium sheet as for boiling. This method is particularly 60 Rhodora [Marcu convenient for grasses; just put a drop of Tide solution on a spikelet and dissect. After dissection, excess solution may be soaked up with a cloth or blotter. A small bottle of solution keeps for several months, and eventually molds, but the cost and time for replacement are negligible. Seeds and other small objects, a millimeter or less in diameter, are most easily picked up by use of a stylus made of a narrow strip of cellulose acetate (safety film), cut to a fine point. Rub the stylus once or twice against the clothes, and it will pick up a small object by static electricity, holding it with such tenacity that it must be pushed off with a needle.—N. C. FassETT, University of Wisconsin. DIERVILLA SESSILIFOLIA IN VrRGINIA.— In August, 1948, while motoring south from Front Royal, Virginia, along the Skyline Drive in the Shenandoah National Park, I left the car after going a few miles and took one of the trails which led out to a rocky promontory on Hogback Mountain in Warren County. Here, overlooking the Shenandoah Valley at an elevation of about 3,000 feet, I found growing in dry rocky soil several bushes of the southern Diervilla sessilifolia Buckley. I have seen this frequently farther south in the Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina but never before in Virginia. Small gives its northern limit as North Carolina and Tennessee and it is not included in the 7th edition of Gray. Having been found now in the mountains of northwest Vir- ginia, it should be looked for farther south along the Blue Ridge in that State-—Francis WELLES HUNNEWELL, Gray Herbarium. Volume 51, no. 602, containing pages 13-32, and plate 1119, was issued 18 February, 1949. Hovova JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY ALBERT FREDERICK HILL Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS Vol. 51. April, 1949, No. 604. CONTENTS: Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.— No. CLXIX. Part II. Studies of Eastern American Plants. M. L. Fernald a. IM Veri in Osnothera, ..... mc roS elis 61 4. Emendations in the Order Tubiflorae. .................. 70 The Status of Hicoria borealis Ashe. Wayne E. M anning. ...... 85 Aster ontarionis the same as A. pantotrichus (A. missouriensis). OME IH, BROOME, Lille irr ABA 89 Aster coerulescens the same as A. praealtus. Lloyd H. Shinners. 91 Chenopodium hybridum, var. Standleyanum. M. L. Fernald. ... 92 The New England Botanical Club, Inc. 8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of the Gray’s Manual Range and regions floristically related. Price, $4.00 per year, net, postpaid, in funds payable at par in United States currency in Boston; single copies (if available) of not more than 24 pages and with 1 plate, 40 cents, numbers of more than 24 pages or with more than 1 plate mostly at higher prices (see 3rd cover-page). Back volumes can be supplied at $4.00. Some single numbers from these volumes can be sup- plied only at advanced prices (see 3rd cover-page). Somewhat reduced rates for complete sets can be obtained on application to Dr. Hill. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or in- directly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be considered for publication to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. [Illustrations can be used only if the cost of engraver's blocks is met through the author or his institution. Forms may be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than two pages of print) will receive 15 copies of the issue in which their contributions appear, if they request them when returning proof. Extracted reprints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost. Address manuscripts and proofs to M. L. Fernald, 14 Hawthorn Street, Cambridge 38, Mass. Subscriptions (making all remittances payable to RHODORA) to Dr. A. F. Hill, 8 W. King St., Lancaster, Pa., or, preferably, Botanical Museum, Oxford St., Cambridge 38, Mass. Entered as second-class matter March 9, 1929, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Specialists in Scientific and Technical Publications EIGHT WEST KING ST., LANCASTER, PA. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM Wo. Se Reprinted from Proc. Am. Acad. 34 and 35 (1899-1900). 0. a 1. Revision of the Genera Montanoa, Perymenium, and Zaluzania. By B. L. Robinson and J. M. Greenman. 2. Synopsis of the Genus Verbesina, with an analytical Key to the Species. By B. L. Robinson and J. M. Greenman. 3. Some new Species, extended Ranges, and newly noted Identities among Mexican Phanerogams. By J. M. Greenman. $.75 No. XVIII. 1. New Species and Varieties of Mexican Plants. By J. M. Greenman. 2. Synopses of the Genera Jaegeria and Russelia. By B. L. Robinson. 3. New Dioscoreas from Mexico. By E. B. Uline. 4. New Phaenogams, chiefly Gamopetalae, from Mexico, and Central America. By B. L. Robinson. $.40. No. XIX. 1. Synopsis of the Mexican and Central American Species of Salvia. 2. A Revision of the Mexican and Central American Solanums of the Subsection Torvaria. 3. Some undescribed Mexican Phanerogams, chiefly Labiatae and Solanaceae. By M. L. Fernald. $.90. GRAY HERBARIUM of HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge 38, Mass. Rhodora Plate 1137 Photo. B. G. Schubert OENOTHERA BIENNIS: FIG. 1, portion of plant naturalized in northwestern Europe, X 1, Buchenau; Fia. 2, calyx, X 1, from Magdalen Islands, Quebec; ria. 3, calyx, X 3, from Massachusetts; ric. 4, expanded flower, X 1, from Massachusetts; FIG. 5, flower, X 1, from Minnesota; ria. 6, seeds, X 5, from New Hampshire. O. BIENNIS, Var, NUTANS: FIG. 7, calyx, X 3, from Virginia; FIG. 8, expanded flower, X 1, from Virginia; ric. 9, expanded flower, X 1, from New York; ric. 10, seeds, X 5, from Maryland. iRbooora JOURNAL OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB Vol. 51. April, 1949 No. 604 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—No. CLXIX. Part II. STUDIES OF EASTERN AMERICAN PLANTS M. L. FERNALD (Continued from page 57) 3. SOME VARIETIES IN OENOTHERA (PLATES 1137-1143) In studying the true Oenotheras of the “Manual range" I have, unfortunately, been unable to compile from a treatment of the group, such as Dr. Philip A. Munz has so satisfactorily sup- plied for the other subgenera. The long hoped-for study by him of § Onagra is still anxiously awaited. In the meantime the necessity to do something with this most variable and perplexing series (made more perplexing through the evident hybridization of species and the superabundance of vegetative mutants which have been described as “‘species’’) has necessitated two weeks of sorting and resorting of many hundreds of collections. It is gratifying to note that the primary distinctions several times emphasized by Wiegand seem to be of fundamental importance. Aside from the cultivated and escaped O. grandiflora Ait. (in- cluding the very similar O. grandiflora Lam. or O. Lamarckiana Ser.) and the Alleghenian O. argillicola Mackenzie (seeds shown in PLATE 1138, Fic. 11), we have what seem like three primary species, with fairly definite characters in habit, calyx and seeds. These technical but seemingly well established characters are shown in the plates prepared with her usual care by Dr. Schubert. I am taking up O. biennis in the long-accepted sense, although much argument has been published, to the effect that something which had long been cultivated in Europe, and which had 62 Rhodora [APRIL spread to the open in northwestern continental Europe, cannot be matched with anything American. Before me, however, is a photograph of a plant which Linnaeus described in Hortus Cliffortianus, marked by him “biennis”, which shows the distant, thin and spreading-ascending leaves, the tips of the calyx-lobes united at base into a definite tube and other characters which strikingly suggest O. biennis as interpreted by Robinson & Fer- nald and by Wiegand.