THE PLANT HOUSES IN 1901

MISSOURI

BOTANICAL GARDEN.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ST. LOUIS, MO.:
PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
1902.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI
BOTANICAL GARDEN.

President,
RUFUS J. LACKLAND.

Vice-President,

JOSEPH W. BRANCH. . WINFIELD 8S. CHAPLIN,

Chancellor of Washington Univer-
JOHN GREEN, M. D. sity.*
JOHN B. JOHNSON, M. D. HENRY W. ELIOT,‘

President of The Academy of Science
DAVID F. KAIME. of St. Louis.*
LEONARD MATTHEWS. JOHN SCHROERS,®

President of the Board of Public
WILLIAM H. H. PETTUS. Schools of St. Louis.*
JOHN F. SHEPLEY.1 DANIEL S, TUTTLE,

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri.*
Davip S. H. SMITH.2
ROLLA WELLS,

EDWARDS WHITAKER.3 Mayor of the City of St. Louis.*

A. D. CUNNINGHAM, Secretary.

* Ex-officio.

1 Elected November 13, 1901, to succeed James E. Yeatman, one of the Trustees
named by Mr. Shaw, who died July 7, 1901.

2 Elected May 14, 1902, to succeed Henry Hitchcock, one of the Trustees named
by Mr. Shaw, and the Vice-President of the Board since its organization, who died
March 18, 1902.

3 Elected January 8, 1902, to succeed George A. Madill, one of the Trustees
named by Mr. Shaw, who died December 11, 1901,

4 Klected President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis, January 6, 1902, te
succeed Robert Moore, elected to that office June 15, 1901, to succeed Edmund A.
Engler, who had held the office since January 1898.

5 Elected President of the Board of Public Schools of St. Louis, October 9, 1901,
to succeed John A. Harrison, who had held that office for one year.

(2)

PREFACE.

Under direction of the Board of Trustees, the thirteenth
annual report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, containing,
in addition to the administrative reports of the officers of
the Board and the Director, the results of research work
performed by the Garden staff or in connection with the
institution, is presented to the public.

To remove a misconception evidenced by occasional
letters, it may be stated here that the Missouri Botanical
Garden is located in St. Louis and is not a State establish-
ment, but the gift to the community of a private citizen, the
late Henry Shaw of St. Louis, and that it is administered
by a Board of Trustees, the composition of which was in-
dicated in his will founding the Garden, and the member-
ship of which, from year to year, is shown in these reports.

The twelfth report was issued June 22, 1901, though
separates of several of the scientific papers included in it
had been distributed at earlier dates, indicated at the foot
of the first page of each such paper.

These reports are sent to scientific institutions and journals
in exchange for publications or specimens desirable for the
Garden, and, when possible, reprints of the botanical
articles they contain are presented to botanists occupied
with a study of the subjects they refer to. Any of the
Garden publications not out of print may be purchased at
approximately the cost of publication from A. I. Eriksson,
Tufts College, Mass.; R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin,
Germany; W. Wesley & Son, London, England; or the
undersigned.

WILLIAM TRELEASE.

St. Louris, Mo., June 20, 1902.

(3)

CONTENTS.

1. REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1901: —

a. Report of the Officers.of the Board .
6. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Director

2. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS: —

The Yucceae. —
By William Trelease

27

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Wrontispiece: The plant houses.

Sumach and Aralia Be ica ae
The rockery (Opuntia Missouriensis) .. .
The bog (Sarracenia flava) .

Stapelia grandiflora

Stapelia rufescens

Sarauela Carnerosana .

Piates 1-99, Yucceae

(6)

Facing p.

‘c “

. Following p. 133

27

SUMACH anD ARALIA.

REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1901.

REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.
SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 8, 1902.

To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden:

We herewith submit for your consideration the financial
results for the year ending December 31st, 1901.

Our financial condition is much more satisfactory than
it was a year ago, as our receipts from rentals have ex-
ceeded those of the previous year $6,864.05, and as the
vacancies at this time amount to only $40.00 per month
compared with $1,080.00 at the same time last year, and
no changes in occupancy are anticipated during the year, a
further increase of $8,000.00 is expected.

During the past summer the first sales of Flora avenue
property were made, being three lots at an average price a
$86.00 per front foot, and beautiful residences have been
erected on them and are now occupied. We have also sold
150 front feet on the north-east corner of Tower Grove
and Shaw avenues to be occupied by a church, and it is
hoped this is but the beginning of large sales of the resi-
dence property which the Board were authorized to sell by
the decree of the Supreme Court.

We have invested a portion of the money received from
the sale of the property above mentioned, in the purchase
of a store building on Main street, at a cost of $6,000.00,
which is leased at a figure which yields a satisfactory
return on the investment.

Authority was given by the Board to petition the Board
of Public Improvements for the full improvement of Shaw
avenue from Vandeventer to Tower Grove avenue, a
distance of 3,000 feet, and when that improvement is made

(7)

8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

we shall be able to place upon the market a cheaper class
of property, which we think can be disposed of more
readily than the expensive land on Flora avenue.

We have been called upon during the past year to mourn
the loss by death of two most esteemed and honored mem-
bers of our Board: Mr. James E. Yeatman, who passed
away on July 7th, and Judge George A. Madill, who died
on December 11th. Both were cesignated by Mr. Shaw
in his will as permanent trustees, and gave much time
and thought to the development of the interests confided
to them, and the following minutes have been ordered
spread upon the records of the Board: —

IN MEMORIAM — JAMES ERWIN YEATMAN.

The Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden record,
with deep regret, the passing away from earthly scenes and duties of
one of its original members, the beloved and venerated James Erwin
Yeatman.

A native of Tennessee, but a resident of St. Louis since 1842, he
became very early one of its most prominent and honored citizens. His
energy and intelligence were adorned and made attractive by a cultivated
taste and a warmth of heart, which found expression not only in a refined
courtesy of manner and a generous hospitality, but notably in the phi-
lanthropy and public spirit which were perhaps his most distinguished
characteristics.

He was one of the founders of the St. Louis Mercantile Library, and
its first President, in 1846, and during more than fifty years following
many others of the most beneficent charities of this city were either orig-
inated or greatly assisted by his wise and earnest efforts, — among them,
the Bellefontaine Cemetery, of which he was one of the original incorpo-
rators in 1849, and was elected its President during that year, his active
connection with it continuing until his death, the Blind Girls’ Industrial
Home, the Home of the Friendless, and Washington University, of which
last he was for forty years a Director.

But the Civil War afforded the most conspicuous and important field
for his philanthropic labors.

He was President of the Western Sanitary Commission, organized in
August, 1861, by authority of Major-General John C. Fremont, and whose
other members were, the Rev. Dr. William G. Eliot, Carlos 8. Greeley,
George Partridge and Dr. John B. Johnson, the last mentioned of whom
alone survives. The immense and self-denying labors of this Commission
brought unspeakable relief and comfort to many thousands of Union
soldiers in the field, especially to the sick and wounded, though not te
them alone, and became part of the history of the war.

REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. 9

During those four years the Commission received and expended over
$770,000 in money and distributed goods and supplies for the comfort of
the soldiers, amounting in value to over $3,000,000. To this service Mr.
Yeatman devoted literally his whole time and energy, regardless of his
personal ease and comfort, visiting in person the camps and battlefields
where help was needed; receiving, with his associates, many expressions
of gratitude from the soldiers and the warmest encomiums from General
Sherman and other commanders of the western armies, and being one of
the very few civilians who have been admitted as companions of the
Loyal Legion.

After the war he engaged in the business of banking, serving as Presi-
dent of the Merchants National Bank of St. Louis, until, with advancing
age, he withdrew from its more active duties.

In August, 1889, as one of the original trustees named in the will of
Henry Shaw, he assisted in organizing this Board, and until his death,
on July 7, 1901, having nearly completed his 83rd year, he bore his full
part, as a member of the Board and as Chairman of its Auditing Com-
mittee, in carrying out the purposes of its creation.

No citizen of St. Louis was more widely or more deservedly beloved
and venerated. His declining years were blessed by

‘That which should accompany old age
As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends,’

In the universal tribute to his noble and unselfish nature, the charm
of his personal qualities and his eminent philanthropic and public services,
his late associates deem it a privilege to join.

IN MEMORIAM— GEORGE A. MADILL.

The Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden desires to
place on permanent record the expression of its sense of great loss in the
death of Judge George A. Madill, which occurred on the 11th of Decem-
ber, 1901.

Charged with the Chairmanship of one of its most important com-
mittees, he gave to the Board, in a spirit of unselfish devotion, the inval-
uable services of his clear head, his sound heart, his discriminating wis-
dom, and his trained legal skill. In submission to God’s will, and in the
sadness of sorrowing hearts, the Board desires to place this tribute in
grateful memory of one who, chosen by Mr. Shaw himself, was a tower
of strength in the wise management of the institution over which the
Trustees are set in custodianship. Mourning the departure of their fel-
low-member, in earnest affection they unite in saying of him

‘ His life was gentle, and the elements

So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, This was a Man!’

During the past year much has been done toward the
permanent improvement of the addition to the Garden, by

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the laying of drainage and water pipe, planting, fencing,
etc., at a cost of $8,216.92; and other improvements of a
similar nature are planned for this year.

The banquets, flower sermon, premiums for flower show
and the partial support of the Shaw School of Botany, pro-
vided for by Mr. Shaw’s will, have been properly carried
out, involving an expenditure of $5,273.15.

Substantial additions to the botanical library and heer
rium have also been made and the following amounts have
been credited to the stock account, which now stands upon
our books as $1,588,274.60.

MEE 6 et ee el kG es Se Oe re
PROPUIOE CS sk ae ar 8 ee ee) See

After properly caring for the Garden in all its depart-
ments and the improvements above mentioned, paying
taxes, insurance, repairs and all other expenses of adminis-
tering the trust, all of which was paid for out of the in-
come of the year, we have added to our surplus the sum of
$5,286.70.

For further information concerning the Garden you are
referred to the following financial exhibit and tothe annual
report of the Director of the Garden.

RECEIPTS.
aati ee ero eee 6 ae ee
Interest and dividends ys ene 2,364 32
Garden pasturage and sales ....... 769 52
CPATUOn HENGCOOOR BAIGE* se a ps es 48 50
Paviication Blas. .30 set a Thy
aj0ee Dy fire to‘pulldinge- 6. a 7,877 84
de == POs 3. 8° 4 54 17
Taxes recovered from Ryan & ‘Glaskion Dry
GoodsCo. .. . Sai ead 1,056 44
Sales of real estate under decree of court . « 14,850 00 $125,690 73
Cash on hand January1,1901 ..... . 8,329 43

$129,020 16

REPORT OF

Garden Account,

Labor pay-roll
Students’ pay-roll .
Office assistance

Fuel

Water =... 3.3) =
Repairs and supplies .
Stable and implements
Plants and seeds

Herbarium Account,

Salaries
Dy eee
Current expenditure .
Library Account,
Salaries

Fuel :
Current expenditure .

‘Office Account,

Salaries Hea
Maelt i. ce.
Current expenditure .

Research Account,

Salaries

Drawing plates .
Current expenditure .
Scholarship Account,
Instruction

Care of Lodge

Koel 0 ee
Current expenditure .

THE OFFICERS

EXPENDITURES.

$15,284 98
1,612 41
749 00
905 49
602 00
1,426 51
660 86
2,094 94

380 75
69 96

Total maintenance expenditure

Garden Improvement Account,

Planting, water supply, drainage, fencing —
North American Synopsis . .

Total amount expended on Garden

Publication Account,

Twelfth annual volume
Property Expenses,
State, school, city and sprinkling taxes
Streets, sidewalks and sewers

Insurance . .- -;
Repairs :
New improvements

Carried forward .

1,624 72

26,599
1,349
4,301

. 8,564 67
ie OFT

OF THE BOARD.

$23,336

1,626

3,893

5,162

1,129

1,044

$36,192

8,216

$44,409

1,624

39,950

11

10

43

38

33

74

92
09

29

$85,984

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Brought forward
Office Expenses,
ee a ee ee
Office rent .. 780 00
Printing, postage, isthahe an ibistiainn 945 06
Bequests,
MA WOE BLOW sey rns eR ee 449 00
BOWER OYMON an, ce st ke ae 200 00
‘rustecs, Danger 52S Oe 577 30
Gardeners’ Banquet ... . ; 366 09
Washington University, School of Botany 3,680 76
Sundries,
Legalexpenses. . . Spee ae 620 40
Repairs to buildings damaged - fire ee 7,877 84
OOTATAON soe eet se a tee 309 00
Real estate . .. Ses aah earls, ee 6,000 00
Bank certificate of decent oS ee ae 6 es

Total expenditure
Cash on hand December 31, 1901.

Respectfully submitted,

R. J. LACKLAND,

Attest:
A. D. CUNNINGHAM, Secretary.

$85,984 10

5,245 06

5,273 1a

29,807 24

$126,309 55

2,710 61

$129,020 16

President.

rh © Sat
te 2

THE ROCKERY—OPuUNTIA MISSOURIENSIS.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.
SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 8, 1902.

. To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden:

The following report on the Missouri Botanical Garden
and the Henry Shaw School of Botany, of Washington
University, is respectfully submitted in compliance with
the rules of the Board.

THE BOTANICAL GARDEN.

During the year just closed, the ornamental features of
the Garden were of the same general character prevalent
during recent years, lawns, attractive or instructive
groups of trees, shrubbery and hardy herbaceous plants,
and decorative bedding being the open-air features, while
in the plant houses special collections were strengthened
and the effectiveness of their display was increased by
changes in disposition and by the removal of the central
staging in places, notably in the house devoted to tropical
plants. This year, for the first time, the bromeliads, num-
bering something over 100 species, were brought together
in a house exclusively devoted to plants of this group, and
they now form a striking and interesting feature of the
collection sheltered under glass.

Gardening of every description was rendered unusually
difficult and expensive by the extreme heat and prolonged
drought which marked the season of 1901. In order that
these may be understood, I have prepared a few tempera-
ture and vrecipitation curves, which are incorporated in
this report, since they present the climatic conditions to the
eye in a graphic manner.

On the diagram marked A, the maximum daily tempera-
ture recorded at the Garden during the months of June,
July and August, 1901, is represented by the full line, 1.

(13)

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

For comparison, the dotted line, 2, representing the average
daily maximum for the same months, has been compiled
from Dr. Engelmann’s tabulation of his observations coy-
ering 47 years,* ending with 1882; and the dotted line, 3,
represents the highest maximum ever reached for each day
of this period, as recorded in the same tables. Though far

DIAGRAM A.

A
‘ cele
‘
\ “\ K ‘ \ Ne A Me \ ae
N's y ae ill tl baal hel Ae Sh AN00
7 u = t
. . 7 13

PS ~ 7\t Tht 4 * 7 t
J “ y, ‘ Eas TCA XN f v WY +f \ f —“s
; " Fg a sf r YN a Le Wa ed
f ‘ s v
” / —
ie AN _ AAA
al i“ awe’, Ps y 90
POA PST) Pe ~ fo een Las
tian OY fin Bs ac ee ty
al) ale = a “| Sd eosin, 1
Ps SU ™ SAA. iq
Fame Jf v 7 _ \_
‘- =
=. sie |
3 af
“a | ¥

T

or

l
70|

1 10 JUNE 20 30 10 JULY 20 31 10 AUG, 20 31

SUMMER TEMPERATURES.

more irregular than the curve of averages, as would be
expected, the record for 1901 is lower than the average
on but six days of the entire period considered, during the
middle portion of which its course is approximately par-
allel with and close to the curve of maxima for the entire
47 years tabulated, and on no less than 22 days this latter
curve is exceeded.

The diagram marked B, covering the entire year, repre-
sents the mean monthly temperature for 1901 in a full

* Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 4 3 496-508. — This record covers the
hottest season recorded before the one just closed (1881), and there is no
reason to believe that the direction or position of the curve would have
been materially changed by the incorporation of the records of recent
years, so I have not taken the trouble to average in the records derivable
from the reports of the Weather Bureau.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 15

line, and the average mean monthly temperature for the
past thirty-one years in a dotted line, as derived from the ©
current monthly bulletins of the St. Louis station of the
United States Weather Bureau. Taking account of the
minimum as well as the maximum temperatures, this dia-
gram shows even more clearly the excessive warmth of the
past year, between the months of May and November.

DIAGRAM B.,

90—

R. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG, Seri. OC.

MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES.

On the diagram marked C, the full line, 1, represents
cumulatively the precipitation for 1901, amounting to 24.8
inches, as shown by the same monthly bulletins of the
Weather Bureau, from which has been platted, also, the
contrasted dotted curve, 2, representing the average precip-
itation for the last thirty-one years, amounting to 37.27
inches annually. It will be observed that the rainfall for
1901, which at no time before December reached the
average, though in December, because of one heavy shower,
it exceeded it, has otherwise continually fallen behind the
latter, until at the end of the year it is 12.47 inches short
of the yearly average of 37.27 inches.

In compiling this curve, I was struck with the great dif-

16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

ference it shows between the average precipitation of the
last thirty-one years and the comparable average obtained
by Dr. Engelmann * for a period of twenty-three years
ending with 1861, and I have added to the diagram the
dotted line, 3, representing his averages, amounting to
44.92 inches for the year.

The monthly distribution of rainfall for 1901, 1, as
compared with the average for the preceding thirty-one

DIAGRAM C.
50 or]
43
ee.
so —-40 INF
ee at eee
DP, eee oe gal
ame i 30 IN-
Pa Lone
Be oe Se ee 1
4 ae}
ie gn
etaget ————t-20 IN
a et $d
Pe So ae
- ae — ame 10 IN-
ae "|
a eal
PAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT... DCT. NOV, DEC

PRECIPITATION — CUMULATIVE.

years, 2, and the average for the twenty-three years cov-
ered by Dr. Engelmann’s observations, 3, is more clearly
shown on the diagram marked D, compiled from the same
sources as the preceding one. If reliable, the curves on
these two diagrams show that though slightly heavier
toward the end of winter than formerly, the rainfall has
very much decreased in the last forty years, and, unless the
variations from year to year are too great to permit of the
drawing of even approximately trustworthy averages from
such periods of time as twenty or thirty years, they appear
to indicate a change in climate which is not only hard to
explain but which, if it continues, may within a compara-

* Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 2375-9.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 17

tively short time prove most disastrous to agriculture as
well as gardening in this section. Further data bearing on ©
this question are afforded by a paper by Professor Nipher
(Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 5: 383-433), from which
the following figures are taken: 1837-1855, 42.43 in.

DIAGRAM D.

=
yl , att 5
, ..
, ts b ‘
7 jeeer™ v \
oon” N
4 +
a}? ‘
ig VA ‘
“7 X -
- \ ¢
ul ad
* a a LY Po
| ad > Ve
2 ac. ‘\
q 7 a
3 |? fe
<: a
# ‘.
va
7 Mee
1 Pia pias

pote ee

BAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG, SEPT. OCT, NOV, DEC

PRECIPITATION — BY MONTHS.

(Smithsonian tables); 1841-1861, 40.67 in. (Jefferson
Barracks); 1862-1879, 38.73 in. (Engelmann); 1871-
1887, 38.56 in. (Weather Bureau); and 1878-1887, 38.60
in. (Washington University).

Unlike the temperature, the rainfall for this season has
nowhere reached the extreme noted by Dr. Engelmann,
whose minimum monthly records are shown by the dotted
line, 4, on this diagram, though in November the precipita-
tion was only .1 in. higher than the November minimum
shown by his tables.

As a result of the unfavorable season, a few established
trees, and a considerable number of others newly planted,
and therefore with deficient root system, died or showed

18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

umnistakable signs of injury, and it was only by the con-
stant use of water at night, during the heated spell, that
the lawns and decorative beds could be kept in creditable
condition; but it is a matter for congratulation that the im-
mediate losses were comparatively small, considering the
severity of the season. It should be added, however, that
unless the precipitation of late winter and early spring far
exceeds the average, —and as the drought still continues.
there is little reason to hope for this, — the fall of the level
of the so-called soil water is such, with reference to the depth
of penetration of the roots into the soil, as to warrant grave
doubts as to the fate of many of the older trees when their
foliage is expanded in the spring, and particularly when
transpiration is increased by the heat of summer.

The variety of plants in cultivation continues to show a
desirable increase. In 1900, 9,194 species or varieties
were cultivated.* In 1901, 1,700 were added, and 927,
mostly transient horticultural forms, dropped out of culti-
vation, leaving a net gain for the year of 773, bringing the
number of species and varieties now cultivated up to
9,967.

Surplus plants have been disposed of from time to time,
largely by gift to hospitals and schools, 2,948 plants
having been so distributed; and 388 plants, 606 cuttings,
and 262 packets of seeds, collectively valued at $158.55,

were distributed to correspondents. In exchange for this

material or the publications of the Garden, or as gifts, 161
consignments, comprising 4,978 plants or packets of
seeds, and valued at $569.65, were received; 62 entries,
including 5,467 numbers, valued at $389.60, were propa-
gated or collected by employees, and 109 consignments,
consisting of 14,777 plants or packets of seeds, were pur-
chased, the expenditure for these, as shown by the Secre-

tary’s books, amounting to $2,829.61.

Some 20,000 more persons visited the Garden in 1901

* Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 12313.

THE BOG—SARRACENIA FLAVA.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 19

than in any previous year for which records have been
. kept, the total number for the year amounting to 91,262.
Of this number 18,982 were counted on the first Sunday
afternoon in June, and 21,348 on the first Sunday after-
noon in September, on which afternoons, in accordance

with the provisions of Mr. Shaw’s will, the Garden was
- open.

DIAGRAM E.

(12000

+1 OOOO

Ps.
~

‘ 4
/
+8000

Z aty1
5 a 5 es i
«On A 1
| ee NS: {/ ; | \
-6000 f

1
ul i
4 ‘
et tients aes .
* A \ q
o 4
+4000 <

(
\
~

3
ZL
°o
n
m
oD
=
>
a
|
‘
‘
’
1S

APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.

OCT. NOV. DEC
VISITORS ON WEEK DAYS—BY MONTHS.

The distribution of week-day visitors through the season
is shown by the full line on the accompanying diagram, E,
on which, for comparison, are placed in a dotted line the
monthly averages for the preceding years for which records
have been kept. It will be observed that though reduced
in July, doubtless because of the excessive heat, the num-
ber of visitors from May to September inclusive was con-
siderably above the average. On the other hand, the num-
ber for October, always large because of the presence of
strangers in the city for the autumnal festivities, and vary-
ing greatly from year to year, since the greater number of
these chance visitors are attracted by the events of only one

or two days, which may happen to be inclement, in 1901
fell some 2,500 below the average.

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

The diagram marked F, cumulatively representing, in full
line, the week-day visitors for 1901, and, in dotted line,
the cumulative average for the previous years for which
records exist, shows the same facts in a different form.

The visitors on the two Sunday afternoons, not inclu-
ded in the preceding curves, reached the number of 40,-
330, constituting 45 per cent. of the total for the year.
This number is much larger than usual, and has been

F-50000
hele 3
2 -

4

+-40000 |
ve
-30000 j j
ae
ot
20000 :
“1 oa
1 OCOO- ae
; eo oe ie

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC,

VISITORS ON WEEK DAYS— CUMULATIVE.

approached only once, in 1895, when it was exceeded,
43,072 persons having been counted on the two open
Sundays of that year. The condition of the weather
largely controls the number of visitors on these, the
only holidays on which, under Mr. Shaw’s will, the Garden
may be opened, and their fluctuation from year to year is
shown on the accompanying diagram, G, by a full line,
the average up to 1901 being shown on the same diagram
by a horizontal dotted line.

The customary current collections have been purchased
for the herbarium, and 16,256 sheets of specimens were
incorporated during the year just closed. Of these,
6,997, valued at $349.85, were received by gift or in

STAPELIA GRANDIFLORA.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 21

exchange for material or publications, 3,715 were collected
by employees of the Garden, and 5,544 were bought.
The Secretary’s books show that the expenditure on the
herbarium for the year amounts to $1,175.39. During the
year 20 mounted sheets, valued at $3.00, and 2,325 un-
mounted specimens, valued at $116.25, were distributed to

DIAGRAM G,

,-S0000

40000 Z i J
FAN ie

ae A 7

<i /

+20000. — eres
4 e N a) x T) o Aa +. } al
o fo.) oO oO fe Oo Oo o o ao ° °
fe) ) © io] © © © is) oo a ro) oO
pa aa - - - - pa = @ = -

VISITORS ON SUNDAYS — BY YEARS.

other institutions, by way of exchange, while various frag-
ments, of no nominal value, were sent to correspondents
for research purposes. Forty-eight sheets further were
withdrawn from the mounted collection and laid away for
exchange purposes.

The mounted herbarium, as now constituted, consists of
the following material : —

The Engelmann Herbarium (all groups) about . . . 97,800 specimens.

The General Herbarium :—
Higher plants.
The J. J. Bernhardi Herbarium . 61,121
The J. H. Redfield Herbarium . 16,447

Other specimens . . . . . . 165,643 243,211 a
Thallophytes.
The J. J. Bernhardi Herbarium * 126
Other specimens .... . . . 28,816 28,942 -
Making atotalof about . . . . . 364,953
22 re en s O rw

* So far as yet incorporated.
+ This valuation, at the rate of $15.00 per hundred mounted sheets.

22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

In addition to the above the Garden owns some 30,000
unmounted specimens, which it is hoped may soon be in-
corporated.

The following, practically a part of the herbarium facil-
ities, are the same as last year: —

Wood specimens of various sizes . . . . . 1,027, valued at $100 00
Wood veneers by Hough and others . . . . 2,279 = 160 00
Microscope slides by Penhallow and others . . 1,051 72 260

CO a oe $6,.:.%*. 6510 00

The additions to the library include 423 books and 10
pamphlets purchased, and 506 books and 244 pamphlets,
valued at $883.36, presented or sent in exchange for
Garden publications. During the year $2,688.71 was spent
for additions to the library and for binding and pamphlet
covers.

The card index was enlarged by the incorporation of
16,369 new cards, of which 5,894 were bought, 875 were
presented, and 9,600 were written by employees, prac-
tically none of the latter class having been added since
midsummer, when the work was broken off by the death
of Miss Reed, who was then taking her vacation.

As now constituted, the library contains : —

fg ee ee os ee
moors (genemal) .« .. ss 45. 16
35,487 valuedat . . . . $57,190 25
Books (Sturtevant Prelinnean
UMUCALY Jia - eos. a8 . 463 “6 soe ee 2,315 00
Manuscript volumes (Shaw, En-
gelmann and Roetter) . . 66 *¢ Megan oe 800 00
Total... ...-. 86016.“ “, , , 4 @60S0R 3s

* The original number and arbitrary valuation of the collection pre-
sented by Dr. Sturtevant. (Report. 8:21.) See note in Report. 123 16.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 23

Index cards.
Various . .. . . .« 223,184
Sturtevant Index . . . 52,300
Total . .°. «1 « 0 'ST6A valued at . . . $2,754 84
Total valuation of library . . . + - + «+ «+ + $63,060 09

At present, 1,133 serial publications are received at the
library. Of these, 101 are purchased, and 1,032, issued by
765 institutions or publishers, are presented or received in
exchange for the Reports of the Garden.

Of the small handbook of the Garden, issued in 1893,
and now antiquated, 196 copies were sold in 1901, and
twenty-one copies were given away.

As in other years, visiting botanists and correspondents
have been given every possible facility for the use of the
library, herbarium and collection of living plants, and
several advanced students are now occupied in special resi-
dent study. In the summer a small plant house, similar
in construction to and adjoining the vegetable house, was
erected for the important research work on the causes of
the decay of timber, etc., being conducted by Dr. von
Schrenk of the School of Botany, in connection with the
United States Department of Agriculture.

Reference has been made above to the death, on July
7th, of Miss Eva M. Reed, who for some eight years had
occupied the position of indexer in the library. From the
first of January, 1902, Miss Mary A. Norton has been ap-
pointed indexer, to fill the vacancy caused by Miss Reed’s
death. In August, Mr. J. B.S. Norton, who had filled the
position of botanical assistant for about five years, left the
Garden to become Professor of Botany and Vegetable
Pathologist at the Maryland Agricultural College, and the
vacancy resulting was filled by the appointment of Mr. J.
Arthur Harris, a graduate of the University of Kansas.

Approximately the same amount of time as in preceding
years has been given by the herbarium and office staff to

24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

research work, some of the results of which have already
been published, while others are in various states of ad-
vancement. My own study of the yuceas and related
. plants, to which reference was made in my last report, has
been continued through the past year as opportunity has
offered, and the results will probably be published in the
thirteenth volume of the Garden Report. In the prosecu-
tion of this work, the « sea-island ”’ region of the South
Atlantic coast and the semi-desert region extending from
eastern California onto the Mexican table land and down to
the Gulf at Tampico, were visited last year.

One garden pupil, Arthur R. Gross, who had completed
the prescribed course of study, was admitted to examina-
tion and granted the Garden certificate in March last, and
the vacancy so caused was filled by the appointment of
John H. Tull, who had been a paying pupil for a year
previous,—the appointment being made on the result of
competitive examinations. Since April last, Miss Herta A.
Toeppen, a graduate of the Mary Institute of St. Louis, has
been taking the gardening course as a paying pupil under
the provisions made by the Board, and during the summer
two boys were temporarily received on the same basis.

Four annual events, provided for in the will of Mr.
Shaw, have taken place, as follows: —

The preaching of a sermon on the wisdom and goodness
of God, as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits and
other products of the vegetable kingdom; the twelfth ban-
quet to the Trustees of the Garden and their guests; the
twelfth banquet to the gardeners of the institution and
- invited florists, nurserymen and market gardeners; and the
award of premiums and prizes at a flower show held in St.
Louis.

The flower sermon was preached in Christ Church Ca-
thedral, St. Louis, on the morning of May 19, by Rev.
Henry L. Foote, of Marblehead, Mass., and many of the
audience carried to the church flowers, which were after-
wards sent to the sick in hospitals.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 25

The Trustees’ banquet was given at the Southern Hotel,
St. Louis, on the evening of May 18. Covers were laid
for fifty-two persons, comprising, in addition to mem-
bers of the Board, representative citizens of St. Louis,
and members of the scientific staff of several universities.
Professor E. A. Engler presided. Speeches appropriate
to the occasion were made by Professor C. M. Wood-
ward, Mayor Rolla Wells, Hon. Isaac H. Lionberger and
Rev. C. H. Patton.

The twelfth annual banquet to the gardeners of the in-
stitution and invited florists, nurserymen and market
gardeners was given at the Mercantile Club on the even-
ing of December 7. About ninety persons were present,
among whom were the gardeners of the Botanical Garden,
officers of the St. Louis Florists’ Club and a considerable
number of representative florists; officers of the local Mar-
ket Gardeners’ Association and other representative market
gardeners, seedsmen and nurserymen; a number of profes-
sional and amateur horticulturists from St. Louis and vari-
ous parts of Missouri and adjacent states; representatives
of the press; a number of gentlemen from St. Louis and
other cities who are interested in the growth of trees as a
means of civic improvement and beautification; members
of the office staff and Board of Trustees of the Garden;
and the instructors in the Henry Shaw School of Botany.
The Director of the Garden presided, in accordance with
the provisions of Mr. Shaw’s will, and after the dinner the
need, possibility and means of securing a large increase in
the planting of shade trees along the streets of the city
were discussed, the speakers of the evening being Mr. F.
W. Taylor of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Mr. F.
N. Judson, Mr. Paul F. Coste, Mr. W. J. Stevens, Judge
A. O. Marshall, President of the Board of Education of
Joliet, Illinois, Mr. James H. Ferriss, editor of the Joliet
Daily News, and Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, of the Shaw
School of Botany. The last-named gentleman, on behalf of

26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

a committee of the Engelmann Botanical Club, presented
a comprehensive working plan for securing the desired end.

The award of premiums at a flower show was again in-
trusted to the St. Louis Florists’ Club, and the awards
were made at an exhibition held under the auspices of the
Club in the Masonic Temple, from November 13 to 15
inclusive.

THE SCHOOL OF BOTANY.

Essentially no changes were made in the character and
scope of the undergraduate botanical work at Washington
University during the year just closed, and reference may
be made to my last report * for a tabulation of the electives
offered. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy was con-
ferred in June on one candidate, Mr. Herbert J. Webber,
for work in botany, conformed to the requirements of the
University. Dr. Webber’s thesis, entitled Spermatogenesis
and fecundation of Zamia, has recently been published as
Bulletin No. 2 of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the
United States Department of Agriculture.

In the early part of the year, Mr. Herbert F. Roberts,
Instructor in Phanerogamic Botany, resigned his position
to fill the chair of botany at the Kansas Agricultural Col-
lege, and Mr. Samuel Monds Coulter was shortly afterward
appointed to the Instructorship.

Though no special effort was made to provide for popu-
lar botanical instruction, a class of ten ladies, occupied
with a study of the commoner cultivated plants and weeds,
was met at the Garden by Miss Ellen Clark of the Mary
Institute, on Saturdays during the month of July, and a
gratifying feature of the year has been the increasing
number of teachers in the public schools who have brought
_ their classes to the Garden for open-air study through the

school year.
Very respectfully,
WILuiaAM TRELFASE,
Director.

* Report Mo. Bot. Garden. 123 19.

ee pe eee Te ee

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA.

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS.

THE YUCCEAE.*

BY WILLIAM TRELEASE.

INTRODUCTION.

The large family Liliaceae has been subjected to very
different treatment by the writers who at various times
have monographed it or attempted to indicate a natural
sequence for its genera. The tribes Aloineae and Yuccoi-
deae, respectively African and American, were treated to-
gether by Mr. Baker ¢ with the implied recognition of
close affinity, the principal synoptic differences between
them consisting in the succulent leaves and gamophyllous
perianth of the former, and the less succulent more fibrous
leaves and distinct perianth segments of the latter, in
which he includes Yucca, Hesperaloe, Herreria, Beau-
carnea, and Dasylirion.t

Bentham and Hooker § also place the aloids and yuccoids
close together, characterizing the tribe Dracaeneae, in
which the latter are included, by its mostly distinct perianth
segments, and including in it Hesperocallis, Hesperaloe,
Yucca, Nolina ( Beaucarnea), and Dasylirion, of the New

* Presented in abstract, with lantern illustrations, before the Botan-
ical Society of America, at its New York meeting, June 28, 1900, and
before the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Feb. 3, 1902.

+ Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 148. (1881).

+ 1. ot62.

§ Genera Plantarum. 3: 750, 777. (1883).

{ The generic descriptions show that the segments are connate into
a tube in Hesperocallis, Dracaena, Cordyline, Milligania, and some lad
of Astelia, and barely united at the base in Yucca. —1. c. 778.

(27)

28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

World, and Dracaena, Cordyline, Astelia and Milligania,
of the Old World, while the South American Herreria is
removed to another tribe.

Professor Engler,* who treats the Aloineae as pertaining
to a group placed at a considerable distance from the
Dracaenoideae, includes in the latter the Old World Dra-
caeneae, of the genera Cohnia, Cordyline, Astelia, and
Milligania, with perianth segments connate at base, and
the New World groups Nolineae, of the genera Molina and
Dasylirion, and Yucceae, of Yucca and Hesperaloe, with
the segments distinct.t Hesperocallis is very properly
removed to another group.

The present paper deals only with this group Yucceae of
Engler, and includes the principal conclusions reached in
an intermittent herbarium, garden and field study extend-
ing over the last sixteen years, in the course of which nearly
all of the spontaneous species have been examined and
photographed in their native homes and many of them in-
troduced or reintroduced into cultivation in this country
and Europe from definitely located sources.

In its alliance, the group Yucceae is characterized by the
possession of similar subequal withering-persistent petaloid
perianth segments, a 3-celled ovary with more or less in-
truded dorsal false septa, many ovules 2-ranked in each
cell, a subterete elongated embryo obliquely placed across
the seed, and germination with arched cotyledon.t

* Natiirl. Pflanzenfamilien. II Teil. 5 Abteil. 19, 70. (1888).

{ It is to be observed that, with most writers, Engler speaks of the
segments as free or somewhat united at base, in his generic description
of Yucca. —1. c. 70.

t In all of the genera of this group, in germination the cotyledon as-
sumes an arched form, with the seed remnant on or in the soil (from which
it is ultimately raised in some cases), instead of directly carrying this
up on its end as it commonly does in Liliaceae. — See The Garden. 83
300. f. — Gard. Chron. n. s. 24: 216. — Lubbock, Contr. Knowl. of Seed-
lings. 23 578, 613. — Copeland, Bot. Gaz. 813 419. f. 3.

THE YUCCEAE. 29

REVISION OF THE YUCCEAE.

The genera constituting the group appear to admit of
most natural limitation as follows : —

Flowers oblong or narrowly campanulate, scarcely 15 mm. wide, rosy-
red or greenish: filaments shortly adnate to the petals below,
slender, erect, inflexed at apex; anthers oblong: style filiform,
minutely papillate about the scarcely enlarged stigma. Hesperaloe.

Flowers globose or broadly campanulate, spreading to a width of 50 to
100 mm., white or creamy, often tinged with green, bronze or
violet: filaments clavately enlarged; anthers shortly sagittate.

Style filiform, abrupt; stigma capitate, long-papillate: filaments ad-
nate to the petals below, erect. Hesperoyucca.
Style stout or wanting, gradually if at all narrowed; stigma openly
perforate, not papillate, more or less deeply 6-notched: fila-
ments mostly outcurved at apex.
Perianth polyphyllous, or the segments barely connate at base,
to which the filaments are slightly attached.
Segments of perianth thick, mostly inflexed: style wanting:
nectar glands in walls of ovary small. Clistoyucca.
Segments thin and petaloid, spreading at night: style evi-
dent: nectar glands large but mostly inactive. Yucca.
Perianth gamophyllous and tubular below, the stamens inserted
in its throat, otherwise as in Yucca. Samuela.

HESPERALOE Engelmann.

Perianth oblong or narrowly campanulate, of subequal
closely applied distinct oblong succulent segments out-
curved at tip. Filaments adnate to base of perianth,
slender, erect, inflexed at apex; anthers oblong, introrse.
Ovary ovoid, shorter than the long slender style; stigma
not enlarged, minutely papillate and perforate. Fruit
capsular, globose-oblong, rugose-veiny, 3-celled, 6-
valved at least above, the valves with short solid erect
beak. Seeds thin, flat: albumen not ruminated. —
Subacaulescent plants with filiferous-margined long con-
cave striate scarcely pungent smooth leaves, and loosely
panicled few-branched inflorescence.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Flowers rosy-red or salmon-colored. H. parviflora.
Flowers green, tinged with purple. H. funifera.

30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

H. PARVIFLORA (Torrey) Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 436. (1894.)

H. yuccaefolia Engelmann, Bot. King. 497. (1871). Trans. Acad. St.
Louis. 3 : 55. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 187131516. Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 18 : 231. — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14 3250.

Yucca (?) parviflora Torrey, Bot. Bound. 221. (1859). — Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1870: 923.

Y. paviflora Hemsley, Garden. 8; 132.

Aloe yuccaefolia Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 73390. (1867). Gard.
Chron. 1870: 1092.

Usually cespitosely suckering. Leaves arcuately spreading, 1 to 1.25
m. long, something over 25 mm. wide, striate-ridged on the back. In-
florescence 1 to 1.25 m. high, the few branches divaricate, glabrous and
subglaucous. Flowers fascicled above the bracts, on soft articulated
rosy pedicels, ephemeral, rosy, tubular, mostly about 35 mm. long; style
long-exserted. Capsule something over 25 mm. long; seeds 5X8
mm.— Plate 1, f. 1.

Southwestern Texas; between the Rio Grande and the
southern part of Valverde County, Kinney County, and
the western part of Zavalla County. — Plate 84, f. 1.

One of the puzzling plants brought in by the naturalists
of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, col-
lected between the mouth of the Pecos and the Nueces, was
described by Dr. Torrey * under the name Yucca? parviflora,
the description of the filiferous Yucca-like leaves and of
the inflorescence being good, but that of the flowers and
fruit indifferent, —the perianth noted as ‘‘ white? ’’, and
the unripe fruit as ‘* doubtless fleshy.’’

In his enumeration of the known forms of Yucca in 1870,
Mr. Baker, referring to dried specimens in the Kew herba-
rium, as well as to the original description, characterizes the
plant in much the same way, but observes that the flower is
more like that of an Ornithogalum of the Pyrenaicum
group than that of its neighbors of the genus Yucca.
Mention is also made of the peculiarity of the flowers in an
article on Yucca by Mr. Hemsley, who, evidently through
a typographical error, calls the species Y. paviflora.

* Emory, Rept. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 2, Botany of the Boundary
by John Torrey. 122. — Referred to in this paper as *‘ Bot. Bound.”

THE YUCCEAE. 31

Before these articles by Baker and Hemsley were pub-
lished, living specimens had been sent to Dr. Gray, and an
examination of flowers which these bore in the Harvard Bo-
tanical Garden showed the generic distinctness of the plant
from Yucca, and so strong a resemblance to the true
Aloes of Africa that Dr. Gray did not hesitate to transfer it
to the genus Aloe, under the new and descriptive specific
name yuccaefolia. The redescription shows that the flow-
ers are pale red and the fruit capsular.

Recognizing sufficient differences between this American
Yucca-leaved and Yucca-fruited Aloe and the African
plants properly representative of that genus, Dr. Engel-
mann* created for it the genus Hesperaloe, in 1871,
noting that the leaves, pollen and seeds are those of Yucca,
the perigone and pistil are those of Aloe, and the filaments,
adnate at base and geniculate upwards, resemble those of
Agave. This description was repeated by Mr. Baker the
same year, the specific name yuccaefolia, introduced by Dr.
Gray, being employed in both instances.

The original specific name proposed by Dr. Torrey was
restored, in combination with the generic name Hesperaloe,
by Professor Coulter in his account of the botany of west-
ern Texas, in 1894.

Notwithstanding its beauty and unusual characters, little
is known of this plant in its typical form, aside from the
original observations of Torrey, Gray, Baker and Engel-
mann. The only herbarium specimens that I know
of were collected by Wright: —in June, 1849, be-
tween the Nueces river and Elm creek and on the
banks of the latter; apparently in the autumn of the same
year, on hills of Devil’s river; and May 15, 1851, between
the Leona and Nueces.t

* King, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Explor. Fortieth Parallel. 5, Botany, by
Sereno Watson. 497. — Referred to here as “ Bot. King.”’

+ For the localities represented by specimens contained in the Gray
herbarium, I am indebted to Miss Mary A. Day.

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

In April, 1900, while passing a day in San Antonio,
Texas, I observed a Hesperaloe planted in one of the plazas
of that city, which in its long arching concave filiferous
leaves, oblong Aloe-red flowers with white styles pro-
truding for a distance equal to one-third or one-half the
length of the perianth, and very short anthers, agreed with
the description and scanty available herbarium material of
HI. yuccaefolia, and from this plant, offsets of which are now
growing in the Missouri Botanical Garden, the following
notes have been made.

The flowers are ephemeral, and their original appearance
would scarcely be guessed from the withered remains after
they have fallen, or from such herbarium material as is
usually seen. Though the buds are erect, the soft, rosy
articulated pedicels ultimately arch over, so that the ex-
panded flowers are horizontal or more frequently pendent.
In texture they are suggestive of Lapageria, and this re-
semblance, notwithstanding their smaller size and some-
what different form, is increased by their beautiful
outward shading with rose-color, on a creamy ground
color which prevails on the inner surface. The firm
succulent distinct but closely appressed segments of
the perianth are about half a millimeter thick in the
middle and outwardly recurved near the end, which, as
in Yucca, is tipped with a minute tuft of white hair-
like papillae. The inner segments are 8 or 9 mm.
wide, and the outer segments a little narrower. The white
or rosy slightly tapering filaments are adnate to the seg-
ments for a short distance and then stand erect, with
the very slender apex abruptly incurved so as to make
the oblong versatile anthers suberect and introrse, close
against the filaments, with their abundant bright yellow
powdery pollen exposed toward the style. The conical-
ovoid greenish ovary is very slightly 6-grooved, and the
white style, somewhat tapering and triquetrous near the
base, soon becomes filiform and terete except for three

THE YUCCEAE. 33

faint grooves which persist to the very inconspicuously
3-lobed perforate somewhat fimbriate stigma. The ovary
possesses three large plane septal nectar glands, passing
outward at top into conducting grooves which open at the
base of the pistil, and the abundant secretion of which,
when not removed, drips to the mouth of the pendent
flower so that toward the end of the day, when the flower
closes, the anthers, style and perianth are gummed together
into a nearly inseparable mass. The ovules resemble in
shape and arrangement those of the capsular species of
Yucca, and the erect capsule and thin flat black seeds are
equally suggestive of this section of Yucca.

H. parviflora Engelmanni (Krauskopf) Trelease.

H. Engelmanni Krauskopf, Notice to Botanists, etc., Aug. 1878 [cir-
cular].— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14250. (1879). — Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 183231. — Coulter, Contr. U. 8. Natl. Herb.
2: 436.

H. yuccaefolia Garden. 18 : 188. 20:71, 361. 21324. — Gard. Chron.
n. 8. 18:87, 109, 199. f. 34. — André, Rev. Hort. 58: 64. — Hooker,
Bot. Mag. iii. 56. pl. 7223.

Flowers oblong-campanulate, about 25 mm. long; styles scarcely ex-
ceeding the perianth. — Plates 1, f. 2. 2.

Southwestern Texas, about the head of the west fork of
the Nueces river.

In 1878, Mr. E. Krauskopf, of Fredericksburg, Texas,
issued an advertising circular mentioning H. yuccaefolia
and offering for sale plants of a Hesperaloe which he
had brought from the western dry branch of the Nueces
river and for which he proposed the name H. Hngelmanni.
The flowers are described as bell-shaped, red, with short
thick style and anthers as much as a quarter of an inch
long, whereas in H. yuccaefolia the latter are said to be
several times shorter than the filiform style. Specimens of
this supposed second species were sent to Dr. Engelmann,

‘through Lindheimer, and are noted in his herbarium as

having been collected by Meusebach, though they are evi-

dently of the collection referred to by Krauskopf.
3

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Some time after this, John Saul, of Washington, sent.
flowers of Hesperaloe, from the Nueces river, to the editor
of The Garden, under the name of H. yuccaefolia,* and
at about this time the genus seems to have gone into one
or more English gardens, probably from this source.f
The same form apparently was again introduced into En-
gland in 1888,{ but I have not learned from what source.

Dr. Watson, in his revision of the North American
Liliaceae, shortly after the discovery of H. E’ngelmanni,
mentions this proposed species as from the same region as
H. yuccaefolia, but imperfectly known, though perhaps.
to be distinguished by the more slender and flexuous
branches of its inflorescence, smaller bracts, twice longer
anthers, and stouter included style scarcely longer than
the ovary. A similar equivocal mention was made in
1880 by Mr. Baker, of H. Hngelmanni, which is ignored
by Professor Engler,§ but distinctly recognized by Pro-
fessor Coulter in his Botany of western Texas, in connec-
tion with the earlier species.

So far as the evidence goes, all of the Hesperaloe culti-
vated in Europe, and to which reference has been made.
above, belongs to this second form, and may perhaps have
been derived from Krauskopf’s original collection.

In May, 1900, a plant procured some three years before:
from Mr. P.J. Berckmans,{ and itself possibly derived from
Krauskopf, originally, came into bloom at the Missouri

* Garden. 18: 188. From the phraseology of a quotation from Mr.
Saul, it may be inferred, perhaps, that the plant bearing these flowers
was derived originally from Krauskopf.

+ See The Garden. 20: 71, 361. 21: 324, where a plant is said to
have been in continuous bloom from July 1881 until May 1882, with
promise of continuing to flower for another month or two. — Gard. Chron.
n. s. 183 87, 109, 199. f. 34.

¢ Curtis’s Bot. Mag. iii. 56. pl. 7223.

§ Engler & Prantl. 1. c. 71.

4 See Berckmans, Gard. Monthly. 1888; 323.— Wiener Ill. Gart.-
Zeit. 113 268.

(Na er ep ee ee
a5

THE YUCCEAE. 35

Botanical Garden, and continued to flower until well into
the fall. The first flowers which opened, though shorter
than those of the San Antonio plant referred to H. parvi-
flora, and consequently broader relatively to their length,
possessed the conspicuously exserted white style and short
anthers (scarcely over 2 mm. long) of that species. After
the first few flowers, those which opened were relatively
much broader, because of a considerable actual shortening,
so that the expression bell-shaped, which has been used for
H. Engelmanni, might be applied to them, and the style
was not exserted, merely reaching to the mouth of the
perianth, and, in fact, was slightly shorter than the
stamens. Except for having their anthers a very little
shorter, these flowers are the counterpart of a well-pre-
served specimen of the original of H. Hngelmanni sent to
Dr. Engelmann by Lindheimer in 1878, though the included
style of the latter is a little longer than the stamens. Still
later flowers of the same plant, while preserving the short
broad form, again had the style a little exserted (Plate 2).

As in typical H. parviflora, the leaves, which are deeply
concave and with free marginal fibers, differ in width, as
indeed, is usual in the genus Yucca, and the inflorescence,
which in vigorous plants has a few spreading branches,
may sometimes be simple, in either case the fascicled
flowers continuing to develop in succession for many
months, and varying from deep rosy-red, when well lighted,
to a salmon-color, when shaded from strong light.

For the present, this short-flowered plant, with the style
included or very slightly exserted, and which seems to come
from a point a little north of but very close to the known
range of H. parviflora, appears to be varietally separable
from the latter in these characters, and should bear the
name Engelmanni given to it as a specific name by Kraus-
kopf.

36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

H. funifera (Koch) Trelease.

H. Davyi Baker, Kew Bull. 1898: 226.

H. Engelmanni Baillon, Hist. des Pl. 12 511. — Urbina, Cat. Pl. Mex.
352.

Yucca funifera Koch, Belg. Hort. 123132. (1862).— Lemaire, IIl.
Hort. 18:99. (1866). — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 228.

Agave funifera Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 11: Misc. 65. [66a]. (1864).

Often cespitose. Leaves larger, at length less concave, often with
much coarser marginal fibers. Inflorescence 2 to 2.5 m. high, few
branched near the top. Pedicels and flowers purplish green, glaucous,
the latter about 25 mm. long; style scarcely exserted. Capsule 25 to 50
mm. long, with strong beak, the false septum evanescent or protruding
into the cell only toward the base, where it forms a large thin tooth; seeds
6x9 mm. — Plates 3. 4, f. 7. 81, f. 8.

Northern Mexico, between the Rio Grandeand the Sabinas,
and, apparently, in the state of San Luis Potosi (Pringle,
3911). — Plate 92, f. 1.

The Engelmann herbarium contains a fruiting fragment,
at first referred to Yucca but afterward to Hesperaloe, col-
lected in 1847 by Dr. Wislizenus at Cerralvo, northeast of
Monterey. Similar capsules were brought by Dr. Parry, in
1878, from ‘‘ the plains between Monterey and the Rio
Grande.’’ The herbarium of the Field Columbian Museum
contains excellent specimens of the same plant from Buste-
mente, in the State of Nuevo Leon, collected by Henry W.
Wood in July, 1900. In 1891, Mr. Pringle made good
leaf and fruit specimens, representing the same genus, at
the Hacienda de Angostura, east of San Luis Potosi, which
were distributed as H. Hngelmanni, under the number
3911, and so referred to by Baillon.

In March, 1900, when going over the Mexican Interna-
tional railroad, north of the Sabinas river, I observed a
considerable quantity of what was evidently a Hesperaloe,
with persisting capsules of the preceding year, which came
down to the railroad only on the higher ridges through
which cuts had been made. Toward the end of April,
when the plants had begun to bloom, I visited this region
again, and some six kilometers south of Peyotes collected

:

THE YUCCEAE. 37

herbarium specimens and viable seeds of the plant. This
Hlesperaloe appears to be the same as the herbarium material
referred to, though neither foliage nor flowers accompany
the capsules first collected, and the few flowers distrib-
uted by Mr. Pringle from further south are not in very
satisfactory condition while the marginal threads, which
are slender in the many plants seen by me, are very thick,
triquetrous, wavy and rigid on his leaves.

This species, the at first very concave leaves of which
may be as much as 40 mm, wide and nearly 2 m. long,
finely striate-grooved on the back and with long con-
spicuous marginal fibers, as in the other representatives
of the genus, produces a divaricately few-branched, tall
panicle, on which, fascicled in the axils of the bracts, are
borne the oblong ephemeral flowers. Unlike those of
H. parviflora and its variety Engelmanni, both of which have
pedicels and flowers ranging from a creamy tint through
salmon-color to typically a beautiful shade of red sugges-
tive of Aloe and Gasteria, the flowers and short pedicels of
this species are noted by Mr. Pringle as being << purplish,
shading to whitish,’’ and in the plants observed about Pe-
yotes were of a dingy purplish green and-decidedly glau-
cous, the spreading flowers being about 25 mm. long, with
stamens and style included and of about equal length,
and the anthers 5 to 7 mm. long. The globose to broadly
oblong solid-beaked capsules are strongly transversely
reticulate-veined, and the thin black seeds are like those of
the other species.

In 1898 Mr. Baker described, under the specific name
Davyi, a green-flowered Hesperaloe from ‘+ California? ’”’
which had been sent him by Mr. J. Burt Davy from the
garden of the University of California at Berkeiey. Mr.
Davy tells me that no record is found of the source of the
seeds from which this was grown. Dr. F. Franceschi, of
Santa Barbara, California, states that two original plants
were raised, one of which flowered in 1898, yielding the

38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

material on which Mr. Baker’s description was based, while
the other was secured by Dr. Franceschi, who has since
sent vigorous suckers from it to Kew and to the Missouri
Botanical Garden, these suckers having formed after the
plant bloomed. It is not improbable that the seeds from
which these plants were raised were derived from Mr. Prin-
gle’s collection of 1891, and the living plant which I have
examined shows, as would hardly have been expected from
Mr. Baker’s description, leaves at first as concave as those
of the other species of Hesperaloe, and quite indistinguish-
able from those of the plants seen below Peyotes, so that
it seems safe to refer all of these specimens of the Mexican
table land to H. Davyi, which appears therefore to be
rather widely distributed and which differs markedly from
the Texan forms in the color of its flowers.

Many years ago the Tonels introduced into European
gardens a plant which seems never to have flowered there,
and which was mentioned a number of times under the gar-
den name Yucca funifera. No Yucca is yet known which
possesses channeled filiferous dorsally striate leaves com-
parable to those of Y. funifera as described, and though its
apparent complete disappearance from cultivation makes its
identity a matter of conjecture only, the foliage description
so well fits this Mexican species of Hesperaloe as to leave
little doubt in my mind that the latter should bear thename
H. funifera.

HESPEROYUCCA (Engelmann) Baker.

Perianth broadly campanulate, of subequal distinct thin
broadly lanceolate concave segments. Filaments evidently
adnate to perianth below, clavate, suberect; anthers didy-
mously cordate. Ovary oblong-ovoid or obovoid, mostly
longer than the short slender style; stigma capitate, long-
papillate, minutely perforate. Fruit capsular, incompletely
6-celled, 3-valved through the laciniate false septa. Seeds

THE YUCCEAE. 39

thin, flat; albumen not ruminated. — Subacaulescent
plants with straight needle-pointed rough-margined flat
leaves, and ample panicle.

H. Wurerter (Torrey) Baker, Kew Bull. 1892: 8. — Tre-
lease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 208. pl. 16, 23.

Yucca Whipplei Torrey, Bot. Bound. 222. (1859). — Baker, Gard.
Chron. 18703: 828. 1871: 1516. n.s. 6: 196. f. 42. 0.8. 23: 796.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 230. — Palmer, Amer. Journ. Pharm. 50:
587. —Garden. 27: 266. 853561. /.— Engelmann, Bot. King. 497.
Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8: 54, 214, 372. Watson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 143254. Bot. Calif. 2; 164.— André, Rev. Hort. 58: 67.
jf. 13.— Smith, Gard. Chron. iii. 13: 749. — Coville, Contr. U. 8S.
Natl. Herb. 4: 203.— Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna. 7 : 359. — Tre-
lease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 33 164. pl. 11,12, 54.— Gard. & For.
8: 414-5. f. — Hooker, Bot. Mag. iii. 55. pl. 7662.— Land of Sun-
shine. 11; 251. f.— Orcutt, West Amer. Scientist. 63 134.

Y. Whipplei glauca Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 143 197.

Y. Whipplei graminifolia Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 230.

Y. aloifolia Torrey, Pac. R. R. Rept. 43 147.

Y. filamentosa Home and Flowers. 11%: 12. f.

Y. graminifolia Wood, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1868 ; 167.

Y. Ortgiesiana Roezl, Belg. Hort. 1880+ 51.

Y. Engelmanni Gard. Chron. n. 8. 143 43. ( 1880).

? Y. Californica Groenland, Rev. Hort. 1858: 434,— Lemaire, Ill.
Hort. 10: after pl. 372. (1868). 18: 96.— Gard. Chron. n. 8.
5 3 794, 829.

Simple or, in the mountains, frequently cespitose. Leaves ascending,
rigid, .3 to 1 m. long, about 15 mm. wide, plano-convex, subtriquetrous,
or keeled on both faces, sometimes falcate, striate, glaucous, keenly but
finely denticulate, with very slender pungent end spine. Inflorescence 2
to 5 m. high, oblong, long peduncled, glabrous. Flowers Yucca-like,
pendent, fragrant. Capsule about 5 cm. long: seeds 6 to7X8 mm. —
Plates 4, f. 2.5. 81,f. 9.

California, from the mountains above Monterey to the

vicinity of Alamo, lower California ; eastward to the vicin-
_ ity of San Bernardino — Plate 84, f. 1.

Yucca Whipplei is the name proposed by Dr. Torrey,
and still commonly employed, for a plant which, when in
bloom, forms one of the most striking and beautiful fea-
tures of the Coast-range vegetation of southern California.

40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

From all other Yuccas it differs in the slender style rising
abruptly from the top of the ovary and capitately enlarged
into a papillate stigma, and in possessing somewhat gluti-
- nous pollen, as well as in certain capsular characters, which
led Dr. Engelmann * to give it the sectional name Hespero-
yucca, which both Mr. Baker and the writer have proposed
to employ as a generic name.

Though the mountain and valley forms vary greatly in
amplitude of panicle, etc., only one species of Hesperoyucca
appears capable of characterization, and this has long been
in cultivation in European gardens, partly under the name
Yucca Whipplei and partly under the name Y. Californica,
which has further been applied to very diverse things.
If it were certain that the brief foliage description given by
Groenland in 1858 really refers to this plant, the specific
name Californica has a slight priority over the name
Whipplei, which though written in 1858 was not published
until the following year, but the propriety of this substitu-
tion of name is open to considerable question.

Y. graminifolia t Wood, fromthe vicinity of Los Angeles,.
though the leaves are described as more flaccid, can hardly
refer to other than the typical form, which to the north of
Los Angeles becomes very large, and the name is not there-
fore applicable to the plant that is abundant about San
Bernardino, e. g. at Arrowhead Springs and in the Cajon
pass, as I at one time thought might be the case.{ This
latter plant very frequently has the flowers shaded with
purple or violet, and it was to one of the most pronounced of
these tinted formsthat M. André in 1884 applied the name
Y. Whipplei violacea,§ though the name stands for too
inconstant a character to have more than horticultural
value.

* Bot. King. 497. (1871).

+ This name had been applied, in 1837, to the plant subsequently
named Dasylirion graminifolium.

t Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 43 215. pl. 17, 23.

§ Rev. Hort. 56 324. pl.

THE YUCCEAE. AL

No other species of this type could have been collected
about San Diego, where H. Whipplei occurs in abundance,
by Roezl, who in 1869 reintroduced it into European gardens
through De Smet, under the name Y. Ortgiesiana, so that
there appears no doubt as to the proper reference of this
synonym.

On April 3d, 1858, Professor Newberry collected leaves
of a plant ‘‘ growing in tufts on rocks’’ at the mouth of
Diamond river, at the eastern end of the grand cafion of the
Colorado, in northern Arizona, which neither Professor
Torrey* nor Dr. Engelmann could distinguish from those of
this species as collected by Bigelow at the Cajon pass in
California. The single leaf of Newberry’s collection in the
Engelmann herbarium is glaucous, falcate, elongated and
scarcely to be referred elsewhere, — but the locality is so
far from the known range of this species on the other side
of the desert as to warrant doubt as to the correctness of
the record, and I know of no confirmation of this isolated
locality.

CLISTOYUCCA (Engelmann) Trelease.

Perianth oblong to globose, of nearly distinct thick ob-
long or lanceolate segments often incurved at end. Fila-
ments nearly free, thickened, mostly outcurved above;
anthers sagittate, horizontal. Ovary ovoid, tapering to the
transiently stellate 6-lobed openly perforate stigma. Fruit
dry, spongy about a papery core, 6-celled, indehiscent.
Seeds rather thin, flat, nearly round; albumen not rumi-
nated. — Large tree, with short thick and pungent rough-
margined leaves and compact sessile panicle from an ovoid
large-bracted bud.

C. arborescens (Torrey) Trelease.

Yucca Draconis (2) arborescens Torrey, Bot. Whipple. 147. (1857).
Y. brevifolia Engelmann, Bot. King. 496. (1871). Trans. Acad. St.
Louis. 8: 47, 213, 371. — Palmer, Amer. Journ. Pharm. 50: 587. —

* Ives, Rept. upon the Colorado river of the West. Part IV. Botany-
29.

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Parry, Amer. Nat. 9; 141.— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 143 252.
Bot. Calif. 2: 164.—Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 221. —
Gard. Chron. n. s. $3 492. n. s. 263 18. iii. 1: 772. f. 145.—
Land of Sunshine. 10: 1. — Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 43 193.
pl. 6-9, 21.— Schimper, Pflanzengeographie. 669. f. 369.

Y. arborescens Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 8: 163. pl. 5, 49.
(1892). — Coville, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 4: 201. frontispiece. —
Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna. 7: 353-8. frontispiece and pl. 13. —
Sargent, Silva. 10:19. pl. 502.

Large at length much branched rough-barked tree. Leaves spread-
ing, less than .3 m. long, 15 mm. wide, plano-convex or triquetrous,
striate, minutely denticulate, very rigid, pungently pointed. Inflorescence
sessile, dense, often scabrous-hispid. Flowers sometimes puberulent,
greenish-white, 25 to 50 mm. in diameter. Fruit ovoid, erect or var-
iously directed, 50 to 100 mm. long; seeds 1012 mm. across, 1 to 1.5
mm. thick. — Plates 6. 7. 85, f. 10. 87, f. 1.

Mohave desert, California, to Detrital valley, Arizona,

and the Beaverdam mountains, Utah. — Plate 84, f. 2.

The Joshua tree of the Mohave desert region, the largest
and most imposing of the Yucceae of the United States,
which was first called Yucca Draconis (?) arborescens by
Torrey, subsequently Y. brevifolia by Engelmann, and
which is now commonly known as Y. arborescens, differs in
its collective flower and fruit character about as much from
typical Yuccas as does Hesperoyucca. In separating it from
Yucca, I have thought best to apply to it as a generic name
the sectional name Clistoyucca under which Dr. Engel-
mann* separates it from the other species of Yucca, since
there can be no question as to the applicability of that
name to this particular tree, though Dr. Engelmann ¢ sub-
sequently found it desirable to add Y. gloriosa to this sec-
tion, to which the writer ¢ afterwards added Y. gigantea.
Only the one species is known.

YUCCA Linnaeus.

Perianth open-campanulate, of nearly distinct thin lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate segments. Filaments nearly free,

* Bot. King. 496. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. $347.
t Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 33213.
t Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 93 142.

THE YUCCEAE. 43

thickened and outcurved above; anthers short, sagittate,
soon horizontal. Ovary oblong, mostly longer than the stout
oblong or swollen style; stigma unequally 6-lobed, openly
perforate. Fruit nearly or quite 6-celled: erect, capsular,
6-valved above, and with thin seeds with the albumen not
ruminated (§ Chaenoyucca); variously pendent or erect,
soon drying about a papery core, indehiscent, with thin
seeds without rumination (§ Heteroyucca) ; or pendent, bac-
cate mostly about a papery core, indehiscent, with very thick
seeds having the albumen ruminated (§ Sarcoyucca). —
Acaulescent or arboreous plants occasionally of large size,
with flaccid and pointless or usually rigid and very pungent
entire, minutely denticulate, or filiferous leaves, and mostly
ample panicle.

The true Yuccas, which (including Clistoyucca), in con-
trast with his section Hesperoyucca, Dr. Engelmann* treated
under the sectional name Huyucca, have for many years
been in cultivation in considerable numbers, and hence
under the eyes of both gardeners and botanists, but no ad-
ditions have been made to the number of known spontane-
ous species within recent years f except by the separation
or rehabilitation of what had passed for varieties, forms or
synonyms of described species, though some twenty years
ago a number of hybrids, referred to below under Y.
gloriosa, were introduced into cultivation, and it is certain
that within the next few years our gardens will be still
further enriched by many artificial hybrids between the
known species.

This genus is not only larger than any of the others of
the group Yucceae, but has a much greater geographical dis-
tribution, extending southwards from the great bend of the
Missouri river to the table land north of the City of Mex-

* Bot. King. 496. (1871). Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 33 34.

+ Y¥. Pringlei Greenman, distributed from Mt. Ajusco, Mexico, in 1897
(Pringle, No. 6669), was subsequently shown by Mr. Greenman to be
Furcraea Bedinghausii. — Proc. Amer. Acad. 88 ; 474. (1898).

44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

ico, and, after a break of unknown extent, into the center
of Central America, and eastwards to the Atlantic coast and
the Bermudas and eastern Antilles. The capsular species
are the prevalent northern form, and reach from South
Dakota to the Mexican state of Durango, and from the
Atlantic coast to Nevada, with the exception of the Great
Lake region and the upper Mississippi river and its tribu-
taries from the east. The baccate species with papery core
are of the southern Rocky Mountain and western region,
reaching the Pacific coast in the southern part of California
and at the extremity of Lower California, and are the preva-
lent form of the high table land of Mexico. A single spe-
cies with coreless fleshy fruit appears to be restricted to the
southern Atlantic coast of the United States, a small part
of the Gulf coast, and some of the islands to the east,
though it has given rise to a marked variety in the isolated
peninsula of Yucatan; and a single species with the foliage
of this outlying species but forming a core in the fruit
occurs in Central America, where, though abundantly culti-
vated, its distribution is unknown. Several species and
many varieties are known only in gardens, and two species
with very aberrant fruit are of local distribution on the
southeastern seacoast of the United States. — Plate 99.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Fruit erect, capsular, dehiscent. Seeds thin, flat, margined: albumen
not ruminated. § CHAENOYUCCA.
Leaves finely filiferous (entire in forms of the second).
Style oblong, white.
Inflorescence a long-peduncled panicle (subracemose in
some garden forms of Y. flaccida).

Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, often plicate, at most
very narrowly lined with gray or brown next the mar-
ginal threads.

Leaves rigid for the group, rather coarsely curly-
filiferous, subspatulate. Segments of young fruit
regularly convex. Y. filamentosa.

Leaves more flexible and attenuate, with finer
straighter threads. Segments of young fruit
with angular facets. Y. flaccida.

THE YUCCEAE. 45

Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, white-margined.
Leaves grass-like. — Eastern Texas. Y. tenuistyla.

Leaves more rigid and spreading. — Western.
Low. Seeds small. Y. constricta.
Arborescent. Seeds very large. Y. radiosa.
Inflorescence racemose or branched close to the leaves.

Not arborescent.
Leaves as in the last. Y. angustissima.
Leaves lanceolate, often short. Y. Harrimaniae.
Style swollen, green.
Inflorescence racemose or branched close to the leaves.

Leaves linear, rather stiff. Seeds large. Y. glauca.

Leaves grass-like, flexible. Y. Arkansana.

Inflorescence panicled on a long scape. Leaves as in the

last or wider. Y. Louisianensis.

Leaves with a distinct thin yellow or brown horny finely denticulate

border.
Capsule mucronate, with flat-backed valves.

Arborescent. Leaves linear to lanceolate. Y. rigida.

Acaulescent. Leaves lanceolate. Y. rupicola.
Capsule attenuate-beaked, with round-backed valves.

Arborescent. Leaves linear. Y. rostrata.

Fruit (so far as known) indehiscent.
Fruit erect or pendent, soon drying. Seeds thin, flat, slightly mar-
gined: albumen not ruminated. § HETEROYUCCA.
Leaves finely denticulate, softly green-pointed. Y. gigantea.
Leaves at most sparingly denticulate or filiferous, pungent.
Leaves broad, rigidly ascending or spreading. Fruit mostly
pendent. Y. gloriosa.
Leaves more elongated, recurved. Fruit erect so far as
known. ;
Inflorescence close to the leaves, the latter relatively
broad. Y. recurvifolia.
Panicle long-stalked. Leaves narrower. Y. jlexilis.
Leaves crowded, regularly arcuate. Y. De Smetiana.
Fruit pendent, fleshy and edible. Seeds thick, often convex, nearly
or quite marginless: albumen ruminated. § Sarcoyucca.
Fruit coreless, with purple pulp. Ovary stalked. Leaves with
sharply denticulate horny border. Y. aloifolia.
Fruit with a papery core and greenish or yellowish-white pulp.
Ovary sessile.
Leaves very minutely denticulate, not filiferous, flat or
plicate. Y. elephantipes.
Leaves soon more or less filiferous, concave.
Margin at first slightly denticulate. Leaves thick and
firm, scabrid Y. Treculeana.
Not denticulate.

46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Thin, flexible: threads sparing, fine. Y. Schottii.
Thick, rigid, with usually coarse threads. Leaves:
narrow, smooth. Small tree. Y. brevifolia.
Leaves relatively broader, usually smooth.
Large trees.
Panicle narrow, pendent. Y. australis.
Panicle broad, erect, to recurved Y. valida.
Leaves large, very coarsely filiferous, the back
very scabrous except in the last.
Acaulescent. Flowers very large for the

genus: style elongated. Y. baccata.
Arborescent. Flowers of average size.

Style elongated. ¥. macrocarpa.

Style short. ¥. Mohavensis.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

A. Fruit erect, capsular, dehiscent. Seeds thin, flat, margined: albu-
men not ruminated. —§ Chaenoyucca.

1. Leaves finely filiferous at the margin (entire in aberrant garden
forms of the second).

2. Style oblong, white,

3. Inflorescence a long-peduncled panicle (reduced to a simple ra-
ceme in aberrant forms or secondary inflorescences of the second).

4. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, often plicate, not conspicuously
white-margined.

Y. rmamentosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 319. (1753).—
Walter, Fl. Carol. 124.— Michaux, Fl. 1: 196.—
Pursh, Fl. 1: 227. — Gawler, Bot. Mag. 23. pl-
900.— Redouté, Liliacées. 5. pl. 277-8. — Haworth,
Syn. Pl. Succ. 70.—Gambold, Amer. Journ. Sci.
1819 : 251. — Mordaunt, Herb. Gén. 4. pl. 258. —
Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 400. — Frost, Plants
Abbeville Distr. 317. — Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18: 98. —
Porcher, Resources So. Fields and For. 530. —
Curtis, Bot. N. C. 56.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad.
St. Louis. 3: 52, 214. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870:
923. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 227.—Britton &
Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 427. f. 1027. — Miller’s Deutsche

THE YUCCEAE. 47

Girtner-Zeit. 11: 361. #.— Mohr, Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 6: 441, as to southern localities.

Yuca foliis filamentosis. Morison, Plant. Hist. 2: 419. Sect. 4. pl.
23. (1680).

Juca Americana filamentosa. Munting, Waare Oeffening der Planten.
471. f. (1682). Naauwkeurige Beschryv. der Aardgew. 663. (1696).

Yucca Virginiana, foliis per ambitum apprimé filatis. Plukenet,
Almag. Bot. 396. (1696). — Raius, Hist. Plant. 8; 573. (1704).

Yucca foliis lanceolatis etc. Trew. Pl. Sel. 9. pl. 37. (1754).

Yucca foliis lanceolatis acuminatis integerrimis margine filamentosis.
Gronovius, Fl. Virgin. 152. (1739). 53. (1762).

Acaulescent, cespitosely suckering. Leaves rather firm, generally
stiffly erect or spreading, about half a meter long, usually something
over 25 mm. wide, narrowed above the base, attenuate or typically
abruptly acute, occasionally somewhat pungent, green or a little glaucous,
the back frequently roughened in lines; marginal threads rather thick
and curly for the group. Inflorescence 1.5 to 3 or 4 m. high, long-
pedunculate, glabrous or very exceptionally puberulent. Flowers white,
usually tinged with cream color or green or rarely browned, expanding
50 to 75 mm.; style white, elongated, at most slightly swollen, 3-grooved.
Capsule apple-green and with regularly convex carpels when maturing,
50 or 60 mm. long and brown when ripe: seeds glossy, 4 to 5 7 mm. —
Plates 8-12.79. 87.

In a generalized sense, a species usually of the coastal
plain of the southeastern Atlantic region, from Tampa,
Fla., to above Charleston, S. C., and extending back to
northwestern Georgia, west-central North Carolina,
southwestern Alabama, and the gulf coast of Missis-
sippi.— Plate 87, f. 1.

The principal forms appear separable as follows: —

Leaves of medium size, little recurved. Y. jilamentosa.
Variegated with white or yellow. f. variegata.
Outer leaves attenuate, recurved, the inner very broadly
lanceolate, erect. var. media.
Leaves narrow, very spreading. var. patens.
Leaves very long, attenuate, recurving. var. bracteata.
Leaves very broadly spatulate, not recurved. var. concava.

Y. FILAMENTOSA Linnaeus.
Synonymy as above.

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Leaves 25 to 40 mm. wide, gradually acute, rather rigid, striate, the
outer rarely recurving. Petals broad, acute. Capsules rather narrowly
cylindrical. — Plates 8. 12,f. 1.

West-central North Carolina to southeastern South Caro-
lina, Florida from Jacksonville to Tampa, and doubtless in
the intervening country. — Plate 85, f. 1.

Y. FILAMENTOSA VARIEGATA Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1860:
215.—Naudin, Plantes Feuill. Coloré. 1. pl. 51.—
Lowe, Beautiful Lvd. Plants. 105. pl. 57. — Garden.
1:152. f. 27: 266, 309. 32:600.—Gardeners’ Chron.
n.s.7:341. n.s.18:594. n.s. 28: 803.

? Y. filamentosa aurea elegantissima Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 53 389.
(1880).

Y. filamentosa bicolor Hort.

Y. recurvifolia Park & Cemetery. 113 184. /.

Leaves margined and striped with various shades of white and yellow.
A garden sport, or series of sports, the color extremes of
which should doubtless bear distinctive horticultural names.

Y. FILAMENTOSA PATENS Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1860: 216.
Y. filamentosa Mohr, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 63 441, in part.

Leaves rather rigidly spreading, 15 to 20 mm. wide, gradually attenu-
ate to a sharp point.

From northwestern to southeastern Georgia. — Plate 85,

f. 2.

Y. FILAMENTOSA BRACTEATA Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis. 8: 52-3. (1873).— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad.
14: 254.— Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 228.
? Y¥. filamentosa maxima Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1860; 213.

Very large, with elongated leaves, the outer recurved, mostly large
foliaceous scape bracts, more frequently puberulent panicle sometimes
nearly 5 m. high, and more attenuate petals. Capsule narrowly oblong,
mucronate-beaked. — Plate 9.

About Charleston, S. C., and doubtless along the adja-
cent Georgia coast, whereit is sometimes seen in cultivation.

THE YUCCEAE. 49

Simulating in aspect or bract characters cultivated forms of
Y. flaccida. — Plate 86, f. 1.

Y. FILAMENTOSA concAva (Haworth) Baker, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 18 : 228. (1880).

Y. concava Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 34. (1819). — Lemaire, Ill. Hort.
13; 98.
Y. filamentosa latifolia Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. $ : 52. (1873).

General characters of the type, into which it appears to pass, but the
usually very plicate abruptly acute or obtuse leaves deeply concave and
spatulately enlarged to a width of as much as 100 mm. — Plates 10. 79,

IAs

About Charleston, S. C., to below Savannah, Ga., at
Salisbury, Md., and doubtless in much of the intervening
coast region. — Plate 86, f. 2.

Y. FILAMENTOSA MEDIA Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1860:213.
f. 47-8.

Y. filamentosa laevigata Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. $352, 54,
214. (1873). — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14 3254. — Baker, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 3 228.

Y. filamentosa Journ. of Hort. 623271. f.

? Y. flaccida Lindley, Bot. Reg. 22. pl. 1895. — Baker, Ref. Bot. 5.
text to pl. 323.

? Y. puberula Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 322, — not text.

? Y. glauca Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 315.

Leaves rather thinner, the outer gradually more attenuate and re-
curved, the inner broadly lanceolate; the marginal threads straighter.
Inflorescence mostly puberulent and sometimes tomentose. — Plate 11.

A garden form, passing towards Y. flaccida glaucescens
and Y. Louisianensis.

Y. Fuaccipa Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 34. (1819).—
Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:99.— Baker, Gard. Chron.
1870: 923. Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 323.

Y. puberula Haworth, Phil. Mag. 1828 ; 126. — Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard.
pl. 21.— Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:99. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870:
923.

Y. filamentosa flaccida Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 3 52, 214.

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

(1873). — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14 : 254. — Baker, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 18 : 228. — Garden. 58 : 447. f.

¥. filamentosa puberula Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 3 228. (1880).

¥. jilamentosa Gattinger, Tenn. Flora. (1887). 58. (1901). 86. — Mohr,
Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 6 : 441, as to northern localities. — Garden.
58 3445. 7. — Park and Cemetery. 113184. /.

Y. Meldensis Garden. 83 147. (1875).

Acaulescent, cespitose. Leaves thin, flexible, the outer almost
always recurved, 10 to 40 mm. wide, elongated lanceolate, very
gradually long attenuate, mostly plicate, with fine long and rather
straight thin marginal fibers except in two threadless garden forms.
Panicle mostly pubescent. Maturing capsule dull grayish-green, the
carpels variously and irregularly flattened in places, as if shaved off with
a knife; when ripe, broad, usually constricted, and mostly flaring above:
seeds rather dull, larger, 7 to 8 8 to 10 mm. — Plates 12-17. 76. 79.

Asheville, N. C., to Gadsden and Anniston, Ala., in and.

near the mountains. — Plate 87, f. 2.

Occasional simple racemes are produced from small
lateral crowns, when the main crown is in bloom (Plate
13), as has been observed on some species of Agave, and
one depauperate garden form produces an unbranched main
inflorescence.

An interesting winter adaptation of the foliage of this spe-

cies is readily observed in the North whenever the tempera-
ture remains for any time below the freezing point, for at
and below this temperature the spreading unflexed middle

leaves, which are ordinarily somewhat concave, have their

margins rolled inwards so as nearly or quite to meet at
the center, though they scarcely become involute in the
proper meaning of that word. (Plate 14).

The numerous intergrading garden forms of Y. flaccida
seem capable of most natural arrangement as follows: —

Petals broad, acute or acuminate. Panicle mostly pubescent. Y. flaccida.
Inflorescence a raceme. f. orchioides..
Petals usually more lanceolate, attenuate.
Leaves filiferous.
Panicle very pubescent. var. glaucescens.
Leaves transiently variegated. f. lineata..

3

ae.

Se ee ee SES 8 Soe Ct eee ee eS

THE YUCCEAE. D1

Panicle mostly glabrous. var. grandiflora.
Leaves without marginal threads.

Panicle pubescent. f. exigua.

Panicle glabrous; petals blunter. f. integra.

Y. FLAccIDA Haworth.
Synonymy as above.

Leaves rather green, scarcely 25 mm. wide, very flexible. Panicle
moderately pubescent to glabrous. Petals usually broad and rather
short. — Plate 16.

The commoner wild form.

Y. Meldensis of gardens appears to differ only in having
more spreading panicle branches, in which it agrees with
some garden forms of Y. filamentosa.

Y. flaccida orchioides (Carritre) Trelease.

Y. orchioides Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1861: 370. f. 89, 90. — Lemaire,
Ill. Hort. 13 ; 99. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870 : 1122. — Engelmann,
Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 ; 43.

A depauperate garden form with stiffer more erect nearly threadless
leaves, and racemose inflorescence.

Y. flaccida glaucescens (Haworth) Trelease.

Y. glaucescens Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 34. (1819). —Sweet, Brit.
Fl. Gard. pl. 53.—Bommer, Journ. d’Hort. Prat. 1859: 41. —
Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:98.— Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 923. —
Hemsley, Garden. 8 3 132.

Y. filamentosa glaucescens Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18228.
(1880).

Y. filamentosa Antwerpensis Baker. 1. c.

Y. orchioides major Baker, Bot. Mag. iii. 88. pl. 6316. (1877).

Y. flaccida Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1859 : 555. f. 179, 120.

Y. filamentosa Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 324.— Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
8. pl. 10. — Amer. Florist. 83 55. f.

A more glaucous form, with the leaves mostly broader and erect until
a later period, almost tomentose panicle, and more attenuate petals. —
Plates 12, f. 2. 13-15. 17, f. 1. 76, f. 2. 79,f. 2.

The common form of American gardens.

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

Y. flaccida lineata Trelease.

A garden sport, apparently of var. glaucescens, but in habit more resem-
bling Y. jilamentosa media, having the young leaves striped with dingy or
yellowish white, the variegation soon fading for the most part.

Cultivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden and said to
have come from Haage & Schmidt in 1881. Doubtless it
is this by which the variegated form of Y. filamentosa
proper is represented in many gardens.

Y. flaccida exigua (Baker) Trelease.
Y. exigua Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 374. (1872). Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
18 ; 223. —Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 : 43.

A garden form of var. giaucescens with the leaves without marginal
threads.

Y. flaccida grandiflora (Baker) Trelease.

Y. filamentosa grandiflora Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 325. (1872)

Y. filamentosa maxima Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 ; 227. (1880).

Y. filamentosa Garden. 1:152.f. 12:72. /. —Gartenflora. 24: 372.
J. — Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 18: 119. f. — Step, Favourite Flowers.
4. pl. 272.

Scarcely more than a large sometimes glabrous form of var. glauces-
cens, in aspect resembling Y. jilamentosa bracteata.

Y. flaccida integra Trelease.

Y. glauca Sims, Bot. Mag. 58. pl. 2662. (1826). — Regel, Garten-
flora. 8; 36. — Bommer, Journ. d’Hort. Prat. 1859 : 43. — Lemaire,
Ill. Hort. 18: 97.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3: 43,
53. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870; 1122. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18:
223.

Scarcely more than a narrow-leaved glabrous form of f. exigua.

The name employed by Sims is antedated thirteen years
by Y. glauca Nutt.

The filiferous-leaved ‘* bear grasses ’’ of the southeastern
Atlantic States are not easily disposed of in an attempt to
monograph the genus to which they belong, partly because
they are more commonly seen in cultivation than in a state
of nature, partly because of their interblending characters,

ee atlantic i oe See a ST a

THE YUCCEAE, 53

and partly because of generalized earlier descriptions. One
of the representatives of this group (probably true Y. fila-
mentosa) was introduced into Europe about 1675, and
Y. filamentosa was one of the four Yuccas known to Lin-
naeus a century later, his description of it reading merely
‘¢ foliis serrato-filamentosis,’’ and the only figure cited by
him * being very unsatisfactory.

That two species, Y. filamentosa and Y. flaccida, are
separable, appears certain, as is also true of Engelmann’s
conclusion f that the jilamentosa of Linnaeus was the
form to which that name is here applied; but I have found
it possible to fix only an approximate geographical range
for either, and the garden forms are not separated as
sharply as is desirable, nor so as to prevent some of them
from obscuring the demarcation line between the species.
It is not improbable that some of them represent hybrids
between the latter.

44, Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, white-margined.

Y. tenuistyla Trelease.

' Acaulescent. Leaves rather soft and mostly recurving, often a little
scabrid on the back, about .5 m. long and 10 to 15 mm. wide, dark green,
lanceolate, long-attenuate, scarcely pungent, white-margined, finely
filiferous. Inflorescence about 1 m. high, panicled at some distance above
the leaves, glabrous or slightly puberulent. Flowers with narrower,
more pointed segments: style oblong, white, often deeply parted. Capsule
stout, even: seeds glossy, 7 to 8 8 to 10 mm. — Plates 17, f. 2.18.19.
83,f. 3.

Southeastern Texas, from about Galveston (Lindheimer,
May, 1843), to Sealy (Trelease, Harvey), and New
Braunfels (Lindheimer, June, 1845), at the latter place
associated with Y. Arkansana, which it closely resembles
in foliage. — Plate 92, f. 1.

Some of the Lindheimer material in the Engelmann her-

* Morison, Plant. Hist. 2: 419.
+ Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 33 52.

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

barium consists of loose flowers, some of which have a
short thick green style, while others have the style
longer, slenderer, and white; while the fragments of in-
florescence are equally suggestive of mixed material, some
of which was from racemes while the rest represent pan-
icle branches. Field observation the present season, and
material received from Mr. J. Reverchon, of Dallas, and
Mr. J. A. Harvey, of Sealy, confirm the conclusion reached,
that the grass-leaved Yuccas of eastern Texas comprise three
species, Y. Arkansana, Y. Louisianensis, and the one
here characterized.

Y. constricta Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
1862 : 8.— Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 167. —
Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3:213. Bot.
Gazette. 7:17.

? Y. alba-spica Koch, Belg. Hort. 12111. (1862). — Rev. Hort. 1865 :
151. 483 482.—? Flore des Serres. 17: 110. f. 7612. — Engelmann,
Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 83 213.— Garden. 8: 147.

Y. angustifolia Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1860;20. f. 3,4. 1864: 151. ~—
Garden. 8; 134. f.—Bray, Bot. Gaz. 323280, in part*.

Y. glauca Bray, 1. c. 271. f. 18, in part*.

Low or acaulescent. Leaves rather rigidly divergent, about 10 mm.
wide, whitish green, the white margin soon shredding into fine threads,
Inflorescence about 1.5 m. high, rather amply branched at top. Flowers
white, globose-campanulate, with broad segments: style white, more or
less tumid. Capsule constricted, flaring above, dark, with a ridge over
each false septum: seeds 5 to 6 7 to 9 mm. — Plates 20. 21, f. 1. 83,
f. 4.

Seward County, Kansas, to the Pecos river region of

Texas. — Plate 92, f. 2.
Among other plants from western Texas which Mr. S. B.
Buckley characterized about forty years ago was a Yucca

* As is more clearly shown in a print from his negative, furnished me
by Professor Bray, than in his published figure, the latter represents two
species,— Y. glauca, with simple racemes in full bloom, and Y. constricta,
with branched pedunculate inflorescence still in bud.

THE YUCCEAE. 55

which he called Y. constricta, and described as being shortly
caulescent with leaves similar to but shorter than those of
the Rocky Mountain species now called Y. glauca, long-
stalked panicle, and capsules constricted in the middle.
When Dr. Engelmann raised to specific rank the arborescent
species that replaces this to the west, under the name Y.
elata,* he was particular to exclude from it Y. constricta,
which he regarded as a caulescent form of Y. glauca; but
this conclusion, which did not accord with the description
of fruit and inflorescence given by Buckley, was subsequently
changed by himf and has not been followed by other writers,
who have considered Y. elata and Y. constricta to be syn-
onymous. ft

From observations made about Putnam, Texas, in 1892,§
and at various points west of San Antonio in 1900, I should
say that Y. constricta is quite distinct from both the pre-
ceding and the next species, differing from the former in
its narrower and firmer leaves and more ample inflorescence,
and from the latter in its usually very short stem, smaller
constricted dark capsules, and much smaller seeds.

Among a number of plants selected by Mr. James Gur-
ney a few years since in Seward County, Kansas, for the
demonstration of the great variability in the leaves of
Y. glauca, is one which in foliage could hardly be dis-
tinguished from the usual form of that species, or the
somewhat broader-leaved variety by which the latter is
represented in that part of Kansas, but which, on blooming
in the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1900 produced a
rather ample long-pedunculate panicle of pure white flow-
ers, with white styles, which began to expand with the

* Bot. Gazette. 7:17. (1882).

+ Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 ¢ 213.

¢ Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 ; 229. — Sargent, Silva. 10; 27.

§ Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 43207, under Y. glauca stricta (= Y. Ar-
dansana).

56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

first flowers of Y. flaccida, which they closely resemble, and
at the end of the flowering period of Y. glauca and its va-
riety stricta. It is hard to see how this plant can be
. separated from Y. constricta. What appears to be the same
has been collected by Dr. Kleinschmidt at Mt. Kiowa, Okl.,
and the character of the intervening country is such as to
make its extension probable from southwestern Kansas to
the Pecos river of Texas, while Professor Bray’s photo-
graph referred to above shows it to be a characteristic
plant of the staked plains.

Y. raprosA (Engelmann) Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
3: 163. (1892).

Y. angustifolia radiosa Engelmann, Bot. King. 496. (1871).

Y¥. angustifolia elata Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8: 50, 51.
(1873). — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 143 253.

Y. elata Engelmann, Bot. Gaz. 7:17. (1882). — Coulter, Contr. U. 8S.
Natl. Herb. 2: 437. — Garden. 86:3 573.— Gard. & Forest. 2: 568.
jf. 146. 93813. — Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 8: 164. pl. 9. 4: 201. pl.
10,15, 22.— Bot. Mag. iii. 55. pl. 7650.

Y. constricta Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 ; 229. — Sargent, Silva.
103: 27. pl. 504.—In part.

Y. angustifolia Havard, Proc. U. 8. Natl. Mus. 8 ; 470.

Caulescent, the larger trees reaching a height of 5 to 7 m., simple or
with a few short branches at top. Leaves pallid, rather rigidly diver-
gent, long, 3 to 10 or rarely 13 mm. wide, white-margined and soon finely
and copiously filiferous. Inflorescence large, panicled on a long ex-
serted peduncle, glabrous. Flowers white, bell-shaped, with lanceolate
attenuate segments: style white, oblong. Capsule oblong, smooth, not
or rarely constricted, with ribless convex valves, straw-colored: seeds.
rather dull, 8 to 10> 12 to 15 mm. — Plates 21, f. 2. 22. 83, f. 5.
86, f.1.

Southern Arizona to the Rio Grande, as far as the big
bend, and south to about the city of Chihuahua. — Plate
Sef. 1:

In describing the Yuccas for Watson’s Botany of the
Fortieth Parallel, Dr. Engelmann characterized an arbores-

cent plant with large panicles and lanceolate petals under

THE YUCCEAE. 57

the name Y. angustifolia 8. radiosa, which varietal name,
two years later, he replaced by the varietal name elata which
was still later applied specifically by him.

With Mr. Baker, and against the opinion of Engelmann,
Professor Sargent identifies this plant with the earlier
Y. constricta of Buckley and applies the latter name to it.
As has been stated above, however, there is reason to
believe that Y. constricta is really a distinct species of more
eastern and northern range, and to the present one the name
radiosa, first used varietally by Engelmann, is applicable as
a specific name.

As in Y. glauca, the fruit of this species is stout, oblong,
and unusually symmetrical among the capsular species, and
it is here very smooth and of a clear straw-color at matur-
ity, and the seeds are exceptionally large. The leaves,
which are usually about 6 mm. wide, occasionally reach a
minimum of 3 mm. and a maximum of about 12 mm., but
both the broad- and narrow-leaved trees occur associated
with the usual form, from which they do not appear other-
wise distinguishable.

So far as can be told from young leaves from Mr. Baker,
in the Engelmann herbarium, Y. polyphylla Baker,* —
which its author subsequently t treated as a synonym of
Y. radiosa, under the name Y. constricta,— is more
likely to have been based on an immature and aberrant
garden seedling of Y. filifera than one of the representa-
tives of this group, since the leaf possesses a distinct
brown margin, very different from the white margin of
Y. radiosa and its allies, which at most very exceptionally
has a narrow brown line between the white border and
the green body of the leaf. Though Y. alba-spica (or
albospica as it is commonly written) seems to refer to the

* Gard. Chron. 1870 : 1088.
+ Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 3229. _

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

preceding rather than the present species, the latter
is doubtless now in cultivation under that name. *

For some reason this very striking Yucca does not ap-
- pear to have been collected or commented on by the bota-
nists of the original boundary survey, though it is
abundant in the Rio Grande valley about Presidio. The
botanists of the later survey seem to have passed in by for
Y. glauca, which I have not seen from so far south.

33. Inflorescence racemose or branched close to the leaves. Sub-
acaulescent plants.

Y¥. angustissima Engelmann, in herb.

Y. glauca Coville, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 43202.
Y. radiosa Coville, 1. c. 203, 277.
Y. elata ? Merriam, N. A. Fauna. 7: 358.

Acaulescent, from thick horizontal root-stocks. Leaves as in the
narrowest forms of Y. radiosa and Y. glauca, 2 to 5 mm. wide, .2 to .4 m.
long, pungent, white-bordered, very freely and often curly-filiferous
below. Inflorescence glabrous, 1 to 1.5 m. high, racemose, or short-
branched below. Perianth segments rather short, mostly acutely lan-
ceolate: style as in the preceding. Capsule scarcely exceeding 50 mm. in
length, rough, brown, constricted, with a median rib on each valve: seeds
glossy, 5 to 7 <7 to 8 mm. — Plates 23,f. 1. 24, f. 1. 83, f. 6.

Southwestern Utah, southeastern Nevada, and north-

western Arizona, in the region of the Colorado river. —
Plate 93, f. 1.

In habit, this species, which is briefly referred to without
name by Professor Sargent,f recalls the narrow-leaved form
of Y. glauca as found, for example, about Albuquerque,
N. M., or the narrowest-leaved forms of Y. radiosa, when
the latter is acaulescent. From the former it differs in its
more frequently branched inflorescence, oblong (white ?)
style, and smaller capsule and seed; and from the latter in
never becoming a tree and in its subsimple inflorescence,
smaller, rougher and darker, constricted capsules, and much

* See Baker, Kew. Bull. 1892: 8.
t Sargent, Silva. 10:28. Note.

THE YUCCEAE. 59

smaller seeds. Specimens examined: —‘‘ Deserts of the
Colorado river’’ (Bigelow in 1853 and 1854); Grand
cafion region, Ariz. (Toumey in 1892, Trelease in 1901);
‘¢‘ Arizona’? (Palmer, 799); ‘*Southern Utah, northern
Arizona, &c.’’ (Palmer in 1877); St. George, Utah
(Palmer in 1870); and La Verken, Utah (Jones, 5180).

Y. Harrimaniae Trelease.

Acaulescent, often cespitose. Leaves linear to spatulate-lanceolate,
usually 6 to 15, or even 40 mm. wide, thin but firm, rigidly spreading,
glaucous, or green with age, concave, pungent, narrowly brown-bor-
dered, with relatively coarse, at length circinate, white marginal fibers.
Inflorescence .25 to .5 m. high, simple, flowering from close to the base,
glabrous. Flowers greenish, large, with broad often obtuse segments: style
slender. Capsule brown, broadly oblong, about 40 mm. long, constricted,
flaring above, the valves sometimes attenuate-mucronate: seeds 4 to5x 5
to 6 mm. — Plates 28. 29. 83, f. 10.

Utah: — Cedar City (Parry, July 6, 1874), Near King-
ston (Jones, 5322), Helper (Trelease in 1899 and 1901),
to western Colorado: —Cimmaron (Baker, 281),— on
gravelly hillsides. — Plate 93, f. 1.

A very distinct species, often flowering when the leaf-
rosette is not over a span wide, the broadly spatulate
foliage of these small plants being strikingly unlike that of
any other mature Yucca. My first acquaintance in the
field with this plant resting upon the detention of our
train at Helper, Utah, because of a washout, on the
return of the Harriman Alaska Expedition, I take pleas-
ure in dedicating it to our hostess on that occasion, Mrs.
Edward H. Harriman.

22. Style stout, green.

3. Inflorescence racemose or branched close to the leaves.

Y. euauca Nuttall, Fraser’s Cat. no. 89. (1813).— Pit-
tonia. 2: 115.— Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.
2:437.—Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 205.
6. pl. facing p. 7.—Schimper, Pflanzengeographie.

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

677. f. 384.— Bush, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 122,
133.— Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 427. f. 1026. —
Bray (in part*), Bot. Gaz. 82: 271. f. 18.

Y. angustifolia Pursh, Flora. 1 : 227. (1814).— Nuttall, Gen. 1 : 218. —
Sims, Bot. Mag. 48. pl. 2236.—Bommer, Journ. d’Hort. Prat.
8: 41. — Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18 ; 99. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870:
923. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18; 226. — Engelmann, Bot. King. 496.
Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 : 50.— Palmer, Amer. Journ. Pharm. 50:
587. — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14 : 253. — Gard. & Forest. 2:
244, 247. f. — Garden. 58 ; 446.— Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 8: 163.
pl. 8, 51. — Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 12 : 35.— Bray (in part*), Bot.
Gaz. $2: 280.

? Y. Hanburii Baker, Kew. Bull. 1892 : 8, 217. Gard. Chron. iii. 11:
749. — Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 17 : 433.

Subacaulescent or with branching prostrate stem. Leaves rather
rigidly divergent, 6 to 12 mm. wide, pallid, white-margined, soon finely
but usually sparingly filiferous. Inflorescence 1 to 2 m. high, simple or
with an occasional short included branch, floriferous from near the base,
glabrous. Flowers greenish-white, globose or oblong, campanulate, the
segments varying from broad and acute to longer and more attenuate;
style green, tumid. Capsule large, oblong, usually not constricted,
somewhat roughened, brown: seeds very glossy, 7 to 9 & 11 to 138 mm.—
Plates 23, f. 2. 24, f. 2.25. 83, f. 9.

Central South Dakota and southern Wyoming, to north-
west Missouri, Central Kansas and the vicinity of Santa Fé,
New Mexico. — Plate 93, f. 1.

The usual form from Trinidad southward is prevailingly
narrower-leaved than that of the north and east.

This low capsular bear-grass or soap-weed of the central
Rocky Mountain region and northern plains, is almost in-
variably marked by a simple inflorescence, not carried on
a scape above the cluster of leaves. Only exceptionally
are any branches formed on the panicle, and then these,
which are toward its base, are very small and few in num-
ber, though when the developing inflorescence has been
injured a greater development of these potential rudiment-
ary basal branches is observed.

* See note under Y. constricta above.

THE YUCCEAE. 61

European gardens contain, under the name Y. angusti-
folia, plants which are very different from the Yucca so-
called by Pursh. In 1860, Carritre,* giving Y. albo-spica
as a synonym, described and figured one such plant, with
long-exserted glabrous panicle and rather broad filiferous
leaves, which, with Mr. Baker,f I should more readily refer
to Y. constricta than elsewhere, and Mr. Baker { states
that Y. flexilis also occurs in gardens under this name.
From the original description, Y. Hanburii possesses
quite the inflorescence of Y. glauca; but has the leaves
a little rough on the back and with a line of brown between
the green tissue and the marginal line of white. I should
have thought of connecting with it the narrower leaves of
the preceding species, because of these characters, had not
the Kew authorities given me positive assurance that the
two are very distinct.

Y¥. glauca stricta (Sims) Trelease.

Y. stricta Sims, Bot. Mag. 48. pl. 2222. (1821).— Bommer, Journ.
d’Hort. Prat. $8; 41.— Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 13 ; 95. — Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1870 ; 923. — Hemsley, Garden. 8 ; 130, 132. f. — As to Sims
citation only.

Y. angustifolia stricta Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 227. (1880). —
As to Sims citation only.

Of the habit of the northern form of Y. glauca, but of more vigorous
growth, and with longer, more erect stem. Leaves very long, 12 mm. or
less wide, at first somewhat glaucous, the entire white margin quickly
shredding into slender fibers. Inflorescence usually tall, occasionally
simple but typically paniculately branched within or close to the cluster of
leaves. Flowers greenish white, often purple-tinted, varying from glo-
bose to oblong-campanulate, and with correspondingly short and blunt or
acutely attenuate perianth segments: style greatly swollen at base, green.
Capsule and seeds unknown. — Plates 26. 27.

Seward County, Kansas, and doubtless elsewhere on the
plains.

In 1821, Dr. Sims applied the name Yucca stricta to a
* Rev. Horticole. 1860: 20-22. f. 3-4.

+ Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 183 229.
ft lc. 224,

62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

filiferous-leaved plant, said to have been introduced a few
years before from the Carolinas, by Mr. Lyon, and to have |
been confused, up to the time of its description, with Y.
angustifolia* (for which the prior name Y. glauca is now
commonly employed). The good illustration that he gives,
and which is copied by Hemsley, shows, as the description
indicates, that the plant is quite of the habit of Y. glauca,
with similar narrow leaves and violet-tinged greenish flowers
having the swollen green stigmas of Y. glauca; but the
panicle is much branched below, the rather long branches
reaching about to the top of the uppermost leaves, and the
flowers are subglobose, with broad blunt perianth segments,
in neither of the latter respects, however, differing from
some specimens of Y. glauca.

Yucca stricta, ever since its establishment, has been a -
puzzle to botanists, partly because no plant exactly cor-
responding with Sims’ figure seems to have been reported
since then, and partly because M. Carriére,t and following
him, Mr. Baker,t confused with it a garden plant, which,
in fact, appears to be Y. Louisianensis. In his article in
The Garden,§ Mr. Hemsley copies the original illustra-
tions of both forms, though treating them as pertaining
to one species. Both Baker and Hemsley mention her-
barium specimens collected by Drummond in Texas and
near New Orleans, as representing their Yucca stricta,
which Mr. Baker subsequently called Y. angustifolia var.
'Y. stricta || and which cannot well be the stricta of Sims or
‘of Carritre, but is what is here called Y. Arkansana or
Y. tenuistyla, or both. It is interestmg to note that
although much collecting has been done in the South
Atlantic region since the time of Sims’ publication of
Yucca stricta, no green-styled species of the alliance of

* On this see Nuttall, Genera 1 ; 218. (1818).
t+ Rev. Horticole. 1859 ; 466-470. f. 701-2.
t Gard. Chron. 1870: 923.

§ Garden. 8 : 130, 132, 140. (1875).

|| Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 227. (1880).

PaO co Se a, ots an tg

THE YUCCEAE. 63

the Rocky Mountain Y. glauca has been found in that
region, the nearest approach being the Gulf plant here
called Y. Louisianensis. :

A few years since, Mr. James Gurney, Head Gardener of
the Missouri Botanical Garden, was struck with the variety
of foliage and difference in vigor of growth shown by the
soap plants of Seward County, in extreme southwestern
Kansas, and he selected for the Garden and for Tower
Grove Park a considerable number of plants to show the
differences. Some of these plants, which have made a
remarkably rapid growth, have now come into bloom.
They differ considerably both as to their tendency to form
a short trunk and in breadth and flexibility of foliage,
though in this latter respect coming within the known
range of variation of Y. glauca, and to an equal extent in
inflorescence, the variation in the two characters, however,
not appearing capable of connection. While some of
the plants produce a simple inflorescence, indistin-
guishable from that of Y. glauca, others almost exactly
match the original figure of Y. stricta, and still others,
with the same compound inflorescence, have the branches
originating at about the top of the leaves instead of in the
leaf-cluster. There seems to be little doubt that these
plants represent the true stricta of Sims, and that the At-
lantic States locality assigned to this when it was published
rests upon some sort of error. Although, as has been
said, the cultivated plants produce either simple or branched
inflorescence, the prevalence of the latter in those which
are strongly developed, and the rareness of branching in
the usual form of Y. glauca, make it desirable to recog-
nize this form varietally.

Y. Arkansana Trelease.
Y. angustifolia mollis Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3350, 51.
(1878). — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 143; 253.
¥. glauca mollis Branner & Coville, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Arkansas
for 1888. 43224.

64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Y. stricta Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 923.— Hemsley, Garden.
8 ; 132. — As to herbarium citations, in part.

Y. angustifolia stricta Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 :227.— As to
herbarium citations, in part.

Y. glauca stricta Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 43206. pl. 22. —
Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 2: 437.

Y. recurvifolia ? Nutt. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 5: 156.

Aspect and foliage of Y. tenuistyla. Inflorescence about 1 m. high,
racemose or very rarely with a few branches, glabrous. Flowers with
mostly greenish-white broad and obtuse segments: style green, usually
very tumid below. Capsule little flaring, smooth: seeds dull, 7 to
8X 10 mm. — Plates 30, 31. 83, f. 7.

From about Catoosa, I. T. (Bush, 1278) and Little
Rock, Ark. (Engelmann, May 1837) to the vicinity of San
Antonio, Tex.— Plate 88, f. 2.

The specific name Arkansana, here used, is applied in
deference to the prevalent American practice in nomencla-
ture, Engelmann’s varietal name mollis (1873) having been
similarly used under Y. gloriosa by Carriére, in 1860.

33. Inflorescence amply panicled on a long scape. Foliage of the
preceding or wider.

Y. Louisianensis Trelease.

Y. filamentosa Riddell, N. O. Med. & Surg. Journ. 8 : 763. — Rafines-
que, Fl. Ludovic. 18, —Gray, Manual. [6 ed.]. 524. — Britton, Man-
ual. 269.—As to the Louisiana citation.

Y. stricta, Y. stricta elatior, and Y. stricta intermedia Carriétre, Rev.
Hort. 1859 ; 390, 466. f. 701-2.

Of the aspect of the preceding, or, when the inner leaves are dilated,
of Y. jilamentosa media. The flaccid green leaves 10 to exceptionally
40 mm. wide, white bordered sparingly filiferous. Inflorescence an ex-
serted glabrous or mostly pubescent panicle. Petals broad to attenuate.
Style variously tumid and deep green, to pale and oblong. Capsule
stout and short, angular in developing, as in Y. flaccida: seeds 6 to7 KX 6
to 10mm. — Plates 32-34. 83, f. 8.

Louisiana (Alexandria, Ball 558; Minden and Alden
Bridge, Trelease) to northern Texas (Jefferson, Trelease ;
Dallas, Reverchon; Texarkana, Trelease) and southeastern
Indian Territory (Atoka, Butler; Standley, Ferriss;
Poteau, Trelease). — Plate 92, f. 1.

Apparently a western derivation of the same stock as the

pla eA eas te OTE ME te ee al - ee Oe a ee ee ee | a ee oer te

THE YUCCEAE. 65

eastern Y. filamentosa and Y. flaccida, to both of which it
bears some relationship, while apparently distinct from
either. At Dallas, where Mr. Reverchon has long culti-
vated this and Y. rupicola, spontaneous hybrids occur, with
the leaf-margin neither denticulate nor filiferous.

11. Leaves not filiferous, with a distinct thin horny, finely denticulate
border.

2. Capsule mucronate, with flat-backed valves.

Y. rigida (Engelmann) Trelease.

Y. rupicola rigida Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8: 49. (1873).—
Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 143 253. — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 18 : 223.

Caulescent, reaching a height of 3 to 5 m., simple or elongately few-
branched above. Leaves glaucous, thin but rather rigidly spreading,
about 25 mm. wide, mostly concave, often with scabrid ridges, slender-
tipped but very pungent, the yellow margin minutely denticulale. Inflo-
rescence rather large, panicled close to the branches, glabrous. Flowers
not very large. Capsule oblong, thick-walled, rough, not constricted,
the flat valves tipped with short outcurved points: seeds very dull, 4 to 5
X 5to6 mm.— Plates 35. 36,f.1. 84, f. 1.

Mexico, from central Chihuahua to eastern Durango. —
Plate 93, f. 2.

The Engelmann herbarium contains two specimens (nos.
A. and 477) of a Yucca collected in 1847 by Dr. Gregg, in
a dry valley between Mapimi and Guajuquilla, in northern
Mexico, which he noted as from 5 to 10 feet high, and which
possesses glaucous denticulate-margined rather narrow
leaves which in the herbarium appear quite rigid. In
revising the Yuccas, Dr. Engelmann, recognizing a certain
comparability of these specimens with Y. rupicola, desig-
nated them by the varietal name rigida, under that species,
evidently mistaking Gregg’s note on the height of the
plants for that of the scape, instead of the trunk, which
it really appears to have referred to. Within recent years,
the same plant has been collected (and sometimes referred
to this variety) by Wilkinson (134715, 224209), Rae and
Hough (4220), and Pringle (165) in the Santa Eulalia
mountains, near the city of Chihuahua.

5

66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

South of Torreon, along the Mexican Central railroad,
particularly from about Picardias to about Jalisco, this
small tree is abundant, on or near the rocky hillsides, and
conspicuously contrasted with accompanying Y. T’reculeana
by its very glaucous narrower foliage. It may be that small
trees between Monterey and Saltillo, visible from the Mexi-
can National railroad, extend its range to the east.

Yucca rigida, the specific name of which is descriptive
only when its dried leaves are compared with those of Y.
rupicola, is one of the handsomest tree Yuccas, in its foli-
age. The slender trunks are commonly simple, but occas-
ionally once or more forked, with elongate branches. When
well developed the leaves are from .3 to .6 m. long, 20 to 30
mm. wide, and, as would scarcely be inferred from herba-
rium material, decidedly concave up to the very slender
pungent terete point; both surfaces are closely ridged and
often minutely roughened, and the bright yellow margin,
though occasionally nearly smooth, is usually finely den-
ticulate, so as to possess a keen cutting power. Though, as
has been said, the plant forms a low tree when developed,
a few specimens have been seen bearing panicles when still
practically acaulescent, as is also true of Y. radiosa about
El Paso. The panicles are loosely branched shortly above
the crown of leaves, and the very hard oblong capsules,
about 50 mm. long and 25 mm. in diameter, are parted
about to the middle into 3 valves which are conspicuously
flattened or even concave on the back, and with short out-
curved apical points, and the inner or placental dehiscence
is very narrow, so that the small thin black seeds escape
only when jarred out edgewise.

Dr. Engelmann would doubtless have given specific rank
to this tree, had he not misapprehended its relation in size
and field appearance to the typical acaulescent often twisted-
leaved Y. rupicola, which, in contrast with it, he called
variety tortifolia. The foliage and capsular characters
added above leave no room for question as to its specific
distinctness from the latter.

THE YUCCEAE. 67

Y. X rigida Deleuil, described by M. André,* is a garden
hybrid obtained from Y. gloriosa fertilized by Y. cornuta
(which is considered to be a synonym of Y. Treculeana),
and, as the name rigida, being preoccupied, cannot be re-
tained for it, it may be named, after its originator, Y. x
Deleuili, in case, as seems desirable for convenience of
reference, it and other hybrids are to be designated by
binomials.

Y. rupicota Scheele, Linnaea. 23: 143. (1850). — Le-
maire, Ill. Hort. 18: 96.— Baker, Gard. Chron.
1870: 828.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis.
3: 48.—Garden. 1: 161.— Watson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 14 : 253. — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18:
222.— Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 2: 436. —
Bot. Mag. iii. 47. pl. 7172.— Reverchon, Gard. &
Forest. 6: 64.— Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3: 163.
eee

Y. rupicola tortifolia Engelmann, 1. c.

Y. lutescens Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1858 : 579.
Y. tortilis Hort.

¥. contorta Hort.

Acaulescent. Leaves glaucous, pungent, firm or flaccidly spreading,
often twisted, .3 to .5 m. long, 25 to 30 mm. wide, the yellowish finely
denticulate margin soon turning brown. Inflorescence glabrous, panicled
mostly above the leaves. Flowers white or greenish: style white or
greenish, oblong, often 3-sided. Capsule thin-walled, with flat or con-
cave mucronate valves: seeds rather dull, 5 to6 x 7 to 9 mm. — Plates
37-39. 84,f.2.

South-central Texas, from Tarrant County southwest-
ward to and probably acrossthe boundary.—Plate 93, f. 2.

One of the early discoveries of Lindheimer (1845), and
Trécul (1848-9), sufficiently distinct from all of its con-
geners. Dr. Engelmann designated it as a. tortifolia, to
distinguish it from his 8. rigida, spoken of above, with the
statement that it is cultivated under the two garden names

given in the synonymy.

* Revue Horticole. 55; 110. (1883). 67: 81. (1895).

68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

In speaking of Y. rupicola and what he called its
variety rigida, Dr. Engelmann* refers to intermediate
specimens collected by Wright in «* Eastern New Mexico”
(no. 1909). The leaves of this number in the Torrey
herbarium ( Plate 37), it is true, are very hard to distinguish
from narrower herbarium leaves of Y. rigida, but the cor-
responding sheet in the Gray herbarium (Plate 38) clearly
represents a crown of the acaulescent Y. rupicola with
inner leaves, — narrower and less twisted than the outer
leaves probably were. A similar intermediate specimen in
the Engelmann herbarium, collected by Wright in April or
May 1850, on “ Hills of the Blanco ”’ is from the region of
and accompanied by unmistakable, though detached, leaves
of Y. rupicola, to which I should refer all of these speci-
mens.

22. Capsule attenuate-beaked, with round-backed valves.

Y. rostrata Engelmann, in herb.

Of the aspect of Y. radiosa. Caulescent, at length 3m. high, simple
or short-branched at the crown. Leaves very numerous, rigidly diver-
gent, scarcely 10 mm. wide, a little glaucous, flat or biconvex, striate,
thin, very pungent, the yellow margin minutely denticulate. Inflores-
cence ample, with subincluded base or mostly exserted, glabrous. Flowers
white, umbonate at base: style white, attenuate. Capsule oblong-ovoid,
thick-walled, with convex valves long-attenuate and spreading above:
seeds rather dull, 4 to 5X 6 to 7 mm. — Plates 36, f. 2. 40-42. 84, f. 3.

Northern Mexico, from northern Chihuahua to the
Sabinas valley in eastern Coahuila. — Plate 93, f. 2.

In 1852, Dr. Bigelow, of the boundary survey, collected
a Yucca with narrow denticulate leaves, somewhat resem-
bling Y. rigida, at Bufatillo, said to be in a volcanic moun-
tainous region near Presidio del Norte, and what may pos-
sibly have been the same thing on sand hills thirty miles
below San Elizario, — both along the Rio Grande, — and
on gravelly hills at Los Moros. In August, 1880, Dr.
Edward Palmer collected leaves, capsules, and seeds of ap-

* Trans. Acad Sci. St. Louis. 3 50.

THE YUCCEAE. 69

parently the same thing at Monclova, in the State of Coa-
huila. To these latter, Dr. Engelmann attached the manu-
script name Y. rostrata, descriptive of the long-attenuate
apex of the fruit.

While passing between Eagle Pass and Monterey, in
company with Professor Sargent and Mr. Canby, in March
1900, my attention was attracted by a narrow-leaved
Yucca that was cultivated at C. P. Diaz and in station
yards along the Mexican International railroad, and that
was found forming a natural low forest about Peyotes, on
the water-shed between the Rio Grande and Sabinas, where,
on subsequent visits, in April and August, I was able to
study it in detail.

Among Yuccas this is conspicuously loosely rooted in the
soil, so that large plants are easily removed. The trunks
vary in height from about .3 m. to an observed maximum
of about 3 m., the usual height being about 2 m., and the
wood is extremely soft and spongy. When the old
leaves are removed, the diameter of the stem is usually .15
or .2 m., and it is not dilated except where the roots start
from the base. Older plants aresometimes branched at the
top, but the branches remain short, so that these trees
usually possess several subapical crowns of leaves, rather
than a series of separated elongated branches, like those
of many other arborescent species.

The leaves are very numerous, radiating in every direc-
tion from the top of the stem in an oblong or usually nearly
globose crown some 1.25 to 2 m. in diameter, and, although
thin, they are sufficiently rigid rarely to become arched from
their own weight, as they are in the species of Nolina, like
NV. longifolia, with similar foliage. They are flattened or a
little biconvex, quickly contracted from a broad base andthen
very narrowly lanceolate, measuring about 6 mm. at the nar-
rowest point and 12 mm. at the widest, which is about one-
third their length below the grooved, acute, pungent apex.
They are somewhat glaucous, occasionally slightly twisted

70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

and striately veined, and with a very narrow bright yellow
horny margin that bears numerous very minute teeth, like
those of Y.rupicolaand Y.rigida. The old leaves, closely
reflexed against the stem, persist for many years as a straw-
colored thatch-like covering, and the denuded lower stem
is lozenge-marked by the leaf-scars and does not develop a
thick bark.

The glabrous panicle ranges from .5 m. long to more than
twice that length, and is raised on a stalk 30 to 50mm.
thick, which, though sometimes barely protruding from the
leaves, is more commonly exserted for a length about equal
to that of the branched part, and is sparingly bracteate, the
narrow green lower bracts gradually passing into the dingy
floral bracts. ‘The common outline of the flower-cluster is
attenuate-ovoid, but not infrequently the lower part of the
cluster, like the top, is unbranched, the uppermost and
lowest flowers then standing in the axils of the bracts of
the main stem.

The rather large waxen pendent white flowers, which are
very rarely somewhat purple-tinged, expand from 50 to 75
mm. ‘They are slightly umbonate at base, on short curved
pedicels which rarely reach their ownlength. The segments
of the perianth are lance-obovate, the inner whorl somewhat
crenulate, and the outer narrower, thicker and subentire.
The stamens, which are somewhat clavately thickened and
spreading near the top, are coarsely papillate-pubescent,
as in other species of the genus. The narrowly oblong
conical ovary is green, and the attenuate white style con-
siderably surpasses the stamens and ends in three slightly
notched lobes.

The erect or suberect very firm-walled capsule, measur-
ing about 25 < 50 mm., is oblong-acuminate with the atten-
uate upper third of the convex carpels somewhat spreading
in dehiscence, and is raised on a concavely obconical base,
corresponding to that noted for the flowers, from the top of
which remnants of the withered perianth commonly de-

pk oi Sit Polite tae he —_
+ z at wee i 8 7 RS Il A agar, oe ees

THE YUCCEAE. ye

pend. The seeds are black, thin, margined, and rather
small.

Of somewhat the aspect of Y. radiosa, but with more
rigid and denticulate not filiferous leaves, this species rivals
in gracefulness of habit the Nolinas of Mexico and the
grass-trees (Xanthorrhoea) of the South Sea, both of which
it far surpasses in beauty of inflorescence, and it should
prove a desirable addition to regions like California, Madeira
and the Mediterranean countries, where it will prove hardy,
and to some of the gardens of which I have been able to
send viable seed.

AA. Fruit indehiscent (so far as known).

B. Fruit soon drying, erect, spreading or pendent. Seeds thin, flat,
slightly margined: albumen not ruminated (but surface of seed often
somewhat grooved). — § Heteroyucca.

1. Leaves finely denticulate, softly green-pointed. Large tree.

Y. eicanrea Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 6. Misc. 91. (Nov. 1859).
13:92. — Rev. Hort. 1860 : 222. — Engelmann, Trans.
Acad. St. Louis. 3 : 212.— Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870:
1184. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 224. — Hemsley,
Garden. 8: 134. — Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
9:141. pl. 40-42.

At length a rough-barked branching tree 10 m. or more high. Leaves
rigidly spreading or somewhat flexuous, green, glossy, plicate, with soft
green tip, over 1 m. long and often 100 mm. wide, scabrid margined. In-
florescence compact, close to the leaves. Flowers resembling those of
Y. gloriosa. Fruit apparently soon drying.

This species, if more than aform of Y. elephantipes, was
first described from young specimens cultivatedin European’
gardens, and again, in mature form, from a large tree cul-
tivated in the Azores. It does not appear to be known in
a state of nature. In habit and foliage, except for larger
dimensions, it resembles Y. elephantipes, but if the notes
on the spontaneous Azorean fruit are accurate, possesses
fruit comparable with that of Y. gloriosa, and it may be a
hybrid, Y. elephantipes being doubtless one parent, in this
case; but it is very doubtful as anything but a form of Y.
elephantipes.

72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

11. Leaves at most sparingly denticulate or filiferous, pungent.

‘Lower plants.
2. Leaves broad, rigidly ascending or spreading.

_Y. atorrosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 319. (1753). — Walter, Fl.
‘Carol. 124. — Michaux, Fl. 1:196. — Duhamel, Arbres
et Arbustes. 3. pl. 35. — Bryant, Flora Diaetetica.
‘16. —Pursh, Fl. 1: 228.—Elliott, Bot. S. C. & Ga.
-1:400. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870 : 1184. — Engel-
‘mann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3:38, 211, 213. —
Koch, Dendrologie. 2?:343.—Carriére, Rev. Hort.
49 :287. f. 48.— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad.
14: 251. —Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 225. —
|Sargent, Silva. 10: 23. pl. 503.—Gard. Chron. iii.
28: 262. f. 77. — Garden. 49: 218. f.

(Y. acuminata Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, pl. 195. (1827). —Bommer,

‘Journ. d’Hort. Prat. 1859:42.—Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:95. —
Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 1123. Ref. Bot. 5, pl. 316. — Engel-
mann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. $:40.— Garden. 82133. — Gard.
Chron. n. s. 43110.

Y. gloriosa acuminata Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1868: 157. — Baker, Journ..
Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 226.

Y. integerrima Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 2 ¢ 267. (1812).

Si ratemns
Yuca, sive Iucca Perana. Gerarde, Herball. 1359. f. (1597).

Yuca foliis Aloes. Bauhin, Pinax. 91. (1623, 1671).— Morison, Plant.
Hist. 23419. Sect. 4. pl. 23. (1680).— Pontedera, Anthologia, 295.

pl. 6. f. n. (1720).

Yuca sive Iucca. Parkinson, Paradisus Terrestris. 434. f. (1629).

Yucca, sive Iucca Peruana. Johnson in Gerarde, Herball. 1543. f.

_ (1636). —Raius, Hist. Plant. 2: 1201. (1688).

Juca gloriosa. Munting, Waare Oeff. der Pl. 471. pl. (1682). — Naauw-
keur. Beschryv. der Aardgew. 663. (1696.)

‘Yucca; foliis Aloés. Boerhaave, Index Alter Pl. Hort. Lugd.-Bat.
2132. (1720, 1727).

Cordyline foliis pungentibus integerrimis. Van Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prod.
22. (1740).

Yucca foliis margine integerrimis. Linnaeus, Hort. Cliff. 130.(1737)
Hort. Ups. 88. (1748).

Shortly caulescent and cespitose or the trunk 3 to 5 m. high and with
several branches. Leaves slightly glaucous when young, smooth or the
dorsal lines roughened, rather thin but rigid, often concave near the in-
rolled purfgent usually dark apex, about .5 m. long and 50 mm. wide, the

ep iit al SR ok AS eh

THE YUCCEAE. 713

usually brown margin at first with a very few distant rarely persistent
minute teeth, when developed entire or occasionally with a few detach-
ing slender fibers. Inflorescence mostly narrowly paniculate, the base
often not exserted, glabrous or exceptionally puberulent. Flowers
creamy white, often tinged with red or violet: ovary often with a slight
suggestion of basal stipe; style oblong, white, frequently 3-divided.
Fruit obovoid-oblong, mostly pendent, with six prominent ridges, the
thin exocarp soon drying about the core: seeds glossy, 5 to 6 x 6 to7
mm., slightly grooved as if the albumen were ruminated.— Plates 43-46.
80, f. 4.

Coast and <‘ sea islands,’’ from South Carolina to north-
eastern Florida, on the sand dunes. Generally planted and

in places escaping, in the eastern Gulf region.—Plate 94,

Pf

The typical form and what is called here variety plicata
are the only spontaneous forms of this species of which I
have knowledge. It has been in cultivation since 1596
(Gerarde, Herball, 1359. f.), and to-day is represented by
a considerable number of garden forms, several of them
hardy further North than any other species except Y. flac-
cida, Y. filamentosa, and Y. glauca. Some of these
approach the following two species while others, scarcely
presenting mature characters, are but tentatively placed
anywhere; and a number of imperfectly described gar-
den hybrids add to the difficulty of properly understand-
ing Y. gloriosa. The following key, including these hy-
brids, may serve for the naming of the forms: —
Leaves not or little plicate, usually concave only toward the end.

Leaves rigidly spreading.
From slightly glaucous becoming green, .4 to .8 m. long, 40 to

50 mm. wide. Y. gloriosa.
Dwarf and smaller-leaved. f. minor.

More persistently glaucous.
Somewhat falcate. f. obliqua.
With whitish median variegation. f. medio-striata.

Outer leaves somewhat recurving.

Leaves but transiently glaucous. var. robusta.
Persistently glaucous. f. nobilis.

Leaves narrower. f. longifolia.

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Leaves conspicuously plicate toward the end, mostly very concave, not

recurved.
Rather persistently glaucous. var. plicata.
. Tall (1.5 to 3m.) Leaves at last greener. f. superba.
; Leaves dark green, persistently denticulate. f. maculata.
; Leaves purplish. Y. xX Deleuili.
Leaves greener, very broad. ' ¥.X sulcata.
Leaves olive-green, scarcely pungent. ¥.X Carrierei.

Y. Giortosa Linnaeus.
Synonymy as above.

Acaulescent or not tall. Leaves broad, entire, green, neither recurved
nor plicate, plane or very openly concave. — Plates 43. 44.

The most common form of the Sea Islands of South
Carolina and Georgia.

Y. GLORIOsA MINOR Carriére, Rev. Hort.” 1860: 361. —
Truffaut, Rev. Hort. 1869: 474. — Baker, Ref. Bot.
5. pl. 319. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 225.

? Y. acuminata Garden. 27 ; 266. f.
Y. rubra Hort.

A garden form, smaller in every way. — Plate 45.

Y¥. @Lorrosa oBiigua (Haworth) Baker, Gard. Chron.
1870 :1184. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 225.

Y. obliqua Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 69. (1812). — Lemaire, Ill, Hort.
18 :95.—Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 3 40. — Koch, Den-
drol. 223345.

A form with glaucous leaves somewhat twisted to one side.

Y. GLORIOSA MEDIO-STRIATA Planchon, Fl. des Serres. 23.
pl. 2393-4. (1880).— Gard. Chron. n. s. 13: 716. —
Belg. Hort. 31:36.— Wiener II]. Gart.-Zeit. 6: 156.

Y. gloriosa medio-picta Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1880 : 259.

A garden sport with a median whitish stripe on the leaves,

Y. GLORIOSA ROBUSTA Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1868. 158.

? Y. acutifolia Truffaut, Rev. Hort. 1869 ; 320. — Belg. Hort. 1870: 24.

Y. gloriosa recurvata Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 1184.

¥. gloriosa Gawler, Bot. Mag. 81. pl. 1260. — Redouté, Liliacées. 6,
pl. 326-7.

THE YUCCEAE. 75

Intermediate between Y. gloriosa and Y. recurvifolia, with the outer-
most of the evanescently glaucous usually slightly plicate leaves somewhat
stifly recurved.

Y. GLORIOSA NOBILIS Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860: 360.1868:
157.

Y. Eliacombet Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 317. (1872).— Engelmann,
Trans. Acad. St. Louis. $:41.—Garden. 4% 356. 8: 134, 147. 16:3
196, 214, 216, 236, 257, 285. — Gard. Chron. iii. 23111.

Y. gloriosa Ellacombei Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 183226. (1880).

Y. gloriosa Gardening Ill. 223155. f.

Leaves scarcely plicate, glaucous, the outer recurved, sometimes
twisted to one side.

An intermediate form, differing from f. robusta in its
more persistently glaucous leaves. M. Carritre (Rev.
Hort. 1860: 361) recognizes a sub-variety parviflora of
this variety.

Y. GLORIOSA LONGIFOLIA Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1862: 234.

Y. longifolia Hort. in part.

Y. glaucescens Rev. Hort. 13266. 23:111.— Baker, Kew Bull.
1892; 8.

Y. gloriosa glaucescens Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1860; 360.— Baker,
Gard. Chron. 18703 1184.

? Y. Brasiliensis Baker, Kew Bull. 189238.

Scarcely differs from var. nobilis except in its leaves when young
being narrower, though in age they are said toreach a width of 75 mm.

Y. GLoriIosa PLicatTa Carritre, Rey. Hort. 1860: 359.—
Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3:39, 40.—
Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 225.

Y. gloriosa Maund, Bot. Gard. 3. no. 286. — Elliott, Bot. 8. C. & Ga.
1: 400. — Lemaire, Il. Hort. 18; 94.— Garden. 81:161. f. 45345.
f. 493332. f.— Gard. Chron. n. s. 193820. f. 137. iii. 83692. f.
136. iii. 15: 304. pl.— Amer. Florist. 8361. f.—Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 3. pl. 6.—Gardiner, Journ. of Hort. 52 ; 487. f. 126.

Y. plicata Hort.

Y. plicata glauca Hort.

Y. plicatilis Hort.

Y. glauca Hort., in part.

Differs from the type in having the more permanently glaucous usually

shorter and hence relatively broader concave leaves evidently plicate to-
ward the apex.

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

‘¢ Sea islands ’’ of Georgia and South Carolina, with the
type.

Y. GLORIOSA SUPERBA (Haworth) Baker, Gard. Chron.
1870:1184. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 225. — Ella-
combe, Garden. 8:147.

Y. superba Haworth, Suppl. 36. (1819).—Bot. Register. 20. pi.
1690.— Lemaire, Il. Hort. 13 : 94. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis. $:41.—Ellacombe, Gard. Chron. iii. 23111.

Y. gloriosa Gard. Chron. n. s. 12: 500, 688. 7. 778.— Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 3. pl. 7. — Garden. 88 3202. f. 583446. f.

A cultivated form of var. plicata, becoming 8 or 4 m. high, with greener
leaves. — Plates 46, f. 1. 84, f. 4.

Y. @Loriosa MACULATA Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1859: 389,
430. — Koch, Dendrol. 2?: 345.

A low garden form, with the plicate dark green leaves persistently a
little roughened on the margin: the varietal name referring to a mottled
variation of the usual red tinging of the flowers,

22. Leaves more elongated, recurved.

Y. rEcuRvVIFOLIA Salisbury, Parad. Lond. pl. 31. (1806).—
Nuttall, Gen. 1: 218. — Pursh, Fl. 1: 228. — Elliott,
Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:401.— Lemaire, Ill. Hort.
13 : 94.—Curtis, Bot. N. Car. 56. — Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1870:1184. Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 321.— Hemsley,
Garden. 8 : 133, 136. f.— Koch, Dendrol. 2?: 344. —
Gardiner, Journ. of Hort. 42 : 246. /.

Y. gloriosa recurvifolia Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 ¢ 39, 40.
(1873). — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 225. — Amer. Garden.
11 : 661, 666. f.

Y. recurva Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 69. (1812).— Gard. Chron. n. s.
18 ; 689. — Garden. 16; 528. 47 ; 337. f. — Gardening Ill. 18 : 230. /.
222485. f.

Y. obliqua Regel, Gartenflora. 8:36. 173161. pl. 580.

Y. pendula Groenland, Rev. Hort. 1858 ; 433. f. 128.— Carriére, Rev.
Hort. 18593488. f. 104.— Annales d’Hort. et de Bot. 2393. —
Baker, Kew Bull. 1892 ; 8. — Garden. 1; 238. f.

¥. gloriosa Riddell, N.O. Med & Surg. Journ. 8:763.— Lloyd &
Tracy, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 28371, 91.

Y. gloriosa mollis Carriére, Rev. Hort. 18603 362.—Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1870; 1184.

THE YUCCEAE. 17

Y. gloriosa planifolia Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3:39, 41.(1873),
Y. filamentosa variegata Park & Cemetery. 11; 184. f.
Y. variafolia Garden. 163 257.

Shortly caulescent, branching. Leaves at first somewhat glaucous,
nearly plane, long, flexible, recurved, about 50 mm. wide, often slightly
plicate above, narrowly yellow- or brown-margined, often with a very
few microscopic teeth, at length entire or slightly filiferous. Panicle
narrow, the scape often included. Styles shouldered. Fruit erect,
oblong, with 6 winged ribs mostly infolded over the nectarial grooves:
seeds rather dull, 6 to 77 to 8 mm., the surface less grooved. — Plates
46,47. 84, f. 5.

‘¢ Sea islands ’’ and adjacent coast of Georgia, and on
Dauphin, Ship and Breton islands, between the mouth of
the Mobile and the mouth of the Mississippi river. — Plate
94, f. 2.

This species appears to have been in cultivation since
1794, and, like the preceding, is represented by many gar-
den varieties, among which some of the described hybrids
already referred to are placed in the following key : —

Leaves neither variegated nor very broadly margined. Y. recurvifolia.
Bracts blackish- or purplish-brown. f. tristis.
Leaves dark green, 75 mm. broad. Y. & Andreana.

Leaves with conspicuous brown margin. f. rufocincta.

Leaves variegated.

With broad yellow margin. f. marginata.
With median yellow band. f£. variegata.
With median reddish stripe. f. elegans.

Short and broad with pale or purplish stripes. Y. X dracaenoides.

Y. RECURVIFOLIA Salisbury.
Synonymy as above.

Leaves soon becoming dark green, greatly elongated, very much
recurved. — Plates 46, f. 2. 47, f. 1. 84,f. 5.

The usual wild form.

Y. recurvifolia tristis (Carritre) Trelease.

Y. gloriosa tristis Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1860: 303. — Koch, Dendrol.
2? 3 345.

A form with blackish-purple bracts.

78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Y. RECURVIFOLIA RUFOCINCTA Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870 :
1184.

Y. rufocincta Haworth, Suppl. 37.(1819).— Regel, Gartenflora. 8: 37. —
Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 13: 95.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis.
$241.

Y. gloriosa rufocincta Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 225. (1880).

A low form with rather pronounced accentuation of the reddish-
brown margin.

¥. recurvifolia marginata (Carritre) Trelease.

Y. gloriosa marginata Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1880 259.

Y. gloriosa marginata aurea Carriére, 1. c. 260.

Y. gloriosa elegans marginata Gard. Chron. n. s. 103667. (1878). —
Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 5 : 76.

Leaves bordered with yellow, and often also rosy tinted. Gardens.

¥. recurvifolia variegata (Carritre) Trelease.

Y. pendula variegata Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1875 : 400.

Y. gloriosa variegata Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1880: 260.— Gard. Chron.
1873 36. iii. 6 3276, 305.

Y. pendula aurea Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1877 3.249. 1879 : 404.

? Y. recurva elegantissima, Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 5 : 460. (1880).

? Y. glaucescens variegata Hort.

A garden sport with median yellow stripe.

Y. recurvifolia elegans Trelease.

Y. gloriosa elegans variegata. Belg. Hort. 18803 63.— Gard. Chron.
n. 8. 163 439.

¥. gloriosa variegata Belg. Hort. 1884: 33.

Y. gloriosa recurvifolia, fol. var. Rodigas, Ill. Hort. 80:13. pl. 475.
(1883).

Differs in having the median stripe reddish.

Y. Furxiis Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1859: 398. JS. 89.—
Horticulturist. 14 :548. f.—Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 13:
97. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 1183. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 18 : 224. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis. 3: 41.— Koch, Dendrol. 22: 345. — Hemsley,
Garden. 8:129, 134. /.
¥. Mexicana Hort., in part.

Shortly caulescent. Leaves mostly transiently glaucous, nearly plane,
long, narrow (20 to 40 mm.), little if at all plicate, occasionally a little

THE YUCCEAE. 79

persistently denticulate or filiferous, flexible, at least the outer recurved.
Panicle loose, exserted on a long scape. Style somewhat shouldered.
Fruit unknown.

A many-formed plant, apparently known only in gar-
dens. — Plate 47, f. 2.

The principal forms and the comparable named hybrids
may be separated as follows: —

Leaves plane or little concave, bright glossy green, recurved. Y. flezilis.

Taller (1 or 2 m.). Leaves pale green. f. ensifolia.

Leaves somewhat falcate. f. tortulata.

Leaves evidently filiferous in age. f. Hildrethi.

Leaves glaucous, little recurved. f. patens.
Leaves concave, pale green.

Outer leaves recurved. f. semicylindrica.

Leaves all strict. f. Peacockii.

Leaves scarcely pungent. f. Boerhaavii.

Leaves pale-striate, filiferous. Y. X striatula.

The following garden hybrids, with flexible leaves less
than 25 mm. wide, might be sought here: —

Leaves flat, entire.

? Y. X Massiliensis,
? ¥. X ensifera.
Leaves flat, often denticulate. Y. X laevigata.
Leaves very concave. Y¥. x juncea,

Y. FLEXILIS Carriére.

Synonymy as above.

Dwarf. Leaves long and narrow, loosely recurved, bright glossy
green.

Known only in gardens, where, according to M. Carritre,
it is sometimes erroneously called Y. acuminata, Y. sten-
ophylla, Y. longifolia, and Y. angustifolia. It is also in
part the Y. gloriosa of gardens.

Y. flexilis Peacockii (Baker ) Trelease.

Y. Peacockit Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18; 223. (1880). Kew
Bull. 18923 8.— Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeit. 6 : 320. — Garden. 19: 226.

Scarcely appears to differ except in the numerous leaves being stricter.

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Y. FLEXILIS ENSIFOLIA (Groenland) Baker, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 18 : 224. (1880).

Y. ensifolia Groenland, Rev. Hort. 1859: 433. /. 729.— Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1870: 217. Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 378.— Engelmann, Trans.
Acad. St. Louis. 8: 41.— Hemsley, Garden. 8 : 134. f.

Y. Eylesit Hort.

Taller (1 to 1.5 m.) with less recurving, soon pale green, somewhat
concave, entire leaves.

Y. flexilis Hildrethi Trelease.

Differs from f. ensifolia chiefly in having its frequently somewhat fal-
cate leaves usually finely filiferous in age.— Plate 41, f. 2.

Cultivated, from unrecorded source, and escaped, at the
place of Mr. J. A. Hildreth, at St. Augustine, Fla., where
it is said to bloom through the winter and where the spec-
cimen photographed was observed in flower at the end of
May, simultaneously with Y. aloifolia, — though it has
never been known to set fruit.

Y. flexilis tortulata (Baker) Trelease.

Y. tortulata Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 1122.— Engelmann, Trans.
Acad. St. Louis. 8 :41.— Hemsley, Garden. 8 ; 133.

Y. gloriosa tortulata Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 226. (1880).

Y. falcata Garden. 16 : 369. (1879).

Y. flexilis falcata Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 224. (1880).

Y. undulata Hort., in part.

Differs from f. ensifolia chiefly in being shorter-stemmed and with
the green leaves flatter and somewhat falcate, and from Y. gloriosa
minor in its longer outer leaves being reflexed.

Y. FLEXILIS SEMICYLINDRICA Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
18 :224. (1880).

Y. semicylindrica Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870; 1217.

Differs from f. ensifolia inits firm and deeply concave narrower leaves
(less than 20 mm. wide).

Y. flexilis Boerhaavii (Baker) Trelease.

Y. Boerhaavii Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870; 1217. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
18 ; 224. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. $; 41.

Chiefly differs from the preceding in its flat scarcely pungent leaves.

SEE Se ee eS ee ee oe ee

THE YUCCEAE. 81

Y. flexilis patens (André) Trelease.

Y. patens André, Ill. Hort. 173120. f. (1870).—Gard. Chron.
18713 412.

Y. pruinosa Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870 ¢ 1122. — Garden 8 ¢ 133.

Y. gloriosa pruinosa Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 183 226. (1880).

A garden form, said to have come from China, with less arched glau-
«cous slightly rough-margined leaves: approaching some of the forms
of Y. gloriosa.

Y. gloriosa, Y. recurvifolia, and Y. flexilis, — the last
two of which have frequently been treated as forms or
varieties of the first-named, present a number of interesting
and suggestive peculiarities when studied comparatively.

Y. gloriosa occurs spontaneously among the sand dunes
of a restricted portion of the southeastern Atlantic coast,
where it is often intimately associated with Y. aloifolia
and oneor moreforms of Y. filamentosa. Y.recurvifolia,
except for one isolated group of stations, is known from a
still more limited part of the same coast. Y. jlexilis is
known only in gardens, and its source appears to have been
as unknown to its describer as it is to those who now
cultivate it.

About these three so-called species, have clustered in
horticultural literature a considerable number of cultivated
forms, sometimes treated as varieties of one or the other
and sometimes specifically named, all of them entire-leaved
with the exception that the margin is more or less persist-
ently a little roughened or denticulate or a little filiferous
in several of them, and all, so far as I have observed rec-
ords, flowering usually in late summer or later,— occas-
ionally well on to the end of the season.

These forms are not infrequently aberrant when placed,
from the appearance of a character usually present in some
other of the three species than the one under which the
given form goes on the general assemblage of its characters.
This interblending of characters in some of the variants of
plants so distinct in their typical forms as Y. gloriosa, Y.

6

82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

recurvifolia and Y. flexilis are, suggests the possibility that
the connecting varieties may really be of hybrid origin.
Opposed to this supposition, however, are the absence of
any recorded history of their source or origin; the fact
that they have appeared in cultivation and are classed with
plants likewise of garden origin or long cultivated and in
their other forms giving evidence of considerable variabil-
ity ; and, particularly, the facts that, except for Y. aloifolia,
the Yuccas spontaneously fruit with extreme rarity away
from their native home unless, as seems not to be the case
in European gardens where these forms have made their
appearance, a moth (Pronuba yuccasella) upon which their
pollination almost absolutely depends has been introduced
with them, and that most persons who have tried to fertil-
ize the plants of this genus have met with little or no sus-
cess. Still, suggestion of such hybrid origin has been
made,* and the most positive proof is at hand that along
the Mediterranean coast, at least, skilful operators can not
only intercross these so-called species but can also hybrid-
ize them reciprocally with other very distinct species both
of the baccate and capsular sections of the genus. Thus,
for instance, M. Deleuil, of Marseilles, in and subsequent
to 1874, crossed Y. aloifolia variegata and Y. alba-spica
(whatever that may be), Y. aloifolia variegata9 with Y.
pendula (or recurvifolia), Y. plicata (or gloriosa plicata) 9
with Y. angustifolia vera (or glauca), Y. plicata 9 with Y.
X laevigata (=aloifolia variegata X alba-spica), Y. pli-
cata9 with Y. filamentosa, Y. plicata 9 with Y. Treculeana,
Y. cornuta (or Treculeana) 9? with various species, Y.
aloifolia variegata 9 with Y. angustifolia vera, Y. gloriosa
longifolia (or Y. flexilis glaucescens ?) 9 with various spe-
cies, Y. xX laevigatag with Y. filamentosa, Y.cornuta and

* Ellacombe, for instance, supposed the Y. Ellacombei of gardens,
which I take to be synonymous with Y. gloriosa nobilis, to be a probable
cross between Y. recurvifolia and the garden form known as Y. gloriosa
superba. — Garden. 163 257.

THE YUCCEAE. 83

Y. plicata, and Y. angustifolia verag and Y. Treculeana 9
with various species; and I have knowledge that within
recent years a very large series of reciprocal crosses have
been effected by Mr. Carl Sprenger between these sub-
entire-leaved forms as well as between them and both
baccate and capsular species, and within the latter groups.*
In Texas, also, spontaneous hybrids between Y. rupicola
and Y. Louisianensis appear to occur.

Everything considered, therefore, the garden intermedi-
ates between Y. gloriosa, Y. recurvifolia and Y. flexilis
may at least quite as properly be looked on as being the
probable results of occasional unrecorded crossing between
these forms as merely very aberrant sports. Few of them
appear now procurable, but as far as a knowledge of them
can be obtained from the brief descriptions, the known hy-
brids of M. Deleuil are capable of natural arrangement
under one or the other of these so-called species.

With respect to the latter, themselves, the same line of
inquiry suggests itself. The garden Y. flexilis, though in
its typical form much narrower- and greener-leaved and with
more elongately pedunculate and lax panicle, appears mor-
phologically to represent only an extreme development of ©
Y. recurvifolia, with which, except that it lends itself read-
ily to the coordination of a number of forms in this respect
comparable with those similarly grouped under Y. recurvi-
folia, it would logically be connected. The latter itself
presents to the eye a blending of the characters of Y. glori-
osa and Y. flaccida, which led one of the best students of
woody plants, Koch,t to suggest some years since that it
may be a hybrid between Y. gloriosa and Y. filamentosa, —
under which name he doubtless meant the recurved-leaved
plant here called Y. flaccida. No greater reason exists for

* On the results reached by M. Deleuil see Revue Horticole. 52 ; 226.
55:109. 68:63. 67381. /. 21-23. — Gard. Chron. n. s. 18 ; 807.
+ Dendrol. 273 344.

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the rejection of this supposition than in case of the similar
one that intermediates between Y. gloriosa, Y. recurvifolia
and Y. flexilis may be the results of various intercrossing,
since the possibility of crossing Y.gloriosa and Y. flaccida
has been demonstrated by some of the experiments referred
to above; and M. Deleuil’s selection of 150 very diverse
seedlings from a single one of his crosses gives reason to
suppose that on the one hand a number of different aber-
rants of these species might have come from even one cross
seeding, while on the other hand several well verified hybridi-
zations between Y. gloriosa and Y. flaccida might perhaps
fail to produce typical recurvifolia. The occurrence of the
latter along the South Atlantic coast of the United States,
while it suggests the spontaneous hybrid origin of the typi-
cal form of this species, does not preclude the possibility
that the same form, and particularly its aberrant varieties,
may have originated by a comparable process in gardens,
where, in fact, they are alone known at present.

Though Y. gloriosa and Y. jfilamentosa are typically
very dissimilar in aspect as well as in technical characters,
I have seen side by side on the sand dunes of Tybee Isl-
and, Georgia, an acaulescent plant of the spontaneous
variety plicata of the former and a normal plant of the
form of the latter known as var. concava, so similar in
foliage appearance that it was only on close approach that
the thinner texture and freely filiferous margin of the
leaves of the latter served for its recognition, and I should
be even more disposed to believe Y. gloriosa plicata a
hybrid between Y. gloriosa and Y. filamentosa concava
than to accept the suggestion of Koch concerning Y. re-
curvifolia.

As to Y. gloriosa, I have long thought that I saw in its
characters somewhat of a blending of those of Y. filamentosa
and Y. aloifolia, the leaves having something of the firmness
and thickness of texture of the latter, and something of the
thinness and concavity of the former or its variety, with

THE YUCCEAE, 85

frequent vestiges of the marginal characters of both; while
in the color, shape and texture of the perianth, the slight
stipe at base of the ovary, the sometimes rather short
shouldered style, the mostly pendent indehiscent fruit with
thin exocarp drying about a papery core, and the often
venously grooved if not truly ruminated seeds, Y. gloriosa
holds even more nearly the mean between the two species
named.

The suggestion of a spontaneous hybrid origin of Y.
gloriosa offered by this blending in it of tle characters of
the two other species with which it is most closely associ-
ated, would be less strong if Y. gloriosa behaved in general
like a normal species of the genus, if it were of greater
geographic distribution, or if it occurred in places thor-
oughly isolated from the assumed parents.

As has been said, though locally rather abundant,
Y. gloriosa as a spontaneous plant is limited, so far as is now
known, to a very restricted region about the Carolina
and Georgia coast. It is, moreover, a very unusual species
in its life processes. In the arid region of the Mexican
table-land, the Yuccas are known to be largely dependent
for their blooming season upon necessary rainfall, so that
a given species, though usually fairly regular, may bloom
in aberrant years at any time between midwinter and mid-
summer, and the Pronuba moth which serves as pollinator
appears to show a similar susceptibility to moisture in the
soil, and commonly emerges from the pupa state synchron-
ously with the flowering of the Yuccas. Y. gloriosa, how-
ever, growing in a region where the other Yuccas bloom
pretty regularly during a rather limited part of the
spring, when the Pronuba flies, differs from these species
in flowering usually in late summer and autumn, though
exceptional flower clusters appear to be developed at almost
any season of the year, and the only instances that I cer-
tainly know of in which its fruit has been observed were
once when early blooming plants cultivated in Washington

86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

bore fruit,* once when Dr. Mellichamp found fruit on a
plant which had bloomed simultaneously with Y. silamen-
tosa,t and a third instance observed by me on Tybee Island
in May last, (Plate 44, f. 2) on a plant which must have
bloomed just about as Y. filamentosa was coming into
flower. The species, therefore, is all but restricted for its
propagation to vegetative methods, by which its present dis-
tribution along the sand dunes can fairly well be explained,
since the well-budded thick subterranean shoots possess
great vitality.

What has been said of the ecology of Y. gloriosa might
be repeated almost verbatim for Y. recurvifolia, which is
likewise autumnal-flowering, and the fruit of which, —
barring several rather questionable statements in gardening
journals, —to my knowledge has never been observed until
Dr. Mellichamp, in the summer of 1901, found plants fruit-
ing in cultivation in the neighborhood of Charleston, and
furnished the material from which the description and
illustration here published were drawn. The occurrence
of Y. recurvifolia on several islands between the delta of
the Mississippi and the mouth of the Mobile river, which is
not connected with the present question, may, perhaps,
have been brought about by currents transporting rhizome
fragments derived from plants cultivated somewhere along
one of the rivers opening on the northern shore of the
Gulf.

These ecological considerations suggest with force that
if species in the time-honored use of that term, Y. gloriosa
and Y. recurvifolia, so far as their spontaneous forms are
concerned, are of unexpectedly restricted distribution in a
region where their congeners are widespread, and that they
manifest a surprising disharmony with their surroundings
which, because of the rigid pollination requirements of all
of this genus but alozfolia, has thrown them into almost

* Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. $211.
+ Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 43199.

THE YUCCEAE. 87

absolute dependence upon vegetative methods of propaga-
tion; though they continue to flower profusely, and because
of the unusual if aberrant period over which their bloom-
ing extends they now and then fruit, and they are shown
to be so fertile under skilful artificial pollination that there
is little reason to doubt that they would fruit regularly if
they bloomed when the Pronuba was about ; — while over
the great territory lying between the Atlantic and Pacific
and the big bend of the Missouri river and central Mexico,
the other Yuccas have held so close a relation with their
pollinators as to be very fruitful under all ordinary circum-
stances. The ecological facts stated, however, are con-
sistent with the morphological suggestion that Y. gloriosa
may be a hybrid between Y. alotfolia and Y. filamentosa,
and the two considerations appear to constitute so strong
an argument for the acceptance of the a priori theory
advanced, as to throw the burden of proof upon any who
would still regard gloriosa as a species in the ordinary
sense, — though for purposes of classification it, as well as
recurvifolia and flexilis, may continue to be treated as
species.*
222. Leaves crowded, regularly and rigidly arcuate.

Y. De Smert1ana Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 1217. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 222. Kew Bull. 1892 :8.
? Y. Helkinsi Hort.

Caulescent, at length with a trunk 2 or 3m. high. Leaves rigid, evenly
and stiffly recurved, becoming .4 m. long and 25 mm. or more wide, pur-
ple tinged, entire or slightly rough-margined at base, not pungent. Flow-
ers and fruit unknown. — Plate 48.

A garden plant ascribed to Mexico, which when small is
very suggestive in appearance of a lily because of its
crowded arching not at all concave leaves: quite unlike any
other Yucca, and perhaps not of this genus. No positive
record exists of the source of the plants of this species cul-

* The substance of these conclusions was presented at the Denver
meeting of the Botanical Society of America, in August 1901.

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

tivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden, but they are be-
lieved to have come from northern Mexico, many years ago,
through Dr. Parry.

B. B. Fruit pendent, fleshy and edible: seeds thick, often convex , nearly
without a thin border; albumen evidently ruminated.— § Sarcoyucca.
1. Fruit coreless, purple-fleshed. Leaves with denticulate horny border.

Y. atorrouia Linnaeus Sp. Plant. 319. (1753).— Walter,
Fl. Carol. 124. — Michaux, Fl. 1:196.— Pursh, Fl.
1: 228. — Nuttall, Gen. 1: 218. — Riddell, N. O. Med.
and Surg. Journ. 8: 763. — De Candolle, Pl. Grasses.
1. pl. 20. — Redouté, Liliacées. 7. pl. 401-2. —Sims,
Bot. Mag. 40. pl. 1700.—Bommer, Journ. d’Hort.
Prat. [ii]. $:18.—Lemaire, Il. Hort. 18:92, —
Curtis, Bot. N. C. 56.—Baker, Gard. Chron.
1870: 828. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 221. Kew
Bull. 1892 : 7. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis.
3:34, 211. — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14 : 251. —
Wood & McCarthy, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc.
1885-6 : 125.—Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
3:162. pl. 7, 44. 4:182. pl. 18.— Webber, Rept.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 6:91. pl. 45-7. — Sargent, Silva.
10:6. pl. 497. — Hemsley, Bot. Bermudas. 69.—
Kearney, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 5°. Index.

Y. aloifolia stenophylla Bommer, Journ. d’Hort. Prat. [ii]. 8:19.
(1859).

Y. gloriosa Nuttall, Gen. 1 ; 218. — Bartram, Travels. 69-70, and French
ed. 1 ; 139-142. — ? Chapman, West. Journ. Med. & Surg.1845 : 480. —
Rev. Hort. 58: 508. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18: 109. —
Hemsley, Bot. Bermudas. 69.

¥. Draconis Elliott, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 13401.

Y. serrulata Haworth, Suppl. 32. (1819). — Regel, Gartenflora. 8 : 35. —
Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:93.— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis.
8 : 37. — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 :221.

¥. crenulata Haworth, Suppl. 33. (1819). — Lemaire, Il. Hort. 18 3 93. —
Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 828. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 221. —
Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 : 37.

? Y. armata Steudel, Nomencl. 2: 795. [ed. 2]. (1841.)

? Aloe Juccae foliis. Sloane, Cat. Pl. Jamaica. 118. (1696.)
Aloe Americana juccae foliis arborescens. Commelin, Praelud. Bot.
64. f. 14. (1703.)

THE YUCCEAE. 89

Aloes Floridana procerior. Plukenetius, Amalth. Bot. 10, (1705).

Aloe Yuccae foliis caulescens Floridana. Plukenetius, Amalth. Bot.
10. (1705). Almag. 19. pl. 256. f. 4. (1696, 1700).

Aloe; Americana; folio Yuccae; arborescens. Boerhaave, Index Alter
Plant. Hort. Lugd.- Bat. 2 3 131. (1720, 1727).

Yucca arborescens, foliis rigidioribus, rectis, serratis. Dillenius,
Hort. Elth. 23435. pl. 323. (1732).

Yucca foliorum margine crenulato.a. Linnaeus, Hort. Cliff. 130.
(1737).

Cordyline foliis pungentibus crenulatis. Van Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prod.
22. (1740).

Low slender tree, somewhat short-branched above and often cespi-
tosely suckering. Leaves flat, rather thick, rigid, denticulate on the
margin, very pungently brown-pointed. Inflorescence usually close to
the leaves, compactly panicled. Flowers creamy, tinged with green or
purple toward the base; ovary shortly stipitate; style short, not con-
tracted, oblong or a little tumid, abruptly starting from the ovary. Fruit
oblong-prismatic, nearly black, coreless, with dark purple pulp; seeds
glossy, round or oval, often acute at one end, 5 or 6 6 or 7 mm. —
Plates 49-50. 84, f. 6.

Virgin Isles, Jamaica, eastern coast of Mexico (Vera
Cruz), the Bermudas, Atlantic and Gulf States southward
from about Pamlico Sound; and occasionally escaping from
cultivation as far inland as Monroe in northwestern Louisi-
ana. — Plate 95, f. 1.

The principal forms of this species, which has been cul-
tivated in Europe since 1605 and which differs from all
other Yuccas in its stipitate ovary and coreless purple-pulped
fruit, commonly formed without Pronuba aid, may be dis-
tinguished as follows : —

Panicle glabrous.
Leaves rigid, ascending, usually 25 to 40 mm. wide when developed.

Green throughout. Y. aloifolia.
Purplish tinged. f. purpurea.
Yellow-margined. f. marginata.

With yellow and white center, and often red variegation. f. tricolor.
Leaves recurving.
Leaves 40 to 50 mm. wide. Stem tall.
Branching above. var. Draconis.
Branching at base. f. conspicua.
Leaves 10 to 20 mm. wide. Stem low.

90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

Leaves smooth, little denticulate. var. arcuata.

Leaves rough-margined. f. tenuifolia.

Leaves with red and yellowcentral stripe. f. Menandi.

_ Panicle tomentose. var. Yucatana.

- Y. avorroxia Linnaeus.

Synonymy as above.

Mostly simple, with slender trunk. Leaves not recurving, very rigid
and pungent, green, often a little glaucous when young. — Plates 43.44.
80, f. 6.

Tbe common wild form, cultivated in Europe at least since
1696. According to Mr. Fawcett, though it grows near
the Kingston gardens, at an elevation of 680 ft., it is more
commonly found in Jamaica between 2,000 and 5,000 ft.
above sea-level, whereas in the United States it is a seaside
plant or of the coast lowlands, and never found far above
sea-level.

Y. ALOIFOLIA PURPUREA Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18:
221. (1880).
Y. Atkinsi Hort.

A purplish-leaved garden form, perhaps more properly placed under
var. arcuata.

Y. ALOIFOLIA MARGINATA Bommer, Journ. d’Hort. Prat.
[ii]. 8:19. (Jan. 1859).

Y. serrulata argenteo marginata Regel, Gartenflora. 8 35. (Feb. 1859).

¥. alotfolia variegata Naudin, Pl. Feuill. Col. 2, pl. 52. (1870). — Gard.
Chron. n.s. 18:81. 183407. —Meehan’s Monthly. 93 196. f. — Car-
rigre, Rev. Hort. 50:18, 104.

Y¥. variegata Hort.

Y. aloefolia versicolor Carriére, Rev. Hort. 503 104. (1878).

Y. versicolor Carriére, Rev. Hort. 50:18. (1878).

A garden form with the leaves green at center, bordered and striped
-with various shades of yellow and white, and often tinged with red at
least when young. No doubt separable into at least three forms capable
of being fixed by selection: —one with yellow margin, one with added
white stripes, and one with a fairly persistent additional line of red on the
ack near the border.

Ld

eae: Sa eC

THE YUCCEAE. 91

Y. ALOIFOLIA TRICOLOR Bommer, Journ. d’ Hort. Prat. [ii].
3:19. (Jan. 1859).

? Y. aloifolia roseo-marginata Regel, Gartenflora. 8:35. (Feb. 1859).

Y. quadricolor Groenland, Rev. Hort. 1859; 434.—Carriére, Rev. Hort.
50:18, 104. 512404.

Y. quadricolor variegata Carriére, Rev. Hort. 453405. (1873).

Y. medio-picta Carriére, Rev. Hort. 503104. (1878).

? Y. picta Hovey, Garden. 113208. (1877).

? Y. lineata lutea Hort.

? Y. Stokesi Garden. 122134. (1877). 88: 487.

Y. tricolor Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 183 221. (1880).

Y. aloifolia quadricolor Gard. Chron. n. s. 18 3245. (1882).

A garden sport of the preceding with a median yellow or white band
bordered with green, and likewise tinged with red when young.

Neither of these variegated forms comes true to seed, and
the intensity of the variegation, particularly the red, is apt
to change with age and season. Knowledge of the garden
synonyms is so indefinite that some of those marked with a
question may be wrongly placed, and what is called f.
Menandi below may perhaps be identical with one of them.

Y. atorrorra Draconis (Linnaeus) Engelmann, Trans.
Acad. St. Louis. 3:35. (1873).— Baker, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 221.

¥. Draconis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 319. (1758).—? Bot. Reg. 22, pi.
1894,.— Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. 1, pl. 243.—Bommer, Journ.
d’Hort. Prat. 3:40.—Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870;828. f. 754.—
Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18 3 93.

Y. Haruckeriana Crantz, De duabus Draconis arb. bot. 29. (1768).

Y. Draco Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1859 ; 389.

Tacori. Clusius, Exot. 48. (1605). —J. Bauhinus, Hist. Plant. 1: 405.
(1650).

Draconi arbori affinis, Americana. C. Bauhinus, Pinax. 506. (1623,
1721).

? Aloe purpurea levis. Munting, Phytogr. Curios. 20. f. 94. (1702,
1713).

Aloe Americana Draconis folio serrato. Commelin, Praelud. Bot. 42,
67. f. 16. (1703).

Aloe; Americana; folio Draconis serrato. Boerhaave, Index Alter
Plant. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. 23129. (1720, 1727).

Yucca Draconis folio serrato, reflexo. Dillenius, Hort. Elth. 2; 437.
pl. 324. (1782).

92. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Yucca foliorum margine crenulato. 8. Linnaeus, Hort. Cliff. 130.
(1737). Hort. Ups. 88. (1748).

Trunk branching above, rather tall, leaves broad and long, more fiex-
ible and somewhat arched, less pungent.

As far as itis known to me Y. Draconis, taking the figure
of Dillenius as representative of it, is properly placed under
Y. aloifolia, with the differential characters given. It
appears to have been cultivated in Europe since 1605, but
it is not impossible that much of the earlier Draconis, like
that of gardens to-day, was the Central American Y. ele-
phantipes, the fruit and flower characters of which are
quite different from those of Y. aloifolia, though the
foliage is of the same general type.

Y. ALOIFOLIA conspicua (Haworth) Engelmann. Trans.
Acad. St. Louis. 3:35. (1873).— Baker, Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 221.

Y. conspicua Haworth, Suppl. 32. (1819).— Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:
92. — Houllet, Rev. Hort. 503 388.

Y. aloifolia flexifolia Bommer, Journ. d’Hort. Prat. 8319. (1859).

Y. Mexicana Hort., in part.

Trunks clustered. Leaves broad and lax, recurving, softly green
pointed.

A form of the preceding, frequent in European gardens
and said by Baker to be represented by wild [escaped?]
plants from the vicinity of Cuernavaca, on the Pacific
slope of Mexico (Bourgeau, no. 1408).

Y. aloifolia arcuata (Haworth) Trelease.

Y. arcuata Haworth, Suppl. 33. (1819).— Regel, Gartenflora. 8 3 35. —
Lemaire, Il. Hort. 13 : 93. — Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870: 828. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 18:221.—Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis.
3 3 37.

Short-stemmed from a prostrate caudex. Leaves less than 25 mm.
wide, .3 to .5m. long, smooth, the margins less denticulate than usual.

A garden form, doubtless derived from the Carolina coast
region, and seemingly of shaded places.

THE YUCCEAE. 93

Y. aloifolia tenuifolia (Haworth) Trelease.

Y. tenuifolia Haworth, Suppl. 34. (18 19). — Regel, Gartenflora. 8 3 35. —
Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18;93.—Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18:3
221. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 37.

Habit of the preceding, the leaves frequently falcate, often purplish,
with somewhat roughened dorsal ridges and very sharp but fine marginal
toothing.

A cultivated form, doubtless of the coast region, and
found by the writer in April 1901 escaped along the
shady roadside near the Grant-Pemberton monument at
Vicksburg, Miss. — in which city, however, the usual cul-
tivated plant is typical aloctfolia.

Y. aloifolia Menandi Trelease.

A sport, seemingly of f. tricolor, with the rigidly much recurved leaves
about .3 m. long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, somewhat rough on both margin and
dorsal ridges, of a deep green, with yellow and occasionally red median
band or lines narrow on the upper surface but, as in forma tricolor,
occupying a large part of the lower surface. — Plate 50.

Purchased from Mr. W. A. Manda (from the Louis
Menand collection) in July 1901, under the name Y. quad-
ricolor.

Y. aloifolia Yucatana (Engelmann) Trelease.

Y. Yucatana Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 37. (1873).— Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 3221.— Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
3162. pl. 45.

Trunks clustered from the base, as much as 7 m. high. Leaves rather
flexible. Inflorescence tomentose. Stamens shorter than in the type.

Yucatan, collected by Schott (706) in 1865 at the ruins
of «* Nohpat ”’ or ‘‘ Najput.’’

From all of the other baccate Yuccas, Y. alotfolia, in
the comprehensive sense, differs obviously in its evidently
stalked ovary and coreless purple-fleshed fruit. Its geo-
graphical distribution is such as to lead to the conclusion
that it may have originated in the eastern islands of the
West Indian group, from which it may have spread, by aid
of ocean currents, to the Atlantic states and Bermudas,
and, by way of Jamaica, to the Mexican coast, isolation

94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

on the peninsula of Yucatan having given opportunity for
the differentiation of the marked variety named after that

country.

11. Fruit with papery core and white or yellow flesh.
2. Leaves very large and thin, minutely denticulate.

Y. eLepHantires Regel, Gartenflora. 8: 35. (Feb. 1859).

Y. Guatemalensis Baker, Ref. Bot. 5. pl. 313. (1872). Kew Bull.
1892:7. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 183222. — Engelmann, Trans.
Acad. St. Louis. 8338. — Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 8¢ 162.
4:184. pl.1,2,19. 53:165.—Gard. Chron. iii. 183519, 523. f.
91-3.

Y. Lenneana Baker, Kew Bull. 1892; 7.

? Y. aloifolia Regel, J. c. 34.

Y. Mooreana Hort.

Y. Ghiesbreghtii Hort.

Y. Roezlit Hort.

Yucca —? Schlechtendal, Linnaea. 17 ; 270.

Dracaena Lenneana Hort.

D. Lennei Hort.

D. Ehrenbergii Hort.

D. Fintelmanni Hort.

D. yuccoides Hort.

Usually with several trunks from a swollen base similar to that of No-
lina, rough barked in age. At length a large tree 8 or 10 m. high, com-
pactly branched above. Leaves rigidly spreading, clear green, glossy,
plane or a little plicate, with soft green tip, .5 to 1 m. long, 50 to 75 mm.
wide, scabrid-margined and sometimes a little roughened on the dorsal
ridges. Inflorescence panicled close to the leaves, glabrous. Flowers
white or creamy: style short, oblong. Fruit oblong-ovoid: seeds nearly
circular, 8 to 10 mm. in diameter.— Plates 51. 82, f. 1. 84, f. 7.

Central America, where it is universally cultivated, flower-
ing from February to April, and common elsewhere in gar-
dens; but the exact place of its nativity remains to be
discovered.

According to Mr. Baker, Y. Mooreana is a garden name
for a small-flowered form, and Y. Ghiesbreghtii, for one
with more rigid and scabrous leaves. From Koch’s state-
ment,* this species appears to have been cultivated in

* Belg. Hort. 1862: 110.

THE YUCCEAE. 95-

European gardens under the erroneous name Y. Califor-
nica.

I do not find herbarium material or published records
showing the native home of Y. elephantipes, and though it
is cultivated everywhere in the interior as a hedge or door-
yard plant, it is not wild in Guatemala between Puerto
Barrios and San José, nor in Honduras between Puerto
Cortez and Santa Cruz de Yohoa, and a gentleman who
has traveled extensively in Salvador and is familiar with
the plant reports it as occurring in that republic only in
cultivation. Doubtful reports locate it in the mining
region back of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and near the
Atlantic coast about Bluefields, Nicaragua, —the latter
being more probable, as it is more likely to belong to the
Atlantic slope than the South Coast. In foliage it is.
much like Y. aloifolia Draconis, the flowers of which,
however, are different. It is probably this species which
occurs, in small specimens, in the gardens of Belize, where
the poetic negroes and Caribs call it ‘* May-pole.’’ The
Mexican specimens collected by Schiede and Deppe in 1829
at the Hacienda de la Laguna (about five leagues south of |
Jalapa, according to a note published by Schiede*) were
doubtless obtained from a cultivated plant, though Schlech-
tendal (Linnaea. 17: 270) speaks of its frequent occur-
rence and mentions the names isote and palmita as applied.
to this Yucca.

Throughout Guatemala and Honduras, this tree is known
as ‘* Izotef,’’ and while it is chiefly cultivated as a rather
poor hedge plant, the flowers are prized as a table vege-
table and they are frequently exposed for sale in the mar-
kets of Guatemala City and other towns, the usual method
of employing them being to fry them with eggs. No use
appears to be made of the leaf-fiber, other cordage mate-

* Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18; 222. — Schiede, Linnaea. 4; 232.
+ See Jauregui, Vicios del lenguaje y provincialismos de Guatemala.
340. (Guatemala, 1893). — It is erroneously called Y. gloriosa.

96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

rials being abundant and apparently more easily manufac-
tured.

M. Pittier informs me that in Costa Rica, everywhere on
the central plateau as well as on the Pacific slope a Yucca
called ‘‘Itavo’’ or ‘‘ Itabo’’ is cultivated as a hedge plant
and its flowers sold for the table, and it is doubtless this
species, though I have been unable to see material repre-
senting it.

22. Leaves from sparingly denticulate becoming sparingly filiferous,
thick and firm.

Y. Trecuuieana Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1858:580. 1861:
805. 1863:13,55. 1869:406. f. 82.—Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1870: 828. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 226.
Kew Bull. 1892 :8.— Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 18:97. —
Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3:41, 55, 210,
212.—Rev. Hort. 59: 368. f. 74. — Garden. 1: 161.
7:11. 8:181. 12:328, 369. pl. 94. 35:585. f.i—
Sargent, Silva. 10:9. pl. 498.— Gardening. 4: 371.
f.—Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 2:4386.—
Havard, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 28: 37.

Y. aspera Regel, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petropol. 1858:24. Gartenflora. 8;14,
85. — Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8:37, 210, 212.

Y. longifolia Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862:8. Gard. Monthly. 17:
69.— Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. 18623167.

Y. Vandervinniana Koch, Belg. Hort. 18623 131.

Y. argospatha Verlot, Rev. Hort. 1868: 393. — Belg. Hort. 1870: 23.

Y. contorta Hort.

Y. cornuta Hort.

Y. agavoides Hort.

Simple or loosely few branched tree usually under 5m. high. Leaves
thick and rigid, very concave, blue-green, shagreen-roughened, pungent,
.9 to 1.25 m. long, 25 to 50 mm. wide, brown margined, entire or irregu-
larly denticulate, soon becoming sparingly and finely filiferous. Inflores-
cence usually short-stalked, glabrous, with large bracts below. Flowers
white, occasionally tinged with purple: style slightly contracted, short:
stamens quickly hooked. Fruit oblong: seeds 5 6 to7 mm. — Plates 52-
54. 84, f. 8.

South central Texas, southward to Torreon and Tam-
pico. — Plate 95, f. 2.

ae

THE YUCCEAE. 97

Two fairly distinct morphological and geographically sep-
arate forms of this species, which appears to be the ‘* palma
loca ’’ (scattered palm) of the Mexicans, are found, and
these may be separated as follows: —

Leaves long and slender. Flowers rather small. Y. Treculeana.
Leaves broader. Flowers larger. var, canaliculata.

Y. Trecu.eana Carriere.

Synonymy as above.

The long- and slender-leaved small tree of the Texas
region, from New Braunfels west to beyond Devil’s river
and south to about Torreon, Mexico. — Plates 52. 84, f.8.

Y. Treculeana canaliculata (Hooker) Trelease.

Y. canaliculata Hooker, Bot. Mag. iii. 16, pl. 5201. (1860).— Baker,
Gard. Chron. 1870; 1217.—Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis.
8:43. — Garden. 1; 152. 8¢ 134.— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad.
14 3 252.

Y. canaliculata pendula Koch, Belg. Hort. 1862 ; 131.

Y. recurvata Hort, in part.

Y. revoluta Hort.

Y. undulata Koch, Belg. Hort. 12: 132. (1862).

Y. Treculeana undulata Hort.

The broader-leaved plant of the chapparal of the coast
region from about Corpus Christi, Tex., to the vicinity of
Tampico, Mex., and, in the foot hills, to about Monterey,
Mex. — Plates 53. 54.

The descriptive garden synonyms of both species and
variety apparently pertain to young plants. In two trade
lists, issued respectively in September 1901, and January
1902, Mr. Carl Sprenger of Naples includes the names
Y. Treculeana glauca and Y.. Treculeana undulata,
but without indication of the characters of the plants, —
so that it is possible here merely to call attention to them.
The second name probably refers to the form called Y.
undulata by Koch.

222. Leaves with conspicuous marginal fibers.
8. Leaves thin and flexible, the fibers slender.

7

98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Y. Scnortir Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8:46.
(1873).— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 252. —
Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 228. — Trelease,

: Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4:185. pl. 3.— Sargent, Silva.
10:17. pl. 501.— In part.

Y. macrocarpa Engelmann, Bot. Gazette. 63224. (1881). 7:17.—
Baker, Kew Bull. 18928. —Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 8 3 162.
pl. 46.

? ¥. Mazeli Chabaud, Belg. Hort. 1882; 222.— Wiener Ill. Garten-
Zeit. 11; 347. Baker, Kew Bull. 189238.

Arborescent, rarely over 3 or4 m. high, simple or few branched above.
Leaves blue-green, smooth, rather rigidly divergent, thin, concave, pun--
gent, 20 to 40 mm. wide, very finely and often sparingly filiferous. In-
florescence densely panicled close to the leaves, very tomentose or rarely
nearly glabrous. Flowers subglobose. Fruit oblong, mostly large:
seeds 7X 9 mm. — Plates 55. 85, f. 1.

Southern Arizona, especially about Benson and Nogales,
and as far into the Mexican state of Chihuahua at least as
Colonia Garcia. Flowering in late summer. — Plate 96,

i: i &

When, in 1882, Dr. Engelmann described fuller material
of the Arizona Yucca which he had named Y. macrocarpa
the year before, he was so impressed with the resem-
blance of its tomentose panicle to the fragments of inflo-
rescence in the Torrey herbarium accompanying the leaves
of what he had called Y. Schottii, that he suggested that
the latter might possibly be only a short-leaved form of
the same species. This suggestion has been adopted by a
number of recent writers, who, irrespective of a prior use
of the name macrocarpa in the genus, have come to look
upon Y. macrocarpa Engelm. as a synonym of Y. Schottii.

This Y. Schottit of recent writers is abundant to the west
and northwest of Nogales, as far, at any rate, as the vicin-
ity of Benson and the Pajarito mountains, and there be-
comes a small tree two or three meters high, most frequently
unbranched ; and it is especially marked among the Yuccas
of the region by the bluish-green color and thinness of its
smooth concave finely filiferous brown-margined leaves, and

cs ie

THE YUCCEAE. 99

the usual dense tomentose pubescence of its panicle which
is closely branched in the crown of leaves, though on occa-
sional unmistakable specimens of this species nearly or
quite glabrous panicles are seen.

Though mentioned as a Mexican plant by Mr. Hemsley,*
he gives only the original locality of Schott, near the boun-
dary, and Professor Sargent,f who states that it ranges
southward through Sonora, gives no details of its distribu-
tion in Mexico. Specimens and photographs of the only
Yucca observed in the Cape region of Lower California by
Mr. Brandegee, which he has kindly allowed me to see, do
not show that this is distinguishable from Y. Schottii of
Arizona.

Leaves of Y. Mazeli, collected in the Thuret garden at
Antibes by Mr. Alwin Berger, are scarcely to be compared
with any species known to me except Y. Schoitii, though
they differ from those of the latter that I have seen in being
persistently a little denticulate.

Y. Schottii Jaliscensis Trelease.

¥. Treculeana ? Rose, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. § 3241.
Y. Schottii Urbina, Cat. Pl. Mex. 353.

A stout large branched tree, with leaves sometimes very large,
Scarcely otherwise distinguishable from the type, and, like it, blooming in
late summer or autumn. — Plate 56.

Chiquilistlan to Zapotlan, Jalisco, Mex., frequent in
hedges but of undetermined spontaneous range. — Plate
es Pee B

In speaking of Mexican fiber plants, Dr. Roset mentions
one known as ‘isote,’’ which he doubtfully refers to
Y. Treculeana and states is common on the table lands of
western Mexico. A leaf of isote bought by him in the
market of Guadalajara (E. B. 68), which he was kind
enough to let me examine, though measuring 75 x 750

* Biol. Centr.-Amer. 3 3 371.
+ Silva, 10317. ,
t Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 5 3241

100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

mm. and therefore much larger than usual in Y. Schottiz,
is not otherwise different from the leaves of that species.
In 1892 Mr. Marcus E. Jones collected and photographed
a Yucca at Chiquilistlan, to which he gives the local name
‘« desoti, ’’ — which is doubtless merely a phonetic variant
of isote or izote; and good specimens, evidently of the same
species, were made by Mr. Pringle at Zapotlan (no. 4392)
and distributed under the name Y. Schottii.

While the herbarium specimens of this izote of the
Mexican state of Jalisco are hardly referable elsewhere
thanto Y. Schottii, Mexicans in the vicinity of the Pajarito
mountains, west of Nogales, assured me that the true
Y. Schottii of that region is not the izote that they knew
further south, which, as they asserted, is a larger, more
branched tree. Photographs taken by Mr. Jones, in fact,
show this to be true, at Chiquilistlan, as does the accom-
panying plate from photographs taken by me in 1901 at
Zapotlan, where, though very abundant in the suburbs, in
hedge-rows, etc., the izote appears to occur only as a culti-
vated plant. The much larger size, stout trunk enlarged
below, more branched habit, and rather more staring
leaves, are the only characters by which I am able to dis-
tinguish it from Y. Schottii, so that at most I should call
it a variety of the latter. The tree figured by Dr. Rose*
from a photograph taken in the vicinity of the city of
Mexico, and supposed to represent the izote, is doubtless
Y. australis.

33. Leaves thick and firm, with usually coarser fibers.

4. Leaves narrow, falcate, smooth.
Y. srevirouia Schott, in Torrey, Bot. Bound. 221.
(1859).— Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3: 46.

Y. puberula Torrey, Bot. Bound. 221.

Shortly caulescent, scarcely reaching a height of 2 m., mostly cespi-
tose. Leaves green, smooth, rigidly divergent, often falcate, thick, plano-
convex, very pungent, .3 to .6 m. long, 6 to 25 mm. wide, the margin freely

* 1c. pl 88

ee,

THE YUCCEAE. 101

filiferous. Inflorescence panicled close above the leaves, glabrous.
Flowers apparently rather small, with tapering style. Fruit baccate,
large: seeds 9 to 10 & 10 to 12 mm. — Plates 57-59.

About Nogales, Arizona, on the Santa Cruz river, and in
the rugged mountains west of that city. Flowering in
May.— Plate 96, f. 2.

In the course of his work connected with the original
survey of the boundary between the United States and
Mexico, Mr. Arthur Schott collected, in the upper Santa
Cruz valley, and near the boundary monument in the Sierra
del Pajarito, a small arborescent Yucca, for which he pro-
posed the manuscript name Y. brevifolia. His specimens
were referred to Y. puberula Haw., in 1859, by Dr. Tor-
rey, who, however, printed Schott’s proposed name as a
synonym. In 1873 Engelmann, recognizing that they do
not represent the Y. puberula of Haworth, which is an
acaulescent plantscarcely differing from typical Y. flaccida,
proposed for them the name Y. Schotti7, with the remark
that Mr. Schott ‘* may possibly have mixed the fruit of
Y. baccata with the foliage of the new plant; but the
leaves appear so peculiar that there can scarcely be a doubt
about the distinctness of the species to which they be-
long.”’

The fragmentary specimens collected by Schott, by which
and his notes and sketches alone his Y. brevifolia appears
to berepresented in herbaria, consist of a sheet in the Torrey
herbarium, bearing smooth, stoutly pointed, very thick and
rigid leaves cut off above the base, about 25 mm. wide,
plano-convex except toward the pungent apex where they
are somewhat concave, and with long slender straight mar-
ginal fibers; panicle fragments, some of which are glabrous
and others softly tomentose; flowers, the bases of which
are pubescent, suggesting that they probably belong with
the pubescent pedicels; and a glabrous branchlet bearing
an immature fruit which may have been either erect on an
ascending branch, or, as is more likely, pendent from a

102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

drooping one: and a sheet in the Engelmann herbarium
with a similar leaf, two glabrous panicle fragments, and
several detached flowers which appear to have come from
them. Schott’s notes and sketches in the Engelmann
herbarium show that the trunks were 1.75 to 2.5 m. high,
the leaves about .3 m. long, and the panicle lax with pen-
dent fleshy fruit.

It has long been evident that if, as Dr. Engelmann
thought doubtful, these fragments belong together, they
represent a species very different from any Yucca which
has been found by later collectors, and that the leaves can
scarcely be compared closely with those of any recognized
species, so that in August 1900, and April 1902, I took
occasion to revisit the original localities, respectively a few
miles to the eastward and a few miles to the westward of
Nogales, where, as I had hoped, the species was found in
abundance, though, as is usually true in such cases, vary-
ing to a surprising extent from the original fragmentary
material.

Y. brevifolia, as it occurs rather sparingly in the canons
of the Pajarito and adjacent ranges, to the westof Nogales,
and abundantly among the low hills between that city and
the Santa Cruz river, to the’ east, is most commonly cespi-
tose and often acaulescent, though it not infrequently forms
a trunk 1 to 1.5 m. high, and the thick apple green abun-
dantly filiferous leaves, which are frequently falcately curved
to one side, are usually about .75 m. in length, but vary in
this respect, and especially in width, which, commonly
about 20 mm., may reach 30 mm., or be reduced to 5 or 6
mm. Unfortunately noneof the plants flowered in 1900 and
my second visit was too early in the season, so that neither
flowers nor good fruit could be obtained, but a few pan-
icle remnants from previous years, branched rather loosely
shortly above the leaves, — though not so laxly as is shown
in the sketches by Mr. Schott, — glabrous, and showing
where the fruits had disarticulated, leave little doubt that

THE YUCCEAE. 103

the inflorescence is typically glabrous; and fruit-bases and
seeds show that the fruit is baccate.

If, as now seems more probable than ever, the Torrey
sheet of Y. brevifolia contains parts of two species, Schott’s
name may best apply to what Dr. Engelmann considered
the most characteristic part, the leaves, particularly as the
name Schottit has now become current for the remainder.
The later Y. brevifolia, Engelmann (1871), as has been
stated above, is now proposed as the type of the genus Clis-
toyucca under its first published (varietal ) name arborescens.

44, Leaves relatively broader, usually smooth.

Y. austratis (Engelmann) Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 3:162. pl. 3, 4. (1892).

¥. baccata australis Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3:44, 46.
(1873), —in part.— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14; 252. — Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 229.

Y. filifera Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 482432. f. 97. (1876). — Carritre,
Rev. Hort. 56:53. f. 12, 13. —Garden. 103 554. f. — Gard. & For-
est. 1:78. f. 13, 14.— Baker, Kew Bull. 1892 :8.— Gard. Chron.
iii. 33743, 751. f. 97, 100. — Amer. Florist. 8 359. f.— Urbina, Cat.

Pl. Mex. 353.

Y. canaliculata jilifera Fenzi, Bull. R. Soc. Tosc. di Orticult. 14; 278.
pl. 9. (1889).

? Y. periculosa Baker, Gard. Chron. 1870 1088.

? Y. baccata periculosa Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 229.

? Y. polyphylla Baker, Gard. Chron. 1. c.

? Y. circinata Baker, Gard. Chron. 1. c.

? Y. baccata circinata Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 ; 230.

? Y. scabrifolia Baker, Gard. Chron. 1. c.

? Y. baccata scabrifolia Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 230.

? Y. fragilifolia Baker, Gard. Chron. 10.

2? Y. baccata fragilifolia Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 230.

? ¥. baccata Hystrix Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18 : 230. (1880).

Y. Treculeana Rose, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 5, pl. 38.
Dasylirion aloefolium Carriére, Rev. Hort. 18843 53.

A large thick- and rough-stemmed tree, at length much branched,
Leaves rigidly spreading, pungently stout pointed, green, usually about
.3 m. long and 25 mm. wide but occasionally of double these dimensions,
thick, plano- or concavo-convex, smooth or exceptionally a little scabrid
on the dorsal angles, somewhat sparingly rather coarsely filiferous. In-
florescence on an exserted peduncle, oblong, pendent, with pendent

104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

branches, glabrous. Flowers creamy white, rather small; style short,
constricted; stigma deeply 6-lobed. Fruit oblong: seeds 7X7 to 8
mm. — Plates G0. 61. 85, f. 2.

Tablelands of Mexico, from southern Coahuila, central
" Nuevo Leon and western Tamaulipas to Queretaro and,
perhaps, the Federal District, where, at least, it occurs as
an introduced plant. — Plate 96, f. 2.

Fragmentary specimens of the large tree Yuccas of north-
ern Mexico, which are locally called palmas, in contrast.
with the smaller narrow-leaved species, like Y. rostrata and.
Y. radiosa, which are known.by the diminutive names
palmita or palmilla, were collected about Saltillo by Dr.
Gregg, as early as 1846, and near Parras by Dr. Thurber,
in 1853. In his personal narrative,* John Russell Bartlett,
United States Commissioner on the United States and
Mexican boundary survey of 1850-1853, speaks of these
large trees and gives a figure representing a branched
tree, evidently 8 or 10 m. high, with a number of
erect stalked panicles. This is the form which Dr.
Torreyft refers to under Y. baccata, though he considers
the single leaf and immature fruit collected by Thurber as
insufficient to warrant either the description of a new
species or its positive identification with his Y. baccata
macrocarpa.

About 1860, Roezl and Galeotti sent seeds of many
decorative Mexican plants to European dealers, by whom
they were distributed, and among these were seeds of one
or more of the large Yuccas, which were soon cultivated in
a number of gardens in the southern countries, in part
under the dealers’ name Y. filifera. Ten years later, Mr.
_ Baker provisionally published the names Y. periculosa,
Y. polyphylla, Y. circinata, Y.scabrifolia and Y. fragili-
folia, for plants cultivated in England by Mr. Wilson Saun-.
ders, but concerning the origin of which nothing is said, and.

* Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents. 2: 490-1. (1854).
+ Bot. Bound. 222. (1859).

THE YUCCEAE. 105

in connection with these provisional species he mentions the
Thurber material as representing still another, but without
giving it a name.

Both the Gregg and Thurber specimens in 1873 were
unmistakably referred to his Y. baccata australis by Dr.
Engelmann, who suggests as possible synonyms the group
of provisional species of Baker and the undescribed Y. fili-
Sera of gardens.

In 1876, one of the plants raised from Roezl’s Mexican
seed flowered near Hyeres, France, and was figured under
its garden name, Y. filifera, by Chabaud, who adds
Y. albospica* (which appears in large part to be Y. con-
stricta) and Y. canaliculata (which is properly a form of
Y. Treculeana) as synonyms. Accompanying notes by
Carritre,t who suggests its possible generic separability
from Yucca, show that it then occurred further in gardens
as Y. Parmentieri { and Y. Japonica.

It has alsobeen grown as Dasylirion aloefolium,§ and the
complication of its nomenclature is increased by the addi-
tion of the genus Joezlia of Roezl (not of Regel) as
synonymous with Y. jilifera,|| and this name and Lilia
(sometimes also spelled Lilium) have been somewhat cur-
rent in gardens and horticultural papers] for Y. Parmen-
tieri, under which name, as stated above, Y. filifera has
been cultivated, though Lilia regia, Lilium regium, Roez-
lia regia, and Ff. bulbifera of gardens are properly syn-
onymous with the real Y. Parmentieri, which is also known
as Y.argyrophylla, Y. Toneliana, and Y. Pringlei, and

* See Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 337, 210.— Belg. Hort.
1880; 31.

+ Rev. Hort. 48: 423, 432.

t Engelmann, I. c. 33 37.

§ Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1884353.

|| Chabaud, J. c.

q See Gartenflora. 10: 264, 298.— Belg. Horticole. 13 : 327. 38: 133. —
Gard. Chron. n. s. 113656. a Hort. 59 : 353. — Curtis’s Bot. Mag.
iii.47. pl. 7170.

106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

is really Furcraea Bedinghausii, a species which also’
possesses a number of other generic as well as specific
synonyms.

In his synopsis of Aloineae and Yuccoideae, Mr. Baker,*
recognizes the Yucca baccata australis of Engelmann, with
Y. filiferaas asynonym, treating his own periculosa, circin-
ata, scabrifolia and fragilifolia as separate varieties of Y.
baccata, and adding to this species another garden variety,
under the name Hystrix, while he places his Y. polyphylla
as a synonym under what is here called Y. radiosa.

Since the publication of the papers referred to, knowl-
edge of this tree has increased greatly, and there can no
longer be any doubt as to its specific separability from both
Y. baccata and Y. marcocarpa (Torrey), and although it
is unfortunate that an established name is displaced there-
by, there is no reason why the tree should not be designated
by the name australis which Dr. Engelmann first applied
to it varietally, unless one of Mr. Baker’s provisional
names, — all of which refer to plants still unknown in a
wild state and comparable with immature forms of other
species, — should ultimately prove, contrary to his own
opinion, to refer to the same plant, in which case it ante-
dates this name of Engelmann.

Yucca australis, as here understood, forms large forests
in the valleys about Monterey, and is especially abundant
immediately to the north of that city between Chipinque and
Topo Grande, and though there are many breaks, these
forests continue in open places along the Mexican National
railroad to the vicinity of San Luis Potosi, and even as far
south as the vicinity of the city of Mexico some trees occur.
On the Mexican Central railroad it is seen, accompanied by
Y. Treculeana and Y. rigida in varying quantity,about La
Mancha and thence south to about Symon. For the sake
of verification, Parras was visited, and it may be said that
Thurber’s material certainly represents the tree that is com-

* Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18; 229. (1880).

THE YUCCEAE. 107

mon about Monterey, sinceno other comparable plant occurs
about Parras, and the same species is common about Sal-
tillo, where Gregg’s leaves were collected, though a very
different plant, some leaves of which, however, might be
mistaken for some of those of this species, accompanies it in
the mountains south of that city. It is also seen from about
San Luis Potosi to the edge of the table-land, and from
Monterey it reaches southeastwards as far as the central
part of the state of Tamaulipas.

Throughout the large area covered by these observa-
tions, — and which is doubtless capable of extension, — Zz.
australis is distinguished from all of its congeners by the
possession of a long rather narrow panicle hanging straight
down from the cluster of leaves, on a quickly arched base,
even before anthesis; and as this character is as marked in
the fruiting clusters and even in the old inflorescence re-
mains of former years as in the flower clusters, the recog-
nition of the species is very easy throughout most of the
territory in which it grows.* Typically it becomes a large
much and loosely branched rough-barked tree, but in culti-
vation it often attains gigantic proportions before branch-
ing, with an extent of many feet of the trunk covered by
still green leaves, as in the streets of C. P. Diaz; and in
the high dry region along the Tropic of Cancer, as about
Moctezuma, a low short-branched form occurs, sometimes
not over 3 or 4m. high, but with a trunk a meter or more
in diameter. Though usually designated simply as palma,
it seems to be sometimes called palma de San Pedro, and
sometimes palma samandoca.

Y. vata Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 2: 208. pl. 11.
(1889). — Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3: 162.

Similar in dimensions, habit, foliage, floral details and fruit, to the pre-
ceding. Inflorescence broadly ovoid, close to the leaves, continuous in

* The erect panicle shown in Bot. Mag. iii. 47. pl. 7197, was produced
on a log from about Monterey, and therefore doubtless of this species,
but is quite unlike anything I have seen in nature, among thousands of
trees examined.

108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

direction with the branch, hence either erect, horizontal, ascending or
downwardly turned. — Plates 62-67. 85, f. 3.

Central Lower California, and on the high table land
of central Mexico in the states of Durango, Zacatecas and
San Luis Potosi. — Plate 97, f.1.

Reference has been made to a figure by Bartlett,* rep-
resenting somewhat sketchily a large branched tree with
erect panicles, supposed to illustrate the largest Yucca of
the region between Parras and Saltillo, and of which speci-
mens were collected by Dr. Thurber on the boundary
survey. This figure has been commonly discredited since
the pendent inflorescence of Y. australis has been known,
though a trunk of the latter, sent to Kew from about Mon-
terey by Mr. Pringle in: 1888, bore in 1890 a panicle not
unlike those shown by Bartlett,t and Dr. Barroeta of San
Luis Potosi once sent to Dr. Engelmann a sketch show-
- ing a merely arched inflorescence.

Among the plants studied by him in Lower California,
Mr. Brandegee found a tree Yucca which he named Y.
valida, publishing a very inadequate description and a
reproduction of a Kodak photograph showing a tree with
short thick trunk quickly breaking into a number of erect
secondary stems apparently some 8 or 10 m. high.

About Durango, Mexico, in April, 1900, I observed
Yuccas of the simpler trunk form assumed by Y. australis,
and with similar foliage and flowers, which attracted my
attention by their relatively short and thick spreading pan-
icles, markedly different from the elongated and pendent
flower-clusters of the latter species. So far as inflorescence
could be seen, this proved to be the only species of this
type along the Mexican Central railroad between about
Cafiitas and Chicalote, and it forms great forests on the
elevated red lands about Gutierrez, Fresnillo and Calera,
where it often assumes the low compact form noted for

* Personal Narrative. 2: 490-1. (1854).
+ Baker, Bot. Mag. iii. 47. pl. 71797.

yee. ee ets Fear,

THE YUCCEAE. 109

Y. australis to the eastward in the same latitude and alti-
tude, some of the short main trunks measuring fully 2
meters in diameter.

So far as I can see, this species, which differs from
Y. australis chiefly in having its panicles continuous in
direction with the branches that bear them, and hence
either erect, oblique or horizontal, is the same as that
described from Lower California under the name Y. valida
by Mr. Brandegee, who has kindly allowed me to see his
type material of that species; and if so its range crosses
both the Sierra Madre mountains and the Gulf of Califor-
nia, though I do not know that it has been collected in the
intervening state of Sinaloa. Because of the curly threads
on its leaf margin, it is known as the palma china, or
curly Yucca, and toward San Luis Potosi it is associated
with the palma samandoca ( Y. australis), which appears
to be entirely absent from the highlands of Zacatecas,
though it replaces Y. valida to the east of the city of San
Luis Potosi.

444, Leaves large, very coarsely filiferous, the back very scabrous
except in the last.

Y. paccata Torrey, Bot. Bound. 221. (1859). — Baker,
Gard. Chron. 1870: 923. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
18 : 229. Engelmann, Bot. King. 496. Trans. Acad.
St. Louis. 3: 44. — André, Rev. Hort. 59: 368. /.
73, 75.—Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 252.—
Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 2 : 436. — Havard,
Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 1885: 516. Bull. Torrey Bot.
Ol. 22:119. 23: 37.— Coville, Contr. U. S. Natl.
Herb. 4: 202. — Merriam, N. A. Fauna. 7: 352. pl.
12.— Gard. Chron. iii. 28: 103. f. 27.— Garden,
16:516. f. 35:585. f. 55:81. f.— Britton &
Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 426. f. 1025. — ? Rept. U. S.
Dept. Agr. 1870: 418. pl. 25. — Belg. Hort. 30:
266. —Ill. Hort. 20: 23. pl. 115.

Low, usually from a stout prostrate short-branched caudex. Leaves
rigidly spreading, bluish green, about .6 m. long and 50 mm. wide, con-

110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

cave, shagreen-roughened, narrowly brown-bordered, coarsely filiferous.
Flowers very large for the genus, oblong-campanulate, the lanceolate
segments about 75 mm. long: style slender, elongated, gradually taper-
ing; stigmatic lobes short. Fruit very large (as much as 200 mm. long),
mostly conical-ovoid, with adnate calyx-disk and filament bases: seeds
7X 9 to 10 mm. — Plates 68-69. 85, f. 4.

Trinidad, Colorado, to Silver City, N. Mex., and west
to southern Nevada. — Plate 97, f. 2.

This, the first discovered of the western fleshy-fruited
Yuccas, differs from the species which have been confounded
with it in its prostrate caudex, the crowns of which rarely
rise much above the earth, its very large pendent flowers,
and its decidedly conical large fruit with the base of the
perianth adnate as a conspicuous disk, and the bases of the
filaments forming fleshy papillae, as in Y. alotfolia. A
note by Dr. Palmer* on the uses made of Y. baccata by
the Indians, and many of the published references under
this name, may refer to the next species, while the Yucca
baccata of the Pacific coast is what is here called Y.
Mohavensis.

Y. macrocarpa (Torrey) Coville, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.
4: 202. (1893).— Havard, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club.

23 : 37.
Y. baccata macrocarpa Torrey, Bot. Bound. 221. (1859).
Y. baccata australis Havard, Proc. U. 8. Natl. Mus. 8 ; 470, 516.

Arborescent, subsimple, becoming 3 to 5m. high. Leaves yellowish-
green, .5 to 1 m. long, 40 to 50mm. wide, usually rough, concave, coarsely
filiferous. Panicle glabrous or occasionally pubescent, the bracts at first
often brownish. Flowers mostly more globose and smaller (the perianth
segments usually about 40 mm. long). Fruit oblong, not usually as
large as in Y. baccata: seeds 5 to 6 6 to 8 mm. — Plates 70. 71. 85,

728.80, 5.2.
Las Cruces, N. M., to the Dragoon pass, Ariz., northern
Chihuahua, and the vicinity of Presidio. — Plate 98,

f. 1.

On the plains of western Texas, near the Limpio, and in

* Amer. Journ. Pharmacy. 50: 586. (1878).

THE YUCCEAE. BI

the vicinity of Presidio del Norte, Dr. Bigelow is said to
have found a Yucca 3 to 5 m. high, with leaves almost
exactly like those of Y. baccata, and longer though not
thicker fruit, for which Dr. Torrey proposed the name of
Y. baccata macrocarpa. In 1871, Dr. Engelmann* merged
this form with Y. baccata, noting that though northward a
low plant, this species becomes a tree farther south; but in
his notes on the genus, published two years later,f he
accords names to two forms of Y. baccata, the typical sub-
acaulescent, large-flowered and long-styled plant, which he
calls forma genuina, and the southern branched arborescent
plant with smaller flowers and shorter style, which he calls
variety australis, noting that certain California specimens
are intermediate in foliage between the northern and south-
ern extremes.

In discussing the plants collected or studied by the
Death Valley expedition, Mr. Coville applied the name Y.
macrocarpa to the baccate tree Yucca of southern Cali-
fornia and southern Nevada, with the qualification that
though he had not had an opportunity to investigate the
identity of this Mohave Desert species with the West
Texas form to which Dr. Torrey had applied the name
varietally under Y. baccata, they were supposed to be the
same; and Dr. Merriam accepted this conclusion in his
account of the distribution of the tree in the Death Valley
region.

On the occasion of the flowering of a Yucca trunk re-
ceived by the New York Museum of Natural History from
Sierra Blanca, Texas, Professor Sargent,{ in publishing a
figure of it, expressed the opinion that the specific name
macrocarpa should be limited to this tree of western Texas ;
and the next year§ he proposed for the California plant

* Bot. King. 496.

¢ Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 3 3 44.

t+ Gard. & Forest. 8 : 301. f. 42. (1895).
§ Gard. & Forest. 93 104.

113 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the name Y. Mohavensis, and followed the conclusions
then reached in his subsequent treatment in the Silva* of
the two forms, the Yucca macrocarpa in both instances
being the tree which occurs about Sierra Blanca with the
true Y. macrocarpa but possesses a gamophyllous perianth
and is here treated as one of the types of the genus
Samuela.

Though leaves resembling those of Y. baccata have occa-
sionally been brought in from the general vicinity of El
Paso, Texas, and the adjacent parts of New Mexico, out of
the range of Y. baccata, together with some photographs
showing a tree-like growth, and flowers of smaller size than
those of Y. baccata, the absence of herbarium material rep-
resenting the original collections of Y. baccata macro-
carpa indicated the desirability of making collections of all
of the arborescent Yuccas of the great bend of the Rio
Grande, and for this purpose, in August, 1900, I drove
from Marfa, on the Southern Pacific railroad, to Presidio,
on the river, finding at intervals the plant of El Paso and
New Mexico, and, in sandy places, Y. radiosa (which
seems not to have been noted by the boundary botanists ),
but, rather unexpectedly, no trace of the Sierra Blanca
tree figured by Professor Sargent as Y. macrocarpa. The
latter, then, may be eliminated as certainly not the plant
to which the name macrocarpa was applied by Dr. Torrey,
though the latter also occurs at Sierra Blanca.

Yucca macrocarpa, as it occurs in the vicinity of Presidio
and thence in general west to south-central Arizona and
north to Las Cruces, when seen from a distance resembles
considerably Y. Treculeana, though usually of a yellower-
green foliage than that species. The trunk very rarely
branches, and is usually 2 or 3 m. high, though occasional
specimens are seen exceeding 5 meters. Its concave stiff
leaves are usually .6 or .9 m. long and about 40 mm. wide,
though sometimes reaching a length of over a meter, and,

* Silva. 10:13. pl. 499. 15. pl. 500.

116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Y. < Elmensis Sprenger, Lists 1, 2. (¥. jfilamentosa major 9 xX Y.
gloriosa).

Y. X Guiglielmi Sprenger, Lists 1, 2. (Y. filamentosa 29 X YF.
gloriosa).

Y. X Imperator Sprenger, Lists 1, 2. (Y¥. filamentosa major 2 x Y.
gloriosa glauca pendula).

Y. X liliacea Sprenger, Lists 1, 2. (Y. filamentosa 9 XK “ Y. rupes-
tris’? [rupicola] ).

Y. X magnifica, Sprenger, Lists 1,2. (Y. flaccida 2 X Y. gloriosa).

Y. X margaritacea Sprenger, Lists 1, 2. (¥. jfilamentosa and Y.
gloriosa).

Y. < praecox Sprenger, Lists 1,2. (Y. filamentosa and Y. gloriosa).

Y. * Treleasii Sprenger, Lists 1, 2.

Y. < viridifiora Sprenger, Lists 1, 2.

Y. X Vomerensis Sprenger, Lists 1,2. (Y. aloifolia 9 X& Y. gloriosa).

SAMUELA Trelease.

Perianth openly campanulate, salver- or funnel-form, of thin broadly
lanceolate segments the narrowed bases of which are connate into a
distinct conical or cylindrical tube. Filaments thick, inserted in the
throat, outcurved above; anthers sagittate, horizontal. Ovary narrowly
oblong, longer than the oblong 3-grooved style; stigma unequally 6-lobed,
openly perforate. Fruit 6-celled, pendent, baccate about a papery core.
Seeds thick, marginless, with ruminated albumen. — Low but rather
thick trees with large rigid pungent coarsely filiferous leaves and ample
large-bracted panicle the branches of which long end in broad bract-
covered buds.

Two trees to which, as it chances, no published specific
names are applicable, though of the general habit, floral
plan and fruit and seed characters of the baccate Yuccas, are
distinguished from all known Yuccas in having the perianth
distinctly tubular and gamophyllous below, with the sta-
mens becoming free only at its throat; and these characters,
marking a very great deviation from the floral structure of
Yucca proper, seem to necessitate their separation from
that genus, and the provision for them of a new genus,
which is dedicated to my little son, Sam Farlow Trelease,
who, in the springs of 1900 and 1902 accompanied and
materially aided me in a field study of both speeies of
this genus and of the Mexican and Central American
Yuccas.

THE YUCCEAE. 115

Y. longifolia Karwinsky in Schultes, Syst. Veg. 17731715. (1830).

This was referred to the genus Dasylirion, under the same specific
name, by Zuccarini (Allgem, Gartenzeit. 18388. — Pl. nov. v. min. cogn.
4: 224. pl. 7. — Regel, Gartenflora. 8 : 37), and afterward and apparently
correctly to Beaucarnea, under the same name, by Baker (Lond. Journ.
Bot. 1872: 324). Hemsley (Biol. Cent.-Amer. $3372) uses the same
specific name under the equivalent genus Nolina. Professor Radlkofer
has kindly sent me specimens from the plants still cultivated at Munich,
from Karwinsky’s seeds.

Y. pitcairnifolia Karwinsky in Sweet, Hort. Brit. 707. (1839). [ed. 3.]

Published without description but ascribed to Mexico, and from the
specific name perhaps the plant collected by Karwinsky to which Zucca-
rini (Allgem. Gartenzeit. 6: 258) gave this specific name under the genus
Dasylirion, from which in 1840 he transferred it to Hechtia under the
specific name glomerata, (Plant. nov. v. min. cogn. 4: 240. pl. 6).

Y. rubescens Pasquale, Cat. R. Ort. Bot. di Napoli. 108. (1867).

A catalogue name only, not capable of being placed.

Y. serratifolia Karwinsky in Schultes, Syst. Veg. 17? : 1716. (1830).

This was correctly referred to Dasylirion, under the same specific
name, by Zuccarini (Allgem. Gartzenzeit. 1888, — Plant. nov. v. min.
cogn. 4: 225). I am indebted to Dr. Radlkofer for specimens from
plants still cultivated in Munich, from Karwinsky’s seeds.

Y. spinosa HBK. Nov. Gen. Sp. 1 : 289. (1815).

The original specimen of this, from Actopan, Mexico, in the Berlin
herbarium, is said by Engelmann (Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 : 24, 55) to
be composed of the flowers of Yucca, similar to those of Y. Treculeana
(which occurs in that region) and the leaves of Dasylirion acrotrichum.
It would be very far-fetched to apply this name, based on foreign leaves,
to Y. Treculeana, over which it has long priority.

Y¥. stenophylia Steudel, Nomenclator. 2 ; 795. (1841). [ed. 2].

This name, without description, which is substituted for Karwinsky’s
name Y. angustifolia, pertains to a Mexican plant, which might equally
well belong to Yucca, Beaucarnea, or Dasylirion, and concerning which I
have been able to get no information.

The following artificial hybrids which Mr. Sprenger pro-
poses fully characterizing shortly, but which can not be
placed even in the analytical key given above, are included
by him in two trade lists, issued respectively in September,
1901, and January, 1902 :—

Y. < albella Sprenger, Lists 1, 2.

Y. X elegantissima Sprenger, Lists 1, 2. (Y. filamentosa major 2 &
Y. gloriosa).

THE YUCCEAE. 113

as in Y. baccata, they are rough like shagreen on the back
and frequently on the upper surface as well, and very
coarsely gray filiferous. The flowers and fruit are as de-
scribed by Dr. Torrey, though the latter varies greatly in
form and size. Specimens in the Engelmann Herbarium,
collected by Dr. Wislizenus between El Paso and Chihuahua,
show that to this extent the Y. baccata australis of Engel-
mann included this species, though in large part it referred
to other things, principally what is called Y. australis above.

Y. Monavensis Sargent, Gard. and For. 9: 104. (1896).
Silva. 10:15. pl. 500.

Y. macrocarpa Coville, Contr. U. 8. Natl. Herb. 43202. (1893). In
large part. — Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 7:358. pl. 14.

Y. baccata Watson, Bot. Calif. 2: 164.—Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 8: 162. pl. 2,48. 43185. pl. 20. — Amer. Florist. 8 3 57. f. —
Orcutt, West Amer. Scientist. 6 ; 134.

Y. schidigera Roezl, Belg. Hort. 1880; 51.

Habit and general characters of the preceding. Style very short,
contracted. Fruit mostly smaller. — Plates 68. 81, f. 6.

Western Arizona and Southern Nevada to the vicinity of
San Diego, California, and Alamo, Lower California, and as
far north as Monterey, where Parry first collected it. —
Plate 94, f. 1.

Though the principal observed difference between this
and the preceding lies in the style, which is contracted and
short in the one, and elongated in the other, the great area
of desert country lying between their known respective
localities makes it desirable to recognize them as distinct
species. From the locality there can be no doubt that
what Roezl collected near San Diego in 1869 and sold to
De Smet under the name of Y. schidigera was Y.
Mahavensis, which Dr. Engelmann regarded as intermediate
between Y. baccata and its variety australis as understood
by him.

In addition to the names applied in this paper as syn-
onyms or otherwise to various species of Yucca or other
8

114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

yuccoid genera, the following, mostly spurious, Yuccas are
to be accounted for: —
Y. acaulis HBK. Nov. Gen. Sp. 1 3289. (1815).

Said by Engelmann (Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 355) to be a Fourcroya,
and by Baker (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 231) to consist of leaves of an
Agave or Fourcroya and flowers of a Yucca. It is said by the describer to
be called locally ‘‘ maguay de Cocuy,’’ and to occur abundantly near Car-
acasandCumana. The ovary is said to be superior, but the filaments are
described as dilated at base and the flowers are particularly compared
with those of Agave Cubensis (now called Furcraea Cubensis) which Hum-
boldt elsewhere (Pol. Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. 2 3472. — ed.
3. transl. by Black) states is called ‘‘maguey de Cocuy”’ in the provinces
of Caracas and Cumana, so that it is doubtless F. geminispina Jacobi,
which has the marginal prickles bifid, as those of Y. acaulis are said to be.
Y. acrotricha Schiede, Linnaea. 4 : 230. (1829).

Briefly described from foliage specimens only, and subsequently and
correctly named Dasylirion acrotricha by Zuccarini (Pl. Nov. v. min. cogn.
4 : 228, 228. pl. 1).

Y. aletriformis Haworth, Phil. Mag. 1831: 415. — South Africa.

Obviously, from the locality, if correctly given, not a Yucca, but as yet,
so far as I know, unplaced.

Y. angustifolia Karwinsky in Sweet, Hort. Brit. 707. (1839). [ed. 3].

Is Y. stenophylla Steudel, mentioned below.

Y. Barrancasecca Pasquale, Cat. R. Orto Bot. di Napoli. 108. (1867).

From the statement that the leaves are fibrillate at end, it may be in-
ferred that this plant, cultivated in the Naples garden, is a Dasylirion,
but its leaves, which are described as 1 meter long and 3 to 4 cm. wide,
and by implication entire, are large and differ in their fibrillate end from
those of the described species of that genus with entire leaves.

Y. Bosciit Desfontaines, Tableau de l’Ecole de Bot. du Jard. du Roi.
28, 274. (1815). [ed. 2].

This catalogue name, without description and doubtfully placed
under the genus Yucca by its author, is now by general consent referred
as a synonym to Agave geminiflora Gawler. Nuttall (Trans, Amer. Phil.
Soc. § 3 156), refers to it as from Upper Carolina.

Y. graminifolia Zuccarini, Cat. Hort. Monac. 1837.

Referred to the genus Dasylirion under the same specific name by
Zuccarini (Allgem. Gartenzeit. 1838.— Plant. nov. vel min. cogn. 4:
225. pl. 1. — Neumann, Rev. Hort. ii. 4: 250). I am indebted to Pro-
fessor Radlkofer for bits of the type from Zuccarini’s herbarium, at
Munich.

Y. horrida Steudel, Nomenclator. 2: 795. (1841). [ed. 2].

Mentioned by name only, ascribed to Humboldt, and stated to bea

synonym of Y. spinosa, which is referred to below.

THE YUCCEAE. 117

The species may be differentiated as follows : —

Perianth-tube conical, under 10 mm. long. S. Faxoniana.
Perianth-tube 12 to 25 mm. long. 8. Carnerosana.

S. Faxoniana Trelease.

Yucca australis Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 43190. pl. 4, 5.—
Coulter, Contr. U. S. Natl. Mus. 2 3 436, in part.

Y. macrocarpa Sargent, Gard. & Forest. 8 3301, 305. f. 42. 9¢ 104.
Siiva. 103 13. pl. 499.

Arboreous, 1.5 to 5 m. high, .3 to .6 m. thick, simple or few branched
at top. Leaves 50 to 75 mm. wide, 1 to 1.25 m. long, openly concave to
the end, shagreen-scabrid only on the dorsal angles if at all, coarsely
filiferous but at length with only a few persistent short pectinate threads
near the apex and a cobwebby mass of detached fibers at base. Panicle
short stalked, broadly pyramidal, rather loosely branched, with very large
persistent at length brittle white bracts. Flowers expanding 50 to 100 mm.,
white; perianth tube scant 10 mm. long. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 25 to 75
mm. long and 25 mm. in diameter. — Plates 69-71. 78, f. 2. 81, f. 11.

About Sierra Blanca, Texas, and presumably extending
southwards into Mexico. — Plate 94, f. 2.

Travelers who pass Sierra Blanca, in western Texas, by
daylight, are usually interested in the scattering forest of
low Yucca-like trees covering the surrounding country, a
number of which are planted about the section-house and
in what was formerly a very attractive collection of succu-
lents at the railroad station.

In the absence of type material or any collections from
the type localities, these trees have been considered to
represent the Yucca baccata macrocarpa of Torrey, and,
under the name Y. macrocarpa or its partial synonym
Y. australis, are described and figured in several places.
Associated with them are numerous specimens of Y. radiosa
and, in smaller numbers, the true Y. macrocarpa of the
great bend of the Rio Grande, which, as has been shown
above, is a well-marked species and preserves all of the
floral characters of a true Yucca; and, as indicative of their
probable range to the southward, it may be mentioned that
they are accompanied by Agave applanata, which, in its
typical form, is not known elsewhere in the United States.

118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

As it occurs from a little way east of Sierra Blanca to
the vicinity of Malone, this tree is usually 2 or 3 m. high,
rarely reaching 5 meters, and the thin-barked stem, which
may reach a diameter of about half a meter, very rarely
branches, though occasionally one or two ascending
branches are produced. Well developed plants, even if
small, differ conspicuously from those of Yucca macrocarpa
in their rounder head and the usually greater number of
their spreading leaves, which, smooth or at most slightly
roughened on the occasional dorsal angles, are of a crab-
apple green, openly concave to the very short stout spine,
and though at first coarsely filiferous, later have only a few
short pectinate thickish fibers toward the tip, while the
remainder become detached to the base, where they remain
in a loosely cobwebby mass between the leaves, which in age
become reflexed and normally persist as a thatch on the
trunk even to its base. On vigorous plants the leaves
attain a width of 75 mm. and a length of 1.25 m.

This species, which is well described by Professor Sar-
gent, under the name Yucca macrocarpa, I take pleasure in
dedicating to Mr. C. E. Faxon, whose excellent figures of
it in the Silva faithfully represent its technical characters.

S. Carnerosana Trelease.

A simple or rarely slightly branched tree, 1.5 to 6 m. high, at length
.7 m. in diameter. Leaves as in the last. Panicle on a stout white-
bracted stalk, densely branched close above the leaves, glabrous or
exceptionally tomentose. Flowers expanding 75 to 100 mm., the cylin-
drical tube 12 to 25mm. long. Fruit oblong, 50 to 75 mm. long, 40 mm.
in diameter: seeds 7 to 9X8 to 10 mm.— Frontispiece to article and
plates 72-75. 76,f. 1. 77. 81,f.12. 83, f. 2.

Northeastern Mexico, from the Carneros pass to about
Catorce and Cardenas. — Plate 94, f. 2.

Some years since, Mr. C. G. Pringle made characteris-
tically excellent herbarium specimens of a tree which
forms large forests about Carneros, Mexico, which were
distributed as doubtfully representing a variety of Yucca

ee a

120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

ECONOMIC USES.

In contrast with the Aloineae, the Yucceae possess very
fibrous leaves comparable with those of the agavoid Amaryl-
lidaceae, and local use is made of the fiber* almost every-
where that the plants grow. In the southeastern United
States, and as far west as the Indian Territory, the leaves
of species of Yucca of the jfilamentosa group, commonly
called ** bear-grass,’’ are much used for domestic purposes
such as making seats for chairs and especially hanging meat,
for which they are so much prized in the country that the
plants are commonly tolerated as weeds in cultivated fields
from which other wild plants are eradicated. In Mexico
and our southwestern states the fiber of several of the bac-
cate species is crudely cleaned and put to various local uses,
cordage included.t The long leavesof ‘* palma loca’’ ( Y.
Treculeana), with coarse fiber, and ‘‘izote’’ (Y. Schottit
Jaliscensis), with fine fiber, are apparently of considerable
use in this manner, respectively in the eastern and western
parts of Mexico. About the Carneros pass, where it is
very abundant, Samuela Carnerosana is similarly used, and
Dr. Millspaugh informs me that Hesperaloe funifera is re-
ported as planted for its fiber about Bustemente, in the
Mexican state of Nuevo Leon. The fiber of Hesperoyucca
is said by Palmer (/. c.)to be fine and excellent. Cleaning
the fiber of all of these plants appears to be attended with
the general difficulties that make the commercial preparation
of Agave fibers unsatisfactory, but I have seen machine-
cleaned fiber of Yucca australis that appeared fairly good,
and it may be that notwithstanding its shortness the fiber
of these abundant large palma trees of the Mexican table-
land will ultimately be used in quantity for the cheaper

kinds of bagging, etc.

* See Naudin, Rev. Hort. 1855: 141-9. — Porcher, Resources of So.

Fields and Forests. 530-1.
+ Palmer, Amer. Journ. Pharmacy. 50 : 586.

THE YUCCEAE. 119

baccata, These specimens (nos. 2841, 3912), represent
another species of Samuela, which, from near the city of
Saltillo extends southwards, on the mountain slopes and in
the higher valleys, to some distance below the Tropic of
Cancer, and is especially abundant in the higher valleys
about Carneros pass, where the Mexican National railroad
crosses the mountains south of Saltillo, and about Las
Tablas on the Tampico branch of the Mexican Central.

' Like the preceding species, this is a low round-headed
tree, very rarely bearing one or two short branches at the
apex, and thus in marked contrast with the branched
shorter-leaved Y. australis which accompanies it in
small numbers about Carneros and elsewhere. The leaves
vary considerably in thickness, and the thinner ones are
usually a little plicate though they are still thick and rigid.
The very thick fibers of the leaves distributed by Mr.
Pringle are exceptional. The axis of inflorescence, which,
though usually erect, is sometimes arched over by the
weight of the enormous panicle, is unusually succulent and
devoid of fiber, so that a stalk as thick as one’s wrist can
be severed by a single cut of a pocket-knife. A striking
feature of both species of the genus, but particularly
marked in S. Carnerosana, is the compact depressed bud,
as much as 100 mm. in diameter, in which each branch of
the panicle ends until blooming is far advanced. Even
from a distance, the pure waxen-white fragrant flowers,
which remain expanded to an unexpected degree during
the daytime, are marked by their cylindrical tube which
gives them the appearance of those of Polianthes, though
the ovary is free from the perianth, as in other Liliaceae.
The fruit of both species, like that of the baccate Yuccas
of the southwest, is usually greenish-yellow, though some-
times tinged with red or purple, and the soft sweet pulp is
pale.

THE YUCCEAE. 121

The trunks of the species of Yucca, Clistoyucca and
Samuela are occasionally used for palisade construction,
and in the Carneros pass I have seen houses built almost.
entirely of material obtained from S. Carnerosana,— the
walls of palisade-like trunks set on end, and the roof
thatched with the leaves. Attempts have been made to use
the fiber of Clistoyucca for paper-pulp,* of which a fair
grade can be made notwithstanding the gumminess of the
tissues; and the trunks have sometimes been turned into
coarse veneers for wrapping bottles, etc., as is commonly
done with soft dicotyledonous woods like the cottonwood.

The group generally seems to possess the saponifying
properties of the Agaves, so that the stems and root stocks
are not infrequently used as amoles,f and a considerable.
quantity of vegetable soap is claimed to be made from Y.
baccata, Y. glauca, and, judging from illustrations in ad-
vertising matter, Y. radiosa.

Notwithstanding their stiff-pointed leaves, the species
which grow in the southwestern grazing country are attract-
ive to cattle in the flowering season, and the animals often
display some dexterity and no little courage in riding down
the smaller trees or otherwise getting at their succulent.
flower-clusters, which are further gathered and carried in to
be fed to sheep and other animals in some cases, as, for
instance, in the Carneros pass, where I have seen large
cart loads of the great panicles of Samuela Carnerosana
being taken to the hamlet for this purpose. In their early
stages, too, the inflorescence of Yucca, Hesperoyucca and
Samuela is said to be either boiled or roasted and used
for human food or even eaten raw.t Like the crowns of
** sotol’’ (Dasylirion), the nearly fiberless trunks of the
southern Samuela are decorticated or split open so that they
can be eaten by stock.

* Palmer, 7. c.— Shinn, Amer. Agriculturist. 1891: 689. — Land of
Sunshine. 10:1, and advertisement.

t See Palmer, J. c.

t See —— l. c. — The Garden. 24; 104, — from N. Y. Tribune.

122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

As arule, the fruits of the baccate species of Yucca and
of Samuela are promptly eaten by birds, rats, etc., but
domesticated animals are said to like them, and, being quite
, Sugary, they are enjoyed by the Indian and Mexican chil-
dren, who commonly call them figs or dates. All that I
have tasted possess, in combination with their sweetness, a
characteristic bitterness, which makes them somewhat un-
palatable, and those of the Rocky Mountain and Mexican
region possess a rather viscid pulp which renders them
unpleasant to handle when broken. My friend Mr. Bur-
bidge has compared the fruit of Yucca aloifolia with black-
currant jam with a little admixture of quinine,—its purple
color no doubt strengthening the suggestiveness.

The seeds of the baccate species are said to be purga-
tive, though Palmer (7. c.) says that the seeds of Clisto-
yucca and Hesperoyucca are ground and eaten, either raw
or as ‘‘mush;’’ and Gambold (Amer. Jour. Sci. 1819:
251) states that the pounded roots are used as a fish poison.
It would be interesting to have their active principles de-
termined.

All of the species, when used in the right way, are of
decorative value. Y. filamentosa, Y. flaccida, Y. gloriosa,
Y. recurvifolia, Y. glauca, Y. baccata, and Y. Harri-
maniae appear to be hardy as far north as St. Louis, and
Y. Treculeana is reported frost-hardy at Angers, France
(Garden. 12: 369), but the other species, so far as tested,
demand a climate scarcely less mild than that of our
southern states, California or the Riviera.

PHYLOGENY AND ECOLOGY.

Little can be said as to the origin or mode of specializa-
tion of the Yucceae. They are characteristic xerophytes,
even those which grow in the moist climates frequently
having a preference for dry places, such as sand dunes.
Their underground parts are frequently fleshy and very
tenacious of life, their stems hold a considerable amount

THE YUCCEAE. 123

of moisture, and their leaves are well guarded against
undue transpiration. Like other arboreous Liliaceae, their
larger representatives produce the impression of being the
culmination of a vegetative type perhaps formerly of wide
distribution, but now barely able to hold its own except
in desert regions where competition between plants is
less than elsewhere, while structural adaptation enables
them to endure the rigors of this last resort,—in a
sense, therefore, recalling the bald cypress ( Taxodium)
among conifers, which for similar reasons has betaken
itself to the other extreme of deep swamps. I know of no
ecological explanation of the filiferous shedding of the leaf-
margins of many species.

The dissemination arrangements of the Yucceae are of
the more highly specialized types. Many species, consti-
tuting the genus Hesperaloe, Hesperoyucca, and the capsular
section of Yucca, are wind-disseminated, with thin flat
seeds lifted from time to time out of the suberect capsules
by gusts of wind. In Clistoyucca the indehiscent mature
fruit is spongy and light and apparently adapted to being
blown about by the desert winds after the manner of blad-
der-fruits or tumble-weeds. Yucca gloriosa and Y. recur-
vifolia possess fruits which do not dehisce, though their
seeds are thin and flat; nor do they become edible in ripen-
ing, but dry to a firm almost wooden consistency,
out of harmony with any usual mode of dissemination.
All of the baccate species of Yucca and the two species of
Samuela have fleshy edible fruits at maturity, and their
abundant endosperm suggests an adaptation to the dry
regions, in which all of them, so far as known, live, with
the exception of Y. aloifolia, and, perhaps, Y. elephantipes.
That they have been derived from thin-seeded capsular
species seems more probable than the reverse, and the
coreless fruit of the seaside Y. aloifolia suggests its
independent fruit specialization rather than a genetic con-

124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

nection with the desert species, which possess a firm,
parchment-like core immediately about the seeds.

The pollination relations of nearly all of the group are
among the most peculiar and exclusively restricted thus far
discovered. Hesperaloe secretes much nectar and appears
adapted to birds, as are the Cape aloes, to which it bears
no inconsiderable resemblance in its flowers. The other
genera are sparingly if at all nectariferous, though all have
septal glands, which are rather small in Clistoyucca, but
very large in the others. Yucca aloifolia, again in an
exceptional way, appears to be freely self-fertile, but self-
seeding is very unusual with all of the other species of
this genus, as it appears to be with Hesperoyucca, Clisto-
yucca and Samuela. These, so far as known, depend for
their pollination upon small moths belonging to the tineid
genus Pronuba, of which one species (P. synthetica) is
known only in connection with the single species of Clisto-
yucca, one (P. maculata, and its variety aterrima), with
the single species of Hesperoyucca, and the only other
known species (.P. yuccasella) accompanies the various
species of Yucca across the continent and has a known
north and south range from the great bend of the Mis-
souri river to central Mexico. These moths are not known
to feed, in the larval stage, on anything but the developing
seeds of the plants named; so that the mutual dependence
of moth upon plant and of plant upon moth appears to be
absolute, —no doubt, taken in connection with the other
ecological peculiarities of the yuccoids, a fact of the
greatest suggestiveness, but the bearing and meaning of
which has as yet escaped both botanists and entomologists.
That the flowers were formerly pollinated otherwise appears
to be indicated by the presence of nectar-glands, which
now appear to be useless.

The long perianth tube of Samuela,—a type of struc-
ture usually connected with pollination by some insect of
corresponding tongue-length, for which the nectar is thus

THE YUCCEAE. 125

kept from shorter-tongued insects, —is so closely applied
about the lower part of the ovary, as, apparently, to make
it impossible for any insect to reach the bottom of the
latter, with even a very slender tongue. Though the
actual pollination of this genus is yet to be observed, it is
effected by Pronuba yuccasella, at least in S. Faxoniana,
in the flowers of which pollen-laden females of the moth
were discovered by my son and myself in April, 1902, and
the only explanation of the highly specialized tubular peri-
anth I can suggest is that, restricting the access of the
ovipositing moths to the upper half or two-thirds of the
ovary, it may limit the number of eggs that they can lay
in a given pistil, to the advantage of the plant.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Unless otherwise stated, the illustrations are from pho-
tographs by the author. Where two illustrations occur on
a plate, the upper or left-hand is referred to first.

Frontispiece to article. — Samuela Carnerosana, in the Carneros Pass,
Mexico.

Plate 1.—1, Hesperaloe parviflora, cultivated in San Antonio; 2, H.
parviflora Engelmanni, cultivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Plate 2. — Flowers of Hesperaloe parviflora Engelmanni, natural size,
from the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Plate 3.— Hesperaloe funifera, at Peyotes, Mex.

Plate 4.— 1, Hesperaloe funifera, capsules from Peyotes, natural size;
2, Hesperoyucca Whipplei, capsules from Arrowhead Springs, Cal., natural
size.

Plate 5. — Hesperoyucca Whipplei, and its flowers, reduced, at the sum-
mit of the Cajon Pass, California.

Plate 6. — Clistoyucca arborescens, at Hesperia, California.

Plate 7. — Clistoyucca arborescens, flowers, reduced, and fruit, natural
size, at Hesperia, Cal.

Plate 8. — Yucca jfilamentosa, at Sanford, Fla., and flowers, natural size.

Plate 9. — Yucca jilamentosa bracteata, cultivated at Brunswick, Ga.

Plate 10.— Yucca jilamentosa concava, in sand dunes, Isle of Palms,
8. C.

Plate 11.— Yucca jilamentosa media, cultivated in Tower Grove Park,

St. Louis. Photographed by P. T. Barnes.
Plate 12. — Partly grown fruit of Yuccas cultivated in the Missouri

126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Botanical Garden, natural size. —1, Y. filamentosa; 2, Y. flaccida glau-
cescens.

Plate 13. — Yucca flaccida glaucescens, cultivated in the Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden. — Producing racemose secondary inflorescences, in addi-
tion to the central panicles.

Plate 14. — Yucca flaccida glaucescens, cultivated at the Missouri
Botanical Garden, showing thermotropism of inner leaves.— 1, Normal
position of leaves, at a temperature slightly above the freezing point;
2, Leaves inrolled, at 26° F.

Plate 15.— Yucca flaccida glaucescens, cultivated at the Missouri
Botanical Garden. — Photographed by P. T. Barnes.

Plate 16. — Yucca flaccida, near Anniston, Ala.

Plate 17.— Capsules, natural size.—1, Yucca flaccida glaucescens,
cultivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden; 2, Y. tenuistyla, Industry,
Tex., Lindheimer.

Plate 18. — Yucca tenuistyla, near Sealy, Tex.

Plate 19. — Yucca tenuistyla from near Sealy, Tex. Small sized flowers,
natural size.— Photographed by P. T. Barnes.

Plate 20. — Yucca constricta. — 1, Cultivated at the Missouri Botani-
cal Garden from Seward Co., Kas.; 2, Near Uvalde, Tex.

Plate 21.— Capsules, natural size. — 1, Yucca constricta, Cline, Tex. ;
2, Y. radiosa, Benson, Ariz.

Plate 22. — Yucca radiosa, at Benson, Ariz. Fruiting plants and an
exceptionally symmetrical young plant.

Plate 23. — 1, Yucca angustissima, a type sheet in the Engelmann her-
barium; 2, Yucca glauca, near Albuquerque, N. M.

Plate 24. — Capsules, natural size. — 1, Yucca angustissima, from near
the Grand Cafion, Ariz.; 2, Yucca glauca, from Manitou, Col.

Plate 25.— Yucca glauca, cultivated in the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Plate 26.— Yucca glauca stricta, cultivated in Tower Grove Park,
St. Louis, from Seward County, Kas.

Plate 27.— Flowers of Yucca glauca stricta, natural size, from the
preceding. — Photographed by P. T. Barnes.

Plate 28.— Yucca Harrimaniae, at Helper, Utah.

Plate 29. — Yucca Harrimaniae, Helper, Utah, — Capsules, natural size.

Plate 30.— Yucca Arkansana, near Fort Worth, Tex.

Plate 31. — Yucca Arkansana, near Dallas, Tex., fruiting plants.

Plate 32. — Yucca Louisianensis.—1, Near Jefferson, Tex.; 2, Near
Texarkana, Tex.

Plate 33.— Yucca Louisianensis, Hughes Springs, Tex.

Plate 34.— Yucca Louisianensis, Hughes, Tex.—1, Form with slen-
derer, paler style; 2, Form with very tumid dark green style, slightly
reduced.

Plate 35.— Yucca rigida, near Picardias, Mex.

Plate 36. — Capsules, natural size. —1, Yucca rigida, from Picardias,
Mex.; 2, Yucca rostrata, from Peyotes, Mex.

THE YUCCEAE. 127

Plate 37.— Yucca rupicola2? Aberrant sheet of Wright, no. 1909, in
the Torrey herbarium.

Plate 38. — Yucca rupicola,—the more normal Gray herbarium sheet
of Wright, no. 1909.

Plate 39. — Yucca rupicola.—1, Flowering plant, on limestone hills a
few miles west of Fort Worth, Texas; 2, Flowers, slightly reduced, of
plant cultivated by Mr. J. Reverchon, from same locality.

Plate 40. — Yucca rostrata, at Peyotes, Mex. — Flowering plants.

Plate 41. — Yucca rostrata, at Peyotes, Mex. — The upper figure show-
ing the lozenge-shaped leaf-scars.

Plate 42.— Yucca rostrata, at Peyotes, Mex. — fruiting plants. — The
foreground is occupied by Agave heteracantha.

Plate 43.— Yucca gloriosa, in the sand dunes of Tybee Island, Ga.

Plate 44.— Yucca gloriosa, Tybee Island, Ga.—1, Smooth-barked
trunk, with roots, exposed by the shifting of the sand; 2, With partly
grown fruit, photographed in May.

Plate 45. — Yucca gloriosa minor, cultivated in the Missouri Botanical
Garden. — At the left are Y. aloifolia, with narrow leaves, and Y. elephan-
tipes, with broad more flexible leaves.

Plate 46.— 1, Yucca gloriosa superba, fruit and cross section, natural
size, —cultivated in Washington, D. C. (Schott); 2, Yucca recurvifolia,
fruit, natural size, cultivated at Bluffton, S. C. (Mellichamp, in 1901).

Plate 47.— 1, Yucca recurvifolia (2 m. high), cultivated in the National
Cemetery, Vicksburg, Miss.; 2, Yucca flexilis Hildrethi, escaping, at St.
Augustine, Fla., photographed in May.

Plate 48.—‘* Yucca De Smetiana,’”’ cultivated in the Yucca tower
of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Plate 49, — Yucca aloifolia. — 1, Associated with Ipomoea Pes-Capreae,
on the dunes of South Beach, St. Augustine, Fla.; 2, Overgrown with
Smilax, on the dunes of Tybee Island, Ga.

Plate 50. — Yucca aloifolia Menandi, type plant cultivated at the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden. — Photographed by P. T. Barnes.

Plate 51. — Yucca elephantipes. —1, A large tree, at El Florido, Guate-
mala; 2, The dilated base of a tree, at Chinautla, Guatemala.

Plate 52.— Yucca Treculeana. —1, In flower, cultivated at C. P. Diaz,
Mex.; 2, In fruit, near Peyotes, Mex.

Plate 53.— Yucca Treculeana canaliculata. Cultivated in the Alamo
Plaza, San Antonio, Tex.

Plate 54.— Yucca Treculeana canaliculata. Cultivated at the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden. — Photographed by P. T. Barnes.

Plate 55.— Yucca Schottii, west of Nogales, Ariz., photographed in
August: the second figure, from near the boundary monument in the
Sierra del Pajarito.

Plate 56.— Yucca Schottii Jaliscensis. ‘‘Izote’’, in the suburbs of
Zapotlan, Mexico, photographed in September.

Plate 57. — Yucca brevifolia. The mixed type-sheet, in the Torrey her-

128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

barium. The leaves are representative of Y. brevifolia, and the inflor-
escence, apparently, of Y. Schottii.

Plate 58.— Yucca brevifolia, toward the Santa Cruz river, to the
northeast of Nogales, Ariz.

Plate 59.— Yucca brevifolia. Tree about 2 meters high, with panicle
axis from preceding year, near Nogales, Arizona.

Plate 60.— Yucca australis. The original sheet of Thurber’s collection
from Parras, Mex., in the Torrey herbarium.

Plate 61.— Yucca australis. —1, In fruit, at Parras, Mex.; 2, In
flower, near Topo Chico, Monterey, Mex.

Plate 62. — Yucca valida. Old hedgerows, near Durango, Mex.

Plate 63. — Yucca valida, near Gutierrez, Mex.

Plate 64. — Yucca valida. — 1, Near Gutierrez, Mex., with Opuntia leu-
cotricha in the foreground; 2, Near Camacho, Mex.

Plate 65. — Yucca valida, near Gutierrez, Mex. — The lower part of the
trunk, some years before, had been decorticated without killing the tree,
over the lower part of which a new bark has formed.

Plate 66.— Yucca valida. Flowers, somewhat reduced, from near
Gutierrez, Mex.

Plate 67. — Yucca valida. Type sheet, from San Gregorio, L. Cal., in
the Brandegee herbarium.

Plate 68. — Yucca baccata, in the Grand Cajion, Ariz. — The fruit is 20
cm. long.

Plate 69.— Yucca baccata. Fruit of the preceding, natural size (fore-
shortened), showing the basal disk. — Photographed by P. T. Barnes.

Plate 70.— Yucca macrocarpa. Flowering plant, near Sierre Blanca,
Texas.

Plate 71.— Yucca macrocarpa. Fruiting plants, in the type region, in
the great bend of the Rio Grande.

Plate 72.— Yucca Mohavensis, at Drake, Ariz. — The right-hand figure
has a very characteristic plant of Mowquiera in the foreground.

Plate 73.— Samuela Faxoniana, near Sierra Blanca, Tex. — Character-
istic round-headed trees.

Plate 74. — Samuela Faxoniana, a partly sterile fruiting plant, with
persistent bracts, and a plant beginning to bloom, near Sierra Blanca,
‘Texas.

Plate 75. — Samuela Faxoniana. Leaf tips and partly grown fruit
(showing the fleshy base and short split tube of the perianth), from
Sierra Blanca, Tex., natural size.

Plate 76.— Samuela Carnerosana, in the Carneros Pass, Mex. Full
blown trees, and the foliage head of a young plant.

Plate 77. — Samuela Carnerosana. Flowering and fruiting trees in the
Carneros Pass, Mex.—The partly sterile inflorescence is conspicuous
even in fruit, because of its persistent large bracts.

Plate 78.— Samuela Carnerosana in the Carneros Pass, Mex. —1,
Fruiting tree; 2, Early stage of flowering, showing the large bracts and
the buds in which the panicle branches at first end.

a ae eee ae ee

THE YUCCEAE. 129

Plate 79. — Samuela Carnerosana, from the Carneros Pass, Mex.,
natural size.—1, Inflorescence bud; 2, Flower, with nearer part of
perianth removed, and half grown fruit with the persistent split perianth
tube upwards of 2 cm. long.

Plate 80.—1, Samuela Carnerosana, in the Carneros Pass, Mex.; 2,
Yucca flaccida, var., cultivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Both
reduced. — The perianth differences of the two genera are well shown.

Plate 81.— Samuela Carnerosana, in the Carneros Pass, Mex.—1, A
trunk decorticated by slashing it on the two sides and tearing the leaves
down, exposing the pulpy interior for stock to feed upon; 2, A fruit,
somewhat reduced, showing the split dried perianth tube.

Plate 82. — Yucca elephantipes, at Chinautla, Guatemala, and Samuela
Faxoniana, at Sierra Blanca, Texas. Flowers, reduced about one-third.

Plate 83. — Seeds of Yuccas, natural size.*—1, Y. jilamentosa con-
cava, Isle of Palms, 8. C. (Trelease); 2, Y. flaccida glaucescens, culti-
vated at the Missouri Botanical Garden; 3, Y. tenuistyla, Industry, Tex.
(Lindheimer); 4, Y. constricta, Uvalde, Tex. (Trelease); 5. Y. radiosa,
Presidio, Tex. (Trelease); 6, Y. angustissima near Grand Cafion, Ariz.
(Trelease); 7, Y¥. Arkansana, New Braunfels, Tex. (Lindheimer); 8,
Y. Louisianensis, Atoka, Ind. Ter. (Butler); 9, Y. glauca, N. W. Mis-
souri (Bush); 10, ¥. Harrimaniae, Helper, Utah (Trelease).

Plate 84. — Seeds of Yuccas, natural size.—1, Y. rigida, Picardias,
Mex. (Trelease); 2, Y. rupicola, New Braunfels, Tex. (Lindheimer); 3
Y. rostrata, Peyotes, Mex. (Trelease); 4, Y. gloriosa superba, cultivated
in Washington, D. C. (Schott); 5, Y. recurvifolia, cultivated at Bluffton,
S. C. (Mellichamp); 6, Y. aloifolia, Bluffton, 8. C. (Mellichamp); 7,
Y. elephantipes, cultivated at the Missouri Botanical Garden; 8, Y. Tre-
culeana, New Braunfels, Tex. (Lindheimer).

Plate 85.— Seeds of Yucceae, natural size. — 1, Yucca Schottii, Pinal
Mts., Ariz. (Pringle); 2, Y. australis, Parras, Mex. (Trelease); 3,
Y. valida, Gutierrez, Mex. (Trelease); 4, Y. baccata, Grand Cafion, Ariz.
(Trelease); 5, Y. macrocarpa, near Presidio, Tex. (Trelease); 6, Y.
Mohavensis, Drake, Ariz. (Trelease); 7, Hesperaloe parviflora, Texas
(Wright); 8, H. funifera, Hacienda de Angostura, Mex. (Pringle, no.
3911); 9, Hesperoyucca Whipplei, Arrowhead Springs, Calif. (Trelease) ;
10, Clistoyucca arborescens (Palmer); 11, Samuela Faxoniana, Sierra
Blanca, Tex. (Trelease); 12, 8. Carnerosana, Carneros Pass, Mex.
(Trelease).

Plate 86. — Germination of Yuccas, natural size. —1, Y. radiosa; 2, Y.
macrocarpa.

Plate 87. — Germination of Yucceae, natural size. —1, eee ar-
borescens; 2, Samuela Carnerosana.

Plates 88-99. — Geographical distribution of Yucceae. — Stations noted
by the author are indicated by a <, and the general range known to him
is shown by horizontal shading. Many gaps require filling.

* The figures in this and the following plates are numbered from left
to right in the several rows, beginning with the uppermost.

9

INDEX.

(Synonyms in Parenthesis. )

Agave applanata 117
Cubensis (114)
goeminiflora 114
funifera (36)
heteracantha 127. pl. 42
Aloe Americana, Comm. (88, 89, 91)
Juccae foliis, Sloane. (88)
purpurea levis, Munt. (91)
yuccae foliis, Pluk. (89)
Aloe yuccaefolia (30, 31)
Aloes Floridana, Pluk. (88)
Aloineae 27, 28
Astelia 27, 28

Beaucarnea (27)
longifolia (115)

Chaenoyucca 43, 44, 46
Clistoyuces 29, 41, 123, 124
arborescens 41, 108, 121, 122, 125, 129.
pl. 6,7, 86, f. 10, 87, f. 1, 88

Cohnia 28
Cordyline 27, 28
Cordyline foliis

Royen (72, 89)

Dasylirion 27, 28, 114, 121
acrotrichum 114, 115
aloefoluum (103, 105)
graminifolium 40, 114
longifolium (115)
piteairnifolium (115)
serratifolium 115

Dracaeia 27, 28
Khrenbergil (94)
Finte:manni (94)
Lenneana (94)
Lennei (94)
yuccoides (94)

Dracaeneae 27, 28

Drucaenoideae 28

Draconi arbori affinis, Bauh. (91)

pungentibus, Van

Euyucca 43

Fouquiera 128. pl. 72
Furcraea Bedinghausii 43, 106
Cubensis 114
geminispina 114

Hechtia glomerata 115
Herreria 27, 28
Hesperaloe 27, 28, 29, 31, 128, 124
Davyi (36, 37)
Engelmanni (33, 36)
funifera 29, 36, 120, 125, 129. pl. 3, 4,
j.1, 85, f. 8, 96
parviflora 29, 30, 125, 129. pl. 7, f. 1,
85,f. 7, 88
— Engelmanni 83, 125. pl. 1, f. 2,2
yuccaefolia (30, 33)
Hesperocallis 27, 28
Hesperoyucca 29, 38, 123, 124
Whipplei 39, 120, 121, 122, 125, 129. pl.
4, f. 2,5, 85, f. 9, 88
Heteroyucca 43, 45, 71

Iucca, Park. (72)
Perana, Gerarde (72)
Peruana, Johnson (72)

Juca Americana, Munt. (47)
gloriosa, Munt. (72)

Lilia regia (105)
Lilium regium (105)

Milligania 27, 28

Nolina 27, 28, 71
longifolia 69, 115
Nolineae 28
Pronuba maculata 124
— aterrima 124
synthetica 124
yuccasella 82, 85, 87, 89, 124, 125

Roezlia bulbifera (105)
regia (105)
Samuela 29, 116, 122, 123, 124
Carnerosana 117, 118, 120, 121, 125,
128, 129. Frontispiece, pl. 76-79,
80, f. 1, 81, 86, f. 12, 87, f. 2, 98
Faxoniana 112, 117, 125, 128, 129. pl.
78-76, 82, f. 2, 86, f. 11, 98
Sarcoyucca 43, 45, 88

Tacori, Clus. (91)
Taxodium 123

Pe

THE YUCCEAE. 131

Xanthorrhoea 71
Yuca, Park. (72)

foliis Aloes, Bauh. (72)
foliis filamentosis, Moris. (47)
Perana, Gerarde. (72)

Yucca 27, 28, 29, 42, 120-124. pl. 99.

acaulis (114)

acrotricha (114)

acuminata (72, 74, 79)

acutifolia (74)

agavoides (96)

alba-spica (54, 57)

X albella 115

albospica (57, 82, 105)

aletriformis (114)

aloefolia versicolor (90)

aloifolia (39) 45, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90 (94) 110, 116, 122, 123, 124, 127,
129. pl. 45, 49, 84, f. 6, 96

— arcuata 90, 92

— — Menandi 90

— — tenuifolia 90

— conspicua 89, 92

— Draconis 89, 91, 95

— — conspicua 89

— flexifolia (92)

— marginata 89, 90

— Menandi 90, 93, 127. pl. 50

— purpurea 89, 90

— quadricolor (91)

— roseo-marginata (91)

— stenophylla (88)

— tenuifolia 90, 93

— tricolor 89, 91

— variegata (82, 90)

— Yucatana 90, 93

x Andreana 77

angustifolia (54, 56, 60, 79, 82, 83, 114)

— elata (56)

— mollis (63

— radiosa (56)

— stricta (61, 64)

angustissima 45, 58, 126, 129. pl. 23,
a, a4. /. 1, 68,7. 6, 98

arborescens (41, 89)

arcuata (92)

argospatha (96)

argyrophylla (105)

Arkansana 46, 53, 54,55, 62, 63, 126,
129. pl. 80, 31, 83, f. 7, 92

armata (88) ,

aspera (96)

Atkinsi (90)

australis 46, 100, 103, 108-9 (117) 119,
120, 128, 129. pl. 60,61, 85, f. 2,96

baccata 46, 109 (118, 119) 121, 122, 128,
129, pl. 68, 69, 85,f. 4, 97

Yucca baccata australis (103, 105-6, 110,

111, 113)

— circinata (103)

— fragilifolia (103)

— genuina (111)

— Hystrix (103, 106)

— macrocarpa (104, 110, 111, 117)

—- periculosa (103)

— scabrifolia (103)

Barrancasecca (114)

Boerhaavii (80)

Boscii (114)

Brasiliensis (75)

brevifolla (41) 46, 100 (103) 127, 128.
pl. 57, 58, 69, 96

Californica (39, 95)

canaliculata (97, 105)

— filifera (103)

--— pendula (97)

X Carrierei 74

circinata (103, 104, 106)

concayva (49)

conspicua (92)

constricta 45, 54 (56) 126, 129, pl. 20,
21, f. 1, 83,f. 4, 92

contorta (67, 96)

cornuta (82, 96)

crenulata (85)

X Deleuili 67, 74

De Smetiana 45, 87, 127, pl. 48

X dracaenoides 77

Draco (91)

Draconis (88, 91)

— arborescens (41)

elata (56, 58)

x elegantissima 115

elephantipes 45, 71, 92, 94, 123, 127,
129, pl. 45, 51, 82, 84,f. 7

Ellacombei (75)

X Elmensis 116

Engelmanni (39)

X ensifera 79

ensifolia (80)

exigua (52)

Bylesii (80)

falcata (80)

filamentosa (39) 44, 46, 47 (48, 49,
50-53, 64) 81, 82, 83, 87, 116, 120, 122,
125, 126. pl. 8, 12, 89, 91

— Antwerpensis (51)

— aurea elegantissima (48)

— bicolor (48)

— bracteata 47, 48, 125. pl. 9, 90

concava 47, 49, 84, 125, 129, pl. 20,

82,f. 1,90

flaccida (49)

—— glaucescens (51, 82)

— grandiflora (52)

132

Yucca filamentosa laevigata (49)

— latifolia (49)

— major (115, 116)

— maxima (48, 52)

— media 47, 49, 125. pl. 72

— patens 47, 48. pl. 89

—— puberula (50)

— variegata 47, 48 (77)

filifera (103, 104-6)

flaccida 44, 49, 50, 51 (51) 83, 84, 116
122, 126. pl. 16, 92

— exigua, 52

—glaucescens, 50, 51, 126, 129, pd.
12-15, 17, 80, f. 2, 83, f. 2

— -—— lineata, 50.

— grandiflora, 51, 52

— — exigua, 51

— — integra, 51

-— integra, 52

— lineata 52

— orchioides 50, 51

flexilis 45, 78, 79, 81, 83, 87

— Boerhaavii 79, 80

— ensifolia 79, 80

— falcata (80)

— Hildrethi 79, 80, 127. pl. 47, f. 2

— patens 79, 81 :

—— Peacockii, 79

— semicylindrica 79, 80

—- tortulata, 79, 80

foliis Aloes (72)

foliis lanceolatis (47)

foliis margine integerrimis (72)

foliorum marg. cren. (89, 92)

fragilifolia (103, 104, 106)

funifera (36, 38)

Ghiesbreghtii (94)

gigantea 42, 45, 71

glauca 45 (49, 52, 54,58) 59 (75), 82, 121,
122, 126, 129, pl. 23, f. 2,24, f. 2,
26, 83, f. 9,93

— mollis (63)

— stricta (55) 61 (64) 126. pl. 26, 27

glaucescens (51, 75)

— variegata (78)

gloriosa 42, 45, 72, 73, 74 (74-6, 79) 81,
84, 85, 87, 88 (95) 115, 116, 122, 123,
127. pl. 43, 44, 94

-—— acuminata (72)

— elegans marginata (78)

— — variegata (78)

— Ellacombei (75)

— glauca pendula (116)

— glaucescens (75)

— longifolia, 75, 82

— maculata 76

— marginata (78)

— — aurea (78)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Yucca gloriosa medio-picta (74)

— medio-striata 73, 74

— minor 73, 74, 80, 127. pl. 46

— mollis (64, 76)

—- nobilis 75

— — parvifloraTS

—— obliqua 73, 74

— planifolia (76)

— plicata 78, 74, 75, 82, 84

— — maculata 74, 76

— — superba 74, 76

— pruinosa (81)

— recurvata (74)

—— recurvifolia (76)

— — fol. var. (78)

— robusta 73, 74, 75

— — longifolia 73

— — nobilis 73

— rufocincta (78)

— superba 76, 127, 129. pl. 46, f. 1,
84, f. 4

— tortulata (80)

—— tristis (77)

—— variegata (78)

graminifolia (39, 114)

Guatemalensis (94)

X Guiglielmi 116

Hanburii (60)

Harrimaniae 45, 59, 122, 126, 129, pl-
28, 29, 83, f. 10, 93

Haruckeriana (91)

Helkinsi (87)

horrida (114)

xX Imperator 116

integerrima (72)

Japonica (105)

X juncea 79

X laevigata 79, 82

Lenneana (94)

X liliacea (116)

lineata lutea (91)

longifolia (75, 79, 96, 115)

‘Lonisianensis 45, 54, 62, 64, 83, 126, 129,

pl. 82, 33, 84, 83, f. 8, 92

lutescenS (67)

macrocarpa 46 (98) 110 (118, 117), 117,
128-9. pl. 70, 71, 85, f. 6, 86, f. 2, 98

x magnifica 116

X margaritacea 116

X Massiliensis 79

Mazeli (98-9)

medio-picta (91)

Meldensis (50, 51)

Mexicana (78, 92)

Mohavensis 46, 110, 112, 113, 128, 129.
pl. 72, 85, f. 6, 98

Mooreana (94)

obliqua (74, 76)

SRS RES SP er

THE YUCCEAE. 133

Yucca orchioides (51)

— major (51)

Ortgiesiana (39, 41)

Parmentieri (105)

parviflora (30)

patens (81)

pavifiora (30)

Peacockii (79)

pendula (76, 82)

— aurea (78)

— variegata (78)

periculosa (103, 104, 106)

Peruana (72)

picta (91)

pitcairnifolia (115)

plicata (75, 82-3)

— glauca (75)

plicatilis (75) ‘

polyphylla (57, 103, 104, 106)

X praecox 116

Pringlei (43, 105)

pruinosa (81)

puberula (49, 100)

quadricolor (91, 93)

— variegata (91)

radiosa 45, 56 (58) 104, 117, 121, 126,
129. pl. 21, f. 2, 22, 83, f. 6, 86, f.
1,93

recurva (76)

— elegantissima (78)

recurvata (97)

recurvifolia 45, 48, 64, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82,
83,°84, 86, 87, 122, 123, 127, 129. pl. £6,
SJ. 2,47, f. 1, 84, f. 5, 94

— elegans 77, 78

—— marginata 77, 78

— rufocincta 77, 78

— tristis 77

— variegata 77, 78

revoluta (97)

rigida 45, 65 (67) 106, 126, 129. pl. 365,
86, f. 1, 84, f.1, 93

Roezlii (94)

rostrata 45, 68, 104, 126, 127, 129. pi.
86, f. 2, £40, 41, 42, 84, f. 3, 93

rubescens (115)

rubra (74)

rufocincta (78)

rupicola 45, 67, 83, 116, 127, 129. pl. 37,
88, 89, 84, f. 2,93

— rigida (65, 67)

Yucca rupicola tortifolia (66-7)

scabrifolia (103, 104, 106)

schidigera (113)

Schottii 46, 98 (99, 100) 101, 103, 127,
128, 129. pl. 66, 57, 85, f. 1, 96

—— Jaliscensis 99, 120, 127. pl. 56, 96

semicylindrica (80)

serratifolia (115)

serrulata (88)

— argenteo-marginata (90)

spinosa (114-5)

stenophylla (79, 114-5)

Stokesi (91)

X striatula 79

stricta (61, 64)

— elatior (64)

—— intermedia (64)

X sulcata 74

superba 76

tenuifolia (93)

tenuistyla 45, 53, 62, 126, 129. pl. 77
f. 2, 18, 19, 83, f. 8, 92 :

Toneliana (105)

tortilis (67)

tortulata (80)

Treculeana 45, 82, 88, 96, 97 (99, 103)
106, 112, 115, 120, 122, 127, 129. pi. 52,
84, f. 8, 95,

— canaliculata 97, 127. pl. 53, 54,
95 :

— glauca (97)

— undulata (97)

X Treleasei 116

tricolor (91)

undulata (80, 97)

valida 46, 107, 128, 129. pl. 62-67, 86,
I. 3 BF

Vandervinniana (96)

variafolia (77)

variegata (90)

versicolor (20)

Virginiana (47)

x viridiflora 116

xX Vomerensis 116

Whipplei (39)

— glauca (39)

— graminifolia (39)

— violacea (40)

Yucatana 93

Yucceae 27, 28
Yuccoideae 27

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 1,

HESPERALOE PARVIFLORA AND VAR. ENGELMANNI.

PLATE 2.

Rept. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL, 13.

av ow ies iy

2

ARVIFLORA ENGELMANNI.

HESPERALOE P

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 3.

HESPERALOE FUNIFERA.

PLATE 4.

REp?T. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

ty
au!
he

4

A

norma se aaa
re is ne bee

HESPERALOE and HESPERYOUCCA.,

Rept. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 5.

HESPEROYUCCA WHIPPLEI.

PLATE 6.

Rept, Mo. BOT, GARD., VOL. 13.

sommes poms

CLISTOYUCCA ARBORESCENS.

PLATE 7.

Bor. GARD., VOL, 13.

Mo.

REPT.

ay

CLISTOYUCCA ARBORESCENS.

Rert. Mo. BoT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 8

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 9.

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA BRACTEATA,

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 10.

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA CONCAVA.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 11.

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA MEDIA.

REPT. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13.

PLATE 12.

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA AnD Y. FLACCIDA.

REPT. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 13.

YUCCA FLACCIDA GLAUCESCENS,

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 14.

THERMOTROPISM oF YUCCA FLACCIDA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 15.

YUCCA FLACCIDA GLAUCESCENS.

Rept. Mo. Bor. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 16.

»

© te he oe NES

mee

a

YUCCA FLACCIDA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 17.

YUCCA FLACCIDA anp Y. TENUISTYLA.

REPT. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL. i3 PLATE 18,

YUCCA TENUISTYLA.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

——E7E

YUCCA TENUISTYLA.

PLATE I9.

Rept. MO. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 20,

YUCCA CONSTRICTA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 21,

YUCCA CONSTRICTA AND Y. RADIOSA.

PLATE 22,

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 1

YUCCA RADIOSA.

Rept. Mo. Bor. GARD., VOL, 13. PLATE 23.

YUCCA ANGUSTISSIMA AND Y. GLAUCA.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13.

PLATE 24,

YUCCA ANGUSTISSIMA AND Y. GLAUCA.

PLATE 25.

BoT. GARD., VOL. 13.

Mo.

REPT.

YUCCA GLAUCA.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 18. PLATE 26.

YUCCA GLAUCA STRICTA.

REpPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 27,

YUCCA GLAUCA STRICTA.

Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 28.

REPT.

YUCCA HARRIMANTAK.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 29.

YUCCA HARRIMANTAE.

PLATE 30.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. id.

YUCCA ARKANSANA.

REPT. MO. BOT- GARD., VOL. 13, PLATE 31.

YUCCA ARKANSANA.

REPT. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 32.

YUCCA LOUISIANENSIS.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 33.

YUCCA LOUISIANENSIS,

REPT. Mo. BoT. GARD., VOL, 13. PLATE 34.

YUCCA LOUISIANENSIS.

PLATE 35,

ARD., VOL. 13.

Gi

Bor.

REPT. Mo.

YUCCA RIGIDA.

Rept. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 36.

YUCCA RIGIDA AND Y. ROSTRATA.

REPT. MO, BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 37.

+ No. © WRIGHT, Core. N. Max. isdi-s2

Te cues ge
y, se

ik. we)

YUCCA RUPICOLA ?

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 38.

YUCCA RUPICOLA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 39.

YUCCA RUPICOLA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 40.

YUCCA ROSTRATA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 138. PLATE 41.

|

ke

YUCCA ROSTRATA.

PLATE 42.

Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL, 13.

REPT.

YUCCA ROSTRATA.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 43.

YUCCA GLORIOSA.

PLATE 44.

Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

REPT.

YUCCA GLORIOSA.

PLATE 45.

13.

Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL.

REPT.

’ sdaiviieomebbacwbiin
aoe tl dione tech thlbaete rae Sate

Py

Wie

te Ly

YUCCA GLORIOSA MINOR,

REPT. MoO. BoT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 46,

YUCCA GLORIOSA AND Y. RECURVIFOLIA.

REPT. MO. BoT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 47.

YUCCA RECURVIFOLIA anp Y. FLEXILIS.

PLATE 48.

13.

Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL.

REPT.

“YUCCA DE SMETIANA.’

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 49.

YUCCA ALOIFOLIA.

PLATE 50.

Bot. GARD., VOL. 13.

Mo.

REPT.

MENANDI.

YUCCA ALOIFOLIA

PLATE 51.

REPT. MoO. BOT, GARD., VOL. 13.

YUCCA ELEPHANTIPES.

PLATE 52,

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

ne
: rie dy:
Be! ye

YUCCA TRECULEANA.

a

STAPELIA RUFESCEN

_- —_

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 53.

2
Mey qj

gi:

tee

YUCCA TRECULEANA CANALICULATA.

REpT. Mo. BovT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 54.

YUCCA TRECULEANA CANALICULATA.

REPT. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 565,

YUCCA SCHOTTII.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL, 13. PLATE 56.

YUCCA SCHOTTILI JALISCENSIS.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

PLATE 57.

ee

Aan forms 7 Sree aXe

re: hat ot pod

V,
‘
| herr det figure, Jinn Leet

pe ee , oe pie

Collected under the
og of the Kio ¢ below ‘
tow, ght and Mr AS

/ Ya ec = Tibet Am Bar.

SURVEY.

1 tan

MEXICAN BOUNDARY
not Mason ©

For GL Coa 9 Ls

© Foscipgede Clee

YUCCA BREVIFOLIA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 58.

YUCCA BREVIFOLIA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 59.

YUCCA BREVIFOLIA.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL, 13. PLATE 60.

'

bee - a 4 By Adee
- Brabiinder Tovge Perlite No ET
as ‘
eT tah) __ Likonge Peete nec vin Mantle het X

YUCCA AUSTRALIS.

PLATE 6i.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

-_

ICCA AUSTRALIS.

mae

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 62.

YUCCA VALIDA.

REPT. MO, BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 63.

YUCCA VALIDA.

PLATE 64.

Rept. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 1s.

YUCCA VALIDA.

————————__rerre

REPT. MoO. BOT, GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 65,

YUCCA VALIDA.

REPT, MO. BOT, GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 66.

YUCCA VALIDA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

FLUORA
LOWER’ CALIFORNIA.

i ¢ ’
Nae wea rethvea, oO ea tk *
,

Goa. eee

May Aes = 4880.

= 2. BR SEER.

PLATE 67.

FLORA

2 CALIFORNIA.

Uuern, batd a AP rad oe
/ ¢

foe : , 4
Sa ~S mage ge hen

r af BS
con, At Geta wiegy fo 1880,

= @ BRAS DSI
Sa Ka rt i - ae 4

YUCCA VALIDA.

Rept. MoO. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 68,

YUCCA BACCATA.

Rept. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 69.

YUCCA BACCATA.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., Vou. 18. PLATE 70.

YUCCA MACROCARPA.

RErtT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 138. PLATE 71.

YUCCA MACROCARPA.

N
I~

PLATE

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

YUCCA MOHAVENSIS,

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 73.

SAMUELA FAXONIANA.

REPT. MoO. BoT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE) 74.

SAMUELA FAXONIANA.,

Rept. MoO. Bot. GARD., VOL, 13.

SAMUELA FAXONIANA.

PLATE 75.

i BE PLATE 76.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL.

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 77.

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 78.

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA.

2

PLATE

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 80.

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA AND YUCCA FLACCIDA,

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 81.

SAMUELA CARNEROSANA.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 82.

YUCCA ELEPHANTIPES anp SAMUELA FAXONIANA.

REPt. MO. Bor. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 83.

6? 08606
84 49 4G@

4 OE0 COR
Ceres

SEEDS OF YUCCAS.

Pa hee ORR g

yess

yeaa AE oe ae el

om
ag

Pees

&

a

se

Reet. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

098066
Bg 64E 9B
@9GE90@
29968400

epeqeoe
ep neve
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#o00e

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9000

Se2e0
eeoor
©2940

ov @eoe
@ eo Ge @
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96@ee00
@0@e0 OY
@e@0e G©@
9ee¢oqRqg9
@6gede
g@9990e@

SEEDS OF YUCCAS.

REPT. MO. Bor, GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 85.

©8266 ©

046 seeave
eevee BdOCP
26698 @PECe
eee5Gee
TXT
POE VY
Be aba BD

eee
Q@ee
v¥ ew Ge
oes qe

SEEDS OF YUCCEAKE,

PLATE 86,

Rept. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13,

5
Ue

ERMINATION oF YUCCEAE

G

PLATE 87.

REPT. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 18.

GERMINATION oF YUCCEAE.

PLATE 88.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

2. HESPERALOE PARVIFLORA.

1. HESPEROYUCCA.

?
‘
'

:
a

a

o 7

UTAH,

CLISTOYUCCA ARBORESCENS.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.,

PLATE 89.

Rept. MO, Bot. GARD., VOL. 13.

Taree se Be) f
aes
® LL. © 59% wo. t
:

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA VERA,

ee ee ee
@

'
' cou
:
Te SS mm ane os tom ee
beta ae | ee, RT! IS eke eho
’
ti N MEX
'
i it
| 6 . =
2 ee TEX i =
pei : ORE
3 ae
x p @ 8 ° a
eo

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA PATENS.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE,

PLATE 90.

REPT. MoO. BOT. GARD., VOL, 13.

Sera
' Peeee
H
' Wyo,
'
3}
bods sheet eee
e
Cou.

N.MEX

’
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'
'
*
'
'
wbewnne
a a
i 1
'
‘
'
'
‘
'
'
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YUCCA FILAMENTOSA BRACTEATA,

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA CONCAVA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 138. PLATE 91.

re--

Oo
?
Sree)

yee irs.

prey enone ec. ©

r
TENN: @ 5H.
="

eceegenee’ <o Ho

' :
'
Foaeenseat!

ee eB

2 aeenceeceger

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA and varieties.

Pens
‘ we--8.

2

oe ag a

YUCCA FLACCIDA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE,

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 92.

w2-pe.en D

1
madoas

VA

dowece

ie, {cba

J
\@
rine. ARK

IEICTE

1, YUCCA LOUISIANENSIS. 2. ¥Y. TENUISTYLA.

1. YUCCA CONSTRICTA. 2. ¥. ARKANSANA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

PLATE 93,

© Ne
ae ; ALA. © GA
saa ya ‘

1. YUCCA ANGUSTISSIMA.

2. Y. GLAUCA.

3. Y. RADIOSA. 4. Y. HARRIMANIAE.

<
f

1. Y. RUPICOLA. 2. Y. RIGIDA.

3. ¥. ROSTRATA.
DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE,

PLATE 94.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

YUCCA GLORIOSA.

pew eewen.
o-

7
oo

o
Paden

YUCCA RECURVIFOLIA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAK.

PLATE 95.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13.

®

YUCCA ALOIFOLIA, in the United States,

1. YUCCA TRECULEANA. 2. Y. TRECULEANA CANALICULATA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.

Rept. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13.

PLATE 96.

7; GUA

otk
.

§

cs eeess”

1. HESPERALOE FUNIFERA.

2. YUCCA SCHOTTII.

Fe cea

3. Y. SCHOTTII JALISCENSIS.

Pag

1. YUCCA BREVIFOLIA.

2.. Y. AUSTRALIS.
DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.

REPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 97.

ome

YUCCA VALIDA.

Mating Moe

wade

YUCCA BACCATA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.

PLATE 98.

REPT. Mo. Bot. GARD., VOL. 13.

lag Tere
we

MOnr.

—-.,
@

'
ry
Wyo, =!
t
'

1. YUCCA MOHAVENSIS. 2. Y. MACROCARPA.

: P a Kat

CHIN

tet eee tees

eseglesaverce

5

vat.

2,

1. SAMUELA FAXONIANA. 2. 8S. CARNEROSANA.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCEAE.

REPT. MO. BOT. GARD., VOL. 13. PLATE 99.

DISTRIBUTION OF YUCCA IN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO,

Horizontal shading indicates the range of capsular species, and vertical shading,
of baccate species.