‘NEGUV) AHL NI ‘MVHS AUNHH AO TONACISAN WLVT

From a Painting by Fairchild and Fox about 1887.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

GARDEN.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE

BOTANICAL GARDEN.

President.
RUFUS J. LACKLAND.

Vice-President.
HENRY HITCHCOCK, LL. D.

MISSOURI

JOSEPH W. BRANCH.

GEORGE S. DRAKE.1

GEORGE J. ENGELMANN, M. D.2
JOHN B. JOHNSON, M. D.
DAVID F, KAIME.

GEORGE A. MADILL.

WILLIAM H. H. PETTUS,

JAMES E, YEATMAN,

CHARLES F. MILLER.3
President of the Board of Publie
Schools of St. Louis.*

FRANCIS E. NIPHER,
President of the Academy of Science
of St. Louis.*

EDWARD A, NOONAN,
Mayor of the City of St. Louis.*

DANIEL S. TUTTLE,
Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri.*

Chancellor of Washington Univer-
sity.*

A. D. CUNNINGHAM, Secretary.

* Ex-oficio.

1 Elected April 9th, 1890, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge
Samuel Treat, one of the Trustees named by Mr. Shaw.

2 Elected December 18th, 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
M. Dwight Collier, one of the Trustees named by Mr. Shaw, but who had removed

from the City.

3 Elected President of the School Board November 12th, 1889, in place of F. N.
Judson, who met with the Board until that date; succeeded by Dr. Hugo Auler from
March 11th to May 20th, 1890, at which time he was re-elected and has since met with

the Board,

PREFACE.

Provision is made in the will of the late Henry Shaw for
an annual banquet to the Trustees of the Botanical Garden
established by him, and to their guests invited for that
occasion. The purpose of this provision is evidently to
acquaint those who may be benefited by or who may
further the usefulness of the Garden, with its scope and
equipment. To attain this end so far as may be, and to
furnish similar information concerning the School of
Botany established by Mr. Shaw under the charter of
Washington University but in intimate relation with the
Missouri Botanical Garden, the Board of Trustees of the
Garden have requested the Director, in consultation with
the Garden Committee, to prepare and publish on behalf
of the Board, a suitable volume containing a short bio-
graphical sketch of Mr. Shaw; the Act of the General
Assembly of Missouri authorizing the creation of a Trust
for the management of the Garden; the last Will of Henry
Shaw, made in pursuance of this Act; the Deed of Endow-
ment of the School of Botany; the report of the inaugural
exercises of the School, including the address of the
Professor in charge; the report submitted to the Directors
of Washington University, on the work accomplished by
the School of Botany during the first five years of its ex-
istence; the first annual report of the Director of the
Garden, for the year 1889; the first annual flower sermon,
preached in Christ Church Cathedral on the 18th of May,

[3]

4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

1890, under the provisions of the will of Mr. Shaw, by
the Bishop of Missouri; and the proceedings at the first
annual banquet, given at the Southern Hotel by the Trustees
on the 26th of May, 1890.

In compliance with this request, the following pages
have been prepared, as containing authentic information
concerning the objects of the Garden and School of
Botany, and the principal steps which have thus far been
taken to forward them. It is a pleasure to record here my
obligation to Mr. Thomas Dimmock for preparing the ex-
cellent biographical sketch of Mr. Shaw which forms the
opening paper, and to Mr. Henry Hitchcock, Chairman of
the Garden Committee, for a large part of the work in-
volved in collecting and editing the facts contained in the

remainder of the book.
WILLIAM TRELEASE.

Sr. Louis, July 5, 1890.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
1. Henry SHaw. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH — By Thomas Dimmock 7

2. AN ACT TO ENABLE HENRY SHAW TO CONVEY OR DEVISE TO

Ime CHERTAIN- LANDS . oso) 0. See es ee ee

3. THE WILL or HENRY SHAW, ESTABLISHING THE MIssoURI Bo-

TANICAL GARDEN ae 0 hoc Aight hier MIRON eat etal oaths. Oe

4. DEED From HENRY SHAW TO WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, FOR THE

ENDOWMENT OF A SCHOOL OF BOTANY . ....+ +. . 56

5. THe HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY :—
a. Inaugural exercises and address . . . - +» » « « « 59

b. Report of the Professor in charge .......+ . 84

6. THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN :—
a. First annual report of the Director ........ 9

db. The first annual flower-sermon — By the Right Reverend

Daniel S. Tuttle . . 6 ws wee oe se
c. Proceedings at the first annual banquet of the Trustees
of the Garden 29.0 08a ee ae ee ee

HENRY SHAW.
A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY THOMAS DIMMOCK.

Like most of the world’s benefactors, Henry Shaw has
left scanty material for the biographer. A life prolonged
far beyond the ordinary term, and full of active effort al-
most from beginning to end, was singularly uneventful —
«‘ Keeping the noiseless tenor of its way ’’ from birth to
death with little to break, nothing to seriously disturb, its
evencurrent. He wasapublic man only through his labors
for the public good. He held no office of any kind, was
never a prominent figure in state or municipal affairs, and
by choice as well as natural temperament was essentially a
private citizen. Even when his benefactions had made him
famous abroad as well as at home, he remained the same
modest and retiring gentleman; seeking no honor, caring
for no praise — anxious only that his works should live and
speak for him when he had gone. And his life was so com-
pletely identified and blended with these works, that they
will ever be the best and all-sufficient biography of him.

Henry Shaw was born in Sheffield, England, July 24, 1800.
His father, Joseph Shaw, was a native of Leicester, but re-
moved to Sheffield at avery early age. The mother, Sarah
Hoole, whom he most resembled in disposition, was a native
of that city. Henry was:the oldest of four children. One
son died in infancy, and two daughters are stillliving: Miss
Sarah Shaw, in Rochester, New York, at the age of 86, and
Mrs. Caroline Morisse, in St. Louis, at the age of 84. The
father was a manufacturer of grates, fire-irons, etc., and
had a large establishment in Green Lane, Sheffield, which
was afterwards removed to Roscoe Place; both of which
sites have long since disappeared before the advancing tide

[7]

8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

of brick and mortar. Probably the earliest recollections of
the boy were associated with the factory and warehouse, but
he showed no tendency to tread in the paternal footsteps in
that respect ; though the business habits and methods he was
thus brought in contact with at the period when the mind is
‘* wax to receive and marble to retain,’’ were of inestimable
service to him at a later day.

His primary education was obtained at Thorne, a vil-
lage not far from his native town; and his favorite place
for study, we are told, was an arbor, half-hidden by blos-
soming vines and surrounded by trees and flowers. He
seems to have been a lover of these from childhood, and
with his two sisters passed many happy hours in the little
garden attached to the family residence; ‘*planting and
cultivating anemones and ranunculus,’’ as he remembered
and told after the lapse of nearly eighty years.

From Thorne he was transferred to Mill Hill, about twenty
miles from London. It was what is termed in England a
‘* Dissenting ’’ school, the elder Shaw being a Baptist; but
was considered among the best private institutions of learn-
ing in the Kingdom. Here he remained some six years,
leaving probably in 1817; and here he finished that part
of his education which schools could give — the education
that taught him how to educate himself in the long and busy
life upon which he was soon to enter. Mill Hill gave him
an average knowledge of the classics, less of Greek than of
Latin; and more than an average knowledge of mathemat-
ics, which he developed by subsequent study, for the mere
love of the science apparently. He was for a long time re-
garded as the best mathematician in St. Louis. At both
schools he was taught French, and became in later years an
excellent French scholar; speaking, reading and writing it
with as much ease and correctness as English. He was
especially fond of French literature, and his library is quite
rich in the standard authors as well as lighter works. Un-
doubtedly, he was introduced at Mill Hill to other modern
languages: German, Italian and Spanish —all of which

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 9

(except perhaps German) he followed up more or less un-
til the last years of his life; as well-thumbed grammars
and dictionaries, and a good selection of Italian and Span-
ish books, abundantly prove.

With this preliminary equipment the boy took his place
in the ranks of men by assisting his father at the home
establishment for a year, and then— in 1818 — came with
him to Canada. His manly qualities must have shown them-
selves unmistakably by that time, for the same year his
father sent him to New Orleans; mainly, it is understood,
with the object of learning the mysteries of cotton-raising,
though other business of no great consequence required his
presence there. But his stay in Louisiana was short; he
did not like the climate, nor were there any present or
prospective financial inducements to remain. He was now
his own master, and decided to exchange the South for the
North and try his fortune in the then small and remote
French trading post called St. Louis. Embarking on the
«¢ Maid of New Orleans,’’ after a long and tedious voyage
the youthful adventurer arrived at his destination May 3,
1819. A venerable citizen — Mr. Frederick L. Billon —
saw the steamer come to anchor at the foot of what is now
Market Street, and was among the first to welcome the
stranger. He says: ‘* Mr. Shaw had come from England
with a small stock of cutlery, to make his fortune in the
New World. With little means he began business on the
second floor of a building which he found for rent, and for a
time lived, cooked, and sold his goods in this one room. I
have sat with him there many a time, playing chess during
the long evenings. He cared little for society, and while he
went out to parties and balls occasionally, he seemed to
avoid making acquaintances among the girls of that period.
_ The reason of this was [so thinks Mr. Billon] that he had
come to make money solely, with the expressed intention
of some day returning to his native heath to enjoy the result
of his early years of labor. He intended marrying some
English girl, and for that reason avoided making female

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

friends, fearing he might fall in love and thus spoil his
well-defined plans.”’

The capital which bought the «* small stock of cutlery ”’
and gave the young man his first start in life, was furnished
by his uncle, Mr. James Hoole, who lived to see the splen-
did success of the perilous investment, and for whose
memory his nephew cherished the profoundest respect.

While, very naturally and properly, the main object of
Mr. Shaw at this the decisive period of his career was to
‘*make money,’’ and thereby secure that financial inde-
pendence necessary for the accomplishment of higher pur-
poses, and while in order to do this he willingly denied
himself many youthful enjoyments, he did not push his
prudent self-denial beyond reasonable limits. Then and
always he knew how to harmonize business and pleasure,
how to use both without abusing either, and so to obtain
the benefits of both with the fewest possible disadvantages.
He never believed in the popular American doctrine of
‘‘all work and no play,’’ nor did he adopt the equally
foolish American idea which postpones the play until work
has destroyed all desire for it. He had his time for busi-
ness and his time for pleasure, and never allowed one to in-
terfere with or encroach upon the other. St. Louis in
those days was small in population, but large enough in
the material for social enjoyment. The dominant element
was French; with all that the name implies in warm hos-
pitality, simple courtesy, fondness for innocent amusement,
and that invincible light-heartedness which no care or
trouble, however heavy, can altogether subdue. His
knowledge of the language was no less useful in social than
in commercial affairs, and combined with uniform politeness
and entertaining conversation soon made him as much at
home in this little fragment of far away France as if he were
a Frenchman born. The finest garden in St. Louis then be-
longed to Madame Rosalie Saugrain; and her daughter —
the late Mrs. Henry Von Phul— remembered how the
young Englishman, on his daily afternoon horse-back rides

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. .- 11

into the open country beyond what is now Seventh Street,
would stop at the garden fence, admire the beautiful flowers,
and exchange pleasant words with the accomplished lady
who had brought the manners and tastes of Paris into the
wilds of western America. These were probably Mr.
Shaw’s happiest years, to which he always looked back with
fullest appreciation of the blessings they bestowed upon
him. He had youth, health, friendship, agreeable associa-
tions and surroundings; everything except wealth — and
that was rapidly coming. Natural business ability of a high
order, united with strictest integrity, unrelenting energy,
rigid economy and close personal attention, were producing
their appropriate fruit. |

When the balance sheet for 1839 was struck it showed,
to the great surprise of Mr. Shaw, a net gain for the year
of $25,000. He could not believe his own figures, and so
went over them again and again until he could no longer
doubt the fact. Telling the story many years afterward he
said it seemed to him then that ‘* this was more money than
any man in my circumstances ought to make in a single
year,’? and he resolved then and there to go out of active
business at the first good opportunity. The opportunity
presented itself very early in the following year, and was
promptly improved by the sale of his entire stock of mer-
chandise. So at forty years of age —only the noon of
life — with all his physical and mental powers unimpaired
and vigorous, Henry Shaw was a free man—and the
possessor of $250,000 ( equivalent to $1,000,000 in our day )
with which to enjoy that freedom. The practical philoso-
phy — usually called common sense, because perhaps it is
so very uncommon— which was the ruling feature of his
character, was never more clearly and happily displayed
than in this retirement. To it he owed what has secured
him grateful and generous remembrance forever; to it we,
and those who will come after us, owe the rare and precious
gifts of perfected Nature whose ‘‘ infinite variety age cannot
wither nor custom stale.”’

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

In September, 1840, Mr. Shaw made his first visit to Eu-
rope, stopping on the way at Rochester, N. Y., where his
parents and sisters resided. The youngest sister, now Mrs.
Morisse, accompanied him to England, from whence, after
a lengthy stay among relatives and friends, he proceeded
alone to the Continent for an extended tour. Returning to
St. Louis in the autumn of 1842, he arranged his affairs for
another absence in Europe which lasted about three years ;
during which time he visited all the then accessible Euro-
pean localities, together with Constantinople and Egypt. A
contemplated journey to Palestine was arrested by the prev-
alence of the plague. The journals kept and letters writ-
ten in the course of these two absences abroad show, what
might have been expected, that Mr. Shaw did not travel
merely for the sake of traveling, but to see and hear what
was most worth seeing and hearing; or, in other words, to
acquire that invaluable education which only such intelligent
and observing travel canafford. The broad, comprehensive,
impartial views of men and things with which he thus sup-
plemented the knowledge drawn from books and from per-
sonal experience, may be regarded as completing the culture
of his maturer life. Thenceforth he was, in the best sense of
the phrase, a man of the world; a cosmopolitan rather —
who though living by preference in America, could have
been equally at home in any other civilized country.

Early in 1851 Mr. Shaw went abroad for the last time,
drawn thither by the first World’s Fair, then being held in
London. This final visit has a special and peculiar interest
to us from the fact that out of it grew, indirectly, the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden and Tower Grove Park. According
to his own statement, it was while walking through the
grounds of Chatsworth — the most magnificent private resi-
dence in Europe — that the fruitful idea first dawned upon
him. He said to himself: «* Why may I not have a garden
too? I have enough land and money for something of the
same sort in a smaller way.’’ That idea could not have had
a more lovely or more appropriate birthplace than the spot

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 13

upon which the hereditary chiefs of the great house of
Devonshire have for nearly three hundred years lavished
all the resources of ample wealth and cultivated taste; the
historic domain which William the Conqueror gave to his
natural son, William Peveril ; which Sir William Cavendish
bought, and began to improve, in the reign cf Elizabeth;
which for thirteen years was the prison of Elizabeth’s cousin
and enemy, Mary, Queer: of Scots; which before and since
has been famous in English song and stery, and which to-
day is a sight well worth crossing the ocean to see.

Mr. Shaw returned in December, 1851. The mansion at
Tower Grove had been finished in 1849 and the one at the
corner of Seventh and Locust streets was then being built.
From this time forward he was in St. Louis, with the ex-
ception of short summer vacations at the Atlantic coast or
the Northern lakes. Apparently a man of elegant leisure,
he was in reality a very busy man for the next thirty years.
An idler he never was until physical weakness compelled
him to be such. ‘The idea born at Chatsworth was develop-
ing and taking shape.

In 1857 the late Dr. Engelmann, then in Europe, was
commissioned in a general way by Mr. Shaw to examine
botanical gardens and obtain such suggestions as he might
deem of value. The Missouri Garden was begun, by trench-
ing and other preliminary preparation, in that year. About
the same time a correspondence was begun with Sir Will-
iam J. Hooker, then Director of Kew Gardens, who wrote,
under date of August 10, 1857: «* Very few appendages to
a garden of this kind are of more importance for instruc-
tion than a library and economic museum, and these grad-
ually increase like a rolling snow-ball.’’ This appears to
have decided Mr. Shaw to provide a small library and mu-
seum; the building for which was erected in 1858-59. The
selection of books was largely entrusted to Dr. Engelmann,
in consultation with Hooker, Decaisne, Alexander Braun,
and other of his botanical friends. At the same time Dr.
Engelmann urged upon Mr. Shaw the purchase of the large

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

herbarium of the then recently deceased Professor Bern-
hardi, of Erfurth, Germany, which was offered for sale at
avery small price. Writing from Kew on this subject,
August 11, 1857, Engelmann says: «« You see that Hook-
er’s active spirit is stirring up everything and everybody
that comes in contact with him.’’ And Hooker writes —
January 1, 1858 — «« He (Engelmann) tells me of the her-
barium of the late Dr. Bernhardi of Erfurth which he
expects to buy for St. Louis. That ought to be a good
commencement for the more scientific part of the establish-
ment. * * * The State ought to feel that it owes you
much for so much public spirit, and so well directed.”’

Mr. Shaw has told Professor Trelease, the present Di-
rector of the Garden, that he had at one time planned a grand
School of Botany, with residences for the faculty, labora-
tories, etc., opposite the main gate ; but abandoned the pro-
ject because of the wise advice of Dr. Asa Gray, who said
that the experiment should be tried in a small way first; as
such things cannot be forced, but must grow.

In the summer of 1866 Mr. Shaw was fortunate enough to
secure the services of Mr. James Gurney, from the Royal
Botanical Garden in Regent’s Park, London, whose practical
knowledge and experience, and faithful and conscientious
devotion to his various duties, won the entire confidence of
_ his employer, and contributed very largely to make Garden
and Park what they now are. Mr. Shaw’s personal super-
vision of both was, however, never abandoned; and in this
congenial employment, and in perfecting arrangements for
the continuance of the noble work he had so well begun, the
last twenty-five years of his life were happily and appro-
priately spent. Until the summer of 1885 he had not been
out of St. Louis for nearly twenty years, except for a drive
to the neighboring village of Kirkwood to dine with a friend.
During the heated term of the year mentioned, he became
so much debilitated that his physician insisted upon a change
of climate. He went to Northern Illinois and Wisconsin,
spending some time at Lakeside on Pewaukee Lake, not

ee
A ‘far |

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 15

far from Milwaukee. He returned greatly improved and
resumed with renewed zeal his usual avocations. But he
had passed far beyond the boundary line of three score and
ten, and realized the truth of the old verse : —
‘‘ For age will rust the brightest blade,
And time will break the stoutest bow;

Was never wight so starkly made
But time and age will lay him low.’’

On the 24th of July, 1889, he received numerous visitors
to congratulate him upon the commencement of his nineti-
eth year. He was weak physically, though able to meet
them in the drawing-rcom at Tower Grove, and his mind
was as clear as ever. This, however, was his last appear-
ance in public. An attack of malaria upon an already
enfeebled system speedily dissipated all hopes of recovery,
and he died at 3:25 Sunday morning, August 25th. The
death, peaceful and painless, occurred in his favorite room
on the second floor of the old homestead; by the window
of which he sat nearly every night for more than thirty
years until the morning hours, absorbed in the reading
which had been the delight of his life. This room was
always plainly furnished, containing only a brass bedstead,
tables, chairs, and the few books he loved to have near him.
The windows look out upon the old garden which was the
first botanical beginning at Tower Grove. On Saturday,
August 31st, after such ceremonial as St. Louis never be-
fore bestowed upon any deceased citizen, Henry Shaw was
laid to rest in the Mausoleum long prepared in the midst
of the Garden he had created—not for himself merely,
but for all the generations that shall come after him, and
who, enjoying it, will ‘‘rise up and call him blessed.”’
There, amid the trees, the grass, and the flowers which were
so near and dear to him from infancy to old age; with the
soft evening sky bending over him like a benediction, and
the vesper song of birds mingling with the farewell hymn,
he was left to sleep the sleep that knows no waking. And
so the long and useful life was rounded to its close.

16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

America was Mr. Shaw’s country not merely by adoption,
but by deliberate and well-considered choice — a choice he
never regretted and of which he was always proud. When
he retired from business he was in the prime of manhood,
and with wealth amply sufficient in those days for the grat-
ification of tastes far more luxurious than were his. It
would have enabled him to live in England, or in any part
of the Continent, much more easily and pleasantly, as a
gentleman of leisure, than it was then possible to do in
America. He had nothing except personal preference to
keep him here, and very much, one would suppose, to in-
duce him to take up permanent residence abroad. Yet after
long and repeated absences — which, in most cases, would
have ended in such residence — he returned to St. Louis to
live and to die; to begin, carry forward, and consummate
the life-work with which his name will be forever associated.

Yet while Mr. Shaw was so thoroughly American in the
true sense of the word, he was as thoroughly English in all
those hereditary traits, ideas, and habits which are born in
us and not made by us, and which inevitably take their
shape and color from the soil and stock from which we
spring. ‘* Blood is thicker than water,’’ and the English
blood transmitted by a long line of unmixed English an-
cestry was always strong in him. He did not love England
the less because he loved America more, and his attach-
ment for the land of his birth remained deep and ardent —
though undemonstrative —to the last. He liked to have
about him things which reminded him of his old home.
Much of the furniture in both his town and country house
was of English manufacture of fifty years ago; most of
the pictures and prints upon the walls were of English sub-
jects, and he preferred to read his favorite authors in the
English editions through which he first knew them. He
was systematic in everything, as Englishmen of his gener-
ation were much more than they are now. Systematic in
personal habits: eating, drinking, sleeping, exercise and
recreation; to which regularity, guided always by pru-

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. weeees

dence, his remarkable health to advanced age was largely
due. Systematic above all in his business. Promptness
and punctuality were cardinal virtues with him. He put
off nothing until tomorrow that could as well be done to-
day. Whatever he did himself was well done, and what
he could not do himself he placed in competent hands, and
whenever practicable gave it careful personal supervision.
His penmanship was clear and remarkably handsome, and
the books which contain the records of his public and pri-
vate business would do honor to the best professional

- accountant. He made out the pay-rolls of both the Gar-

den and Park up to the month of his death, and then
allowed another to do it only because utterly unable him-
self to hold a pen. He managed business matters on
strictly business principles, and in so doing knew no differ-
ence between a friend and a stranger. He would take no
advantage, however legal, of either; but he expected both
the friend and the stranger to be as faithful in the dis-
charge of financial obligations and contracts as he himself
was—and ‘*his word’’ was ever ‘‘as good as his bond.’’
He was a merchant of the old school, and his ideas of.
business honesty and honor belonged to the past rather
than to the present; nor did he ever, under any circum-
stances, change them in practice to suit present conditions.

Mr. Shaw knew the value of money, as all men do who
have labored for it as he did; but he did not, asmany men
do, love money for its own sake — for the power itgivesor the
luxuries it buys. He hadnone of that feverish greed of gold
of which we see and feel somuch. He retired from active
business when in the very prime of life, content with what
now looks like the quite moderate fortune of $250,000.
There is every reason to believe that, with his exceptional
qualifications for success in this department, he might
easily have increased the $250,000 to $2,500,000 long before
he had reached the age of sixty. He retired, not because
he was afraid of losing what he had made, or thought he
could not make any more; but because he felt he had

2

18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

enough, and intended to enjoy it. He always owned his
money; his money never owned him. His tastes and
habits were simple and sensible; he lived well but not ex-
travagantly, and with not the slightest attempt at ostenta-
tion. Up to the very last years of his life he drove himself
the one-horse barouche which was his sole equipage, and
not until friends warned him of the dangers incident to
growing infirmity did he indulge in a carriage and coach-
man.

Mr. Shaw was not generous, in the ordinary acceptation
of the word; that is, he did not respond to many of the in-
numerable appeals made to his benevolence, and had no
hesitation in declining. In this, asin other things, he knew
how to say ‘* No’’—and said it very often. He was not
uncharitable, but the object of charity had to be unequivo-
cally deserving to obtain assistance from him. He chose —
and certainly had the right of choice — to be generous in
the large rather than in the small. He reserved his con-
tributions for the benefit of the many, instead of bestowing
them upon the few; for the many not merely of his own
day, but of all the days to come. From the moment he re-
solved to make this Garden and this Park for public uses
forever, they became the central purpose and motive power
of his life. They were wife and children to him. For
them he watched and worked, and to them and their present
and future interests he consecrated all the energies of body
and mind until he could watch and work no more. The
Garden and the Park could not be what they are now, could
not be what they surely will be hereafter, if the man who
planned and perpetuated them had scattered his compara-
tively limited means among the multitude of applicants.
He refused to be generous to some so that he might be more
than generous to all.

The following anecdote may be related here: Some years
ago Mr. Shaw was escorting a lady visitor through the Gar-
den, and pointing out to her the various rare plants and
flowers he knew so well and watched so fondly. She said

tyr stad tre
nat.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 19

to him: ‘‘I cannot understand, sir, how you are able to re-
member all these different and difficult names.’’ ‘* Madam,’’
he replied with a courtly bow, ‘‘ did you ever know a mother
who could forget the names of her children? These plants
and flowers are my children. How can I forget them ?”’

On a certain occasion when a bottle of choice Medoc was
upon the table, Mr. Shaw — diluting his glass — remarked
with a smile: **I learned to take my wine with a little
water, from Montaigne.”’

He was a great lover of the wise and witty old Gascon
(from whose fountain so many writers have drawn their
wit and wisdom without acknowledging the debt) and
learned from him much more important things than the
dilution of his wine. ‘*He was, I think,’’ says a close
observer of him, ‘* of the same bent of mind so far as life
is concerned.’’ Emerson, in his ‘* Representative Men,’’
takes Montaigne as a typical sceptic, not so much in relig-
ion—for, whatever may have been his private opinions,
publicly he lived and died a Catholic — but in his general
views of life. The device upon his seal was a pair of scales
and the motto beneath, in old French: ‘*‘ What doI know?’’
Mr. Shaw might have adopted the same device and motto,
for he certainly was governed in large measure by the prin-
ciple they set forth. He took as little as possible upon
trust, and as far as possible tested everything and every-
body before giving his faith and confidence. He believed
fully in men and things only after they had been fully tried
and found worthy. A gentleman who had long business
association with him says: ‘‘ It was more than two years
after our first acquaintance before he was what is called
‘social’ with me, and five years before he invited me to
his house. After that his confidence in me seemed to be
established, and was never, so far as I know, withdrawn.’’
But it is doubtful whether Mr. Shaw ever had, at any time,
what is called ‘* a bosom friend ;’’ oneto whom he could un-
reservedly reveal himself. He had not that need of sym-
pathy and support which such intimacy usually implies.

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

He was always self-supporting and self-poised, requiring no
outside aid of any kind from any quarter. His friends
were many, and he valued their friendship; but the nearest
of them felt that they could come just so near, and no
nearer — that there was a certain point they could not pass,
even if so inclined; a place where he desired no compan-
ionship, where he stood alone.

Montaigne, if we may judge from the inimitable ‘ Es-
says,’’ looked at life from the philosophic standpoint, and
rarely suffered his equanimity to be disturbed by any inci-
dent or accident, however annoying. In this enviable pe-
culiarity Mr. Shaw followed his example. His naturally
high temper was under such complete control that few ever
suspected its existence. ‘* In twenty-three years,’’ says
Mr. Gurney, the head gardener, ‘‘I neyer heard him speak
a harsh or anirritable word. No matter what went wrong —
and on such a place and with so many men things will go
wrong occasionally — he was always pleasant and cheerful,
making the best of what could not be helped.’’ Tllustrating
this control of temper another informant says: ‘* The only
time, I think, I ever saw Mr. Shaw actually angry was when
a certain person had failed to keep an important engage-
ment and given a poor, if not provoking, excuse for his
failure. Mr. Shaw relieved his mind to me on the subject,
speaking very strongly and sharply for some minutes, while
I sat watching the unusual exhibition with considerable
curiosity. At last he caught my eye, stopped short and
said: ¢ Ah, Mr. A , I see by your face what you are
thinking of. You are thinking that I have lost my tem-
per—and you are right. Let us go into the next room
and take a glass of wine together. And will you be kind
enough to ask Mr. C (the offending party) to dine
with me next Sunday?’ ’’

Montaigne — as everybody who has read him knows —
was the very prince of egotists, and had, so to speak, reduced
egotism to a most delightful science. Mr. Shaw was no
egotist, and, if he had agrain of egotismin his composition,

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 21

concealed its presence perfectly. In conversation he was
reticent rather than the reverse ; talked little about himself,
and less about what he had done or proposed doing for the
public; manifested no anxiety for the appreciative praise
he had so justly earned, and when it was given received it
with modest dignity, and seldom made any reply beyond a
bow and a word of thanks. In manners he was a fair
reproduction of

‘CA fine old English gentleman, .
One of the olden time ’’ —

Only, perhaps, somewhat less effusive and more dignified
than that traditional personage is represented to have been.
He was always polite to all, and for ladies especially, had
not merely scrupulous politeness, but that stately yet grace-
ful courtesy which belonged to the ancient regime. And
beneath it all there was a kind heart. To some one who
inquired why he employed so many Bohemians, he replied:
‘¢ The Bohemians do not seem to be very popular with us,
and I think I ought to help themall I can.’”’ Walking one
day in the Garden with a young lad who was visiting him,
he met a lame workman engaged in sweeping up leaves, and
greeted him with a ‘‘ Good morning, Henry.’’ A moment
later, noticing that the boy had said nothing: ‘‘ Charles,
you did not speak to Henry. Go back and say ‘ Good
morning’ to him.’’ Evidently the fine cynicism of Mon-
taigne had never touched the heart of his admirer.

Mr. Shaw, though he had no knowledge of music, was
very fond of it, and moreover, was a strong believer in its
elevating and refining influence upon the popular mind.
The Sunday afternoon concerts in the Park during the sum-
mer months are due to his love for and belief in music.
He was always present when health permitted, enjoying
himself in seeing others enjoy what he had provided; and
was especially pleased when a large audience gathered
around the stand which he had adorned with marble busts
of the great composers, to listen to their masterpieces.

22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

Perhaps the handsomest compliment ever offered him, and
the one most highly appreciated, was the serenade at Tower
Grove some two years ago by Gilmore’s band, then giving
their annual series of concerts at the Exposition. It was a
lovely October day, with cloudless skies and mild yet in-
vigorating air; the foliage just beginning to assume the
many-colored livery of autumn, but still retaining the lux-
uriant growth of summer. Mr. Shaw was seated upon the
lawn in front of the mansion, with a few friends about him,
while at proper distance in front were grouped the sixty-
_ five members of that famous orchestra. As the strains of
soul-inspiring music saluted the ear of the venerable gentle-
man for whom they were primarily intended, his face lighted
up with an expression of pleasure too deep for words, and
he leaned forward in his chair as if unwilling to lose the
faintest note of the divine harmony. The picture of which
he was the central figure can never be forgotten by those
who saw it; ‘* once seen, became a part of sight.”’

From youth, until extreme age prevented, Mr. Shaw at-
tended the theatre whenever the performance was of suf-
ficient merit to attract him. He liked all good plays well
played, but preferred comedy to tragedy; thinking there
is enough real sorrow and suffering in the world without
paying to see the unreal article upon the stage. He want-
ed, especially in his latter years, to be amused rather than
deeply interested, and a hearty laugh was worth more to him
than all the woes of ‘*‘ Hamlet ’’ or «* Lear.’ So it came to
pass that of the four bronze bas-reliefs on the pedestal of
the Shakspeare statue, the most conspicuous place is as-
signed to the one representing the late Ben DeBar in the
character of ‘* Falstaff.’’ A friend, who was himself at
that time the oldest living actor, good-naturedly remon-
strated with him. ‘* Why, Mr. Shaw,’’ said he, ‘‘I knew
DeBar well, and I liked him, too; he was a first-rate
comedian in his line, but not a great dramatic artist by any
means. Yet you have honored him as Garrick or Siddons
have never been honored, and he don’t deserve it, sir!’’

HUMBOLDT STATUE IN TOWER GROVE PARK.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 23

‘«‘ Probably you are quite right, Mr. L , from a profes-
sional point of view,’’ replied Mr. Shaw, with his usual
smile, «* but I am indebted to Mr. DeBar for a great many
very pleasant hours, and am glad of the opportunity to
partially repay that debt.’ It is to his recognition of a
much higher order of dramatic ability that we owe the Neil-
son mulberry tree in the rear of the Shakspeare statue ;
marking the spot which ‘* the incomparable Juliet ’’ selected
on her last visit to St. Louis for the slip from the poet’s
own mulberry at Stratford, which she would have sent had
not untimely death forbidden. When this memorial tree
was planted in October, 1880, Mr. Shaw and his old actor
friend, Mr. L , were both present, and threw in the first
earth to fill the excavation.

But neither friends, nor books, nor music, nor drama,
nor all combined, gave half the pleasure and satisfaction
for the last twenty-five years of his life, which the Garden
and Park furnished him. He lived for them, and as far as
was practicable, in them; walking or driving every day,
when weather and health allowed, and permitting no work
of importance to go on without more or less of his personal
inspection and direction. The late Dr. Asa Gray — than
whom there can be no higher authority — once said: ‘* This
Park and the Botanical Garden are the finest institutions of
the kind in the country; in variety of foliage the Park is
unequaled.”’

Exactly when the idea of creating what is now Tower
Grove Park first came to Mr. Shaw, is unknown; but it
was doubtless suggested by what he had seen in Europe,
and took active shape when the Garden was firmly estab-
lished, and seemed to need some such supplementary ac-
companiment. The first steps were taken in 1866, but the
enterprise did not assume definite form until the following
year. Since then it has proceeded steadily and system-
atically, and, until his last illness, literally under the eye
of the man who conceived this ‘‘ thing of beauty ”’ to be
‘<a joy forever.’’ More than 20,000 trees have been planted

24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

here; all raised in the arboretum of the Garden. Mr.
Shaw used to say when planting them that he did not expect
to live to see these trees reach maturity; that he was
‘planting them for posterity.’’ But nearly all of that
splendid family which he had nursed and reared were fully
grown when his coffin passed under their shadowing canopy
of leaves to the Mausoleum in the Garden. The Park con-
tains, including the surrounding strip, 276 and tos acres;
and nothing has been omitted, apparently, which could
make the perfection of apleasure ground. The walks, the
drives, the ornamental water, the labyrinth, the shady
groves, the well-kept grass and fragrant: flowers, form a
combination of attractions which no lover of Nature can
resist. In the midst of these rare surroundings, like jewels
in a worthy setting, are three statues of heroic size by
Baron von Mueller, of Munich: Shakspeare, Humboldt,
and Columbus. These noble bronzes are not merely works
of art whichany city in any country would be proud to pos-
sess, but they are curiously unique. Adelaide Neilson —
whose judgment in such matters may be trusted — declared
that ‘*she had seen every memorial of Shakspeare of any
consequence, public and private, in existence; and that this
one was, in her opinion, decidedly the finest.’? The niece
of Humboldt, after seeing this statue of her uncle at Mu-
nich, wrote Mr. Shaw, thanking him for the high honor
conferred upon her family, and said Europe had done noth-
ing comparable to it for the great naturalist. We know
America has not; and we know, too, that neither Europe
nor America has a monument to the discoverer of the New
World at all comparable to the Columbus in Tower Grove
Park. As has been well said: ‘If dumb metal could
speak, the greatest of poets and the greatest of naturalists
and the greatest of discoverers would salute each other across
these verdant spaces and join in thanking the man who has
bestowed upon them such generous and graceful immor-
tality.”’

What the Missouri Botanical Garden is now, and prom-

THE MAUSOLEUM.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 25

ises to be hereafter, this volume will sufficiently tell. With
Garden and Park present and prospective before us, and
realizing as far as possible the contributions to human
knowledge and human happiness which must flow from
them in years to come, we may well say of Henry Shaw,
what is written of Sir Christopher Wren in the Cathedral
of St. Paul’s: —

Si monumentum queris — circumspice.

AN ACT TO ENABLE HENRY SHAW TO CONVEY
OR DEVISE TO TRUSTEES CERTAIN LANDS.

(REPRINTED FROM MO. SESSION ACTS OF 1859, PAGE 434.)

Henry Shaw authorized and empowered to convey certain real
estate to Trustees, for certain special objects and uses.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Mis-
souri, as follows:

Wuereas, Henry Shaw, of the county of St. Louis, con-
templates to convey or to devise to Trustees certain tracts
of land in the Prairie des Noyers Common Fields and in the
Gratiot League Square, partly within and partly without
the present limits of the city of St. Louis, containing about
seven hundred and sixty acres, in trust upon a portion
thereof to keep up, maintain and establish a botanic gar-
den for the cultivation and propagation of plants, flowers,
fruit and forest trees, and for the dissemination of the
knowledge thereof among men, by having a collection there-
of easily accessible; by the establishment of a museum and
library in connection therewith, as also by establishment of
public lectures and instruction upon botany and its allied
sciences, when it shall be deemed advisable in furtherance
of the general objects of said trust; and the remaining por-
tion to be used for the purpose of maintaining a perpetual
fund for the support and maintenance of said garden, its
care and increase, and the museum, library and instruction
connected therewith, by leasing portions thereof for a term
of years, or upon ground or building leases, renewable upon
valuation ; and whereas, for the purpose of securing to the
said institution a permanent fund for all time, which will
not be diverted from the specific object which it is designed

[26]

CONVEYANCE TO TRUSTEES. 27

to support, it is essential that the said real estate shall be so
conveyed, or devised and held, that the same shall not be
alienated or alienable;

Therefore, it shall and may be lawful for the said Henry
Shaw by his last will to devise, and by proper deed or
deeds in his life time to convey, (making use of both or
either of said methods of disposition, ) to such Trustees as
he may appoint, for the uses, trusts and purposes which
are generally set forth above, but which may be more
specifically described in the instruments creating the same,
the whole or such portions of the following tracts of land as
he may deem expedient, to wit: All the real estate owned
by said Henry Shaw within the following limits, to wit:
Grand Avenue on the east, the road running from Grand
Avenue to the old Manchester road, on the line between
United States surveys number fifteen hundred and nine-
teen and thirty-two hundred and ninety-four on the north,
Arsenal Road on the south, and the King’s Highway and
the old Manchester road on the west, situated in the Prairie
des Noyers Common Fields; also all his interest in a cer-
tain tract of land in said Common Fields, bounded north
by said Arsenal Road, east by property formerly of James
Eggers, south by property of John Tool, and west by the
King’s Highway ; also all of his interest in a certain tract
of land in survey of the United States numbered two thou-
sand and thirty-seven, in the name of Charles Gratiot,
bounded as follows: North by the County Farm of the
county of St. Louis, and east by the King’s Highway,
south by the county road between surveys number two
thousand and thirty-seven and two thousand and thirty-five,
and west by the interest of said Shaw in said two last de-
scribed tracts, being an undivided half thereof; also such
other real estate and such personal property as he may think
proper so to devise or convey for aforesaid uses, purposes
and trusts, and by proper and apt words in said last will
or deed or deeds to provide that no absolute alienation shall
ever be made of said lands or any portion of the same by

28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the Trustees therein appointed, their successors or assigns
in said trust, but that the same shall forever remain sacred
for the objects and purposes of said trust deed; by proper
and apt words in said last will or deed or deeds, to provide
for the mode and manner of the succession of said Trust-
ees, and for the removal and substitution of Trustees ; and
it shall and may be lawful for him, among other Trustees
which may be therein appointed, to appoint such municipal
officers of the city of St. Louis, and such executive and ju-
dicial officers of this State of Missouri, as he may think
proper, by their style of office; and such officers, when so
appointed Trustees, shall hold by virtue of their office, and
not as individuals; and the interest in the real estate and
property shall be held by them as such officer, and their
successors in the office shall succeed to and be vested with
all the rights in the property and powers in the trust orig-
inally conveyed to and vested in such officer; and it shall
also be lawful for said Henry Shaw to convey said property
to and appoint himself as one of said Trustees, among others,
and in said deed or deeds to reserve to himself the right,
during his life-time, to control and manage said garden and
institution, and make leases of the lands therein conveyed,
as such Trustee.

This act shall take effect and be in force from and after
its passage.

Approved March 14, 1859.

HENRY SHAW’S WILL.
ADMITTED TO PROBATE AT ST. LOUIS, SEPT. 2, 1889.

I, Henry Suaw of the City of St Louis and State’ of
Missouri of sound and disposing mind, but mindful of the
uncertainties of life, and desiring specially to carry out and
provide for certain objects which have been the subject of
thought and labour, and care for many years past, more
effectually than I have hereto done, do make publish and
declare this, as and for my last will and testament, hereby
revoking all other wills by me at any time heretofore made,
in manner following, that is to say.

First CiauseE—I give and bequeath unto M Dwight
Collier, Henry Hitchcock, Wm H H Pettus, Dr John B
Johnson, Adolphus Meier, Wm G Eliot who is now Chan-
cellor of the Washington University, and his successor in
office, Charles F Robertson, who is now Bishop of the
Episcopal Church of the diocese of Missouri and his suc-
cessors, David F Kaime, James Yeatman, Judge Saml.
Treat, Joseph W Branch, Gerard B Allen, Rufus Lack-
land, Judge G A Madill, the President for the time being
of the Public Schools, and his successors in office, the
President for the time being of the Academy of Science
of St Louis, and his successors, the Mayor of the City
of St Louis and his successors in office, Dr Asa Gray of
Cambridge Masstts and Profr Spencer F Baird, secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington City. The
two last named as honorary trustees are added to the trust
in recognition of their scientific eminence and ability;
the following real and personal property, to wit, all the
real estate owned by me at the time of my death within

[29]

30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the following limits, to wit, Grand avenue on the east,
the road running from Grand avenue to the Old Man-
chester Road, and now known as McRee avenue dividing
United States survey number fifteen hundred and nineteen
(1519) and thirty two hundred and ninety four (3294), on
the north; Arsenal street or Road on the south, and Kings
highway, and Old Manchester road on the west; excepting
such interests and estates as I have heretofore conveyed to
the City of St Louis, by two deeds, one bearing date the
twentieth day of October 1868, [2] and the other bearing
date the ninth of July 1872, and do therein devise to the
said City of St Louis for Tower Grove Park; as also such
interest as I have conveyed to the Orphans Home, and also
to the Calvary Church or the Trustees thereof ; all being
part or parcel of the Prairie Denoyer Common Fields. Also
all the interest estate and property that at the time of my
death I may own and be possessed of, in a certain tract of
land, bounded north by the said Arsenal road, east by
property late of Eggers, south by property of J Tool, and
west by Kings Highway, which was originally held by me in
common with the late Peter Lindell, and since his death
has been divided between his representatives and myself.
Also all the estate property and interest which at the time
of my death I may own or be possessed of, ina certain
tract of land in United States survey numbered two thou-
sand and thirty seven (2037) in the name of Charles
Gratiot, and bounded as follows to wit, north by Fyler
avenue, east by Kings Highway, south by Pernod Road and
west by owners unknown, being the same property owned
in common by me with the late Peter Lindell, and since his
death divided in partition between his legal representatives
and myself; together with the improvements thereon, as
also all the household and kitchen furniture of all kinds and
descriptions in the house now occupied by me on the tract
of land first herein’ described by me, as also all the plants,
trees, flowers and shrubs, contained in the garden grounds,
conservatories, green houses, hothouses, and other struct-

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 31

ures situated therein, all the library and books and paint-
ings in said house and museum building, and stuffed birds
and animals in said museum building, and the herbaria of
dried and prepared plants and specimens therein, all the im-
pliments of gardening, horticulture and husbandry, and also
_ all farming utensils, horses, cattle, hogs, poultry, hay, grain,
provisions and groceries in and about the said premises,
herein first mentioned and conveyed, and the houses, stables,
and [3] barns situated thereon. To have and to hold the said
real and personel property to them and the survivors of
them and their assigns in office forever, in Trust however
for the following uses, and purposes, as joint tenants in
common, to wit. Whereas I have for many years been en-
gaged in laying out and establishing a Botanical Garden,
with a museum and library connected therewith upon a por-
tion of the tract first described, and which is now known as
the Missouri Botanical Garden, with the design at the time
of my death to convey the same with other property to
Trustees for the object and with the view of having for the
use of the public a Botanical garden easily accessible, which
should be forever kept up and maintained for the cultiva-
tion and.propogation of plants, flowers, fruit and forest
trees, and other productions of the vegetable kingdom ;
and a museum and library connected therewith, and devoted
to the same and to the science of Botany, Horticulture,
and allied objects; and whereas as a means of enabling me
more effectually to secure the object I have in view, and
to preserve the same to the use and enjoyment of the pub-
lic for all time, the General Assembly of the State of Mis-
souri did pass an act, entitled an act to enable Henry Shaw
to convey and devise to Trustees certain lands which was ap-
proved of on the 14th day cf March 1859; and as it was with
the design of carrying out the purpose and object upon which
I have been so long engaged, and availing myself of the
power given me in said act so far as necessary. I have
herein given, devised and bequeathed to said Trustees the
property herein specified; I do now declare the uses, pur-

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

poses and trusts which the said Trustees hold the said prop-
erty to be as follows.

1st — The said Trustees shall not have the power to make
any sale, conveyance or disposition of the real estate herein
devised to them or any portion thereof, except as herein
specified.

2nd — Said Trustees shall forever keep that portion of the
said tract first described, which is now occupied by the
Botanical garden, Fruti=[4] Fruticetum, Arboretum, Mu-
seum, my residence with such other extent of land as from
time to time they may find it expedient or necessary to add
thereto for the extension of the said botanical garden and -
grounds, including the residence of the Director thereof as
a Botanical garden for the propogation and cultivation of
specimens of plants flowers, fruit, and forest trees for the
promotion of science and knowledge, which shall be kept
open during such hours, and under such regulations as they
shall preser ribe every day except sundays, for the use of the
public at large.

3rd — The residue of the real estate not daauived for the
immediate purposes of the said Botanical garden in extend-
ing the same, whenever it shall appear or seem to the said
Trustees necessary, shall from time to time, as the same
can be advantageously done, be leased by said Trustees as
follows; such portions thereof as can be advantageously
leased upon building leases, shall be leased for a term not
exceeding sixty years, with a provision in such leases for
perpetual renewal thereof for succeeding terms of not more
than sixty years, at a rent to be fixed by valuation to be
made as therein provided at each term of renewal. Such
leases shall also contain a provision that the Leassee as a part
of the rent shall pay all taxes general and special, and as-
sessments that may be levied or assessed upon said land so
leased. It is my design and object not only that the lands
so leased shall afford an income or revenue for the support
of the said Botanical Garden, but that it may in the future
be so leased as by its improvement its contiguity may be

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 33

pleasant and attractive to the visitors and students of the
Botanical Gardens. The said Trustees may lease the cot-
tages already erected, and such portions of the said real
estate herein before devised, as they do not use for the
garden, and cannot profitably lease for building purposes,
on short leases to nurserymen, florists, vegetable and
market gardeners and others. [5]

4th — Of the Trustees herein mentioned to whom the
real and personal property is hereby devised and be-
queathed; the Mayor of the City of St Louis, and the
Chancellor of the Washington University, the Bishop of
the Episcopal Church, the President of the Public Schools,
and the President of the Academy of Science, are hereby
constituted such trustees by virtue of their office, and not
as individuals, and upon their ceasing be to such officers,
their functions as such trustees cease, and their successors
in office immediately vested with such title to the property,
and such rites and duties in relation to the said trust as was
possessed by the person ceasing to be such officer. In the
event of death, resignation, removal from the city, or per-
manent inability to serve, of any of the said Trustees, the
remaining Trustees will proceed to elect some person fitted
by his social position, character and tastes to fill the va-
cancy; and when any person shall be elected to fill any
such vacancy, the other Trustees shall by proper instru-
ment clothe him with the same trusts, interests and power
over the said trust property as was possessed by the
Trustee in whose place he was elected. In the event of the
death of the said Eliot or the said Robertson, I reeommend
to the said Trustees to fill the vacancy by electing the per-
son who shall succeed to the office or station of the de-
ceased persons above named, and that such selection may
be continued to be made upon the death of the individual
holding such office and station, so long as the trust shall
endure. The said Trustees and their successors in office as
herein provided shall constitute a board of Trustees, and
said board shall keep written minutes of their proceedings,

3

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

shall appoint such executive of such board as they may
think fit, and the acts of a majority of the members of said
board, done at any meeting regularly held or called shall
be deemed or taken for all the purposes of the trust, to be
the doings and actings of said board, and of said Trustees,
and due notice of any such meeting shall be given [6] by
written or printed notices deposited in the post office to the
address of each Trustee. The said Trustees at such board
shall in accordance with said Trust have full power and
authority over, and control of said property hereby devised
and bequeathed to them, and the revenue thereof, and its
collection and the distribution of thesame. They shall have
the power of the appointment and removal of the Director
and all the other servants and employees connected with
the carrying out the objects of the trust. They shall also
have the power to prescribe the duties which said Director
shall perform, and the other employees and servants con-
nected with the carrying out the objects of the Trust, shall
be appointed by them, giving due weight to the recommend-
ations of the Director. The said Trustees shall have the
power whenever they shall have an adequate revenue, and
they shall deem it advantageous to establish public lectures
upon Botany and its allied sciences, and they may at any
time call upon the Director to give the same as a part of
his regular duties. The Trustees shall have the power to
provide for an addition to the collection of plants, flowers,
shrubs and trees, indigenous to this or other states or coun-
tries, when in their judgment the means at their disposal
will authorize it, and make from time to time exchanges of
plants, flowers and herbaria, and may provide for the in-
crease of the museum and library, and its enlargement when
necessary.

5th — There shall always be a Director to said Botanical
garden, and institution, to be appointed as hereinbefore
provided, and said board of Trustees shall from time to
time prescribe his duties; but when within the sphere of
his duties thus prescribed and while he shall faithfully per-

= ee See Se | ee Pony at

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 35

form those duties thus prescribed, the said Director shall
not be subject to the interferance, management or controul
of said Board; but this is not to be construed so as to take
away from the board the permanent control over the gar-
den and grounds of said institution. The director [7]
shall always reside upon the grounds specifically set apart
for the said institution and garden, and shall have the gen-
eral superintendance and controul of, and over the gardeners
and labourers employed in and about said garden and
grounds, and he shall have the general superintendance
and charge over the garden grounds, museum and library
of said Botanical gardens. He shall devote his entire time
and efforts to the interests of the said institution, and he
shall, when thereto required so to do, deliver lectures at
such place as said Trustees may appoint, upon ‘Botany and
matters connected therewith, and he shall employ his
energies, that from year to year the institution under his
charge shall grow up in efficiency in promoting the ends in
view in its inception. When required he shall meet with
the board of Trustees, and cooperate with them in matters
connected with the interests of the said institution. ,
6th — The yearly revenue only of the property herein-
before devised and bequeathed, except such portions of
the property hereinafter devised and bequeathed, as is set
-apart for, and to be expended on specified objects and uses ;
shall be applied to the maintenance, preservation and en-
largement of the objects of this trust. The said yearly
revenue after deducting expenses of collection, taxes, in-
surance and repairs, shall be applied, as also of the
property hereinafter devised and bequeathed, shall be
applied first to the payment of the salaries of the Director,
Assistants professors and gardeners, and the payment of
the wages of the employees and labourers, in keeping up the
grounds in good style and providing for the preservation
and increase of the plants and trees, and preserving the
buildings and inclosures of the grounds and secondly the
purchase of plants, flowers and trees, additions to the

36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Library, the enlargement, and improvement of the Garden
when necessary or advisable, and such other expenditure
as from time to time may be found necessary in furtherance
of the purposes of this Trust [8]

Seconp Crause. Having established maintained and
kept open for the use of the public for many years the
Missouri Botanical Garden, and wishing to perfect my en-
dowment of it, and to augment and perpetuate its useful-
ness by connecting with it a school of Botany for the
promotion of education and investigation in that science,
and in its application to Horticulture, Arboriculture, Medi-
cine and the Arts, and for the exemplification of the divine
wisdom and goodness as manifested throughout the vege-
table kingdom.

First — Wherefore I hereby give and bequeath to the
Washington University of St Louis a certain lot of ground
with the improvements thereon in Block number twenty
seven (27) of the city of St Louis, containing fifty five
feet in front on the east side of Second Street by one hun-
dred and fifty feet in depth, and bounded north by Greeley,
south by (or Jate) Rankin, east by an alley, and west by
Second Street, being the property acquired of Finney.
The income of which is to used solely for the mainte-
nance of a School of Botany; said income to be used ex-
clusively to pay the salaries, and defray the necessary
incidental expenses of those engaged in botanical instruc-
tion, and researches at the Garden, and as need may require
also within the precincts of the University ; also for the main-
tenance of the requisite botanical laboratories, and their
equipment with instruments and appliances for the illustra-
tion and investigation, for the maintenance and increase of
a botanical library and herbarium; and for such like ob-
jects strictly german to a School of Botany.

Second — To secure harmonious cooperation I require
that the professor or professors in the said School of
Botany shall be either the Director of the Missouri Botani-
cal Garden, or the person next to him in rank, under what-

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 37

ever title, or both of them, or when this is impracticable,
said professor, or professors, or teachers, shall be appointed,
either by the nomination of the Trustees of the Garden,
and approval of the corporation of the University, or else,
upon the nomination of [9] of the latter and approval of
the former, and whenever the income net, of the property
hereby bequeathed to the said University shall fall short of
three thousand five hundred dollars ($3500) per annum I
require that the Trustees of the Garden shall pay over to
the said University, such sum of money as may be required
to make the annual income equivalent to three thousand
five hundred dollars per annum.

Third —I hereby empower the Trustees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden to allot, if they think it expedient, from
time to time, any of the income not needed for the develope-
ment and maintenance of the said Garden, to the augmenta-
tion to the means and appliances of instruction, and also
when required and found needful to the erection of another
building, similar to the one now occupied as Museum and
Library, to be situated west of the same, and equidistant
from the residence.

Fourth —I declare my intention that instruction to garden
pupils shall be attended to, both in practical and scientific,
horticulture, agriculture and arboriculture, and consider
it an important feature to always keep up the ornamental
and floricultural character of the garden.

Fifth — I also declare that scientific investigations in Bot-
any proper, in vegetable physiology, the diseases of plants,
the study of the forms of vegetable life, and of animal life
injurious to to vegetation, experimental investigations in
horticulture, arboriculture &c¢ are to be promoted no less
than instruction to pupils; but I leave details of instruction
to those who may have to administer the establishment,
and to shape the particular course of things to the condition
of the times.

Turrp CLause — In addition to what I have already above
devised and bequeathed to said Trustees above mentioned,

38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

constituted and appointed. I hereby devise to said Trust-
ees, above mentioned, with a view and for the purpose of
creating a fund [10] the net income of which, and that
alone, is to be applied to the support and improvement of
said Missouri Botanical Garden, and under the trust as
above designated, the following property real and personal,
to wit,

First — A certain lot with improvements thereon in Block
sixty five (65) of said City, containing twenty five 5, feet
on the west side of Second Street, by one hundred and five
yz feet in depth, and bounded north by, (or late) Wm H
Brant, east by Second Street, south (or late) by Coll.
Brant, and west by an alley.

Second — Two certain lots with improvements thereon in
Block sixty five (65) containing together forty two $4 feet
in front on the west side of Second Street, by one hundred
and five feet more or less in depth, and bounded north by
(or late) Wilkinson, east by Second Street, south by Jen-
kins, and west by alley.

3rd — A lot of ground with improvementsthereon in Block
twenty eight (28) of said city, containing twenty three
feet ;*, feet in front by one hundred and fifty feet in depth,
bounded north by by (or late) Jarvis, east by alley, south
by (or late) Thornton, and west by Second Street.

4th —A lot with improvements in Block sixty three (63)
of said city, containing thirty two feet in front on the west
side of Second Street, by one hundred and fifty two feet in
depth, and bounded north by (or late) Garnhart, east by
Second Street, south by (or late) Ward, and west by an
alley.

5th —A lot of ground with improvements in Block
thirteen (13) on the north east corner of Main and Vine
Streets, containing forty six 38, feet (46,°,) in front on the
east side of Main Street, and running east ninety feet to
Commercial Street or alley, and bounded south by Vine
Street, and north by (or late) Crittendon.

bth — A lot of ground with improvements in ‘said Block

EE a OA pS Nag FOr eer
ee eeabe

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 39

thirteen (13) of said City, containing twenty one 48, (21,*7)
feet on Main street by ninety one ;8, feet in in depth,
bounded north by (or late) Ferguson [11] east by Com-
mercial Alley or Street, south by Crittenden, and west by
Main Street. ;

7th — A lot with improvements on the west side of Main
Street in Block thirty three (33) containing twenty 75
(20,3,) feet in front by one hundred and forty feet (140)
in depth, and bounded north by (or late) Clemens, east by
Main Street, south by (or late) Kearney, and west by alley.

8th — All the lots and parcels of ground that I own in
Blocks two hundred and fourteen (214) and two hundred
and fifteen (215) insaid city, being on the north and south
sides of Poplar Street, and between Twelvth and Thirteenth
Streets, except the lot of ground with improvements there-
on on the north side of said Poplar Street, herein devised
to Mrs Rebecca Edom.

9th — A certain lot on the alley in Block sixty five (65)
and in rear of lot herein described and devised in 2nd
paragraph being about twenty eight feet on alley, and
running west about thirty seven 7%; feet to a lot of (or late)
Mrs Pendleton, bounded east by alley, north by property
formerly of Picotte, and south by property formerly of
Isaac Walker.

10th — A lot of ground in Block one hundred and eighty
one (181) of said city, with the improvements thereon, being
my city residence, bounded south by Turner, east by Sev-
enth Street, north by Locust Street and west by alley, being
ninety 48, (9048,) feet on Seventh Street, and one hundred
and twenty seven ;/, (1277) feet on Locust Street.

11th — A lot in Block thirteen (13) of said city with im-
provements, containing twenty three feet in front by ninety
(90) feet in depth, and bounded north by (or late) Wig-
gins, east by Front Street, south by Tiffany, and west by
Commercial alley.

12th — A lot in said Block Thirteen (13) with improve-
ments containing twenty seven and one half (27}) feet in

40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

front by ninety (90) feet in depth, bounded north by (or
late) Devillers, east by Front [12] Front Street, south by
(or late) Wiggins, and west by Commercial Street.

13th — A lot in Block thirteen (13) with improvements
containing twenty three feet in front by ninety (90) feet in
depth, and bounded north by Tiffany, east by Front Street,
south by trustees of Benjamin C Sanford, and west by
Commercial Street.

14th — A lot in Block twelve (12) of said city contain-
ing twenty three (23) feet in front by ninety (90) feet in
depth, with the improvements thereon, bounded north by
(or late) Campbell, east by Front Street, south by (or
late) Gay, and west by an alley.

15th — All the lots owned by me with the improvements
thereon in Block fifty three of said city, being one lot
on the north west corner of Second and Plum Streets, con-
taining twenty four (24) fect on Second Street by eighty
(80) feet in depth, bounded north by Dehil, east by Second
Street, south by Plum Street, and west by myself; one lot
containing eighty %, (80,5,) feet on Plum Street by eighty-
seven ;°; (87,°,) feet in depth, bounded south by Plum
Street, east by myself, and Dehil, and west by Claes; one
lot containing thirty six ,8, (368,) feet on Second Street by
eighty (80) feet in depth, bounded south by Dehil, and west
by myself.

16th — Two lots with warehouses thereon in Block ten
(10) of said city containing together forty nine (49) feet on
Front Street by ninety seven feet in depth, and bounded
north by (or late) Brown, east by Front Street, south by
the property of (or late) L M Kennett’s estate, and west
by Commercial Street or Alley.

17th — I also will and devise further to the said Trustees
of said Missouri Botanical garden, named in the first clause
of my will, a certain lot of ground situated on the south
side of Market Street in the said City of St Louis, between
Fourth and Fifth Streets, containing sixty (60) feet in front
by one hundred and forty five feet (145) more or less in

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 41

depth, bounded north by Market Street, south by an alley,
east by Price, and west by [13] Charless and Bourgois in
city Block one hundred and three (103) and purchased by
me from the trustees Eliza A W Blow deceased.

18th — A lot of ground with improvements thereon in
Block ninety-eight (98) with a front of forty eight (48)
feet, by one hundred and twenty seven °; (127,5,) feet in
depth, bounded east by Fourth Street, north by St Charles
street, west by an alley and south by premises now occupied
by Scruggs Vandervoot and Barney.

19th— A lot of ground with improvements thereon in
Block one hundred and eighteen (118) with a front of
sixty six feet (66) on on Sixth Street, by eighty nine 3 (893 )
feet on St Charles Street, bounded west by Sixth Street,
north by St Charles Street south by Chirchill and east by
Van Studdiford.

20th — A lot of ground with building thereon in Block
one hundred and nineteen (119) with a front on Washing-
ton Avenue of twenty three feet (23) by seventy five feet
deep (75), bounded north by Washington Avenue, west by
Beach, and east and south by self.

2ist—A lot of ground with building thereon in Block
one hundred and nineteen (119) with a front on Washing-
ton Avenue of forty six (46) feet by seventy five (75) feet
in depth bounded north by Washington Avenue, west and
south by self, and east by Hugh L White.

22nd — A lot of ground with buildings thereon in Block
one hundred and nineteen (119) with a front on St Charles
Street of forty five (45) feet, by seventy five (75) feet
deep, bounded south by St Charles Street, north by self,
and east by property now occupied by Eli Walker & Co,
and west by (or late) Isaac Walker.

23rd — A lot of ground with improvements in Block one
hundred and twenty six (126) with a front of twenty five
(25) feet on Washington Avenue, by a depth of one hun-
dred and fifty one 53, (151,3,) feet to St Charles Street,
now leased to Leath, bounded north by Washington Ave-

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

nue, south by St Charles Street, east by Leath, [14] and
west by Mary T Barrett.

24th — A lot of ground with improvements in Block one
hundred and twenty six (126) with a front of thirty three
(33) feet on Washington Avenue, by a depth of seventy five
(75) feet on Seventh Street bounded north by Washington
Avenue, west by Seventh Street, south by self, west by Sev-
enth street, and east by (or late) Bissell.

25th — A lot of ground with building thereon in Block
one hundred and twenty six (126) with a front of thirty
two (32) feet on St Charles Street, by a depth of seventy
six (76) feet on Seventh Street, bounded south by St
Charles Street, west by Seventh Street, north by self and
east by (or late) Bissell.

26th —A lot of ground with four tenements thereon in
Block eight hundred and twenty (820) with a front of eighty
eight ;5, (88,5,) feet on Lafayette Avenue, by a depth of
one hundred and two 55, (102,5,) feet to an alley, bounded
north by Lafayette Avenue, west by Dorshimer, south by
an alley, and east by Linn Street.

27th— A lot of ground and store building thereon in
Block twenty eight (28) of said city with a front on Second
Street of thirty five §, (35,8,) feet, by a depth of one hun-
dred and thirty seven (137) feet, bounded north by Me-
Dowell, south by Maflit, west by Second Street, and east by
a twenty foot alley.

28th —A lot of ground and store building thereon in
Block sixty four (64) of said city, with a front on Second
Street of thirty one +4, (31,4,) feet, by a depth of one hun-
dred and fifty two ;, (152;4,) feet, bounded south by
Alexander, north by (or late) Bauvais, east by Second ~
Street and west by alley.

29th —I also further devise and bequeath to the Trustees
of the said Missouri Botanical Garden for the purposes
hereintofore stated, all the estate property and interest I
may [15] own and possess at the time of my decease to a
certain tract of land in United States Survey No 2037, and

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 43

which was originally held by me in common with the late
Peter Lindell, lying west of the city Poor house, bounded .
east by city land, north by Arsenal street, west by Tamm
Road and south by parties unknown, containing fifty two
acres more or less, part of which is leased to Jansen.

30th —In the 10th and preceding paragraph of this my
will and testament, I devise and bequeath my property in
Block 181 of said City to said Botanical garden, including my
present City residence, corner of Locust and Seventh Streets,
which said residence being built of good and durable mate-
rials, but unsuitable to its present locality ; it is my desire
that when deemed advisable by the Trustees of said Missouri
Botanical Garden to have the said residence carefully taken
down and rebuilt on Tower Grove Avenue in some conven-
ient situation in contiguity to said Botanical Garden: and
for the said removal and rebuilding I hereby bequeath to the
said Trustees the sum of ten thousand ($10,000) Dollars ;
and the ground so devested of said residence, to be leased by
said Trustees for such term as they may deem expedient for

_ the benefit of said Missouri Botanical Garden.

31st —It is my desire and intention that the bequest made
payable in money in this my will, will be paid with as little
delay as convenient, and that my administrator provide for
the payment of same, by sale of such notes secured by deed
of trust, or shares of the capital stock of the St Louis Gas
Light Company, or shares of stock in the Planters House
Hotel, that I may own at the time of my decease. [16]

FourtH CLAUSE

1st—I hereby devisise and bequeath to my dear sister Car-
oline Morisse the wife of Julius Morisse the lot of ground and
building thereon in Block ninety four (94) with a front of
thirty 3%; (3032s) feet on North Fourth street, by a depth of
one hundred and twenty seven 5; (127 35;) feet to an alley,
bounded east by Fourth street, west by an alley, north by
Commerial Mutual &c Co, and south by (or late) Bryan,
and now occupied by Morisse as a hardware store, and by

52 mea aaa rete fo ~
ease?) tue

44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

.

Williams as a hotel and boarding house. To have and to
hold the same unto the said Caroline Morisse forever; and
also to my said sister Caroline I hereby devise during her
life time, the house and lot on Shaw avenue Place, next
south to the northwestern corner house devised in this my
last will and testament for her life time to Mrs Rebecca
Edom ; and at the death of my said sister, I devise that the
house and lot revert back as theeproperty of the said
botanical garden, they the said Trustees to pay taxes and
insurance on said house and ‘lot during the life time of my
said sister Caroline Morisse. I further devise and bequeath

to my said sister Caroline Morisse the sum of five thousand

(5000) Dollars.

2nd—TI give and bequeath to Mrs Rebecca Edom my
house keeper at Tower Grove and Locust street the prop-
erty on Poplar street between Twelvth and Thirteenth
streets, fronting seventy (70) feet more or less on the north
side of Poplar street, and extending north seventy (70) feet
to a private alley, bounded east by an alley, west by the
east wall of a row of five brick houses standing on said
lot, south by Poplar street and north by self. To have
and to hold to the said Rebecca Edom, and heirs and as-
signs forever.

In further consideration of the services of said Mrs
Rebecca Edom, as housekeeper and nurse in my old age, in
addition [17] to the property devised in this paragraph of
my will, I hereby devise and bequeath to the said Rebecca
Edom the sum of five thousand ($5000) Dollars, and
further hereby devise to the said Rebecca, a certain lot of
about eighty feet front or width with a dwelling house
thereon, being the northwestern house of the ten houses
erected by me on Shaw avenue place, bounded north by
Tonty street and west by Mercy street, during her lifetime
and at her death I hereby devise the same to the Trust-
ees of the Missouri Botanical garden; they the said Trust-
ees to pay taxes, and insurance on said house and lot dur-
ing the lifetime of the said Rebecca. Also I further bequeath

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 45

to the said Rebecca Edom, my one horse carriage made by
Salorgne, and one that she may select of my carriage horses,
all my wearing apparel, and also the following articles of
furniture to the said Rebecca, at present in my city residence
on Locust street and Seventh street, to wit, one mantel
clock, the mahogany side board, dining table, and six chairs
of mahogany and morocco leather, two looking glasses, two
oil paintings of fruit, all the plated ware, spoons, forks,
covered dishes and dish covers, knives, plates, dishes, china-
ware, tea and coffee sets, and accessories to tea services ; at
present in and about the dining room of my said city house ;
one rosewood bedstead with mattresses, and pillows, one bu-
reau with marble top, one rosewood wardrobe with glass
door, one wash stand chairs & tables now in my bedroom
in said house, also the bedroom furniture in the south room
of the third story of said house, and one dozen each of port
and sherry wine, and two dozen bottles of claret wine, from
my wine cellar in said house

3rd —I give and bequeath to Joseph Monell M. E. late of
Washington University, and now employed at the Desloge
Lead Works St Francois County Mo, the property in Block
one hundred and twenty seven (127) of said city, con-
taining [18] forty five and one half feet (453) on St
Charles street, by fifty seven (57) feet on Seventh street,
bounded north by St Charles street west by Seventh street,
east by (or late) Patton, and south by or late Ellard. To
have and to hold to the said Joseph Monell, and his heirs
and assigns forever.

4th —I give and bequeath to my cousins in England, to
wit, to Henry E Hoole of Ravenfield Park, nr. Rotherham,
to Joseph Hoole London, to Miss Mary Hoole, Craven
Garden Bayswater London, to Henry Hoole, Malvern, all
in the Kingdom of Great Britain, to each the sum of one
hundred pounds (£100) sterling.

5th —I give and bequeath to Mrs Eliza Lowe (late Mrs
Eliza Hoole) the wife of Revd Hubert Lowe, the sum of
two hundred pounds (£200) sterling; to Percy Hoole esqr

46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the son of Henry Elliot Hoole, of Ravenfield Park, to
James Hoole esqr of Edgefield Bradfield parish near Shef-
field, also to Mrs Mary Hodge, widow, and to her sister
Mrs Eliza the daughters of Henry Hoole of Malvern,
to each the sum of one hundred (£100) pounds sterling ;
and also to the said James Hoole of Edgefield the portraits
of my dear deceased mother, and of her brother my deceased
Uncle, both said portraits with their frames now hanging
in the dining room of my city residence, to be securely
packed at the expense of my estate, and forwarded free of
expense to the devisee; all these parties of the kingdom of
Great Britain.

6th —I devise and bequeath to my relative Mr Frank
Bradbury a native of Sheffield Engld, and now a resident
of the City of St Louis, the house and lot for his life
time, on Shaw avenue Place, next adjoining and south of
the house and lot devised for her life time to my dear
sister Mrs Caroline Morisse, said lot to said Bradbury,
being about eighty (80) feet feet in width, and bounded
west by Mercy street, and east by property devised to
the Missouri Botanical Garden; to the said Frank Brad-
bury, during the term of his natural life, and then the said
house and ground to revert to the Trustees for the purposes
of the said Mo Botanical Garden [19]

7th — I hereby give and bequeath to the heirs of my de-
ceased cousins, James Shaw, Joseph Shaw, and Wm Shaw
now residing in, or near the city of New York, and the heirs
of their deceased sister, Mrs Vitty, now or late of Philadel-
phia, to each family of my four deceased cousins the sum of
one thousand dollars, aggregating the sum of four thousand
($4000) Dollars to the descendants of my late cousins,
none of whom have I ever seen except one.

8th —I hereby give and bequeath to Mrs Sarah Barber,
widow, now (or late) of Roscoe Place, Sheffield, England,
the sum of one hundred (£100) pounds sterling.

9th —In further consideration of the services of the afore-
said Mrs Rebecca Edom, as housekeeper and nurse in my

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 47

old age, I hereby devise and bequeath to the said Rebecca
Edom during her lifetime the lot of ground owned by me,
with improvements thereon in Block one hundred and
twenty nine (129) of a width in front, on Olive street
of twenty 8, (20;8,) feet by a depth of one hundred
and six (106) feet more or less, bounded north by
Olive street, west by an alley, south by Rudolph and east
by same being the property as at present occupied by
Kaime and Brother, to the said Rebecca Edom for her
natural life, she paying taxes and insurance, and repairs,
and at her decease, I hereby devise and bequeath the said
house and lot to St Lukes hospital, being a corporation
now situated on Washington avenue, city of St Louis to
have and to hold the same forever, for the support of the
said hospital, and for no other purpose; also to the said
hospital I hereby give and bequeath the sum of one thou-
sand dollars.

10th —I give and bequeath to the Good Samaritan Hos-
pital of St Louis the sum of one thousand ($1000)
Dollars.

11th—I give hereby and bequeath to the Academy of
Science of St Louis, the sum of one thousand ($1000)
Dollars.

12th —I hereby give and bequeath to the Missouri His-
torical Society of St Louis the sum of one thousand
($1000) Dollars. [20]

13th—I hereby devise and bequeath to my afore-
said dear sister Mrs Caroline Morisse for her natural life,
alot of ground with improvments thereon, in city block
nineteen hundred and eighty four (1984), of a width of
thirty (30) feet on Sheridan avenue, by a depth of ninety
nine +4; (99345) feet, bounded south by Sheridan avenue,
north by an alley, east by (or late) Keiler, and west
by and at the death of my said sister Caroline,
I hereby devise the said house and lot to the Episcopal
Orphans Home, and which said orphanage is on Grand
avenue, to them for the maintenance of said Orphans Home,

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

to have and to hold forever: also to the said Episcopal
Orphans Home, the sum of Two thousand ($2000) Dollars.

14th —I give and bequeath to the Protestant Orphan
Asylum the sum of one thousand ($1000) Dollars; the said
Asylum being a corporation locatedinthe county of St Louis.

15th —I hereby give and bequeath to the Home of the
Friendless (Old Ladies Home) one thousand ($1000)
Dollars, the said Home of the Friendless being a corpora-
tion of the City of St Louis.

16th —I give and bequeath to the Memorial Home of St
Louis, an institution located on Grand Avenue near Tower
Grove Park the sum of one thousand ($1000) Dollars.

17th —I give and bequeath to the Little Sisters of the
Poor, a Catholic institution of St Louis the sum of one
thousand ($1000) Dollars.

18th —I hereby give and bequeath to St. Georges Society
of St Louis, whereof, Wm Ellison is president, and J W
Branch is Treasurer, one thousand dollars ($1000).

19th—I hereby give and bequeath to the Caledonia
Society of St Louis, whereof Dugald Crawford is (or
was) president, the sum of one thousand ($1000) Dollars.

20th —I give and bequeath to Mr Geo I Barnett, Archi-
tect of the city of St Louis, the Mantel Clock bequeathed
to me by [21] the late Manoel De Franca, and now in the
library of my city residence, and also to the said Barnett
the ancient oil painting of the Falls of Terni in Italy, said
to be by Rosa de Tivoli, also now hanging in said library :
also two dozen of my best sherry wine from cellar in my
city house.

21st —I give and bequeath to Mr David F Kaime of the
firm of J E Kaime & Bros my barouche carriage made by
Brewster of New York, with set of double harness, also
to said D F Kaime two dozen bottles port wine from cel-
lar at city house.

22nd—I hereby give and bequeath to Mr J E Kaime
of Kaime & Bros Two dozen port, and two dozen sherry
wine from my aforesaid cellar.

Teer wane’
MoS Rag TTHOU My PE THER ae

ATUE OF VICTORY.

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 49

23rd —I hereby give and bequeath to D H MacAdam
Esqr of this city but now residing at Kirkwood, my gold
Jergensen watch, also two dozen port or claret wine as he
may select from my city house cellar; also to said Mac-
Adam my folio edition of Shakspeare.

24th —I hereby bequeath one thousand ($1000) dollars
annually for a banquet to the Trustees of the garden, and to
the guests they may invite, litterary and scientific men, and
friends and patrons of the Natural sciences ; to be paid each
year out of the funds devised for the support of the Garden ;
- also four hundred dollars annually from the same fund for
a banquet to the gardeners of the institution, and invited
florists, nurserymen, and market gardeners of St Louis
and vicinity, said banquet to be presided over by the Direct-
or of said Botanical Garden.

25th —I hereby bequeath five hundred dollars annually
for premiums or prizes to a flower show or exhibition, when
such flower show may be established by amateurs and _hor-
ticulturists of St Louis to be paid each year out of the
funds of the garden.

26th—TI hereby devise and bequeath two hundred dol-
lars annually to the Bishop of the Episcopal Church of this
diocese, in consideration [22] (if he approve of the same)
that an annual sermon be preached in such church, and by
such minister as he may select; on the wisdom and good-
ness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and
other products of the vegetable kingdom; to be paid annu-
ally out of the funds of the said Botanical Garden.
- 27th—TI hereby devise and bequeath to the Mercantile

Library of St Louis my thirty (30) shares in the Mercan-
tile Library Hall Company of St Louis, and all my interest
in the same.

28th —I hereby give and bequeath to the Girls Indus-
trial Home of St Louis, of which Catherine T Baker is
(or was) matron, the sum of one thousand ($1000)
Dollars.

29th —I hereby give and bequeath to the German Prot-

4

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

estant Orphans Home of St Louis, of which J. H. Con-
rades is (or was) president the sum of one thousand
($1000) Dollars.

30th —TI hereby give and bequeath to the Methodist
Orphans Home, of which Mrs E L Walker is (or was)
matron the sum of one thousand ($1000) Dollars.

31lst—TI hereby give and bequeath to the Young Mens
Christian Association of St Louis the sum of one thousand
($1000) dollars.

32nd—I give and bequeath to Mr James Gurney the
head gardener at the Missouri Botanical Garden the sum
of three hundred ($300) Dollars; to Constance Strobel, and
Michael Savadil each the sum of one hundred & fifty
($150) Dollars, and to my other employees and labourers,
who at my decease are, and may have been in my service for
five years or more the sum of seventy five ($75) Dollars
each.

33rd — Having provided a mausoleum and tomb in the
grove of the Missouri Botanical Garden, my desire is to be
buried in the same, andupon which some work remains to be
done, which if not finished in my life time, I hereby devise
twelve thousand ($12,000) dollars to finish the same (and
for other purposes herein mentioned ) [23] the work of the
mausoleum and monument to be completed if so required
agreable to plans in the hands of Mr Geo I Barnett the
architect, and also to pay for the grave stone, if so required
shortly expected from Munich, Germany. It is also my de-
sire that a small brick cottage be provided asa residence for
a man to be employed; whose duty it shall to keep in order
the said mausoleum, museum building or buildings the grove,
and the grounds around, for all time to come, salary to be
paid out of the general fund belonging to the said Trust, and
said employee to be under the controul of the Director of
the garden, same as the other employees of the aforesaid
institution. Also out of the devise of twelve thousand dol-
lars ; fifteen hundred (1,500) dollars to Mrs Rebecca Edom
my aforesaid housekeeper for my funeral expenses, and not

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 51

to exceed that sum; agreable to my written memorandum
of items left with her as instructions. It is also my desire
that the remains of no other person be buried within the
limits of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

34th — In the first clause, and second paragraph of this
my last will and testament, I devise and express my wish
that the garden shall be kept open, under necessary regula-
tions, sundays and holidays excepted, every day of the week.
Now as this Trust is made for the use of the citizens of St
Louis as well as the public in general; it is my wish that
for the convenience of said citizens and public, that the
Garden shall be open to visitors two sundays in each year,
viz, the first sundays in June, and the first Sunday in Sep-
tember, from Two P M to sunset.

35th —I hereby direct my administator or executor, as
soon afer my decease as it can be done, to turn over to the
Trustees aforesaid, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, named
in the first clause of this my will, all the real estate devised
to them in this will, also, all the personal property of all
[24] kinds, devised and bequeathed to them contained in
and upon the said garden and grounds, or upon the tract
herein first described, the house, buildings and improve-
ments thereon, and as there will be found an inventory of
the plants connected with and embraced in said Botanical
gardenand grounds, or upon the tract aforesaid; and as the
plants are removed at times from the plant houses into the
garden, it is sufficient for my executor or administrator to
inventory said plants for the purposes of my estate as the
plants, flowers and shrubs belonging to the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden as contained in inventory, and said Trustees
shall receipt to my executor or administrator in full of such
plants &c as contained in said inventory as the shrubs
plants & flowers of the Missouri Botanica] Garden.

36th — Also all the residue of my estate real and personal
or mixed, which I may leave, or be possessed of at the time
of my death, which shall not have been in this my will de-
vised, bequeathed and disposed of, I devise and bequeath to

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

said Trustees. To have and to hold to them and the sur-
vivors of them, and their successors in said Trust forever
upon the said uses and trusts above mentioned.

Corrections — lst — in page 2, line 2— read ‘* convey ”’
instead of ‘* devise ”’
she 2nd in 4th paragraph of Ist clause, 9th
line change ‘* rites ’’ to ‘* rights.’’

37th —I hereby nominate and appoint The Public Ad-
ministrator for the time being, to be the executor or ad-
ministrator of this my will. I testimony whereof I have
hereto set my hand & seal, this twenty sixth day of Jan-

uary Eighteen hundred & eighty five
Henry SHaAw [Seal]

Signed, sealed, published and declared as, and for his
last will and testament by Henry Shaw, who in our pres-
ence, and in his presence, and at his request, and in [25]
the presence of each other have hereto subscribed our
names as witnesses thereto of the day and year above writ-
ten.

W A CLENDENIN.
EK. W. Pike
JuLES DESLOGE

STATE OF MISSOURI,
88
City oF Sr. Louts.

Be it remembered, that on this 2d day of September A.
D. 1889, before me, the undersigned, Clerk of the Probate
Court of the City of St. Louis, personally came William A.
Clendenin, Edward W. Pike and Jules Desloge who being
each by me duly sworn, on their oaths say:

‘s We saw Henry Shaw, the testator subscribe his name

So
aiepoas

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 53

to the annexed instrument, in writing, bearing date the
26th day of January, 1885, and heard him declare the same
to be his last Will and Testament; we subscribed our
names thereto as witnesses in the presence and at the re-
quest of the said testator and at the time of the execution
of said instrument as aforesaid, and of our subscribing the
same as such witnesses, he the said testator was of sound
and disposing mind, to the best of our knowledge and _ be-
lief. Said testator died on or about the 25th day of
August, 1889.”’

me, this 2d day of Sep- EK. W. Pike,
tember A. D. 1889. JULES DESLOGE.
W. E. WAGNER, Clerk.
By B. W. MclItvarne, D. C.

Sworn to and subscribed before W. A. CLENDENIN,

STATE OF MISSOURI,
ss
Crry oF Sr. Louts.

I, Wm. E. Wagner, Clerk of the Probate Court of the
City of St. Louis, having examined the annexed instru-
ment in writing, together with the testimony of William
A. Clendenin, Edward W. Pike and Jules Desloge, sub-
scribing witnesses thereto, do consider the same as duly
proved to be the last Will and Testament of Henry Shaw,
deceased.

In Witness WHeEREOF, I hereunto set
my hand and affix the Seal of said

(sip, Court, at office, this 2d day of Sep-
SEAL
_ tember, 1889.

W. E. WAGNER, Clerk.
By B. W. McIlvaine, D. C.

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

STATE OF ie
88

City oF St. Louis.

In the Probate Court for
the City of St. Louis,
September term, 1889,
Monday, September 9,
1889,

ESTATE OF

Hexty Straw, ¢ Probate of will approved.

Now at this day the Court examines and approves of the
probate of the last will and testament of Henry Shaw, late
of the City of St. Louis, deceased, taken and granted by
the Clerk of this Court, in vacation, on the 2d day of Sep-
tember instant, and orders that the same be certified ac-
cordingly.

STATE OF spay
88

City oF St. Louts.

I, Wm. E. Wagner, Clerk of the Probate Court within
and for the City of St. Louis aforesaid, do hereby certify
the foregoing to be a true and complete copy of the last
Will and Testament of Henry Suaw, deceased, and of the
probate thereof, and of the order of said Court approving
said probate, as fully as the same respectively remain on
file and appear of record in my said office.

In Wirness WueEreEor,I hereto set

( SEAL OF THE PROBATE my hand and affix the seal of said

| seven ap or | Court, at office, in St. Louis, this
14th day of September, 1889.

W. E. WAGNER, Clerk.

HENRY SHAW’S WILL. 55

STATE OF onic.
88
Crty or Sr. Lovts.

I, the undersigned, Recorder of Deeds for said City and
State, do hereby certify that the foregoing instrument of
writing was filed for record in my office, on the Seven-
teenth day of September, A. D. 1889, at 8:40 o’clock A.
M., and is truly recorded in book 925 Page 229.

Wiryess my hand and official seal
J RECORDER OF DEEDS on the day and year aforesaid.
stn omy WM. A. HOBBS,
Recorder.

DEED FROM HENRY SHAW TO WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY.

(ACKNOWLEDGED AND RECORDED OCTOBER 14, 1885.)

THIS DEED, made and entered into this twenty third day
of July, one thousand eight hundred and eighty five, by
and between Henry Suaw, of the City of St. Louis, State
of Missouri, and Wasuincron University (a corporation
created and existing under the laws of the State of Missouri
and located in the City of St. Louis), wrrnesseru: Whereas
the said Henry Shaw has established, maintained and kept
open for the use of the public for many years, the Missouri
Botanical Garden located ‘in said City of St. Louis, and
desires to augment and perpetuate its usefulness by endow-
ing a school of botany as a department of said Washington
University: And Whereas said Washington University has,
by appropriate action, established a school of botany as a
special department of said University under and by the
name of the ‘* Henry Shaw School of Botany ’’ and has
also established a Professorship of Botany which is to be
known as the ‘‘ Engelmann Professorship ’’; and Whereas
by the action establishing the said school of botany the
same is placed under the special care and direction of a
managing committee of five members, of whom two are to
be members of the Board of Directors of said Washington
University, two are to be selected outside of such Board,
and the remaining one is to be the Chancellor of said
University: Now tTHerErore, in consideration of the
premises and the sum of One Dollar to him paid, the said
Henry Shaw has granted, bargained and sold, and does by
these presents GRANT, BARGAIN and sELL, CONVEY and
CONFIRM unto the said Washington University, forever, the
following described real estate lying and being in the City
of St. Louis, State of Missouri, that is to say: A certain

[56] :

yet Pe
os ee

DEED TO WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 57

lot of ground, with the improvements thereon, in Block
Number Twenty seven (27) of the City of St. Louis, con-
taining fifty five feet (55’) front on the east side of Second
Street, by one hundred and fifty feet (150’) in depth and
bounded north by Greely, south by Rankin, east by an
alley and west by Second Street, and being property
acquired by the said Henry Shaw of Finney.

To HAVE AND TO HOLD the said premises together with
all the rights, immunities, privileges and appurtenances to
the same belonging, unto the said Washington University,
and to its assigns forever, but nevertheless upon the

express condition following, that is to say: the net income '

derived and to be derived from the premises hereinabove
described and from every part thereof shall be devoted
solely to and used by said Washington University exclu-
sively for the maintenance of the said School of Botany,
so created by said University as hereinabove stated, in
paying the salaries and defraying the necessary incidental
expenses of those engaged in botanical instruction and
researches, and for the maintenance of requisite botanical
laboratories with instruments and appliances for illustration
and investigation and for the maintenance and increase of
the botanical library and herbarium and for such like
objects strictly german to such school of botany. And in
the event the said Washington University shall fail in any
particular to keep, observe and perform each and every
feature of the condition hereinabove expressed, and upon
which this conveyance is expressly made, then and there-
upon and without let or hindrance, from any source or
quarter, the said premises and the title thereto and all
improvements thereon and rights, privileges and appurte-
nances connected therewith, shall revert to said Henry
Shaw, his heirs and assigns, and the said Henry Shaw, his
heirs and assigns may enter and take full and unqualified
possession of said premises and of every part and parcel
thereof. And it is further expressly declared that the
acceptance of this deed by the grantee shall be deemed

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

conclusive proof that it acquiesces in and assents to and
agrees to perform and to be bound by each and every
feature of the condition hereinabove set forth.

In Testimony Wuereror the said Henry Shaw has
hereunto set his hand and seal the day and year first in this
instrument stated. Henry Suaw. —

SEAL
—_

STATE OF eine
88

City oF St. Louis.

On this 14 day of October 1885, before me personally
appeared Henry Shaw, to me known to be the person
described in and who executed the foregoing instrument
and acknowledged that he executed the same as his free
act and deed.

In Witness WuHeEREoF, I have hereunto set my hand
with my title of office, and affixed my notarial seal the day
and year first in this certificate stated.

(Notary’s SEAL. ) GrorGE M. Brock, Notary Public.

STATE OF MISSOURI,
- 88

Crty or Sr. Louis.

I, the undersigned, Recorder of Deeds
for said City and State, do hereby cer-
tify that the foregoing instrument of

RECORDER’S writing was filed for record in my office
; SEAL. : on the Fourteenth day of October A. D.
1885, at 2:11 o’clock P. M., and is

truly recorded in Book 773 Page 137.

Wirness my hand and official seal on
the day and year aforesaid.

Tuos. F. Farrewyy, Recorder.

“ALVS WOASONW AAL

THE HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY.

INAUGURAL EXERCISES.

IN MEMORIAL HALL, NOVEMBER 6, 1885.

Prayer having been offered by the Rev. James G. Mer-
rill, Pastor of the First Congregational Church, the follow-
ing Historical Statement was made by the Chancellor of
the University: —

This evening, Washington University inaugurates a new
Department of scientific work. In some respects the en-
terprise is particularly worthy of note.

Heretofore, from the very beginning, every step in our
progress has been taken, as it were, in the dark, as when
one puts his foot forward not knowing whether it will be
upon firm ground or in vacancy, with reasonable fear that
each step might be the last. As one Department after an-
other has developed itself, we have been building upon
hope, with only that assurance of success which earnest faith
and endeavor always inspire. Looking back through all
these years of trial and difficulty, we may well be surprised
at the steadfastness of purpose and munificent generosity
of those who have worked with us, so many of whom have
passed away, but of whom some of the most faithful are
yet left, while younger men are rising up, from time to
time, worthily to fill the vacant places.

To-day, we have met to inaugurate a new enterprise in
one of the highest departments of scientific culture, not
only with ample endowment for the present, but with wise
provision, if we know how to do our work faithfully and

well, for future development and growth.
[59]

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

It is nearly two years ago that the suggestion was first
made to me by our fellow-citizen Mr. Henry Shaw, and it
seemed to me almost too good to be true. But after
several consultations with Dr. Asa Gray, the distinguished
botanist of Harvard University, Mr. Shaw authorized me
to place before the Board of Directors a definite plan of
action, as follows : —

That he proposed with concurrence of the Directors, to
endow a Scuoou or Borany as a Department of Washing-
ton University, by donation of improved real estate, yield-
ing over $5,000 revenue, and to place it in such relation
with the largely endowed ‘‘ Missouri Botanical Garden and
Arboretum,’’ as would practically secure their best uses,
for scientific study and investigation, to the professor and
students of the said School of Botany, in all time to come.

Dr. Gray had taken a most kindly interest in this move-
ment, and had twice visited St. Louis on Mr. Shaw’s invi-
tation, for the special purpose of consulting with him and
others, as to the best methods of action in organization of
the school. By his recommendation, correspondence was
opened with Mr. Wm. Trelease, Professor of Botany in
Wisconsin University, at Madison, a graduate of Cornell
University, who had already attained to a high rank in this
department of science, and who visited Mr. Shaw to inform
himself of the leading features of the proposed situation.

At a meeting of the Board of Directors, held June 8,
1885, the following resolutions were, therefore, offered, in
grateful acceptance of Mr. Shaw’s proposal : —

1, That a School of Botany be established as a special department of
Washington University, to be known as the

HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY.

2. That a Professorship of Botany be therein established, to be known
as the Engelmann Professorship.

3. That Professor Wm. Trelease, of Wisconsin University, be invited
to fill the same; his duties to begin at the commencement of the next
academic year, September 17th.

4. That said School of Botany be placed under the special care and
direction of an Advisory Committee, to consist of five members, of

INAUGURAL EXERCISES. 61

whom two shall be members of this Board, and two shall be selected outside
of the Board, —the Chancellor of the University being a member ex officio.

This report was accepted and the resolutions unanimously
adopted. The record of such action was then submitted to
Mr. Shaw and approved by him.- Subsequently, by deed
of gift, improved real estate was conveyed by the donor to
the University, yielding $5,400 per annum, the rental of
which from July 1, 1885, has been paid over to the Uni-
versity Treasurer, to be kept, as the whole revenue will
always be, separate and apart from all other uses, for the
support of the Professorship, and incidental expenses.

Prof. Trelease accepted his nomination, as Engelmann
Professor of Botany, and has been actively engaged in his
duties since 17th September last.

The special Advisory Committee for the School of
Botany has been appointed as follows: —

Mr. Henry Shaw, Dr. Asa Gray, 7
Hon. Joun H. Ligutner, Dr. Geo. J. ENGELMANN.

The two first named are members of the Board of Direct-
ors of the University.

It would perhaps be well for me to stop here and give
place to Prof. Trelease; but the name of Engelmann
awakens in my mind a reminiscence, connecting the present
movement, at least by association, with the infant days of
science in St. Louis. :

More than forty years ago, five or six young men, of
whom I was one, met together, on Main Street, near Chest-
nut, in the office of the Honorable Judge, Mary P. Leduc.
The object was to found an Academy of Science, but not
one of our number really knew enough of science to found
a primary school, except Dr. George Engelmann, who was
an enthusiastic student, especially in botanical research,
and who inspired us all with something of his zeal. We
organized a society and proceeded to purchase five or six
acres of ground, far out of the city, I think near Kighth
Street and Chouteau Avenue. There Dr. Engelmann be-
gan a botanical garden and arboretum on a small scale. It

62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, -

was kept up, after a fashion, for some years, but the
society faded out and the land was sold, and apparently
there was an end of the academy. But under the law of
the survival of the fittest, Dr. Engelmann * survived ’’ and
became an academy of science in himself. In the midst of
professional cares, as a successful and highly honored
physician, he made botany his darling pursuit. By corre-
spondence, by contribution of carefully prepared articles
for journals of science in this country and Europe, by per-
sonally visiting different regions in the West and South, he
prosecuted his studies and became known in schools of
science everywhere, taking an acknowledged place among
distinguished names. So quietly and modestly did he
work that few persons in St. Louis knew how much he was
doing, but for many years before his decease he had found
cordial welcome in the ‘ Missouri Botanical Garden,”’
where his real merit was known and cordially appreciated.
It is a pleasant thing for us to learn that his writings, now
scattered over the world and inaccessible, will be collected
and edited by Dr. Asa Gray and other competent hands to
be suitably published, with illustrative plates, a large and
costly work, for which Mr. Henry Shaw has generously
- guaranteed the funds. I also hope that Dr. Engelmann’s
exceptionally valuable herbariums, the systematic collection
of a lifetime, nowunder the control of his son, will form apart
of the accessible riches of the Henry Shaw School of Botany.

Taking into account, therefore, the fact that we have an
Engelmann Professorship established, together with other
associations already named, may I not justly say that there
is a connecting link between those feeble efforts of early
days and the larger promise of our present undertaking?
Thus giving proof of the universal truth, that no earnest
and persistent effort in good work is ever permanently lost.

I have now the honor of introducing to you Mr. William
Trelease, Engelmann Professor in the Henry Shaw School
of Botany.

“MIVA AUYOL NIV AHL

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 63

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM TRELEASE.

In its conception, the new School of Botany is represent-
ative of the spirit of the nineteenth century, the hope of
its founder being that it may not only advance the science
of botany, but prove useful in the pursuits of practical life
to which that science canbe made to contribute. To real-
ize this hope, the school should, from the first, be governed
with a comprehensive knowledge of the possibilities of bo-
tanical work, and a clear understanding of the conditions
which favor and oppose it in America, and especially in this
great Mississippi Valley, in which we are located.

While it would be premature to make this inaugural a state-
ment of plans, no better opportunity will offer for a con-
sideration of the elements upon which the usefulness of the
school must largely depend. Foremost among these is the
growing demand for able instruction.

Popular education, and a development of that love of the
beautiful in nature which has so long been near the heart of
Mr. Shaw, in the creation and maintenance of the magnifi-
cent garden and arboretum of which every resident of this
favored city is justly proud, are foremost among the objects
of the new school which is to enjoy these advantages. I
have no doubt this part of our work is more comprehensive
than it would at first be thought, by one not a botanist.
When the word botany is mentioned, the most common idea
that it calls up is— learning the namesof plants. A mutual
knowledge of plant names is a prerequisite to the exchange
of ideas between botanists, and the acquisition of this
knowledge is of the greatest importance; yet the study of
elementary botany includes much more than this.

In planning educational courses in elementary botany,
work of this character cannot be overlooked; yet the time
that can be given to a short course in one of the sciences

64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

by undergraduate students is always limited. To best util-
ize that which is available is a problem that is now engaging
the best thought of the most experienced men. At best,
the student leaves the class-room with little knowledge ; but
if his time has been wisely occupied he carries with him a
disciplined mind and trained hand with which it can be in-
creased if opportunity offers.

Even the younger botanists recollect the time when sys-
tematic botany, and, indeed, that branch of systematic bot-
any which deals with the flowering plants and ferns, was
nearly all that was taught in our schools and colleges.
What attention was given to the structure and mode of life
of these plants was incidental, and mainly taught as a neces-
sary preparation for systematic work. The older persons
who followed Eaton or Mrs. Lincoln over this ground, or
the younger generation to whom the path has been made
easier by Gray and Wood, will agree with me that to
a bright student this is fascinating and profitable work.
To know the flowers found on a spring or autumn walk as
old friends, to call them familiarly by name, and to make
each stroll the means of adding to one’s acquaintanceship,
adds not a little to the pleasure of living. Yet that this
knowledge appeals to the emotions in the pleasure it gives,
repels some of our unemotional American youth, to whom
the study of botany has become somewhat of an accom-
plishment —a girls’ study. I am reluctant to believe that
these are, or ever will be, in the majority.

The fact is, nevertheless, patent that the student who is
limited to the contemplation of this side of botany, has but
a limited knowledge of the subject. Too often, it must be
confessed, the name of a plant is all that he cares for. To
have the branches of a dichotomous key well in hand, like
the leash of a brace of beagles, wherewith to run the un-
lucky plant he comes across, through numerous turns and
windings, to its place in the system, like a timid hare to his
burrow, affords a safe and harmless excitement, and forms
a necessary part of a botanical equipment; but it is not

ee aS ee ee ee
4

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 65

strange that the student to whom this is the ultimatum
should be sometimes thought lightly of, and his attainments
regarded as of little value. The question of time, however,
precludes the addition of other subjects to this, if anything
Ike proficiency in any of them is desired, as it should be in
any course that is worthy of being taught.

Within a generation a younger school of botanists —
younger, but already with graying locks — has sought to
avoid the faults of their predecessors by a very different
plan of work. So far as the English-speaking world is con-
- cerned, this school may be said to date from the organiza-
tion of the South Kensington courses, under the direction
of Professor Huxley. Instead of devoting his time to a
class-room study of the theoretical organography of plants,
supplemented by the examination, in the laboratory, of the
more obvious characters that can be made out by the naked
eye or with the aid of a hand lens, the student is initiated
at once into the mysteries of the compound microscope,
and learns at the start that the yeast we use to raise our
bread and the bacteria that swarm in turned broth, are
plants. His ideas of the limits of botany are, of necessity,
broadened. He is successively carried through the study
of representatives of the principal groups of the Vegetable
Kingdom, seeing with his own eyes and recording by de-
tailed description and faithful drawings, not only their ex-
ternal characters, but their minute structure. He learns at
once how to use the microscope and how to prepare objects
for microscopic examination; and the simpler experiments
for demonstrating the mode of life—the physiology, of
each plant studied, are not omitted.

Let us contrast the students who have respectively fol-
lowed these two methods. The first has acquired the use
of the penknife, the needle and the pocket magnifier. His
notion of the Vegetable Kingdom is restricted; but when he
sees a flowering plant he knows it or can identify it. More
than this, he can generally tell what it is good for. He
has, as you might say, a speaking acquaintance with nearly

5

66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

everything that he recognizes as a plant. The second has
acquired more manual dexterity. ‘¢ A plant ’’ means more
tohim. His eyes are opened to much in nature that would
otherwise have escaped him; but I doubt if he will find
more enjoyment in the pursuit of botany after leaving col-
lege than the first. He distinguishes a phaenogam from a
cryptogam, an alga from a fungus, a schizophyte from one
of the Saccharomycetes, by scientific characters; but when
he gets into the world, he cannot identify the lower plants
for want of a microscope and adequate books; nor, often,
the higher plants for want of ability to use the better books
at his command.

With a love for microscopic work, and a prejudice in
favor of the latter method, I confess to a suspicion that if
either must be accepted, to the rejection of the other, the
old course, with certain modifications, is the better for a
mixed class of beginning students. The nature of these
modifications isa subject for study. Besides those features
of structure which are essential to their correct identifica-
tion, there is much of interest that can be learned from an
examination of our commonest wild flowers and weeds, even
without resorting to the microscope.

In the brief course of evening lectures to which this is
preparatory, I shall endeavor to show what a wonderful in-
terdependence there is between plants and certain animals,
chiefly insects ; and how influential these despised creatures
have been in adorning the most beautiful and fragrant
flowers with the charms for which we prize them most. The
behavior of seedlings during germination, the ways in which
some plants climb to the light over the trunks of their more
robust neighbors, and the curious habit of others of prey-
ing upon insects, are easily studied. These have been
called Darwinian subjects. They have occupied the atten-
tion of the great naturalist, but they are within the reach
of any person with good powers of observation, and tend
to strengthen these powers.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 67

There is reason to suppose that in a city with the popu-
lation of St. Louis, where there is a demand for intellectual
pursuits, many persons are to be found who, while not
otherwise connected with the University or other institu-
tions of learning, will be glad to profit by the advantages
for botanical study that the University is now able to offer.
The study of systematic botany is capable of being made
more than usually attractive here, where the spring opens
early, and the flora is unusually rich and varied ; while the
treasures of the Botanical Garden, supplementing the wealth
of floral forms that occur spontaneously, facilitate the ac-
quisition of a comprehensive knowledge of the families of
plants which are likely to attract attention or excite inter-
est. With the coming of fall, the predominance of an en-
tirely different class of vegetation, characterized by the
abundance of golden-rods, asters and other Composit,
changes the aspect of the flora materially, so that the work
can very profitably be renewed then where it was interrupted
by the heat of summer; nor need it be terminated by the
coming of frost, for many exotics bloom largely, or exclu-
sively, during the winter season. ‘The study of ferns and
grasses, two of the most interesting groups, is made quite
as profitably from dried specimens as from fresh plants,
‘and can be taken up with profit when other material fails.
These groups, especially the ferns and grasses, form a most
desirable subject for winter study.

While there are circumstances attending the beginning of
the new department, which prevent the attempt to organize
a class to run through the entire winter, this year, an effort
will be made to open a laboratory at once for the study of
these groups until the holidays ; and provision is being made
for the reception of a class in analytical work for the last
eight or ten weeks of the college year, for the benefit of all
persons who feel an interest in this study, whether con-
nected with the University or not. Such a class need not
of necessity be large. The character of its work is to be
measured not so much in bulk as in quality; but if I do

68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

not misjudge, the beginning that is made this year will be
reasonably satisfactory in its results, while much more can
be hoped for when corresponding classes are organized at
the end of the next summer vacation.

The study of science must have a beginning. While we
may not unanimously agree that this shall be in the kinder-
garten or the primary school, the reaction that is now suc-
ceeding that long period devoted almost exclusively to
classical studies, is giving scientific and technical branches
a prominent place in even the common schools. This being
the case, we desire that the new School of Botany may be
useful in adding to the zeal of the large number of teachers
in the schools of this city and in the surrounding States
who are called upon to teach botanical classes ; and especially
in imparting to them the most successful methods of in-
struction and interesting them in the pursuit of knowledge
beyond the limits of the text-book or the schedule.

Within a decade, almost, the word biology — the science
of life —has come into general use, yet to-day the better
institutions of learning throughout the country vie with
each other as to which shall give the most and the
most thoroughly disciplinary training in this study of
the structure and the life processes of animals and plants.
To prepare the student for the practical use of the micro-
scope and the intelligent interpretation of its revelations,
and to fit him for advanced work in either vegetable or ani-
mal histology and physiology, no better course than this
has yet been devised. Laboratory appliances for the most
valuable botanical work of this character, and suitable in-
structional talent, will be provided as one of the first steps
looking towards the development of the school.

The world is to-day awake to the desirability —I had
almost said the necessity —of scientific training. Espe-
cially is this the case on the Continent of Europe, where
Germany, in particular, sets an example of national liberal-
ity in the encouragement of education in all its branches,

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 69

that has not a little to do with the prominent place she
holds and is destined to hold in the progress of the world.
The recent address of Sir Lyon Playfair, at the Aberdeen
meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, shows that England, as represented by its men of
broad learning and experience, realizes the advantages of
such a system, upon the intelligent and conscientious de-
velopment of which must largely rest her future. Yet the
great British Universities, with the many lower schools that
feed them, though inferior to those of Germany, are far in
advance of institutions of a similar character on this side
the Atlantic.

Aside from its utility in developing the faculties and en-
larging the possibilities of enjoying life, the study of any
science in its applications to the productive industries com-
mends itself strongly to the reasoning man. Botany is one
of the branches of widest applicability in the arts and
manufactures.

So large a percentage of drugs and medicines is of veg-
etable origin, that botany is universally recognized as one
of the most important branches in a pharamaceutical edu-
cation. Notwithstanding great care, many mistakes occur
in the collection and sale of drugs. I have in mind several
such errors that have been brought to my notice within a
few years. In the dried and broken drug, their rectification
not infrequently taxes the skill of the expert, while their
detection, absolutely required for the prevention of serious
accidents, calls for a more than ordinarily thorough famil-
iarity with not only the grosser botanical characters of
medicinal plants, but with their minute structure.

The extent to which adulteration is practiced not only in
medicines but more particularly in the food supplies which
undergo a process of manufacture before coming into the
hands of the consumer, renders the services of experts in
its detection of frequent demand. The skill and training
requisite here are far greater than in the examination of

70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

crude products, since, aside from certain chemical reactions,
the characters which must be relied on are determined only
by a microscopic study of the suspected material. No
part of applied botany is more fascinating, or calls for more
intelligent application and thorough training than the study
of food substances subject to adulteration and of the adul-
terants which, from their cheapness or ready attainability,
are most frequently employed.

The time which is available for these studies in a school
of pharmacy, and the numerous other duties which devolve
upon the instructors, usually prevent the student from more
than entering upon this field during his connection with it
as an undergraduate; while very few graduates are so situ-
ated as to return for an advanced course. The duty, not
only of employers but of clerks, is to acquire the greatest
possible experience in this class of work. To enlist the
attention of young men who propose to follow the calling
of the pharmacist, should be a pleasant duty to every drug-
gist who has the advancement of his profession at heart;
and I have little doubt that, knowing the facilities for train-
ing that the School of Botany will offer, many employers
in the city of St. Louis will see the wisdom of affording
their clerks the command of a certain proportion of their
time for its acquisition.

The value of a working knowledge of botany tothe med-
ical man has long been recognized, — never more than to-
day. Indeed the science was long a medical science, and
its present development is in part directly attributable to
the labors of men who, like Dr. Engelmann, — whose loss
is keenly felt not only in this, his home, but wherever
thorough scientific work is appreciated, — have in their
youth acquired the ability and fondness for investigation
that in later years have prompted them to devote the odd
moments of a busy professional life to the pursuit of a
science that they loved.

The physician, no less than the pharmacist, profits by

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 71

a knowledge of the plants whose healing virtues he em-
ploys. While he may not be called upon so frequently
to identify them, a familiarity with the relationships
of plants not infrequently furnishes a key to their in-
herent properties, and is the foundation of the judicious
experimental work by which new remedies are being
brought into use every year. But to him the science
of botany has a far broader significance. One of the
earliest discoveries made by the aid of the microscope
was that every drop of fermenting fluid, every minutest
fragment of putrefying flesh or other organic solid,
swarms with living things far too small to be seen by
the unaided eye. The theory of spontaneous generation,
which has for centuries been the cause of much disputation
and many hard-fought battles of argument, having succes-
sively been proven untenable for the maggots which so
promptly appear in putrefying animal matter, and for the
rotifers, worms and infusoria, whose presence can always
be predicted in fluids which contain decaying matter of
vegetable origin, when exposed to the air, is still believed
by many to find its support at or just beyond the limit of
the microscope of to-day. Were not the futility of pre-
dicting a limit to the perfection of the instrument demon-
strated by the failure of similar predictions that have been
made from time to time, we might well inquire if the range
of enlargement and the clearness of definition that have
been attained by Zeiss, Tolles and Spencer, in the construc-
tion of their objectives can ever be surpassed; but if the
future shall be at all commensurate with the past it is
probable that the reading public will, within a compara-
tively short time, reject the spontaneous generation of the
lowest organisms we now know, with as much certainty as
they now declare against that of maggots. This theory,
stimulating investigation, whatever error it may have been
the means of promulgating, has in this way led to the dis-
covery that, paradoxical as it may appear, death is often
but a manifestation of life.

72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

The lowest organisms whose life history nas been followed
under the microscope, are bacteria. Plants, in their rela-
tionships, these minute beings, which are so small that many
billions of some of the species could be brought within the
space of a cubic inch, resemble animals in so far that they
can derive their food only from organic matter; and in
doing this they cause some of the most striking phenomena
known to science. The decay of a piece of meat or an
egg, the souxing of a glass of milk, are so familiar to us
that we accept them as realities without inquiring as to their
cause. Modern science shows that these changes, in short,
all that we commonly know as putrefaction or decay, are
due to the development within the putrefying substance of
myriads of bacteria; the malodorous and poisonous pro-
ducts that accompany decay being merely the waste matter
excreted by them.

Bacteria are omnipresent. Wherever the path of a ray
of sunlight can be seen in the air of a darkened room they
exist. Wherever dust collects they are to be found.
Dampness favors their propagation. Drought aids their
dissemination. Throughout the universe nothing is more
widely distributed, unless it be air. If these agents, small
in themselves, but capable in the aggregate of producing
so great effects, were confined to dead matter, they might
not be entirely without merit. Disagreeable as decomposi-
tion may be in many of its manifestations, and harmful as
it is in much of our every-day life, much that is worthless
and unsightly is rapidly returned by it to begin the round
of existence anew. The rancid change in butter may be
unpleasant, but without essentially the same change cheese
would not ripen from the curd. The souring of cider may
please the taste of the veteran only, but without it our
tables would be destitute of vinegar. If the results ob-
tained by Schloesing and Muntz are to be accepted, the
vegetation of the trees which shade our streets, the flowers
with which our parks are adorned, and even the grass on
which our cattle feed and the crops upon which we directly

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 73

rely for a great part of our food, could not exist were it
not for the nitrification of the soil through the agency of
certain bacteria. Within the year, no less an authority
than Pasteur, in presenting a pupil’s paper to the French
Academy, which claimed to demonstrate that seeds cannot
germinate in a soil entirely free from these microbes, as
the French style them, even went so far as to assert that
he has long held the opinion that not only the germination
of seeds, but many of the functions both of plants and
animals, depend upon their presence.

To the physician, the study of bacteria is of more than
usual interest. Their history is, unfortunately, not one of
benefit alone, nor of simple discomfort. All of them,
from their organization, need organized matter for an im-
portant part of their food. While the majority of species.
claiin this only after it has become effete, there are some
which do not wait for death. A constant warfare is waged
against them by all animate creation,—successful in many
instances till death from some other cause puts an — to it,
but unavailing in others.

The germ theory of disease has been so freely discussed
in the public press that it is familiar, at least by name, to
nearly every one who reads the daily papers. Nothing is at
first thought more startling than the paradox that death from
the dreaded zymotic diseases is the manifestation of a lower
life within the patient; yet I do not hesitate to say that this
is more than probable of many infectious diseases. To name
a few is sufficient. Anthrax, small-pox, relapsing fever,
and the various forms of pyzemia and septicemia are of this
nature. While the proof is not equally good, for them,
diphtheria, erysipelas, typhoid and typhus fevers, yellow
fever, and even the too familiar malarial diseases, are be-
lieved by able medical men to be germ diseases, and are al-
most universally treated by the profession on this basis. I
do not doubt that consumption and other forms of tubercular
disease, together with leprosy and cholera, should fall under
the same category, though a perusal of the current litera-

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

ture shows a strong array of names among the opponents,
as well as the supporters, of this proposition. But perhaps
the conviction of Pasteur that hydrophobia is a germ dis-
ease, capable of being communicated by the microbes of
artificial cultures, and, like small-pox and anthrax, prevent-
able, to a certain degree, by a process comparable to vac-
cination, will be most surprising to the layman.

These are all diseases of man, though several of them are
common to, or originate with, the domestic animals, like
that dreaded and incurable disease of the horse, — glanders.
Others of a similar character are confined to one or another
of these animals. As examples, hog cholera, the chicken
plague, and the Texas fever of cattle, may be named. The
silk interest was at one time threatened with complete de-
struction by a germ disease of the worms. These diseases,
and the list is far from exhausted, are said to result from,
or are consequences of, a fermentation of living tissues cor-
responding to the putrefaction or similar changes which
other bacteria cause in dead animal or vegetable matter. A
certain class of them, including cholera and typhoid fever,
are spoken of as filth diseases, from their frequent dissem-
ination by contaminated drinking water. Certain it is, that
the germs of many propagate in filth, and are never far from
us; and the frequent insufficiency of quarantine shows how
difficult the exclusion of others may be.

To know, so far as he may, the true nature of these germs
or microbes, the manner of their development and repro-
duction, and the conditions of air, sewerage, food, drink
and personal intercourse, which favor their propagation, and
of the human body which render it susceptible to their at-
tacks, as well as the means of circumventing or destroying
them, is the duty of every young man entering the profes-
sion of medicine. Chairs of bacteriology are already being
established abroad, and liberal sums are placed in the hands
of experts for the purpose of investigating the subject of
contagious diseases. In this country, lectures on bacteria
and the germ theory of disease are given as an addition to

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 75

several medical courses, but the time to be spared from the
regular curriculum is so limited that the student must usually
be content with what can be imparted to him in the class-
room, and knows the bacteria of even the commoner dis-
eases only from wall-chart figures and the lecturer’s
description. While the busy practitioner cannot always
find leisure for the use of his microscope, the career of men
like Engelmann shows that where there is a will there is a
way to do this, as other scientific work, at odd hours, and
there are times when knowledge and training such as I speak
of may be of value in the treatment of diseases which come
under the hands of every physician.

Since this training cannot be given in the medical course,
and the young graduate feels the impulse to begin the strug-
gle for a lucrative and useful practice immediately on leay-
ing his alma mater, it is clear that it should be provided for
in preparatory courses. I do not believe I am promising
too much, when I say that an indication that they will be
utilized will call forth facilities in the School of Botany for
the best work that a class of medical preparatory students
are capable of, in the direct examination and cultivation of
these microscopic beings which do so much good and work
so much ill.

At the close of the war, Congress, realizing the great im-
portance to the country of its agriculturalinterests, appro-
priated to the several States large grants of public lands, to
endow colleges in which instruction in agriculture and the
mechanic arts should be made a leading feature. The
general feeling of the public appears to be that little has
resulted from these grants, so far as agriculture is con-
cerned. Whether this is true, we need not stop to inquire.
The fact that the farmers of the country are discussing the
management of the so-called agricultural colleges, that their
representatives in the legislative bodies of a considerable
number of States have established agricultural experiment
stations, and that a movement is on foot to secure from the

- a

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

national government enlarged means for the furtherance of
the work of these stations, is, to one who reads the signs of
the times, indicative of a desire to develop the science of
agriculture, on the part of those who recognize its impor-
tance to the country.

Agriculture and horticulture are so closely related to
botany that it is scarcely necessary to mention the depend-
ence of the successful farmer, gardener, fruit-grower or
florist, upon an intelligent understanding of, and conformity
to, the laws of vegetable physiology in the operations of
his every-day life. The nurseryman and florist are, per-
force, botanists. To them a general knowledge of system-
atic botany, and that careful development of the powers of
observation which a close study of the characters of plants
gives, go far to assure success, when combined with
shrewd business tact and a practical’ familiarity with the
manual processes of their vocation.

While the farmer or gardener may require less of this
knowledge, he should be well versed in forestry, and famil-
iar with the weeds of the farm and roadside, and the most
successful means of contending with them and repressing
their advances. The reckless manner in which the most
troublesome weeds are scattered from farm to farm, and
from State to State, with clover and grass seed, necessi-
tates a knowledge of their seeds, such as can be obtained
only by careful study. If planning a course of botanical
instruction for young men who intend to make the farm
their home, I should give the study of weeds and of our
native grasses and forest trees a prominent place in it.

Here, in the Mississippi Valley, the horticulturist con-
tends with climatic conditions unknown in the East, or in the
coast countries of Europe, whence we have received many
of the valued varieties which we are trying —often in
vain — to cultivate, as well as the methods of treatment by
which we struggle for success. The coming fruit-grower
must rely upon the teachings of botanical geography in the
selection of varieties, and upon a most exact understanding

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 77

of the best methods of breeding and selecting new races
of hardy parentage, if he would advance to that success
which is ultimately hoped for in this changeable and severe
climate. That the Missouri Botanical Garden and the
School of Botany may be of the greatest utility in the de-
velopment of this great home-creating and home-beautify-
ing interest, is the expressed wish of their founder.

A subject still in its infancy in this country, and, indeed,
but little advanced abroad, is that of plant disease. In the
absence of reliable statistics, it cannot be said how great
the aggregate loss from smut, mildew and similar causes is ;
but it must reach into the millions annually, in a country
whose agricultural interests are so great as those of the
United States. What a saving it would be if only a tithe
of this loss could be prevented!

The study of plant diseases is botanical in more senses
than one. Not only does a knowledge of vegetable physi-
ology underlie it, but the most destructive diseases are,
almost without exception, caused by parasitic plants of low
organization.

Blight of the pear and apple is attributable to the growth
of certain bacteria, which destroy the trees while feeding
upon the starch contained in the young growth made by
them. To barely enumerate the rusts, smuts, mildews
and rots of our most valuable crops, would prove weari-
some and would make an appalling list. Suffice it to say
that nearly all are fungi. To rightly understand their nu-
trition, growth and propagation, and the varied forms in
which many of them appear, when fruiting, is a long step
toward controlling them and lessening their ravages. The
grape mildew and rose mildew, now that their natural his-
tory is understood, are no longer the dreaded foes that
they were a quarter of a century ago, and every educated
gardener understands how to proceed to hold them in check.
That they are superseded by more deadly and less tractable
fungous diseases, should be but a stimulus to further study.
No branch of botanical science is more enthusiastically

Ries ectn sr *.

78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

undertaken by advanced students of a practical turn of
mind, than that relating to these parasites. Fortunately,
or unfortunately, as you choose to regard it, these organ-
isms are to be found in abundance about us, and, with a
good library, we are now prepared to pursue this study to
advantage.

Technical training is not complete without a knowledge
of certain branches of botany. The engineer who is en-
gaged in pioneer work must, of necessity, be well versed in
forestry. To understand the manipulation of the micro-
scope, and by its aid to recognize the innate cause of the
difference between good and bad timber, adds intelligence
to his work. The decay of timber, like the disease and
death of plants, is usually the result of the insidious attacks
of certain fungi, which destroy its structure in building up
their own. Knowledge of the means of holding these
destroyers in check, rests fundamentally upon an understand-
ing of their life history and of the conditions which are
favorable and inimical to them. We look, too, with some
expectation, to direct botanical returns from a greater
recognition of this department of science in technical train-
ing or, perhaps it would be better to say, preparatory to
technical courses; for the young engineer or surveyor is
not infrequently called by his duties into regions that are
difficult of access, and have been but imperfectly explored
botanically, and, knowing the simple means of preserving
specimens for the herbarium, he is often in a position to
render good service to the cause of science. Many most
valuable collections have already been made by persons at-
tached to surveying and exploring expeditions; but muchstill
remains to be done in the less accessible parts of the
country.

The immediate value of botanical knowledge to the ex-
plorer has been often demonstrated in the evil consequences
that have attended the use of noxious plants under the
impression that they were edible; and plants that are mild

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 79

and nutritious have quite as frequently been allowed to go
unused, from ignorance, when wholesome food has been
much needed.

The relation of botany to the fine arts need not be dwelt
upon further than to say that some of the most attractive
decorative designs are obtained from leaves, flowers and
fruit. The prevalent tendency toward naturalism in decora-
tive art finds encouragement and elevation in the close study
of flowers and foliage that is made in the laboratory ; while
the minute structure of the higher plants, and the vegetative
and reproductive organs of many of the cryptogams, as
viewed under the microscope, suggest untold combinations
of new features, of surprising elegance and beauty. In true
art, even more than its practical applications, a familiarity
with detail is often essential to success; and the artist whose
landscapes and forest studies fail in fidelity in their presen-
tation of the habit of trees, cannot hope for success in this
direction, however brilliant he may be in execution. What
an accurate knowledge of anatomy is to the painter of the
human figure or of animals, a working familiarity with the
bark, spray and leaf forms of trees is to the still-life
student.

In the directions that have been thus imperfectly outlined,
I have endeavored to show how broad the field for botan-
ical instruction is, and it is not difficult to single out those
lines which promise to result in much good if faithfully
prosecuted. But instruction is by no means all of educa-
tion, and far from all of university life proper; and it must
not be forgotten that the School of Botany is organized as
a University branch. To quote again from the address of
Sir Lyon Playfair: —

Universities are not mere storehouses of knowledge; they are also
conservatories for its cultivation. Professors in a university have a

higher function, because they ought to make new honey as well as to
store it. The widening of the bounds of knowledge, literary or scien-

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

tific, is the crowning glory of university life. * * * Unless colleges
have such ambition, they may be turned into mere mills to grind out
material for examinations and competitions. Higher colleges should
always hold before their students that knowledge, for its own sake, is
the only object worthy of reverence. Beyond college life, there is a land
flowing with milk and honey for those who know how to cultivate it.

Without fear of more than temporarily displeasing the
patriotic American, whose pride of country is second to that
of none, it may be said that Germany, with its usual zest in
educational matters, leads the world in the quantity and
quality of original work done by properly prepared students
in her universities. I fear that it may be many years before
we can hope for, much less claim, equality on this side
the Atlantic, though the phenomenal progress which the
Johns Hopkins University has made in the establishment
of popular and productive post-graduate departments war-
rants the greatest caution in making such a prediction.
The avenues to successful business or professional pursuits
are open earlier to the American than to the citizen of an
old-world country; and there is far less of the leisure for
further study and improvement that attends the patient
waiting for an opening in life that is required of the Ger-
man youth. Positions of trust, even the judge’ s bench and
the professor’s chair, often come unsolicited with us, when
the incumbent should, and, were it not for the temptation
before him, would occupy the position of a learner.

It has beén said by one of America’s most accomplished
specialists,that the great need of American science is edu-
cated specialists, — men who, on the foundation of a liberal
education, have reared that superstructure of training in
the technique and literature of the specialty they espouse
which shall equip them for the performance of rigidly accur-
ate investigation; and that mental discipline and knowledge
that shall enable them to comprehend and apply witha large
understanding, the result of their labor. To be instrument-
al in training such specialists, and to assist them in doing
original work, should be the highest aspiration of a teacher ;
to do it well, is the greatest service that he can render.

. eae a re

ae

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 81

Many colleges offer courses of instruction for undergrad-
uates and for graduate students that we may profitably copy
to a greater or less degree in planning our work. In not a
few, the value of original research on the part of both stu-
dents and teachersis fully recognized. But the chair of bot-
any in most American colleges is combined with some other
department — frequently more than one — and, under the
pressure of other and imperative calls for money, it is
usually but feebly supported, and is developed only to the
extent to which it is useful in the undergraduate courses.
- This renders the training of advanced students possible in
few instances, while the opportunities for original work are
often meager. Thanks to the far-sighted liberality of Mr.
Shaw, we shall be able to provide the library, material, and
laboratory appliances for work of this nature as they are
needed.

Popular judgment of the new school must, of necessity,
be based largely upon the success of its popular classes.
Even with abundant resources, securing the necessary facili-
ties for advanced work is a matter of time; and, if meas-
ured by their quantity alone, the results are not striking.
No one who has not himself done original work can appre-
ciate the slowness with which results are reached; — the
amount of time consumed in preparing for a series of exam-
inations or experiments, in tracing back the literature of the
subject, and in controlling and verifying results ; — all of
which must of necessity be done, although not the investiga-
tion proper. To do this presupposes the possession of a
more than good library, and of extensive collections — liv-
ing, pressed, and preserved in alcohol. These must usually
be accumulated gradually, as opportunity offers, without re-
ference to present needs, or they are not available when the
occasion for their use comes. It is the possession of these
facilities, quite as much as the instruction of leaders in
science, that tempts the American graduate abroad if he
has the ambition to do work in some special direction after

leaving college.
6

82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

A knowledge of what has been done in American botany
and a recognition of a part of that which has not been done,
together with a study of the tendencies of the times, may
not be without value in forming our plans for advanced in-
struction, as well as that of a more elementary character.
It is especially necessary for the former, that we may avoid
a waste of energy on that which has already been well done.
It has been wisely said that ‘*a reaper cannot expect to
cut a full swath, following in the track of another,”’ though
the opportunity for the gleaner is far from discouraging in
any field of study or research. ,

Systematic botany so far as the flowering plants of
Europe and North America are concerned, is far from being
a terra incognita, and if, as all botanists pray, Dr. Gray
shall be spared to complete his Flora of North America,
our entire country will be nearly as well provided for as
the Eastern States now are in the Manual, or the Southern
States in Chapman’s Flora. Yet it must be long before
we can hope for a work comparable with Watson’s English
Topographical Botany, the production of which must result
from a faithful study of local floras over the entire country.
The study of cryptogams or flowerless plants, as a branch
of systematic botany, is still largely to be made. It is
more than half a century behind that of the flowering plants ;
and the multiplied synonymy of American fungi is the
strongest argument for increased facilities for training
those who are to make this study their life work.

I have already spoken of the value of a knowledge of the
life history of these plants in commenting upon the practi-
cal applications of botany. To teach what is already known
is the smallest part of imparting this. The same remark
may be made with equal truth of the physiology of all
plants, and of their minute structure as connected with
their vital processes. Properly developed, I see in these
directions the greatest usefulness in the prosecution of ad-
vanced and independent research that this or any American
school of botany can aspire to.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 83

To conscientiously further the study of botany in all use-
ful directions, to the extent of my ability and means, is the
only pledge of success that I can give. That the many
friends of the Shaw School of Botany may see their hopes
and mine realized, depends in no small degree upon their
own exertions. To give us students who are prepared to
do good work and whose ambition is to do their best, to
extend the hand of encouragement when progress seems
slow and the way hard, and at all times to kindly criticise
errors of judgment and execution, is as much their duty as
it must be their pleasure. Above all, I would ask that ad-
verse criticism, leading to a loss of confidence, be not hast-
ily passed upon the slowness of growth that is, from the
nature of the case, to be expected in much of our under-
taking. The oak does not reach its strength and majesty
in a night, nor does the mushroom ever attain to the stat-
ure of the oak.

At the conclusion of Professor Trelease’s address, the
following resolution was offered for adoption by the Direct-
ors and Faculty of Washington University, and by the au-
dience assembled: —

Resolved, That as friends of advanced education, and as
citizens of St. Louis, we gratefully recognize the long con-
tinued benefactions conferred by our fellow-citizen, Mr.
Henry Shaw, and especially at this time thank him most
heartily for his generous action in the cause of scientific
study and research. That he may live many years to see
the fruit of his labors, and that his last days may be his
happiest and best, is our earnest hope and prayer.

The resolution was adopted unanimously by a standing
vote.

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

REPORT ON THE SCHOOL OF BOTANY.

SUBMITTED TO THE DIRECTORS, JUNE 3, 1890.

To the Acting Chancellor
of Washington University:

In completing the fifth year’s work of the School of
Botany established by the late Henry Shaw, it has seemed
to me wise to submit to you the following report and sug-
gestions concerning the School, for presentation to the
Board of Directors of the University.

Established in June, 1885, the School of Botany was at
once placed under my direction by the late Chancellor of
the University, and formally opened on the 6th of Novem-
ber following, by inaugural addresses by the Chancellor and
myself.

During the five years since its organization, the School
of Botany has supplemented the Undergradute Department
of the University by giving to matriculated students such
instruction in botany as could be arranged for, either as re-
quired studies or electives in the regular courses of study
prescribed by the University Faculty. Until the present
year, when an unusual amount of work has made it neces-
sary for me to assign one elective to an assistant, this in-
struction has been given entirely by myself. The amount
of time which it has been found practicable to spare
for such work from the undergraduate courses has neces-
sarily been small, and the maximum that has yet proved
feasible with undergraduate students, consists in two
exercises per week, continued through the Junior and
Senior years.

This has made it possible to arrange classes for persons
wishing to do work in botany, but not connected with the
Undergraduate Department of the University; and the

HUYNH LAV AAD AO NOLLYOd V

REPORT ON THE SCHOOL OF BOTANY. 85

inauguration of the School of Botany was followed by the
immediate organization of a class for the study of grasses.
Similar classes in one or more lines of botanical study have
been formed in the fall and spring terms of each succeed-
ingyear. None of these classes has been large. Sometimes
only one or two persons have presented themselves for a
given course. But it has been thought best to proceed with
even very small classes when there was an earnest desire on
the part of applicants to do such workas lay within the scope
of the school; and a standing announcement is made in the
catalogue of the University, that classes for either day or
night work will be formed in any branch that canbe taught
with profit, on the application of six persons. Frequently,
however, as has been said, classes are organized for a
. smaller number than this.

In 1888, largely through the interest of Drs. W. T.
Porter and A. N. Ravold, a class of young physicians resid-
ing in the city, was formed for the study of bacteria in
their connection with medical practice; and a portion of
that summer was spent by me at the Berlin center for such
work, where the necessary apparatus and cultures were
obtained for the equipment of a bacteriological laboratory.
This has been successfully operated for two winters, with
evening classes; but the demand for such instruction is so
small, and the medical schools of the city are now
so well equipped for such work, that it has been decided
to discontinue this elementary work for the present,
although it is hoped that ultimately the School of
Botany may afford opportunity for special research in this
direction.

In addition to the work done with special laboratory
classes, nearly all of which have been conducted by
myself, two courses of evening lectures have been given
in the lecture hall of the University, — one on the pol-
lination of flowers, the other on the dissemination of
plants. While the attendance was not large on either, a

86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

gratifying degree of interest was manifested by those who
were present.

In the performance of the necessary routine work of the
School, and to a small extent in the instruction given to
general classes, I have been very efficiently aided by Mr.
L. H. Pammel, who spent nearly three years as my assistant,
and was called to the chair of botany in the Iowa Agricul-
tural College in the spring of 1889. Professor Wm. T.
Porter, of the St. Louis Medical College, and Dr. A. N.
Ravold, who has recently been given charge of the bacte-
riological work of the same institution, have given much
gratuitous service in the bacteriological laboratory already
referred to.

Owing to the limited income of the School of Botany for
the past two years, and the necessity of soon meeting a
considerable insurance premium payable on its endowment
building, no effort has yet been made to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Mr. Pammel in 1889, such as-
sistance as has been needed being given by Mr. A. S.
Hitchcock, First Assistant at the Garden, who is detailed
for partial service under direction of the Trustees of the
Garden; but with the opening of the next college year, it
is hoped that the school may once more claim the entire
time of a competent assistant.

One of the most important features of the work of a
University department is properly held to be original study ;
and the rather small amount of class-room work that has
proved practicable in the School of Botany has permitted
my assistant and myself to devote some time to such study.
It was my good fortune to be associated with the late Pro-
fessor Gray during the winters of 1885-6 and 1886-7, in
editing the collected botanical writings of the late Dr.
George Engelmann, published in an appropriate form by
Mr. Shaw. During my stay in Cambridge for this purpose,
opportunity was found for the study of certain groups of
North American plants, and similar work has since occu-
pied all of my leisure, and was pursued during one vacation

REPORT ON THE SCHOOL OF BOTANY. 87

spent near several of the principal herbaria of Europe.
The results of this work appear in a series of papers pub-
lished in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of
Science and the proceedings of other learned bodies, and
the botanical press. During his connection with the School
of Botany, Mr. Pammel was entrusted by the experiment
station of Texas with some important field-work, which, I
believe, was very satisfactorily performed, and has formed
the basis of one or more official reports; and he also found
opportunity to do several other pieces of good work, the
results of which have been embodied in papers published
by the Academy, and the botanical and agricultural press
of the country. ;

Foreseeing that from time to time work of some interest
might be expected from the School, I began in 1887 editing
a series of ‘‘ Contributions from the Shaw School of
Botany,’’ which are published in the Transactions of the
Academy or elsewhere, and of which a limited number of
separate copies are reserved, with the intention of issuing
them to prominent botanical libraries when enough shall
have appeared to make it desirable to bind them together
in a single volume, thus ensuring their preservation and ac-
cessibility for use by specialists. Up to the present time
six papers of this series have been printed, and others are
in preparation.

Realizing very fully the slowness with which scientific
work is accomplished, I feel that small as the results in this
direction are, they are all that could reasonably have been
anticipated; and the added facilities now offered by the
Botanical Garden render it probable that in the future no
small amount of useful work may be looked for from the
instructors and advanced students of the School of Botany.

Owing to the lack of available accommodations at the
Garden, where such provision ought to have been made, I
was forced, on assuming charge of the School of Botany,
to lay the foundation for a general herbarium at the labor-
atory of the School. This collection is based on the

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

remnants of my own phenogamic herbarium, presented to
the School when I first came to St. Louis, to which have
been added :—

The herbarium of the late Dr. O. Krause, of Jefferson
City, found at the University addressed to me, but of the
history of which diligent inquiry has revealed nothing.
This includes, approximately, 2,000 specimens.

2. A set of New Zealand ferns, presented by Professor
H. S. Pritchett.

3. A set of 161 Australian plants, presented by Baron
von Mueller.

4. About 600 sheets of duplicate specimens from the
herbarium of J. Gay, distributed from Kew, and obtained
through the interest of Dr. Gray.

5. About 6,000 specimens from the duplicates of the
Joad herbarium, likewise presented by Dr. Gray, and orig-
inally distributed from Kew.

6. A collection of some 400 Mexican plants made by Dr.
Edward Palmer, and presented by him.

7. A partial set of Professor E. L. Greene’s Santa Cruz
Island plants, presented by the collector.

8. A set of Jamaican ferns, presented by Mr. J. Hart,
now of the Royal Gardens of Trinidad.

9. About 200 Californian plants, presented by Mr. S. B.
Parish.

10. Aset of Howell’s Oregon collection of 1887, purchased.

11. A set of Bailey’s Carex exsiccate, purchased.

12. A collection of alpine plants, made by myself in
Colorado in the summer of 1886.

13. About 6,000 sheets, being all that remains, of the
original herbarium of the late S. B. Buckley, collected in
the South Atlantic States, and purchased of the late Mrs.
Rebecca Mann Dean, in whose possession it had been for
many years.

14. About 700 specimens of Iowa plants, presented by
Mr. A. S. Hitchcock.

15. Collections of smaller size, but often important, and

REPORT ON THE SCHOOL OF BOTANY. 89

ageregating many hundred specimens, donated by L. H.
Pammel, F.S. Earle, Prof. W. R. Dudley, Dr. Aug. Gat-
tinger, C. W. Kempton, J. Q. A. Fritchey, Dr. George
Vasey, the Secretary of Agriculture, Mrs. F. W. Wislizenus,
Mrs. Katherine Brandegee, Dr. Chas. Mohr, Miss Frances
Prince, Dr. J. Schneck, F. W. Anderson, the Director of
the Kew Gardens, Dr. C. C. Parry, Mr. Edwin Harrison,
M. Alfred Wesmael, Prof. S. M. Tracy, F. M. Boynton,
Rev. A. B. Langlois, Prof. John Macoun, and many other
correspondents.

This herbarium, now aggregating about 20,000 mounted
sheets of flowering plants and ferns, is increased by some
4,000 numbers of cryptogams, including Von Thuemen’s
Mycotheca, Ravenel’s own copies of his Fungi Caroliniani
and Fungi Americani, several centuries of Berkeley’s Brit-
ish Fungi, etc. As has been stated, it is a collection more
properly maintained by the Garden -than the School of
Botany, and it is already far too valuable to be kept in so
unsafe a building as that now devoted to the School of
Botany. For these reasons, and in view of the very
intimate relations established by their founder between the
School of Botany and the Missouri Botanical Garden, and
now cemented by the mutually helpful steps that have been
taken by the Directors of the University, and the Trustees of
the Garden, I would respectfully recommend that the Direct-
ors of the University authorize me to propose to the Board
of Trustees of the Garden that this collection may be placed
at the Garden as a nucleus for the important general her-
barium to be accumulated there, on condition that the
School of Botany be reimbursed for expenditures for paper,
alcohol, etc., used in mounting the specimens properly.
In making this recommendation, I feel that the best in-
terests of science will be subserved by the proposed action,
and that the School of Botany will always find the collec-
tion as accessible as though it were in its own possession,
while the safety and general usefulness of the specimens
will be greatly increased.

90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Should this recommendation be favorably acted on, and
the proposed donation be accepted by the Trustees of the
Garden, I propose in future to confine the energy of the
School, in this direction, to the completion of its local
herbarium, which now numbers some 1,600 sheets, and of
an already considerable collection of woody plants in their
winter condition, which is being formed as the basis of
scientific work now under way at the School.

The instrumental and other equipment, and the exact
nature of the educational work, of the School of Botany,
are so fully indicated in the Annual Announcement of the
School, and in my report for 1889 to the Trustees of the
Botanical Garden,* that it is unnecessary to say anything on
that: subject in this place.

Respectfully submitted,
Wm. TRELEASE,
Professor in Charge.

Sr. Louis, Mo., June 3, 1890.

The action recommended with reference to the general
herbarium of the School, was unanimously taken by the Di-
rectors of the University, and their donation accepted by
the Trustees of the Garden, so that the collections referred
to are now the property of the Garden and located with its
other herbaria.

* See page 99, infra.

THE LOTUS POND.

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, FOR 1889.

SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES, JAN. 14, 1890.

To the Trustees of the Garden:

In accordance with the rules and regulations of the Board
of Trustees, I respectfully submit the following report on
the condition and prospects of the Botanical Garden, and
of the School of Botany therewith connected.

On assuming control of the Garden, on the 12th of Sep-
tember last, I found that much work was necessary to
place many parts of the establishment in repair so as to
insure their preservation; and for this reason, as well as to
secure the completion of unfinished work of various sorts,
a much larger force of laborers has been employed during
the winter than has been customary, the unusually open
season rendering it possible to continue out-of-door work
without interruption up to the present time. As a result
of the work already done or now under way, the garden
and its surroundings will by the opening of the next season
be in unusually good repair, though there will still remain
many things needing attention in the near future.

Very much of the ground occupied by the garden is wet
and spongy, owing to a stratum of clay not far below the
surface. To put it into the best condition for cultivating
plants that are desirable for the grounds, and, incidentally,
to preserve many of the coniferous trees now growing, ex-
tensive draining, in addition to that done during the life of
Mr. Shaw, is an imperative necessity. Some of this work
has already been done, but much remains for the future.

Some of the hedge-rows in the garden, in bad order, or
composed of undesirable shrubs, are being gradually re-
placed by new plants of suitable varieties. For the most

[91]

92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

part, the present arrangement of the grounds will be main-
tained, as representing Mr. Shaw’s ideas; but with the
opening of spring, one or two innovations will be made,
which it is believed will render the garden even more at-
tractive to the citizens of St. Louis, and visitors from a
distance, than it has been heretofore.

While the will of Mr. Shaw, under which the Trustees
of the Garden act as such, provides that the grounds shall
be closed to the public on holidays and Sundays, excepting
the afternoon of the first Sunday each in June and
September, it has been thought that many people would
appreciate the privilege of enjoying the garden during the
long summer evenings; and to this end, it has been de-
cided to extend the time of closing until half an hour after
sunset, although taking this step’ has involved the employ-
ment of additional help, as well as other measures which it
had not been thought expedient to adopt in the past.

As far as possible, restrictions upon the public have been
avoided, and the small charge formerly made for the care
of parcels at the gate, has been done away with. But for
the protection of the grounds, and the comfort of visitors,
the following regulations (substantially the same as those in
force during Mr. Shaw’s life) have been adopted and posted
for the guidance of the public, and will be enforced : —

The garden is open to the public free of charge daily (holidays ex-
cepted) from 8a. m. until half an hour after sunset. It is closed on
Sunday, excepting the first Sunday each in June and September, when it
is open from 2 p. m. until sunset.

The offices, herbarium, library, and private greenhouses, are open
only to authorized students, or persons having business with the Direct-
or or Head Gardener.

Lunches, baskets, satchels, and parcels of every description, must be
left outside. If small, they may be cared for by the Gate-keeper, who
will make no charge for her services.

Visitors are particularly requested not to handle specimens, nor to
pick flowers, fruit, or leaves, or inany way mutilate or deface any plants
or other property in or about the grounds.

Intoxicated or disorderly persons will be refused admittance.

Smoking is not allowed.

Any infringement of these regulations, or any discourtesy on the part
of employees of the garden, should be at once reported to the Director.

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 93

The object of the steps indicated above, is primarily to
preserve and improve the garden as a means of contributing
to the pleasure and instruction of the citizens of St. Louis
and their guests, to whom the garden has always been an
object of attraction. But this is only one of several objects
contemplated and provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw;
and on assuming the responsibility left to them, the Trustees
of the Garden adopted the following broad outline for the
guidance of the Director in planning and carrying on the
work assigned to him: —

1. Tocontinue or even augment the present ornamental features of
the garden.

2. To add to its botanical usefulness and interest by the introduction,
as opportunity offers, of plants representative of the American flora, so
that, other things being equal, these shall ultimately be largely represent-
edand may even preponderate outside of the greenhouses, giving, then,
in the garden, an epitome of the leading characteristics of our native
flora.

3. To carry into execution, as rapidly as possible, a system of correctly
naming and labeling all plants in the garden, with the exception of such
as may be used in ribbon-gardening or for other exclusively ornamental
purposes.

4, To provide fire-proof quarters for the invaluable herbarium of the
late Dr. George Engelmann, and to immediately mount it in the proper
manner, so as to insure its preservation and availability for scientific
use. Also, to provide for and add to the general herbarium (based
on that of Bernhardi) now at the garden, with the special object of
ultimately making it complete in good representatives of American
plants.

5. To arrange, bind, and index the books and pamphlets at the garden.
Also, to provide more ample but equally safe accommodations for the
library, to bring it, up to date as rapidly as possible, to enter subscrip-
tions for periodical publications, and to keep it abreast of the times, and
in the most useful form, by the purchase of important publications as
they shall appear, and by the proper indexing of periodicals and pam-
phlets.

6. To secure a botanical museum, containing material needed for
study or calculated to advance general or special knowledge of botany.

7. Todirect the main energy of research for the present toward assist-
ing in the completion of a systematic account of the flowering plants of
North America, by the publication of monographs of different Orders and
Genera, illustrated when this may seem desirable; and to specially cul-
tivate representatives of such groups for purposes of study.

8. To gradually acquire and utilize facilities for research in vegetable
histology and physiology, the diseases and injuries of plants, and other

*

94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

branches of botany and horticulture, as special reason for developing
one or the other may appear.

9. To make the facilities of the garden useful in botanical and horti-
cultural instruction, as they increase and opportunity for such work ap-
pears: meantime, in all feasible ways, to attract to the School of Botany
students of promise, and to provide for their instruction and the best
use of their time as investigators.

10. To take steps looking to the early appointment of six ‘ garden
pupils,’? — youths with at least an elementary English education, who
Shall be regarded as apprentices in the garden, working under the di-
rection of the head gardener and foremen, and shall hold scholarships
yielding $300.00 per year each, together with free lodging near or in the
garden, and free tuition in the School of Botany; and who, after having
worked for six or more years (as shall ultimately prove best) in the
different departments of the garden, and proved proficient in its practi-
cal work, may be admitted to examination for a certificate of proficiency
in the theory and practice of gardening, »

11. To have in mind, in appointing associates for the Director, their
Special aptitude in some one of the branches indicated above, so that
with each appointment the efficiency of the institution for instruction and
original work may be broadened and increased.

One of the most practical and directly useful of the steps
indicated in this policy, is the provision of scholarships for
garden-pupils; and for this reason, it has been one of the
first to receive attention. Under authority from the Board,
the following announcement concerning such scholarships
was issued early in December; and while the step is quite
experimental, it is hoped that suitable care in carrying out
its provisions may produce good results in the training of
thoughtful and well-read gardeners.

In accordance with the intention of its honored Founder, the Trustees
of the Garden propose to provide adequate theoretical and practical in-
struction for young men desirous of becoming gardeners. It is not in-
tended at present that many persons shall be trained at the same time,
nor that the instruction so planned shall duplicate the excellent courses
in agriculture now offered by the numerous State Colleges of the country,
but that it shall be quite distinct and limited to what is thought to be
necessary for training practical gardeners.

To this end, the following resolution was adopted by the Trustees, at
a& meeting held on the 19th of November, 1889: —

‘* Resolved, That there be established the number of six scholarships
for garden pupils of the Missouri Botanical Garden, to be available on
and after April 1, 1890, such scholarships to be awarded by the Director
of the Garden on the results of competitive examination, except as here-

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 95

inafter provided, to young men between the age of 14 and 20 years, of
good character and possessing at least a good elementary English educa-
tion; each scholarship to grant such privileges and be subject to such
conditions as are provided below or may subsequently be provided by
the Trustees of the Garden. :

** Until otherwise ordered, two such scholarships shall be reserved for
candidates to be named by the State Horticultural Society of Missouri,
and the Florists’ Club of St. Louis, respectively; provided, that such
candidates shall be given scholarships only after passing satisfactory
preliminary examinations, and shall be subject after appointment to all
tests and regulations prescribed for other candidates and pupils, and
that if the names of such candidates are not presented by the societies
designated, within sixty days after such action is requested by the Di-
rector, the vacancies may be filled by him on competitive examination, as
in other cases.

‘¢ Each scholarship so conferred, may be held by the original recipient
for a period not exceeding six years, subject to the following condi-
tions: —

‘Bach garden pupil shall be required to lead a strictly upright and
moral life, and shall be courteous and willing in the performance of all
duties prescribed for him. He shall devote his entire time and energy to
the labor and studies prescribed for him, except that from time to time
he may be granted leave of absence to visit his home or for other good
reason, at the discretion of the Director, provided that the aggregate of
such absences in any calendar year shall not exceed thirty days. He
shall also show such ability in his work and studies as to satisfy the Di-
rector that it is advantageous for the scholarship to be held by him; and
from time to time he may be subject to both theoretical and practical ex-
aminations,or may be given special tasks calculated to test his knowl-
edge or resources. Failure to meet the requirements in any one of these
respects, making due allowance for extenuating circumstances, shall
forfeit all claim on any scholarship, which may then be awarded to an-
other person in the prescribed manner.

‘¢ Garden pupils, appointed as above indicated, shall be regarded as
apprentices in the Botanical Garden, and as such shall be required to
work init under the direction of the Head Gardener, performing the
duties of garden hands. They shall be successively advanced from
simpler to more responsible tasks; and in such order as may seem best,
shall be transferred from one department of the Garden to another, until
they shall have become thoroughly familiar with the work of all.

‘¢ To the end that garden pupils shall be repaid for their services to
the Garden, and that the absence of pecuniary means need not deter any
young man from obtaining such training as is contemplated, each regu-
larly appointed garden pupil holding a scholarship shall be entitled to
the following wages, payable in equal installments at the end of each
fortnight: For the first year, $200.00; for the second year, $250.00; and
for each year after the second, $300.00; together with plain but comfort-
able lodgings convenient to the Garden.

96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

‘‘ Tn order that they may have opportunity to become instructed in the
theoretical part of their profession, and in subjects connected therewith,
such pupils shall not be required to do manual work in the Garden for
more than five hours per day after the first year, devoting the remainder
of their time to the study of horticulture, forestry, botany, and ento-
mology, under the direction of the Director of the Garden; and they
shall for this purpose be granted free tuition in the School of Botany of
Washington University. They shall also receive practical instruction
in surveying and book-keeping, so far as a knowledge of these subjects
is held to be necessary for a practical gardener charged with the manage-
ment of an estate of moderate proportions. 5

‘* At the expiration of six years, the holder of a scholarship, who is
recommended as practically proficient, shall be entitled to examination
by the Garden Committee, in the subjects prescribed for study, and on
passing such examination to the satisfaction of the Committee and Di-
rector, he shall receive a certificate of proficiency in the theory and prac-
tice of gardening, signed by the Chairman of the Garden Committee and
the Director of the Garden. In exceptional cases, candidates may be
admitted to examination at the end of the fifth year, when this shall be
deemed advisable by the Garden Committee, and on passing such exam-
ination satisfactorily, shall be entitled to a statement to that effect from
the Director, and to the regular certificate on the subsequent completion
of a year’s work to the satisfaction of their employers.”

All applicants for scholarships, whether named by the societies indi-
cated above or not, will be examined in the following subjects, so far as
they are taught in the upper classes of grammar schools: English
grammar, reading, writing, and spelling; arithmetic; and geography.
If the number of candidates for scholarships exceeds the number of
scholarships to be awarded at any time, all candidates except those
named by the societies indicatod, will be required to pass a further com-
petitive examination, which will cover history of the United States,
English literature, algebra, German, the elements of botany, zoology,
and physiology, and such other subjects as may from time to time be pre-
scribed. It is not intended to make the passing of examinations in these
last-named branches a requirement for the award of scholarships, but
merely in this way to obtain a means of selecting the most deserving and
able candidates when it is necessary to reject some. Hence, the Director
will always use his discretion as to the importance to be attached to
greater or less proficiency in any of the subjects covered by competitive
examinations, as well as to the other qualifications of candidates ad-
mitted to such examinations.

Under the above provisions, the following announcement is made:—

Scholarships, not exceeding six in number, will be awarded by the
Director of the Garden, prior to the first of April next. In case the en-
tire number are not then awarded, the remainder will not be awarded
until the corresponding period of the following year, and vacancies
which may subsequently arise will be filled annually, after published an-
nouncement.

‘STIdAd NUGUVSD YON ADNAOT

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 97

Applications for scholarships, to receive consideration, must be in the
hands of the Director not later than the first day of March. The pre-
liminary examination for all candidates will be held on Tuesday, March
4th, at the Shaw School of Botany, 1724 Washington avenue, St. Louis,
between 10a.m.and5p.m. If the number of applicants exceeds six,
competitive examinations, based on the subjects indicated above, will
be held at the same place on Friday and Saturday, March 7th and 8th.

Candidates who live at places remote from St. Louis, and who wish
to be spared the expense of coming to the city for examination, may
send with their application, the name and address of the principal of
the nearest high school or of some approved private school, in case he
is willing to take charge of such examination for them; but all applica-
tions of this character must be in the hands of the Director not later
than the middle of February. If the examiner is approved, papers will
be sent to him before the date set for the examination, and on the pay-
ment of a fee of $2.00 to him, the candidate may write on them in his
presence. If competitive examinations are also required, the same ex-
aminer will receive the papers for them in time to submit them to the
candidate on the date set for similar examinations in St. Louis, on re-
ceipt of an additional fee of $3.00 as a partial payment for his time in
conducting the examination. The papers written on such examina-
tions will be forwarded by the examiner to the Director, who will read
them in connection with those written in St. Louis, before making any
awards.

Successful candidates will be started in their duties as garden pupils
on Tuesday, April Ist, at the Botanical Garden. They will be lodged in
comfortable rooms in a spacious dwelling adjoining the Garden, under
the charge of the Head Gardener or some other competent person. It
is not the intention of the Trustees to furnish table board, but good
board can be obtained in the lodging house or elsewhere, at the usual
cost. The lodging house will include a reading-room supplied with the
more valuable horticultural and agricultural papers, and also with a
small but standard collection of books on the same subjects, which the
pupils will have free use of. So far as possible, the surroundings of
pupils will be made homelike, and without assuming any responsibility
for their behavior, an effort will be made to subject them to influences
calculated to insure for them gentlemanly manners and habits of in-
dustry and investigation.

During the first year of their scholarship, garden pupils will work at
the practical duties of the Garden nine or ten hours daily, according to
the season, the same as regular employees of the Garden, and will also
be expected to read the notes and articles referring to the subject of
their work, in one or more good journals.

In the second year, in addition to five hours’ daily work of the same
sort, they will be given instruction and will be required to do thorough
reading in vegetable gardening, flower gardening, small-fruit culture,
and orchard culture, besides keeping the run of the current papers.

In the third year, in addition to five hours of daily labor, they will be

fg

98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

instructed and given reading in forestry, elementary botany, landscape
gardening, and the rudiments of surveying and draining, and will be re-
quired to take charge of clipping or indexing some department of the
current gardening papers for the benefit of all.

In the fourth year, besides the customary work, they will study the
botany of weeds, garden vegetables, and fruits, in addition to assisting in
the necessary indexing or clipping of papers, etc., and will be taught
simple book-keeping, and the legal forms for leases, deeds, etc.

The course for the fifth year, in addition to the customary work, will
include the study of vegetable physiology, economic entomology, and
fungi, especially those which cause diseases of cultivated plants; and
each pupil will be expected to keep a simple set of accounts pertaining
to some department of the Garden.

In the sixth year, in addition to the manual work, pupils will study
the botany of garden and green-house plants, of ferns, and of trees in
their winter condition, besides the theoretical part of special garden-
ing, connected with some branch of the work that they are charged with
in the Garden.

From time to time, changes in this course will be made, as they shall
appear to be desirable, and the effort will be made to give the best theo-
retical instruction possible in the various subjects prescribed; but it is
not intended to make botanists or other scientific specialists of garden
pupils, but, on the contrary, practical gardeners,

Applications for scholarships, and any inquiries regarding them, are
to be addressed as below, on or before the dates mentioned above. If
requested, blanks will be mailed to persons who contemplate making

application.
WILLIAM TRELEASE,

Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo.

The intimate relations established by Mr. Shaw between
the Garden and the School of Botany, when the latter was
created, have been recognized and strengthened by the
action of the Directors of Washington University, who have
granted free tuition in this department to garden pupils who
may be given scholarships; and by the action of the
Trustees of the Garden in authorizing the Director, under
certain restrictions, to detail persons in the employ of the
garden to give assistance in the School of Botany, and to
supply from the garden, material needed for purposes of
instruction and study in the school. The following general
statement concerning the School of Botany, is extracted
from the latest catalogue of Washington University : —

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 99

HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY.
ESTABLISHED JUNE 8, 1885,

Advisory Committee: —The Chancellor of the University, ex officio,
Henry Shaw,* John H. Lightner, Wm. G. Farlow, M. D., Geo. J. Engel-
mann, M. D.

Instructors: — William Trelease, Engelmann Professor of Botany, A.
S. Hitchcock, Assistant (detailed from the garden for partial service),
William Townsend Porter, M. D., and Amand N. Ravold, M. D., Demon-
strators in Bacteriology.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

The laboratory of the School of Botany is temporarily located at
1724 Washington Avenue, and a good working library, containing the
usual laboratory manuals and periodicals, with memoirs on subjects
likely to be studied, is kept in the laboratory for reference. This is
being constantly added to, and will be made as complete as possible in
any department of botany in which advanced students present them-
selves. The herbarium of the school, now being formed, contains
already about 14,000 sheets of specimens, and will include as complete
a collection as can be made of the wild and cultivated plants of the re-
gion about St. Louis. Full sets of duplicate specimens are supplied for
the use of students of particular groups of plants. Advanced students
will also have the privilege of consulting, under certain restrictions , the
excellent herbarium and library of the Botanical Garden, including the
Hngelmann herbarium and library, as well as several sets of Fungi
exsiccati and the private cryptogamic herbarium and library of the pro-
fessor. :

Material for laboratory use, and for the illustration of lectures, is
furnished in abundance by the Garden, which, with its greenhouses and
arboretum, is open to students of the School of Botany for all necessary
purposes of study. In case duplicate herbarium specimens which have
been studied, are desired by members of the class, they may be retained,
if application is made at the beginning of the course, and are charged
for at cost. Where alcohol and other expensive substances are used in
quantity, as in work on bacteria, a special charge for material used will
be made at the end of the course.

The instrumental equipment of the laboratory includes one micro-
scope by Zeiss, with a working series of objectives from AA. to 1-18
_ inch homogeneous immersion, and accessories for spectroscopic studies
and work with polarized light; ten microscopes by Leitz, with the ob-
jectives needed for the best botanical work (including nine oil immer-
sion 1-12 in, lenses, one 1-16 in. oil immersion, and one 1-20 in. oil
immersion), polariscope, camera lucidas of several patterns, etc. ;
seventeen dissecting microscopes, mostly by Bausch and Lomb; and a

* Deceased.

100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

number of simple tripods; together with instruments, pipettes, reageiits,
and other necessaries. Microscopes, dissecting needles, and glasswsre,
are furnished by the laboratory, members of the class being held se-
sponsible for breakage or other injury. Razors or other instruments for
sectioning are not supplied by the laboratory for ordinary work.

A special bacteriological laboratory, providing tables for thirteen
workers, has been equipped with sterilizing apparatus, brood-oven,
microtomes, and other accessories needed, and is in successful opera-
tion. It is hoped that ultimately another small laboratory may be de-
voted to advanced investigation in bacteriology, by trained physi-
cians.

The working year for the School of Botany is divided into three
terms: the first beginning with the College year and ending at the Christ-
mas holidays; the second beginning immediately after New Years and
ending the last of March; and the third beginning about the first of
April and continuing until the Saturday before commencement. Classes
for the study of particular groups of plants, and special work for
advanced students, are planned as the demand for them appears.
Whenever it is practicable, aclass for day or night work, in any branch
that can be taught with profit, will be formed on the application of six
persons, The elementary classes are so conducted as to require no pre-
vious knowledge of botany; but admission to advanced classes depends
upon a sufficient familiarity with the subjects to render the work profit-
able. Persons desirous of entering any class should present themselves
promptly at the opening of the course. Correspondence is invited from
those wishing special instruction.

Correspondence should be addressed to

WILLIAM TRELEASE, :
Shaw School of Botany,
St. Louis, Mo,

Up to the present time, the number of special students in
the School of Botany has been small, and there is no indi-
cation that they will become numerous in the immediate
future; but this is not a source of either surprise or disap-
pointment, for it was foreseen from the first. The work of
such students, though it has been chiefly of an elementary
character, has, I believe, been fairly satisfactory. But the
most important work that such a department of a Univers-
ity can accomplish, is that with advanced students, aiming
at the solution of some of the many problems that await
the investigation of specialists. From the first, it has been
the policy of the School of Botany to provide the amplest
facilities within its power, for such work; and books and

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 101

pamphlets have been liberally bought where needed, for
the use of those having such work in hand.

Aside from the instrumental equipment of the School of
Botany, the facilities for work now include the library col-
lected by Mr. Shaw, the entire botanical library of the late
Dr. Engelmann, the herbaria of Engelmann, Bernhardi, S.
B. Buckley, and Riehl, and the private cryptogamic collec-
tion and pamphlet library of the Director, in addition to a
large number of duplicates from the Gay and Joad herbaria
obtained through the interest of the late Professor Gray.

As calculated to be of historical interest in the future de-
vel opment of the Garden, and a desirable basis for noting
chinges that must be made from time to time, a survey of
thé: grounds has been made, and the results are being em-
bodied in two maps on a scale of twenty feet to the inch,
one showing the contours for each two feet of difference in
elevation, as well as the general features of the garden ;
the other accurately locating all buildings, drains, fences,
beds, walks, etc., on the premises, and marking the loca-
tion of even the individual trees in the arboretum and else-
where. Such a map, though costly, is an indispensable
foundation for future operations in improving and develop-
ing the grounds. From the notes of this survey, the fol-
lowing areas of the various parts of the garden are ob-
tained: Garden proper, 9.4 acres; Arboretum, 20.5 acres;
Fraticetum, 8 acres; Old or Vegetable garden, 3.5 acres ;
Grove, .6 acre; Lawn, 2.7 acres;— making a total of 44.7
acies. The grounds about the garden also include an equal
or greater acreage of pasture-land, which can ultimately be
uséd, wholly or in part, for extensions which may from
time to time be found desirable or necessary. Two large
green-houses, and several smaller ones, afford facilities for
the cultivation of exotics, and for the propagation of tender
and half-hardy plants used for bedding during the sum-
mer. |

[t has been popularly supposed, and is frequently stated,
that representatives of all plants that are capable of cultiva-

102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

tion in the open air in the latitude of St. Louis, are culti-
vated at the garden. This impression is very erroneous,
and it is probable that it will never be justified. The policy
of the present management, however, is to aim at as com-
plete a representation of native plants as may be found
practicable, as it is believed that such a collection will not
only be most conducive to the advancement of American
botany, but at the same time of most interest to visitors
from foreign lands, who are found to be more desirous of
learning the features of a new flora than of seeing in cultiva-
tion the familiar forms of their own. At present, it is im-
possible to state the number of species in cultivation in the
garden, but it is very considerable and receives constant ad-
ditions. From a descriptive list of the economic plants cul-
tivated in 1886, it appears that there were then in cultiva-
tion, two hundred and thirty-two such species. The in-
ventory made by the Administrator of the estate, shows
fifty-five named species or varieties of Agave and 106 species
of named palms; and the collection of cactuses and of several
other groups that interested the late Dr. Engelmann, is quite
considerable. The educational features of the garden are
also supplemented by the extensive variety of trees and
shrubs growing in the adjacent Tower Grove Park, which
was given to the city by Mr. Shaw; although in its man-
agement this park is entirely distinct from the botanical
garden, and primarily intended for quite a different purpose.

In closing this brief report, it is proper to state that the
management of the garden will be grateful to institutions
and investigators for copies of their botanical publications
or for additions to the herbarium, and that all feasible as-
sistance will be rendered in the performance of work calcu-
lated to advance botanical knowledge.

Respectfully submitted,
WiLuiaM TRELEASE, .

Director.
Sr. Louis, Mo., Jan. 14, 1890.

‘MANUOO SOLOVO V

FIRST ANNUAL FLOWER SERMON. 103

FIRST ANNUAL FLOWER SERMON.

BY THE RIGHT REVEREND DANIEL S. TUTTLE.

St. Matthew, 6:28.
‘¢Consider the lilies of the field.”

In the will of the late Mr. Henry Shaw provision was
made for the preaching of an annual sermon upon ‘ The
wisdom and goodness of God, as shown in the growth of
flowers, fruit and other products of the vegetable kingdom.”’

It is well known what a deep interest Mr. Shaw took,
when living, in flowers and plants; and that the resources
of his large estate have been left, in the main, to secure the
sustentation and perpetuation of the ‘‘ Missouri Botanical
Garden.”’

At the request of the Board of Trustees of the Garden,
I am here to preach the first sermon under the provisions
of the will.

In this age it is not. to be denied that utilitarianism is
dominant. ‘‘ For what good?’’ and ‘* Will it pay?’’ are
pertinent questions put to the front. Thoughtful people
will admit that dangers to our true happiness and our best
culture lie in the path of such excessive devotion to the im-
mediately useful. Therefore, by such thoughtful ones the
value will be quickly recognized of a munificent bequest
that goes not to give bread to the hungry or garments to the
shivering, but for the care and growth of trees and plants
and shrubs and flowers.

In two places in the text of the will, the goodness and
wisdom of God as manifested in the vegetable kingdom is
set down.

Now I regret to say that I am not a botanist and I have
no special qualifications fitting me to call your attention and
guide your thoughts along the way of observing how the
wonders of the vegetable world exemplify the Divine Be-
nevolence. Yet I may be permitted to suggest some con-
siderations to minds and hearts that are willing to hear and
heed them.

104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

The whole world of sight and sense and action predicates
Gop, and argues the wisdom and goodness of God. The
complicate interplay of the forces of Nature, the wonder-
ful adaptation of the functions of animal life, the develop-
ments by cells, the orderly and helpful transmutations of
energy, send unfailingly the observant mind to thoughts of
the Maker and Ruler, God. « He that planned the ear,
shall he not hear? or he that made the eye, shall he not
see?’’ <** For the invisible things of Him from the creation
of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the
things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead,”
By Paley, a hundred years ago, this argument from design
for those who think and read in English was put with
singular clearness and force. And the marvelous forward
strides made since in Natural Science, with the numerous
discoveries lighted upon in the investigations aroused by
the modern theory of Evolution, have furnished tenfold
more of data than Paley had for inferring from design the
existence of the designer. It may not be amiss to remind
Christian folk that the hypothesis of Evolution is now upon
trial and under experiment. It may go up higher into the
law of Evolution, explaining all forms of existence and
modes of sequence —even human animal life. If so, all
right. It will be found not only not to militate against
either the Holy Bible or the Christian Creed, but even to
contribute to our deeper reverence for the God who makes
the glories and immensities of the Universe to be but His
unfoldings out of the simplicity and energy of acell. It
may go down into the darkness of an exploded hypoth-
esis. If so, yet in the studies it has induced and the truths
it has searched out, it will have proved itself exceedingly
beneficial to mankind.

Marks of design everywhere apparent argue the existence
of the designer, God. Wisdom and goodness in the things
designed argue these to be the attributes of Him design-
ing. Nor is the argument to be refused because of things
of evil seen and known, like thistles, nettles, thorns, rep-

FIRST ANNUAL FLOWER SERMON. 105

tiles, noxious insects, poisons, volcanoes, cyclones, sin.
For some of these are changed into good. As poisons into
medicines. And some exist as opportunities and stepping
stones to good. Even sin itself in its existence helps fur-
nish the sphere for the life and growth of the precious
forces of choice and free-will. And any way things that
we may deem unwise and bad in the world are overwhelm-
ingly outnumbered and overmastered by things we know
to be wise and good. ‘If I climb up into heaven thou art
there; if I go down to hell, thou art there also. If I take
the wings of the morning, and remain in the uttermost parts
of the sea; even there also shall thy hand’’ of wisdom
‘< lead me, and thy right hand ’’ of goodness <‘ guide me.”’

Looking out upon the world and its three great kingdoms
that from childhood we have been accustomed to divide
things into, viz., the mineral, the vegetable, and the ani-
mal, only a little thought is necessary to discover the par-
amount importance and interest of the one named the vege-
table. Wood for fuel, and timber for houses and furniture ;
grains and roots and fruits for food, and flax and cotton for
clothing — these show at a glance how this kingdom pays
superabounding tribute for the support and comfort of man.
And considering that the stored up coal of the earth that
we call a mineral is of vegetable origin, and that grasses
and corn sustain the herbivorous animals that he takes for
food, and grass and mulberry leaves nourish the sheep and
goat and silkworm, whose products he takes for clothing,
and that a large portion of the curative substances of the
materia medica is gathered from herbs and trees, we shall
conclude that it is the vegetable world which by God’s ap-
pointment really furnishes well nigh everything for the life
and happiness of the natural man. And one understands
the phrase often uttered to me by the dwellers in the Far
West when I was among them — ‘‘ WhenI make this strike
or that: when I achieve this success, or that I am going to
get out of here and go back to God’s country.’’ Out, it
meant, from the treelessness there and the dry sand and the

106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

gray sage brush and the brown coloring and where grasses
rarely mat themselves into sod or sward, back to the trees
of groves and woods, back to lawns and meadows, and
where God makes green «grass to grow upon the mount-
ains,’’ and ‘herbs’? and fruits «for the use of men,’’
Is it any wonder that the imaginative Greeks peopled their
forests with the Dryad nymphs making their lives to be a
very part of the life of the trees, and in their metamor-
phoses changed the noble youth Narcissus into the flower,
and the beautiful maiden Daphne into the laurel shrub?
Our Blessed Lord gave honor to the vegetable world.
It is a sweet touch of His sympathy with the innocent pleas-
ures of men, that when He miraculously fed the five thou-
sand he commanded them, tired as they were with much
walking and long fasting, to sit down upon the grass.
‘* There was much grass in the place,”’ says one evangelist.
It was ‘* green grass’’ says another. Whose heart cannot
gratefully respond to the tender touch of loving kindness
in the Master, as He bids, sit down upon the grass? Again
and again He enforces His teaching by illustrations drawn
from vegetable nature. The sower going forth to sow,—
the seed springing up one knoweth not how, —the mustard
growth, —the wheat and tares,—the vine and vineyard
over and over again, —the barren fig tree, —the other
fruitless tree cumbering the ground and deserving to be cut
down, —these indicate that the Divine eye looking forth
takes in the truth and gives it out again, that the vegetable
world of God’s appointment is well known by man, and
intimately associated with him, and wondrously helpful to
his life and development. And one may be permitted to
remark that when our Lord institutes the Holy Sacrament
for the ever to be continued memorial of His sacrifice upon
the Cross, He takes from the vegetable kingdom the typical
elements, strengthening bread and cheering wine, and passes
by the animal kingdom, altho’ the blood and flesh of a
lamb had constantly done service in the sacred Paschal
rites precedent. Ona mountain, or what we would call a

FIRST ANNUAL FLOWER SERMON. 107

hill, near Capernaum, He delivers His wonderful Sermon on
the Mount, and looking down along the slopes to the Sea of
Galilee He observes the profusion of beautiful wild flowers
carpeting the earth. He is telling His disciples of the wis-
dom and goodness of God. He has just framed for them
that sweetest of prayers, ‘* Our Father who art in heaven.”’
He js in a land of flowers. Palestine, it is said, has 2,500
species of flowering plants, twice as many as in all Great
Britain. He says to His disciples, look out upon the flowers.
They brighten the fields. They please the eye. They cheer
the spirits. They sweeten life. And be not content with
looking, but ‘* Consider the lilies of the field,” consider
them thoughtfully and learn from them. The Father in
heaven provides the beautiful flowers. They toil not for a
living —as you and others do— you, Peter and Andrew
and James and John in fishing, and Matthew at the money
counter, and men everywhere in labor of hand or head;
neither do they spin, as must your wives and daughters and
sisters for needed raiment of clothing, and yet I say unto
you that «‘ Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like
one of these beautiful flowers.’’ And if God take care for
these in their growth and tenderness and beauty, shall He
not take care of you? God’s care and wisdom and good-
ness towards men our Blessed Lord is pressing, and He
uses for argument the same care and wisdom and goodness
as shown in the growth of the flowers.

Let us also ‘‘consider’’ and learn. That superabun-
dance of 2,500 kinds of flowers in Palestine! The very
thought comforts our soul. For if God do so much that
seems not actually necessary to please our eye of sense,
and to satisfy and uplift our love of beauty, we can feel
sure of the thought that the same loving goodness will all
the more work to help and guide and save us, and the same
Infinite Wisdom will go on to provide things unutterable
of brightness and beauty for the higher life coming.
When, passing in your carriage by a thatched dwelling of
some poor laborer in England, or by the wretched tene-

108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

ment house in a dingy city, you see a flower or plant in the
window or at the doorway, what do you argue? That deep
and dark penury has not put out all the lights of the soul
in that home. That the hard grind of daily toil has not
crushed all of the tender and hopeful there. That the
earthy and the sensual are not everything in count there;
but within are thoughts of the pure and good, outreaching
towards the far off, unattained and dim. That the tended
plant and growing flower are proofs of some wise plan-
nings for life, and some softening touches of goodness in
the dwellers in that humble home.

Well, God has provided, botanical science says, 200,000
species of plants in the vegetable kingdom. And thousands
upon thousands of them are flowers that are of little use or
none at all towards food to eat or raiment to wear. These
flowers are set as in the windows and doorway of this
lower life of earth of ours, —and it is a poor, humble, and
in some sense grinding life of want, too. When ye see
them, then, shall ye not argue as before? God’s wisdom
sets them forth. God’s goodness furnishes them in the
full measures and running over superfluities of its inherent
love. They are suggestive of noble unsatisfiedness. They
prophesy of immortality. They shame what is base and
narrow and impure. Sweet in fragrance, beautiful to the
vision, delicate of texture, they seem nothing short of
heavenly messengers to proclaim God’s wisdom and good-
ness, and to uplift, not only the artist and poet and lover
of beauty but all who will be grateful for the Divine
bounty, to the true, the beautiful, the good and the eternal.

Consider the flowers of the field! The thousands of them
that seem useless and unnecessary. Are we tempted to
ask, ‘* To what purpose is this waste??? Men asked such a
question of old, and among them Judas. And they were
rebuked. ‘* Wastes,’’ as we view them, may be really
God’s precious means of exaltation: His provisions and
preparations for heavenly felicities that the eye hath not
seen, nor the ear heard, nor the mind conceived: His ef-

FIRST ANNUAL FLOWER SERMON. 109

fusions of bountiful loving kindness that marvelously warm
the heart and cheer the soul.

Consider the lilies of the field! Their beauty of form and
brilliance of color, surely. But the botanist can tell more.
He will explain how in the family of lilies the calyx is not
leaf-shaped and green as in other flowers, but as rich in tint
and fine of texture as the very petals of the corolla. So
that the external robe of the lily is of the same pure fair-
ness and brilliant beauty with the precious flower enclosed
within. And, as the Master said, God so clothed it, this
crass of the field. Outwardly and inwardly wanting nothing
in charm of color and exquisite delicacy of shape; and so
elegantly arrayed of nature that Solomon in all his artificial
glory could not surpass it. When the Master, without whom
was not anything made that was made, said this, see you
not that He knew that the botanist would find in the image
employed a deeper truth than even the pleasing one that we
ordinary folk perceive?

Consider the flowers of the field! ‘* The proper study of
mankind is man’’, insists a didactic poet. But even he
would grant that the study of flowers and love of flowers
may minister lessons sweet and precious for man’s life and
happiness. Their humility. They carpet the earth. We
tread them down and in the sweetest meekness they resist
not the treading. Their obedience and self-forgetfulness.
Following the will of their Maker and the law of their being
they come forth in blushing beauty spring time after spring
time and fade and fall as summer passes. And millions of
them so come and blush unseen in the uninhabited stretches
of area of our globe. It makes no difference. It is not of
themselves they think, but of God, and of growth, and of
future life inwrapped in them.

Consider the plants of the field! Their benevolence.
Stalks bend under their load of grain, — kernels grown for
our sustenance. Vines root themselves in the rockiest and
shallowest sorts of soil and suck thereout sweetest juices of
grapes, and change dry barrenness into rich verdure.

110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Leaves by the millions on millions are ever busy in ex-
tracting the carbonic acid gas from the atmosphere, chang-
ing what would be a noxious vapor to us, out from our air,
into the succulent greenness of their own life and the solid
woody fiber of structural development.

Consider the growths of the field! Their unselfishness.
The leaf is the real life of the field-growth. Roots are nec-
essary of course. And roots draw up nourishment and sap
from the soil. But the botanist will tell you how the leaf
is the real life. That in the ribs and veins and jointures
of the leaf isa miniature conformation of its own tree: and
that from it he can divine and reconstruct the tree, as can
the anatomist the animal skeleton from the bone. The leaf
is lungs and stomach both for the plant. Buds are convoluted
leaves. Blossoms and flowers are leaves of finer texture
and brighter brilliancy. The branch and trunk of woody
fiber is leaves, pressed, concentrated, modified, transmuted.
Then the fruit is the arrestment of such leafy growth, and
its metamorphosis from a vigorous outputting branch into
arounded juicy pulp. Now bud and blossom, fruit and
seed, look to the begetting and sustentation of another life
than the plant’s own. In the vegetative adding of woody
fiber it would be giving to its own growth. What a strik-
ing lesson of unselfishness. And proclaimed wherever
there are blossomings, and flowerings and fruits. These
have come at cost to the plant of giving up its own growth.
It has died to itself that it might live for others, Every
palatable fruit it has provided for man has grown from its
gift of self-sacrifice. Every bud and seed it has furnished
for another individual of its species have come from the very
sap blood of its existence necessitating the cutting off of
its own vegetative development. See in the innumerable
growth of the vegetable kingdom therefore the very em-
bodiment of unselfishness which is the life and crown of
true religion. And often and often the plant dies its death
of self-sacrifice in the act of giving unselfishly blossom and
flower and seed for another’s life.

FIRST ANNUAL FLOWER SERMON. Lis

Consider the trees of the field! Their patience and en-
durance. Storms of violence hurl themselves against
them. In steady firmness they withstand the onset. They
furnish grateful shade to man and beast. They protect
our springs and water-courses. They stand guard that the
sequestered vales may enjoy perennial peace and shelter.
They are sentinels of the centuries. Among living things
they are the oldest habitants of our planet. Oaks hun-
dreds of years old, and cypress and yew trees thousands of
years old, are breathing by their leafy lungs and rejoicing
in their veins of upflowing sap to-day. Patiently and en-
duringly they have stood in their lot to meet what God
appointed. Types of silence and restfulness. Workers,
steady and unwearied in developing cell after cell and in
repairing waste and depositing growth throughout the
countless years. Lessons of strong help to man when
restlessness and despair assail.

The tree of life in the midst of the Paradise of Eden!
It stood for preciousness and with promising of all that
the blessed word life means. Wondering thoughts go back
querying what it was and what it had to give. That other
tree of life which is in the midst of the Paradise of God!
Hoping and trustful hearts out-reach for it. And it is
promised to him that overcometh that he shall eat thereof.

Flowers, plants and trees! Ye are exemplifications of
God’s wisdom and goodness. Ye do your duty well.
. Your peace is innocence. Your lifeispurity. Yourdeath
is unselfishness. And ye have no stinging self-conscious-
ness of the ill desert of sin imbittering your sap blood as
we men have. It’s not yours to ask for pardon nor to suf-
fer with remorse. Right cheerily, then, you are ready
always, I am sure, to meet and respond to our Benedicite
hailing — ** O all ye Green things upon the earth, Bless ye
the Lord! praise Him and magnify Him forever.’’

112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET

GIVEN BY THE TRUSTEES OF THE GARDEN AT THE SOUTHERN HOTEL,
MAY 26th, 1890,

Under the provisions of the twenty-fourth paragraph of
the fourth clause of Henry Shaw’s will, the Trustees of the
Garden issued invitations in the early part of the present
year, for the first annual banquet in honor of the Founder
of the Missouri Botanical Garden and the Shaw School of
Botany. In response to these invitations, a company of
about one hundred gentlemen assembled at the Southern

Hotel, in St. Louis, on the evening of May 26th.
The gathering included the following guests: —

Hon. Davin R. FRANCIs,
Governor of Missouri.

BRIGADIER-GEN’L WESLEY MER-
riITT, U. S. A.. Commanding the
Department of Missouri.

Hon. NoRMAN J. COLMAN,
Ex-Secretary of Agriculture.

Hon. Amos M. THAYER,
United States District Judge.

Hon. Warwick Hoven,
Ex-Judge of the Supreme Court
of Missouri.

Hon. R. E. ROMBAUER,
Judge of the St. Louis Court of
Appeals.

Hon. JacosB KLEIn,
Hon. D. D. FIsHer, and

Hon. J, E. WITHROW,
Judges of the Circuit Court, City
of St. Louis.

Hon. J. C. NORMILE,
Judge of the Criminal Court, and

Hon. R. A. CAMPBELL,
Judge of the Court of Criminal
Correction, of St. Louis.

Hon. G. A. FINKELNBURG.

F, H. Snow,
Chancellor of the University of
Kansas.

W. W. Smita, LL. D.,
President of Randolph-Macon
College.

Rev. J. D. HAMMOND,
President of Central College,
Fayette, Mo.

PROFESSOR W. G. FARLOW,
Of Harvard University.

PROFESSOR E. M. SHEPARD,
Of Drury College, Springfield, Mo.

PROFESSOR G. D. PURINTON,
Of the University of Missouri.

PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN,
Of the Agricultural College of
Kansas.

‘ASQOH NVANNIT WA,

= oy
Xs MS

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET.

PROFESSOR T. J. BURRILL,
Of the Illinois University.

GEORGE E. LEIGHTON,
President of the Board of Direct-
ors of Washington University ;

M. S. Snow,
Acting Chancellor, and

Proressors 8. WATERHOUSE,
J. K. HOSMER,
C. M. WoopwarD,
H. S. PRITCHETT, and
H. C. Ivss,
Of the same Institution.

J. H. DILLARD,
Principal of Mary Institute.

W. G. Hammonp, LL. D.,
Dean of the St. Louis Law School.

Dr. H. H. Mupp,
Dean of the St. Louis Medical
College.

Dr. JAMES HALL,
Director of the New York State
Museum of Natural History.

ARTHUR WINSLOW,
State Geologist of Missouri.

LrvI CHUBBUCK,
Secretary of the State Board of
Agriculture of Missouri.

Dr. G. HINRICHS,
Director of the State Weather
Service of Iowa.

C, H. Jonzs,

Editor of the Republic, and

J. A. DILLON,
Editor of the Post-Dispatch, of
St. Louis.

Rev. D. S. PHELAN,
Editor of the Western Watchman.

113

JOSEPH Brown,
Auditor of the City of St. Louis.

J. W. KAUFFMAN,
President of the Merchants’ Ex-
change of St. Louis.

F, M. CRUNDEN,
Librarian of the Public Library
of St. Louis.

Rev. P. P. Brapy,
Vicar General of the Roman
Catholic Diocese of St. Louis.

Rev. Dr. S. J. NICCOLLS.
REv. J. C. LEARNED.
Rey. Dr. H. A. STIMSON.
Rev. 8S. H. SONNESCHEIN.
Rey. C. M. Davis.

Rev. M. BRENNAN.

Rev. C. G. Davis.

Hon. E. O. STanarD.
Mr, RICHARD ScruGGs.
Mr, SAMUEL CUPPLES.
MR. F. N. Jupson.

Mr. W. T. COLEMAN.
Mr. THOMAS DIMMOCK.
Mr. HENRY C. HAARSTICK.
Mr. ROBERT MOorgE.
Dr. D. 8S. H. Smita.
JUDGE CHARLES SPECK.
Dr. JOHN GREEN.

Mr. E. H. LINtey.

Mr. PETER L. Foy.

Mr. M. L. GRay.

‘

114

JUDGE J. H. LIGHTNER.

Mr. H. N. PaTrerson.

Mr. CarRL LUMHOLTZ.

Mr. Caros 8. GREELEY.
JupGE S. M. BRECKENRIDGE.
Mr. GEORGE I. BARNETT.

Hon. D. H. ARMSTRONG.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Mr. Cuas. E. Hat,

Mr. J. E. Kare.

Mr. Wo. H. THomson.

Mr. ROBERT S. BROOKINGS.
Mr. J. R. LIONBERGER.

Mr. DANIEL CATLIN, and

Mr. E. C. SrmmMons.

The Botanical Garden was represented by

Rurus J. LACKLAND,
President of the Board,

HENRY HITCHCOCK,
Vice-President of the Board,

Rt. Rev. D. S. Turr ie,
Bishop of Missouri,

Dr. J. B. JOHNSON,

A. D, CUNNINGHAM,
Secretary of the Board, and

Mr. JAMES E. YEATMAN,
Mr. JosePH W. BRANCH,

C. F. MiLuer,
President of the Board of Public
Schools of St. Louis, and

Proressor F. E. NIPHER,
President of the Academy of
Science of St. Louis.

WILLIAM TRELEASE,
Director of the Garden.

The dinner having been served, the assembled guests
were called to order by the Chairman, Henry Hitchcock,

Esq., who said :—

Gentlemen: The Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, and youas their honored guests, are assembled in pur-
suance of an express provision in the will of its founder,
the late Henry Shaw, bequeathing a certain sum annually
**for a banquet to the Trustees of the Garden and to the
guests they may invite, literary and scientific men and
friends and patrons of the natural sciences,”’

To such an assemblage, so convened, an uncommon in-

terest attaches.

It was obviously the wish of Mr. Shaw

that this social gathering should be one means of making

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 115

known, especially to the class of men thus indicated, the
purpose, the promise and the progress, from year to year,
of the institution upon the planning and building up of which
he bestowed the thoughtand labor of more than forty years,
by his last will devoting the bulk of his fortune to its endow-
ment. With what success his beneficent and far-reaching
plans shall be carried out, is for the futureto reveal. What
its promise is, what similar institutions have done and are
doing elsewhere, and what benefits may be expected from
it to the people not only of our own State and of the United
States but to mankind, we hope presently to hear from
those who are competent to speak. I have been requested
to say an introductory word or two as to its purpose and
organization.

In general, that purpose cannot be stated in better or
briefer words than those of the tribunal which, upon the
application of the Trustees for a judicial construction of the
will of Mr. Shaw, determined and adjudged that by it was
created ‘‘a charitable trust, for educational and scientific
purposes, in the special branch of botany.”’ ~

As more fully set forth in the will itself, his purpose
was, to establish and endow —

‘*a Botanical Garden, easily accessible, which should be forever kept
up and maintained for the cultivation and propagation of plants,
flowers, fruit and forest trees, and other productions of the vegetable
kingdom, and a museum and library connected therewith and devoted to
the same and to the science of botany, horticulture and allied objects,
for the promotion of science and knowledge.”’

Express provision is also made for instruction to garden
pupils in both practical and scientific horticulture, agricult-
ure and arboriculture, also for scientific investigation in
botany proper, in vegetable physiology, the diseases of
plants, the study of the forms of vegetable life, and of ani-
mal life injurious to vegetation, and for experimental in-
vestigations in horticulture, arboriculture and kindred sub-
jects: it being also provided that the Garden shall be kept
open, for the benefit of the public at large, asthe Trustees

116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

may prescribe, every day except Sundays: though the will
subsequently provides that it may be open on two desig-
nated Sunday afternoons during the summer season.

In connection with the Botanical Garden, and, as his
will declares, in order to augment and perpetuate its use-
fulness, Mr. Shaw established and endowed in October,
1885, nearly four years before his death, a School of Bot-
any asa department of Washington University in this city:
to that extent anticipating by deed the bequests in his will,
which bears date in January, 1885. The objects of the
School of Botany are declared to be, —

‘the promotion of education and investigation in that science, and in
its application to Horticulture, Arboriculture, Medicine and the Arts,

and the exemplification of the Divine wisdom and goodness as mani-
fested throughout the vegetable kingdom.”

To secure their harmonious co-operation in these pur-
poses, it is required that whenever practicable a Professor
of the School of Botany shall be the Director of the Botan-
ical Garden; and the Trustees of the Garden are required,
up to a certain amount, to make good any deficiency in the
annual income of the School of Botany from its endow-
ment.

The Botanical Garden, as laidout and maintained by Mr.
Shaw himself, is part of a tract of about 150 acres in all,
on Tower Grove Avenue in the southwestern part of this
city: of which about 45 acres is occupied by the Botanical
Garden, the Arboretum and Fruticetum, including the
Museum building and the late residence of Mr. Shaw, which
last, under the provisions of the will, is now the residence
of the Director of the Garden; but the will contemplates
and provides for the ultimate extension of the Garden over
the remainder of the tract. The fund devised for the
maintenance and extension of the Garden, and for the
educational and scientific purposes already mentioned,
consists chiefly of real estate in this city, a considerable
part of which is improved, yielding an income sufficient
for the immediate demands of the trust, and likely to be

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 117

largely increased in future by the leasing or improvement
of the remainder.

All this property was devised by Mr. Shaw, upon the ex-
press trusts already mentioned, to certain persons named or
designated in his will, who should together constitute a
Board of Trustees, and who are required to keep written
minutes of their proceedings. This Board has no corporate
character. It is simply a body of individuals, all alike and
equally charged, as co-trustees, with the execution of the
trusts declared in the will, and who are subject, like all other
trustees, to the supervision and control of a court of equity
in the performance of their duties. The will does not con-
fer upon any Trustee any power or precedence as such;
but it declares that the acts of a majority of the members
of said Board, at any meeting regularly called and held up-
on due notice, shall be deemed and taken, for all the pur-
poses of said trust, to be the acts of said Board and of said
Trustees. It designated nineteen devisees, fourteen of them
by name, the remaining five by style of office, namely — fol-
lowing the order of the will— the Chancellor of Washing-
ton University, the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of
Missouri, the President of the Public Schools, the Presi-
dent of the St. Louis Academy of Science, and the Mayor of
the City of St. Louis, and their respective successors in of-
fice. Four of the devisees named in the will having died
before Mr. Shaw,— the late Gerard B. Allen and Adolphus
Meier of this city, Dr. Asa Gray, the distinguished botan-
ist, of Cambridge, and Professor Baird, late Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution,— it has been judicially determined
that the number of Trustees was thereby reduced to fifteen
in all. The actual number of Trustees at present is four-
teen, the office of Chancellor of Washington University be-
ing temporarily vacant.

In order to assure the validity and permanency of this
trust, Mr. Shaw obtained, thirty years ago, the passage by
the Legislature of Missouri of a special Act, approved
March 14, 1859, expressly referred toin his will. This Act

118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

authorized him, either by deed in his life-time, or by his
last will, or both, to devise any part of his property to
Trustees for these specific purposes, and to provide for the
succession, removal and substitution of such Trustees: and
accordingly the will provides that all vacancies in the Trust
shall be filled by the remaining Trustees.

Mr. Shaw departed this life in August last, having
reached his ninetieth year and having. retained his vigor of
mind and body to a remarkable degree. His will was ad-
mitted to probate in September, soon after which the Board
of Trustees was duly organized as therein provided, and
without delay received possession of the Garden and other
real estate devised to them. As provided by the will, they
at once appointed Professor William Trelease Director of
the Garden, that gentleman having been appointed Profes-
sor in the School of Botany in June, 1885, upon the
nomination of Mr. Shaw and the recommendation of Dr.
Asa Gray. To him is directly committed the development
and fulfillment, from year to year, of the ultimate purposes
of the trust: its business administration and superintending
control, within the limits assigned by the will, remaining
with the Trustees. We hope for the pleasure of hearing
something from Professor Trelease concerning the educa-
tional and scientific work already planned and entered up-
on, with an intelligence, energy and efficiency on his part to
which the Trustees gladly avail of this occasion to bear wit-
ness.

This rather dry and business-like explanation fulfils, I
believe, the preliminary duty assigned to me. It is for
others to speak of that interesting theme, the broad and
beneficent purpose which gives vitality and interest to this
occasion. An attempt on my part to do so would, I fear,
only expose my own ignorance: for although the process of
my earlier education included some compulsory digging of
Greek roots and some attention to what were called flowers
of speech, I am sorry to say that it did not include the
study of botany, nor any adequate instruction in the won-

SUMMER HOUSE IN THE FRUTICETUM,

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 119

ders and beauties and riches of the kingdoms of Nature.
In that regard, too many professional and business men
must still be classed with the hero of Wordsworth’s poem,
of whom the poet says: —

‘¢ In vain, through every changeful year,
Did Nature lead him as before.
A primrose by a river’s brim
A yellow primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more.”’

And yet, to understand and appreciate the beneficent
purpose and value of a trust like this, surely there is no
need of technical knowledge. No one need be urged to en-
joy the beauty of the flowers, the soft refreshment of the
green grass and the soothing murmur of the rustling leaves.
To the dullest eye new lustre comes, to the most unsym-
pathetic soul a new joy, with that annual miracle newly
wrought with each returning spring, the resurrection of Na-
ture from her wintry grave. If there is any knowledge
common to us all, it is that of the relations of the vegetable
kingdom to our daily life, in the matter of food and raiment
and refreshment of body and mind. To the most prosaic
mind a moment’s thought recalls the infinitely various eco-
nomic uses of plant and flower and fruit and tree. The
romantic interest attaching to the daring exploits and
marvellous achievements of Stanley in the heart of Africa is
not lessened by the revelations he brings back of new fields
for commercial enterprise afforded by its tropical forests.
But it is obvious to the most careless mind that the true key
to all the boundless wealth and the exquisite beauty which
the goodness of God has so lavishly bestowed upon us in the
vegetable world must be furnished by Botanical Science.
For by Botanical Science, as I suppose, is meant that accur-
ate and extensive knowledge of the various productions of
the vegetable kingdom, which shall enable us, not only to
classify and arrange them in ‘families, orders, genera and
species, but to determine their properties and value for the

120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

use of mankind, as well as their habitat and history, to as-
certain the lawsof their growth and being, and by the patient
and skilful application of those laws even to increase and
diversify that beauty and still further to develop that wealth.

To such a purpose, when his life had scarcely reached its
noon, did Henry Shaw resolve to devote the remainder of
his days, consecrating to it the acquisitions of an assiduous
and successful industry. For that purpose, by his last
will, this Trust was founded, and is to be administered by
those to whom it will be a labor of love.

You will gladly join with me, gentlemen, in doing honor
to the Founder of the School of Botany and of the Missouri
Botanical Garden: and to that sentiment I ask the Presi-
dent of the Board of Directors of Washington University,
Colonel Leighton, to respond.

COLONEL LEIGHTON.

Mr. Chairman: As the representative of Washington
University, an institution selected by Mr. Shaw to carry
out a considerable and most important part of the work
embraced in his wise and beneficent scheme,— a part which
supplements and makes complete that which he has placed
in your hands as Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, — I cannot but take pleasure in responding to the sen-
timent you have given and briefly expressing the apprecia-
tion of my associates in the governing Board of Washington
University for Mr. Shaw, who you will remember was an
associate for some years; and of the opportunity afforded
them by him to establish, under the most favorable condi-
tions, in connection with the garden, one of the best
equipped schools of botany in the world.

But I find myself, at the very outset, embarrassed in at-
tempting to distinguish any especial feeling of gratitude on
the part of the University from the common feeling of grat-

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 121,

itude which we all experience as citizens of St. Louis, in
the thought of the broad, bountiful, beneficent and far-
reaching scheme as a whole. We unhesitatingly place the
name of Henry Shaw upon the lustrous rofl of honored
citizens, living and dead, who, having been merchants,
manufacturers, lawyers, clergymen, or physicians, have
been more than merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, clergy-
men or physicians in their‘relation to the progress and well
being of our City.

This is the first annual meeting under a peculiar and most
commendable provision of your Trust, — the first of a series
which, with ever-changing constituents, may, and probably
will, extend through centuries.

Now, when most of those of us who are privileged to be
present remember Mr. Shaw as a personal friend, — when
so many are here who have often shared the hospitality of
his house and home, —a characteristic which will diminish
with the years, — now let us make a record of our sense of
his high character as a citizen, his public spirit, his broad
sympathy and generous help in all that was ennobling
and uplifting, his intense love for our City, his simple, un-
ostentatious and useful life. Honor his name as we may
in the present, as we move away from the years of con-
temporary knowledge of the man, the appreciation of his
splendid beneficence will increase, and our successors will
come to measure the man, —not as we do by his personal
qualities, but by the magnificent result of his life.

Private munificence in varied forms is one of the distinc-
tive and most honorable characteristics of our American
civilization. Ina government like ours, the things which
most uplift and ennobleacommunity mustof necessity spring
from the people, as individuals. Government may protect
individual rights in person and property, may promote
public works of a necessary character, may clear the way
for personal enterprise and thrift, and give them a fair field;
but it cannot, in any due degree, as a government, where
the use of money is required, do much to stimulate or de-

122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

velop the higher life of a community. Education, art, sci-
ence, in their higher departments, — all that which we call
culture, as well as all, even the most common charity, must
look — not to the government, but to the individual, to as-
sert and enforce their claims. And the individual who is
to do this, is not of a distinct race or profession or pursuit.
He is, and must be, one of ourselves. He must be the man
whom we meet in our daily walk, as the merchant, the manu-
facturer, the lawyer, financier, clergyman, or man of af-
fairs, who has been made to see, and does see, that there is
a more complete and more enjoyable life than that which
is wholly confined within the narrow boundary of the ware-
house, the office, or the shop.

If we should strike out from our States and cities the insti-
tutions, religious and secular, founded and sustained solely
by private munificence, the barrenness of our civilization
in its higher range of influence would be most startling.
Our churches, colleges, academies, museums, asylums, hos-
pitals, libraries, our institutions for the study and develop-
ment of science, art, music, — all these owe their origin and
their support to a recognition on the part of individual citi-
zens Of a vital need which Government cannot meet.

Mr. Shaw had the capacity and the good fortune to see
that there was a fuller life for him than his career as a
merchant afforded, and before middle age he found, in that
wonderful and complex mystery which we call nature, as
manifested in fruit, and flower and tree, the possibilities
of that larger life to him which brightened and blessed more
than half a century of his own existence, and will continue
to brighten and bless this community for centuries to come.

It was a large thought, that which years ago came to him,
to perpetuate the magnificent work which his love and in-
terest had created and developed; and having shared it
most generously with his contemporaries, to make it live
for generations to come.

Many men have had just such dreams of beneficence. It
is the weakness of our poor human nature that we permit

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 123

our dreams of usefulness to fade, and we die with grand
purposes unfulfilled. I am a poor interpreter of our com-
mon nature if I am wrong in saying that some time, in bet-
ter hours, have come to each of us, those noble purposes of
beneficence, or larger usefulness and wider influence, quite
within our reach, which, if they had been permitted to take
shape in created work, would have brought to this city of
St. Louis a golden age, in all that ennobles and uplifts a
community.

Mr. Shaw, however, made real his dream of usefulness,
in an executed scheme, —a scheme thoughtfully and wisely
worked out in all its details long years ago, and in no de-
gree dependent upon his own years of life. Death makes
no break in the continuity of a life so merged in a definite
and an accomplished purpose.

Mr. Shaw’s purpose, whilst largely to give pleasure to
the whole community by the maintenance of the garden,
was something more than that. His own enjoyment was
not simply from the esthetic side. He had learned to
know that, beneath the transient sensuous beauty of leaf
and branch and flower, was a more occult, yet a more per-
manent and a diviner beauty of law, as yet but imperfectly
revealed; and the establishment of the School of Botany,
where patient study of that law might be pursued by the
few, was a necessary supplement to the full enjoyment of
the garden by the many. There is no word left for the
critics to speak as to what more might have been done.
The whole is complete and rounded and perfect as Achilles’
shield.

And not the least consideration, it seems to me, in hon-
oring Mr. Shaw, and one which addresses itself peculiarly
to us, is the thought that his beneficence, whilst wide and
far-reaching, and comprehensive in its influence and in its
results, is essentially a local beneficence,—one springing
ina great degree out of his affection for the city of his
more than three-score years of residence.

I cannot but think that the tendency of the age is to les-

124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

sen our local affections and interests. Whether it be due
to the intensity of our modern life in what are called prac-
tical directions, leaving little leisure for the nurture of the
finer sentiments of life, whether it be the increased facility
of inter-communication which tends to broaden, rather than
localize, our personal life, or the cosmopolitanism of the
press which makes us all, in spite of ourselves, citizens of
the world, and compels our attention to the world’s larger
stage of action, — whatever it be, I think the result is to be
observed; and it is a pleasure to be reminded by this gen-
erous creation of Mr. Shaw, of what it is to give back to
St. Louis in some form, some portion of what she has so
bountifully given to us.

It is of minor importance in what shape or direction such
a feeling manifests itself, nor is it dependent on great
gifts, but it is of importance that all our professions of
love and interest in our city should take form, — not in
words, but by working together in ways that, year by
year, advance her in some degree, however small, in those
countless ways that make up what we call civilization.

An occasion like this presents the opportunity for only
the briefest expression of the thoughts which arise, and I
must not detain you. Again and again, through the years
to come, words of commendation will be spoken at these
annual meetings, justly honoring Mr. Shaw and honoring
his work. May we who knew him for many years, put
upon record our appreciation of the great influence of his
long, serene and simple life, and of the grand purpose in
which it culminated. It was like one of those perfect
summer days in which he loved to walk in reverent friend-
ship with the flowers.

His twelve long hours,
Bright to the edge of darkness; then the calm
Repose of twilight,—and a crown of stars.

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 125

The Chairman then called upon Professor William Tre-
lease, the Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, as
follows :—

It has already been stated, gentlemen, that the chief
purposes of this Trust are educational and scientific. The
will which created it provides that the Director of the Gar-
den shall «* employ his energies that from year to year the
institution under his charge shall grow up in efficiency in
promoting the ends in view in its inception.”’

Professor Trelease, the Director of the Garden, whom
we have the pleasure of having with us this evening, was a
pupil of Dr. Asa Gray, a name honored by all votaries of
Science, not only of Botanical Science, but of Natural
Science in its widest sense. Four years ago, upon the
recommendation of Dr. Gray, as well as his own con-
viction of its appropriateness, Mr. Shaw nominated Dr.
Trelease as Professor of the School of Botany, with the
purpose that when the proper time should come he should
be appointed the Director of the Garden,—a duty which
the Trustees promptly and gladly fulfilled. In his hands
chiefly rests, as I have already said, the development of the
institution.

You will join me, gentlemen, in wishing all success and
usefulness to the Missouri Botanical Garden. I have the
great pleasure of asking Professor Trelease to tell us some-
thing of its promise, of the plans which have been adopted
and of the work which he has so well begun.

MR. TRELEASE.

There is one branch of Botany, Mr. Chairman, that I have
never cultivated very much,— the one my friend Mr. Hitch-
cock referred to, and that has been so fully exemplified in
what has been said already,— that branch relating to the
flowers of speech. However, there are a few plain botan-

126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

ical facts that I presume are worth more at this particular
stage in the development of the Garden than a more polish-
ed statement of the case which left some of those unsaid.
For that reason, possibly, what I may be able to say may
have some interest and some value.

Nobody on being called on to assume the direction of an
institution which promises so much as this Garden, could
fail to be impressed by the fact that a very considerable
part of what the Garden may realize must depend upon the
adoption, in the very beginning, of a broad and compre-
hensive, and yet very elastic, plan for its development. I
am far from feeling able to form such a plan, which must
depend upon a good and full knowledge of what may prop-
erly be held to be the functions of such an institution ; but
I have thought that possibly it might not be without inter-
est if I were to run over two or three of the things that oc-
cur to me as important functions of a Garden.

If this were the time and place for it, I have no doubt
that a discussion of the history of botany and botanical
gardens might be made to throw a good deal of light on this
question, for history has its lessons in science, as in politics,
But I must content myself with saying that the early ideas
of botany, and the early botanical gardens, were strictly
utilitarian. A botanical friend, a few weeks ago, on his
way to Mexico, told me that the simple country people with
whom he is thrown in contact in his botanical tours in the
wilder parts of the country, people who have no money to
buy drugs with, are extremely interested in the plants which
can be used for healing their ailments. They are obliged to
look these things up for themselves, and he said that when-
ever he collected a plant and was seen doing so he was at
once asked ‘* Qué remedio ?”’— «* What does the thing heal ?
What is it good for in that way?’’ A great deal of the early
botany and a great many of the early botanical gardens
depended upon a considerable interest in this same ques-
tion,— the healing virtues, the medical properties, of plants.
This is, of course, a strictly utilitarian idea of botany.

_

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 127

There is a pleasure that we all derive from seeing flowers.
There is a certain restfulness in the green of the grass.
There is a satisfaction in seeing things grow. In planning
anything in the way of a garden, even limiting it by prefix-
ing the word ‘* botanical,’’ it is impossible to divest the idea
of a garden from the idea of a park, —a place to which peo-
ple can go for their recreation, a place where a love and
tastefor the beautiful may be at once cultivated and gratified ;
and it is tome areal pleasure that, by the express provisions
of his will, Mr. Shaw has determined that the ornamental
features of the Garden which has for many years proved a
source of pleasure to the citizens of St. Louis and to visitors
from a distance, shall be maintained ; that there shall be no
less attractiveness than in the past, but rather more. I
think it is a very easy thing to promise that this provision
shall be complied with. It is a pleasure to feel this. And
yet it costs a great deal of money to maintain a park, and [
have no doubt that some of my botanical friends will criti-
cise the annual expenditure of a very large sum of money
for maintaining the strictly ornamental features of the Gar-
den. I am rather glad that if so, they cannot criticise me
personally for this. Whether I feel that in all cases this
money is well spent or not, the general feeling cannot be
resisted that it will do good. Not only can a garden which
is an ornament conduce to the pleasure of people, but in a
very unobtrusive way, by simply giving access to a named
collection of plants, it is doing much more than that. Peo-
ple see a plant with a name, and ask a question and answer
it at the same time. They get information. They become
started; and it is a very simple matter, having once begun
that kind of questioning, to continue it. And so the simple,
unobtrusive naming of a collection of plants is, I think, do-
ing a great deal of good educational work.

But this idea of contributing to pleasure, and the attendant ~
idea of giving such information as comes incidentally, is that
which is farthest from what I have already spoken of as the
original intention of a garden, — the strictly utilitarian idea

128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

of a garden. The question has been asked me many times,
‘* What technical uses can the Garden be put to?’’ I shall
not attempt to take the time that would be needed to answer
this question in full, and yet there are a few such uses that
it may be proper torun over. One of them is education,
which has already been touched upon; and Mr. Shaw has
shown the importance that he attached to this by the sepa-
rate endowment of a School of Botany. To furnish mate-
rial, —to furnish other facilities, — for the study of botany
and for instruction in botany, is one of the very important
functions of such a garden. But botany is a rather com-
prehensive subject. It may be made to include practically -
all knowledge of plants and of their growth and the laws of
their growth. Mr. Shaw indicates, by a word here and there
in his will, and by other information that shows it even more
clearly, that he believed that one of the important functions
of the educational side of the Garden, in the future, should
be the training of gardeners. Not merely men who can
grow one kind of rose and make that a commercial suc-
cess,—that is a good thing to teach, — but men who can
grow not only one kind of rose, but any roses that may be
brought to their care. Not only roses, but other plants
needed for ornament. Not merely ornamental plants, but
fruits. Not merely fruits, but medical plants. In a word,
that instruction might be given in all that concerns the growth
of plants for all useful purposes. One of the steps that the
Board of Trustees of the Garden, — who, I may say, have
very cordially supported me in every wish that I have shown
so far toward the development of the Garden, — one of the
steps that they saw fit to take very early in their organiza-
tion, was to provide for this kind of instruction. The mat-
ter is an experiment with us as yet. It may come out well,
and yet we shall undoubtedly learn a great deal in the first
few years; but it is under way, and has been started by the
endowment of a series of scholarships, — yielding no large
sum of money, but enough to pay the expenses of students
and to give them this kind of instruction. Not merely to

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 129

teach them botany, but to teach them in addition to that how
to grow plants. Not merely to teach them how to grow
plants, but what those plants are, and the other things that
are closely connected with botany and practical gardening.
In a word, to make broad-minded gardeners. And I think
that as time goes on and as we have opportunity to test, by
their results, the steps that are being taken, and to modify
them in accordance with the needs that become evident, we
shall find that a very considerable part of the good the Gar-
den can do will be done in just this way.

And yet this is only a small part of the work. A very
considerable part of the office of any institution, with facili-
ties for any kind of work in addition to the instruction it
gives, is the manufacturing, if I may use the term, of new
material: the working out of new tools; the elaborating of
undigested material; and that brings up, of course, the
whole question of scientific botany. I can foresee that, as
time goes on, the Garden, if no serious mistakes are made
in its management, will be able to contribute in no small
degree to a knowledge of our North American flora, — of
the plants of North America. Any local botanist well
knows the plants within a radius of ten or twenty miles
about his home. This is a simple matter. But Doctor
Gray lived to see the completion of only about one-third of
the entire synoptical elaboration of our North American
flora. We may know the plants within a radius of twenty
or thirty miles about St. Louis; but the North American
flora as a whole has still to be worked out in such shape
that any student of fair intelligence can determine what a
plant from certain parts of the country is. Ido not for a
moment thinkthat we shall play as important a part in this
work as other institutions may do; as Harvard University,
where Dr. Gray’s typical herbarium is located, for in-
stance; but I do feel that we can contribute to this work in
no inconsiderable degree.

A great many of the characters of plants are transient.
They disappear after a few weeks, after a few days,

9

130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

after a few hours in some cases; and yet these characters
can be preserved indefinitely if the plant is dried or other-
wise preserved properly at the right time. A great
many of the characters of plants can be determined only
while their fruit lasts, while the flower lasts; and so, for
these and other reasons, comes the necessity of forming an
herbarium and a museum,—a collection of material, in
other words, in condition for the study of these characters
a decade or a century after the plants were collected. A
great many of the characters of plants, however, cannot be
preserved in this way; and yet a drawing faithfully made
at the time when the character is well shown, — for in-
stance, in a transient flower,—may last forever. Hence
the occasion for a library, in which these characters are faith-
fully recorded in word and sketch. Such a library and
herbarium are being formed ina quiet way for the Garden,
and will be enlarged in such measure as seems wise. We
may in a given day use only two, or three, or twenty speci-
mens or pages of a book; but in the course of years all
come into use; and I regard as the foundation for any in-
stitution which is to have scientific value, such collections
as these, which are to be drawn on when they are needed,
as a basis for work.

A foundation of this sort cannot be made ina day. It
is not a thing which by a herculean effort can be gathered
at the moment when it is needed for use. It is a founda-
tion that must be laid stone by stone. It is very expens-
ive,— in time, money and energy,— and at the same time
it is a thing that must gradually be brought together. I
hope that here at the Garden this may be done until we
shall have laid such a working foundation as may lead to
the best work that can be looked for.

Such a collection, with the other things that group about
it, gives the means of studying not only the systematic
botany of a region,—of studying what plants are,— but
also of studying the ways in which plants grow; contrib-
uting thus directly to horticulture through the advance-

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 131

ment of a knowledge of vegetable physiology,—a subject
which is by no means exhausted; —and by the study of
the diseases of plants and of the possible preventives or
remedies for such diseases,—a subject which is as yet
almost unexplored. I look forward to a great deal of
work that may be done in this way, and I hope that as time
goes on the Missouri Botanical Garden may play its part in
such work.

And yet, the facilities that I have spoken of are only the
foundation for work. The character and strength of an
institution depend primarily upon laying a good founda-
tion, but afterwards upon having builders who can complete
a superstructure worthy of the foundation; and I hope to
live to see the Garden the nucleus for a collection of botan-
ists who may be known at home and abroad as leaders in
the subjects of their specialties. If we realize what I
look forward to, I think that we shall carry out to its full-
est extent the extremely wise and broad plan of the Founder
of the Garden.

The Chairman then called upon his Excellency, David R.
Francis, Governor of the State of Missouri, in the follow-
ing terms :-—

Gentlemen: Natural science belongs to no locality, to
no country, — I may add, to no historic time, for the ancient
records in which is found ‘ the testimony of the rocks,’’
take us back to periods whose duration the geologist and
paleontologist confess their inability to determine. Its do-
main includes not merely every quarter of this terrestrial
globe, but the most distant and unfathomed realms of space.
Its votaries seek to discover those all-pervading, all-sus-
taining laws of Nature and of Nature’s God, which assign
to every molecule and atom its place and function in the
universe, and in obedience to which myriads of blazing
suns, with their attendant planets and satellites, pursue
their stately march. The spectroscope, which tells the

132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

manufacturer of Bessemer steel at what moment carbon
enough has been burnt out of the seething white-hot mass
of metal in the converter, also reveals to the physicist the
constituent elements of the glorious orb which floods this
earth with its life-giving light. To the discovery of those
laws and their application to the wants of our daily life, we
are constantly more and more indebted for the comforts,
even for the necessities, of civilization. Our tables bear
contributions from every clime and zone, the knowledge of
whose properties and value, even the methods of their pro-
duction, are the gift of natural science: and in respect of
some of the most valuable of them, under the fierce com-
petition of modern industry and trade, that knowledge has
become one of the conditions of success in conducting the
commerce of the civilized world.

And yet this trust, created for the promotion of a branch
of science which has to do with the vegetable products of
all countries, has its own local habitation. By choice and
by adoption, Henry Shaw was a citizen of St. Louis, a citi-
zen of Missouri. In founding this trust, he gave to it the
name of this great State, a State whose boundless resources,
mineral and vegetable, are only beginning to be known.

We are this evening honored, gentlemen, and the Trustees
of the Missouri Botanical Garden are extremely gratified,
by the presence of the Chief Executive officer of this State:
and in announcing the sentiment, ‘‘ The State of Missouri,’’
I can ask no fitter or more competent man to respond than
Governor Francis.

GOVERNOR FRANCIS.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I am almost afraid, in
this company, to give or attempt to give the author of any
sentiment or expression. Ibelieve it was Doctor Holmes,
however, who said that the society of men of genius was

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. «. 433

intoxicating. I do not know how to repay your Chair-
man for calling upon me upon this occasion after an ex-
press agreement not to do so, unless it be by relating an
experience which General Sherman told me he had had at
the celebrated Clover Club in Philadelphia. The Gen-
eral had been invited, he said, time and again to at-
tend the meetings of that Club, but knowing the prac-
tices of its members he had declined, with thanks, the
invitations. Finally, the President prevailed upon him to
accept the invitation upon the express condition that he
would not be called upon to speak. The General was seated
near the President, and after one or two of the distinguished
guests had been called upon to respond to sentiments and
had attempted, only, to do so, — because the Club does not
permit a man to speak very often, —the Chairman arose
and said, «* We have with us this evening a distinguished
guest in the person of the General of the Army. I have
agreed not to call upon him upon this occasion, but,’’ said
he, *¢ you all know what a liar Iam.’’ I do not mean that
that applies to the Chairman of this meeting.

Especially is this company embarrassing, and it is with
trepidation that I rise to respond to this sentiment, when
I see seated around this board not only men distinguished
in the world of Science, but many of my old Professors who
but a few years ago aided me in delving for those Greek
roots to which our eloquent Chairman alluded a few mo-
ments ago; but, gentlemen, the sentiment ‘‘ The State
of Missouri,’’ is one which ought to strike a responsive
chord in the breast of every citizen of the commonwealth.
What idea is conveyed to our minds by the mention of
that name by which we designate this commonwealth?
We are reminded, of course, that this is an integral part
of the federal Union and that whilst as a State it is a con-
stituent part of an indissoluble Union, at the same time it
has sovereign rights which are expressly agreed to in the
compact which made the Union. I am reminded of this
phase of the question by a discussion which I had with your

134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

honorable Chairman this evening as to the bearing of the
‘Original Package ’’ decision. Whilst submitting grace-
fully and peacefully to the will of the majority, we cannot
forget that all power not given to the Federal Government
was reserved to the States in that compact, and that any
other power which arrogates to itself the right to en-
act police and sanitary regulations violates the spirit and
the letter of that compact. But there is another idea
conveyed to our mind. When we speak of Missouri,
we immediately think of this broad expanse of territory,
greater in area than any State east of the Mississippi, —
fertile and diversified in resources, and a State which
yields annually its quota towards the wealth of this Na-
tion. A State which, during the year now ending, will
contribute over ten millions of dollars to the mineral
wealth of the country, to say nothing of its agricultural
product. A State whose timber interests are second to
none; and, in that direction, that great public benefactor
whose memory we meet here to honor this evening
has conferred upon this State a lasting benefit. He has
given us the means and pointed out to us the way in which
we can utilize these great gifts of Nature. But higher and
greater than all these, when we speak of Missouri, is another
feature, and that is the citizens that create and compose the
commonwealth. Those who make it what it is, those who
develop its resources, guard its honor, enhance its enlight-
enment, augment its glory, promote its progress, make its
history ; and, among those citizens, we are proud to claim
Henry Shaw. The gentlemen who have spoken here this
evening, whilst paying just tribute to the memory of that
man, seem to have rested upon the fact that he was a citizen
of St. Louis. He was also a Missourian, my friends, and
he acknowledged his fealty to the Commonwealth by nam-
ing this unequaled Garden for the State of his adoption.
It is the Missouri Botanical Garden, and it belongs as much
to the citizens of this State as it does to the citizens of St.
Louis alone. St. Louis is a part of Missouri; Missouri is

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 135

proud to claim St. Louis, Missouri takes an interest in St.
Louis and takes pride in her progress. And if St. Louis
but felt the same interest and extended the same courtesy
to the State upon every occasion that the State does to St.
Louis there would be that warmth of feeling, that fraternal
regard which should exist between the country and the city
and the absence of which we have for so long deplored.
We are all Missourians; we feel proud of the State, and
the very mention of the name of the Commonwealth should
arouse within us a feeling of pride. We should take an in-
terest in the welfare and the progress of this Commonwealth,
and every man should feel it to be his duty to put his
shoulder to the wheel and do what he can to increase the
wealth and the glory of Missouri.

On behalf of the Commonwealth I am glad of this oppor-
tunity, Mr. Chairman, to pay tribute to the memory of the
distinguished citizen in whose honor we are assembled this
evening. He was a Missourian whose fame was not con-
fined to the City of St. Louis nor, indeed, to the State of
Missouri, nor to the United States. The presence of these
distinguished guests this evening attests the estimate in
which he was held by the scientific world; and on the part
of the people of Missouri I desire to extend to those gen-
tlemen a cordial greeting. And on the part of Missouri,
also, sir, to say that we honor and shall continue to revere
the memory of Henry Shaw.

The Chairman: The Governor has truly said, gentle-
men, that the name and fame of Henry Shaw and of the
institutions which he founded are not confined to the City
of St. Louis or the State of Missouri. Will you allow me
for a few moments to call your attention to some of the ex-
pressions of regret from those whom we had the honor to
invite, but who were prevented from attending? I am
sure that these tributes will be acceptable.

136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

I read first a letter from Senator Vest, dated Washington,
April 30, 1890.

UNITED StatTEs SENATE,
WASHINGTON, D. C., April 30th, 1890.

My Dear Sir: The very kind invitation transmitted by you from the
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden, inviting me to attend the
Annual Banquet to be given on May 26th, 1890, in honor of Henry Shaw
the Founder of the Missouri Botanical Garden and the Shaw School of
Botany, has been received, for which convey to the Trustees my sincere
thanks,

Nothing would afford me greater pleasure than to participate upon any
occasion intended to honor the memory of Henry Shaw. He was a pub-
lic benefactor, and his unselfish devotion to the people and city of St.
Louis entitles him to their abiding gratitude. His simple and unosten-
tatious life, and unpretending charity, can never be forgotten by those
who know the full measure of his beneficent action towards those who
had no other claim upon him than the common “ touch of nature’ which
unites all mankind.

I became acquainted with Mr. Shaw more than thirty years ago, and
his character and attributes always commanded my sincere respect.

There was much in common between him and Mr. W. W. Corcoran of
this city. They were both types of that public spirit and genuine phi-
lanthropy which adorn and elevate humanity.

I regret very much that my public duties here will prevent my attend-
ing the Banquet, but I desire in the most public manner to add my tribute
to the worth of Henry Shaw. Very truly, &e.

G. G. Vest.
A. D. CunnineHaM, EsqQr.,
819 North Seventh St.,
St. Louis, Mo.

The Chairman then read the following letters, likewise
received by the Secretary of the Board : —

BUREAU OF EDUCATION,
WASHINGTON, D. C., April 29, 1890.

Dear Sir: I acknowledge herewith the receipt of the card of invita-
tion to the Annual Banquet given by the Trustees of the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden at the Southern Hotel in honor of Henry Shaw, the Founder
of the Garden, and the Shaw School of Botany.

As it will be impossible for me to be present in St. Louis on the 26th
of May next, I desire to thank you for the honor of the invitation and to
express herein the high personal esteem which I held for Mr, Shaw dur-

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, !

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 137

ing his life and my feeling of honor and respect for him since his death.
The people of St. Louis will hold in perpetual remembrance his kind and
wise thoughtfulness for their good. The provision which he has made
not only for their health and amusement, but also for their instruction
through the Botanical Garden, will always commend the name of Henry
Shaw to their gratitude. But there is no action of his out of the long
list of good deeds which stand to his credit, that has appealed so
strongly to my sense of obligation as his provision for a perpetual profes-
sorship of botany in connection with the chief educational institution of
St. Louis. By this provision a connecting link is, as it were, made be-
tween the University and the Botanical Garden in such a way as to make
the entire gift of the garden and professorship in its practical effects an
endowment to the University.

In the centre of a vast agricultural region, here is an institution for
laboratory work of the highest scientific and economical value in the
study of plant life.

It is safe to predict that the future will see a large representation
of specialists resorting to St. Louis to pursue the studies necessary for
the promotion of agricultural industry.

Iam very sincerely yours,
W.T. Harris,
Commissioner.

UNITED STATES NaTIONAL MUSEUM,
WASHINGTON, April 26, 1890.

Dear Sir: The invitation of the Trustees of the Missouri Botanical
Garden to join them in honoring the memory of its Founder is one which
no scientific man would willingly decline.

For those who, like myself, cannot be present in propria persona, on
account of their particular situation in space and time, will unanimously
request to be regarded as present in the spirit and with the spirit which
must animate all lovers of science on such an occasion. It would be
superfluous, nay almost impertinent, for me to offer a personal opinion
as to the services, past, present and to come, of Mr. Shaw, where so
many who have had the privilege of knowing him are able to speak,
but it may not be ungracious in me, as one who did not personally know
him, to add my humble testimony to the regard and appreciation which
his noble benefactions excite in minds which appreciate the wise gener-
osity which saw its fullest opportunity in. promoting the increase and
diffusion of knowledge among men.

Iam very sincerely yours,
Wo. H. DAL.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

St. Louis, May 9th, 1890.

My Dear Sir: Your kind invitation in behalf of the Trustees of the
Botanical Garden to the Annual Banquet is received. I thank them for

138. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

the compliment and desire to send my regrets that I will not be able to
attend.

I cannot content myself with the mere expression of regret. I honor
the memory of the late Founder of the ‘* Missouri Botanical Garden”
and ‘* The Shaw School of Botany.”

I consider him as one of the greatest benefactors of our State and the
Garden as one of the proudest monuments that can be reared to the mem-
ory of a cultured citizen.

The city of St. Louis is greatly indebted to his large-minded benefi-
cence, and there is no greater attraction to visitors than his wise fore-
sight has provided.

He has gathered together in this inviting resort a beautiful illustra-
tion of the truth of the motto he has chosen for his mausoleum “ How
manifold are Thy works; in wisdom hast Thou made them all, the Earth
is full of Thy riches.”’

Please convey this expression of my thanks to the Trustees.

Respectfully yours,
M. SCHUYLER.

CHEMICAL LABORATORY,
Cotumsia, Mo., May 17th, 1890.

Dear Sir: It is with genuine pain that I inform you of my inability to
be present at the Annual Banquet, in honor of Mr. Shaw, of the 26th of
this month. The closing exercises of this University, beginning with the
final class examinations on that day, would seem to render my absence
at that time impracticable. I regret this all the more as my respect for
Mr. Shaw while living has been increased since his death by that splen-
did monument, which his far-sighted sagacity has left alike to his mem-
ory and to science,— the Missouri Botanical Garden. His State will for-
ever honor him, andas a citizen anda representative of this University, I
beg to assure you of my lively interestin all the achievements of the
Botanical Garden, practical as well as scientific, so full of promise and
so well assured under its present management.

Very respectfully yours,
P. SCHWEITZER.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, !

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY,
Harrax, Nova Scorta, 2nd May, 1890. }

Dear Sir: May I request that you will be pleased to convey to the
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden my best thanks for their
kindness in honoring me with an invitation to the Henry Shaw ban-
quet. I regret very much that duties here of an unusual kind will de-
prive me of the pleasure of being present on an occasion of so much
interest, otherwise I would have cheerfully embraced the opportunity to
join in doing honor to one who has done such signal service for botan-

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 139

ical science, and for humanity. Dr. Robert Brown, whose acquaintance
during his later years I enjoyed in my youth, was characterized by Baron
Humboldt as facile princeps botanicorum, not so much for the volume of
work accomplished, as on account of the sagacity he displayed; and, in
like manner, Henry Shaw may well be styled the prince of botanical
patrons, not merely for the munificence of his gift, but because also of
the wisdom shown in its disposal.

Permit me to express, what every true botanist must feel, my heart-
felt desire for the prosperity of your institution.

I remain, dear sir, yours faithfully,
GEORGE LAWSON.

APALACHICOLA, May 9, 1890.

Sir: I am in receipt of your invitation to attend the annual banquet
given by the Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden in honor of
Henry Shaw, its Founder.

To honor such a benefactor of his race is nota pleasure merely, but a
duty; and I have an added inducement in the recollection of pleasant
personal relations many years ago. I wishit were possible to be with
you, but the infirmities incident toa life of more than fourscore years
are too great to allow me to undertake so long a journey, or to enjoy the
pleasures of the occasion, if present.

Bis. 5 respectfully,
A. W. CHAPMAN.

ALBION, ORLEANS County, NEw York, 24th May, 1890.

My Dear Sir: Ill-health keeps me still wholly retired here in Western
New York. Were I able to travel, I should esteem it a pleasant privi-
lege to accept the invitation to their Annual Banquet, with which the
Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden have honored me.

In consequence of my absence from Washington, this favor has only
now reached me. I trust, however, that my reply will prove seasonable
enough to duly convey my appreciation and plead my sincere regrets, as

Yours truly & obliged
FRANK HAMILTON CUSHING.

LABORATORY OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, April 30, 1890. }

My Dear Sir: I regret very much, that my duties here will prevent
acceptance of the invitation extended by your Bogrd, to the banquet
appointed for May 26th, 1890.

The first great patron of botanical science in America indeed deserves
all the honor that can be shown his memory.

Very truly,
WILLIAM RUSSELL DUDLEY.

140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Boston Socrety or Naturat History,
BERKLEY STREET, Boston, Mass., May 3, 1890. }

Dear Sirs: The undersigned regrets exceedingly not being able to be
present at the annual banquet given in honor of Henry Shaw, Founder
of your Botanical Garden and the School of Botany.

Such opportunities are of rare occurrence, and I always desire to take
part in them whenever it is practicable, because I think it the duty of
every scientific man to show that he feels grateful to the men who are
willing to give for the benefit of science, and to found institutions which
cannot but become centres for the encouragement of research and the
dissemination of knowledge.

With great respect for your institution and its founder, I remain,

Cordially yours,
ALPHEUS Hyatt.

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY,
NASHVILLE, TENN., April 25th, 1890. \

Gentlemen: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of an in-
vitation to attend the Annual Banquet to be given in the City of St. Louis,
May 26th, in honor of Henry Shaw, the Founder of the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden and the Shaw School of Botany.

I highly appreciate the honor and the interest of the occasion, but re-
gret to say that, owing to my engagements at the time, it will be out of
my power to attend. It would be a pleasure to attend, and it is meet that
all who can should join St. Louis in doing honor to the memory of Mr.
Shaw. The benefits of his work and liberal gifts are not confined to your
city or State. Wein Tennessee and Nashville, incommon with the whole
country, feel their influence for good, and shall be ever grateful that
Botany has had so generous and able a patron.

Respectfully,
JAMES M. SAFFORD,.

OFFICE OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST,

STATE oF New York,
ALBANY, April 30, 1890.

My Dear Sir: I regret that it will not be possible for me to avail my-
self of your kind invitation to attend the banquet to be given on the 26th
prox., in honor of Henry Shaw, the Founder of the Missouri Botanical
Garden and the Shaw School of Botany.

It would afford me very great pleasure could I, by my attendance on
the occasion, show, even in some faint degree, my profound veneration
for the memory of the man whose delight it has been to make such
princely provision for a continuance through all future time of botanical
study, under perhaps the most favorable circumstances that could possi-
bly be devised for its successful prosecution.

‘WALAYOSUUV AHL NI GNOd MOTTIM

ie eee mentee
pene

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 141

An endowment of this character will be universally acknowledged by
every true scientist, not only as a beautiful and just tribute to Natural
Science, but as an act, that in its broad appreciation of the value of
science, has lifted up human nature nearer towards Him who made our
beautiful world ‘and all that is therein.”’

Iam very truly yours,
J. A. LINTNER.

WEsT CHESTER, PENNA., May 6, 1890.

My Dear Sir: Will you be kind enough to thank the Trustees of the
Missouri Botanical Garden for their invitation to be present at the An-
nual Banquet held May 26th in honor of the Founder: Henry Shaw.

Time and distance prevent my acceptance of the honor. I thank the
memory of the founder for the impetus thus given to American botany:
for the enduring basis upon which he placed his benefaction: for the
example he has left to other men of means to be equally large-minded
and liberal towards humanizing studies: and lastly for the possibility,
thus provided, of having in our own land at least one such institution
which shall compare favorably in size and productiveness with anything
in Europe.

Believe me, sir, I am faithfully yours,
J. T. ROTHROCK,
Prof. of Botany in University of Pa.

The Chairman then called upon Dr. Farlow, of Harvard
University, as follows: —

Gentlemen: The method and first step of all science,
at least since the days of Lord Bacon, is to ascertain
and classify the facts from which it may deduce gen-
eral laws. There are various modes of conducting scientific
investigations. I dare say you all remember the old story
of the prize offered by some academy of natural history for
the best description of a camei, and of the various methods
adopted by those who competed for it. The story was first
told, —I am afraid it was invented, —by an English-
man. At any rate, he said that among the competitors
or the prize were an Englishman, a Frenchman, and a Ger-
man. The Englishman went to Arabia, abundantly pro-
vided not only with ammunition, but every creature comfort
and convenience, employed numerous native guides and

142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

servants, hunted the camel to his heart’s content in its
native deserts, studied the animal and its habits at his
leisure, and thus prepared his treatise. The Frenchman,
reluctant to tear himself from the delights of Paris, hied
him to the Jardin d’Acclimatation, found and studied the
captive camels there, satisfied himself that nothing more
was necessary, and wrote a treatise in which whatever may
have been wanting in the way of natural history was made
up by sparkling wit. The German scientist repaired to
his study, and there, enveloped in clouds of smoke, evolved
a description of the camel from the depths of his own
consciousness.

From this story we learn nothing about the methods of
investigation pursued by American scientists. But it is
our good fortune to have with us as guest this evening, an
eminent professor of the science of botany, who can give
us such information. May I ask Dr. Farlow, of Harvard
University, to tell us something about «The Botanist as an
Investigator? ”’

DR. FARLOW.

Your invitation, Mr. Chairman to attend the meeting this
evening gave me a great deal of pleasure, I assure you. I
had hoped, when I arrived this morning, to be shown for
the first time the Shaw Garden under the leadership of
your Director. Unfortunately I missed him at the station
and was therefore entrusted to the tender mercies of a
driver. The St. Louis driver is probably like other drivers
and I hardly expected to find here or elsewhere a person
well informed in botanical matters in the shape of a driver.
But I found on arriving at the Garden that this St. Louis
driver was not content to take the fare he would have
charged any of you, but insisted upon taking me into the
Garden and describing the different objects of interest.
He seemed to be perfectly familiar with the arrangements
there and I was quite delighted with him, and I said to my-

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 143

self, «* If the St. Louis drivers are so well informed about
their Botanical Garden, what must the general public be !”’
For I supposed that the drivers were not so likely to be in-
terested in the plants as the majority of the populace. Of
course, there could be no doubt that the St. Louis people
fully appreciate the Garden. Itisa source of pleasure and
instruction of the best kind, but, as a stranger, you will
pardon me if I refer to one point which does not seem to
me to have been touched upon by the previous speakers.
One speaker before me has mentioned that the Garden has
a local interest. Excuse me. It has a very much more
than local interest. Why, only a short time ago, I hada
letter from Edinboro’. The Professor there said ‘* What
a start they have at St. Louis!’’ Why, of course they
have! He knew it as well asI did. A knowledge of the
Shaw Garden and its promise for the future is not limited to
St. Louis by any means. It has been known for years
abroad, and the ample endowment you now have has fairly
surprised everybody in America. No other Garden in this
country has anything like the endowment which the Shaw
Garden has, and not many in Europe can be compared with
it. Ina very admirable Book, we are informed that ‘‘ where
much has been given, much shall be required.’’ Much has
been given here, what shull be required? That St. Louis
shall take the lead in scientific investigation. There is no
doubt whatever that, with such an intelligent, such an ac-
tive body of men as your Board of Trustees, the interests
of St. Louis will be looked out for as far as the Garden is
concerned. But the highest interests of St. Louis are the
interests of the United States—they are the interests of
the world. They are the interests of Science in general;
and Science itself is more than local, it is universal, where-

*- ever man is found. Now you have here in St. Louis a

Garden with an endowment far surpassing that of any other
Garden in America, and possibly equalling that of the best
Gardens in Europe, with a fund which may be and should
be spent for the purposes of investigation.

144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

What does investigation mean? It does not mean any
thing which is of necessity capable of practical application
at first sight. The investigator is a dull, plodding mortal,
working away year by year. But at last he discovers
something which is of benefit to all mankind. You should
not hurry the* investigator and say, ‘‘ We must have a re-
port in six months.’’ ‘*We must have areport ina year.’’
‘* Tell us about this thing, about that thing, about the other
thing.’? An investigator is one who knows what he is
about, and he knows a great deal better than you do. He
isone who has been trained, who has studied deeply, who is
thoroughly in earnest. He isnot one whois making money -
but one who is bound to discover the truth, and the truth
is what we want.

The weak point of science in the United States has al-
ways been not that we have not energetic men, not that
we are without talented men, but that the men are not al-
lowed to turn to abstract study for the simple reason that
the American mind does not encourage abstractions. But
we know what Newton did. Gravitation was an abstraction.
The germ theory also was an abstraction, and we know
what practical results have come from abstract studies in
these cases. Here in St. Louis, better than anywhere else,
you are provided for doing abstract work. ‘Trust to re-
search. Do not be afraid to go ahead and leave to investiga-
tors the work which, in the end, and perhaps in a compar-
atively few years, must give your Garden a prominent
place amongst all the Gardens of the world. Do not be
content to say, ‘* We of St. Louis have here a beautiful Gar-
den, where we can go every day and examine the plants and
appreciate the beauties of nature,’’ but do not rest until
you have established here a school of research, research in the
most difficult problems of botany, being assured that in the
end those problems will be of advantage not only to St.
Louis, to Missouri, but to the whole world. Once having
made in St. Louis a school of research, you will then take
the lead in practical horticulture as well as in more purely

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 145

theoretical science. You already have at the head of the
Garden one qualified to lead in research. I have the good
fortune to know your Director. I have known him for a
number of years and I feel that you have got entirely
the right man for the place.

Now, Iam perhaps a little heretical on one subject. Not
heretical in the light in which you would regard the subject,
but in the way in which a college professor may be sup-
posed to form his opinion. It has been said that a business
man does not know anything about science. He knows
- about making money and that is the end of it. But there
is one thing he can know; — that he does not know how to
manage the details of science but must select proper men to
manage them. Now, you have this evening commemorated
the beneficence of Mr. Shaw. He was not only benef-
icent — many men are beneficent — but I hold beneficence,
great as it is, as doubly great when combined with an intel-
ligence like that of Mr. Shaw. Mr. Shaw knew what he
wanted. He appreciated Nature, he observed the beauties
of plants with a reverent spirit, and he saw that there
were scientific problems which needed to be studied and he
recognized that he did not know how to manage those prob-
lems himself. To aid in the development of his plan, years
ago he associated with himself Doctor Engelmann.

Now, to digress for a moment right here. St. Louis, in
the East, is called a new city. As far as science is con-
cerned it is not a new city. In science there is no city in
the West that can be compared with St. Louis. For many
_ years St. Louis has been the home of scientific men of
marked reputation. Doctor Engelmann, it was my privi-
lege to know. Trained in foreign Universities, the inti-
mate friend of leading scientific men of both hemispheres
ever since he settled in this city, more than fifty years
ago, he pursued science for its own sake. The de-
mands of his profession gave him but comparatively little
time, to be sure, but in that little time he accomplished a
remarkable amount of first class work. Too great honor

10

146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

cannot be given to the pioneers of science in this city of
St. Louis. The pioneers of learning in the West were
here — they were not to be found in other cities at all.
Now, Mr. Shaw, as I say, early associated himself with
Doctor Engelmann, and afterwards with Doctor Gray. He
knew what he wanted and that, of all persons of scientific
training, Doctor Engelmann and Doctor Gray were best ca-
pable of forming a plan for the detailed elaboration of his
great purpose. In Mr. Shaw’s will, which I regard as a
great model of clearness and far-seeing scientific percep-
tion, he has made provisions for plans he had in view. He
distinctly says that the Garden is not only to be a place of
recreation and instruction for the public, but also special
botanical research. You have a person to my knowledge
amply capable of carrying out research in its best form and,
as you have done me the honor to suggest that I should
be, in a sense, an advisor, may I offer simply this advice,
which I think you will not neglect to follow. That is, to
keep right on as you have begun; go right ahead and do
not be afraid, no matter what people say, to insist upon
research. You have your garden for the public, you also
have the means of research, and in ten years, in twenty
years, in thirty years, by constantly pushing onward, you
will be in a position absolutely above all ordinary establish-
mentsinthiscountry. Perhaps you may beeven the leading
establishment in this country, for I am sure that there is no
University having anything like the endowment which has
been given to the Missouri Botanical Garden by Mr. Shaw.

To the next sentiment the Hon. Norman J. Colman was
asked to respond, as follows:—

You will remember, gentlemen, that in the will of Henry
Shaw he speaks of botany not only in the sense or with the
meaning which perhaps includes all that many of us find in
that word,—that is, a knowledge of plants sufficient to
enable one to pick a flower to pieces and explain in an in-
teresting way, to a class of young ladies, how many pistils

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 147

and stamens it has and what sonorous Latin name it bears.
Much more than this, as Dr. Farlow has said, Mr. Shaw
recognized in the science of botany. He desired to pro-
mote the study and development of that science in its
broadest relations. One direction in which he expressly
provides that investigations shall be made is in respect of
the relations of botany to agriculture.

Among the guests whom the Trustees have the pleasure
of welcoming this evening, is a citizen of Missouri, who, be-
sides holding important public office in this State, and in
the United States, has devoted many years of his life to the
promotion of farming interests and the intelligent study
and pursuit of agriculture. Appointed by President Cleve-
land to the important office of Commissioner of Agriculture,
he became, towards the close of that administration, the
first Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, then
newly established by Congress.

I have great pleasure in calling upon the Honorable
Norman J. Colman to respond to the sentiment,— ‘‘ Bot-
any, in its relation to Agriculture.’’

COLONEL COLMAN.

Mr. Chairman: At this late hour of the night, I feel
that it would be quite out of place for me to make any pro-
tracted remarks, and I shall be very brief indeed in what I
may say. I have been led to ask myself, as I have listened to
the very appropriate and able speeches which have been de-
livered, if he who has caused two blades of grass to grow
where only one grew before should be called a public bene-
factor, what higher title and honor should not be given to
him who has caused thousands of blades to grow where
only one grew before, who has collected from the four
quarters of the globe the most beautiful trees and shrubs
and flowers which were native there, and brought them here
and planted them and nursed them and left them as a legacy

148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

for all time to the people of St. Louis, to the people of Mis-
souri, and of the Nation.

A little more than half a century ago, a young man came
to St. Louis and cast his lot with our people. With but a
small capital he commenced business and, by close attention
to that business, was successful. All of his spare hours, as
he has told me himself, were devoted to the study of
botany. He loved trees and flowers with a devotion which
he could not overcome. And he determined, even soon
after locating here, at some future day to establish a Gar-
den which should be a pleasure to every person who should
visit it as well as to himself. Unlike other business men,
when the cares of his office and the duties of his business
were over, he gave himself to his books, to the study of
botany, and mastered that most difficult, that most inter-
esting science. He collected all of the indigenous plants
which it was possible for him to secure here, and sent
abroad for other choice trees and plants, spending his
means, devoting his time, to the collection of what we now
have here, which is so great a credit to the City; and the
Botanical Garden which bears his name has not an equal
upon this continent and but two or three that equal it in the
whole world.

What an example has Henry Shaw set to the young men
of this country! With his own mind, with his own hands
he carved out his fortune. Instead of wasting it, as many
do, he spent it for the good of the people of St. Louis, for
the good of humanity. He loved flowers and that love is an
innate love of man. History teems with the description of
gardens from the earliest ages of man. Even biblical his-
tory tells us that Adam was placed in the Garden of Eden.
This love for flowers, this esthetic, finer nature, needs more
attention, needs more culture than is usually given it. And
we have advantages here in this city in that respect pos-
sessed by few others, and yet, gentlemen, this is but the
foundation. Mr. Shaw has simply laid the foundation.
What will not this garden and this magnificent park a hun-

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 149

dred years from now, or a thousand years from now, be in
comparison with what it is to-day! It is left as a legacy to
the public for all time, it is a school of instruction, and I
believethat this work will go on and on with increasing vigor.
I believe that we have a Board of Trustees that will devote
their time, that will devote their energies, to carry out the
wishes, to carry out the trusts which Mr. Shaw so wisely
reposed in them.

I have not time, Mr. Chairman, to speak of this matter in
its scientific relations to agriculture. It is well known to
every botanist here that we can now breed plants with as
much certainty of improvement as we can breed domestic
animals. The knowledge of the science of botany has given
to man the power to improve the varieties which God has
given us, and they have been improved. Even our fine
pippins had their origin in the crab-apple. Van Mons spent
a great many years in the improvement of pears and suc-
ceeded in obtaining hundreds of new varieties by cross-
fertilization. These gardens here are a school of instruc-
tion. They are an experiment school. We have had
lately given us at Washington six hundred thousand dollars
for the establishing of experiment stations in each State,
each State receiving but fifteen thousand dollars for that
purpose. What is that in comparison, gentlemen, to the
magnificent endowment of Henry Shaw?

There is one more point and I will close. As I have
traveled through this park with my farmer friends I have
frequently been questioned as to what is this tree or that
tree or the other tree. Other persons have visited these
grounds and have endeavored to describe certain trees to me
to ascertain what they are, and I have been sorry to see
that one very important part has been neglected, which I
hope in the near future will be changed; and that is the
labeling of every tree and every shrub, so that the humblest
farmer, the humblest citizen who visits those grounds, if
he sees anything which strikes his fancy which he wishes
to procure and take to his home to adorn it, may know just

.

150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

what it is, so that he may get it at one nursery or another.
But the lateness of the hour, Mr. Chairman, will prevent
my speaking any further.

Mr. Colman having concluded his remarks, the Chairman
said :—

Iam very glad, gentlemen, that Mr. Colman so frankly
mentioned what has occurred to him in visiting the Garden,
because it gives me the opportunity to say that, at the sug-
gestion of the Director, the Trustees some time ago gave
directions that every tree and plant in the Garden should
have aflixed to it a suitable label, for the very purpose to
which he has referred.

Mr. Shaw’s will, you will remember, designates as the
guests to be invited at this annual banquet, literary as well
as scientific men, friends and patrons of the natural sciences.
That duty we have endeavored to fulfill, and with very grat-
ifying success, —though not all that we hoped for, for our
desires and expectations are very extensive. It is quite
evident that in his thoughts there was no trace of that
ancient prejudice, not yet absolutely extinct, in virtue of
which it was once supposed that there was some kind of
conflict between Literature and Science. Men of culture,
in this day, occupy broader ground. They know that
between literature, or what used to be called «‘ the human-
ities,’’ and science, there is no opposition. Like the
Muses of old, they are sisters, harmonious in their different
spheres. The universities of our own country not only
recognize the value, indeed the necessity, of scientific in-
struction, but are including scientific schools among their
departments. We have the pleasure this evening of wel- -
coming among our guests a gentleman who represents
perhaps particularly the literary branch of culture, — the
President of Randolph-Macon College of Virginia. And I
shall ask Dr. Smith if he will be kind enough to illustrate
for us the fact that literature and botanical science are nearl y
connected, that they sometimes have.a very intimate and

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 151

practical connection, by telling us something about the
Betula alba, commonly called, I believe, the white birch.

DR. SMITH.

Mr. Chairman, and Gentlemen: A happy accident has
put me in position to accept your very kind and court-
eous invitation to be present this evening, and I have enjoy-
ed these exercises more than I can tell; because I have not
only been entertained but greatly instructed by the ad-
dresses and remarks that have been made in connection with
the various toasts that have been proposed to-night. I
confess, however, that my pleasure in hearing the last ad-
dress or two has been diminished or disturbed more or less
by the fact that I have been notified by the President that I
was to be called upon to say something myself on this oc-
casion, and I have been casting around in my mind to find
some point of connection —how I, not specifically a botanist,
but only a pedagogue, might get correlated with the situa-
tion, as it were, inthis learned company. I have been help-
ed in this search for a nexus by the statement which your
President made when he said that it was a part of the pur-
pose of the founder of this institution to promote arboricult-
ure. I was further relieved when Doctor Trelease said that
it was the purpose to make the investigations at the Garden
practically useful, and now I am prepared to stand before
you as a teacher and as representing teachers with a worthy
subject, the merits of Betula alba, and to ask very earnest-
ly that my friend Dr. Trelease shall not neglect this teacher’s
friend, the old-time birch. I desire also to impress upon
my friend, the Governor, and I am very glad that I have
the opportunity of addressing this directly and personally to
him, that much more of gratitude is due to Betula alba from
our statesmen than has ordinarily been given to her. I
stand in defense of her claim that upon her rest the founda-
tions of the State. For, sir, it will be admitted that our re-
publican institutions rest upon our schools; who will deny
that? That the maintenance of our schools rests upon the

152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

authority of the teacher; who will deny that? And that the
authority of the teacher lodges at last in Betula alba, and
who will deny that? Thus we see that there is at once a
fundamental need that this Garden which is to stand as the
representative institution of this country in this particular
line, shall not neglect the culture of the most indispensable
Betula alba.

My own acquaintance with the practical application of
arboriculture to pedagogy commenced in my very early
years. I remember, sir, —I remember it very distinctly, —
when at a very tender age, Amygdalus Persica was applied
to my personal anatomy. I called it peach switch then,
but it was to Amygdalus Persica, applied by maternal
hands, that I owed many resolutions of filial duty. I re-
member, sir, when I advanced to the greater dignity of
Betula alba in the hands of a stalwart male teacher. But
when, sir, as a sturdy youth, my progress in robustness of
form and persistency of will was such as to demand the ap-
plication of Carya alba, the redoubtable hickory, I grad-
uated, sir, with college honors!

I confess that I viewed these gifts of nature at that time
from an opposition stand-point; but since I became a
teacher, I have changed my point of view, —swapped ends,
as it were, — and have learned to look upon them as the
essential foundations of modern civilization.

The poet has sung of Betula alba. I may be allowed,
perhaps, to quote from one of our poets, who has addressed
the country upon the duties and the character of the peda-
gogue, in language antique though in modern times. He
says — you will remember our American poet, Saxe —

**Righte lordlie is ye Pedagogue
AS any turbaned Turke;
For, welle to rule ye District Schoole,
It is no idle worke.

* For, as ’t is meete to soak ye feete,
Ye ailinge heade to mende,
Ye younker’s pate to stimulate,
He beats ye other ende,”’

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 153

And I tell you, sir, that there are times, as the poet goes
on to remark, when even Betula alba fails, and when noth-
ing, sir, short of Carya alba will suffice; for

‘‘ Sometimes he heares, with trembling feares,
Of ye ungodlie rogue
On mischieff bent, with felle intent
To licke ye Pedagogue!

‘6 And if ye Pedagogue be smalle
When to ye battell led,
In such a plighte, God sende him mighte
To breake ye rogue his heade!”’

And I add, for such emergencies, may Doctor Trelease
ever keep for us an adequate and accessible supply of
Carya alba.

But, gentlemen, Betula alba, noble and great as she is,
has had her enemies, her rivals. Even in classic times I
remember that Juvenal says,—a man of some authority,
though I will not admit the greatest. —Manum ferule sub-
duxi, or words to that effect. But I am glad to be able to
appeal from Juvenal to a higher and wiser authority against
this unworthy rival, the ferule; for, is it not written in
the works of the wisest of men and one who * wrote of all
trees, from the hyssop that springeth in the wall to the
cedars of Lebanon,”’ an authority, I may say, pre-eminent
among botanists, that he that spares Betula alba will spoil
the progeny of his loins? But a new peril has arisen in
these modern times, and I pause, gentlemen, to ask your
earnest consideration of this danger. I do not know that I
can present it to you more forcibly, if you will allow me,
than by an incident that has recently been related to me.
Ithas come with all the evidences of authenticity from across
the water, and it shows, gentlemen, the persistent malevo-
lence with which our British cousins are ever seeking to
undermine American industries, even to attacking Betula
alba in her own home. The Queen of England, a lady
who, you know, is sedulously desirous for the education of

154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

her children, requires, it is said, the professors of Eton
College, when she is at her Windsor Palace residence, to
give instruction to the members of the Royal family.
Among those members was the bright, delightful and ac-
complished Princess Alice, and among her teachers was the
solemn Doctor Hicks, a trifle more stately and dignified
than the ordinary English head-master, and that is saying
a great deal. It is said that upon one occasion, Doctor
Hicks crossed the Thames, strode up the long avenue of
elms, was ushered into the royal apartments and proceeded
to give his instruction in mathematics to his pupils. Before
him, with the other members of the royal family, was the
Princess Alice, crouched up in her seat, with brow con-
tracted, now and then erasing from her slate the figures
that she had made, illustrating the axiom that there is no
royal road to learning. At last she looked up from her
place and, addressing the presiding officer, exclaimed, ‘I
say, Hicks, I can’t get this thing!’ ‘*Hicks! Did that
child call me Hicks?’ With difficulty restraining himself,
he at once asked for an audience with the Queen and was
promptly shown into her boudoir. Immediately she arose
and said, ** Doctor Hicks what can I dofor you?’ ** Your
Majesty,’’ said he, ‘‘ I have beeninsulted. Your daughter
Alice has insulted me.’’ He then detailed the circum-
stances, and the Queen sent for Alice, and at once
addressing her, said, ** Alice, my daughter, I am surprised
that you should ever forget that you are a lady.’? Admin-
istering a severe reproof, she concluded by saying, ‘* And
now, if ever I hear of you in any way showing disrespect to
your teachers, I shall send you to bed.’’ Note that, gen-
tlemen, — ‘I shall send you to bed.’’ Not ‘I shall apply
Betula alba,’’ the proper corrective, nor even ‘I shall
apply Amygdalus Persica,’’ but ** I shall send you to bed.’’
Cubitus has arisen as a new and dangerous rival to Betula
alba, and that, too, from the British possessions. The Doctor
smoothed his ruffled plumage and retired. His step was
more stately than ever. Royalty had been taught a lesson

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 155

of respect and reverence to age and learning, and as he
returned to his home it was in the full consciousness of
victory. The next day he returned to give his accustomed
lessons. Of course, there was added majesty to his de-
meanor, there was conscious authority and victory in his
eye as he walked up the long aisle; the flunkies bowed
lower than ever, the doors were flung open to him, and, as
he entered the hall from the upper end, there came tripping
down gracefully to meet him, courtesying humbly as she
came, the Princess Alice. The Doctor rejoiced at the
completeness of his victory. But lo! as she reached him,
bowing low but looking archly up, she cries out — ** Good
morning to you, Hicks. How are you to-day, Hicks? I
hope you are in a better humor to-day than you were yes-
terday. And now, old Hicks, good-night, for I am going
to bed.’’ Now, don’t laugh the wrong way about that, for
I am afraid your sympathies are with the Princess Alice
instead of with Doctor Hicks.

But, gentlemen, let us not forget the serious side of this
matter. In addition to the defeated aspirants for the law-
ful honors of Betula alba, the ferules, raw-hides, rattans,
straps, e¢ 7d omne genus, there comes direct from the Court
of England, backed by British authority, — and who will
deny by British gold, —this new and ignoble competitor,
endeavoring to supplant the products of our American for-
ests. We have stood such things as long as we may, and
now I appeal to you, gentlemen, in the name of our coun-
try, to protect Betula alba from all foreign importations,
from the rawhide of South America, the rattan of India,
the ferule, come whence it may, and especially from this
last innovation of an effete and, I may say, a bed-ridden
monarchy; and I ask in behalf of the cause I seek to up-
hold, that the Trustees of the Garden join hand in hand
with the educational associations of the State and, appear-
ing before Congress, demand a prohibitory tariff against
this and everything else, for the protection of our native
and all-powerful Betula alba.

156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

The closing speech of the evening was made by Dr.
James Hall, the Director of the Cabinet of Natural History
of the State of New York, who was thus introduced by the
Chairman : —

It has been very pleasant to us who live here, to be told
by those who know whereof they speak that St. Louis is
reckoned one of the older cities of this country, so far as the
pursuit and promotion of natural science is concerned.
Not many years have passed, as nations count years, since
virgin forests, penetrated only by the wandering savage,
covered the ground now occupied by many miles of well
built streets, the busy haunts of industry and traffic. Even
during Mr. Shaw’s active business life, before he conceived
the plan which during forty years afterwards he was en-
gaged in carrying out, the idea of founding, in the Far
West, a Trust like this for the promotion of botanical
science, would have been considered, if considered at all,
as something which belonged to the far distant future.

And yet, gentlemen, we are gratified this evening by the
presence of a student, let me rather say a master, in natural
science, who first visited the then distant West, fifty years
ago, as a student of natural science, and whose long life has
been devoted to its pursuit. Dr. Hall, the Director of the
Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York, has
not only done us the honor to come a thousand miles to be
present on this occasion, but has kindly consented to tell us
something of his own experience during those years through
which he has watched the growth and aided in the develop-
ment of science in this country.

DR. HALL.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: After all the good things
have been said, what can I say? After such an eloquent
appeal in favor of Betula alba, one of my early acquaint-
ances, perhaps even before I studied botany, I can only, as

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 157

an offset, mention an anecdote connected with Princeton
College a full century ago, when Rev. John Witherspoon
was President of that institution. It was then the practice
to apply Betula alba and also the ferula when it was con-
sidered necessary, and one day the President coming into
the Latin teacher’s room found him with one of his boys
laid upon the form (the desk) and administering a posteriort
the ferula. ‘¢Tut, mon!’’ said the President, ‘* what are
you doing?’ ‘Oh,’ the other replied, ‘this boy is
lazy. He doesn’t get his Latin lessons and I have great
trouble with him; more than with all the rest of them.’’
Whereupon the President replied, «* Tut, Tut, mon! ye’ll
never bate the Latin in that wa’!”’

I did think, gentlemen, at the beginning of this banquet,
that there was something I might say, and it occurs to
me now that a few words comparing the present and the past
would be appropriate to this grand occasion: —the cele-
bration of an event which makes an important epoch in your
history, the results of a most munificent bequest, which places
your city and state far in advance of any other. I wish
to compare the conditions now existing for scientific study
and teaching in this «* far West,’’ which I knew almost as a
wilderness fifty years ago, with the conditions which ex-
isted in the East during my boyhood. After passing
through the ordinary school, or even while I was still an
inmate of the ordinary school, such as existed in New
England at that time, and in Plymouth County, Mas-
sachusetts, I there received my earliest education. Doubt-
less I have forgotten much of Betula alba that was vivid
to me then; we often forget our pains in the pleasures
that follow, and I dare say, I have forgotten most of the
ministrations of that beautiful tree which grows in our for-
ests and which we utilize in many ways!

I was fond of nature, infatuated with nature. I could
not go from my father’s house without bringing back
shrubs and flowers. I appealed in every direction for some
information, some instruction which would give me a clue

158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

to the names of the flowers and shrubs. I knew from my
reading, even though a boy, that there were names to
flowers, that they had botanical names, that they had
names by which they could be known everywhere. I ap-
pealed to the teacher of my academy, a graduate of Har-
vard University. Begging the pardon of the Professor
just speaking, there was at that time no regular professor
of Botany in Harvard University, and I appealed to the
teacher of my academy, who was a graduate of that col-
lege, in vain for some instruction which would teach me
the names, or the manner or mode by which I could learn
the names of those plants which I was so interested in col-
lecting, but it did not come to me ; it was not to be had.
And later on, watching for everything which would give
me @ clue, any information in regard to nature in every
one of its aspects, I saw that there had been established in
the State of New York a school with the modest title « For
the Teaching of Agriculture and the Mechanical Arts,”’ es-
tablished by a man who held large landed possessions;
the Honorable Stephen Van Rensselaer, patron of the Van
Rensselaer Manor. This gentleman, feeling that his tenants
were not as intelligent as he would like to see them, himself
a correspondent with scientific men and scientific societies
over Europe, saw the desirableness and even the necessity
of beginning some foundation for a more practical system
of education —and if you will look at the records of our
State of New York from about 1790 onward to 1817, you
will see that agriculture, manufactures and the mechanical
arts were uppermost in the minds of all intelligent men.
Science had hardly a name. And yet this school estab-
lished for the teaching of agriculture and the mechanical
arts became the source of science teaching in this country.
The students of this school, under the direction of a profes-
sor, — not such professors as we now have, because there
were none in America, — were permitted to go to the farm-
ers’ fields to watch the growth of vegetation, to do what they
saw fit in regard to the plants that were growing; in that par-

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 159

ticular making of certain farms that were allotted to the use
of the school, experiment stations. Andthere, gentlemen, I
think, in the neighborhood of Troy, in the establishment of
the Rensselaer School, were the first agricultural experiment
stations. But, unfortunately, the farmers complained that
the experiments were too expensive and after a few years
it was prohibited. However, the principal of this school
himself inherited a love for science in every one of its de-
partments, having given scientific lectures over the country
of New England and some parts of New York, and had in-
fused into men of ordinary pursuits a love, and a re-
spect for science which has hardly ever been equally true of
any other people or country. Avery excellent friend of
mine, a lawyer, who died a few years ago at the age of
seventy-eight, listened to a course of lectures by Professor
Eaton when he was a boy in Hudson and through the influ-
ence of that love for science there engendered, and having
been a State officer, and in various public positions, always
gave his countenance and help to scientific pursuits.

This school, established as a school for the teaching of
agriculture and the mechanical arts, became a school for the
teaching of botany, mineralogy, chemistry and geology un-
der the auspices of this patron of science. A geological
and agricultural survey of Rensselaer County was made, as
also of Albany County, and the results were published
about 1823 or 1824. Immediately upon the opening of the
Erie Canal, a survey of the entire length of the canal was
made by this Professor Eaton and his students, under the
patronage of Stephen Van Rensselaer, bringing out the re-
sults as far as it was then practical in the way of geology
and agricultural botany, and other facts in science, in a vol-
ume published in 1824. Now, that was my knowledge of
the beginning of scientific work in this country, as I had de-
rived it mainly from newspaper reading in my boyhood.

I ought to have said that, failing in every way to be
taught the elements of any one of the sciences, I made my
way to Cambridge and found there were courses of lectures

160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

on mineralogy ; but that did not meet my wants. I then, in
despair of acquiring knowledge nearer home, walked across
the country from Boston to Troy, leaving Boston ona
Monday afternoon, after bidding good-bye to my friends»
and arriving at the Rensselaer School on Saturday night.
There I had the pleasure of spending five years of my life
as student and teacher and I saw there what could come out
of very poor surroundings. We had one building only, a
brick building, substantial, to be sure, upon which was
painted the sign of the school. Our laboratories for bot-
any, for chemistry and for mineralogy and geology were mere
sheds, in fact no better than sheds in their external appear- -
ance. But every one of those students who entered there
became imbued with the soul and spirit of science and no
student ever came within the influence of Professor Eaton,
the principal of the school, who did not come out at the end
of his course permeated with the love of and a respect
for science and a desire for its advancement. Every
lesson or recitation was in the form of an extempo-
raneous lecture giving the student’s own knowledge of
the subject, and not a recitation from books. Even the
man whom you have spoken of, the great botanist of our
country, Professor Gray, received his first instruction
through the influence of the Professor from whom I re-
ceived my first instruction at the Rensselaer School; not at
the school, but indirectly and elsewhere. And Doctor Tor-
rey, who was our greatest botanist, before Dr. Gray, also
received his direct instruction from Professor Eaton, the
first principal of the Rensselaer School in Troy.

These, gentlemen, were some of the beginnings of science.
It seems a very long way to trace its history from that
time, when it was difficult to even acquire the elements of
the knowledge of botany, to a period when. you have here,
from this grand man, a bequest more comprehensive in its
* purpose than any which has been made in any period of the
world’s history, I believe!

Because botany has not been the pursuit of my life, it

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 161

does not the less interest me. The first years of my
student life at Troy were spent in the study of botany,
only, however, to study it superficially, to learn the names
of the plants, to learn their relations to other plants, and
finally, as I began the study of medicine, to know some-
thing of their medicinal qualities. I performed many ex-
periments upon myself during those years in which I was
devoted to botany, and the happiest years of my scientific
life were those in which I followed this pursuit of botany,
giving me more pleasure, more satisfaction than anything
else I have ever done in the same length of time subse-
quently.

Botany in those days extended very little farther than
the knowledge of the natural relations of plants, the one
class to the other, or the one set of species to another.
Very little more than that; and in the course of two years
I had accumulated a herbarium of 900 species of native
plants growing along the Hudson Valley within a radius of
ten miles around Troy. That botany had become a popu-
lar study in the schools may be inferred from the fact that
eight editions of Eaton’s Manual of Botany, based upon the
‘¢ Artificial System’’, so termed, had been published almost
before the text-book of Dr. Gray, based upon the *« Natu-
ral System’’, had found its way into the schools; Eaton’s
latest edition, being only a year or two after the first pub-
lication of Gray’s Elements of Botany.

But a bequest of this kind is farther reaching than per-
haps you will consider when you look at it only in its rela-
tions to botany. Every department of science in America
has progressed so rapidly that it is scarcely possible to take
noteof the progress which has been made. Leaving botany
for geology, I have known your country, even this locality
of St. Louis, just 49 years ago, asa city of less than 20,000
people. I made no acquaintances here, I believe, at that
time. I was making a geological exploration of the
country between New York and the West, the Mississippi
River ostensibly. Years later, I become acquainted with

11

162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

your scientific men ; about 1850 to 1855. And when I look
at this magnificent bequest for science, I can only recall
how earnestly these men were working, how untiringly they
struggled for success. The geologists and paleontologists
of your latitude have left comparatively little of tangible
record in the way of collections to mark their own time.
Only one of my own friends, Doctor Engelmann, can be
said to have his memory perpetuated in this grand bequest
of Mr. Shaw. Nevertheless, it is impossible, gentlemen,
to separate one science from another. The sciences must
go hand in hand. You will put into the organization of
your Botanical Garden some men, at least, with a knowledge
of chemistry as well as of the geological relations of the
soils, because it is absolutely impossible for an individual
or aschool to know on what soil to grow plants success-
fully and to improve their condition unless he knows some-
thing of the composition, the chemical nature and geolog-
ical origin of that soil.

Now, it is too late to more than suggest what ought to
follow,— what I think should follow such a bequest as
this. You live here, gentlemen, in a city whose magnitude
is so far beyond what one could have expected forty years
ago that it seems to dominate the West. It will not belong
before your city will be the greatest city inthe West. You
have this one grand thing, a Botanical Garden and a School
of Botanical Science. Now, will you, gentlemen of St.
Louis, allow the Botanical Garden, which every one loves
and admires, so far to absorb all interests that you will for-
get other sciences, your geology and mineralogy, — features
more directly important in their commercial and economic
aspects, — will you forget these? And I want to say one
word here in regard to your Geologist and your geological
survey. It may be a little out of place, but it has come
directly to me in this way. My acquaintance in St. Louis
in 1850 to 1855 shows that you had here one botanist pre-
eminent; it showed also that you had several geologists and
paleontologists, Doctor Prout, Professor Shumard and some

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 163

others. These have gone and so little is left to mark their
work that I am sorry to say it is scarcely creditable to those
who have followed them. I have been examining these col-
lections myself for my own purposes of knowledge and I am
sorry to feel that your collections in that direction are
barely as good as they were forty years ago. You have a
geological survey; you have had a geological survey before,
and I ought to say, perhaps, that my experience in the
geological survey of the State of New York, if it does not
give me the right to speak, gives me an opinion which I
cannot very well help expressing. We in New York began
a geological survey in 1836. The report of the Secretary
of State proposing an organization of that survey was made
in 1835. In 1834 the Albany Institute, in which at that
time were some prominent men of science, as science was
then known, passed a resolution of this kind, recommend-
ing that a law be passed which shall result ‘‘ in bringing
together under one roof all the natural productions of the
State of New York.’’ Now, that was attempted to be
carried out; our survey was carried on for a few years and
terminated with the appropriation and fitting up of the old
State Hall, or the building which had been occupied by the
State officers for fifty and more years, for a geological and
Natural History Museum. This building was appropriated
to us, and an attempt was made to bring in specimens of all
the materials which should express anything in relation to
the natural products of New York; all the plants, all the
animals, all the minerals, whether interesting only in a scien-
tific aspect, or interesting in their economic aspect. This
work has not yet been finished. It may be accomplished
some time in the future; but what I would say is that by this
course we have preserved the tangible evidences of what was
accomplished during the four years of the geological survey.
You have had a geological survey in this State, but I under-
stand the materials have never been brought together in
any public building. In several other States the same thing
has happened. The materials collected by the surveys, so

164 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

far as all practical use of them is concerned, have been lost.
Now, to a man who is a cosmopolitan as I am, with no prej-
udice for East or West, or for one part of the earth over
another, and from what I know of the resources of Missouri,
and which I have known in a general way for more than
forty years, it seems to me that they should no longer be
neglected. It is the duty of the authorities, of the Legisla-
ture of the State of Missouri, to erect a fire-proof building,
where all the natural products of the State of Missouri can
be brought together under one roof; that you should not
go on with your geological survey for a few years only,
your materials collected to be poorly housed and finally lost.
Go on with the work so long as new facts and new knowl-
edge can be acquired from the investigation; adding yearly
to the stock of information which will increase the general
intelligence of your people, and give them a true apprecia-
tion of the resources of this great commonwealth. Science
is truth; and the workers in science are looking for the
truth. Indirectly we give you commercial advantages,
coming from our knowledge— economic advantages, I should
say, and it is not a fair thing toward men of science to
neglect the preservation of the records of their work; for
if this work is not made of economic importance, it does
not come home to you in any direct way.

It is true the results of these investigations do come to us
in a greater enlightenment and cultivation by entering into
our sources of education and in becoming a part of our life.
Your streets, your houses and public buildings are lighted
here by these electric lamps, your cars are moved upon
the street by this same power. A few centuries ago the
men who were experimenting with electricity were ridi-
culed, but you have now the practical results. It is your
duty, I say, not only to your State but to those who would
come to your State to invest their capital in economic
workings, or to live among you as intelligent and cultivated
citizens, and above all as an inheritance for your children,
that you should have a place where all the resources of
your State can be exhibited under one roof.

FIRST ANNUAL BANQUET. 165

The Chairman: Gentlemen, but one word remains, —
a word of grateful thanks on the part of the Trustees of
the Missouri Botanical Garden for the kindness and court-
esy of your presence: especially, —and in this I speak
not only for the Trustees, but for all our St. Louis
friends, — to those who have manifested their interest in
this institution by coming so far and so kindly taking part
in this occasion. Let us all hope that this shall be but the
first of many Annual Banquets, at each one of which shall
be noted constantly increasing progress in the promotion
of science and knowledge, with which the name of Henry
Shaw, among those of other benefactors of the human
race, shall be inseparably connected.

MAP OF THE GARDEN.

(Scale 1 inch to 60 feet).

The following sheets, representing one-fourth of the
grounds including the Garden, are reduced from a map
executed in 1889-90 by Messrs. Johnson and Flad, and
include that portion facing on Tower Grove Avenue (5-6)
and running northward from Magnolia Avenue (A) to
Shaw Avenue (Z). The principal points of interest are
located as follows: —

Arboretum Gates, M1, Sl. Lodge for Pupils, B65.
Director’s Residence, I3. Museum, K4-5.
Economic Plants, Rl. Parterre, Q3.

Entrance Gate, Q5. Pavilions, N3, W3.
Fruticetum Gate, U5. Statue, Juno, Q2-3.
Greenhouses, H-J3-4, R-T3. «< -‘Victory, M4.
Herbaceous Grounds, N3. Tomb of Henry Shaw, K3.
Library, K4-5. Vegetable Garden, H3.

Lily Ponds, Q-R4. Wells, 13-4, M4-5, U4.

H

ome

G
aa knat anand

a ee

—_—

ee
- Oe
so

to he

eo Pega

hay o
~

*.

oO

« a
eae
aoe

:

&
&
|

9%
oe

e
J

fF 6 2204 9 © BOS

‘a8
a et te

’
.
oe
.

o
4,!

om * @

Ors tut, O

Ras M8
pe ce
M,Oers

ey va Ge gt
4 ‘
« ¢

Oss

2. 0:9

VEGETABLE GARDEN, AND LAWN.

aS

a :
af

a rate
vA

= i
ried Fe esdh

oa
x"
STS Ch (1

a
oi

=*
FATE
on

Wed

Onn CX KORAO ig OO A RR eA a nee

apie pares

v2 td A ay
MOE EAS

VISES,

NY Sed
et)
ne oath Se)

We
‘S

id,
WENINwAN

=
ca

2 eo a

eget

‘4

eee e
« ete, *

rd 8 a A

ogee" 4 .
e ba Pctk eb “7

secatatetes
fejecasace

GROVE, AND HERBACEOUS GROUNDS.

u AL !

: ; 2° 9 96:0 8 ie]

O° Go 22. "Cy oho a. iat * <*.:

Nt

“Reauer

eas Ory:

owen

ereceeccaececeoovaeaereald
weecerccercecerete™.

eenereerernanaeee

eoene

5

Pe ee ee es

‘e@ceepaereeraerere
BS

eeeccereeere rere
LECCE OCCOCEEOCCEE OBOE
- er 2 - <

Cc:

.

c

.

qQanasaeperteavasaepe ted te
enn hebe Radner

esaekeaeeer

- *

° e 4 , =,
COROT C EEC CR MC CH ROCCE OEE

‘pe eeere

* J ae Po be
cCOceecrleeecoecceercee
ACEC EELE COREE E COC OCOHE FEL EOL OLE LCE ECE COE CE ELF CE
COCO OOOOCEO OHH OHO MEEC ECO CC ECHO OO CRE
A POCEE EOC E FOE OEE OOOOH EEE CECE FC OCEECEOFFES,
OREO OCE EOE OE CRE BECO CEHO COCR ECOL EEO ES
See POPC rE eee Ce Ce ee fee¢eegerannoecnraecetee |

S.C"

ees aene ween an reer

pane

esoqnesenee

"os

.

he |
; 9 ©
ba

atin A Pa IC Pal Pg ety » way

Ware eee AES R EERE IO,
ea eat aed Anan Lesanle Adio niedichaahintaiel

2 LAP WR LIES A PORDAS EDO TRE AIL
CARAS parece o ons Are

‘8 6eeo 2 : p " r :
» Go ° . B . ; “
QO. 220% a4rt & : 2-0

#. fe

MMM MMI)

+
7,

ry at eee et eee EY

; pat
SP ERED ROCA ARRMRE SPINS:

“Getessbsassecu
reds 2990

ee

te emeey es
i
deusreeare

0 le

Se epows
wb enon

Ren RH Fee OP ae Seem

“*

+.
*>

eel 0 ee Oe

FRUTICETUM.

r

oo. sas.
Wart &°.%5*,

see o9 8

erete « ete eth eae

wet ests tere
~

rMath

“mt
es
Ss:

OE Se

SA

Pr Stas “4 1%

Ou Oe

SS PA Se re ese

2
u fa Maan : *.
= o ;
- Ri
: = ¥ > at \ _
? te vo ”
ys
. 4 t!
At, PO a PONY 22S
- & MUU ie eon
K |
o Pee $/
a Na
#)
3
_~ m

- | he j 5 = o 7

ot: : ~ :

Ws: > a x 1
ie 2 ¢ = ee ig

° A r
aS Inj < 5 i %

Ce. eg 1 ct a -

° te: 3 if

mV

.

v

.

PARTERRE, AND GREENHOUSES.

APS
ee

CURE EB?
RAK

1

7 ra 2.
‘ tte ‘¢
. -
deq*, ie
.