BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRINTED AND PUBLISHED AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUME IV BOTANICAL MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1936-1937 PERIODICAL SHELVES amas. ie a ON aS eal TABLE OF CONTENTS NuMBER I (February 7, 1936) PAGE ‘'wo new Species of Epidendrum from Middle America. By Oakes Ames, F. Tracy Hupparp AND CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH ... . . . . . , 1 Nomenclatorial Notes. By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH .......... 8 NuMBER II (March 28, 1936) Permian Elements in the Fossil Flora of the Appalachian Province. II. Walchia. By Witntam C. Darran .......... 9 Numper III (July 9, 1936) Studies in Stelis. VI. By Oakes AMES ............ . . 21 A rare Vanilla. By Oakes AMES .............. . 26 A new Pleurothallis from Honduras. By Oakes AMES ..............81 A generic Synonym. By Oakes AMES ............. . 836 Studies in Ponthieva. By Oakes AMES AND CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH | 38 [v] Numser IV (September 18, 1936) A new Pleurothallis from Costa Rica. By Oakes AMES A rare Sobralia from Costa Rica. By Oakes AMES A new Macrostachya from the Carboniferous of I linois. By Winniam C. Darran A rare Epidendrum from Costa Rica. By Oakes AMES Numper V (October 30, 1936) The Peel Method in Paleobotany. By Winiiam C. Darran NumBer VI (January 26, 1937) The Nomenclatorial Status of Spiranthes sinensis. By F. Tracy Husparp Nomenclatorial Notes on Costa Riean Orchids. By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH . Number VII (March 3, 1937) New Orchids from Middle America. By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH Notes on Epidendrum. By CuHarbLes SCHWEINFURTH Number VILLI (April 12, 1937) Peyote and Plants used in the Peyote Ceremony. By Ricuarp Evans ScuuLres [vi ] . 41 . 69 NuMBER IX (April 30, 1987) Codonotheca and Crossotheca: Polleniterous Struc- tures of Pteridosperms. By WinuiaM C. Darran ........ .. 158 NuMBER X (May 27, 1987) The Nomenclature of the cultivated Sorghums. By AUpene hs. TA 6 we ewe te we [ vii | INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Codonotheca caduca Sellards . . . . . . 79, 155, 169 Cordianthus sp... eee ei wae Crossotheca sagittata (esa ) Sellards . 79, 159, 165 Epidendrum incomptum Reichb.f. 2 2 2 2... 67 Epidendrum Skutchii 4., H&S. 0 7. 1... 8 Macrostachya Thompsonii Darrah . . |... 59, 61 Paleomyces sp. 2...) we Pleurothallis comayaguensis Ames . 2...) . BB Pleurothallis fantastica Ames 2... 2... 4B Populus balsamifera L. 2 2 2 0). 48 Psaronius sp. nov... + eats oe ow we ee Sobralia pleiantha S¢ dite: Le as .. . 49 Sophora secundiflora ( Orteg. ) Pan: ev DC. . . . 149 Stelis Lankesteri Ames 2. 2 2. 1 2 1... BB Vanilla Pfaviana Reimchb fo. 2 0 29 [ ix ] INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES ACER [ Tourn. | L. spp., 140 AGAVE L. spp., 134 ALETHOPTERIS Sternb. grandifolia Newberry, 161 grandini Zeill., 15, 16 AMANITA ( Pers. ) Quél., 137 mexicana Murrill, 137 muscearia (L.) Pers., 137 AMBOCOELIA Hall planoconvexa Schumard, 17 ANDROPOGON ( Royen) L. 173 Drummondit Nees, 177 Sorghum Brot., 176 subsp. halepensis Hack. var. virgatus Hack., 175 subsp. sativus Hack. var. caudatus Hack., 176 subsp. sativus Hack. var. Rovburghii Hack. var. sudanensis Piper, 17: var. lechnicum Koern., subglabrescens Steud., 179 ANHALONIUM Lem., 135 ANNULARIA Schloth., 63 radiata Brongn., 63 sphenophylloides Zenk, 15,63 stellata Schloth., 15, 63 stellata americana Jongm., 63 ARAUCARITES Sternb. gracilis Dawson, 12 ARIOCARPUS Scheidw. fissuratus ( Engelm. ) K.Schum. 134, 135 ARISTOTELEA Lour. spiralis Lour., 85 ARISTOTELIA L’ Hérit., 85 ARTEMISIA L. vulgaris L., 139 ASTEROPHYLLITES Brongn. aperta Lesga., 54 equisetiformis Schloth., 63 tuberculata Lesqr., 54 ASTEROTHECA Zeill., 163, 171 truncata Rost., 171 ASTROPHYTUM Lem. asterias (Zuce.) Lem., 135 myriostigma Lem., 135 AULACOTHECA Halle, 161 BAIERA Sap., 18 CACALIA L., 136 cordifolia HBK,, 135 CALAMITES Suck. , 56, 57 earinatus Sternb., 63 [ xi ] ramosus Artis, 63 suckowi Artis, 15, 63 CALAMOSTACHYS Schimp., 53, 57, 68 Binneyana Schimp., 56 Casheana Will,, 56 vermanica Weiss, 63 magna Slur, 68 Solmsii Stur, 63 CALLIPTERIDIUM Weiss, 18 pteridium aff., 16 CALLIPTERIS Brongn. , 18,19 conferta Schloth., 15 naumanni Gutb., 19 CAMARIDIUM Lindl. dendrobioides Sch/tr., 121 Wercklei Schltr., 93, 94 Wrightti Schltr., 95 CELTIS [ Tourn. | L. occidentalis L., 140 CERCIS L. canadensis L., 140 CHONETES Fisch, granulifer Owen, 17 CINGULARIA Weiss, 57 CODONOTHECA Sellards, 153, 157, 161, 162, 168, 171 eaduca Sellards, 157, 162 CORDIANTHUS Ren. sp., 15 COTYLEDON [Tourn.] L. caespitosa Haw., 135 CROSSOTHECA Zei//., 162, 163, 167, 171 kidstoni Jongm., 167 sagittata ( Lesqw.) Sellards, 81, 163, 171 CYMBIDIUM Sw. squamatum Sw., 36 DATURA L. meteloides DC. ex Dunal, 135 DICHOPHYLLUM Elias moorei Elias, 19 DICKSONITES Stersz. pluckneti Schloth, 15 DIPODIUM R.Br. paludosum Reichb,f., 37 pictum Reichb fi, 37 punctatum R. Br., 36, 37 squamatum FR, Br.ex Lind], ,36 DOLEROTHECA G’F. fertilis G’E., 161 DOLICHOTHELE( K. Schum, ) Britton & Rose longimamma Britton & Rose, 135 EDMONDIA Meek, 17 ENTELETES Fisch. hemiplicatus Hall var., 17 EPIDENDRUM L, ampl. Neck. arbuscula Lindl., 64. Aristotelia Raeusch., 85,86,88 cocléense 4., H. & S., 6 coneavilabium C. Schweinf. , 118 coriifolium Lind/., 119 incomptum Feichb f., 64 ledifolium 4. Rich. & Gal., 5 microbulbon Hook., 127 nitens Reichb f., 119 propinquum A.Rich. & Gal. ,6 pseudo-Wallisii Sch/tr., 127 ramosum Jacq., 7 Skutchii 4., H. & S., 1 [ xii | squamatum Poir., 36 EQUISETUM [ Tourn. ] L. infundibuliforme Brongn. non Bronn et Bischoff, 55 infundibuliforme Bronn et Bischoff, 55 ERNESTIA Florin, 10 ERYTHRINA L. flabelliformis Kearn., 145 GOLDENBERGIA Halle, 161 HOLCUS L., 173, 174 bicolor L., 176 caffrorum Thunb., 176 cernuus Ard., 177 dochna Forsk., 178 durra Forsk., 177 halepensis L., 175 lanatus L., 174 saccharatus L., 178, 179 Sorghum L., 176 var.caffrorum L.H.Bail.,176 var. caudatus L.H.Bail., 176 var. Drummondii Hitche., 177 var. Durra L.H.Bail., 177 var. Rovburghtt L.H.Bail., 178 var. saccharatus L.H.Bail., 178 var. technicus L.H.Bail.,179 sudanensis L.H.Bail., 175 virgatus L.H.Bail., 175 HUTTONIA Germ. spicata Sternb., 57 JUNIPERUS [ Tourn. ] L. virginiana L., 139 LAGENARIA Ser. spp., 140 LEPANTHES Sw. apiculifera Schlitr., 90 Wercklei Schltr., 90 LEUCOPTERIS Schimp. ,18,19 moorei Lesgv., 15 LIPARIS L.C. Rich. cordiformis C. Schweinf. , 110 fantastica 4. & S., 111 neuroglossa Reichb,f., 111 LOPHOPHORA Coult. Williamsii ( Lem.) Coult., 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 146 LOPHOPHYLLUM Milne- Edwards & Haime profundum Milne-Edwards & Haime, 17 LYCOPTERIS Gold. piniformis Brongn., 10 LYCOPODIOLITHES Sternb. piniformis Schloth., 10 Lyginopterideae, 171 LYGINOPTERIS Pot., 167 oldhamia Binney, 167 MACLURA Nutt. pomifera C. K.Schneid., 140 MACROSTACHYA Schimp., 52, 53, 56, 57, 63 infundibuliformis ( Brongn. ) Schimp., 538, 54, 55, 56 var. Solmsii Weiss, 55 Thompsonii Darrah, 53,63,81 MARIOPTERIS Zeil/. nervosa Brongn., 17 MASDEVALLIA Ruiz & Pav. exigua A. & S., 112 pygmaea Krénz/., 112 tenuissima C.Schweinf., 111 MAXILLARIA Ruiz & Pav. Amparoana Schlitr., 92, 93 [ xiii | appendiculoides C. Schweinf. , 119 Brenesii Schitr., 93 brevipedunculata A.& 8.,90,91 linearifolia A. & S., 121 nasuta Reichb f., 90 pachyacron Schlitr., 91 Powellii Schltr., 93 pubilabia Schltr., 92, 93 Reichenheimiana Endres & Reichb f., 91 ringens Reichb f., 91 Rousseauae Schlitr., 92 Tiirckheimii Schitr., 92, 93 vaginalis Reichb f., 93 Medullosae, 17 | MILIUM [ Tourn. | L. nigricans Ruiz & Pav., 178 MORUS [ Tourn. | L. rubra L., 140 NEOTTIA L. smensis Pers,, 88 spiralis Willd., 88 NEUROPTERIS Brongn. attenuata Lind!l. & Hutt., 157 decipiens Lesqx., 153, 162 grangeri Brongn., 18 neuropteroides Zeill., 14 odontopteroides Font. & White 15 ovata Hoffm., 17, 18 ovata aff., 14 rarinervis Bunbury, 153 scheuzeri Hoffm., 18 NEUROPTEROCARPUS Kidst., 162 ODONTOPTERIS Brongn., 18 sp. nov., 15 genuina G’°E., 15 pachyderma Font. & White, 15 reichi Gutbier, 14 OPHRYS 2. spiralis Georgi non L., 85 spiralis L., 85 squamata Forst., 36 ORNITHIDIUM Salish. anceps Feichb.f., 8 imbricatum Schltr., 94 neglectum Schltr., 8 sigmoideum C. Schweinf, 121 Wrightii ( Sehltr. ) C. Schweinf. 95, 12] ORNITHOCEPHALUS Hook. cochleariformis C.Schweinf. , 124 tripterus Schltr., 126 PALEOSTACHYA Weiss., 57 , 63 PANICUM L. caffrorum Retz., 176 PECOPTERIS Brongn., 167 arborescens Schloth.,14,15,16 sp. cistii Brongn., 15 daubreei Zeil/., 15 feminaeformis Sch/oth., 14 fontainei Lesqw. ev Lesley, 163 hemitelioides Brongn., 14 lamurensis Heer, 15, 18 polymorpha Brongn., 14, 15 wongii Halle, 167 PELECYPHORA Ehrenb. aselliformis Hhrenb., 135 PLEUROTHALLIS R. Br. abjecta Ames, 35 Aguilarii Ames, 98 amethystina Ames, 98 bifaleis Schlitr., 96, 97 canae Ames, 98 caudatisepala C. Schweinf: ,1138 [ xiv ] Chuquiribambae Kriinzl., 38 comayaguensis Ames, 31 concaviflora C. Schweinf. , 114 Cooperi Schlitr., 95, 96 dentipetala Rolfe ev Ames, 95 excavata Schiltr., 115 Jalcatiloba Ames, 96, 97 fantastica Ames, 41, 45 Johannis Schitr., 98 Lewisae Ames, 35 navarrensis Ames, 35 pilosissima Schltr., 100 pompalis Ames, 98 propinqua Ames, 114 rotundata C. Schweinf. , 115 ruscifolia (Jaeg.) R. Br., 41 Sanchoi Ames, 115 segoviensis Reichb f., 96, 98 stelidiformis Schltr., 95, 96 Tonduziana Schiltr., 41, 45 trachytheca Lehm. & Kriinzl., 116 umbraticola Schltr., 98, 99 vaginata Sch/tr., 98 vinacea .1mes, 98 Wagneri Schlitr., 96, 97, 98 Wercklei Schltr., 96, 97 PONTHIEVA &. Br. Brittonae Ames, 40 chuquiribambae ( Krénzl. J A. & S., 88 maculata Lindl., 38 parviflora 4. & S., 39 parvula Schltr., 40 villosa Lindl., 38 POPULUS | Tourn. | L. spp., 139 PRODUCTUS Vern. cora Orb,, 17 PSEUDOMONOTIS Meek & Hayden, \7 QUERCUS [ Tourn. | L. borealis Michy. var. maxima Sarg., 140 nigra L., 138 RESTREPIA HBK. pilosissima (Sehlir.) A. & S., 100 RHABDOCARPUS Gaépp &. Berg., 162 RHUS L. glabra L., 138 RHYNCHOSIA Lour. longeracemosa Marl. & Gal., 135 RHYNIA Kidst. & Lang major Kidst. & Lang, 78 RIVEA Choisy corymbosa (L.) Hall f., 135 SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl. Wercklei Schitr., 117 var. major C. Schweinf. , 117 SENECIO [ Tourn. | L. calophyllus Hems/., 135 Hartwegii Benth., 135 ovatifolius Sch. Bip., 135 Petasites DC., 135 SOBRALIA Ruiz & Pav. pleiantha Schitr., 47 SOPHORA L., 141 secundiflora ( Orteg.) Lag. ex DC., 140, 141, 145 SORGHUM Moench, 173, 174 bicolor Moench, 176 caffrorum Beauv., 176 [xv] caudatum Stapf, 176 cernuum Host, 177 dochna (Forsk.) Snowden, 178 var. technicum (Koern. ) Snowden, 179 Drummondii Nees ex Steud., 177 Durra Stapf, 177 halepense ( L.) Pers., 175 nervosum Besser ex Schult., 178 nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Snowden, 178 Rovburghiit Stapf, 178 saccharatum Moench, 178 subglabrescens Schweinf. & Aschers., 179 sudanense ( Piper) Stapf, 175 technicum Batt. & Trab., 179 virgatum ( Hack. ) Stapf, 175 vulgare (L.) Pers., 175, 176 var. bicolor (L.) Pers., 176, 179 var. caffrorum (lets. ) Hubb. & Rehder, 176,179 var. caffrorum (Thunb. ) Hubb. & Rehder, 176 var. caudatum ( Hack, ) A.F. Hill, 176 var. cernuum ( Ard.) Fiori & Paol., 177 var. Drummondii ( Nees ) Chiov., 177 var. Drummondii (Nees) Hitche., 177 var. Durra ( Forsk. ) Hubb. & Rehder, 177 var. nervosum ( Besser ev Schult. ) Forbes & Hems!/., 178 var. nigricans ( Ruiz & Pav.) A.F. Hill, 178,179 var. Roxburghii ( Hack. ) Haines, 178 var. Roxburghii (Stapf) Haines, 178 var. saccharatum ( L. ) Boerl., 178 var. subglabrescens (Steud. ) A.F. Hill, 179 var, sudanense (Piper) Hitche., 175 var. technicum ( Koern. ) Fiori & Paol, 179 var. technicum (Koern.) Jav., 179 SOROCLADUS Lesqu., 163 sagittatus Lesqr., 163 SPHENOPHYLLUM Brongn. oblongifolium G. & K., 15,16 SPHENOPTERIS Brongn. , 167 sp., 15 minutisecta F. & [.C.W.,15 SPHENOZAMITES Brongn., \7 SPIRANTHES L.C. Rich. affinis C.Schweinf., 101 albovaginata C. Schweinf. , 103 aristotelia (Raeusch.) Merr., 85, 86 Arséniana Kréinel., 104, 106 Beckii Lindl., 102 costaricensis Reichb,f., 109 cranichoides ( Griseb. ) Cogn., 109 densiflora C.Schweinf., 104 elata (Sw. ) L.C.Rich., 109 eriophora Robins. & Greenm., 108 gracilis (Bigel.) Beck, 102 [ xvi ] graminea Lindl., 102 michuacana ( La Llave & Lex. ) Hemsl., 106 obtecta C. Schweinf. , 106 sinensis ( Pers.) Ames, 85,89 sparsiflora C.Schweinf., 108 spiralis C. Koch, 85, 87, 88 velata Robins. & Fern., 108 SPIRIFER Sow. cameratus Mort., 17 STELIS Sw. Lankesteri Ames, 21 leucopogon Reichb,f., 21 nubis Ames, 21 STROMBOCACTUS Karw. ex Forst, disciformis DC., 135 SWIETENIA Jacq. Mahogani Jacq., 140 TAENIOPTERIS Brongn., 18, 19 TELANGIUM Bens., 167 TELIPOGON HBK. gracilipes Schitr., 124 parvulus C.Schweinf., 123 TRICHOCHILUS Ames neo-ebudicus Ames, 36 TRIGONOCARPUS Brongn., 162 TRITICITES Girty collumensis Dunb., 17 ULMUS [ Tourn. | L. spp., 140 VANILLA Sw. inodora Schiede, 27 Methonica Reichb,f., 27 ovata Rolfe, 27 Pfaviana Reichbf., 26 WALCHIA Sternb., 10, 18, 19 sp., 14 dawsoni White, 12, 14 filiciformis (Schloth.) Sternb., 10 filiciformis aff., 14 gracilis Dawson, 10, 12 gracilis aff., 14 gracillima White, 14 hypnoides Brongn., 10,13,14 imbricata Schimp., 14 piniformis aff., 15 pintformis Pot., 11 pintformis Ren., 11 piniformis Schimp., 10 piniformis (Schloth.) Sternb., 10, 13, 14 piniformis Sellards, 11 piniformis White, 11 piniformis Zeill., 11 schneideri White, 14 WHITTLESEYA Newb., 157, 161 elegans Newbh., 161 Whittleseyineae, 162, 167, 171 ZEA L. Mays L., 138 ZYGOPTERIS Corda erosa Gutb., 15 [ xvii | ERRATA page 6, line 16 after ornatae substitute . for , page 11, line 1 for Traite read Traité page 13, lines 1 and 5 for Lodeve read Lodéve page 19, line 17 for pre-Premian read pre-Permian page 41, line 10 for alllies read allies page 45, line 5 for ancipiti read ancipites page 47, line 3 for 1921 read 1891 page 55, line 18 for Incidently read Incidentally page 57, line 19 for Zimmerman read Zimmermann page 63, line 23 for Jongman’s read Jongmans’ page 63, line 27 for Macrostochya read Macrostachya page 77, line 17 tor Erosin read Eosin page 106, line 2! = for Louis read Luis page 120, line 31 omit ( before Brenes, insert ( before coe 182 page 131, line 5 for Neuvo read Nuevo page 131, line 8 for Peyote read Pyote page 175, line 19 for sudanensis read sudanense page 176, line 11 after Univ. | add , no. | page 177, line 26 after Univ. 1 add , no, | page 178, line 26 after Sp. Pl. insert ed. [xx | f ] j , y BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY | CamBRIDGE, Massacuusetts, Frespruary 7, 1936 VoL. 4, No. TWO NEW SPECIES OF EPIDENDRUM FROM MIDDLE AMERICA BY Oakes Ames, F. Tracy Hupparp AND CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH In recent collections from Guatemala and Panama there are two species of the genus Epidendrum which are apparently undescribed. Epidendrum Skutchii 4 mes, Hubbard & Schwein- furth sp. nov. Herba fruticosa, gracilis. Radices crassae, elongatae. Folia prope ramorum apicem congesta, pauca, linearia vel lineari-lanceolata. Inflorescentiae laxae, pauciflorae, quam folia multo breviores; rhachis fractiflexa. Sepala lateralia lanceolato-elliptica vel lanceolato-ovalia, plus minusve obliqua. Sepalum dorsale oblanceolatum vel ob- lanceolato-ellipticum, obtusum. Petala oblanceolata vel oblongo-oblanceolata, acuta vel retusa. Labellum colum- nae valde adnatum, in circuitu late triangulari-ovatum, prope medium utrinque angustatum, retusum, basi corda- tum, marginibus crenulatis; discus callo elliptico magno centrali basi bisulcato ornatus. Columna superne dila- tata. Ovarium superne plus minusve vesiculatum. Plant tall, much branched, ‘‘bushy,’’ up to 120 em. tall (fide collector). Roots fibrous, stout, elongate, spar- ingly branched, minutely cellular-papillose. Stems slen- [1] EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATION EprpenpruM Skutrcum drawn from alcoholic mate- rial of the type number. Flowers drawn natural size. 1, fruit natural size. 2, longitudinal section of lip showing the vesicle, enlarged. 3, the four pollinia much enlarged. Drawn November 1935 with the aid of the camera lucida by BLancue AMES der, woody, leafless below, but concealed by close tubular whitish sheaths. Leaves two to four clustered near the end of the branches, linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 16.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, long-attenuate with an acute apex, subcoriaceous, slightly narrowed to a sessile base. Inflorescence racemose, few-flowered (up to five), shorter than the leaves, lax to nodding; peduncle ex- ceeding the rachis in length, adorned below the middle with a single lanceolate-linear bract; rachis abbreviated, fractiflex. Floral bracts narrowly triangular-lanceolate, inconspicuous, membranaceous. Flowers ‘‘intricately marked with dull red on greenish-yellow background.’ Sepals and petals spreading and strongly revolute, with prominent nerves. Lateral sepals lanceolate-elliptic to lanceolate-oval, 11.3-11.8 mm. long, 4.1—5.4 mm. wide, dorsally carinate at the apex and usually apiculate, more or less asymmetric. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate to oblan- ceolate-elliptic, obtuse sometimes with a dorsal mucro at the apex, 10.5-12 mm. long, 3.5—4.2 mm. wide. Petals oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, 11-12 mm. long, 3.2—4.6 mm. wide, acute to rounded and slightly retuse at the apex. Lip triangular-ovate in general outline, somewhat contracted above the middle on each side caus- ing the lip to appear slightly trilobulate, retuse at the apex, cordate at the base, 8.1—-11.2 mm. long from base of auricles to tip of lobules, 9.5—13 mm. wide below the middle, with irregularly crenulate margins except toward the base; dise with a prominent, central, fleshy, broadly clavate-elliptic callus which is deeply bisuleate at base and extends to the apex of the lip. Column adnate to the dise of the lip nearly to its apex, strongly dilated above, with an oblique retrorse tooth on either side of the apex, about 7 mm. long dorsally. Ovary with a more or less distinct vesicle at its summit under the lip. Epidendrum Skutchii is a close ally of E.ledifolium [5] A. Rich. & Gal. and of E. propinquum A. Rich. & Gal., but is separable from both by the very different callus of the lip, by the broader petals and by the presence of a more or less distinct vesicle at the summit of the ovary. Great variability is shown both by the vegetative growth and floral characters in specimens of the same collection. GuareMaLA: Department of Quiché, Nebaj. Epiphyte on mossy trunk leaning over stream. Altitude 6,200 feet. November 19, 1934. Alexander F. Skutch 1715 (Tyee in Herb. Ames No. 41510.) Epidendrum cocléense Ames, Hubbard & Schweinfurth sp. nov. Herba epiphytica, longe scandens. Caules laxe ra- mosi, vaginis omnino obtecti. Folia disticha, lineari- lanceolata, rigida, acuminata, acuta. Inflorescentiae perbreves, 2- ad 8-florae, basi bracteis paucis imbrican- tibus ornatae, Bracteae florales conspicuae, convolutae, ovarium pedicellatum paulo superantes. Sepala lateralia ovato-oblonga, obliqua, apice dorso conspicue carinata. Sepalum dorsale lanceolato-oblongum, convexum. Pet- ala lineari-oblanceolata. Labellum columnae valde ad- natum, simplex, cordato-ovatum, carinis tribus medianis ornatum. Columna generis. Plant (our specimen incomplete) scandent and up to 2.5 m. long according to the collectors. Stems spar- ingly branched, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths; terminal branchlets provided below with closely imbri- ‘ating sheaths and above with leaves. Leaves distichous, linear-lanceolate, up to 10 cm. long and 6 mm. wide below the middle (in our specimen), acuminate, acute to apiculate, rigidly ascending, very coriaceous, with the mid-nerve more or less sulecate above and carinate be- neath. Inflorescences very short, 2- to 3-flowered, sub- tended by two to three closely imbricating conduplicate ‘arinate sheaths. Floral bracts conspicuous, convolute [6] around and surpassing the pedicellate ovary, strongly ‘arinate above, up to 13 mm. long. Sepals and _ petals rigid-nervose. Lateral sepals ovate-oblong, asymmetric, about 9 mm. long and 3.5 mm. wide, acute, prominently sarinate near the apex dorsally. Dorsal sepal lanceolate- oblong, 8-8.4 mm. long, about 83 mm. wide, subacute to obtuse, strongly convex, slightly carinate above dorsally. Petals linear-oblanceolate, 7.7—8 mm. long, 1.8—-2 mm. wide, subacute to obtuse. Lip simple, adnate nearly to the apex of the column, cordate-ovate, obtuse, subcon- duplicate, 5 mm. long (from the middle of the base to the apex), about 4.7 mm. broad near the base when ex- panded; disc provided with three low fleshy keels of which the central keel is much more prominent, each lateral keel dilated at the base into an erect semirhombic lamina and at its apex convergent with the central keel. Column short, very stout, dilated above, crenate-dentate at the summit, 4 mm. long, slightly reflexed in the middle. Epidendrum cocléense is an ally of I. ramosum, but differs in having a tricarinate lip and acuminate acute (often apiculate) leaves. Panama, Province of Coclé. Lower portion of valley and marshes along R. Antén. Kl Valle de Antén, About 500 meters altitude. February 2, 1935. A. A. Hunter & P. H. Allen 889 (Tyee in Herb. Ames No. 41863.) NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES. IV. BY CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH Ornithidium anceps Reichenbach filius Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. (1866) 75. Ornithidium neglectum Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Beihefte 19 (1928) 242. From the evidence of analytical drawings of the types of these species supplemented by the descriptions, it appears to us unwise to retain specific separation. The leaves which are partially relied on for separa- tion, seem identical. The flowers of O. anceps are de- scribed as pale ochre-colored, while those of O.neglectum are described as white with golden-yellow lip. The only other notable discrepancy appears to be in the callus and mid-lobe of the lip, a discrepancy which seems negligible in view of the many specimens of O. anceps we have examined, [8 ] HARVARD UNIVERSITY Voi. 4, No. 2 CamBRIDGE, Massacnusetts, Marcu 28, 1936 PERMIAN ELEMENTS IN THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE APPALACHIAN PROVINCE. II. WALCHIA BY WiniuiamM C. Darran Walchia is a synthetic genus of Paleozoic conifers. The foliage-shoots attributed to this genus are charac- terized by a pinnate arrangement of the ultimate bran- ches. The small, tetragonal, crowded leaves are spirally disposed—laxly or densely. A few species have been described from shoots bearing terminal cones, but the majority are poorly defined vegetative types. Walchia is abundant in Permian floras and occurs less abundantly in the Upper Carboniferous (or Stephanian). It is one of the ubiquitous late Paleozoic genera. The genus includes ten or twelve “‘species’’, follow- ing the conventional concept of Sternberg.’ In the past decade Professor Florin’ of Stockholm began a mono- graphic revision of the Paleozoic conifers, and the whole group will be placed upon a satisfactory basis. Florin’s results have not yet appeared in full, although he has already instituted several important new genera based upon reproductive shoots. "Vers. Fl. Vorwelt. vol. 1. p. 22 *Proc. Int. Congr. Pl. Sci. (1926) Ithaca. pp. 401-411 [9] The most important and widespread of the Paleo- zoic conifers is Walchia piniformis (Schlotheim) Stern- berg.’ It occurs in both Permian and Stephanian rocks of the northern hemisphere. In the vegetative condition this species is distinguished with difficulty from Walehia hypnoides Brongniart and Walehia filicyformis (Schlot- heim) Sternberg. Florin’ has created a new genus J77- nestia for the latter species. ‘The present note is concerned with the occurrence of three specimens of Walchia from eastern North Amer- ica. One is from the Stephanian (‘‘Permian’’) of Prince Edward Island, and the other two from western Penn- sylvania. Of these one is Stephanian and the second Permian. The three specimens fall within the range of variability of Walchia piniformis, although the piece from Prince Edward Island conforms also to Walchia gracilis Dawson. The material contains only vegetative branches, and in the absence of reproductive shoots, an assignment to these unsatisfactory species is the most convenient. A score of cellulose transfers have failed to reveal diagnos- tic cellular structures. WALCHIA Sternberg 1826 Vers. Fl. Vorwelt: vol. 1. p. 22. Walchia piniformis (Schlotheim) Sternberg 1820 Lycopodiolithes piniformis Schlotheim Petrefactenkunde p. 415. pl. 28. figs. 1,2. pl. 25. fig. 1. 1826 Walechia piniformis Sternberg Vers. Fl. Vorw. vol. 1. p. 22. 1828 Lycopodites piniformis Brongniart Prodrome p. 89. 1870 Walchia piniformis Schimper *Petrefactenkunde p. 415 “Arkiv Bot. Bd. 21A. No. 13, 1927 [10 | Traite Pal. Veg. vol.2. p. 236. pl. 78. figs. 1,2? 1885 Walchia piniformis Renault Cours bot. foss. vol. 4. p. 84. pl. 8. figs. 1-8. 1892 Walchia piniformis Zeiller Bass. houill. Perm. Brives p. 97. pl. 15. fig. 1. 1893 Walchia piniformis Potonie Fl. Rotl. Thuringen p. 218. pl. 31. figs. 4, 6. 1906 Walchia piniformis Zeiller Bass. houill. Perm. Blanzy et Creusot p. 204. pl. 50. figs. 3, 5. 1908 Walchia piniformis Sellards Univ. Kans. Geol. Surv. vol. 9. p. 460. pl. 66. figs. 1, 2. 1929 Walchia piniformis White Fl. Hermit Shale p. 96. pl. 41. figs. 1-5. pl. 42. figs. 1-5. pl. 47. fig. 2. There are many excellent published figures of this species. I have selected several to indicate the variety of coniferous shoots which have been included within a single ‘‘species’’. With the exceptions of the first three monographs, the references are generally available in large libraries. The two specimens from western Pennsylvania are, for the present, best referred to this poorly defined spe- cies, which as White’ says “‘is an aggregate of similar forms rather than a single species.’” One specimen is from the Clarksburg member of the Upper Conemaugh at Rennerdale, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The other is from the Nineveh coal group in the Greene at Mount Morris, Greene County, Pennsylvania.’ The specimens may be described as follows: twigs short; clothed with persistent, incurved, spirally dis- *Flora Hermit Shale p. 97 “Penna. Top. & Geol. Surv. Bull. C-30. p. 100. 1932 [11] posed, short, needle-like leaves, decurrent at the base; twigs depart at an angle 60-70", straight, tapering slight- ly. The leaves are fewer and more distantly placed on the Greene Specimen. The third specimen discussed in this note is from Miminigash, Prince Edward Island. It was presented to Harvard University in 1875 by Francis Bain. Bain had identified the specimen as Araucarites gracilis Dawson. The specimen in our possession is from the type locality of Dawson’s plant, which David White renamed Wadl- chia dawsont sp. nov. Walchia dawsoni White 1929 Fl. Hermit Shale p. 99. pl. 44. figs. 1, 4, 4a. pl. 42. fig. 6% pl. 437 1871 Walchia ( Araucarites) gracihs Dawson Rept. Geol. Struct. & Min. Res. P. KE. [. p. 438. pl. 2. fig. 283A, nee Emmons, nec Oldham and Morris, nee Walkom. Diagnosis: (White loc. cit. p. 99.) ‘*Branches apparently flat, distichous, with close and slender ultimate twigs, hardly tapering until near the blunt apex; leaves close, decurrent, linear-lanceolate, dorsally carinate, curving outward, and in the upper part curving upward and inward uncinnately or more or less distinctly faleately at the rather narrowly acute apex, 3 to 6 mm. long, and broadest at the base, which is slight- ly carinate dorsad.”’ The specimen before me agrees with the figures pub- lished by Dawson from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. White regarded the Nova Scotian plant as a dis- tinct species. On this slab are branches of the diminutive size suggested by Dawson’s figures and larger branches as large as those of the ‘‘typical’’ Walchia piniformis. White called attention to the close relationship between [12] Walchia dawsoni and Walchia hypnoides from Lodeve, France. Kidston remarked, ‘‘probably this species is only a smaller form of Walchia piniformis.”’ I have compared the Prince Edward Island plant with eight specimens from Lodeve, France (five attrib- uted to W.hypnordes and three to W.piniformis) identi- fied by Bronn, Heer, Lesquereux, and de Koninck. The American species is distinct ‘fon account of the very steadily tapering and blunt appressed leaves of the plant from Lodeve, whereas the leaf of the tree from the Permian of Canada, as shown in detail by Dawson, is much more slender, tapering mainly toward the tip, which is, however, slender, acute, and more strongly upturned near the apex.’’ (White loc. cit.). These characters are constant in the material at my disposal, consequently I concur with the opinion of David White that is is improbable that Walchia dawsont will be proven to be identical with Walchia hypnoides. However, Dawson’s several specimens identified as Wal- chia gracilis do represent a single species, which must be known as Walchia dawsoni White. Recently Henry Donner has sent me a specimen of Walchia from the supposed Permian of Colorado. The fragment is insuf- ficient for certain identification. It agrees well with Wal- chia dawsoni except that the needles are more robust and more distant. I doubt if this is a specific difference. In North America, Walchia is abundant in the Low- er Permian. Lesquereux identified several species from Fairplay, Colorado.’ I.C. White’ reported the genus from the Wichita (= Permian) of Texas, and David White’ reported many specimens from Texas, Kansas, Oklaho- "Acad. Geol. (4th. ed.) p. 474. fig. 159 A. 1891 “Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. vol. 3. pp. 217-218 *Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 41. pp. 505-508 Bea ma, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. ‘The Permian occurrences in southwestern United States are indicated by the following: Walchia piniformis Texas, Colorado, Arizona, Kansas W alchia schneideri Texas W alchia imbricata Oklahoma, Arizona Walchia hypnoides Colorado Walchia aff. gracilis Oklahoma, Colorado Walchia aff. filiciformis Kansas Walchia sp. Kansas Several of Lesquereux’s specimens from Colorado have been transmitted to Doctor Florin for study. David White has also recorded Walchia trom the Permian Hermit Flora of Arizona. He referred the ma- terial to four species: Walchia dawsoni, W. gracillima, Wpiniformis, and W hypnoides. I. C. White noted that in the Wichita of Texas, Walchia sp. is found in association with a fern flora of Dunkard species. The eastern American records are of significance be- ‘ause no occurrences of Wadlchia have hitherto been known except in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Is- land. Walchia makes its appearance in western Pennsy!]- vania in rocks of Conemaugh age in the zone of Lescu- ropteris.”’ These rocks are of Stephanian age, as is evi- denced by the plants associated in the same strata. Pecopteris hemitelioides Neurpoteris aff. ovata Pecopteris arborescens Neuropteris neuropteroides Pecopteris polymorpha | Neuropteris scheuchzeri Pecopteris feminaeformis Odontopteris reichi 10 ; . 7 . Darrah, Summaries of Papers Carb. Congr. pp. 1-8. 1935 [14] Pecopteris cistii Odontopteris genuina Pecopteris daubreei Odontopteris sp. nov. Pecopteris lamurensis Calamites suckowi Sphenopteris minutisecta Annularia sphenophylloides Dicksonites pluckeneti = Annularia stellata Alethopteris magna Sphenophyllum oblongifo- Alethopteris grandini lium Lescuropteris moori Cordaianthus sp. Zygopteris erosa Walchia aff. piniformis Although this same general Upper Carboniferous flora continues to populate western Pennsylvania during Monongahela and Washington time, Walchia has not been found in either series of rocks. It has been found in the Greene series, at Mount Morris, in the following association : Callipteris conferta Odontopteris pachyderma Sphenopteris sp. Pecopteris arborescens Neuropteris odontopteroides Walchia aff. piniformis Two additional forms oceur in olive shales twelve feet above: Pecopteris polymorpha Odontopteris cf. reichi The Greene rocks are of lower Permian age. Cal- lipteris conferta, in a small variety, is very common. It is evident that in western Pennsylvania, Walchia occurs in the Upper Carboniferous as well as in the Per- mian. The same range has been cited for Wadlchia in Kansas,” and for the Cisco (= Monongahela) of Texas. The occurrence of conifers in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia involves again, the relative geological age of the strata in which Walchia has been found. Daw- son considered them to be of Permian age, and most in- “Elias, XI Int. Geol. Congr. Abstracts. pp. 69, 70. 1933 [15] vestigators have concurred in this opinion. The specimen from Prince Edward Island, which was sent in a small lot by Bain in 1875 includes: Cadlip- teridium aff. pteridium, Pecopteris arborescens, Alethop- teris grandini, and Sphenophyllum oblongifolium.” Small fragments of Walchia are abundant. The matrix of the rock is a red micaceous sandstone of fine grain. This as- semblage presents no Permian indicators but rather re- sembles the typical Monongahela ( =Stephanian) flora of Pennsylvania. Walchia is known to occur in the Upper Carboni- ferous of England,” Wales,” France,” and elsewhere,” although it is characteristic of the Lower Permian. No reliance is placed upon its presence as an indication of Permian age. However, it is a precursor of the typical Permian flora to come. In this sense its appearance is an important factor in determining the process of plant se- quence in the late Paleozoic. Walchia had been sought in Pennsylvania for fifty years without reward, but its rarity is of less importance than its presence. David White” believed that some physiographic or climatic barrier prevented the migra- tion of conifers into the area of Dunkard deposition. It is true that during the Conemaugh, orogenic movements associated with the Appalachian revolution caused many lasting changes in regions to the west in Pennsylvania. It is also true that the rapid plant evolu- tion and floral changes in western Pennsylvania, were contemporaneous with these earth changes. Darrah, loc. cit. p. 4 “Crookall, Coal Meas. plants. 1929 “Dix, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb, vol. 57. p. 815. 1934 “Bertrand, C. R. Congr. Strat. Carb. p. 109. 1928 “Gothan, Carb. u. Perm. Pflanzen 17 F : - Personal Communication dated June 26, 1938 [16 ] The beginnings of the Permian flora in Pennsylvania extend far down into the Carboniferous. Certain Per- mian precursors are almost coextensive with the Steph- anian. The earliest appearances of Stephanian pecopterids occur in Middle Allegheny following the deposition of the Vanport marine limestone. Numerous lower Alle- gheny and even Pottsville plants persist, but here is the key to the whole problem. The next marine incursion eliminates the Pottsville-Allegheny complex and results in a new flow of migrants from the north-east (presum- ably Europe). There are five distinct marine invasions in the Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of western Pennsylvania. Each ma- rine invasion resulted in a local extermination of the ter- restrial fauna and flora. Repopulation of the region sub- sequently was effected by migrants from districts nearby, where the topography had not been so seriously altered. During the interval between the Vanport limestone (Middle Allegheny) and the Brush Creek limestone (Lower Conemaugh), the flora is essentially the New- ropteris ovata facies in association with Stephanian pe- copterids and mariopterids of the Mariopteris nervosa group. Three marine limestones occur in the middle third of the Conemaugh Series: Pine Creek, Woods Run, and Ames. The most extensive of these is the Ames lime- stone—a persistent bed with the following faunule: /'n- teletes hemiplicatus var., Spirifer cameratus, Ambocoelia planoconvexa, Chonetes granultfer, Productus cora, Lophophyllum profundum, and a fusiline. Professor C. O. Dunbar has identified the fusiline as T'riticites collu- mensis Dyunbar and Condra. Among the rarer forms in this faunule, are species of Pseudomonotis and Hdmondia. With the invasion by the Ames Sea, there is a marked floral change—a change which permanently al- [17 ] tered the flora of Appalachia. The first plants to repop- ulate western Pennsylvania were relict survivors of the Allegheny flora: Neuropteris ovata, Neuropteris scheuch- zert and Pecopteris lamurensis. Of these only Neuwrop- teris scheuchzeri regained a lasting place in the higher floras. Neuropteris (Mixoneura) ovata was gradually re- placed by Neuropteris (Mixoneura) grangeri and Neu- ropteris (Mixvoneura) neuropteroides. Pecopteris lamu- rensis was quickly eliminated. At the same time there was asteady influx of rejuvenating younger types, which were the typical Upper Stephanian and Permian plants from western Europe. In the Upper Conemaugh Walchia, Odontopteris, Lescuropteris, and Callipteridium make their first ap- pearances. Soon after T'aeniopteris and Baiecra migrated into the region of Dunkard sedimentation. The progres- sive change culminates in the arrival of Callipteris. No marine conditions occurred in western Pennsy]- vania above the Ames Limestone, with the exception of two local, insignificant recurrences in the Upper Cone- maugh. The reported marine limestone in the Dunkard of Ohio” is an unfortunate error. It is observed then, in the type section of the Upper Pennsylvanian, how Wadchia occurs in the normal, un- disturbed, stratigraphic sequence. This coniferous genus is but one of many genera which appear in chronologic succession, precisely as in the standard floral successions of the Carboniferous and Permian in western Europe. The occurrence of Walchiain the typical ‘ ‘coal flora”’ of fern-like foliage is of more than casual interest. The rarity and fragmentary nature of the two specimens from Pennsylvania indicates that they drifted into the sedi- ments in which they became preserved. Walchia prob- “Ohio Geol. Surv. (4th. Ser.) Bull. 22. 1920 [18 ] ably grew at a higher elevation than the typical ‘‘coal- swamp’ of near tide-level. This ecological difference may account for the scarcity of records in eastern North America. Nevertheless the extensive geographic distri- bution and relative abundance of Walchia, renders it one of the most useful Paleozoic plants in determining cor- relations and chronologies. Two recent discoveries of Walchia in western Amer- ican deposits indicate that the early appearance of such conifers is quite general. In Kansas Walchia, in a so- called Permian flora, is abundant in Conemaugh equiva- lents. There is no evidence of the presence of Callipteris, although Jongmans believed it to be common. The basis for his opinion was Dichophyllum moore: Elias. ‘The Penn- sylvanian age of these plants in Kansas is thoroughly demonstrated. The second occurrence of Wadlchia in sup- posed pre-Premian rocks is a single specimen from the vicinity of Fairplay, Colorado collected by Henry Don- ner. There are several determinable fragments in asso- ciation, but probably not sufficient for purposes of cor- relation. A small fragment, which I believe is referable to Callipteris naumanni would seem to suggest a Permian age, but the general consensus of opinion based on in- vertebrate faunas in the region is that the rocks are Penn- sylvanian. Precise determinations must be based on adequate material and precise correlations are possible only by means of a reasonably large number of specimens. Wal- chia in itself cannot give us the relative age of a late Pal- eozoic florule. Walchia in company with Taeniopteris indicates a zone in the immediate boundary between Permian and Pennsylvanian. With this common and widespread association—at least Stephanian in age—it is possible to determine the early appearances of Lescurop- teris, Callipteris, and Sphenozamites. [19] HARVARD UNIVERSITY CambBripGe, Massacuusertrs, JuLy 9, 1936 VoL. 4, No. 3 STUDIES IN STELIS. VI. BY OaKkES AMES Stelis Lankesteri 4 mes in Sched. Orch. 3 (1923) 4. AMONG MIDDLE AMERICAN species of Stelis, Stelis Lankesteri has the largest flowers, being approached only by S. /eucopogon Reichb.f. [t is characterized by the un- equally bilabiate calyx which gives the flowers the aspect of being disepalous. The lateral sepals are coherent to the apex forming a strongly concave lamina; the petals are very fleshy, about 2 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, strong- ly imbricating behind the fleshy column and conspicu- ously thickened above the middle. The column is char- acterized by having the cushion-like stigmatic processes widely separated equalling the anther, with the triangu- lar-lingulate rostellum erect between them. The labellum is about half as long as the petals and in its structure sug- gests the species of the group to which S. nwbis Ames belongs. The flowers of S. Lankesteri are described by the collector as being vinaceous brown. When dry they are brown-purple. Only three collections are known to me; that of the type found in the hot forest near La Florida, at an alti- tude of 150 meters, and two collections from Estrella de Cartago, found at an altitude of 5,000 feet. Because of the great difference in altitude between the type-locality [21] EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATION Srecis LANKEsTeRI Ames. Plant natural size drawn from Lankester 865. 1, flower much enlarged show- ing the bilabiate aspect of the sepals and the rela- tively small petals, labellum and column. 2, a flower much enlarged as seen from the side, 3, a petal much enlarged. 4, petals, labellum and col- umn as seen from above. 5, labellum and column, much enlarged. 6, labellum and column, much enlarged, the anther removed to reveal the rostel- lar process erect between the cushion-like stigmatic arms of the column. In this drawing the labellum is strongly deflexed. 7, the labellum much enlarged as seen in front view. Flowers and floral parts drawn from material preserved in alcohol, Drawn in 1935 by Buancue AMES [22] Pe Le STELIS and Estrella de Cartago, Mr. Lankester was of the opin- ion that two species might be represented and he empha- sized a difference between the flowers: those from the type-locality being without the hyaline area on the sepals that is noticeable in the flowers of the plants from the higher altitude. Structurally the flowers of all the speci- mens examined are similar. There does not seem to be any specific difference dependent on altitude. Cosra Rica: La Florida, At 150 meters altitude in hot forest. Flowers vinaceous brown. (Blooming at Cartago under cultivation, October-November 1922). Lankester 365: La Estrella de Cartago. At 5,000 feet altitude. Flowers with the upper sepal vinous purple-hya- line. October 4, 1925. Lankester 1062; upper sepal semi-translucent maroon, lower sepal with hyaline centre. Lankester 1017. A RARE VANILLA BY Oakes AMES Vanilla Pfaviana Reichenbach filius in Gard. Chron. ser. 2, 20 (1888) 230.—l’Orchidophile 8 (1883) 758 (as V. Pfavana)—Hemsley in Godman & Salvin Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. 4 (1887) 90 (as V. pfaviana)—R. A. Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. 82 (1896) 452—Schlechter in Beihefte Bot. Centralbl. 86, Abt. 2 (1918) 426. REICHENBACH’S DESCRIPTION Of Vanilla Pfaviana is typical of the brief botanical characterizations appear- ing in the later years of the nineteenth century and is, in the absence of the type, quite inconclusive and almost useless for purposes of identification. From 1889 (the year of Reichenbach’s death) until 1914, VY’. Pfaviana remained an obscure species; its identity could not be established because the type was inaccessible being a part of the Reichenbachian Herbarium in Vienna and unapproachable by the terms of Reichenbach’s will dur- ing the twenty-five years following his decease. In the original description, Reichenbach cited Mex- ico as the native country of V’. Pfaviana, saying that it was found by one of Mr. Pfau’s collectors, yet, what I take to be the type indicates Endres as the collector and Costa Rica as the source, the type plant being attributed to Pfau under no. 269, as if Pfau had distributed it ina series of numbered specimens. Among the collections of orchids secured by nu- merous expeditions to Mexico since 1883, specimens referable to V’. Pfaviana failed to appear prior to 1933 when plants were collected in the vicinity of Atoyac near Vera Cruz; and, notwithstanding the intensive col- lections made in Costa Rica in recent years, nothing answering to the original description was discovered un- [ 26 | til 1986 when Alexander F. Skutch found specimens in the Province of San José. In 1985, Perey H. Gentle found specimens in British Honduras. R. A. Rolfe, in his monograph of Vanilla, referred to V’. Pfaviana as being known to him only from the origi- nal description. He depended on the suggestion made by Reichenbach that the flowers are terminal in the type and used this character in his key to separate the species trom V’. inodora Schiede, I’. ovata Rolte and V’. Meth- onica Reichb.f. The specimens collected in Costa Rica by Skutch indicate that the flowers are both terminal and lateral; completely opened flowers and buds being pres- ent simultaneously on the elongated, leafy stems. Mexico: State of Guerrero, near San Vicente, northeast of Ato- yac. At 850 meters altitude in mixed oak and pine forest on trees. January 10, 1933. Ostlund 1984 (collector O. Nagel). British Honpuras: Gracie Rock, Sibun River, May 1, 1935. Percy H. Gentle 1672. Costa Rica: Province of San José, vicinity of El General. At 1130 meters altitude. Herbaceous vine in forest, attached by the roots, flowering shoots pendant. Flowers green with white labellum. February, 1936. Alerander F. Skutch 2592, EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATION Vanitta Praviana Reichb,f. Plant natural size drawn from Skutch 2592. 1, labellum, slightly enlarged,showing at the base the remains of the adnate column. 2, column, slightly enlarged, the basal portion missing. Flowers drawn from specimens of Skutch 2592 preserved in formalin. Drawn May 1936 by BLancue AMeEs [ 28 | \\—ss VANILLA Phrviana Feiche. f. A NEW PLEUROTHALLIS FROM HONDURAS BY Oakes AMES Pleurothallis comayaguensis Ames, sp. nov. Rhizoma repens. Caules secundarii valde abbreviati, monophylli. Folium ellipticum vel orbiculare, integerri- mum, marginatum. Pedunculus elongatus, glaber, folio multo longior, prope apicem pauciflorus. Sepala lateralia in laminam orbicularem apice bidentatam cohaerentia. Sepalum dorsale valde concaviusculum, oblongum, ob- tusum, trinervium,. Petala lanceolata, obtusa, margine glandulosa, uninervia. Labellum linguiforme, basi auric- ulatum, margine supra medium longe pilosum. Colum- na apice irregulariter fimbriata. Rhizome branching, creeping, monophyllous at the nodes, each leaf subtended by an abbreviated root. Sec- ondary stems up to 1 mm. long, rigid. Leaves about 3 mm. apart, up to 6 mm. long, 8-8.5 mm. wide, elliptic or lenticular, entire, conspicuously marginate, fleshy. Peduncles about 6 mm. long, borne singly in the axils of the leaves, with a tubular bract at the base, otherwise naked below the lowermost flower, glabrous. Flowers about four, opening in succession, 2 mm. long. Lateral sepals 2 mm. long, coherent almost to the tip, forming an orbicular lamina 1.5 mm. wide, strongly concave at the base, smooth. Dorsal sepal 2 mm. long, strongly concave, about 0.5 mm. wide, oblong, obtuse, 8-nerved. Petals about 2 mm. long, hardly 1 mm. wide, lanceolate, ob- tuse, with several elongated glandular hairs on the mar- gins, 1-nerved. Labellum 1.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, narrowly lingulate, obtuse at the apex, margins of the basal half strongly inrolled, sometimes almost contigu- ous over the lower half of the disc; margins of the apical [ 31 | EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATION PLEUROTHALLIS COMAYAGUENSIS Ames. 1, part of a plant drawn twice natural size. 2, 3 and 4, flower much enlarged. 5, labellum, much enlarged, as seen from above. 6, column much enlarged with the anther removed. 7, anther. 8, pollinia much enlarged. 9, petal much enlarged. The vegetative and floral parts drawn with the aid of the camera lucida from a specimen preserved in alcohol. Drawn in 1935 by Buancur Ames [32 ] PLEUROTHALLIS hs a ia S >~\\) é / 7 | CO??? half deflexed, rather closely beset with elongated gland- ular hairs, shortly glandulose at the tip and on the de- pressed or canaliculate central portion of the glandulose disc, auriculate on each side at the base, the auricles rounded and curved inward. Column about 2 mm. long, dilated upward from a slender base, cucullate at the apex with the margin of the clinandrium irregularly fringed; rostellum membranaceous. Stigmatic orifice on the fron- tal surface. Vegetatively this species bears a strong resemblance to Pleurothallis Lewisae Ames, but differs from it mark- edly in the structure of the flower. (cf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. vol. 1 no. 8 p. 7.) The structure of the labellum and column resembles P. navarrensis Ames and P. abjecta Ames. Repustic or Honpuras: Department of Comayagua, Minas de Oro. Epiphyte in dense damp forest, at 4,000 feet altitude. Flowers very small, red. December 29, 1932. J. B. Edwards 338, (Type in Herb. Ames. No. 42460.) GuateMaLa: District of Peten, La Libertad. March 29, 1933. C. L. Lundell 2140; March 30, 1938. Lundell 2235, [ 85 | A GENERIC SYNONYM BY Oakes AMES Dipodium squamatum Robert Brown ex Lind- ley Gen. & Sp. Orch. Pl. (1888) 186. Orphrys? squamata Forster Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. (1786) 59, (no. 310). Cymbidium squamatum Swartz in Kgl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 21 (1800) 238. Epidendrum squamatum Poiret in Lamarck Encycl. Suppl. 1 (1810) 376. Trichochilus neo-ebudicus Ames in Journ. Arn. Arb. 13 (1982) 142. THe GeENus Diropium, as treated by Pfitzer in his classification of the Orchidaceae in Engler and Prantl’s Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, is assigned to the Acrotonae-Pleuranthae. This is a concept characterized by a laterally produced flower-shoot in contradistinction to the Acrotonae-Acranthae, a concept characterized by a terminally produced flower-shoot. Dipodium squama- tum R. Brown and D. punctatum R. Brown, the Aus- tralasian species taken by Pfitzer to represent the genus Dipodium, are, as I interpret them, distinguished by a terminally produced flower-shoot and would seem prop- erly to belong in his Acrotonae-Acranthae. When I proposed the new genus Trichochilus, I was unmindful of Dipodium, a well-figured group with nu- merous specimens in my herbarium. Consequently, when the material in hand with a terminal inflorescence failed to work out as belonging to Pfitzer’s Acrotonae-Acran- thae, | thought I was justified in proposing a new genus. Pfitzer briefly characterized the genus Dipodium un- der his Acrotonae-Pleuranthae, and made the significant [ 36 | statement: “‘Pfl. zur Bliitezeit und warscheinlich iiber- haupt blattlos, in ihrem Aufbau noch ungeniigend be- kannt.’’ As he restricted the genus to the Australasian species, it would seem that he intended to exclude from Dipodium the Malayan species with lateral flower-shoots (plants clearly referable to the Acrotonae-Pleuranthae ) and to recognize for their reception the genus Wailesia. Perhaps, as Pfitzer implied, the vegetative structure of Dipodium, as represented by 2. punctatum and D. squamatum, is in need of further elucidation. However, as long ago as 1862, H. G. Reichenbach (in Xenia Orch- idacea 2 (1862) 15, t. 107) attempted a classification of the then known species (taking Dipodium in its broadest sense to include Wailesia), and in his key to the genus established two groups: one characterized by a terminal inflorescence, including D. punctatum and D. squama- tum; the other characterized by a lateral inflorescence, including D. paludosum and D. pictum. He published a very accurate illustration of D. squamatum and showed clearly what he interpreted as a terminal inflorescence. Infortunately the specimens of J. squamatum and D. punctatum found in herbaria are usually incomplete and appear to be broken where they emerge from the ground, yet it is difficult to understand why Pfitzer, rely- ing on vegetative characters, should have regarded these species as members of his Acrotonae-Pleuranthae. If Dipodium is accepted in the modern sense to in- clude the species formerly referred to Wailesia (on floral structures it is evident that these genera are closely re- lated and doubtfully separable) it should be emphasized that the Australasian species, J. punctatum and D. squamatum, constitute an exception to the generic char- acters of Dipodium based on a lateral flower-shoot and are in the same category with several other genera of the Orchidaceae, such as Dendrochilum and some of the ab- [ 37 ] errant species of Kpidendrum which should be referred, in a key erected on vegetative characters, to both the A- crotonae-Acranthae and to the Acrotonae-Pleuranthae. STUDIES IN PONTHIEVA BY Oakes AMES AND CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH Ponthieva chuquiribambae (A7iinz/.) Ames & Schweinfurth, comb. nov. Pleurothallis Chuquiribambae Kriinzlin in’ Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 44 (19380) 327. On receipt of habit drawings and detailed floral a- nalyses of the type of Plewrothallis Chuquirtbambae trom the Reichenbach Herbarium at Vienna, it became very evident that this species is a typical member of the genus Ponthieva. The characteristically asymmetrical petals adnate, together with the lip, to the upper part of the column are diagnostic for Ponthieva and are quite dis- tinct from what obtains in the very distantly related genus Pleurothallis. This species, however, does not appear to be refer- able to any Ponthieva previously described. It is allied to the widespread P. maculata Lindl., particularly to the rather dwarf form of the plant found in Central America: but it differs in having apparently narrower connate lat- eral sepals and a dissimilar markedly unguiculate ovate- triangular lip. Furthermore, Ponthieva chuquiribambae appears to differ from the Peruvian P. vi/losa Lindl. in [ 38 | the narrow connate lateral sepals, the form of the lip and the short (not elongate) rostellum. Ponthieva parviflora Ames & Schweinfurth, sp. nov. Herba elata, gracilis. Radices tuberosae. Folia ba- salia, rosulata, elliptico-oblanceolata vel oblanceolata, ad basim petiolatam angustata, acuta. Scapus inferne glab- er, superne glanduloso-pubescens. Racemus laxiflorus. Flores parvi. Sepala lateralia oblique ovata, obtusa. Sep- alum dorsale elliptico-lanceolatum, concavum. Petala sepalo dorsali valde adnata, obliquissime deltoideo-rhom- bica, basi cuneata. Labellum valde concavum, subsessile, apice profunde trilobatum. Columna brevis. Plant tall, about 40 em. high. Roots tuberous. Leaves basal, rosulate, five in this single specimen, el- liptic-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, gradually narrowed into a petioled base, 18 em. or less long, up to 2.9 em. wide, acute, membranaceous. Stem slender, provided with eight scarious tubular acuminate sheaths of which the lowermost is 1.75 cm. long, glabrous below, finely glandular-pubescent above. Raceme loose, exceeding 10 em. in length (incomplete), 23-flowered or more. Floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, up to 4.5 mm. long, pube- scent on the outer surface. Pedicellate ovary slender, spreading, 6 mm. or less long, glandular-pubescent. Flowers very small for the genus. Sepals sparsely gland- ular-pubescent near the base on the outer surface. Lat- eral sepals obliquely ovate, about 83 mm. long, up to 2 mm. wide, obtuse. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, subacute, concave. Petals adnate to the dorsal sepal, obliquely deltoid-rhombic, obtuse or subacute, almost sessile on the column at the cuneate base, 2.9 mm. long, about 1.6 mm. wide below the middle, 1-nerved with an indistinct branch near the [ 39 ] base, strongly dilated on the outer margin near the base and slightly dilated on the inner margin at the middle, upper margins minutely cellular-ciliolate. Lip adnate to the column near the base of the latter, strongly concave with erect sides, nearly sessile at the solid base, about 2.7 mm. long in natural position, abruptly 3-lobed near the apex; middle lobe small, spatulate-oblong, 1 mm. long, rounded at the apex, concave, upcurved in natural position. Column very short, 2-2.5 mm. long including the terminal erect rostellar horn; clinandrium relatively long; anther oblong-cordate, stipitate. Ponthieva parviflora is unusual in the genus in be- ing arather tall species with slender habit and very small flowers. It is somewhat similar to P. parvula Schltr., but is vegetatively much larger with dissimilar petals which are narrowed above, and with a more distinctly 3-lobed lip. It differs from P. Brittonae Ames in its taller habit, in its much smaller flowers, and in the venation of the petals, and in the dissimilar lip. A sheet of the same collection bearing three plants (subsequently received from the Field Museum of Nat- ural History) shows the following variations from the type. Plant 20-45 cm. tall. Stem with only three sheaths. Leaves elliptic, about 5-6 cm. long, 2.1 cm. or less broad. Raceme 9-15 em. long. Yucatan: Tuxpefia, Campeche, January 19, 1982, C. L. Lun- dell 1213, (Tver in Herb. Univ. Mich.). [ 40 | BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY Campripcr, Massacnuserrs, SepremBer 18, 1936 VoL. 4, No. 4 A NEW PLEUROTHALLIS FROM COSTA RICA BY OakrEs AMES HE species described below is in part characterized by the non-resupinate flowers; the connate lateral sepals being directed toward the apex of the leaf. In the collector’s notes there is nothing to warrant the expla- nation that this condition is the result of the stems and leaves having been drooping or pendent, but it is prob- able that the leaves hung downward or were strongly de- flexed, in which case the flowers would become non- resupinate. Pleurothallis fantastica is without close alllies in the Central American flora. In habit it suggests P. Tondu- zeana Schitr., but in floral structure is quite distinct: furthermore, the secondary stems are less markedly an- cipitous or winged below the triangular-lanceolate leaf- blade. The adnate peduncle, the conspicuously three- lobed labellum with a more or less prominent cushion-like callus on the dise at the base of the middle-lobe, and the leaves being penninerved near the base constitute the more important distinguishing characters. The column is of the type characteristic of Pleurothallis as originally defined by Robert Brown, in that the stigmas are con- fluent along the frontal margin of the androclinium as in P.ruscifolia (Jaeq.) R. Br. (Cf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. [41 ] EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION PLEUROTHALLIS FANTASTICA Ames. Plant, one half of natural size, drawn from the type. 1, flower, much enlarged. 2, leaf and inflorescence, natural size. 3, labellum, enlarged, lateral lobes deflexed. 4,labellum and column (anther removed), enlarged. 5, column (anther removed) showing the triangular rostellum overhanging the stigmatic orifice. 6, pol- linia, very much enlarged. Floral analyses drawn from material preserved in alcohol. Drawn in August 1936 by BLancur Ames [ 42 ] Cm ) fntastica Chmes Univ. 1, no. 9 (1938) 5, t.) Pleurothallis fantastica Ames sp. nov. Radices fibratae, albidae, glabrae. Caules secundarii congesti, valde elongati, graciles, paucivaginati, superne leviter ancipiti, monophylli. Vaginae tubulatae, valde adpressae. Folium triangulari-lanceolatum, prope basim penninervium, usque ad apicem angustatum, apice mu- cronatum. Pedunculi abbreviati quam folium multo brev- iores, folio adnati. Pedicelli fasciculati. Flores sueced- anel. Sepala lateralia in laminam ellipticam connata. Sepalum dorsale anguste ellipticum. Petala late lanceo- lata, trinervia. Labellum carnosum, trilobatum; lobi laterales semiorbiculares, plus minusve erecti; lobus me- dius quadratus, papillosus, prope basim callo ornatus. Columna generis. Pollinia duo. Roots fibrous, whitish, smooth, about 1 mm. thick. Secondary stems 10-20 cm. long, about 1 mm. in diam- eter, crowded on a creeping rhizome, ascending, slender below, becoming slightly ancipitous above, but not so conspicuously so as in the closely related P. Tonduziana, clothed withseveral closely appressed, cylindrical sheaths, monophyllous. Leaves 10-17 em. long, 1.5—2.5 em. wide near the base, coriaceous, tapering gradually to an acute, mucronate tip, penninerved for the length of the adnate peduncle, the basal margins more or less involute. Pe- duncle about 2 cm. long, completely adnate to the leaf, bearing at the free end an ample sheath which is about 6 mm. long and from which one to three or more non- resupinate flowers emerge in succession, only one flower, rarely two, being expanded simultaneously. Pedicels fas- ciculate, about 8 mm. long, smooth. Ovary 3.5 mm. long, Jointed to the pedicel. Lateral sepals connate, form- ing an elliptical lamina with eight nerves, 5 mm. long, a- bout 4mm. wide. Upper sepal 5-6 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, [ 45 | narrowly elliptical, obtuse or subacute, 3—5-nerved. Pet- als 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, broadly lanceolate, mi- nutely glandulose, obtuse, 3-nerved. Labellum fleshy, adnate below to the base of the column and emerging just above its base, 2 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, conspicuously fleshy, three-lobed with the lateral lobes semi-orbicular, about 2.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, minutely glandulose, obliquely erect and more or less appressed to the column; middle lobe 1 mm, long and about 1 mm. wide, quadrate, retuse, distinctly glandu- lose, purplish, 8-nerved with a bilobed or retuse callus at the base. Column about 3 mm. long, narrowed toward the middle, conspicuously dilated above, minutely gland- ulose; rostellum broadly triangular. Pollinia two, slend- erly pyriform. Costa Rica: Province of San José, in the vicinity of El General. Epiphyte on trees by a river at 830 meters altitude. Flowers yellow. January 1936. Alexander F. Skutch 23591. (Type in Herb. Ames No. 43650). In the dried flowers examined the sepals and petals were yellow, the labellum purplish. [ 46 ] A RARE SOBRALIA FROM COSTA RICA BY OakEs AMES Sobralia pleiantha Schlechter in Fedde Repert. 83 (1906) 79; in Fedde Repert. Beihefte 19 (1923) 81. In 1921, H. Prrrier discovered the type of Sobralia pleiantha in a forest near Boruca in southwestern Costa Rica. When Rudolf Schlechter described it, fifteen years later, he referred to the unusual nature of the inflores- cence in having more than one flower expanded at a time. In Sobralia, usually, the flowers are produced singly, in succession, each flower remaining in perfection for a very few hours, The plants attain a height of 8 decimeters or more, each slender stem bearing as many as ten elliptic-lanceo- late, acuminate leaves which are articulated to elongated, closely appressed cylindrical, smooth sheaths. At the summit of the mature stems the flowers appear in an abbreviated raceme with complanate, distichous bracts. Kach raceme produces as many as ten flowers. The lower- most flowers expand first and are in perfection while the terminal flowers are still in bud. The sepals and petals are from 8-8.3 em. long and about 1 em. wide. The labellum, equally long, and about 2 cm. wide, is closely beset, along the central veins, with numerous, crowded, glandular processes. These processes are simple, bifurcate or several-times divided, those near the apex of the lamina being strongly complanate ; those near the base being crowded into a pair of abbreviated keels; the margin of the labellum is finely denticulate almost to the base. The column is typical of the genus and attains a length of about 8 cm. In the original description the labellum is described as being cuneate-obovate. In a drawing received from [47 ] EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION SoBRALIA PLEIANTHA Schlechter. Plant, natural size, drawn from a specimen of Skutch 2484. 1, label- lum about twice natural size. 2 and 8, column, enlarged. Figures 1, 2 and 3 drawn with the aid of the camera lucida from flowers preserved in al- cohol. Drawn in July 1936 by Buancur AMEs [ 48 ] SOBRALIA _ penthe che. Dr. Schlechter the labellum is strongly cuneate below the middle. In the specimens from which the accompa- nying plate was drawn, the labellum is elliptical and not at all cuneate below the middle. The flowers on the plants collected by Skutch are not resupinate, and it is highly probable that this condition is to be explained by the stems having been pendent rather than erect. Costa Rica: Comarea de Puntarenas, near Boruca. In a forest, at 450 meters altitude. February, 1891. H. Pittier 3855, (Tyrer in Herb. Mus. Bot. Berol. Dupticare tyre in U. S. Nat. Herb.): Prov- ince of San José, vicinity of El General. On trees, at 880 meters altitude. Flowers cream, January, 1936. Alexander F. Skutch 2484. [ 51 | A NEW MACROSTACHYA FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS OF [ILLINOIS BY WinniamM C. Darran ALTHOUGH an extensive literature concerning cala- marian cones has been developed during the past fifty years, only meager information about Macrostachya is available. Well-preserved specimens of cones of fossil plants are rather rare, and frequently the fragmentary nature of larger forms makes investigation difficult. Mac- rostachya belongs to articulated plants remotely related to living Equisetales. The specimen described in this study was collected in the strippings of the Wilmington mines, Will County, Illinois. These coal workings are an extension of the ‘*Mazon Creek’’ beds. The specimens occur in typical iron-stone nodules. Mr. Frederick O. Thompson, the collector and donor, has presented his extensive collec- tions to the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Mr. Thompson has succeeded in gathering 11,000 speci- mens from Will County, and although calamarian cones are relatively common only two are referable to Macro- stachya. The complete specimen, number 15602, was. first studied in the round, and then investigated by the ‘‘peel”” method. This peel method may be described briefly. The sur- face of the specimen is washed carefully with water and then is etched with a two percent solution of hydrochloric acid. Following the application of acid, the surface is again washed with water in order to remove excess acid and salts in solution. After the specimen is dry, a solu- tion of nitrocellulose in buty] acetate is poured over the etched surface. Within six hours the nitrocellulose hard- [ 52 |] ens into a tough, pliable, permanent, transparent film. This film or ‘‘peel’’ is peeled away from the specimen. The dried peel contains a replica of the cellular detail which is composed of black or brown carbon from the original cellulose. Desired portions are mounted, un- stained in the usual cytological method, with balsam in xylol. Such preparations may be studied with a magni- fication up to 1000 diameters. Numerous peels can be made on a single specimen without destroying the specimen itself. In this study eight peels were made from the holotype. In general practice all macrostachyan cones of large size and compact whorls are identified with Macrostachya infundibuliformis (Brongniart ) Schimper. The species is not only poorly defined, but also so broadly interpreted that several different species are included in it. Despite this confusion it was evident at once that the specimens from I[llinois were distinct. The whorls contain 30 to 36 sterile bracts, whereas Macrostachya infundibuliformis contains only 20. In addition, the sporangia contain large isospores, whereas M.infundibuliformis is believed to be heterosporous. There are other specific differences such as the shape of the bracts and the proportions of the cone. There is no reason for the establishment of a new generic designation, Macrostacuya Schimper Traité de Paleontologie végétale vol. 1. p. 332. 1869. Macrostachya Thompsonii Darrah sp. nov. Cone large, 210 mm. long; whorls 5-7 mm. apart, except at apex where they are compact; each whorl is composed of 30-86 bracts; there are 50-53 whorls; each bract is mucronate with 1, 2, and even 8 teeth. Sporan- gia are borne as in Calamostachys. The plant is isospo- [ 53 | rous; the large spores measure 350-400 «. in diameter ; usually collapsed; smaller, undernourished spores occa- sionally present. Shape of the cone elongate, expanding from a pedicle 6 mm. wide, gradually to 80 mm. in the middle third, continuing until near the apex where it tapers suddenly to a rounded summit. I have the honor to name this specimen Macrostachya Thompsonii in recognition of Mr. TThompson’s continued interest in paleobotany and his generosity to the Botan- ical Museum of Harvard University. Lesquereux believed that Macrostachya infundibuli- formis occurs in the Mazon Creek flora. His specimen is a poorly preserved Macrostachya Thompsonu. Les- quereux’ figured a specimen from Cannelton, Beaver County, Pennsylvania as M.infundibuliformis. 1t differs from Brongniart’s species but falls within the concept of Schimper’. It is probably an unnamed species. Noth- ing is known of its internal structure, so that anew name would not help the problem. Lesquereux also united with Schimper’s M. infundibuliformis, Asterophyllites tuber- culata Lesquereux’, and ’ baad from the files of the Bureau of Indian Affairs’? Washington, D.C., 1922. (10) Reko, Blas P. ‘‘Das Mexikanische Rauschgift Ololiuqui’’ El Mexico Antiguo, Vol. III, no, 3-4, Tacubaya, D.F. December, 1934. (11) Reko, Victor A. “*Was ist Peyote?’’ Zeitschr. f. Parapsycholo- gie, Vol. IV, pt. 7, Leipzig, July, 1929. (12) Reko, Victor A. ‘‘Magische Gifte—Rausch- und Betdubungs- mittel der Neuen Welt’’ Stuttgart, 1936. (13) Safford, William E. ‘“‘An Aztec narcotic’? Journ. Hered., Vol. VI, no. 7, Washington, D.C., July, 1915. (14) Safford, William E. ‘‘Narcotic plants and stimulants of the an- cient Americans’’ Smithson. Rept. for 1916, pp. 387-424, Washington, D.C., 1917. [151 ] (15) Skinner, Alanson ‘‘Ethnology of the loway Indians’? Bull. Pub- lic Museum City Milwaukee, Vol. 5, no. 4, June 12, 1926, (16) Smith, Mrs. Maurice G. “‘A negro peyote cult’? Journ, Wash, Acad. Sci., Vol. 24, no. 10, Washington, D.C., October 15, 1934. (17) Standley, Paul C. “‘Trees and shrubs of Mexico’? Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb., Vol. 23, p. 435, Washington, D.C., 1922. (18) Wood, H.C. ; Remington, J.P. ; and Sadtler, S.P. “‘Dispensa- tory of the United States of America’’ ed. 18 (1899), p. 1797. [ 152 | inns rcemnnons BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY CamBripGr, Massacnusetts, AprIL 30, 1937 CODONOTHECA AND CROSSOTHECA: POLLENIFEROUS STRUCTURES OF PTERIDOSPERMS BY WiniiamM C. Darran THE PTERIDOSPERMS or seed-ferns are of especial evo- lutionary significance because in a number of structures they foreshadow the cycads and higher seed-plants. The main interest in the pteridosperms centers in their mode of fructification which is generally considered to be non- strobiloid, having true seeds and typical archi-gymno- spermous pollen in sacs borne on pinnatified branches of fern-like habit. One of the important and meagerly known microspo- rangiate form-genera is Codonotheca which belongs to the medullosan seed-ferns. Halle (7 )' has published the only comprehensive sur- vey of pteridosperm fructifications and has given direc- tion to the interpretations concerning the polleniferous structures. It was Sellards’ (74) opinion that Codonotheca was the polleniferous structure of Neuropteris decipiens Lesque- reux (17). I am inclined to this opinion because of the similarity of cuticlar and stomatal structures of Codono- theca to those of Neuropteris decipiens. There is also some resemblance of its cuticle to that of Newropteris rariner- ‘Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Bibliography. [ 158 ] EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION Copvonotueca capuca Sellards Upper figure: A cluster of synangia showing their paired arrangement. Carboniferous: Allegheny Formation. Mazon Creek, Illinois. Four fifths nat- ural size. Harvard Botanical Museum (Paleobota- ny) No, 24991 (F.O. Thompson Collection). Figure at lower left: Photograph of a nitrocellu- lose peel from one synangium. Note the orienta- tion of the many small dark ““granules.’? These granules are pollen-grains. Twice natural size. Mazon Creek, Illinois. Peeled from specimen No. 5033 Harvard Botanical Museum (Paleobotany) (Lesquereux Collection). Figure at lower right: A single synangium natural size. Mazon Creek, Illinois. Harvard Botanical Museum (Paleobotany) No. 5026 (Lesquereux Col- lection). [ 154 | vis Bunbury (2). It is well to note that Stockmans (15 ) identifies the Mazon Creek representatives of Neurop- teris rarinervis with Neuropteris attenuata Lindley and Hutton. However, I am inclined to dismiss Neuropteris attenuata as of no more than varietal importance. In the Lesquereux collection there are one hundred and thirty specimens of Codonotheca caduca which were identified as Mquisetites occidentalis (11). Since there are certain calamarian leaves also included in the type series of Lesquereux, Sellards’ name should stand and no at- tempt should be made to reinstate Lesquereux’s specific name. There are sixty-two specimens of Codonotheca ca- duca in the F.O.Thompson collection. Sellards had to deal with detached fructifications from which no evidence concerning arrangement could be ob- tained. I have illustrated in the first figure how the ter- minal sporangiate structures are borne pendulously on pinnatified branches. here are four pairs of synangia arranged almost opposite. Several other smaller and more fragmentary branches are known, but these show the same opposite, pendulous and paired arrangement. Each campanulate staminate structure has six long tubular sporangia filled with large pollen-grains imbed- ded in the tissue. In this respect, Codonotheca belongs to the same group as Whittleseya. Halle (7) interprets Co- donotheca as follows: ‘‘Specimens of Codonotheca caduca of average size are stated to be 8-5 em. long and 13 em. wide at the top. The segments are free for about half of the length of the specimen, or somewhat less. The spores are described as forming long and narrow groups which extend from the tip to the base of each segment and lie in more or less well-marked depressions occupying one half or two thirds of the width of the segment. Sellards states that there is nothing to indicate the location of the sporangia, but he evidently thinks that each group of [157 ] EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION Crossorueca saairrara ( Lesquereux) Sellards A specimen of a pinna, showing the typical sagit- tate form of the ‘“sporophyll.’’ Carboniferous : Allegheny Formation. Mazon Creek, Illinois. Three fourths natural size. Harvard Botanical Mu- seum (Paleobotany) No. 19703 (F.O. Thompson Collection). spores represents several sporangia ‘more or less com- pletely immersed in the tissue’. He discusses, however, a second possibility, namely that the segments themselves are enormous sporangia united at the base. This interpre- tation he rejects because of the great size of the segments and especially because of the vascular strands which are stated to run through them. In the light of the informa- tion which has now been gained regarding the structure of Whittleseya, Goldenbergia and Aulacotheca, 1 believe that this alternative interpretation is more probably the right one. The unusual size and shape of the spores and their aggregation in very long and narrow groups which form a uniseriate whorl round a central cavity are fea- tures characteristic of the three genera named, and if the sporangia, as believed by Sellards, are really immersed in the tissue, this would be yet another point of agree- ment.’ Whittleseya is a misunderstood form despite the lucid description given by Halle (7). Recently Wodehouse (17) has revived the obsolete and erroneous opinion that Whittleseya is a ginkgoalean. Whittleseya elegans Newberry is the staminate fructifi- cation of Alethopteris grandifolia Newberry, (12) which Arnold has shown to bear T'rigonocarpus-like seeds. Whittleseya is a pteridosperm of the order Medullosae. The spores of Codonotheca are very large, elongate- elliptical bodies 0.28—0.32 mm. long and 0.18—0.20 mm. wide. They retain a yellow resinous color sometimes ob- secured by reddish-brown stain. The spores usually contain two rather large dense structures which may represent nuclei. There are also present smaller irregular masses of a black substance which Sellards regards as the remnants of the original food supply. The pollen-grains of Codo- notheca caduca resemble those of Dolerotheca fertilis (7) in size, shape and ornamentation. Sellards described (p. 89) the spores of Codonotheca [161 | as having asingle longitudinal ‘‘slit’’. Misinterpretation of the material led him to this conclusion. It will be ob- served in the accompanying figures that Codonotheca spores have two furrows as have all other members of the Whittleseyineae. Halle remarks (p. 11) that these furrows ‘‘might be supposed to mark the junction be- tween the part of the wall facing outwards in the tetrad and the two radial walls.’ Codonotheca caduca Sellards seems to be restricted to the environs of Mazon Creek. It has been found at Mazon Creek, Braidwood, Wilmington and Morris. Somewhat similar, but not sufficiently preserved, specimens have been collected in the Upper Allegheny formation of Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Turner (76) has figured pol- len grains found in the flame-etched surface of polished anthracite coal from the Ross coal of Nanticoke, Penn- sylvania. The Ross coal is of Middle Allegheny age. It is impossible to identify this pollen specifically with that of Codonotheca, but there is no doubt that the pollen be- longs to one of these medullosan fructifications. Recently Chamberlain (4) has described Neuwropteris decipiens as bearing Trigonocarpus seeds. He was led to this opinion by the celebrated reconstruction in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Professor Noe informs me that unfortunately the seeds have not been found in attachment. It is probably true that Newropteris decipiens is a pteridosperm, that it bore polleniferous structures of the Codonotheca type and that it had seeds of a Neuropterocarpus of Rhabdocarpus shape and structure. Crossotheca, unlike Codonotheca, is widely distributed and has figured prominently in phylogenetic speculations on the seed-torms. In addition, there are a number of points involved which stimulate reasonable doubt regard- ing the pteridospermous nature of at least a few species of Crossotheca. [162 ] Crossotheca is a spore-bearing form-genus defined by Zeiller in 1883, (78) and regarded by him to be filicinean. Crossotheca became known as the polleniferous member of the pteridosperms because a structure referable to Crossotheca was found in organic attachment with a frond type known to be seed-bearing. Within the past few years Crookall (5) has revived a long-standing contro- versy over this case, but before I discuss the issue it would be well to give a description of a typical species of Crossotheca for which the sterile form is also known. Sellards (73) has described the attachment of Crosso- theca sagittata (Lesquereux). The detached fructifica- tion had been named Sorocladus sagittatus by Lesque- reux (11). For the sterile frond, Sellards cites the name Pecopteris fontainei Lesquereux MS., which was pub- lished without valid description by Lesley (10). The small sagittate “‘sporophylls’’ bear 12 free, pen- dulous sporangia. These rather large sporangia have a length of 3-5 mm. and a width of 0.5—0.75 mm. There are probably 128 spores to the sporangium (the lowest count in twenty-five well-preserved sporangia was 46, the largest 106). The spores are large, spherical bodies with a diameter ranging from 0.050—0.060 mm. All bear the typical tri-radiate scar, which in itself is not allowable as evidence in determining relationship. Sellards (73 states that the thick exospore is marked by minute warty thickenings. The spores in our preparations are almost smooth. Maceration methods used by Sellards may have slightly roughened (swelled) the exine, but this is not to be interpreted as a difference in opinion. Crossotheca sagittata is borne on foliage of the Pecop- teris type, long regarded to be true-fern. Pecopteris fon- tainei, the sterile form, belongs to the miltont-abbreviata group, which finds a curious paradox in its known frue- tifications. The usual fertile form is 4 sterotheca, a typical [ 163 ] EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION Crossorueca saairtata ( Lesquereur) Sellards Upper figure: A small specimen from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Natural size. Harvard Botanical Museum (Paleobotany) No. 9748 (F.O.Thompson Collec- tion). P . “é . Middle figure: ‘spores,’* somewhat collapsed, taken from the specimen shown in the upper fig- ure. Photograph of a nitrocellulose peel. Magni- fied 75 times. Lower figure: Photograph of a nitrocellulose peel showing a cluster of sporangia with the typical epaulette shape. T'wice natural size. Mazon Creek, Illinois. Peeled from specimen No, 12192 Har- vard Botanical Museum (Paleobotany). (Lesque- reux Collection). [ 164 | eusporangiate sorus with a prodigious production of very small ellipsoidal spores (0.012 mm. 0.015 mm. ). Those species bearing Crossotheca fructifications have large spherical spores. Recently Halle (6) has found a species which he named Pecopteris wongu trom the Permo-Car- boniferous of Shansi Province of China. This species, clearly referable to the miltoni-abbreviata group, may prove to be seed-bearing. At least one specimen seems to have a single smooth rhabdocarp-like seed attached laterally. Halle is unwilling to accept this evidence with- out reservation. The real reason why Crossotheca is held to be phylo- genetically important is because it is believed to be the pollen-bearing structure of certain pteridosperms. To be specific, the microsporangiate fructification of the classic Lyginopteris oldhamia was believed by Kidston (9) to be a Crossotheca. Miss Benson (2) at once challenged this contention by showing how Telangium could as well be the microsporangiate structure of Lyginopteris. Actually, Miss Benson has called attention to the weakest point in the argument, because the structure found by Kidston, though a true Crossotheca, does not belong to Lyginopteris oldhamia. The species has been renamed Crossotheca kidstont by Crookall, (5) but it probably belongs to another lyginopterid. It is interesting to note that Te/angium shows a deti- nite resemblance in structure to certain members of the W hittleseyineae. However, the evidence indicates that the synangium is bilaterally symmetrical. Crookall (5) has shown that Crossotheca fructifica- tions are borne on foliage of both the Pecopteris and Sphenopteris types, but he cites an opinion of Mr. Hem- ingway that in every case where proof of attachment can be obtained, this attachment has been pecopterid. Hirmer (8) has arranged what he considers to be a [ 167 ] EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION Covonorueca capuca Sellards Upper figure: Photograph of a nitrocellulose peel showing pollen-grains with the two furrows and the two dark bodies which bear some resemblance to nuclei. Peeled from specimen No, 50383. Pho- tographed with a red filter. Lower figure: Photograph of the same peel photo- graphed without filters, showing apparently a sin- gle furrow. [ 168 ] . | phylogenetic series of micro-sporangiate structures be- ginning with the typical 4 sterotheca, then through As- terotheca truncata to Crossotheca pinnatifida to the typi- ‘al Crossotheca to the Whittleseyineae. It is not clear, however, whether this is only an im- plied transition from a typical fern synangium through pendulous encapsulated sporangia to the typical radial structure characteristic of the Whittleseyineae,or whether it is a genetically related series. Thus we come to a brief consideration of the two genera under discussion: Codonotheca and Crossotheca. Codonotheca is known to be a pteridosperm, its ‘‘pol- len’’ (=microspores) are typically cyecadean, and it be- longs clearly to the W hittleseyineae. Crossotheca is probably pteridospermous, but there remains the possibility that at least some of its species are filicinean. In Crossotheca sagittata, we may be deal- ing with a fern whose spores are typically pteropsid and are apparently unicellular. The difference in spore structure may not be serious, for Crossotheca is attributed to the Lyginopterideae, the most primitive group of pteridosperms, while Codono- theca belongs to the later-derived medullosans. A careful investigation into the phylogeny and rela- tionships of the seed-ferns reveals at once the scarcity of precise data. The order Medullosae is characterized by large ellipsoidal pollen borne in elongate, tubular sporangia, which may be fused into a seed-like synan- gium. On the other hand, from a survey of the available data and materials, it is not possible to circumscribe the limits of the Lyginopterideae, nor even to recognize with certainty the nature of their microsporangia. Crosso- theca, although probably referable to the lyginopterids, may yet prove to be filicinean. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Arnold, C.A. 1935 Contrib. Mus. Paleont., Univ. Mich. 4: 279-282, (2) Benson, M. 1904 Ann. Bot., 18: 161. (3) Bunbury, C. 1847 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 3: 425. (4) Chamberlain, C.J. 1935 Gymnosperms, p. 24. (5) Crookall, R. 1980 Ann. Bot., 44: 621-637. (6) Halle, T.G. 1929 Kungl. Svensk. Vetensk. Handl., Bd. 6 No. 8. (7) Halle, T.G. 1933 Kungl. Svensk. Vetensk. Handl., Bd. 12 No. 6. (8) Hirmer, M. 19382. Palaobotanik, Fortschritte der Botanik, Bd. 1. (9) Kidston, R. 1905 Proe. Roy. Soc. B. 76: 358-360 (10) Lesley, J.P. 1889 Dictionary of Fossils of Pennsylvania p. 606. (11) Lesquereux, L. 1880 Coal Flora Vol. 1. (12) Newberry, J.S. 1860 Geol. Rept. Ohio, Paleont., 6: 384. (13) Sellards, E.H. 1902 Am. Journ, Sci., 14: 196-198, (14) Sellards, E.H. 1908 Am, Journ. Sci., 16: 87-95. (15) Stockmans, F. 1933 Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. No. Sie Ps 22, (16) see, Twenholfel, W. 1932 Treatise on Sedimentation (Rev. Ed.) p. 360. (17) Wodehouse, R.P. 1935 Pollen Grains p, 227. (18) Zeiller, R. 1883 Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.), ser. 6, Vol. 16. [172 | BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY CamBripGk, Massacnuserts, May 27, 1937 VoL. 4, No. 10 THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE CULTIVATED SORGHUMS BY ALBERT F. HI, THE CULTIVATED SORGHUMS in the United States may readily be separated into four cultural groups: (1) the grass sorghums, which include Johnson grass, Sudan grass and Tunis grass; (2) the sweet or saccharine sor- ghums, commonly known as sorgos; (8) the grain or non-saccharine sorghums, which comprise durra, feterita, hegari, kaoliang, milo and shallu; and (4) the broomecorns. The determination of the taxonomic identity of these plants, however, is a difficult matter, and their nomen- clature has long been in an unusually chaotic state. In consequence, the greater part of the literature dealing with sorghums in the United States has made little or no reference to the scientific names. Several causes have been responsible for this state of affairs. The normally complicated nomenclature of any group with numerous horticultural forms has, in this in- stance, been further confused by the fact that the sor- ghums have been referred at various times to at least three distinct genera: Andropogon, Holcus and Sor- ghum. There has also existed a considerable difference of opinion among taxonomists as to whether the several races should be accorded a varietal or a specific status. Finally the identity of certain of the forms has been in [173 ] doubt. This has been particularly true in the case of milo and kaoliang, which are not listed in such authoritative manuals as Bailey (7) and Hitchcock (2). Within the last few years considerable progress has been made toward a better and more accurate under- standing of the group. The typification of the generic name Holeus by H.lanatus 1.., in accordance with the rules of the Sixth International Botanical Congress, has rendered the generic name Sorghum available for the cul- tivated sorghums. This eliminates the confusion which arises when these plants are considered as species and varieties of Holcus. In 1985, J. D. Snowden published a classification of the cultivated sorghums (3) and followed this, in 1986, by an exhaustive monograph (4) dealing with all the cul- tivated races of sorghum. In this latter work the author discusses the taxonomic position and botanical history of the various types in great detail, and gives, as well, much valuable information in regard to the cultural features of the plants concerned. Snowden, following the Kuropean custom, considers the chief groups of Sorghum to be dis- tinct species, and lists some 81 species, 158 varieties and 524 unnamed forms. Probably few American botanists will care to adopt this treatment, preferring to treat the majority of the cultivated forms as varieties of a single polymorphic species. Snowden, nevertheless, has made a distinct contribution and one that should be accept- able to everyone, in that he makes clear the identity of all the larger groups, indicating their nomenclatorial his- tory and citing full synonymy as well. As a result of his work one can now list the American sorghums more completely and more accurately than has hitherto been possible. The object of this paper is to assign names to those sorghums which are not treated in Bailey or Hitchcock, [174 ] and to indicate a few changes in the citation of authori- ties as well. No attempt will be made to reconcile all the kinds of sorghum grown in this country with one or another of Snowden’s species or varieties; nor to discuss the several nomenclatorial changes which he proposes. For the sake of clarity all the larger groups of Ameri- can Sorghums will be listed below, irrespective of whether or not any nomenclatorial changes are herein indicated. With the exception of the grass sorghums, they will be treated as varieties of Sorghum vulgare Pers., following the custom usual in this country. The several grass sor- ghums, on the other hand, will be considered as distinct species, a practice rather generally adopted in the United States as well as in Europe. THE CULTIVATED SORGHUMS IN THE UNITED STATES. 1. Sorghum halepense / L. ) Persoon Syn. PI. 1 (1805) 101. Johnson grass. Holcus halepensis Linnaeus Sp. Pl. (1758) 1047. 2. Sorghum sudanensis ( Piper) Stapf in Prain FI. Trop. Afr. 9 (1917) 118. Sudan grass. Andropogon Sorghum Brot. var. sudanensis Piper in Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28 (1915) 33. Holcus sudanensis L. H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1923) 182. Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. sudanense (Piper) Hitch- cock in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17 (1917) 147. 3. Sorghum virgatum ( Hack.) Stapf in Prain FI. Trop. Afr. 9 (1917) 111. Tunis grass. Andropogon Sorghum Brot. subsp. halepensis Hack. var. virgatus Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 504. Holeus virgatus L.H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1923) 182. 4. Sorghum vulgare Persoon Syn. Pl. 1 (1805) 101. Sorghum. Holcus Sorghum Winnaeus Sp. Pl. (1758) 1047. Andropogon Sorghum Brotero Fl. Lusit. 1 (1804) 88. var. bicolor (L.) Persoon Syn. Pl. 1 (1805) 101. Gooseneck sorgo. Holcus bicolor Linnaeus Mant. Alt. (1771) 301. Sorghum bicolor Moench Meth. Pl. (1794) 207. var. caffrorum ( Retz.) Hubbard & Rehder in Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harv. Univ. 1 (1982) 10 (Published as var. caffrorum ( Thunb.) Hubbard & Rehder). Kafir. Panicum caffrorum Retzius Obs. Bot. 2 (1781) 7. Holcus caffrorum Thunberg Prod. PI. Cap. (1794) 20. Sorghum caffrorum Beauvois A grost. (1812) 181, 178. Holeus Sorghum \.. var. caffrorum L.H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1928) 183. In addition to the various kafirs, Snowden in- cludes hegari and several of the sweet sorghums, such as Orange Sorgo and closely related types, in this variety. var, caudatum ( Hack.) A. F. Hill comb. nov. Feterita. Andropogon Sorghum Brot. subsp. sattvus Hack. var. caudatus Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 517. Sorghum caudatum Stapf in Prain FI. Trop. Afr. 9 (1917) 1381. Holcus Sorghum WL. var. caudatus L. H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1923) 133. [176 ] var, cernuum (Ard.) Fiori & Paoletti Icon. FI. Ital. (1895) 14. White durra. Holcus cernuus Arduino in Saggi Sci. e Lett. Padova 1 (1786) 128, t. 8, figs. 1 & 2. Sorghum cernuum Host Gram. Aust. 4 (1809) 2, t. B: Snowden clearly indicates that the White durra or Jerusalem corn belongs to a different race from the Brown durra (var. Durra). var. Drummondii ( Nees ) Chiovenda in Result. Sci. Miss. Stefan.-Paoli. Somal. Ital. 1 Coll. Bot. (1916) 224, Chicken corn. Andropogon Drummondu Nees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1 (1854) 898. Sorghum Drummondu Nees ex Steudel Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 898 in synon.—Millspaugh & Chase in Publ. Field Columb. Mus. Bot. 38 (1903) 21. Holcus Sorghum 1. var. Drummondu Hitchcock in Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash. 29 (1916) 128. Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. Drummondi (Nees) Hitchcock in Amer. Journ. Bot. 21 (1984) 139. This variety is not grown at the present time and is of historical interest only. var. Durra ( Forsk.) Hubbard & Rehder in Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harv. Univ. 1 (1982) 10. Brown durra. Holeus durra Forskal Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 174. Sorghum Durra Stapf in Prain FI. Trop. Afr. 9 (1917) 129. Holeus Sorghum L. var. Durra L. H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1928) 182. [177] var. nervosum (Besser ev Schult.) Forbes & Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 86 (1904) 368. Kaoliang. Sorghum nervosum Besser ex Schultes in Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. Mant. 8 (1827) 669. var. nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) A. F. Hill comb. nov. Sumac sorgo. Milum nigricans Ruiz & Pavon FI. Peruv. et Chil. 1 (1798) 47. Sorghum nigricans (Ruiz & Pav.) Snowden in Kew Bull. (1985) 244. var. Roxburghii ( Hack.) Haines Bot. Bohar. & Orissa, pt. 5 (1924) 1084. Shallu. Andropogon Sorghum Brot. subsp. sattous Hack. var. Rovburghu Hackel in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 510. Sorghum Roxburghi Stapf in Prain Fl. ‘Trop. Afr. 9 (1917) 126. Holeus Sorghum L. var. Rowburghu L.H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1928) 132. Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. Roxwburghii (Stapt) Haines of Hitcheock’s Manual. var. saccharatum (L.) Boerlage in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 8 (1890) 69. Sorgo. Holcus saccharatus Linnaeus Sp. Pl. (1758) 1047, emend. Sp. Pl. 2 (1768) 1484. Sorghum saccharatum Moench Meth. Pl. (1794) 207. Holcus Sorghum 1. var. saccharatus L.H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1928) 1382. Holeus dochna Forskal Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 174. Sorghum dochna (Forsk.) Snowden in Kew Bull. (1985) 234. [178 ] The sorgos are a much more heterogeneous group than the other sorghums and are referred by Snowden to several varieties. Many of them, particularly the Amber and Honey sorgos, belong here; other types are referred to var. bicolor, var. caffrorum, or var. nigricans. For various reasons Snowden considers Holcus saccharatus L. to be a nomen dubium, and takes up instead Forskal’s name for this plant. var. Ssubglabrescens (Steud. ) A. F. Hill comb. nov. Milo. Andropogon subglabrescens Steudel Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 3938. Sorghum subglabrescens Schweinfurth & Ascher- son in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. (1867) 302, 306. var. technicum (Koern.) Fiori & Paoletti FI. Anal. Ital. 1 (1896) 46. Broomeorn. Andropogon Sorghum Brot. var. technicum Koer- nicke in Koern. & Wern. Handb. Getreidebau 1 (1885) 308. Sorghum technicum Battandier & 'Trabut FI]. Al- gér. Monocot. (1895) 128. Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. technicum (Koern.) Jaivorka Magyar FI. 1 (1924) 683 according to Hitchcock’s Manual. Holcus Sorghum L. var. technicus LL. H. Bailey Gentes Herb. 1 (1928) 182. Sorghum dochna (Forsk.) Snowden var. techni- cum (Koern.) Snowden in Kew Bull. (1935) 285. Broomcorn is considered to be a variety of Sor- go by Snowden and several other taxonomists. —. [179 | BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Bailey,L.H. Manual of Cultivated Plants. The Macmillan Co. New York. 1925. (2) Hiteheock,A.S. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric., Misc. Publ. 200. Washington. 1935. (3) Snowden,J.D. A Classification of the Cultivated Sorghums. Kew Bulletin (1935) 221-255. (4) —— The Cultivated Races of Sorghum. Adlard and Sons, Ltd. London. 1936. [ 180 |