occasional papers of the

Farlow .
Herbarium or cryptogamic botany

No. 19 April, 1987 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Anna M. M. Reid Pioneer New England Bryologists —
A Prosopography

Edited by: Donald H. Pfister
Carolyn S. Hesterberg

ISSN: 0090-8754

occasional papers of the

Farlow.
HerDariumM of cryptogamic botany

No. 1.
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5.
No. 6
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
No. 10.

Sylvia A. Earle: Hummbrella, a New Red Alga of Uncertain Taxonomic
Position from the Juan Fernandez Islands (June 1969).

. |. Mackenzie Lamb: Stereocaulon arenarium (Sav.) M. Lamb, a

Hitherto Overlooked Boreal-Arctic Lichen (June 1972).

. Sylvia A. Earle and Joyce Redemsky Young: Siphonoclathrus, a

New Genus of Chlorophyta (Siphonales: Codiaceae) from Panama
(July 1972).

. |. Mackenzie Lamb, William A. Weber, H. Martin Jahns, Siegfried

Huneck: Ca/athaspis, a New Genus of the Lichen Family Cladoniaceae
(July 1972).

1. Mackenzie Lamb: Stereocaulon sterile (Sav.) M. Lamb and Stereo-
caulon groenlandicum (Dahl) M. Lamb, Two More Hitherto Over-
looked Lichen Species (March 1973).

. |. Mackenzie Lamb: Further Observations on Verrucaria serpuloides

M. Lamb, the Only Known Permanently Submerged Marine Lichen
(April 1973).

Bruce H. Tiffney and Elso S. Barghoorn: The Fossil Record of the
Fungi (June 1974).

Donald H. Pfister: The Genus Acervus (Ascomycetes, Pezizales).
|. An Emendation. II. The Apothecial Ontogeny of Acervus flavidus
with Comments on A. epispartius (May 1975).

Donald H. Pfister: A Synopsis of the Genus Pulvinula. A New
Combination in the Genus Gymnomyces. Norton G. Miller: Studies
on North American Quaternary Bryophyte Subfossils. |. ANew Moss
Assemblage from the Two Creeks Forest Bed of Wisconsin (July
1976).

Emmanuel Sérusiaux: Some Foliicolous Lichens from the Farlow
Herbarium (August 1976).

Continued on back cover

PIONEER NEW ENGLAND BRYOLOGISTS - A PROSOPOGRAPHY
Anna M. M. Reid!

Introduction

Very little has been written about the development of bry-
ology in the United States and Canada. This was noted by Wil-
liam C. Steere (204) in the introduction to his review, "North
American Muscology and Muscologists - A Brief History." He
says:

..Dr. E. D. Rudolph summarized in an eight
page résumé the history of bryology and
lichenology in this country from its very
beginning, as a single chapter of Ewan’s "A
Short History of Botany in the United
States," [(178)] ...

Even after the publication of Steere’s review, which covers only
muscologists not hepaticologists, it was apparent that there was
room for additional research. Only the contributions of three
of the thirty-three persons included in the present paper,
A. L. Andrews, A. J. Grout and G. E. Nichols, were covered in
depth by Steere, although the names of other bryologists includ-
ed here are in his list of "North American Muscologists and
Collectors."

Connecticut is the only New England state to have a publi-
cation that included a list of both mosses and hepatics, plus a
key for their identification (88). This work by A. W. Evans
and G. E. Nichols also included a short history of bryology in
Connecticut (pp.25-29). For Rhode Island, there is a list of
both mosses and hepatics (pp. 59-69) in Providence Franklin
Society - Plants of Rhode Island (42) by J. L. Bennett.
Alexander W. Evans. published a series of articles entitled
"Notes on New England Hepatics" (189). In 1923 he published a
"Second Revised List of New England Hepatics" which covers the
entire region by state (86). For Massachusetts, Frank Hilferty

192 Burroughs Road, Lexington, Mass., 02173.

vy Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

has assembled a paper, "Mosses of Massachusetts. A County Cata-
logue with Annotations" (116). There are no state-wide lists of
mosses or hepatics for Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont.

The lives of thirty-three bryologists and bryological col-
lectors, who at some point in their lives contributed to our
knowledge of New England mosses and hepatics, are surveyed in
this paper. These individuals are all now deceased. Informa-
tion from bryophyte packets in the New England Botanical Club
Herbarium and the Farlow Herbarium (both housed at Harvard Uni-
versity) was utilized. Other names were found in_ bryological
and botanical journals that cover the New England area. The
selection of these thirty-three people was the subjective choice
of the author.

In each biography contributions of the individual are re-
viewed, and, if known, the location of his/her herbarium is
given. The bibliography includes the designation "portrait"
after any entry which includes a picture of the bryologist. In
some cases these are not formal portraits, but rather are photo-
graphs taken in the field. There is also a list of the bryolo-
gists whose portraits are included in the Hunt _ Botanical
Institute’s Portrait Collection (33) or in Zander’s list of
portraits published in The Bryologist (225).

Sources such as Barnhart (38) and Day (72) are not included
in the references at the end of the individual biographies,
although these works were used as general references. However
other sources of information used to prepare the _ biographies
are listed at the end of each individual biographic sketch.
When a quote or a fact is unique to an individual source, it 1s
cited at the appropriate place in the text.

Apart from university and museum affiliated scientists,
most American bryologists have had other vocations because bry-
ology in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not
an established professional field of study. Some __ bryologists
were broadly trained as botanists, but most were amateurs who
did not have a formal botanical background but who enjoyed col-
lecting and studying these plants.

John Alpheus ALLEN (1863-1916)

John Alpheus Allen was born on 19 October 1863 in Hebron,
Maine. He was one of three sons of Oscar Dana and Fidelia
(Totman) Allen. His preparatory training was at New Haven,
Conn., High School. John shared his father’s interest in bryo-

Reid: New England Bryologists 3

phytes and at the age of fourteen contributed several species,
especially pygmy mosses, to the Berzelius Catalogue (44). This
booklet was a list of the plants growing without cultivation in
the vicinity of Yale College and was prepared mostly by the
students of the Sheffield Scientific School with the supervision
and assistance of D. C. Eaton (q.v.).

John Alpheus Allen attended Yale College where his father
was Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy. He re-
ceived the prize for the best entrance examination and, in his
junior year, prizes for chemistry, mathematics and_ physics.
While an undergraduate he continued his interest in botany and
made journeys to the Gaspé and Labrador during two summer vaca-
tions. Yale awarded him a Ph.B. in 1883 and he spent the fol-
lowing year at the Sheffield Scientific School doing graduate
work in chemistry.

His first position was as assistant to the Curator of Met-
allurgy at the National Museum in Washington, D.C. Within a
year an attack of malaria (18) forced him to leave his job, and
he moved to California for a short time. After that he was
employed as a chemist in metallurgical plants in Ohio and
Virginia. Next he served as an assistant to Sereno Watson at
the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge, Mass. During 1891 his health
deteriorated, and for the next eight years he was unable to
work in industry. During this interval he spent some time with
his family in Maine and in the state of Washington. In 1893
two publications based on his work at the Gray Herbarium appear-
ed. One is a Check-list of the Plants of Gray’s Manual (1)
and the other is a _ bibliography of Sereno Watson’s botanical
publications (96).

In 1899 he returned to work at a chemical plant in
Philadelphia and later took a position with a firm in Ohio.
Due again to ill health he moved to Oregon in 1912 and there he
began to collect and record molluscs. He published several
articles in the Nautilus, a conchological journal (18).

John Alpheus Allen never married. He died on 5 June 1916
by accidental drowning at Manzanita, Oreg., where he had been
living for about a year and where he is buried.

The New England collections of both Oscar Dana Allen
(q.v.) and John A. Allen, about three thousand specimens, are
deposited at the New York Botanical Garden. His father was
also involved in collecting for the exsiccata, Mosses of the
Cascade Mountains, Washington. Collected by J. A. Allen. Num-

4 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

bers 1-147. Cambridge, Massachusetts (Botanical Supply Company)
1900 (184) John Alpheus Allen’s contributions to New England
bryology date back to his high school and college days and are
the first collection records for many Connecticut mosses and
hepatics. (1, 18, 44, 96)

Oscar Dana ALLEN (1836-1913)

Oscar Dana Allen, the son of Alpheus and Hannah (Seabury)
Allen, was born 25 [24] February 1836 in Hebron, Maine. He pre-
pared at Hebron Academy and graduated in 1861 from the Sheffield
Scientific School of Yale University where he took the course
in chemistry. On 17 December 1861 he married Fidelia Totman at
Clinton, Maine. In 1870 he returned to Yale as an instructor in
analytical chemistry, and in 1871 he received a Ph.D. from that
institution. That same year he was appointed Professor of Met-
allurgy and Assaying at Yale. Two years later he was given the
Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy. Professor Allen’s
professional research was done chiefly on cesium and _ rubidium
and the results were published mainly in the American Journal
of Science. He also edited and revised the American edition of
Fresenius’ Quantitative Analysis in 1881. Oscar Dana _ Allen
was also a linguist and was especially interested in the study
of obscure languages. In 1884, due to ill health, he resigned
from his teaching position at Yale and moved to California.

During his tenure at Yale, Allen was a devoted student of
bryology and he associated with Professor Daniel Cady Eaton
(q.v.), the botanist at Yale. He also corresponded with such
prominent bryologists as Austin, James, Lesquereux and Rau. He
and his son, John A. Allen (q.v.), shared an interest in bryo-
phytes and they did extensive field work together in
Connecticut. Nichols (152) credits Oscar Dana Allen with adding
seventy-five species of mosses and hepatics to the documented
Connecticut flora, twelve of which had not been re-collected at
the time of O. D. Allen’s death. Two of the species collected
by him in Connecticut have been named in his honor, Thuidium
allenii Aust. (35) and Fontinalis allenii Card. ex. Nich. (88).

He also collected in other parts of northeastern North
America, and in New England he worked in Maine and the White
Mountains of New Hampshire. Among his discoveries is the only
known New England station for Brachydon trichodes (Web.) Nees,
Hornsch. & Sturm. in Tuckerman’s Ravine on Mt. Washington, N.H.

Nichols (152) also remarks that Allen was a "thorough and
painstaking student of the bryophytes" and had added "critical"

Reid: New England Bryologists 7

notes to many of his specimens. The moss herbarium assembled by
the Allens while they were residents of Connecticut, about three
thousand numbers, was purchased by the New York Botanical Gar-
den.

As previously stated, Allen resigned from Yale in 1884 due
to ill health and moved to California. In 1889 he removed to
the state of Washington. After some years of collecting western
flowering plants for the Gray Herbarium, he returned again to
the study of mosses and prepared, with his son, John Alpheus
Allen (q.v.), an exsiccata, Mosses of the Cascade Mountains,
Washington. Various bryophytes collected by him have also been
distributed in the exsiccatae of Austin, Grout and Holzinger.

Oscar Dana Allen died at Ashford, Wash., on 19 February
1913 [? 5 March 1913]. His home site in Washington is now with-
in the limits of the Mt. Rainier National Park. (15, 35, 44,
88, 152, 216, 224)

Albert LeRoy ANDREWS (1878-1961)

Albert LeRoy Andrews was born 27 December 1878 on the fam-
ily farm in Williamstown, Mass. His parents were Albert Barney
and Abbie (Lindley) Andrews. Albert Barney Andrews traced his
ancestry back to John and Mary Andrews, early seventeenth cen-
tury settlers of Connecticut. After attending local public
schools and graduating from Williamstown High School, young
Andrews enrolled in Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. He
was the youngest member of the Class of 1899. During his boy-
hood he became interested in plants and this lasted throughout
his life. In addition to being an excellent scholar he was
also a member of the varsity baseball and football teams during
his undergraduate years. Andrews received a_ B.A. (1899) and
an M.A. (1902) from Williams College. He taught in preparatory
schools in Vermont and Pennsylvania (1899-1902) and spent a
year in graduate study at Harvard University (1902-1903; M.A.,
1903). While at Harvard Andrews developed an interest in the
comparative and historical philology of the Germanic languages.
He was an Instructor in German at the University of West
Virginia (1903-1904) and at Dartmouth College (1904-1905).
Andrews” studied in Europe (1905-1908) at Berlin, Kiel,
Copenhagen and Christiania [now Oslo] and received a Ph.D. from
the University of Kiel in 1908.

He then began his long association with Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y., as a Teaching Fellow in German (1908). He became
an Instructor in German and Scandinavian languages (1909-1918),

6 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

Assistant Professor of German (1919-1930), and Professor of
Germanic Philology (1931-1946). Professor Andrews was _ also
Chairman of the German Department (1924-1928). In 1946 he re-
tired with the title of Professor of Germanic Philology Emeri-
tus.

As a youth Andrews studied the local ferns and orchids and
later developed an interest in mosses and hepatics. His earli-
est publication was the first of five articles in Rhodora (1902-
1954) on the bryophytes of the Mt. Greylock region, in and near
Williamstown, Mass. These are his only publications that deal
specifically with New England mosses and hepatics (203).

Andrews is to be especially remembered for his scholarly
studies of the taxonomically difficult groups of mosses that
comprise the Sphagnaceae and Bryaceae. He published extensively
on these two groups mainly in The Bryologist and in Rhodora.
He revised Sphagnum for the North American Flora (5) and prepar-
ed the monographs on the Bryaceae and Mniaceae for Grout’s Moss
Flora of North America, North of Mexico (105). His knowledge
of the bryophyte flora of the Ithaca, N.Y., region has been
preserved in the useful booklet he wrote on the mosses and
hepatics of the Upper Cayuga Lake Basin, N.Y. (6).

During his entire tenure at Cornell University, Andrews
had a desk in the Department of Botany, and he contributed his
time to the curation of the bryological collections. In World
War I he served as a consultant to the Canadian and American
Red Cross on the identification of Sphagnum species used in
surgical dressings (1916-1918). In 1953 Professor Andrews was
named Honorary Curator of the Bryological Collections of the
Wiegand Herbarium of Cornell University. His personal herbarium
has now been added to this collection.

Andrews was president (1922-1923) of the Sullivant Moss
Society (now the American Bryological and Lichenological Soci-
ety) and associate editor of its journal, The Bryologist (1938-
1949). His interest in ornamental plants, which he raised in
his greenhouse, is reflected in his lifetime membership in the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Correspondence in_ several
languages and disciplines also reflect his wide range of inter-
ests. He was especially helpful to beginning students in bryol-
ogy in the matter of specimen identification. Professor Andrews
found time also to be informed on national and world events.
He is known to have maintained a serious interest in music. At
the time of his death he was Chairman of the Board of Trustees
of the First Unitarian Church, Utica, N.Y.

Reid: New England Bryologists 7

On 28 January 1924 in Utica, N.Y., A. LeRoy Andrews, as he
signed himself, married Olga Sophia Wunderli. They reared four
natural children and an adopted niece. Mrs. Andrews passed
away in Ithaca, N.Y., in 1960. Professor Andrews died 1 Novem-
ber 1961 also in Ithaca. At the time of his death he was still
active in the field of bryology. (3, 5, 6, 23, 105, 187, 203,
204, 222,223)

James Lawrence BENNETT (1832-1904)

James Lawrence Bennett was born on 8 April 1832 in
Providence, R.I. He was educated in the public schools of
Providence and was prepared to enroll at Brown University, but
he was unable to do so. He became a manufacturing jeweler,
but devoted his leisure time to the study of natural science
and was said to have been well read in the field.

Bennett collected both vascular plants and cryptogams in
Rhode Island. He also made ten trips to the White Mountains
and a few to northern Vermont. In 1888, under the auspices of
the Providence Franklin Society, he published a flora of Rhode
Island that included the bryophytes (42). In 1880 he gave his
flowering plant specimens to Brown University, and he was named
Curator of the Herbarium of Brown University in 1890. In 1891
he was given an honorary B.A. by this institution and named
Curator of the Herbarium and the Museum of Economic Botany at
Brown. He held this position until 1894.

In 1901, Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, then co-editor (with
Abel J. Grout q.v.) of The Bryologist purchased "a large part
if indeed not all of Mr. Bennett’s cryptogams...". She goes on
to say (196):

..Mr. Bennett was evidently very fond of
his collections, often referring to them in
his letters as his little children, and he
gave them into my keeping with the injunc-
tion to "love as well as care for them." ...

James Lawrence Bennett died 30 April 1904 in Hartford,
Conn. Mrs. Smith eventually presented her collection of 20,000
mosses and lichens to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci-
ences (26). The University of Michigan is also reported to
have a collection of Bennett cryptogams (140).

8 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

Mr. Bennett’s major contribution to New England bryology is
the publication of the then known bryophyte flora of Rhode Is-
land. (26, 42, 62, 140, 174, 196)

Edward Blanchard CHAMBERLAIN (1878-1925)

Edward Blanchard Chamberlain, son of Charles Edwin and
Margaret J. (Blanchard) Chamberlain, was born on 24 July 1878
in Bristol Mills [now Bristol], Maine. Edward was an only child
and he never married. His early schooling was at home and later
he attended preparatory school at Lincoln Academy, New Castle,
Maine. He studied at Bowdoin College (1895-1899) and was grant-
ed an A.B. in 1899.

Chamberlain began collecting flowering plants in prepara-
tory school and continued this activity at Bowdoin. In 1896 he
met Professor J. Franklin Collins (q.v.) at a Josselyn Botanical
Society meeting. This and later field trips together definitely
interested Chamberlain in mosses and in Brown University. After
graduation from Bowdoin he enrolled at Brown. During this time
he became better acquainted with J. F. Collins who had first
interested him in mosses. In 1899 Collins gave a collection of
mosses he had made on Mt. Katahdin, Maine, to Chamberlain for
study. Chamberlain determined these plants and presented this
work for credit toward an A.M. This degree was granted to him
by Brown University in 1901.

Edward Chamberlain was employed as a teacher of the sci-
ences and Greek at Oak Grove Seminary, Vassalboro, Maine, a
Friends School, during the academic year (1901-1902). This was
the start of his secondary school teaching career which he ac-
tively pursued until three days before his death. In the summer
of 1902 he moved to the University School in Washington, D.C.,
where he was an instructor in mathematics and German. He re-
mained there until 1906 when he moved to New York City’s Sachs
Collegiate Institute later known as The Franklin School for
Boys. There he taught science and mathematics and later served
as Senior Master.

"Ed," as he was known to his friends, belonged to many
botanical groups. In 1895, at the age of seventeen, he was a
founding member of the Josselyn Botanical Society. The
Sullivant Moss Club (later the Sullivant Moss Society and now
the American Bryological and Lichenological Society) counted
him as a charter member, and he served as president (1905-1907),
treasurer (1913), and secretary-treasurer (1914-1915). Edward
Chamberlain was elected to membership in the New England Botan-

Reid: New England Bryologists 9

ical Club on 4 November 1898. He was also an active member of
several other botanical and natural history societies.

He published his own drawings, numerous obituaries and bio-
graphical articles in The Bryologist, Rhodora, and other botan-
ical journals. Several new species and varieties were described
by him. Abel J. Grout (q.v.) named the genus Chamberlainia
[included now in Brachythecium] in his honor (106).

Annotation slips dated 1925 indicate the inclusion of part
of Chamberlain’s herbarium of flowering and non-flowering plants
in the New England Botanical Club Herbarium. His collection of
books on bryological subjects, manuscripts and drawings were
also given to the Club. Five thousand of his bryophytes are
also incorporated in the general collection at the Farlow Her-
barium. His collections are an important record of the New
England bryophyte flora, especially that of Maine.

Mr. Chamberlain died from pneumonia on 2 February 1925 in
New York City. A _ letter in The Bryologist, inspired by the
death notice in The New York Times, records the feelings of
Sumner Blakemore of Rye, N.Y., with whom Chamberlain had enjoyed
some Maine summers (40):

"Ed" Chamberlain, as he was familiarly
known, had one great hobby, the study of
mosses. Last summer [1924] we happened to
mention to him one day that we had seen at
the entrance to a cave on Martin’s Point, a
moss of a peculiar green _ iridescence
[Schistostega pennata (Hedw.) Web. & Mohr].
I shall never forget the fire of enthusiasm
that sparkled in his_ eyes. It was, he
thought, a moss he had been looking for for
20 years. A_ hastily arranged trip to the
cave proved this to be the case. So it was
this moment of pleasurable excitement that
gave me my lasting memory of a true friend.
A great teacher, he has gone to "The Great
Teacher."

(21, 40, 133, 138, 154, 185, 187, 225)

James Franklin COLLINS (1863-1940)

J. Franklin Collins was born 29 December 1863 in North
Anson, Maine. His family moved to Providence, R.I., in 1873 and

10 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

he was educated in the grade and high schools there. He was a
silver worker, designer, and embosser at the Gorham Manufactur-
ing Company in Providence from 1879 to 1898.

Collins studied plants, especially mosses, aS an _ avoca-
tion. He soon came in contact with Prof. W. Whitman Bailey
of Brown University who gave him technical assistance in_ this
pursuit and opened the herbarium to him as a further help.
In 1894, while still employed by Gorham, he was appointed Cura-
tor of the Olney Herbarium at Brown (1894-1911). In 1899 he
left the employ of the Gorham Company and served as Instructor
in Botany at Brown (1899-1905). In 1905 he was appointed an
Assistant Professor and in 1906, upon the retirement of Profes-
sor Bailey, he took on the additional responsibility of Depart-
ment Head, both of which functions he performed until 1911. In
that year Brown University conferred an honorary Ph.B. on him.

By 1907, J. Franklin Collins had taken up a new interest,
plant pathology, and, while still teaching at Brown (1907-1911),
he became successively Collaborator, Agent, and Special Agent
for the United States Office of Forest Pathology. When the
United States Department of Agriculture set up an Office of
Forest Pathology at Brown University in 1913, Collins was put
in charge of it and was subsequently appointed Senior Patholo-
gist-in-Charge. At the same time, he continued to build up his
own herbarium and to serve as Curator of the Olney Herbarium.
Until his retirement from government service in 1933 he was
also Demonstrator and Lecturer in Botany at Brown, both largely
honorary positions.

Collins was a skilled laboratory worker and among his con-
tributions during the first decade of publication of The Bryol-
ogist are articles on herbarium and_ laboratory techniques.
Rhode Island plants were his specialty, but he also collected
elsewhere in New England, especially in Maine with fellow New
England Botanical Club members. Articles in Rhodora document
some of his additions to the Maine flora. He authored about
one hundred articles, one-fifth on mosses and another one-fifth
on the Chestnut Blight. Collins was a charter member of the
Sullivant Moss Society and the first vice-president. He was
also a member of the New England Botanical Club and served as
president at one time. Collins also served a term as_ president
of the Rhode Island Field Naturalist Club.

Professor Collins was a skilled photographer and _ bookbind-
er. As a result of his expertise in shade tree care techniques,
he is known as the Father of Modern Tree Surgery.

Reid: New England Bryologists 1]

J. Franklin Collins, as he always signed himself, never
married. He passed away on 14 November 1940 at Cranston, R.I.,
after a long illness. He gave his herbarium to the New England
Botanical Club in 1938. Many of his specimens are also pre-
served in the Farlow Herbarium. (24, 59, 60, 92, 137, 198,
199)

Dennis COOLEY (1787-1860)

Dennis Cooley, of Scottish descent, was born in South
Deerfield, Mass., on 18 February 1787. He was the son of Eli
and Chloe (Allen) Cooley. He studied medicine with Dr. S. W.
Williams. He also graduated from the Medical College of the
Berkshires. At first, he practiced in his home town and then
for three years (1822-1825) at Monticello, Ga. In 1827 he set
up a medical practice at Washington, Macomb County, Mich. In
1836 he was appointed the postmaster and served the community
in both capacities until a year before his death. His first
marriage was to Elizabeth Anderson of Deerfield, Mass. They
were the parents of two daughters, both of whom died young. His
second marriage was to Clara Andrews of Macomb County, Mich. in
1836.

Quotes from two of Dr. Cooley’s contemporaries in Deerfield
tell of the way they started their botanical studies. About
1816, Amos Eaton had been lecturing on botanical subjects in
the Amherst area and Edward Hitchcock became acquainted with
him (121):

..I1 always regarded him [Amos Eaton] as the
chief agent of introducing a taste for these
subjects in the Connecticut Valley.

Dr. Stephen W. Williams, Dr. Dennis Cooley
and myself, all of Deerfield, took hold of
mineralogy and botany with great zeal.
Dr. Cooley and myself collected nearly all
the plants, phenogamous and _ cryptogamous,
in the Valley. Dr. Cooley became an excel-
lent botanist and even to his death in
Michigan pursued the subject with zest.

Dr. S. W. Williams recalled (221):

..1 became enamoured with the study of
botany, and about the year 1816, in connec-

12 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

tion with Edward Hitchcock, now President
of Amherst College, and Dr. Dennis Cooley,
now of Michigan, who was then a student in
the office of my father and myself. Nearly
one thousand species were found within the
borders of this town (Deerfield) in a single
season, including those which were natural-
ized. Extensive herbariums were formed
from these and those of Dr. Cooley and Dr.
Hitchcock were among the earliest and most
valuable in the country. ...

Orthotrichum stellatum Brid., collected by Cooley in South
Deerfield, Mass., before 1820, was sent to Bridel by John Torrey
and described as a new species in Volume One of Bridel’s
Bryologia Universa... in 1826 (49), Not until after Cooley’s
death did American bryologists realize that what they had called
Orthotrichum strangulatum Sull. [= Orthotrichum stellatum Brid.]
in eastern North America was, in reality, Cooley’s plant. Hyp-
num cooleyanum Spreng. in A. Eaton, nomen nudum (81), descrip-
tion provided later in (82) [= Callicladium haldanianum (Grev.)
Crum], collected by Cooley in Deerfield, Mass., was named in
his honor by Kurt P. Sprengel. Many years later bryologists
realized this plant was the same as an European species already
described.

Cooley was an ardent field botanist, and by the time of his
death he had acquired one of the largest private herbaria in the
United States (39). He died in Washington, Mich., on 8 Sep-
tember 1860, and in 1863 his widow presented the collection
to Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State Universi-
ty). Some of his material is also preserved in the Herbarium
of Wellesley College (217).

Dennis Cooley was important as an early collector of
Massachusetts bryophytes and contributor to Edward Hitchcock’s
(q.v.) survey of the natural resources of the Commonwealth. (33,
37, 39, 49, 81, 82, 121, 217, 221)

Clara Eaton CUMMINGS (1855-1906)

Clara Eaton Cummings was born on 13 July 1855 in Plymouth,
N.H. She was a daughter of Noah C. and Elmira G. Cummings.
After attending local schools and New Hampshire Normal School
in Plymouth, N.H., she entered Wellesley College as a student
in 1876 just one year after the opening of the college. Miss
Cummings was a non-graduating member of the Class of 1880 (34).

Reid: New England Bryologists 13

She was interested in botany and was given the title of Curator
of the Museum (1878-1879). From 1879 to 1886 she was an in-
structor in Botany. Clara Cummings studied at the University
of Zurich (1886-1887) under Arnold Dodel. After this she toured
the botanical gardens in Paris, Brussels and Geneva. Upon her
return to Wellesley in 1887, she was appointed Associate Profes-
sor of Cryptogamic Botany and in 1905 Hunnewell Professor of
Cryptogamic Botany and temporary Chairman of the Department.
Due to illness she was relieved of administrative duties in
1906, but retained the title Hunnewell Professor of Cryptogamic
Botany.

According to Bruce Fink (93), Clara Cummings had an "exten-
sive knowledge" of mosses before she began the study of lichens
for which she is now better known. In 1885 she prepared a cat-
alogue of the mosses and hepatics of North America north of
Mexico (64, 65). For the Middlesex County, Mass., Flora (67)
she furnished new localities and moss species not represented
among the collections of others, and prepared the lists of Musci
and Hepaticae in this work. She also issued two sets of mosses
that she called exsiccatae, New England Mosses and Mosses of
North America. Both of these sets contain unnumbered speci-
mens. The earliest collection date in the New England Mosses is
1880. Later in her career she was well known as both lichen-
ologist and educator.

Miss Cummings was an active member and an officer in a
number of botanical and natural history societies. Her early
distribution of New Hampshire and Massachusetts bryophyte col-
lections plus her influence on the development of botanical ed-
ucation at Wellesley College give her a place among important
New England bryologists.

Clara Cummings never married. She died on 26 [28] December
1906 in Concord, N.H. She sold her bryophyte collection to
G. G. Kennedy (q.v.) and it is now preserved at the Farlow Her-
barium. Her lichen herbarium is housed at Wellesley College as
a separate collection. (14, 33, 34, 55, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 93,
219, 225)

Elizabeth Marie DUNHAM (1872-1966)

Elizabeth Marie Pennell was born in Portland, Maine., on 22
August 1872. She lived there until 1892 when she moved to
Boston, Mass. On 14 September 1898, in Boston, she married
Horace Clifton Dunham, an upholsterer. They resided in the
Auburndale (1898-1912) and Waban (1912-1922) sections of Newton,

14 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

Mass. In 1922 they moved to Wellesley, Mass., where she lived
until her death on 17 November 1966.

Mrs. Dunham received her early instruction in bryology from
C. J. Maynard (q.v.) and W. Gerritson (q.v.). Her name first
appeared in the list of members of the Sullivant Moss Society
in 1905 and continued on the published lists up to and including
1963. Her offerings appeared frequently in the Exchange Depart-
ment listings in The Bryologist whereby members of the Sullivant
Society Exchange Department offered bryophytes to other members
in return for a _ self-addressed stamped envelope. Most of the
Dunham collections were from Maine where she frequently spent
summers in the vicinity of Rangely. She also published a number
of short articles in The Bryologist. The last was a review of
an article on Iowa mosses published in this journal in 1929.

Elizabeth Marie Dunham, as she signed her correspondence,
wrote a book, How to Know the Mosses - A Popular Guide to the
Mosses of the Northeastern United States, published in 1916.
In it she gives keys to eighty genera and short descriptions of
over 150 species. It is illustrated with line drawings by the
author. She intended the book for the study of mosses in the
field and the keys to leaf and capsule characters do not require
the use of a hand-lens. A portion of the keys was printed in
The Bryologist (79) shortly before the publication of the book.
A second edition, more correctly a reprinting with the addition
of an Addenda with the then currently accepted nomenclature,
appeared in 1951. Although not intended for use in identifying
all the species found in New England, it is an excellent guide
for a beginner especially one with little botanical training
and perhaps not accustomed to the study of small objects.

In 1926 Mrs. Dunham was appointed an associate editor of
The Bryologist, then under the editorship of O. E. Jennings.
Her name first appears in this role in Volume 29, issue 6
(1926). When O. E. Jennings retired as editor as of Volume 40,
issue 6 (1937), she also resigned. As stated by Beals (41) she
was invited to assume this responsibility at a period when there
were few articles appearing in the journal that would appeal to
beginners in moss study. Her assignment was to encourage and
solicit articles on interesting bryological excursions, locali-
ties for rare mosses and the like. Under the editorship of
Jennings’ successor, W. C. Steere, The Bryologist became a more
professionally-oriented journal.

Dean Frank J. Hilferty (117) indicates that Mrs. Dunham
was "a help to me in many ways" when he was Curator of Crypto-

Reid: New England Bryologists 15

gamic Plants for the New England Botanical Club. Her herbarium
was given to him after her death and is still in his possession.

Mrs. Dunham’s contributions to New England bryology were
in the realm of encouraging beginners in moss study, both by
her book and her contributions to The Bryologist. She also
aided fellow members of the Boston Society of Natural History
in the study and identification of mosses. The Boston Society
Herbarium, including specimens collected and/or identified by
Mrs. Dunham, is now part of the general collection of the Farlow
Herbarium. (13, 17, 31, 32, 41, 79, 80, 117, 170, 215)

Dura Lewis DUTTON (1883-1929)

Dura Lewis Dutton, the son of Martin and Emma (Kinsman)
Dutton, was born 28 November 1883 in Leichester, Vt. When he
was a small child his family moved to Brandon, Vt. There he
attended the local school and graduated from the high school in
Brandon. He attended the University of Vermont (1905-1906) and
while there specialized in_ botany. His principal occupation
was farming.

He showed an early interest in the photographic study of
flowering plants. Later he concentrated on mosses, hepatics and
lichens. His herbarium, now at the University of Vermont, con-
tains many cryptogams. There are also D. Lewis Dutton (the
name he preferred) specimens that were in the collection of
George K. Merrill now housed at the Farlow Herbarium.

Dutton was a member of the Vermont Botanical Club and the
Sullivant Moss Society (now the American Bryological and Lichen-
ological Society). He died at his home on the family farm near
Brandon, Vt., on 13 Oct. 1929, after a short illness. His col-
lections from Vermont provide an important contribution to the
knowledge of this area’s bryophytes. (16, 50, 76)

Daniel Cady EATON (1834-1895)

Daniel Cady Eaton was born at Fort Gratiot [now Fort
Huron], Mich., on 12 September 1834. He was the only son of
General Amos B. Eaton, United States Army, and_ Elizabeth
(Selden) Eaton, and a grandson of Amos Eaton (1776-1842), the
pioneer American botanist (81, 82). As an officer in the regu-
lar army his father was later stationed in New York City and
the family also moved there. During the Mexican War (1846-1848)
the mother and children stayed in Rochester, N.Y. Daniel at-

16 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

tended Rensselaer School [which later became Rensselaer Poly-
technic Institute] for a short time and also General Russell’s
Military School, New Haven, Conn. His final preparation for
college was made with a private tutor.

In 1853 Daniel Eaton entered Yale College. He was a dis-
tinguished scholar in Latin, but had already developed an _ inter-
est in botany through his father. As an undergraduate he cor-
responded with John Torrey, Asa Gray, and William S. Sullivant.
At the suggestion of C. C. Frost (q.v.) Eaton wrote to Sullivant
on 14 February 1856 (177):

..1 have been about 15 months studying
mosses, and have in that time collected
about 180 species, about 25 percent of them
having been given me by others. ...

Daniel Eaton felt obligated and grateful to Sullivant for his
assistance. On 6 October 1856, Eaton wrote Sullivant (177):

..1 am happy to be of assistance to you and
shall always feel honored by anything I can
do for you.

Daniel Eaton furnished some of the specimens for Sullivant and
Lesquereux’s Musci Boreali Americani. On 16 November’ 1856,
Sullivant wrote Eaton (177):

..The specimens of Font.inalis}] Eatoni
[=F. novae-angliae Sull.] &c. came safely to

hand -- a very beautiful lot of them. -
F. Eatoni and Mnium cinclidioides will ap-
pear in the Musc. Bor. Amer. - the labels

for them are now in the hands of the print-
er. Mn. cinclid®® has never before’ been
found in this country. - I admire your zeal
and energy in procuring the specimen. It
reminds me of my early doings in_ that
line. ...

In 1857 Eaton received a baccalaureate degree from Yale
College. He spent the next three years at the Lawrence Scien-
tific School, Harvard University, where he began the systematic
study of botany under Professor Asa Gray. In 1860 Eaton receiv-
ed a B.S. from Harvard. His thesis was titled Filices Wright-
ianae et Fendlerianae. During this period a _ special friendship
developed between the two men, and when Eaton published his

Reid: New England Bryologists 17

major two volume work on the North American ferns (1879-1880),
he dedicated it to Asa Gray.

During the Civil War (1861-1865) Eaton’s botanical studies
were interrupted and he served in New York City as a clerk and
inspector of subsistence stores, a civilian position, for the
United States Army. At that time his father was Commissary
General in that city. Daniel Eaton took advantage of this resi-
dency to develop a personal relationship with John Torrey (1796-
1873) who had been tutored in botany by Daniel’s grandfather,
Amos Eaton.

Eaton moved to New Haven in July 1864 when he was elected
to the newly established Chair of Botany at Yale and a few years
later he was appointed University Professor of Botany at Yale,
a position he held until his death. He was a sports enthusiast
and especially enjoyed archery, baseball, football, fishing and
hunting. Eaton was also a student of anthropology, Latin, Greek
and family history. He prepared genealogies of the Eaton and
Selden families. Daniel Eaton was a communicant of the Episco-
pal Church.

Charles C. Frost (q.v.) once told a friend that Eaton’s
attention was first called to ferns by his fiancée, Caroline
Ketcham of New Haven, whom he married on 13 February 1866.
When he died in New Haven on 30 [29] June 1895 he was survived
by his widow, one son (George F. Eaton, Yale College, Ph.B.-
1894) and one daughter. The eldest child in the family died in
childhood.

During his tenure at Yale he was known as Daniel C. Eaton
to distinguish him from a cousin who had the same name, D. Cady
Eaton, a Yale Professor of History and Criticism of Art.

Eaton instructed at both Yale College and the Sheffield
Scientific School and he encouraged his students and members of
the Yale community to study the local flora. He prepared the
introduction and compiled the list of mosses and liverworts for
the Berzelius Catalogue (44) published by the student members
of the Berzelius Society in 1878. John A. Allen (q.v.) and
Oscar D. Allen (qg.v.) were also contributors to this pamphlet.

With the exception of two trips to Europe in 1866 for bot-
anizing and in 1877 for his health, Daniel C. Eaton confined
his travels mostly to New England where he made many collecting
trips. He spent part of the last summer of his life in
Shelburne, N.H., collecting Sphagna with W.G. Farlow (q.v.).

18 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

Details of the Sphagna exsiccata of Daniel C. Eaton and Edwin
Faxon are given in the biographic sketch of Edwin Faxon (q.v.).
George F. Eaton, D.C. Eaton’s son, arranged for the distribu-
tion of this material after his father’s death. Letters from
G. F. Eaton to W.G. Farlow indicate that he depended upon
Farlow, a long time friend and correspondent of his father, for
advice in the proper protocol for the issuance.

Although Eaton’s publications were mainly on ferns and
algae, he devoted a reasonable fraction of his time to bryo-
phytes, especially hepatics and Sphagna. Over the years he
and W. G. Farlow exchanged bryophyte specimens and_ identifica-
tions on a regular basis. In his later years Eaton devoted
even more of his time to these plants and developed an extensive
knowledge of the New Hampshire bryophyte flora.

Even though he did not publish many reports on New England
bryophytes, Eaton’s collections and those of others that he pre-
served at Yale were the foundation for the later work of
G. E. Nichols (q.v.) and A. W. Evans (q.v.) in New England bryo-
logy. (10, 33, 44, 45, 70, 81, 82, 127, 128, 177, 184, 187,
188, 190, 226)

Alexander William EVANS (1868-1959)

Alexander W. Evans was born in Buffalo, N.Y., on 17 May
1868. He was a son of William A. and Maria Ives (Beers) Evans,
and the youngest of seven children. After the death of the
father, a planing mill operator, in 1880 the family moved to
New Haven, Conn., where Evans resided for the rest of his life.
He graduated from a public high school in New Haven and entered
Yale University in 1887. Daniel Cady Eaton, Professor of Botany
at Yale, was one of his instructors, and Evans early developed
an interest in bryophytes, especially liverworts and Sphagna.
The Yale Herbarium has hepatics collected by Evans in April
1888, the second half of his freshman year. He earned a Ph.B
degree in 1890 and an M.D. in 1892.

Evans continued to study bryophytes, especially liverworts,
(he preferred to call these plants hepatics) throughout his
collegiate career and had published three papers on the group
by the time he received his M.D. After completing a two year
internship at the New Haven City Hospital (the only period after
he began college when he did not have time for plants) he sailed
to Germany in the fall of 1894 to study Botany under Professor
Kny at the University of Berlin. He also studied at the Univer-
sity of Munich. In letters from D.C. Eaton to W. G. Farlow,

Reid: New England Bryologists 19

preserved at the Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library, Eaton
commented several times on Evans, his bright and _ enthusiastic
student. However, he wrote that he had advised the young man
to pursue the medical profession as a career and to keep botany
as an avocation.

After almost a year of European study Evans was asked to
return and assume the teaching position in botany at “Yale.
He served as Instructor (1895-1901), Assistant Professor (1901-
1906), Daniel Cady Eaton Professor (1906-1936), and Professor
Emeritus (1936-1959).

Even though Dr. Evans had an earned doctorate in medicine,
he began to prepare a dissertation for a doctor of philosophy
degree shortly after his appointment to the botanical faculty.
He received this degree from Yale in 1899.

Evans’ main research interest was in hepatics. He collect-
ed in many parts of Connecticut and also in other sections of
New England. For a number of years while on the Yale faculty
he journeyed to Europe in the summers to visit research labora-
tories and to build up his library. In addition to publishing
lists and careful studies of New England hepatics, he also con-
tinued to work on liverworts from other parts of the world and
made collecting trips to the Caribbean and parts of South
America.

In 1926 Evans published (with Rosa Meyrowitz) a catalogue
of Connecticut lichens, many identified by George K. Merrill.
Over the next decade he studied and published on both hepatics
and lichens. After having established an international reputa-
tion as an hepaticologist, he embarked on a new career activity,
a study of the lichen genus Cladonia. He established a remark-
able record of scientific progress in this new field also and
made five trips to Florida and several with Lewis E. Anderson,
the bryologist, to sites in North Carolina to study Cladonia.

After Evans’ death an appreciation for his hepaticological
work was published by Rudolf M. Schuster (189):

..Indeed, only two or possibly _ three
hepaticologists have even approached Evans
in scope and quality of research performed

and for his lichenological activities by Mason E. Hale, Jr.
(108):

20 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

It will come as a surprise to many
hepaticologists that Alexander W. Evans was
the foremost authority on the lichen genus
Cladonia in the latter half of his long
career, just aS most lichenologists are
astonished to learn of his reputation in
hepatics. ...

Evans was well-grounded in many botanical areas especially
plant morphology. He supervised seven doctoral theses during
his teaching career, a time period when there were not as many
graduate students as there are today. These theses were in
plant morphology, and two of his former students, Hempstead
Castle and Margaret E. Fulford, continued professional research
upon hepatics.

Dr. Evans is said to have worked six or seven days a week
in his laboratory. Hale (109) notes that sometimes he would
spend time on his stamp collection and would be embarassed to
have an unexpected caller find him at a _ study other than
plants. Evans also had an effective and concise style of writ-
ing and his help was often sought by colleagues. He also served
on the editorial boards of several professional journals.

Alexander Evans married Phoebe Whiting on 17 April 1914 and
the couple had three daughters, Margaret, Janet, and Allison.

Two honors that Evans received after becoming an Emeritus
Professor were especially valued by him. At _ the centennial
celebration of the Sheffield Scientific School in 1947, Yale
University awarded him an honorary Sc.D. In 1956, at the fifti-
eth anniversary celebration of the Botanical Society of America
he was named as one of the fifty outstanding living American
botanists. Alexander W. Evans died 6 Dec. 1959 at New Haven,
Conn.

His herbarium is preserved at Yale University. He system-
atically recorded the New England hepatic flora in a series of
articles, "Notes on the New England Hepaticae," which was pub-
lished in Rhodora (1902-1923). He also compiled data on _ the
distribution of New England Hepaticae. "The Revised List of New
England Hepaticae" appeared in Rhodora in 1923. Although the
titles would appear to make these regional articles, Schuster
(189) reported that they contain many _ original observations
valuable to all hepaticologists. (4, 30, 33, 86, 87, 88, 108,
109, 153, 171, 187, 189, 205, 225)

Reid: New England Bryologists 21

William Gilson FARLOW (1844-1919)

William Gilson Farlow was born in Boston, Mass., on 17
December 1844. His father, John S. Farlow, was a_ successful
businessman with interests in nature, music and books, and a
generous contributor to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
Library. His mother, Nancy Wight Blanchard, came from an old
Massachusetts family. In 1858 the family moved to a home in
Newton, Mass., located on a large piece of property where John
Farlow could engage in the study of plants. Farlow family tra-
dition traced William G. Farlow’s interest in plants to his
discovery, at age fourteen, of Hepatica in the nearby woods.

Farlow attended the Boston public schools and spent one
year at Boston Latin School before he entered Harvard College
in 1862. He was already enthusiastic about natural history and
while at Harvard, he took courses offered by Asa Gray. At the
time of his graduation in 1866 Farlow decided to make botany
his career. However, because most botanists at that time, pur-
sued the study of plants as an avocation, he decided to follow
the advice of Asa Gray. To quote Farlow’s own words (57):

..When I graduated from college in 1866 and
wished to become a botanist, Professor Gray
told me I ought to study medicine first
because the possibility of gaining a_ living
by botany was so small that one should al-
ways have a regular profession to fall back
upon.

..In 1866, there were very few _ botanical
professorships in this country, the salaries
were very small and the equipment very shab-
by. Gray owas_ professor at Harvard,
D. C. Eaton at Yale and Porter at
Lafayette. Torrey, in spite of his distinc-
tion as a botanist, really depended on his
position as a chemist for his living. The
comparatively few positions in government
and state stations offered few attractions
and changes were frequent. To a young man
the prospect was not assuring.

The next four years were spent at Harvard Medical School from
which he received an M.D. in 1870. During his training he show-
ed great promise as a surgeon, but he never practiced medicine.

22 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

Asa Gray gave him an assistantship which enabled him to
begin the study of the collections of lower plants in the Gray
Herbarium (1870-1872). During the summer of 1871 he _ studied
marine algae at Wood’s Hole. He also did some teaching in cryp-
togamic botany and began to realize that he needed further
training. In 1872 he joined a group of advanced students in
Anton DeBary’s laboratory at the University of Strasbourg. It
was here he acquired a more thorough knowledge of the fungi.
Next he studied lichens in Geneva with J. Mueller. Marine algae
studies were pursued with Bornet and Thuret at Antibes,
France. He also travelled extensively in Europe and developed
friendships which were continued by correspondence in future
years. His letters to Asa Gray from Europe (1872-1874) indicate
his early desire to build up a library as well as _ collections
in his special field (114).

In 1874 Farlow returned from Europe and received an ap-
pointment as Assistant Professor at Harvard University on the
staff of the Bussey Institute in Jamaica Plain, Mass. The In-
stitute was basically a _ practical school of agriculture and
horticulture. During his years at the Bussey Institute Farlow
probably developed his interest in fungi as plant pathogens. In
1879, due to diminished income from the Bussey funds, he was
at Cambridge full time. That year he became Professor of Cryp-
togamic Botany, a position which he held for the rest of his
life. During the decade 1875-1885, Farlow’s efforts and the
application of his European training developed cryptogamic bot-
any as a recognized field of study in North America (173).

Farlow was interested in the study of marine algae, and he
published several important works in this field. He also devot-
ed some time to freshwater algae and produced a classic paper
on algae in drinking water supplies. During this period he
also investigated and published on the fungal diseases of eco-
nomic plants.

Because he did not publish major papers on some groups of
lower plants, it should not be assumed that he did not also
collect, study and acquire lichens and bryophytes. His purchase
of Tuckerman’s herbarium and his extensive correspondence with
D. C. Eaton of Yale, especially on MHepaticae, are evidence of
his broad interests. In addition to acquiring herbarium speci-
mens representing all cryptogamic groups he continued to develop
an extensive library.

Farlow did not neglect the New England flora. He was a
leader in the formation of the New England Botanical Club.

Reid: New England Bryologists 23

The first meeting of those interested in the establishment of
the Club was held at Farlow’s Cambridge home on 10 December
1895. After its formation, Farlow served as president for the
first year.

In 1896 Farlow withdrew from teaching undergraduate
classes, but he continued to work with graduate students in his
own field. He devoted himself chiefly to his cryptogamic her-
barium and private library. His work was acknowledged by the
honorary degrees he received from Harvard (1896), the University
of Glasgow (1901), and the University of Wisconsin (1904). On
the occasion of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of
Linnaeus in 1907 Farlow also received an honorary doctorate
from the University of Uppsala.

On 13 January 1900 Farlow married Lilian Horsford and they
were often hosts to the botanical community in the Quincy
Street, Cambridge, home he had purchased in 1893.

Farlow continued his scientific work and also spent consid-
erable time on family business affairs until shortly before his
death on 3 June 1919 in Cambridge, Mass. His last will and
testament indicate the great value Farlow put on his collection
of books and specimens. He specified that if a suitable fire-
proof building were to be provided by Harvard within three years
the herbarium and library were to be given to that University.
Otherwise the executor would work out a similar arrangement at
another institution. As the deadline approached, the old Divin-
ity School building was made available and the Farlow Herbarium
and Reference Library were together in one location, which they
still occupy, on Divinity Avenue in Cambridge.

In reference to New England bryology, Farlow had gathered
together one of the largest bryophyte herbaria in North
America. Although the collections are world-wide, by exchange,
gifts, purchases and his own collections he added many New
England mosses and hepatics. The library resources enhance the
potential value of this material. During the last years of
his life Farlow began to assemble his collections of many of
the lower plant groups. The bryophytes were issued by the
Farlow Herbarium after his death as Reliquiae Farlowianae
[Cambridge, Mass., 25 February 1922]: Hepaticae -- Numbers 491
to 540, Sphagnales -- Numbers 541 to 550, Bryales Acrocarpi --
Numbers 551 to 573, Bryales Pleurocarpi -- Numbers 574 to 600.
Specimens for most of these numbers were collected by Farlow in
New England. (33, 45, 57, 89, 90, 91, 114, 124, 127, 131, 142,
173, 191, 206, 207, 208, 211, 224)

24 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

Edwin FAXON (1823-1898)

Edwin Faxon was born 16 September 1823 in Abington, Mass.
He was a son of Elisha and Hannah (Whiting) Faxon and an eighth
generation descendant of Thomas Faxon who came to Braintree,
Mass., from England in 1647. Edwin’s early boyhood was spent
in his native town where he developed an interest in wild flow-
ers from a relative who often took walks with him. At the age
of seven he began the study of Greek and Latin with a private
tutor. The family moved to Boston, Mass., when Edwin was thir-
teen, and he was there enrolled in the school of T. B. Hayward.
He became fluent in both French and Italian in his teens. Much
later in life he studied German by himself and developed a good
reading knowledge of that language. At nineteen he was taken
into the business of his father who was a merchant in Boston.

For two years (1851-1852) he took a walking tour of the
Continent and Great Britain. After this European travel he
never left New England again, except on business. Upon _ his
return to Boston he became a partner in his father’s firm. In
1855 his father died and Edwin Faxon became the head of the
establishment. He retired from the business at the age of fif-
ty-eight. Mr. Faxon never married, but he made a home for his
younger brothers and sisters in the Jamaica Plain section of
Boston.

Edwin Faxon collected plants in Vermont with C. G. Pringle
(q.v.) before the latter began his expeditions outside the New
England area. Faxon’s collections were joint ones made with his
younger brother, Charles Edward Faxon (1846-1918). Edwin Faxon
devoted much of his free time to the collection and study of the
New England flora and reportedly told friends, "New England is
good enough for me." George G. Kennedy (q.v.) states (135):

..It is probable that no botanist had a
better field knowledge of New England plants
in certain areas than Mr. Faxon, in_ the
years from 1872 to 1898. These areas were
eastern Massachusetts; Mt. Desert, Maine;
the White Mountains, New Hampshire;
Smuggler’s Notch, Willoughby and the Lake
Champlain shore in Vermont.

Edwin Faxon’s major contribution to New England cryptogamic
botany was the study and systematic collection of New England
Sphagna. For some years he had been interested in this genus

Reid: New England Bryologists 25

and he sent about five hundred numbered specimens of these
mosses collected in New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Dr. Carl
Warnstorf in Neuruppin, Germany. Dr. Warnstorf credited this
systematic collection with motivating him to prepare his revi-
sion of the North American Sphagna. In 1890, Warnstorf’s re-
view, translated from German into English by Edwin Faxon, was
published in the Botanical Gazette (213).

According to Geneva Sayre, Edwin Faxon collected Sphagna
for two exsiccatae (184):

Faxon, Edwin (1823-1898)

North American Sphagna. Edwin Faxon Coll.
Dr. C. Warnstorf Determ.

Date of Publication: All the specimens I
[G. Sayre] have seen were collected in the
1890’s. Eaton and Faxon‘s Sphagna Boreali-
Americana exsiccata was distributed in 1896,
also largely determined by Warnstorf. The
specimens I have compared in the two sets
are not of the same collection, but some
are from the same place, and these are of
later collection in Eaton and Faxon.

and

Eaton, Daniel Cady (1834-1895), and Edwin
Faxon (1823-1898).

Sphagna Boreali- Americana Exsiccata,
Curaverunt D. C. Eaton et E. Faxon.

Distribuit G. F. Eaton.

Numbers 1 - 172. New Haven, Connecticut,
1896.

Remarks: The preface states that all deter-
minations were by Warnstorf. Faxon was
assisting Eaton in preparing the set at the
time of the latter’s death; he completed
the work and wrote the preface. George
F. Eaton, son of D.C. Eaton, was _ responsi-
ble only for the distribution. ...

Edwin Faxon died in Willoughby, Vt., on 12 June 1898.
Sayre (187) lists Yale University and the Farlow Herbarium as
having the largest number of bryophytes from his’ herbarium.
Many of his mosses are also preserved in the New England Botan-
ical Club Herbarium. (33, 124, 135, 184, 186, 187, 213)

26 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

Sarah Elizabeth FRENCH (1816-1901)

Sarah Elizabeth Smith, the daughter of Abigail P. and Sub-
mit Smith was born 2 March 1816 in Waltham, Mass., where she
was educated and where she lived her entire life. She taught
first in the district school, later in the local high _ school,
and subsequently in the private school established by Daniel
French. Late in life she married Mr. French, who in 1859 gave
up his school due to the loss of a leg by amputation. He had
read law and established a legal practice in Waltham, Mass.
She then opened a school in their home.

Mrs. Sarah E. French was an excellent linguist in both
classical and modern European languages and an_ enthusiastic
botanist. She was said to have known the scientific names of
the local flora so well that she was often consulted by college
professors. When the Waltham Botany Club published A Partial
List of the Native Flora of Waltham, Mass. in 1883, she con-
tributed the records for grasses, mosses, and _ lichens. This
pamphlet was based on the lists printed earlier in the Daily
Free Press, a Waltham, Mass., newspaper.

She died on 12 January 1901 in Waltham, Mass. (11, 139,
212)

Charles Christopher FROST (1805-1880)

Charles Christopher Frost was born in Brattleboro, Vt.,
on 11 November 1805. His father, James Frost, came to _ this
town as a young boy and later established the first shoemaker’s
shop there. Elizabeth Stewart, C. C. Frost’s mother, was the
daughter of an officer in the American Revolution. Brattleboro
was then a country town which had grown up near the site of
colonial Fort Dummer.

Charles Frost attended the local country school. It is
reported that when he was about fifteen a teacher struck him
with a ruler. He picked up his books and the broken ruler and
brought them home as evidence of the indignity. He was deter-
mined not to place himself in a classroom situation again, and
soon afterwards, he joined his father in business. With no
particular goal in mind, other than a wish to acquire knowledge,
he began the study of mathematics. Next he tackled chemistry,
physics, meteorology and geology. He also prepared collections
of insects and shells and finally turned to plants.

Reid: New England Bryologists 27

It is said that his systematic study of plants began after
he consulted a New York physician, Dr. Willard Parker (1800-
1884), about a dyspeptic condition. The doctor soon realized
that flowering plants interested his patient and recommended
two hour-long botanical walks a day. The treatment improved
Frost’s health and he continued with the practice. Soon he
progressed to cryptogams and began to study the mosses and li-
chens in particular. Later he turned to the fungi and made a
large number of watercolors of the boletes, a group that espe-
cially fascinated him. In order to read the European books
on lower plants Frost studied Latin and later French, German
and other European languages.

During his development as a botanist, Frost never gave up
his business. Dudley (78) reports him as remarking:

"Whatever I have acquired of science, in my
life, came through search for health and
mental entertainment; science is not my
profession, - shoemaking is."

Mr. Frost’s life pattern was methodical. He occupied the same
store for forty-nine years and accumulated, by his thrift and
good business judgment, a "considerable fortune." However he
always maintained a regular daily study period. The shop was
closed from noon to one P.M. and he was in his study by 12:30
P.M. Walks in the woods were often taken in the early morning
and he is said to have managed to read while working on the
shoes.

He did not discuss his botanical studies except with those
who showed a definite interest. When such people visited his
area he would often close his shop for several days and go bot-
anizing with them. He had many correspondents in both the
United States and Europe.

Charles C. Frost died on 16 November 1880 at Brattleboro,
Vt.

As a pioneer American cryptogamic botanist, Frost’s most
important contribution to New England bryology is his collec-
tions. However it is known that he did not collect specimens
of every plant he recorded. In addition to his specimens Frost
kept a manuscript catalogue of his own herbarium in which the
localities were recorded. This catalogue covers mosses, liver-
worts and fungi. This material, plus some of his _ botanical
correspondence, is now housed at the University of Vermont.

28 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

Frost published several short papers describing new species
of fungi. His original research was mostly on the fungi, espe-
cially the genus Boletus. In the Transactions of the Orleans
County Society of Natural Sciences he published a catalogue of
the flowerless plants of northern New England (ca. 1871). His
best known work is the Catalogue of Plants Growing within Thir-
ty Miles of Amherst College by Edward Tuckerman and C. C. Frost
published in 1875 (210). To this book Frost contributed the
lists of mosses (192 species), liverworts (47 species),
Characeae and fungi. Unfortunately localities are not _ listed.
(33, 51, 68, 78, 85, 95, 110, 111, 128, 150, 210, 224)

Walter GERRITSON (1861-1959)

Walter Gerritson was born 5 January 1861 in Reading, Mass.,
where the Gerritson family had resided for several generations.
At the age of eighteen he moved to Waltham, Mass., where he
spent the remainder of his life. For thirty years he worked as
a machinist in the watch factory in Waltham. At that stage in
his life he decided to change his occupation to landscape gar-
dener which enabled him to utilize his life-long interest in
horticulture.

Gerritson was a very active person who is known to have
ice-skated on the Charles River at the age of ninety-two. His
more usual outdoor activities included walks in the woods and
the study of the local flora. Both Elizabeth M. Dunham (q.v.)
and Charles J. Maynard (q.v.) credited him with assistance in
their bryological studies, especially field-work. The Prospect
Hill section of Waltham, Mass., an area well-known to him, was
the site of many of the bryological forays he led. Gerritson
published two short articles of a general nature in The Bryolo-
gist.

Harriet (Chase) Gerritson, his wife, pre-deceased him.
There were no direct descendants. He died 2 January 1959, only
days before his ninety-eighth birthday, and is buried in _ the
Gerritson family plot in Reading, Mass. (27)

Helen Evangeline GREENWOOD (1872-1953)

Helen Evangeline Greenwood was born | July 1872 in Holden,
Mass. As a child, she was told that she lacked an "ear for
music" and this discouraged her from attending the State Normal
School. Instead she enrolled in Wellesley College (1892-1896)
and received a B.A. in botany. She was a Wellesley Scholar

Reid: New England Bryologists 29

(1902, 1904) and studied at Woods Hole. In 1906 she received an
M.A. in botany from Wellesley College.

Miss Greenwood devoted her professional career to high
school teaching. Her first position was in the High School at
Oxford, Mass., (1898-1900). In 1901 she joined the Worcester,
Mass., school system and taught physiology at the "old" English
High School. Later when the Massachusetts Department of Educa-
tion dropped physiology as a required subject, she taught
English. The rest of her teaching career (until 1942) was spent
at this school which was re-named the Worcester High School of
Commerce during her tenure. In later life she was especially
proud of the effect her establishment of a free lending library
within the school building had on her "non-reading" pupils.

Miss Greenwood had many hobbies including photography, bird
watching, writing and hepatics. Her general writings include
poems and an historical article on the French Huguenot settlers
in the area of Massachusetts where she was born. She became a
Deaconess in the Congregational Church, a member of the Ward 9
Republican Club and editor of the Nature Outlook, a publication
of the Worcester Natural History Society. She was also Curator
of Botany for this group.

The 1914 volume of The Bryologist gives a brief history of
the Worcester Moss Club. In 1905 Mrs. Ella L. Horr, Custodian
of the Worcester Natural History Society, formed a class at the
Society’s Museum on observation with a hand lens. In 1907 and
1909 Helen E. Greenwood showed the group slides of bryophyte
leaf-sections, peristomes, antheridia, etc. under the compound
microscope. Miss Alice C. Kendall of Holden in 1910-1911 gave
a ten-lesson course on mosses explaining the terms used in the
manuals for the study of bryophytes with a compound microscope.
At the end a public exhibit was held. Under the guidance of
these two friends an herbarium was accumulated for the Society.
This herbarium is now preserved at Clark University, Worcester,
Mass., (116).

Helen Greenwood published in The Bryologist a number of
articles on bryophytes, especially hepatics. Her name first
appeared in the printed Sullivant Moss Society membership list
in 1909, and she was also involved in the exchange of mosses
and hepatics at this time. She discovered the fourth station
for Nardia Geocyphus [= Nardia geocyphus (DeNot.) Lindb.] in
the United States (Worcester, Mass.) and was especially "thrill-
ed" to have made an addition to the North American flora - Ceph-
alia compacta [= Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb. var. com-

30 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

pacta (Warnst.) Nichols]. Although most of her collecting was
done in Worcester County, Mass., she also collected and publish-
ed on the bryophytes of Mt. Desert Island, Maine (102).

In 1942 Miss Greenwood retired from her teaching position.
This same year she gave her cryptogamic herbarium to Wellesley
College including a thousand identified specimens of hepatics.
A work desk was reserved for her in the College herbarium. In
1946 she finished a paper on mosses, lichens and fungi for a
refresher course at the Worcester Natural History Society.
This was later published in the Nature Outlook (103). Copies
of her general and scientific publications are preserved in the
Wellesley College Archives. Miss Greenwood died in Worcester,
Mass., on 25 January 1953. (2, 27, 28, 34, 102, 103, 116)

Abel Joel GROUT (1867-1947)

Abel Joel Grout was born on a farm in Newfane, Vt., on 24
March 1867. He was one of six sons of Joel and Martha (Pike)
Grout. His ancestors had lived and farmed in that area for more
than two hundred years and, as the farm was not a productive
one, Abel and his younger brother were indentured to an uncle
by their father. The poverty of Grout’s youth had a _ profound
effect on his course of action in later life. He attended pri-
mary school in Newfane and the high school in Brattleboro, Vt.
As the schools in the area were poor and Grout had a desire
for further education, he did extra chores for a local farmer
in order to pay a tutor in Latin and algebra. Working to pay
his fees, Grout enrolled at the University of Vermont from which
institution he received a Ph.B. in 1890. He was second academ-
ically only to Marshall A. Howe, the brother of C. D. Howe
(q,v.). Marshall Howe was his boyhood friend and college room-
mate.

When he was twelve years old, Grout’s father had given him
a copy of one of Asa Gray’s books as the boy had shown an inter-
est in the local flora, but it was not until the early 1890's
that he developed an interest in mosses - "largely because I
could collect and study them in winter" (202).

After his graduation from the University of Vermont, Abel
Grout began a career as a high school teacher which was uninter-
rupted until his retirement forty years later (1930). Even
during his two years of graduate work at Columbia University
Grout held full-time positions to support himself and his wife,
the former Grace E. Preston, also a teacher, whom he met and
married in 1893 while both were at the Vermont Normal School.

Reid: New England Bryologists 31

In 1897 he received a Ph.D. from Columbia University. His the-
sis was a monographic revision of the North American species of
Brachythecium supervised by Mrs. Elizabeth Gertrude Britton.

Grout was one of the founders of the Sullivant Moss Society
and the force behind the appearance of its publication, The
Bryologist. In recognition of his pioneering effort, Volume 50
(1947) of this journal was dedicated to him. He died on 27
March 1947 in East Bradenton, Fla. His wife pre-deceased him
on 14 February 1947. The couple had one son who died in infancy
(129).

After the completion of his doctoral thesis on
Brachythecium he extended his studies to other pleurocarpous
mosses (202):

..His early work on Brachythecium and _ its
relatives inclined Grout’s interest toward
pleurocarpous mosses, and through his ca-
reer, his very real interest in this group
was reflected by his first series of Musci
Exsiccati, the "North American Musci
Pleurocarpi," his "Check List of the Pleuro-
carpous Mosses of North America, North of
Mexico" (1929) and his almost single-handed
completion of Volume III (the first to ap-
pear) of his "Moss Flora of North America,
North of Mexico" (Pleurocarpae).

Although the poverty of his youth led him to be frugal in
most matters, Grout spent his own money for the completion of
what he considered worthwhile projects such as the Moss Flora.

Dr. Grout’s contributions to New England bryology are re-
flected not only in articles in The Bryologist but also in the
various books he authored. A manual, Mosses with a Hand-Lens
- A Non-Technical Handbook of the Common and More Easily Recog-
nized Mosses, published in 1900, summarized his earlier work
in the northeast. A second edition which included hepatics was
issued in 1905. The third edition (1924) included a section on
the Hepaticae by Marshall A. Howe. The fourth and more expanded
edition covering additional areas of the United States was issu-
ed in 1947.

The success of the first edition of Mosses with a Hand-
Lens encouraged Grout to produce a more advanced work, Mosses
with a Hand-Lens and Microscope: A Non-Technical Hand-Book of

a2 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

the More Common Mosses of the Northeastern United States, is-
sued in five parts (1903-1910).

Grout’s publication of these two books plus his role in the
establishment of The Bryologist and the Sullivant Moss Society
would be sufficient to establish him as a leading contributor to
New England, as well as, to North American bryology. He is also
remembered for having introduced bryology to people with a gen-
eral interest in plants and to serious amateurs.

The preparation of the monumental Moss Flora of North
America, North of Mexico occupied most of Grout’s time between
1928 and 1940 (106). Although, as already stated, he himself
prepared Volume III on _ pleurocarpous mosses, he received the
cooperation of other American bryologists such as A. L. Andrews
(q.v.) in the production of Volumes I and II.

After the completion of the Moss Flora in 1940 Grout, pos-
sibly as a result of his long association with the New York
Botanical Garden, was invited to continue his studies for in-
clusion in a volume on the mosses in the series, North American
Flora (202).

Being a native New Englander Grout returned to his ances-
tral home in Newfane, Vt., in the summers, especially after
his retirement from high school teaching in 1930. During the
1930’s he purchased a winter home in Manatee, Fla., but continu-
ed to reside in Newfane during the summers. For several sum-
mers, through the recommendation of his fellow bryologist, Henry
S. Conard, he was a member of the staff of the Biological Labo-
ratory at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N.Y., where he super-
vised the work of students in bryology. The success of this
project led to Grout’s formation of a summer school of bryology
at Newfane, Vt., under the auspices of the Long _ Island
Biological Laboratory. This proved to be a_ successful venture,
and many bryologists of the next generation spent a period of
time with Grout in Newfane.

Although some may not approve of Grout’s non-scholarly,
short-cut methods for getting things done, there seems to be no
question that Grout is still held in the highest regard by seri-
ous students of North American bryophytes. A complete list
of his publications in bryology has appeared (202). His her-
barium is available for study at Duke University.

Many of the people who have written about Grout knew him
personally and their reminiscences are therefore of special

Reid: New England Bryologists 33
value. (2 (portrait of A. W. Evans and A. J. Grout), 33, 61,
94, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 129, 149, 187, 188, 192, 197, 202,
204, 225)

Edward HITCHCOCK (1793-1864)

Edward Hitchcock, son of Justin and Mercy (Hoyt) Hitchcock,
was born in Deerfield, Mass., on 24 May 1793. His youth was
one of comparative poverty as his father, a hatter by trade, who
was called to serve twice in the Revolutionary War, owned only
a small farm. Also, Edward’s father assumed the debts of his
father who died as a result of an illness contracted in the
same war. In spite of his monetary problems Edward’s father
was a respected member of his community and a deacon in the
Congregational Church.

Edward’s father encouraged the education of his three sons,
and Edward attended the local primary school and Deerfield Acad-
emy. Throughout his boyhood he worked on the farm and occa-
sionally at carpentry and surveying. In his spare time he en-
gaged in scientific pursuits and was encouraged in his intellec-
tual development by a few companions in Deerfield who had orga-
nized a weekly discussion group. Edward studied Latin and Greek
and was aided in astronomy by his uncle, Major General Epaphras
Hoyt. Edward’s ambition was to attend Harvard College with
advanced standing but impaired eyesight, due to illness, pre-
vented this. For two years he found it difficult to study but
in 1815 the Trustees of Deerfield Academy made him principal of
the school, a post he held until 1818.

During Edward’s tenure at Deerfield Academy, Amos Eaton
lectured in the Amherst, Mass., area. As a result of the enthu-
siasm he aroused, Hitchcock, Dr. S. W. Williams and Dr. Dennis
Cooley (q.v.) all began to work together in the study and col-
lection of the local flora including bryophytes.

Hitchcock began his theological studies at Yale in 1818 and
graduated in 1820. He was ordained in 1821 and became minister
of the Congregational Church in Conway, Mass., (1821-1825).
While holding this pastorate he started to make a _ scientific
survey of the western part of Massachusetts. He later studied
chemistry under Silliman at Yale.

Hitchcock joined the faculty of Amherst College in 1826 as
Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry and later his
title was changed to Professor of Chemistry and Natural Histo-
ry. For many years he was the sole instructor in these disci-

34 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

plines at Ambherst College. However, he lived long enough to
see the staff increase to four men in the Natural History De-
partment. This was the Department he had created and built
by his reputation especially as a geologist. In his autobiog-
raphy Hitchcock recalls the history of the College’s Natural
History Society and its Cabinet (121):

..But to one acquainted with natural histo-
ry, probably the larger part would come
under the ironical title Jactalites; that
is, specimens to be thrown away. However
they did a very good service so long as no
better collections were near.

With regard to New England bryology, Hitchcock will be
remembered as the author of two plant catalogues. One issued in
1829 (118) covered the area near Amherst College and the second,
issued in 1833 (119) and revised in 1835 (120), dealt with the
entire state of Massachusetts. Both catalogues included bryo-
phytes. The 1833 list was part of an inventory of natural re-
sources undertaken during the first state geological survey.
This idea originated with Hitchcock. The 1833 survey contained
the first list of bryophytes published for any New _ England
state.

Hitchcock was the first State Geologist of Massachusetts
(1830-1844), the first president (1840) of the Association of
American Geologists and one of the original members (1863) of
the National Academy of Sciences. He continued as a Professor
at Amherst College until 1864, and in addition, served as Col-
lege president (1845-1854). Hitchcock conducted the worship
services in the Amherst College Church during his presidency.

Hitchcock also took a deep interest in popular education
and lectured to the general public in the evening. He was es-
pecially interested in the education of women and was deeply
involved in the establishment of Mt. Holyoke Seminary, South
Hadley, Mass., which later became Mt. Holyoke College. This
school was second only to Amherst College in the care and super-
vision he extended to it.

In 1821 Edward Hitchcock married Orra White of Amherst.
She had been an instructor at Deerfield Academy and was also an
artist. She prepared some of the _ illustrations for her hus-
band’s publications. They had six children who lived to matu-
rity.

Reid: New England Bryologists 35

Edward Hitchcock died in Amherst, Mass., on 27 February
1864. His herbarium was deposited at Amherst College whose
collections are now on permanent loan to the University of
Massachusetts at Amherst. (8, 37, 72, 98, 118, 119, 120, 121,
128, 141, 148, 224)

Clifton Durant HOWE (1874-1946)

Clifton Durant Howe was born on 30 July 1874 in Newfane,
Vt. He was one of five children of Marshall Otis and Gertrude
Isabelle (Dexter) Howe. His twin brother, Carlton Dexter Howe,
belonged to and served as Secretary-Treasurer and later Secre-
tary of the Vermont Botanical Club. The oldest child, Marshall
Avery Howe, wrote a doctoral dissertation and several publica-
tions on hepatics. "The Hepaticae and Anthocerotes of Califor-
nia" published by M. A. Howe in 1899 (126) is still useful to
bryologists today.

Clifton Durant Howe received an A.B. degree from the Uni-
versity of Vermont in 1901. He was also an Instructor in Botany
at the University of Vermont (1899-1901). One of his early
works was A Preliminary List of the Hepaticae of Vermont pub-
lished by the Botany Department of the University in January
1899 (125). He attended the University of Chicago (1901-1904)
and received a Ph.D. degree from that institution in 1904.

; Dr. Clifton Howe was an instructor in the Biltmore Forest
School (1905-1906) and the Assistant Director (1907-1908). He
was a Lecturer in Botany and Forestry at the University of To-
ronto (1908-1912). In 1913 he was appointed an Assistant Pro-
fessor in the Faculty of Forestry and in 1916 Associate Profes-
sor. In 1920 he became Professor and Dean of the Faculty of
Forestry - a position he held until 1940. At a convocation in
May 1943 the University of Toronto conferred on him the degree
of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, in recognition of his many
contributions to Canadian forestry.

On 22 February 1946, Clifton Howe died in Toronto, Ontario,
Canada. He is recorded here because of his early Vermont
hepatics list. His career in later life was devoted to various
aspects of Canadian forestry. His herbarium is at the New York
Botanical Garden. There are also some of his specimens at the
Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Ill. and at the
Farlow Herbarium. (46, 52, 54, 125, 126, 144, 192)

36 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

Ethel Priscilla HUTCHINSON (1895-1966)

Ethel Priscilla Francois was born in Saugus, Mass., on 9
September 1895. Her father was a country doctor and, as a
child, she often accompanied him on house calls. She was edu-
cated at home by private tutors and afterwards attended Oak
Grove Seminary, Vassalboro, Maine. Her ambition was to be a
physician, but due to the death of her father she was needed at
home to care for her mother. She also was employed by the local
telephone company.

Her first marriage was to Horace Baker. The couple lived
in New York City, but spent summers at an old farm they owned in
Canaan, N.H. They were later divorced.

In January 1936, Ethel decided to make the Canaan, N.H.,
property her permanent home. Since the house had no electrici-
ty, furnace, or indoor plumbing, there were many adjustments to
make and new skills, such as snowshoeing, to be learned. She
recalled sleeping in the kitchen in a fur coat that first win-
ter. She had the house modernized and enjoyed exploring the
623 acre property.

Ethel recalled that she first became interested in mosses
during the summer of 1937. She had been looking for a subject
in which she could be absorbed for the rest of her life and she
had found it. Eventually she became a correspondent of E. M.
Dunham (q.v.), A. L. Andrews (q.v.), Henry S. Conard and many
other bryologists throughout the world. She considered herself
A. J. Grout’s (q.v.) "last living pupil." By this she meant
that she was the last person to receive moss lessons at his
home in Newfane, Vt., when he was in residence there. Grout
expected his pupil to write down all her observations on a moss
and also the steps used to key it out. Four specimens consti-
tuted a lesson and he charged fifty cents for each specimen.
In the early 1960’s Ethel gave lessons, by mail, to several New
England residents. She followed Grout’s method and price sched-
ule.

Since Ethel discovered places in New Hampshire and Vermont
that were near her home were also good bryophyte habitats, she
was able to build up an herbarium and also have material for
exchange. As her reputation as a "mossback" became known local-
ly she was often asked about a good beginning bryology book.
Remembering her own experiences she decided to prepare a compre-
hensive book on the subject. Her manuscript, A Guide to the
Study of Mosses, illustrated with her own camera lucida draw-

Reid: New England Bryologists 37

ings, was given to Dr. Howard Crum and is now at the University
of Michigan Herbarium. Ethel’s herbarium, library and _ slide
collection were bequeathed to Anna Murphy Reid of Lexington,
Mass., one of her pupils.

In 1938 Ethel married Fred R. Hutchinson, the local post-
master. He shared her home, Brighthollow, until his death in
1962. Mrs. Hutchinson died in Hanover, N.H., on 31 October
1966.

In addition to her’ personal study of — bryophytes,
Mrs. Hutchinson prepared the elaborate exhibits of mosses and
hepatics that were a feature attraction of the Canaan, N.H.,
Fair in the 1950’s. One of these exhibits was enjoyed by par-
ticipants in the 1956 American Bryological Society Foray which
Ethel led, assisted by Elizabeth Sherrard and MHannah Croasdale
(209). Until the 1986 Foray, held in Vermont, this was _ the
only field trip held by the Society in New England. She pub-
lished an article describing her method for sectioning moss
leaves in The Bryologist (130). She also helped in the deter-
mination of many of the mosses collected by E. M. Sherrard in
Alaska in 1951 (209, 210). Ethel Hutchinson was one of the
compilers of the index to the first sixty volumes of The Bryol-
ogist.

Ethel enjoyed all aspects of rural life. She swam in her
own lake, helped organize a local nature club and was a member
of the Canaan Methodist Church. She maintained an interest in
ballet which she had studied for a long period in her youth.
In 1952 she was granted permission to study as an "observer" at
the Dartmouth Medical School, the first woman to be admitted.
For two years she took courses in such subjects as neuroanatomy
even though she realized she would never become a physician.

Mrs. Hutchinson was one of only a few and probably the best
known New Hampshire bryologist for the almost thirty years she
resided there (1937-1966). She was acquainted, by correspon-
dence and by specimen exchanges, with other bryologists both in
the United States and abroad even though she published very
little. (63, 112, 129, 130, 160, 193, 194, 195, 209)

George Golding KENNEDY (1841-1918)

George Golding Kennedy was born in Roxbury [Boston], Mass.,
on 16 October 1841, the only son amongst the five children of
Donald and Ann (Colgate) Kennedy. George attended Roxbury Latin
School, then under the direction of Augustus H. Buck. In 1860

38 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

he entered Harvard College and was the recipient of an A.B. in
1864 and an A.M. in 1867. In that same year, 1867, Harvard
Medical School granted him an M.D. On 28 February 1865 he mar-
ried Harriet White Harris, daughter of Benjamin C. and Harriet
(White) Harris, and the couple were the parents of five chil-
dren. Mrs. Kennedy died on 23 November 1910.

While at Harvard, Kennedy attended botany classes conducted
by Asa Gray. This contact undoubtedly strengthened his interest
in plant life. The earliest specimen in Dr. Kennedy’s herbarium
was collected in 1862 when he was a sophomore at Harvard.
Throughout his life his herbarium was "the object of his con-
stant solicitude and attention" (220). On 21 January 1864 Asa
Gray wrote to Charles Wright in Cuba (220):

By the steamer of Saturday, which takes
this, a good young fellow, Mr. Kennedy, a
member of our Senior class, goes to Cuba to
look after business of his father, and,
when he can, to botanize, only four or five
weeks. That is, in vacation. He is very
fond of botany, and bids fair to be a bota-
nist some day, if he does not take to money
making instead.

After practicing medicine for a short time Kennedy retired
from this profession and occupied himself in the management of
his father’s business, the manufacture of medicines (16), and
his own growing estate. He was thus able to devote a good por-
tion of his time to botanical and literary studies. In 1879
he moved from the old family home in Roxbury to a sizeable es-
tate, "The Pines," in Milton, Mass., where he built a_ large
house for his family. It was at "The Pines" and the surrounding
area that he spent most of his time when he was not travelling.
He made a number of trips to Europe and the other countries
that border the Mediterranean Sea (1872-1905). There were also
frequent visits to areas of botanical interest in the _ eastern
United States, especially New England. In 1896, when the New
England Botanical Club was formed, he was a charter member.
Sometimes by himself and sometimes with other Club members he
made frequent collecting trips to Vermont, New Hampshire, west-
ern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Details of these trips
are recorded in his botanical journals (1896-1915).

In addition to the collections of bryophytes and_ higher
plants, Dr. Kennedy was also a collector of books. Not only did
he search for valuable botanical volumes, he also sought out

Reid: New England Bryologists 39

Shakespeariana and specialized works in other areas of interest
to him. He had a reading knowledge of Greek and Latin and al-
ways kept a Greek New Testament with him. In his literary pur-
suits he had the advice of his close friend and botanical asso-
ciate, Edwin Faxon (q.v.), himself a bibliophile. Kennedy left
the greater part of his botanical library to the Gray Herbarium.

George Golding Kennedy belonged to many clubs, especially
those with a botanical or natural history orientation. To these
groups he gave both time and money. He was devoted to the New
England Botanical Club and regularly attended the meetings until
physical infirmities made this impossible.

In 1896 [1897] Dr. Kennedy became a member of the first
Visiting Committee of the Gray Herbarium and was Chairman of the
Committee in 1914 when the Gray Herbarium Library wing was
dedicated. This was his gift to Harvard College on the fiftieth
anniversary of his graduation.

Doctor Kennedy’s herbarium was basically a record of his
own collections. Although he could have afforded the purchase
of specimens from dealers and professional plant collectors, he
rarely did so and built up his herbarium by _ personal field
work. Most of his specimens were gathered in New England.

A number of years before his death Dr. Kennedy gave his
moss collection (ca. 16,000 packets) plus a number of valuable
cryptogamic books to the Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library
at Harvard. In 1917 he gave his flowering plant specimens to
the Gray Herbarium with the provision that specialized local
flora collections, such as his Willoughby Lake, Vt., specimens
would be transferred to the New England Botanical Club Herbar-
ium.

George Golding Kennedy died in Milton, Mass., on 31 March
1918.

Doctor Kennedy, or Geo. G. Kennedy as he usually signed
himself, is included here for his collections of New England
mosses. He wrote a number of articles for Rhodora, most dealing
with higher plants. In the first volume of Rhodora he described
a new moss species, Pottia randii, named for the collector,
E. L. Rand (q.v.) - (Pottia randii Kenn. [= Desmatodon randii
(Kenn.) Laz.]) (134). In volume three of Rhodora, he and
J. F. Collins (q.v.) reported on their bryophyte collections
from Mt. Katahdin, Maine., (137). (19, 124, 134, 136, 137,
172, 220)

40 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

Annie LORENZ (1879-1927)

Annie Lorenz was born on 5 February 1879 in Brooklyn, N.Y.
She was the daughter of William A. and Mary Wilcox (Green) Lor-
enz. Early in her life the family moved to Hartford, Conn.,
and she was educated in private and public schools in_ that
city. Her first botanical publication was an article in_ her
high school newspaper on the flora of the high school grounds
(143). She graduated from Hartford High School in 1897.

As a young girl, Annie Lorenz spent several summers at
Willoughby Lake, Vt. Both G. G. Kennedy (q.v.) and Edwin Faxon
(q.v.) were her teachers in the field. Dr. Kennedy’s interest
in mosses may have influenced her choice of another group of
bryophytes, the hepatics, as her special field of study. She
became a member of several New England botanical and hiking
clubs and most of her collecting was done on their field trips.
As gathering bryophytes is a time-consuming process, she was
somewhat handicapped by the desires of the group as a_ whole.
Miss Lorenz also was near-sighted. Nevertheless she became one
of the foremost American amateur hepaticologists of her time.
Although she did not describe any new species, Douin (77) named
in her honor Cephaloziella lorenziana [Excluded], which she
collected in West Hartford, Conn., on 24 June 1911. Her work
was also known and respected by A. W. Evans (g.v.) of Yale Uni-
versity. She sent to the Herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden packets of her rarer collections and also her additions
to the hepatic flora of the New England States. She provided
living specimens of Ricca to Marshall A. Howe which he raised
to maturity for his study of that genus published in the North
American Flora.

Annie Lorenz’s published papers were largely annotated
lists of hepatics and she did add a number of species to the New
England hepatic flora) Many of her articles were illustrated
with her own drawings. She was considered to be an excellent
artist and had prepared a series of illustrations, some in_ col-
or, of all the then-known New England hepaticae. Several small
volumes of her free-hand water-color drawings of the liverworts
were displayed at the Boston AAAS meeting in 1909. Her library,
herbarium and drawings were given to Yale University by her
father after her death in Hartford, Conn., on 11 June 1927.

In addition to her hepatic studies, Annie Lorenz maintained
a large garden at her Hartford home. She was also fluent in
Spanish, played the piano, sang and was an active member of the
Congregational Church. (22, 77, 115, 143, 214, 225)

Reid: New England Bryologists 41

Charles Johnson MAYNARD (1845-1929)

Charles Johnson Maynard was born on 6 May 1845 in West
Newton, Mass., and was educated in public schools. He was an
instructor in biology at the School of Biology in West Newton,
Mass., from 1880 to 1902. After 1902 he served as_ instructor
in nature study and evolution at the State Normal School,
Framingham, Mass. Mr. Maynard died on 15 October 1929 after an
illness of several months.

Mr. Maynard had diverse interests. He is best remembered
as an ornithologist, and he was especially interested in the
Structure of the sound-producing organs of birds such as_ the
American bittern. In 1868 he discovered among the sand dunes
of Ipswich, Mass., the Ipswich Sparrow, which for many _ years
afterward was considered extremely rare (182). This _ interest
in structure extended to molluscs and he made special studies
of the Carionidae (a family of pupa-shaped land snails) of
Bermuda. Charles Maynard was said to have had his own way of
doing things, and his own ideas regarding nomenclature and clas-
sification, which, in some _ cases, led to conflict with other
conchologists. He also wrote on _ general natural history sub-
jects, sponges, insects and mosses.

One of his books, Methods in Moss Study, was prepared as
an aid to his pupils in moss study. It included instructions
and illustrations for the microscopic study of moss_ structures
and functions but it is not a key or a manual. Elizabeth Dunham
(q.v.) credited him as one of the two people [the other being
Walter Gerritson (q.v.)] who helped her in her early bryological
studies.

Charles Maynard belonged to such local groups as the Newton
Natural History Society and the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory which gave him contact with local students of bryology.
(53, 132, 146, 147, 182)

George Elwood NICHOLS (1882-1939)

Southington, Conn., was the birthplace of George Elwood
Nichols. He was born on 12 April 1882, the son of the Reverend
George Edward and Mary Estelle (Smith) Nichols. He prepared at
Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Conn. Yale University con-
ferred upon him an A.B. in 1904. He attended the Yale Graduate
School (1904-1909) and was granted a Ph.D. in 1909. He was an
Assistant in Botany (1905-1909) and also a Proctor (1906-1909)
at this institution.

42 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol., 19, 1987

On 23 June 1909, in New Haven, Conn., he married Grace
Elizabeth Walker. George Nichols was associated with Yale Uni-
versity during his entire professional career. He was an In-
structor (1909-1915); Assistant Professor (1915-1924); Associate
Professor (1924-1926); Professor (1926-1939) and Eaton Professor
of Botany (1936-1939). He also served as Chairman of the De-
partment (1927-1939) and Director of the Marsh Botanic Garden
(1926-1939).

George Nichols was a member of many professional societies
and was serving as president of the Sullivant Moss Society (now
the American Bryological and Lichenological Society) at the
time of his death.

During George Nichol’s student days at Yale, A. W. Evans
(g.v.) was on the staff and he associated with this famous hep-
aticologist. There was also the legacy of the earlier work
of D.C. Eaton (q.v.). It seems natural that Nichols should
have become interested in bryophytes. In 1908, while still a
graduate student, he co-authored The Bryophytes of Connecticut
with Professor Evans (88). This book provided keys to aid in
the identification of mosses and hepatics at a time when few
such keys existed, especially for New England. The publication
had a wide distribution and is still of use today. Dr. Nichols
continued his work on Connecticut mosses and published four
papers on this subject in Rhodora (1910-1913).

During World War I Nichols advised the American Red Cross
on the use of Sphagnum for surgical dressings. Steere (200)
indicates that Nichols had an excellent field knowledge of this
genus and its distribution in the eastern United States. Also
Dr. Nichols worked in Nova Scotia and published on its bryo-
phyte flora.

In 1920 Nichols began teaching courses on algae and bryo-
phytes at the University of Michigan Biological Station located
at Douglas Lake, Mich. Over the years this program, initiated
by Nichols, kindled a lasting interest in bryophytes in many of
the nation’s amateur and professional bryologists.

Soon after graduating from Yale, Nichols enrolled at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. (1910). An __ instructor
there, Henry C. Cowles, developed Nichol’s interest in another
career field, plant ecology.

George Nichols died on 20 June 1939 at New Haven, Conn.,
following surgery. His herbarium is preserved at Yale.

Reid: New England Bryologists 43

One of Dr. Nichols’ contributions to New England bryology
is his book on Connecticut bryophytes. The initiation of the
Douglas Lake summer program in bryology is an indirect contri-
bution. His publications on plant ecology, for which he _ is
better known to botanists in general, include data on bryophytes
as well as the higher plants. He was a pioneer in the recogni-
tion of the ecological importance of bryophytes. (25, 33, 88,
127, 145, 151, 187, 200, 201, 204, 225, 226)

William OAKES (1799-1848)

Danvers New Mills [now Danvers], Mass., was the birthplace,
on 1 July 1799, of William Oakes, son of Caleb and Mehitable
(Pope) Oakes. He was educated in the Danvers, Mass. public
school. After a few additional months of instruction under
Benjamin D. Oliver, a Danvers lawyer, he entered Harvard College
in 1816. While in college Oakes was much influenced by William
Dandridge Peck, director of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge,
Mass., and Professor of Natural History. After graduation in
1820 he studied law at Harvard for two years and spent the next
year in the office of the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall in Salem,
Mass. In January 1824 he moved to Ipswich, Mass., and began
the practice of law. On 12 April of that year he married Sarah
Phillips Farley, the widow of William Treadwell. They had four
children. After two or three years he abandoned the practice of
law for the study of plants. He resided in Ipswich for the
remainder of his life.

Oakes confined his botanical collecting primarily to New
England. As early as 1827, in his’ correspondence’ with
J. W. Robbins (q.v.) (155), he projected a flora of New
England. By 1830, he was exploring the alpine regions of the
White Mountains of New Hampshire. He also collected in Maine,
Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut.

In addition to the many new flowering plants he discovered,
Oakes was a collector of mosses and hepatics. Although he pub-
lished only one bryophyte paper (157), Oakes corresponded with
W. S. Sullivant and supplied him with mosses and_ hepatics.
Sullivant published many of the New England bryophytes in his
exsiccatae. Oakes was very generous in the distribution of his
plants to other botanists and his collections are _ therefore
preserved in many herbaria. It is for his carefully prepared
specimens that he is best remembered.

In the surviving letters from W. Oakes to J. W. Robbins
(q.v.) (155), which span a period of twenty years, one can get

44

a glimpse of the development of their friendship.

Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

At the time

the first letter was written, Oakes was twenty-eight and prepar-

ing to give up the law.
preparing for an M.D. at Yale.

vice on collecting and preserving plants. Exchanges
and the sharing of botanical tidbits began.

This

Ipswich 1 July 1827

Dear Sir,

I got home in 28 hours after I left New
Haven [180 miles] but have been so_ inces-
santly engaged that I have had no time to
write until now - nor indeed now - for I
start for New Hampshire tomorrow morning.
As to the plants which I wish you to collect
for me ... any plant Eaton has not in New
England... [Eaton, A. 1824. Manual of Bot-
any for the Northern and Middle States of
America. 4th edition.]

W. Oakes
White Mountains 13 Sept. 1846

..1 had the pleasure the other day of find-
ing on a_rock in the horse path to
Mt. Washington in the woods a fine tuft of
Splachnum angustatum [= Tetraplodon
angustatus (Hedw.) B.S.G.] | growing on_ the
bones of some small animal...

Ipswich 19 Feb. 1847

..As to naming plants after you which you
deprecate, I shall not attempt it for the
present, unless I should get a_e genus. ..
Proper names are the best names that can be
given to plants and the easiest remembered
are those of men. ...

is the last extant letter written to Dr. Robbins

perhaps the last one Oakes wrote (155):

Ipswich 9 Aug. 1847

I send you with this the first step
of my White Mountain doings. Nothing but

Robbins was twenty-five and a half and
Oakes provided Robbins with ad-
of plants

and

Reid: New England Bryologists 45

the want of plates (Sprague being unable to
stay long enough at the Mountains) has pre-
vented [me] from finishing a _ year ago.
He is now gone up and I hope to wash my
hands of most of the White Mountain concern
next spring. ...

Oakes died in an accident 31 July 1848. He apparently
suffered an attack of vertigo and fell overboard from the ferry
in Boston harbor. Five days before his death he wrote the pre-
face to his Scenery of the White Mountains (158) which was pub-
lished in quarto form.

Perhaps because he was a very precise and careful worker
Oakes never published the text of the New England flora. How-
ever the legacy of his collections remains. Oakes’ specimens
of mosses and hepatics were purchased by W. S. Sullivant from
the executor of his estate in 1849. These were in addition to
the material Sullivant received in exchanges during Oakes’ life-
time. The Farlow Herbarium at Harvard probably has the largest
number of Oakes’ bryophytes today due to the acquisition of the
herbaria of Sullivant, the Boston Society of Natural History
and various nineteenth century botanists. (7, 33, 37, 43, 83,
97, 99, 106, 128, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 177, 218)

Stephen Thayer OLNEY (1812-1878)

Stephen Thayer Olney was born in Burrillville, R.I., on
15 February 1812 [1813 (58)]. He was the son of Stephen and
Polly (Thayer) Olney and a descendent of Thomas Olney, one of
the earliest settlers in Providence, R.I., who in 1688 was or-
dained minister of the First Baptist Church in the Rhode Is-
land Colony. Stephen T. Olney was educated in Providence.

In business he was first employed in Augusta, Ga. Later he
and Jesse Metcalf founded, in Providence, the Wauskuck Company,
which was a manufacturer and seller of woolen goods. Olney was
a prosperous and wealthy businessman and used his resources to
acquire books, specimens and equipment to aid in his _ botanical
studies. He was president of the Providence Franklin Society
(1859-1869), and it was for the botanical department of this
group that he compiled a list of higher plants collected by the
members in Rhode Island (1845; supplements 1846, 1847). In
1871 he published a list of Rhode Island algae.

Although his publications and exsiccatae did not include
bryophytes, he was a correspondent of William Sullivant to whom

46 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

he sent mosses. One of these, collected by Olney at Smithfield,
R.I., was described by William S. Sullivant as a new _ species
and named Grimmia olneyi in his honor. His correspondence with
Moses Ashley Curtis indicates Olney’s desire to receive any
mosses from Curtis’ locality that he might like to share. Olney
also collected for Asa Gray who named the leguminous tree genus,
Olneya, native to the southwestern United States, after him.

Olney never married. He was mentally incapacitated and
unable to engage in his business during the last years of his
life. He left his herbarium, library of seven hundred and
twelve volumes and laboratory equipment to Brown University
under the condition that it be kept in a fire-proof building.
Money was also provided for the increase and care of the col-
lection. In addition he provided money for a _ Professorship
in Natural History at Brown University. In recognition of these
gifts Brown conferred on him an honorary M.A. degree.

Olney’s herbarium was the nucleus around which Brown’s
herbarium was founded in 1878. For New England bryology his
collections of Rhode Island bryophytes provide the earliest
systematic collections for the state.

Stephen T. Olney died in Providence, R.I., on 27 July 1878.
(33, 36, 42, 43, 58, 62, 72, 100, 127, 128, 183)

Jacob PORTER (1783-1846)

Jacob Porter was born in Abington, Mass., on 30 December
1783. He was the elder son of Seth and Mary (Cobb) Porter. He
entered Williams College as a sophomore, but soon _ transferred
to Yale where his name appears in the Catalogue of November
1802. By this time his family had moved to Cummington, Mass.

After completing his studies at Yale (A.B. 1803), he remov-
ed to Plainfield, Mass., formerly a part of Cummington. Porter
studied medicine and, although he was a practicing physician,
most of his time was devoted to botany, mineralogy and litera-
ture. He published in all three of these areas.

Porter was a member of several scientific societies and
was elected a corresponding member of the Lyceum of Natural
History of New York in 1820. He was a correspondent of John
Torrey and sent specimens from the Plainfield area to him. In
Edward Hitchcock’s (q.v.) 1833 report on the natural resources
of Massachusetts one finds Porter’s name as a contributor to
the lists of mosses, fungi and lichens. He also assisted the

Reid: New England Bryologists 47

young Edward Tuckerman in the identification of mosses and li-
chens.

Jacob Porter married Betsey Mayhew in January 1813. She
died less than six months later. He married Sally Reed on 18
November 1819. They had three daughters, only one of whom lived
to adulthood.

Several bryophyte collections made by Jacob Porter were
in the Herbarium of the Boston Society of Natural History now
incorporated into the collection of the Farlow Herbarium. He
died on 15 November 1846 in Plainfield, Mass. (74, 161)

Cyrus Guernsey PRINGLE (1838-1911)

Cyrus Guernsey Pringle was born on his grandparents’ farm
in East Charlotte, Vt., on 6 May 1838. He was the descendant
of strong-willed New England farmers. It is reported that as a
boy he wandered around the local fields and woods composing
poetry. His early education was obtained at Hinesburg, Vt.,
and Stanbridge, Qué. In 1859 he enrolled in the Classics pro-
gram at the University of Vermont. He was forced to withdraw
after one semester because the death of his older brother neces-
sitated a return to the family farm to help his widowed mother
and younger brother. As a young man he became interested in
the religious and moral doctrines of the Society of Friends of
whom there were a number of members in his neighborhood. Cyrus
Pringle agreed with the Quakers’ opposition to war and violence,
and the supremacy of conscience, and he joined the Society.
One of the speakers at the Friends’ Meetings was Almira Greene,
a local schoolteacher. Pringle and Miss Greene, who was a na-
tive of Starksboro, Vt., were married on 25 February 1863.

On 13 July 1863 three Quakers from Charlotte, including
Pringle, were drafted for service in the Civil War. An _ uncle,
Captain Hewett, offered to pay the three hundred _ dollars
required to keep him out of the military. However the offer
was refused as Pringle‘s conscience would not allow him to have
the money used to pay another man to serve in his place. In
spite of appeals the Army brought him first to Long Island (in
Boston Harbor) and later to Virginia. His diary covering this
period recounts some of the unusual tortures and punishments he
endured (163):

..it can but give me pain to be asked or
required to do anything I believe to be
wrong.

48 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

On 6 November 1863 Isaac Newton, the Commissioner of Ag-
riculture, who had taken an interest in the case of the Quaker
conscripts, brought the situation to the attention of President
Abraham Lincoln. Through his personal intercession the men were
freed. Pringle’s Record concludes with the following (163):

..Rising from my sick bed to undertake this
journey, which lasted through the night, its
fatigues overcame me; and upon my arrival in
New York I was seized with delirium, from
which I recovered only after many weeks,
through the mercy and favor of Him who in
all this trial has been our guide’ and
strength and comfort.

In 1864 he was farming again on the family land. He devot-
ed a great deal of time to plant breeding and was a _ pioneer
in this field. Wheat, oats, grapes and_ especially potatoes
were among the plants he experimented with, and he succeeded in
developing many improved varieties. He also began to devote
more and more of his time to the collection and study of the
Vermont flora. Pringle had no formal training in botany and
was a completely self-taught scientist.

In February 1872 Pringle and his wife separated. It was
said that she wanted him to engage in "evangelistic work" and
to travel from place to place, but he did not feel suited to
this lifestyle. They were formally divorced on 16 October 1877,
and his wife received custody of their only child, a daughter.
Many years later Pringle confided to a close correspondent
[George E. Davenport] that the real problem was his wife’s grow-
ing impatience with the time and money he devoted to plants.

A letter dated 2 November 1873 to George E. Davenport of
Boston, quoted by Dodge (75) permits us to see how Pringle’s
life was evolving:

May I introduce myself as a young
farmer, hardly a farmer by choice, for my
college studies were terminated abruptly by
the death of a brother, our mother’s chief
dependence on the farm, and our circum-
stances seemed to render it imperative that
I should take his place. My taste has led
me to give my farming a decidedly horticul-
tural character, and from_ horticulture I
have gone on to botany. ..I have studied

Reid: New England Bryologists 49

our Vermont flora and have collected as a
foundation of an herbarium, about half of
the plants of this state.

After years devoted to breeding and cultivating plants he
joined the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1873. He was
thus brought in touch with people like George E. Davenport who
were pleased to have him collect rare plants for them. For the
next sixteen years he devoted more and more time to the Vermont
flora. During this time Pringle discovered the rare plant com-
munities of Smuggler’s Notch and _ re-explored the cliffs at
Willoughby. Both Edwin Faxon (q.v.) and his brother, Charles
Edward Faxon, later visited Smuggler’s Notch with Pringle. His
Success in locating rare plants and careful preparation of spec-
imens caused Pringle’s fame as a collector to spread and brought
him to the attention of such leaders in the field as Asa Gray.

..If Smuggler’s Notch offered the rarest
of flowering plants, it yielded lichens no
less rare -- stragglers left behind, when
species retreated to the shores of Labra-
dor. So too, of mosses, which a good au-
thority of that day was eager to receive
from me and name (162).

In the fall of 1880, although Pringle had not, to his sat-
isfaction, finished the exploration of the Vermont flora, he
embarked on an expedition to Arizona and most of the rest of
his collecting life was devoted to the Mexican flora. For twen-
ty-six years Pringle journeyed in Mexico. Davis (71) provides
a record of these Mexican years. In a life-time Pringle is
said to have collected over a_ half-million plants for distribu-
tion to herbaria, museums and scientific institutions throughout
the world. About twelve percent of the 20,000 species he gath-
ered were new to science.

Pringle retained many of the best specimens in a_ large
room at the family farm. MHorsford recalls a visit with him at
his herbarium (123):

I remember one day in the old buck
house when he brought out with mock appre-
ciation a collection of mounted plants from
the Sandwich Islands, ornate with grasses
and mosses. To my questioning expresssion
he replied: "These are a gift from a femi-
nine friend and a valuable collection for

50 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

they please the ladies and keep their fin-
gers off my specimens."

In 1902 Pringle accepted the offer of a modest salary and
herbarium expenses from the University of Vermont. He moved
with his collection of over 150,000 specimens into new living
quarters on the top floor of the Williams Science Hall. The
University of Vermont conferred upon him an honorary degree of
Doctor of Science in 1906.

With advancing age he was increasingly bothered by rheuma-
tism and sciatica. Nevertheless he was planning another trip,
this time to South America, when he died on 25 May 1911 at
Burlington, Vt.

The Pringle Herbarium at the University of Vermont was
named in his honor and includes a set of his collections. Asa
Gray called him "the Prince of Botanical Collectors." Pringle’s
advice to botanists is recorded in the last sentence of his
speech to the Vermont Botanical Club (162):

..Yet share the secret of success of an
old collector, quit the broad plain of dull
sameness, seek out every possible situation
of exceptional character, and look to find
amidst peculiar conditions rare and _local-
ized plants.

Cyrus Pringle is recorded here for his valuable early col-
lections of Vermont bryophytes. (47, 56, 71, 75, 84, 123, 162,
163)

Edward Lothrop RAND (1859-1924)

On 22 August 1859 in Dedham, Mass., Edward Lothrop Rand
was born to Jennie Augusta (Lothrop) and Edward Sprague Rand,
Jr. He prepared at the Hopkinson School in Boston and entered
Harvard College in 1877. From Harvard he received an A.B. in
1881, an LL.B. in 1884 and an A.M. in 1884. He was admitted to
the Massachusetts bar in 1885 and practiced law in Boston until
1921 when he was forced to retire due to ill health. It was
from the law office that he carried on not only his legal work,
but also his botanical correspondence. Since he did not believe
in using typewritten material, his letters were all handwrit-
ten. On 29 June 1893 he married Annie Matilda Crozier who died
on 12 May 1921. That autumn Mr. Rand became paralyzed, and he

Reid: New England Bryologists 51

remained an invalid until his death on 9 October 1924 at the
Episcopalian Home in Cambridge, Mass. The couple did not have
any children.

It is said that even as a child Rand was interested in
nature, especially plants. His first serious effort at plant
study occurred in the summer between his junior and senior years
at Harvard. That year, 1880, he camped at Somes Sound,
Mt. Desert Island, Maine, with several other Harvard student
naturalists. These young men had formed the Champlain Society
the aim of which was to prepare a natural history catalogue of
Mt. Desert Island. At that time the area was, for the most
part, in a natural state and had not been developed as a summer
colony. There were never more than twenty or twenty-five mem-
bers of the Society but only about ten or twelve would be in
the camp at one time. Each year from 1880 to 1890 they worked
on the project and produced a report of the year’s activities.
The botanical section of the Champlain Society collected and
prepared specimens during the summer and worked on identifica-
tions at the Harvard houses during the winter. In addition to
higher plants Rand also collected bryophytes for inclusion § in
the catalogue.

The first "working list" was drawn up by William H. Dunbar
in 1880, and Rand was a contributor. He was the editor of the
succeeding lists. The fourth report (164) issued in 1888 in-
cluded a list of mosses prepared by Walter L. Burrage. Rand
was one of the collectors. Eventually many of the Champlain
Society members moved to places distant from Mt. Desert Island
or developed other interests, and the group disbanded. The
botanical work was passed on to Rand in 1888. Edward L. Rand,
as he signed himself, published four annual supplements
(1889-1892) to the 1888 report (165, 166, 167, 168). These
included additional bryophytes as they were added to the flora.
Such experts as Dr. Carl Warnstorf, at the request of E. Faxon
(q.v.) and Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, helped with identifica-
tions.

In 1882 John H. Redford of Philadelphia, began an indepen-
dent study of the Island flora. Rand and Redford joined forces
toward the end of 1888 and in 1894 succeeded in having printed
The Flora of Mt. Desert Island, Maine (169). This work also
included hepatics some of which Rand had collected. Lucien
M. Underwood assisted in their identification. Rand also pre-
pared the Musci and Sphagna lists for inclusion in the Flora
of the Blue Hills (73).

52 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

In 1914 Edward L. Rand gave his collection, including the
lower plants, to the New England Botanical Club. He was a char-
ter member of this organization, served on the board that found-
ed Rhodora, the Club’s journal, and was corresponding secretary
for the first twenty-six years of the Club’s existence.

It is important to note that Edward L. Rand preserved a
record of the flora of this unique area, by specimens and text,
before the large-scale activities of man had altered the envi-
ronment. (20, 73, 124, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 175)

James Watson ROBBINS (1801-1879)

James Watson Robbins, the son of Ammi R. and Salome
Robbins, was born in Colebrook, Conn., on 18 November 1801. He
graduated from Yale College and for a few months after that he
taught in Enfield, Conn. He then moved to Virginia where he
was employed as a tutor by several wealthy families. Robert
E. Lee, the Confederate general, was prepared for West Point by
Robbins. While in Virginia he also belonged to a small local
group that documented the flora of the Washington, D.C. area
(48).

After returning to Connecticut in 1825 he began the study
of medicine at Yale and received an M.D. in 1828. In 1829 he
spent about six months’ botanically exploring New _ England.
William Oakes (q.v.) in his history of Vermont botany _ recalls
this expedition (156):

The collections [were] made by James
W. Robbins, M.D., of Uxbridge, Mass., who
in the year 1829 examined with the greatest
care and success the whole western border
of Vermont, from Massachusetts to Canada.
Dr. Robbins entered the state at Pownal, on
the 20th of May, and passing slowly along
the western border to the Canada line, ex-
amined the large islands of lake Champlain,
and afterwards visited Camel’s Hump Moun-
tain, leaving the state at Windsor on _ the
10th of June. On the 20th of July he again
entered the state at Guildhall, and after
examining the southern border of lake Mem-
phremagog, and the towns in that vicinity,
he visited Mansfield Mountain. From thence
he proceeded to Burlington and Colchester,
where he first discovered the remarkable

Reid: New England Bryologists 53

botanical region at High Bridge and Winooski
falls, so rich in rare and interesting pla-
nts, and after examining the shores of the
lake and the islands of South and North
Hero, he visited the mouth of Otter Creek,
and, proceeding along the western range of
towns from Shoreham to Pownal, left the
state at Brattleboro on the 23rd of August.
Dr. Robbins found and collected a vast num-
ber of rare and interesting species, a large
part of which were additions to the Flora
of New England, and many of them were also
new to the United States."

During this exploring activity he met Dr. George Willard of
Uxbridge, Mass., who persuaded Robbins to settle in that town.
At first he practiced medicine in partnership with Dr. Willard
but later Robbins opened his own practice. After thirty years
service in Uxbridge Robbins accepted a position as physician
and surgeon for several copper mining companies near Lake Supe-
rior. He spent four years in Michigan and continued his botan-
ical studies. In 1863-1864 he travelled down the Mississippi
and eventually visited Texas and Cuba. He then returned to
Uxbridge where he spent the rest of his life. Then semi-retired
from medicine he devoted most of his time to botany. He died
at Uxbridge, Mass., on 10 January 1879 from a kidney ailment.
James Watson Robbins never married.

In 1872 Robbins’ herbarium was divided - part was sent to
Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., and part to the
South Natick [Mass.] Historical and Natural History Society.
Recently the South Natick portion was given to the New England
Botanical Club Herbarium. The Club deposited bryophytes col-
lected outside the New England area in the Farlow Herbarium,
while those from the New England states were incorporated into
the Club’s bryophyte collection.

In addition to his valuable New England plant collections
Robbins had gathered a very extensive botanical library. In a
commentary on Robbins’ death Asa Gray wrote (101):

..in his death we have lost the most crit-
ical student of the botany of the Northeast
and the north Atlantic States.

(9, 33, 48, 53, 72, 101, 156, 159)

54 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

John Lewis RUSSELL (1808-1873)

John Lewis Russell, a son of John and Eunice (Hunt)
Russell, was born in Salem, Mass., on 2 December 1808. His
paternal grandfather, William Russell, was one of the "Sons
of Liberty" who assisted in the destruction of British tea in
Boston Harbor on 16 December 1773. John Lewis was enrolled
in the Latin School in Salem in 1819. The following year the
family moved to Amesbury, Mass., and the boy was placed under
the tutelage of "Master Pike" in the Academy at Newburyport,
Mass. He finished his preparation for college with Rev. Mr.
Barnaby, a Baptist clergyman in Amesbury. Russell entered Har-
vard College in 1824 and received an A.B. in 1828 and an A.M. in
1836. He studied theology at the Harvard Divinity School from
which he was graduated in 1831. The Rev. Mr. Russell was one
of the earliest Unitarian clergymen in Massachusetts and served
at a number of churches mostly in New England (1831-1853). His
longest tenure was at the Sacred (South) Parish in Hingham,
Mass. (26 June 1842 - 1 September 1849).

In 1853, upon the death of his father, he returned to Sa-
lem, Mass., where he continued to reside until his death on 7
June 1873. After 1853 he preached only occasionally. On 4
October 1853 he married Hannah Buckminster Ripley of Greenfield,
Mass. She survived him. The couple had no children.

From an early age John L. Russell is said to have been
interested in botany and this interest was heightened by con-
tacts with other students at Harvard. Russell’s study as it
was remembered by Wilson (223) was described as follows:

[As] a lad sixteen or eighteen years
old I was introduced into a_clergyman’s
"study" in a country village in the north
of Middlesex county. Somewhat familiar
with the aspect of country clergyman’s stud-
ies, I had never seen anything like this
before. Of books there were enough; about
the usual number of shelves and volumes, I
think; I find I do not remember much of
them. What I noticed more was that all the
available room was filled with plants and
flowers; green things and beautiful. In a
corner stood fishing rod and tackle; and
disposed in odd nooks, boxes, baskets, and
cases, such convenient furnishing, it may
be presumed, as the botanist and student of

Reid: New England Bryologists 55

nature requires for’ his _ pursuits. The
apartment was lovely as a garden; and when
presently, the minister who wrote sermons
there, and there opened the books of God’s
Scripture and Revelation in many _ kinds,
came in, he was one to whom the place seemed
befitting; hearty in his’ greetings, fresh,
natural, radiant with health, bubbling as a
fountain with spirits and humor, as if he
knew the woods and pastures and streams for
many a mile round about, as no doubt he
did. He stood like a brother among _ the
stalks and plumes, Nature’s own child.

Cryptogamic botany was one area explored by Russell. He
published several articles on New England mosses including one
titled "Musci of Eastern Massachusetts" (197). A quote from
Rodgers indicates that Russell had been a _ correspondent of
W. S. Sullivant (177):

..sullivant now had_ thirty-five sets. of
mosses prepared for distribution. He had
sent the spring before [no date given, but
after 1843] a "handsome set...(all correctly
named)" to Mr. Russell, from whom he re-
ceived a letter in acknowledgment with many

alleged corrections. Sullivant regarded
them as so much "moonshine," and in one
instance, a "real joke." Quite a change

[for Sullivant] from the modest, struggling
"neophyte" of a few years previous, lacking
confidence, whom Dr. Torrey and Dr. Gray
had often disciplined.

Russell reviewed for Hovey’s Magazine the revision of
Gray’s Manual published in 1848 (181). This edition included
brief descriptions of the Musci and Hepaticae of the Gray’s
Manual area prepared by Sullivant.

After the formation of the Essex County [Mass.] Natural
History Society in 1833, Mr. Russell served in several capaci-
ties, including president, and he continued to be an _ officer
when the group merged with the Essex Historical Society in 1848
to become the Essex Institute.

In 1831 John Lewis Russell became a member of _ the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society and in September 1833 was

56 Occas. Pap. Farlow Herb., Vol. 19, 1987

chosen Professor of Botany and Horticultural Physiology, a posi-
tion he held until his death forty years later. He left money,
in trust, to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the inter-
est from which was to be used to pay a speaker annually to lec-
ture to the group on a topic relating to horticulture and
fungi. He also left his private library, which was especially
rich in cryptogamic books, to this society. Geneva Sayre (187)
records that his bryophyte specimens are located in the Clinton
Herbarium, Buffalo [N.Y.] Museum of Science, the Farlow Herbar-
ium and the Pringle Herbarium at the University of Vermont.
Rev. Mr. John Lewis Russell died at Salem, Mass., on 7 June
1873.

Russell’s collections and articles are especially important
as he was one of the earliest students of bryology in New
England and_ especially in eastern Massachusetts. Edward
Tuckerman was reported to have said of him (223):

He was an earnest naturalist who gave
all his power to the explication of vegeta-
ble nature, and when he began, it was here
in New England almost wholly neglected and
unknown.

(12, 28, 69, 72, 128, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 187, 197, 223,
226)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Dr. Norton G. Miller for sug-
gesting the topic and supervising the original research pro-
ject. She is also indebted to Prof. Donald H. Pfister and Dr.
Geneva Sayre for encouragement and helpful suggestions.

Reid: New England Bryologists 57
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Robert K. Edgar: An Annotated Bibliography of the American
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Donald H. Pfister: A Note on Phaeofabraea and its Placement in
the Leotiaceae Subfamily Encoelioideae (Discomycetes) (February
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Gayle |. Hansen: Cirrulicarpus Carolinensis, A New Species in the
Kallymeniaceae (Rhodophyta). A Comparison of the Species of
Cirrulicarpus (Kallymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Monte G. Manuel:
Studies in Cryphaeaceae Ill. Sphaerotheciella Fleisch. New to the
Americas (April 1977).

Norton G. Miller and Robert R. Ireland: A Floristic Account of the
Bryophytes of Bathurst Island, Arctic Canada. Martha A. Sherwood:
New Ostropales from the Collections of the Farlow Herbarium (July
1978).

Carroll W. Dodge: Edward Angus Burt (1859-1939). Robert K. Edgar:
Jacob W. Bailey and the Diatoms of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition
(1838-1842). Martha A. Sherwood: New Phacidiales and Ostropales
from the Collections of the Farlow Herbarium (July 1979).

Martha A. Sherwood: Taxonomic studies in the Phacidiales: The
genus Coccomyces (Rhytismataceae) (April 1980).

A Volume in Honor of Geneva Sayre on the Occasion of her 70th
Birthday (June 1981).

Donald H. Pfister: A Nomenciatural Revision of F. J. Seaver’s North
American Cup-Fungi (Operculates) (August 1982).

Leif Ryvarden: Type Studies in the Polyporaceae 14. Species Described
by N. Patouillard, Either Alone or with other Mycologists (April 1983)

Anna M. M. Reid: Pioneer New England Bryologists — A Prosopography
(April 1987)