Pe «rete cott PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET LANCASTER, PA. 5B On Ie ban BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER FOR THE Bi AND THE SERVICE OF OP BOTANY THE CITY VOLUME VI Oy PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET LANCASTER, BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES : PRESS OF ; THE MEP ERs PRINTING COMPANY | NCASTER, PA. b. i eeoek Fk a AG eet THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VoL VII January, 1918 No. 1 PROSPECTUS OF COURSES OFFERED BY THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1918 A. CHILDREN’S GARDENS AND NATURE STUDY Courses for Children A1. Garden Practice—aA course in outdoor work, open only to those pupils who are recommended by their teachers for excellence in nature study in their schools. The work includes the raising of common vegetables, flowers, and fiber plants. Open to a limited number of both boys and girls. A fee of twenty cents will be charged, the material raised becoming the property of the pupil. Twelve lessons every Saturday morning, 10:30-11 :30, from April 13-June 29. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross. A2. Summer Garden Work.—A summer’s work in the garden, each child having his own plot. A fee of twenty cents a month will be charged for material consumed except to those continuing from Course A1, who will be charged ten cents. Each child has the product from his own garden. Saturday mornings, 9-11, July 6-September 28. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross. A3. Nature Study.—The structure and germination of seeds; the parts of a plant and their uses; relation of the plant to soil, air, water, and light. The course consists of a study of the plants themselves, with experiments and greenhouse work done by the ] 2 children. Open to children from 8-12 years of age. A fee of fifteen cents will be charged to cover material used. A certificate will be given those who satisfactorily complete the course. Courses will be given, both spring and fall, as follows: Boys’ Sprinc Course.—Saturday mornings, 9-10, from Feb- ruary 2—-Marc Girts’ Sprinc Course.—Saturday mornings, 10-11, from [’eb- ruary 2-March 23. Boys’ Fatt Course.—Saturday mornings, 9-10, from October 12—-November 30. Girts’ Fatt Course.—Saturday mornings, 10-11, from Oc- tober 12—-November 30. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross. Aq. Plant Propagation.—Raising of plants from seeds for the outdoor vegetable and flower garden; elementary study of soils. Work done in the children’s greenhouse. Fee, for material used, fifteen cents. Girls and boys from 12 to 15 years of age are eligible to these courses. Two of the courses will be offered each spring and two each fall, as follows: Girts’ Sprinc CourseE.—Saturdays, 10-11, February 2- March 23 Boys’ Sprinc Course.—Saturdays, 9-10, February 2- March 23. Grrts’ FALL CoursE.—Saturdays, 10-11, October 12-Novem- ber 30. Boys’ Fatt Course.—Saturdays, 9-10, October 12-Novem- ber 30. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross. As. Advanced Nature Study.—A course designed for those older boys and girls who have taken courses Ar—Aq. Plant col- lections will be made, and the simpler principles of classification studied. Special problems will be assigned to individuals, and larger garden plots will be set aside for the further working out’ of these problems. Open only to pupil assistants of the Garden who are working for their silver pins. Hours to be arranged. A6. Junior Gardener’s Course.—A course for boys from 14-17 years of age. Lessons given in the care of border and other 5) flower beds, in the weeding and care of small vegetable gardens, in mowing and watering lawns, repotting plants, etc. This is planned to fit boys for summer work and to enable them to obtain positions. Hours to be arranged. Fee fifty cents. Practical work with the gardeners and foreman, under Miss Shaw’s super- vision. Miss Shaw. A7. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls and Others.—Short courses of at least four hours each, with talks, d tions, and field trips in the Botanic Garden and Pros- pect Park to study trees, shrubs, etc. The instruction will be adapted to meet the needs of the various groups who apply. Open only to groups of at least ten persons, at hours to be ar- ranged. Mr. Stoll. Courses for Teachers A8. Greenhouse Work for Teachers.—This course is planned to be of assistance to teachers in garden work with children and to correlate with the class work of our city schools. A study of soils, and of the plant itself. Practical work in the propagation of plants, and the raising of flower and vegetable seedlings for the outdoor garden. : STUART GAGER | nage toes. Seen eeeenaee ‘Privat “Accou nts ting sce Stee g Meaee cannes Sn 7D : eames Stock Accounts se Be wale dd S 1 2 4 . PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT 4I NORTH QUEEN STREET LANCASTER, PA. _ BY THE BROOKLYN ee OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ~ Entered d.cl in th ffi t Lancaster. Pa., under Act of August 24, 1912 BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director Dario Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public: Instruction Dr. O. E. WHITE, Curator of Plant Breeding - Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction MISS RAY SIMPSON, Librarian Dr. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium Miss JEAN A. CROSS, Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary Mr. HAROLD A, CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener Mr. FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian of Buildings , Laboratory Assistant Mr. LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer . , Garden Aid Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman = West View, Facing the Garden. Laboratory Building. Bigs 2: THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD SIRNAS =< eee ne a April, 1918 SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOK- XN BORANIC GAL DPN 10L7 REPORT OF (Hb DIRECLOR To THE GOVERNING COMMITTEE OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN: Gentlemen: I have the honor of presenting herewith the annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, for the year 1917. Completion of Buildings and Plant Houses The outstanding event of the year was the completion of our laboratory building, children’s building, and first range of plant houses, a little over seven years after the first rough floor plans were submitted to the architects for study and elaboration. Ac- counts of the dedication exercises, held on April 19-21, were pub- lished in the Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1917, in the daily . papers of Brooklyn and Manhattan, and in various scientific periodicals. The cooperation of forty-one of the leading botanists of the United States, east of the Mississippi River, in our dedica- tion programs was most gratifying, and made the exercises a notable event in the scientific and educational history of Brooklyn. 33 34 The programs and dedication addresses were published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1917. I cannot refrain from expressing to the Committee the sincere appreciation of the director and staff of the unlimited freedom we enjoyed in planning the buildings, not only in their genera features, but in the details of floor plan and equipment. We labored under no restrictions within the limits of architectural demands and financial resources, and if the buildings are not, in the fullest measure, adapted to the work of the Garden as now planned and organized, the fault cannot be attributed to super- imposed limitations. On March 17, we moved the Garden offices from the tempor- ary quarters in the first section, which we had occupied for three and a half years, or since September 25, 1913. The terazzo floor was not then laid in the corridors, and much of the interior finish was still to be done. On April 10 the Governing Committee held its first meeting in the new building in the director’s office. poe Significance of the Completed Buildings The urgent need of the completed buildings was set forth in my annual report for 1914, and was also reviewed in the several dedication addresses—how the attendance at our classes and lec- tures had entirely outgrown the limited capacity of the first sec- tion, completed in 1913; how our scientific collections could no longer be accommodated so as to be accessible and usable; and how the members of staff, in various ways, were not able to render to the Garden their full measure of service. It is not necessary to review the situation here in detail, nor is there in- clination to do so, for our faces and our thoughts are forward to the wider opportunities and the larger privileges and accomplish- ments of the future. What the completion of the buildings has meant and is to mean is nowhere better reflected than in the large increase in attend- ance at every Garden activity during 1917. In comparison with 1916, the’figures are as follows: é 305 CoMPARATIVE STATISTICAL DATA FOR I916 AND 1917 Attendance 1916 1917 Increase Regular ee eee hella eh eens 14,070 26,794 90 + % VARIUIN IG LASSeS ee eee eee a 8,504 12,02 41-+ % Lectures To ae Peart te es IN, OR Rey 6,448 10,642 60 + % Oa Ci ltsh aparece, Meee aang ics tee 744 1,095 168 % eae Se ea ee neta el ete 18,190 29,328 61-+ % Entrance gates (estimated in es Bee ee 362,946 509,285 40 + % Registration in regular Garden classes...... 2,614 4,083 56 ~% The point here emphasized is that this large increase in at- tendance at lectures and classes, averaging nearly 74 per cent., has. not been accompanied by any increase in staff, nor is it due to any increased publicity or other attempts to secure larger numbers, for there have been none. With reasonable allowance for normal annual growth, it is to be attributed almost wholly to the fact that we can now accommodate more people. That we are now able to present figures of such magnitude for total yearly attendance is convincing evidence that the Botanic Garden 1s supplying a real need in the community, and has thereby justified its establishment. The Garden and the War Plans for the year’s work, as first projected, were profoundly modified by the entrance of the United States into the war, on April 6. The development, for botanic garden purposes, of four large tracts, was abandoned, and the areas were devoted to “ win- the-war” gardens. These areas include that in front of the laboratory building and plant houses, a tract of about one acre on the south addition (west of the brook), the area surrounding the experimental garden (south of the plant houses), and a portion of the land between the Museum building and Mt. Prospect reservoir. Model Small Vegetable Garden—On April 19, the head gardener gave a public demonstration of the planting of a small vegetable garden, 20 ft. & 40 ft., and this garden was carried through the season, as a model garden of its kind. In this con- nection a special Leaflet, on “ The Small Vegetable Garden,” was 36 issued, and about 3,000 copies were called for. These figures have added significance in view of the fact that the extra copies were not distributed broadcast, regardless of demand, but were given only to persons who asked for a copy. In other words the number of copies distributed is a measure of the number of in- terested persons who were reached. Gardening Class for Older Boys—One of the chief obstacles, if not the chief one, to increased food production on farms is the scarcity of competent help. Early in the spring various movements were inaugurated for getting city boys, of high- school age or thereabouts, onto farms, but their almost entire ignorance of farm practices proved a nearly insuperable handi- cap. As our “bit” toward the solution of this problem we laid out 23 individual plots of 20 ft. & 40 ft., and announced in all the high schools of the Borough, a course of instruction for older boys (sixteen to eighteen years of age). Twenty boys took advantage of this course. The remaining three plots were cultivated by two high-school teachers and one of our own men who acted as in- structor of the boys. Gardens for Employees and Policemen.—The area above re- ferred to, east of the brook, was planted to potatoes, and, in addi- tion, 13 plots, 20 ft. X 4o ft. were assigned to our own em- ployees; and a large area between the Museum and the reservoir to members of the uniformed police force, in both cases for cultivation outside of regular hours, e total number of individual gardens cultivated on our grounds by children and adults was 427. We also plowed and cooperated in the fertilizing of about an acre south of the Museum (the site of the future sections of that building). This was cultivated by Museum employees, and the top soil will eventually become available for the Botanic Garden. Cooperation with Mayor Mitchel’s Committee on Food Supply. —In cooperation with this committee the Garden offered the entire time of an expert gardener to inspect vacant lots and othex parcels of land, and to give advice on planting to individuals and groups. This was made possible by a gift from the chairman of the Governing Committee of the Garden. One hundred and 37 thirty-nine gardens were inspected, varying in size from one hun- dred square feet to twenty-two acres, and located in all parts of the Borough, from-East River to Coney Island and from Brooklyn Heights to Brownsville. We also served as the center and agency for the distribution of seed potatoes for Brooklyn. The potatoes were supplied by Mr. M. Maurice Eckstein, Supervisor of Purchases, of the United Fruit Co., at the cost price of $2.83 a bushel, while the price in local retail markets fluctuated around $4. One hundred and forty-eight bushels were distributed. Cooperation with the Federal Government—From November 14 to December 4, laboratory facilities were afforded to Dr. George K. K. Link, who was investigating the storage and transit diseases of fruits and vegetables of the newly established Bureau of Markets, of the United States Department of Agriculture. Demonstrations of Canning.—There have been two demonstra- tions of canning vegetables held in our laboratories. The first, on July 27, was before the Flatbush Garden League and our own students. The second, on September 18, was primarily for our own students. The general public was invited to both. Shortage of Coal—In anticipation of a possible shortage of coal during the winter of 1917-18, about 241 tons of pea coal were stored in the yard between the building and Washington Ave., in addition to about 225 tons, which is the approximate capacity of the coal cellar. The total normal consumption is about 800 tons a year. During most of December only one half of the laboratory building was heated. Employees in the National Service-—One of our laboring force enlisted in the National Guard, and one of the gardeners was drafted into the National Army during the fall. Nearly all of our employees have been above the draft age. Public Appreciation and Response Does the public appreciate its museums, art galleries, zoological parks, and botanic gardens in general, and in particular, does the Brooklyn public appreciate the Brooklyn Botanic Garden? “I suppose,” wrote a somewhat skeptical correspondent in a re- B8 cent letter to the director, “the real trouble is to induce the people to accept the good things they provide for themselves.” The shortest and most convincing answers to that question and doubt are the figures of attendance given above (p. 00), particu- larly those for classes and lectures. The total attendance of 80,- 783 at our own classes, visiting classes, lectures, and conserva- tories, represents, on conservative estimate, over 40,000 different individuals, This takes no account of the half million or more entrances registered at our entrance gates. People may go to a botanic garden for a variety of legitimate and commendable reasons, but we here emphasize the fact that the more attractive we made the Garden, botanically, the greater our attendance becomes, and the more rapidly it increases. We have never made any attempt, beyond opening our gates, to induce the general public to come, except on two or three occasions when we have inserted in the daily papers a reading notice of some course of instruc- tion for which a fee was charged. Special attention is here called to the report of the curator of elementary instruction (p. oo) that, in October, applications were received from public- school teachers for talks to over 2,000 children more than we could care for. Of course figures of attendance always involve some duplica- tion, for the same individual may attend more than once. Bui as an argument against the validity or significance of statistics of attendance this fact is irrelevant, for the value of botanic gardens and museums (or even of parks) is not to be measured solely by the number of different individuals who attend once, any more than in the case of schools, churches, or rapid transit lines. The value to a community of having such institutions is derived largely from the fact that they are freely and easily accessible at all times, and may be visited by the same person over and over again. botanic garden, in particular, offers something new and interest- ing at almost every month, and must be visited several times a year if one seeks to enjoy its fullest advantages. This applies both to the various lectures and classes, and to the ever-changing panorama of foliage, flower, and fruit, as well as to those who seek in beauty and variety of surroundings physical and mental 39 recreation, and relief from the artificial enviroment of city streets and buildings. The tourist in a given city may be re- stricted to one visit “to see the museum,” or “ to see the botanic garden,” but the local residents enjoy the larger advantage of being able to go as often as they like, not for the vague purpose, “to see the garden,” but to study the collections, and take ad- vantage of the varied opportunities which the institution affords for education, inspiration, and recreation. The number of requests we receive for information about plants, gardens, and botanical literature, by mail, telephone, and personal calls, is constantly increasing, as is also the public use of our library and herbarium. During the past year several local botanical organizations and garden clubs have welcomed, and have been welcomed by, the Garden as a meeting place. Investigations Tree Disease Survey —lIn my preceding annual report (p. 39) I noted the beginning of a survey of the diseases of the trees and shrubs of Prospect Park and the Garden, by Prof. George M. Reed, of the University of Missouri. A report of the first season’s work was published in the Recorp for January, 1917. Dr. Reed was able to resume his work as resident investigator on April 1, 1917, and was thus able to study and collect various forms and stages of pathogenic organisms not collected in 1916 owing to the late season (June 15) when the work was begun. Dr. Reed remained in residence until the twelfth of September. His final report will appear in the Botanic Garden Recorp for January, 1918. Much valuable information has resulted from this study, and our herbarium collections have also been ‘greatly enriched by specimens collected and prepared by Dr. Reed git would be desirable to have this work further continued through the late fall, winter, and early spring, if arrangements could be made by Dr. Reed for leave of absence from his regular duties at that time of year. Plant Breeding.—Experimental investigations of heredity and variation in peas, castor beans, and corn, as reported for preced- ing years, have been continued by and under the direction of the 40 curator of plant breeding. In addition, the various varieties and species of poppies have been made the subject of a preliminary survey in order to determine their fitness as suitable material for the elucidation of certain problems in the field of heredity. The studies on peas, castor beans, and corn have yielded a large amount of data concerning inheritance in plants and by extension, inheritance in general. Part of these data have been made avail- able to those especially interested, and to the general public, through the publication and reading of the papers mentioned in Appendices 1 and 2. Peas have furnished by far the best material for theoretical studies, and in collaboration with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, between two and three hundred of the most distinct varieties and species have been as- sembled. Among these are all the described wild and semi-wild forms from the original home of the pea in southern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Especially peculiar and interesting forms have been secured from the Lebanon moun- tains, the Abyssinian plateau, and the dry hot regions of western China. Greenhouse and field cultures of these various kinds have been grown from year to year, from which dried specimens, representing the numerous forms in all stages of growth have been obtained. Pure strains have been isolated from these cul- tures and pedigree records of them kept. Thousands of suc- cessful crosses between these varieties and species were made last spring, the results of which eventually mean thousands of new varieties, some of which may have decided commercial value. Studies on the inheritance of the complex group of characters which determine the various differences in productiveness among pea varieties are being especially emphasized, as well as the rela- tion of different environments to this problem. Pea varieties differ in productiveness enormously when grown under approxi- mately the same conditions. Some varieties have only 2-4 small pods per single plant, while other varieties average over 100 large pods per plant. Single plants have been reported with as high as 650 pods averaging 5 peas per pod. Eventually through these studies it is hoped to make known the manner of inheritance of 4] all the characetr differences in peas (for over 70 of which, this is already known, in some detail) and from this knowledge, to be able to synthesize a desired variety by bringing together the specified characters through crossing, much as one does in chem- istry in making new and much desired compounds. Material as favorable for the theoretical study of heredity and variation as are peas, is rare, and it is needless to point out how obviously agricultural and horticultural breeding are dependent on theo- retical studies of heredity and variation and the determination of their laws. The experiments on castor beans involve the same aims as those mentioned for peas, though the material is of less value from a theoretical standpoint. The inheritance of several characters of economic value has been elucidated. When applied to the com- mercial growing of these beans for oil, knowledge of the heredity of these characters may prove of decided importance. The castor bean collection has been enriched by the gift of over two hundred new forms, representing commercial, wild, and semi-wild types from all over the tropical and semi-tropical world. These were obtained through the kindness of Prof. J. B.S. Norton, botanist of the Maryland Experiment Station. Owing to the importance of aeroplanes in winning the war, the castor-oil plant, through the value of its oil as an aeroplane lubricant, has ‘become very im- portant. Great differences in productiveness, time of maturity, and other characters, exist among the varieties of this plant, and so far as the writer is aware, no attempt at securing improved varieties has yet been made. The studies of inheritance on various characters Ci conus several of which involve productiveness, have been continued by Miss S. G. Streeter, registered student at the Garden, under Dr. White’s direction. At present the plant breeding and heredity work is much hampered through lack of sufficient greenhouse space for growing winter cultures, and through insufficient clerical and gardening assistance for keeping pedigree records and taking proper care of the cultures. No considerable extension of the summer work will be possible unless additional space can be secured for field 42 cultures. As mentioned in a previous report, a culculating ma- chine of the best and most accurate type is specially needed for the statistical side of the work, Cotton Rust Investigation—In connection with the recent sudden outbreak of cotton rust in southern Texas, Dr. Olive was, last July, asked by the Federal Horticultural Board, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, to go to Texas to make an investiga- tion and.report. This disease was supposed to have invaded the United States from Mexico, and grave fears were entertained that, if not checked, it might spread over the entire cotton belt, inflicting thousands of dollars worth of damage. Dr. Olive’s re- port of this trip was published in the Recorp for October, 1917. Flora of Long Island—Mr. Taylor has continued during the year his study of the vegetation of Long Island, making numerous trips for field studies and collecting. Boston Fern Investigation —During 1917, the study of Nephro- lepis was continued along the same lines as during the previous years. The plant collections were several times moved and re- arranged until finally concentrated in House No. I, set aside for their special requirements. New accessions were received from time to time, in particular two collections of N. exaltata, made by Dr. J. K. Small in Florida. Several sets were distributed both to florists and to educational institutions, the latter of forms representing the progressive (orthogenetic) variations already described (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Contributions No. 13, and else- where). There was also some distribution of illustrations of the latter for use in textbooks and lantern slides. The problems under investigations have been a continuation of those begun in previous years. A second annual appropriation ($100) from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, granted to Dr. Benedict, became available in May, and has been partly applied to expenses connected with visits to florists. Plantations Maintenance —Details of this work are given in the appended report of the curator of plants (p. 00-00). As the Garden be- comes more intensively planted the need is for more skilled 43 gardeners. In my report for 1916 I urged the necessity of at least two additional gardeners by 1918. They were appointed on the private funds pay-roll for 1917, and the Board of Estimate and Apportionment has approved our city budget request for these two positions for 1918. As soon as the war is over (at the latest) we should have the entire time of one gardener at each of the following seven centers and adjacent areas: Japanese garden, rock garden and ecological section, iris garden, native wild-flower garden, general systematic garden (upper section), general sys- tematic garden (lower section), children’s garden and vicinity of Malbone St. gate. A man is needed at each of these stations for the double purpose of gardening and guard duty. The in- stallation of additional collections will create other similar centers. White Buch Disease -—The most injurious plant disease in the brief history of the Garden first appeared in 1916 among the white birches. From the observations of the resident investi- gator, Dr. Reed, it would appear that the primary cause of the trouble is the bronze birch borer, followed by one or more para- sitic fungi. The satisfactory treatment and control of this in- fection is very baffling, and, so far, every infected tree has died, leaving many bare and unsightly spots, especially near the Japanese garden, and elsewhere around the lake. A full account is included in Dr. Reed’s report. Statistics —A total of 651 living plates were added to the col- lections, and 422 were distributed by exchange. Seed packets received by gift and exchange 401; distributed by exchange 470. Iris Garden—The margin of the brook, on either side, has afforded a suitable location for the iris collection. About 15 species and go horticultural varieties of Japanese, Spanish, Ger- man and other groups of iris were planted last fall, covering a stretch of about 300 linear feet along each side of the brook. The majority of the plants were donated by growers, and the collection should ultimately stimulate a wide public interest in this group. The individual gifts are acknowledged on page oo. The planting may ultimately be extended along the margin of the lake, and further gifts for this collection would be most welcome. Rock Garden—Some 200 or more species of saxitile plants 44 were added to the rock garden during 1917, making the total number about 400. Many of the larger boulders have been split so as to permit planting in the crevices. For this work the Graden is indebted to Mr. John Thatcher, Brooklyn. Several flowering crab apple trees were planted in the fall at the north end of the garden, so as to shut it out from view as one approaches from that end. Lilac Collection—Most of the 130 varieties planted in 1916 have become established, but the war put a stop to any consider- able additions, as many of the varieties we do not have can be obtained only from European nurserymen. Conservatories The completion of the present range of plant houses, as planned, afforded much relief to the badly congested sections first built. Gifts of plants are acknowledged in the appended report of the curator. Attendance —Although the conservatory collection has been only about one third installed, and no special effort made to attract the public, the number of visitors increased much more than 61 per cent. over 1916, reaching a total of 29,328. Herbarium Accessions.—A total of 4,119 herbarium specimens were acces- sioned, including 2,737 phanerogams and 1,382 cryptogams. A detailed statement occurs in the appended report of the curator of plants. Ames Bequest—The largest single accession during the year comprised about 517 specimens of fungi, mainly woody, be- queathed to the Garden by the will of the late Frank H. Ames, who was a frequent visitor to the herbarium and library. The gift also included 42 books and 18 pamphlets, chiefly on fungi, and interesting correspondence with American mycologists. A fuller statement will be found in the Garden Recorp for January. 1918, to be issued before the publication of this report. 45 Library The addition of 398 books and 475 pamphlets (not including parts of publications), was a very modest growth, and, consider- ing that one-half the books and nearly all the pamphlets were gifts (p. 00), reflects our altogether too inadequate funds for the purchase of publications. The librarian reports 306 current periodicals on file, as of December 31, an increase of 48 over 1916. Of these 240 are received in exchange. The average number per month of users of the library has increased by nearly 53 per cent. since we moved from temporary quarters in March. In De- cember about 400 books were sent to the binder; as many more are ready for binding as soon as funds are available. The need of an assistant in the library is extremely urgent. Department of Public Instruction Children’s Work.—Like most of the other Garden activities, the children’s work was more or less colored by the war situation, both in the lecture topics and courses of instruction, and in the contents of the children’s gardens, vegetables almost wholly sup- planting flowers. The appended reports of the curator of public instruction and the curator of elementary instruction (pp. 00-00) give the details of this work; attention is here called to only a few outstanding features. Children’s Gardens—The children’s gardens comprised this summer 290 individual plots, 8’ & 10’. The curator, Miss Shaw, and the assistant curator, Miss Cross, have had the assistance of the 22 young women in our teachers’ training class. Two of these pupil-teachers have been twice a week all summer to the garden connected with Public School No. 82, two others to Public School No. 24, and still two others have taken charge of a small garden at Public School No. 22. Every Friday afternoon our students have spent their time in visiting about 150 back-yard gardens under our supervision, located in various parts of the city. On two consecutive days during one week in July, there was taken from the main children’s gardens, which include 264 plots, each 8’ x I0’, crops to the market value of $173.52. This is an average of what was taken from these gardens during like periods 46 for several weeks. Requests for plots in the children’s gardens for next year began to be received on September 20. In addition to the 290 gardens mentioned above, 60 gardens 10 ft. X 20 ft., and 40 gardens 20 ft. X 40 ft. were cultivated, partly by older children and partly by adults. Fourth Annual Children’s Garden Exhibit—The fourth annual children’s garden exhibit was held on September 14 and 15. € plants were exhibited for the first time in the new range of green- houses which are to be the permanent home of the indoor classes for children and adult classes. Contrary to our experience dur- ing the preceding three years, the majority of the exhibits this year were vegetables, reflecting the result of the food campaign. Penny Packets of Seed—During the spring 120,755 packets of seed were sold to children of the public schools. This is nearly 5,000 more than were sold last year. The food situation was here also reflected, as fewer flower seeds were called for and many more vegetable seeds. For example, last year (1916) we had calls for only about 1,000 packets of onion seeds, whereas this year the number was about 6,000. More could have been sold if we had had the seeds. Children’s Room.—It was hoped that a portion of the unex- pended balance of the appropriation for the permanent improve- ment of the Garden could be applied to finishing the children’s room, including window seats and wall cases, but such was not the case. The Garden has been an important factor in the lives of several thousand boys and girls of Brooklyn during the past five years, and it is hoped that funds may soon become available for furnishing the childrens’ room in an attratcive manner. Cooperation with Schools —During the spring and fall 82 ad- dresses were delivered outside of the Garden, chiefly to public schools, an increase of 14 over 1916. The total number of audi- tors at the addresses was estimated at over 27,700, as compared with about 18,500 in 1910, A total of 153 school classes, from 25 different schools, visited the Garden in charge of their teachers, each’ class receiving a special talk, usually illustrated, bearing on the exhibit they came — to see. 47 Fuller details of this work are given in the appended report of the curator of public instruction (pp. 00-00). Graduation of Garden Teachers——On December 8 occurred the fourth annual exercises in connection with the conferring of cer- tificates in children’s gardening. The chairman of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, Mr. White, presided. The ad- dress to the class was given by Miss Elizabeth Leighton Lee, director of the School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa. In 1914 (the first year) seven certificates were presented; in 1915, four; in 1916, thirteen; and this year, twenty-two. Woman’s Auxiliary In my two preceding annual reports I called attention to the desirability of a woman’s auxiliary. It is a pleasure to announce that such an auxiliary was formed on Thursday, March 8, at the home of Mrs. Alfred T. White. Mrs. H. B. Spelman was elected president, and Mrs. Thomas D, Hewitt, secretary. The forma- tion of the Auxiliary was specially welcome at that time, on the eve of the dedication of our buildings. The success of the re- ception on that occasion was due chiefly to their efforts, acting through the social committee, of which Mrs. William Cary is chairman. The Auxiliary also cooperated with the Garden Teachers’ Association in serving tea at the graduation of our teachers’ class, on December 8&. Annual Spring Inspection The third annual spring inspection of grounds, buildings, an 1 collections by trustees, members of ‘the Garden, and their freinds, was held on May 22. On account of the unseasonable low temperature, tea was served by the Woman’s Auxiliary in the rotunda of the laboratory building, instead of in the Japanese Garden, as originally announced. The Staff There have been no changes in the scientific staff during the year. 48 Garden Membership On account of the war, no effort has*been put forth this year to enlarge the membership. Nine new members were enrolled, including one life, two sustaining, and six annual. The total membership on December 31 was 113, as follows: 94 annual, 11 sustaining, 2 subscribing, 6 life; lost by death 4, by resignation and suspensions 8, making a net loss of four. Employees Number of Monthly Employees—The monthly pay roll for December showed a total of 32 employees, of which 18 received all their salaries from the City tax budget, 7 from private funds, and 7 from both funds. New Positions—Taking possession of our new and enlarged buildings made it necessary to create three new positions last year, namely, custodian and registrar, painter and glazier, and cleaner. The salaries of the first and last mentioned were met from private funds, but the positions are recognized in the City appropriation for 1018. In order to release the head gardener for war-garden inspec- tion, two positions of foreman gardener were created and filled by the promotion of two gardeners. Two new gardeners were ap- pointed, one primarily for the children’s gardens and adjacent area. The salaries of these two gardeners were also provided by a special contribution of private funds. Per Diem Labor.—The number of day laborers varied from 18 near the beginning of the season to an average of nearly 11 toward the close, with a total number of 2,956 labor-days. Further details are given in the appended report of the curator of plants (p. 54). Publications Record—Volume VI of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden REcorp, appearing quarterly as usual, contained 174 pages, and 13 half- tone illustrations, an increase of 14 pages over I9QI6. ° Leaflets—Series V of the Leaflets comprised 14 numbers, appearing weekly or bi-weekly between April 4 and October 17. 49 As mentioned above several greatly enlarged issues dealt with war-garden topics. Contributions —Four numbers have been published during the year, making a total of 19. American Journal of Botany—The fourth volume of the Journal contained 641 pages, 94 text figures, and 31 plates, an increase of 48 pages over 1916. As a result of the increased cost of production and a slight falling off in advertising the publication of the Journal for 1917 involved a deficit of $269.58. Sixty-five periodicals are now received in exchange for the Journal. Memoirs—For the first time the Memoirs may be referred to as more than a project. The manuscript for the first number, comprising scientific papers read at the dedication exercises, is nearly ready for the printer, and the volume should appear in the early spring of 1978. Miscellaneous—tThe Prospectus of Courses for 1918 was re- printed in December, as advance pages from the Recorp for January, 1918. The interruption of botanical and other scientific work in Europe by the war has interfered with seed exchange with Euro- pean botanic gardens. On this account we did not print an en- tire new Seed List for 1917, but issued a Supplement, which was mailed with copies of the 1916 List. The Supplement contained 184 new names, but, owing to our own absorption in war-garden work, the net number of species collected in 1917 was only 922, or 69 less than in 1916. Individual publications by members of staff (listed on pages 00-00) total 34 articles and papers. It should, perhaps, be pointed out that the number of titles is here not the important or significant fact, but the character of the publication; figures are given merely as a part of the statistical record. Financial Matters City Appropriation for Maintenance ——The request in the City tax budget for maintenance of the Garden for 1917 was $48.- 966.05; the amount granted was $40,151.00 (on the original tax 50 budget appropriation) plus $3,107.94, transferred from Code 3016 (Interest on bonds, corporate stock, and corporate stock notes to be issued from October 1 to December 1, 1916, and to September 30, 1917), a total of $43,258.94. The transfer was for the pur- pose of providing funds for the additional coal necessary to heat the enlarged laboratory building and plant houses. There was a deficit on all accounts chargeable to the City, for necessary expenditures (including salaries and wages, supplies, materials, repairs, light, heat and power, and traveling expenses), of $8,512.68, or substantially the difference between the appro- priation requested and that granted by the City. The deficit was met from private funds, to the detriment of the enrichment of our collections, and the extension of our educational and scientific work. Of the total expenditure for personal service, $40,050.77, a little over 80 per cent. ($32,760) was paid by the city, and nearly 20 per cent. ($7,890.77) from private funds. Corporate Stock Balances——Of corporate stock appropriations there is a balance, as of December 31, of $1,422.13 on C. D. P. 200-M ($100,000.00 for Improvement of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden), and $1,845.94 on S-566 ($100,000.00 Suspense Ac- count, Contribution for Botanic Garden Improvement Fund). Estimates have been secured for open market orders for equip- ment that will reduce these balances to less than $500 on each account. Corporate stock account C. D. P. 200-J ($40,000.00 for grading, draining, piping, and soil improvement) is practically all expended (balance 15 cents). Private Funds.—The total income from all sources was $18,- 206.05. Of this amount, $4,742.50 went for monthly salaries that should be met from the city appropriation, including those of secretary to the director, custodian and registrar, two gardeners, and cleaning woman. The last four of these salaries will be assumed by the City in 1918. The wages of per diem laborers were paid from special contributions after June 23, to a total of $3,148.27. Of the total income, only $10,315.28 was available for the increase of our collections, and our scientific and educa- tional activities. ol Needs of the Garden Previous to April, 1917, the most pressing needs of the Garden were material. As Archimedes’s sole condition for moving the world was that he should be given a suitable place on which to stand, so our conditio sine quo non for building up conservatory collections, and the prosecution of research and public education, was the possession of adequate housing accommodations—a place to stand. By the completion of our laboratory building and plant houses we are now fairly well domiciled, and, while a large amount of construction work remains to be done, especially on the grounds, the next few years should witness a more vigorous development and extension of the work for which our material — equipment has been provided. Research—Fundamental to all else is research. The greatest need of botany, the greatest need of the people from botany, is a deeper and wider knowledge of the principles of plant life and their practical application, in agriculture, horticulture, floricul- —" ture, forestry, plant pathology, and other applied sciences. The judicial expenditure of very large sums for botanical research can be justified, not only from the scientific, but also from the financial point of view. Here is not the place to enlarge upon this theme, but the director of the Garden will be very glad to give concrete suggestions and detailed information to anyone who may wish to learn further of our aims and ideals in this direction, and to become acquainted with the nature of the prob- lems to be solved and the urgency of their solution. As I have elsewhere emphasized,* no error could be more disastrous than an attempt to build here a superstructure of public education con- cerning plants, without a suitable foundation in botanical re- search. The proper development and care of our collections de- mand this, as well as does the work of public education, and the efficiency of our staff. Plans already outlinedt should be matured at once for meeting this need by creating and filling cer- tain new curatorships, and providing for the necessary research * BrooKLYN Bor. Garp. Recorp 6: 121-130. July, 1917. + BrooKLtyn Bor. Garp. Recorp 6: 83-89. April, 1917. 52 assistants, laboratory equipment, and herbarium and_ library expansion. It is now coming to be generally recognized that a great op- portunity for leadership has come to America as a result of the world war. Science in general, and botanical science in par- ticular, share in this opportunity, and the close of the war should find such institutions as ours with plans matured to meet it, and ready to carry forward the work already initiated. Attention has already been called in previous reports to our need of a new fence to enclose the Garden, suitable entrances, a plentiful number of attractive seats in all parts of the grounds, and several other items of a like nature. The beauty and in- terest of our grounds may also be greatly enhanced by placing, at various effective points, busts of botanists and of benefactors of the Garden, memorial seats, and other incidental pieces of sculp- ture and architecture. A number of drinking fountains, of the bubbler type, should be provided for the comfort of our visitors. To complete the esplanade, a water basin and fountain are needed at the lower end. It could be supplied with water from the pro- posed basin and fountain at the museum embankment at the upper end. The construction of the inner walks along either side of the esplanade, and the planting parallel thereto also remain to be done. Acknowledgments The greatest value of all gifts to such institutions as ours is the evidence they afford of interest in our work, sympathy with our aims, and a disposition to cooperate toward successful ac- complishment. From this angle, small gifts are as valued as larger ones. Individual gifts have been acknowledged during the year, as received, with the thanks of the trustees, and are enumer- ated in the appended reports of the curators and the librarian. It is a pleasure to record here renewed expressions of appreciation on behalf of the director and staff. Donations to the Botanic Garden Collections Fund, 1917, from the following, have not elsewhere been publicly acknowledged. 53 SUBSCRIBERS TO THE BoTANrc GARDEN COLLECTIONS FUND, 1917 Mrs. John Anderson H. J. Morse Samuel P. Avery Adolph Muller Frank L. Babbott E. W. Munson Dr. Glentworth R. Butler H. F. Noyes Walter H. Crittenden Willis L. Ogden H. B. Delatour Hon. George BD: Pratt . Albert De Silver George H. Prentiss Anton Eilers William A. Putnam A Friend Lucella C. Smith John W. Frothingham Harold Somers Mrs. R. C. Hahn Herman Stutzer Arthur M. Hatch Clifford I. Trotter A. Augustus Healy M. Van Norden Charles M. Higgins Mrs. H. B. Van Sinderen Martin Joost Alfred T. White ew. lawrence The Misses White Mrs. John B. Lord Miss Mary B. Woodward Especially appreciated are the gifts from our graduates, and from the Garden Teachers Association of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, recorded in full in the Recorp for October, 1917; gifts of $7 for shrubs, and $25 for a flag, also for the children’s gardens, by our Boys Club and Girls Club; one mission seat from Public School 36, and two mission chairs and a coat rack from Public School 43. This furniture, for our children’s room was made by public school pupils who are members of our Boys Club. | | The Mothers Club of P. S. 81, Queens, presented four plants of “Dorothy Perkins ” rose for our children’s garden, and similar gifts are acknowledged from the Mothers Clubs of Public Schools 66, 85, 88, and 113, Brooklyn, and from the Bay Ridge High School, Brooklyn. Accompanying Papers The following papers and statements are appended as a part of this report: 54 1. Annual report of the curator of plants. 2. Annual report of the curator of public instruction, 3. Annual report of the Librarian. 4. Financial statements of municipal appropriations and private funds accounts. 5. Appendices 1- Respectfully submittec Soaks 3 C. Stuart GaGER, Director of the Garden. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1917 Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, Drrecror: Sir: I take pleasure in submitting my report for the year end- ing 31 December, 1917. General Maintenance and Construction Force The laboring force worked from 25 March to 30 November. During the 7 busiest weeks there were 17 laborers, for 20 weeks 12 men, and for the remaining 9 weeks an average of nearly II men. In this connection I should like to draw attention to the following table which shows the number of labor days for each of the years since the Garden started. Such days are calculated on the number of men employed in the force multiplied by the actual days they worked. Labor Days Acres in the Garden * SIV WV igs EP cme ape eee ae teae SDP a 1,364 HICH WR eettry re rer Nr nee ee 2,422 390 + DOT Bien fac areas sce te re Sei ca, 2,442 42 TOW ete een Sanco ee 2,832 42 - TOMS tench neste st we pee Oee 50+ TG OMe gant tee then th Wee 3,540 50+ LO ete ieee see eiOn0 50+ From 1912 to 1916 we were occupied almost entirely with con- struction work and the opening up of new collections, new lawns, * Not necessarily indicating when acreage was added to the Garden, but when actual work on it was started. Fic. 3. Laboratory Building. View of Central Rotunda, Facing West Main Entrance. 56 etc., and our average labor days for these five years was 2,812. Now that more of our grounds are in a state demanding, day by day, more care than ever before, we had in 1917 only 2,956 labor days. These figures merely draw attention in concrete form to what has been obvious enough for years past, the inadequacy of our regular maintenance force to keep the Garden in anything like the condition desired: this, without considering development plans now waiting to be carried out. The chief new work done this year has peeuy plowing, harrow- ing, etc., a good deal of land given over to “war gardens,” both of our own men and for various city employees; grading and terracing on the west side of the Laboratory Building, grading and terracing service yard, digging trench at the north end of the Laboratory Building; making beds for the Iris garden; surface grading and putting down to lawn the triangle near the brook to be occupied by beds of Polygonales in the Synoptic Collection. General maintenance work has been heavier than ever before because of the greatly increased area under cultivation. As heretofore, Mr. Herman Kolsh, foreman, has been in charge of this work. Gardening Force Gardening operations have been in charge of the Head Gar- dener, Mr. Montague Free, who, besides looking after the col- lection of seeds and preparation of the exchange seed list, has given a good deal of time to inspecting 139 “war gardens” in Brooklyn and Queens. Besides usual additions made to all the collections, new work done has been as follows: 1. Transferring systematic collections to occupy the southerly addition. Not completed, as the easterly side of the brook was planted’ to potatoes. 2. Continuing the border mound planting along Flatbush Ave- nue and in part along Washington Avenue. 3. Adding small “ Moraine” and additional stepping stones to the Rock Garden. 4. Replanting dogwood trees on esplanade, and binding the trunks with canvas. 5. Replanting Local Flora shrubbery, and using extra plants on border mounds, in Lilac Collection, ete. 57 On . Making five new beds on and near the Wild Flower Pauli planting over 1,500 plants of Viola pedata collected from Hempstead Plains. Frozen clumps of the bearberry (Arctostaphylos) were brought in during January and planted near the Malbone Street gate, in specially prepared beds. These plants have, so far, shown every indication of doing well. 8. Planting privet hedge at service yard. . Occupied, for the first time, all of the new greenhouses, with some interruptions for repairs. As finally planned they are to be used as shown in the accompanying plan (Fig. 4). . Initial planting of the Iris garden. al \o HH (2) Iris Garden An Tris collection was started during the autumn, arranged upon the advice of Mr. Caparn, to continue from the northerly end of the willow collection to the lake, on both sides of the brook. Special beds and borders have been prepared for Japanese Iris, German Iris, Intermediate Iris, and other groups. There are now in the collection over 90 horticultural varieties and about 15 species. Some of these were already in our collections, some were pur- chased, and the following firms have contributed plants as indi- ‘cated, sending 4 of each variety: Bobbink and Atkins, 20 varie~- ties; Palisades Nurseries, 18 varieties; Mrs. Frances E. Cleveland, 12 varieties; Henry A. Dreer, 8 varieties; F. R. Pierson & Co., 6 varieties; Cottage Gardens Co., 6 varieties. Among noteworthy gifts of living plants, in addition to those for the Iris Garden, were: 96 plants for greenhouses from Mr. Harold I. Pratt, Brooklyn; 42 for greenhouses from Miss Kath- erine Husted, Broadalbin, N. Y.; 3 each from Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, Brooklyn; Mr. R. Le Boutillier, Philadelphia, and Mrs. 5. W. Quick. Also from Isaac Hicks & Son 3 evergreens and 13 de- ciduous trees for the Rock Garden and vicinity. Gifts of one plant each were received from Mr. H. G. Rugg, Mr. H. B. Pratt, and Mr. Alfred T. White. Fifty-eight plants for the rock garden from Mr. Clarence Lown, Poughkeepsie, and 20 rock garden plants from Mrs. Louis Stuyvesant Chandler, Tuxedo, N. Y. were also received as gifts. eo Re Dh ea kK 58 Labeling and other Clerical Work During the year 673 show labels were added to the collections. All of these represent verification of plants labelled for the first time, and there has been a good deal of replacement work. The collections are now better labelled than ever before, and con- sequently of more use to classes and the public generally. Ac- cession numbers 7256-7913 were assigned during the year. Ad- ditions to the systematic collections were made as follows: By collection 20, by exchange 142, by gift 126, by purchase 261, derived from seed, 102; total, 651. There have been in addition many other plants added to our existing collections to which no numbers were assigned, and which therefore do not show in the above tabulation. —) Phanerogamic Herbarium The additions to this collection came largely by purchase, the more important under this category being 744 from Michigan, 805 from China, and 350 from Washington State. Six hundred specimens were received in exchange from the U. S. National Herbarium, and Dr. J. Arthur Harris, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, presented 240. Total additions for the year were 2,747, and 2,041 of these and previous receipts were mounted and put in the cases. At the time of moving into the building we doubled the capacity of our herbarium cases, so that, after spreading out the previously badly congested collections, we have, for the first time, adequate space for our present collection, and some space in each case has been reserved for future growth. The placing in the herbarium room of a selected list of books, such as all the Colonial Floras, Kew Index, Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum, Bailey’s Cyclopedia, and other reference works, has increased the con- venience of the herbarium as a study collection. There is still a good deal of work needed to put it in such a condition as to make it of largest scientific significance. All of the work of accessioning, keeping the records, and cus- todianship of the Herbarium has been in charge of the assistant Oo curator, Dr. Gundersen, who has also given considerable time to class work. Personal Activities My work on the Flora of Long Island has gone on steadily, and the original plan of a single volume on the flora and vegetation of the Island should, I think, be modified in the following way. To get anything like a complete list of the species of the Island will still take considerable time, and actual publication would have to be deferred until one was somewhere near to that ideal. On the other hand, a description of the vegetation, with eco- logical and phytogeographical data, is in such a state of comple- tion that is could be prepared for publication within the coming year or early in 1919. I would therefore suggest that a volume of the Garden Memoirs could be brought out to publish these results, deferring until later a volume on the flora of the island. Identification of specimens and answering correspondence about plants, and related matters, have taken more time than ever before, and in addition to editing Torreya, I have taken over the editorship of the Journal of the International Garden Club, Respectfully submitted, NoRMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- | TION FOR 1917 Dr. C. Sruart GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as curator of public instruction for the year ending December 31, 1917. Courses of Instruction The regular courses of instruction offered at the Garden are grouped, as heretofore, into four classes, as follows: A, Children’s Gardens and Nature Study, including seven courses for children and four for teachers. RESEARCH ORCHIDS 1 2 TROPICAL DICOTYLEDONS 3 4 CYCADS & COOL-HOUSE DICOTYLEDONS 12 ECONOMIC PLANTS 11 ECONOMIC PLANTS 5 ENTRANCE RESEARCH PROPAGATION 3 2 1 CACTI & OTHER SYNOPTIC SUCCULENTS COLLECTION 6 7 BRYOPHYTES TROPICAL TROPICAL FERNS MONOCOTYLEDONS ee 9 8 Fic. 4. Plan of the Plant Houses. 61 B. Courses for Teachers of Children’s Gardening. This con- sists of eleven courses, extending over a full year; or it may be taken as a concentrated five-week’s summer course. C. Courses for the General Public, consisting of nine courses treating largely of gardening and other applied phases of the study of plants. D. Advanced Courses and Investigation, embracing nine courses, adapted for students of college or graduate rank. | The registration for the full year in all the various courses offered, mostly in group A, totals 4,083, with a total attendance of 26,794. Adding to this the numbers in attendance at schooi classes which came to the Garden for instruction, as well as those in attendance at lectures and addresses given by various members of the staff, both at the Garden and at schools, clubs, etc., the. total number of people directly reached by our educational work during 1917 was over 65,000. Over half a million people visited the Garden, as recorded at the gates, during the year. The following table shows the attendance by months and the annual totals: TUN ey Ele I EASED: ANCE DURING I917 x Ghe Garces | Span | Feb. | M Mar. Apr. | May | June | July At regular classes ........ | 842! 1,372 | eee 1,507. | I 482 | 3,972 | 4, 28 At visiting classes........| 480, 250) 180 580 | 1.769 | 2,767 At lectures to children... .| | | 500 | 1,569 2,220 | se At lecture to adults ... | | 1,500 | eo e1)-9 cK) At eee ee Sod th ben | I,998 | 1,21 4| 7,150/| 3,080 | 2 2,051 | 2,014 | 2,000 Registered a . 24,669 2 24,057 | |20,306 50,604 68,820 lem 192 |62,382 ae ne i eae Chiba 560 | 800 | Be LSULss 000 | | 6,350 2 560. 20 At the Garden 7 Aug. Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dee. | Annual Totals | At regular classes .......-| 3,300! 3,855) 2,870] 1,001 | 812 26,794 At visiting classes........ 417 | 4,438) 1,213 12,024 At lectures to children... .| AO 4533 5) els 2rs 45 | 10,642 At lectures to adults...... 30 | 8 1,995 At een ieee Sea eh OOOs eI, 4 On: | 1,981] 3,2 ,I81 29,328 Registered a .|54,091 57,200 35,000 136 ae EE ,046 509,285 At Maat eases at ec clubs, | CC tes seg eos on | 35| 575 | 50 50) 27,715 The emphasis of most of our teaching thus far on the practical and applied side of plant study was made especially prominent 62 this year on account of the food situation which developed after war was declared. Some of this special war garden service done by the Garden and its staff is recorded in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp 6: 152-154. 1917. The report of the curator of elementary instruction, appended below, gives further details of certain phases of this war garden work. In that phase of our work done by Mr. Stoll in which various phases of nature study, such as tree study, etc., are taught to groups of Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and other similar organi- zations, he has instructed during the year 1,124 individuals, mostly Scouts and members of summer camps. A certificate was issued to each of those who satisfactorily completed certain prescribed work extending over at least six weeks. A notebook and test were required in each case. It indicates their sustained interest and persistence to find that 70 of them passed the requirements and took these certificates, 55 of whom worked at least six weeks, 10 at least twelve weeks, and 5, eighteen weeks. Cooperation with Local Schools Talks at Schools—Our records show 82 talks and lectures given at schools, mother’s clubs, etc., largely upon methods and various phases of gardening. An attendance of over 27,000 was recorded at these gatherings. School Classes at the Garden.—One hundred and forty-nine of these classes, consisting in the aggregate of over 10,000 pupils, mostly from the elementary schools of Brooklyn, visited the Garden for instruction in various subjects which were especially chosen to correlate closely with nature study and geography as given in the schools. This important work is more and more appreciated by teachers, as it brings the pupil in close contact with the living economic plants which he has studied about, but has likely never seen, thus being an approach, at least, to the labora- tory method of teaching these subjects. Miss Shaw’s report ex- plains several phases of this cooperation with schools in con- siderable detail. Study and Loan Material—Seedlings, fern prothallia, algae, and other plant material have been furnished from time to time —y 63 to various schools, including Erasmus Hall, Bushwick, and Girls’ High Schools, and Columbia University. Petri dishes, filled with nutrient agar, for the study of bacteria and molds, have been furnished on request to Girls’, Boys’, Manual Training, and Eastern District High Schools, as well as to the Teachers’ Train- ing School of Brooklyn. Cryptogamic Herbarium The following accessions were made to the cryptogamic herba- rium during 1917: Mosses and liverworts collected in Porto Rico, by gift from Prof. Tiel ew Vhetzel «Cornell eWniviersitys mee sce acco sence seas cuayonees esis MlOpseay lbhy (EIGEN 555655 65u boon og ou uoecUR>ooU An aOee eDouooubo UOC 50 INGA. iP DIRUGRISS 4 poe bh adoaedbendubaccdocodoe bp osdEcenuDoUcadnads 100 [Rarakeat, [Ohi (ROK ooo one sano u asus goobo bones Gun con uGrodoSoodDGS 425 Fungi, by gift from Mr. Carl A. Schwarze, assistant plant pathologist CM Caress | TGS Yc curso te eae es ah ects rca aa gu gern eyes bev age ue ae Rome CPE tenes letetoveal, [ony Pale ateosml IDO, Sidbeidr riko 5 Semnoen en ean to du Or I nici yebediest Of Nib. bmanicotts \iles ee oo rien srerer rates iris a): S07 Fungi, by exchange with Prof. E. W. D. Holway, of the University Ont AW NbabnKetYo) ichoe Soe Aue Ge Oh ester gene ve eee ence De ceria eG oO. ocr 50 Fungi, by exchange with Prof. John A. Stevenson, ee In- sular Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico.............. 110 NG) bea lt pero ae ae er oe he SABE Sy coin a Ske ee eee eee 1,382 Editorial and Research Work Series V of the Leaflets, consisting of fourteen numbers, was utilized as far as our slender resources would permit in the war service educational work of the Garden, the following subject- in particular aiding toward the solution of local garden and food problems: The small vegetable garden; Some msect pests; The storage of vegetables; The one-pertod cold-pack method of can- ning; Fall treatment of land for garden crops. Vhese were issued in extra large editions, which were soon exhausted. The assistant curator of elementary instruction, Miss Shaw, was editor of the National Plant, Flower, and Fruit Guild Magazine during the year. = Besides editing Leaflets, 1 have also acted as one of the edt- 64 torial committee in charge of the American Journal of Botany, and of the Memoir volume of scientific papers delivered at the Dedication exercises of the Garden. As reported in the Recorp for October, 1917, I spent some weeks in Texas for the United Statés Department of Agriculture, studying a sudden outbreak of rust disease on cotton. This problem, as well as other problems of plant disease, have con- tinued to occupy my research time during the year. Respectfully submitted, EpGar W. OLIvE, Curator of Public Instruction. Report on Elementary Instruction, 1917 By Etren. Eppy Suaw The general procedure of the work in the Department of Ele- mentary Instruction was influenced this year by war conditions. It might perhaps be well to summarize this war work, at the same time keeping in mind that our regular activities continued as usual, During the spring, eighty-two lectures were given outside of the Botanic Garden by members of the staff, with an attendance of 27,715. The majority of these lectures were about small vege- table gardens. At five of the public school centers evening talks were also given on this same subject. A group of fifty women constituting “The Flatbush Garden League” received regular instruction in gardening and had a demonstration plot ten by twenty feet. A group of twenty from the Woman Suffrage Headquarters and also another group called “The Davenport Class” made up of fifteen women, received the same.instruction as the Flatbush Garden League. The Curator of Elementary Instruction was called upon to take a class of sixty at Teachers’ College in their extension de- partment, giving five lessons and demonstrations on out-door garden work. In addition, during Teachers College “War week,” a course of five lessons was given to a class of one hundred regular students. Similar work was given to a Garden 65 Club at Dobb’s Ferry, and a model garden was laid out under our supervision on Staten Island. Ten public schools asked for con- sultations on war gardens. Two canning d trations were. given at the Garden. All the above work was in addition to our regular instruction, in response to special requests, because of war conditions. The attendance of children in our regular classes was overt 26,000 for the year; a larger attendance than we have ever had before. 120,755 penny packets of seed were put up and sold, an appreciable increase over 25,000 packets put up in 1914, our first year of this work. During the spring and fall, 153 classes came from our public schools to receive special work at the Garden. The number of children attending these classes was 12,024. Owing to the fact that our schedule was already full, we were unable to care for over 2,000 school children who applied for lec- tures during the month of October. The summer school for the training of women in garden work is an outgrowth from our regular teachers’ course extending throughout the year. [rom these two courses, twenty-two young women received certificates this last December. A part of their training is practice in outdoor garden work with children. This might properly be entirely covered in our own children’s gardens; but we believe that a wider experience comes from working in outside gardens as well, so this year three school gardens were carried on under the supervision of our students, at Public Schools Nos. 89, 22, and 24. One hundred and fifty home gardens were also visited by the women of the training class. Our own garden work was heavier this year than ever before. In each of the 390 plots which were cultivated, we made a special point of raising such crops as would be of the greatest help in the general shortage of food, and at the same time give the students practice in the growing of these crops. On two successive days when careful records were kept, $173.52 worth of vegetables were taken out of the 290 children’s plots, each eight by ten feet. This was not an unusual amount. Another feature in our gardening this summer was the opportunity given to twenty-two high-school boys each to cultivate plots twenty by forty feet. These boys 66 made a special point of raising such war crops as potatoes and beans. The best showing in potatoes was from a lad who raised ninety pounds of potatoes from seven and one half pounds of seed, One might almost expect that at the end of the season, or in the fall, we would have completed our garden work, and yet some of our fall courses were far larger than ever before, due to the greater interest people were taking in the subject. Three high schools, Bushwick, Girls, and Erasmus Hall, requested special classes in school time, or in after-school time, as a part of their regular class work. I might state here that the figure 67,734 represents the attendance at all of our activities in this depart- ment including attendance at regular classes, visiting classes, lectures to adults, and addresses to schools and clubs. In order to increase our usefulness to the schools and the public at large, I would make these suggestions for the future. First, the purchase of a motion-picture machine. This would make it possible to instruct much larger groups of children, and in ways and subjects not now possible. By means of the motion- picture machine five hundred children might readily be instructed at one time. Second, late afternoon talks at the Garden for school classes. We have found, during this spring, that it is almost impossible for many “Gary” schools to avail themselves of the privileges of the Garden because no teacher can leave with a class, since she arid her class are tied up with so many others at the school. In the other type of school, where a teacher stays with her class most of the session, it can easily be arranged for such a class to come to the Garden for a half day without interfering with the rest of the school. Third, the establishment of Botanic Garden centers through- out Brooklyn. These should be where the distances are too great for the children to come to the Garden, and should be located, if possible, in schools where a number of other schools are close by. Fourth, the purchase of a light automobile; to carry specimens to schools and to assist in home-garden visiting. Fifth, the establishment at schools, under Garden supervision, 67 of “ Nature Rooms,” in which terraria, aquaria, Wardian cases, etc., could display in an attractive manner, plants and other nature material. REPORL OF ANE PIBRAKTAN BOR: 1017 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the following report for the year ending December 31, 1917. The moving of the library from a crowded temporary room to its permanent quarters in the new wing of the laboratory build- ing is the outstanding fact in the history of the library for the past year. Accessions It is a pleasure to report that the year 1917 has shown a steady growth. Among the valuable accessions presented to us may be mentioned 5,833 publications received from the Florida agricul- tural experiment station, including annual reports, bulletins, etc., of the various agricultural experiment stations in the United States ; 91 books and 235 parts of publications from Mr. Leonard Barron; 42 volumes, 18 pamphlets, and 58 parts bequeathed to us by Mr. Frank H. Ames. Among items of special interest are the ““Musaeum Tradescantianum,” published in 1656, as well as seven autograph letters written by Francois André Michaux, 1817-1827, presented by Mr. Alfred T. White; and “ The Ameri- can Gardener,” by John Gardiner and David Hepburn, 1804, given by Mr. W. A. White. The complete list of donors is given below. The accessions secured by purchase include, among other items, Flore des Serres et des Jardines de l’Europe; Lowe, Ferns, British, and Exotic; Grevillea; Revista di Patologia Vegetale; and Chemical Abstracts. The total number of volumes and pamphlets on December 31, I9QI7, was 12,006, as compared with 11,193, on December 31, 1916—an increase of 873 for the year. 68 Binding About four hundred volumes, mainly periodicals, were sent to the binder. An equal number of volumes can be taken off the shelves for binding just as soon as funds become available. It would be of great advantage to have funds available for binding some time during the spring, so that books for the binder could be prepared and sent away just before vacations, when they would be least needed. This would also enable the librarian to systematize her work to much better advantage, instead of having this added work at a time when new accessions and reports re- quire so much attention, Periodicals Forty-eight new periodicals have been added, mainly through exchange, making the total number of periodicals received 306. All foreign periodicals have been received regularly except those printed in German — State Publications The increase in the number of periodicals received at the Garden is partly due to the fact that the following agricultural experiment stations were added to our exchange list during 1917: Tuskegee, Alabama; Colorado; Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; Georgia; Hawaii Sugar Planters’ Station, Honolulu; Rio Piedras, Porto Rico; Texas; Virginia, Truck Experiment Station; and the Western Washington Experiment Station. The library now receives each month from the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, States Relation Service, a “List of station publications received by the office of experiment stations.” By means of this list we are enabled, each month, to check the pub- lications issued by the experiment stations with those received by us directly from them, and in this way to follow up the n miss- ing numbers. Library Assistants During part of the year Miss Tikiob assisted regularly for one hour a day. In addition to her stenographic work she has helped tvpewrite the shelf list and pamphlet cards. This work has since 69 been taken over by Miss Meyer. Mrs. Burdick has given two hours a day, typewriting cards for the dictionary catalog, the serial shelf list, caring for periodicals, making shelf labels, and preparing new books. Loans Through the courtesy of the Library of Congress, Yale Uni- versity, and the American Museum of Natural History we were enabled to borrow books for the Garden staff. Books from our collection were forwarded as usual to the Biological Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor for its summer session. Some volumes were also loaned to the Brooklyn Museum library, as well as to some of the members of the Museum staff. Summary Aside from the preparation of new accessions and the regular routine duties, the following pieces of work were completed dur- ing 1917: The folio volumes of the book collection, 201 in number, and the 74 volumes of the Hyde gift were cataloged and prepared for the shelves. About 200 volumes, chiefly on systematic botany, were moved into the herbarium. This collection was embossed with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden stamp, and book plates were inserted. These books were checked with the shelf list and catalog, and in this way a number of inaccuracies were rectified, The cataloging of serials was begun, as well as a shelf list. We hope to make the serial shelf list one of the principal pieces of work for 1918. The catalog of duplicates has been begun and the cataloged duplicates arranged. A vertical file has been arranged of autographs, mss., photo- graphs, and portraits. The trade catalogs have been arranged in a vertical file for ready reference. College announcements and catalogs have been arranged in a special section. 70 Printed lists of the Bulletins and Farmers’ Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture were checked with such of these publications as we have here, and a request made for the missing numbers. This helped to fill in many of our gaps. The Garden Library has been placed on the free mailing list of the Smithsonian Institution to receive separates on botany, bac- teriology, biology, chemistry, exploration, sanitation, and insects. In this manner, we received forty-three publications. The entire pamphlet collection, numbering over 7,000, and alphabetically arranged by author, was revised and author guides were freely inserted in order to facilitate finding them. It is hoped that some time in the near future this entire collection may be arranged according to subject, as is done at the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, but until this goal may be at- tained it was thought best, by the present arrangement, to make the pamphlets as easy of access as possible. 2,062 agricultural experiment station cards have been arranged according to the “Key to subject index of experiment station literature,” issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, office of experiment stations. Previously our experiment station cards were grouped roughly according to classes. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden, during 1917, was represented at the Atlantic City meeting of the Pennsylvania Library Club and the N. J. Library Association, at the meetings of the New York Library Club, and the New York Special Libraries. 1918 With the aid of a full-time assistant we shall hope to complete the greater portion of the serial shelf list and catalog (one of the most necessary tasks to be accomplished here), to fill up the gaps in our sets of periodicals, to complete our catalog of dupli- cates which entails a comparison of each unverified duplicate with the shelf list and catalog, and to prepare for the shelves the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station gift of 5,833 parts. I wish to extend to each member of the Garden staff my appre- ciation of the aid given to me during the past year. The statistical report and the list of donors follows. el STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY Accessions during 1917 Parts ete Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals) Ve toR COAG! wien of 31 30 2,570 IER Grbutoneenn deme aac aa re 198 401 8,044 Bye Rub icahon eenecre nent: oO 7 216° IB yadcULGHaschemrsteictew sieeve 167 7, 350 1bhiged Biches sce Aenn 565 2 oO 3 IBhiy IDOE Goaoooouodouo0canc © 20 ‘13 398 475 11,196 Total number of parts added to library in 1917, including current BYSBKeLLCHUICS: Kosher o ueo ue so Sogn cases hn doo oan CooUH Oe upououbOTd 11,196 Total number of volumes in library December 31, 1916..........4.. 4,371 Total number of volumes added in 1917.........cceteccceecteeeses 8 Total number of volumes in library December 31, I1917........ Sb eos Total number of pamphlets in library December 31, 1916........... 6,822 Total number of pamphlets added im 1917........ceseceesecseeceenn 475 Total number of pamphlets in library December 31, I917..........+- 7,207 Total number of volumes and pamphlets December 31, 1917........ 12,066 Total number of volumes and pamphlets December 31, 1916......... 11,193 Increase in number of volumes and pamphlets..............-eeees * 893 Serial Publications Count of periodicals, state and government documents, and society trans actions ieee received during I917: By Subscript cee Bibs We adla 0 oI c IRI Merete ioral acs oa elewe 21 [Bh Crh eRe MORRO ARH Aner r ora or co. Sn) 08 ollnh Goo a amram 38 By Bxchange ove. s secu ce ces -aimmectaae terra tila! <1) «19 510.6 240 By Transfer from Brooklyn Museum ...........++ esse eeees I By Deposit from Brooklyn Public Library.............+-++- 2 By Publication 22.2... . + cg-- + ewmemtcemeiiecies suse += tes 24 EDs al Lee Oe OE rR EI errors 6 Cond COT Gt cio tn ORT a 306 Increase during TOL. | iiss clstee arte repent teesiety . gece ens oe 2,075 Nevatlyesaccessiomed duking IOL7 .:..,<..-18<.. eee ee 549 Total number of negatives on file December Rr. LG) Te treskay nematic 2,624 Lantern slides on file December 31, SOLO). ca ks Se 1,669 Lantern slides accessioned during 1017...-.......e.+se+eeceu..... 253 Total number of lantern slides on file December AD, MOU ioe npeee en 1,922 Donations, 1917 Books: American Scenic and Historic ca ae Society, New York, 2; Ames, F. H., Brooklyn, 42; Barron, Leona Brooklyn, 91; Brooklyn Museum, 1; a: Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, New York, 4 Clarke, J. M., Albany, 1; Farlow, W. G., Cambridge, Mass., 1; Florida State Geological Survey, 8; Free, Montague, Bioaeiyae ie Gecer Ces. mee Ns 13; Harvard University, Gray ierbamatn) Gambciize, ; Iowa Academy of Science, 1; John Crerar Library, Chicago, ; Maine, Department of Agios 1; Michigan, State Board 73 of Agriculture, 1; Miles, Benjamin, Brooklyn, 1; New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 1; New York State Library, 2; New York Zoological Society, 1; North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 2; Ohio Geological Survey, 1; Olive, E. W., Brooklyn, 1; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 6; Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 5; U. S. Brewers Association, New, York. 1; GUi.o. DicA) library, 13 Us SeWeptcor the. It- terior, Bureau of Education, 2; White, A. T., Brooklyn, 2; White, O. E., Brooklyn, 2; White, W. A., Brooklyn, 1. Pamphlets: Ames, F. H., Brooklyn, 18; Brooks, S. C., Cam- bridge, Mass., 3; Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, 2; Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1; Chamberlain, H. B., Chicago, 1; College of the Citv of New York, 1; Columbia Uni- versity, Barnard College, 1; Committee on Public Information, Washington, 3; Elliott, J. A., Urbana, Ill, 1; Farwell, O. A., Detroit, 1; Fenn, W. O., Cambridge, Mass., 2; Fink, Bruce, Ox- ford, Ohio, 1; Florida State Geological Survey, 5; Gager, C. S., Brooklyn, 77; Gleason, H. A., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1; Gleich, Dr. Morris, Brooklyn, 12; Grossenbacher, J. G., Geneva, N. Y., 1; Haas, A. R., Cambridge, Mass., 5; Harper, R. M., College Point, N. Y., 2; Harshberger, J. W., W. Philadelphia, 5; Hooker, H. D., Jr., New Haven, 2; University of Illinois, College of Agriculture, Urbana, 1; John Crerar Library, Chicago, 1; Livingston, B. E., Baltimore, 1; Long Island Historical Society, Brooklyn, 4; Miles, Benjamin, Brooklyn, 4; New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, 14; Olive, E. W., Brooklyn, 4; Osterhout, W. J. V., Cam- bridge, Mass..5;) ease, AY S., Urbana, Ill) 1s Reed G.b. Cam- bridge, Mass., 5; Smith, Mrs. A. M., Brooklyn, 13; Smith; E. F., Washington, 61; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 69; Taylor, Norman, Brooklyn, 50; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, 2 oe Dae ew bUiear mianclndtstinven | sue 5. 1. e\e. Division Orhublications; os. U. 5. DA Library, 1 U.S. Dept..or Com- merce, Bureau of Standards, 1; U. S. Dept. of Commerce & Labor, 2; Van Tubergen, C. G., Haarlem, Holland, 1; Yale Uni- versity, Osborn Botanical Laboratory, New Haven, 7. Respectfully submitted, Ray SIMPson, Librarian. — 74. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR -1917 1. MuwnicrpaAL AccoUNT 1360 Personal Service: T\90) DyeLOY Dh U- (O51 NR A IE NEP ae Alter tao hee | Coutributed trom: private finds-”sis24 5s sctease euler PECDeU cle Ce mes Hes ees 4 ns 5 tardies sees Se 1361 Supplies: PAOMROD MATION A sia tvns oo 4.4 brass Bee OT See SE Contribiuted=tromeprivate. funds: 15.0 s o cae ee Transferred from 3016—interest on bonds, etc. ..... MiranereLrede DLO! L800: ey is acre an ae ote $ 43.02 Mransterred trom, 1308" o-) ia cae eure pa fo” 60.51 Meranisferceds tPOtt 1900. .01. 00h Sue tenes at 3.64 ARCAmiehe med ta mGON ws. 7.5 4 fala ncememca. 110.59 Lis 0}S aku ae Ce oe oe Rae or KER 6,676.66 1362 Ae ee TO PTL MELO trator aitetare sds 4 aa goetala eet ateOe coremen Anette eee er Ae ae iromyprivate: funds. viene. wee rancher ed trom, 1309 <5. 26 sal. siseie ts cae He BSD ememee rc cai ia cccte cs «Mare w Stevens aero 1363 Materials: PUGON TTI Mises ie o's «sd as 0%s!o ate co as See ee PUT AMISLELNOUREO SIGOG™ Sos 0's 4 Ec voc ab eed ox eee | SSBg OY V2) 0 gl A ee eo PC near SATE Oe 1364 Repairs and Replacements: POD MALO a ate p pshvs'a « oa sete! ete eee ates ee ee Contributed trom private fundss.’.y. 4.2 ose Manetennedse trom DoOk 52. cscs aia oy sy eee ee TOPCO ce okays viele his: So's 5 oeveigie iy Minale sottarave' eaeeepea 1365 Light, Heat and Power: DP GODMA TOME thse rss cs hs ce EA et Contrbiuted=trom private funds ./c:,as4n ooree cee DrAMSteEredehrOin” LA03. 's. vs w eM wires bene $44.11 adie Reh edesthorn GUROO . 54.7. 44se% ee a eal yiele 35 MnanshennedsrnOtmsT G00... > cs vctotaateen de _ 1.07 | ssc DY) VG ot it a ator ap Daeo a k $ 32,760.00 7:940.77 40,700.77 40,700.77 $ 3,439.00 $ 133.14 3,107.94 = I 07.1 Hi 6,787.25 6,787.25 1,304.00 Q5.41 10.63 - 1,513.04 _1,513.04 $ $ $ 420.00 44.11 375.89 375.89 368.00 191.81 110.59 670.40 670.40 100.00 47.37 1366 T Eee pppoe whe, Knobeasosessoune seed Teso Ine HoO oe eaterereea CO CDA Loe eyee te sete tiscueiny: $43.02 ERGATS LOM eCetO Us OGemmrcl is IDWoyhicstal: om Aa ond ouodu como duo ono n DUR Coon doD odd dO Summary of Municipal Accounts: propriation by city for maintenance............. Transferred from Code 3016 ........ 2c eee eee eee Contributed from private funds .......... cece ee eee legal Goa qangdvodoouoduodoO sop OdDdoUND God Onn Balaneensbecember si, UOls 3.6... cee octets oe ote 2. PrIvATE Funps ACCOUNTS FOR I9I7 1. Endowment Fund, Income: Deficit, January 1, » O17 BE SHIaS ne ante ban $ 452.63 IMCOME SLO L setter ere rie Transferred from Collections (1917) Ac- . Contributed to maintenance account....... 3,385.00 Ex pended! sacha cam csciiar cer te arisircieceis rs 1,270.00 th co Sy 2 fo) ro) ASE eI as °o ro] ° A BAS Ne) o ° fo) A w o) i) io) o) $40,151.00 3,107.94 8,564.62 "51,823.56 _51,785.67 $ 37.89 $ 3,895.00 1,212.63 5,107.63 5,107.63 2. 3: 4. Es 6. 7. 8. 76 Botanic Garden Collections Account, 1917: PECL VOO ALOT - toraly. «0-5: 054 vale G aiesecs warn elgic tie ene ee Dratsterted from Collections (1916) Account, TSAEC ON es ha Sup -aleniy 4. ceecdceecdicie acta ee Transferred from aie Contributions—Japanese Garden Acaount, balance s%. Sse bo ee Transferred to Special Contributions....... $8,142.81 Transferred to Endowment Fund, Income.. 1,212.63 {ilo 2Yc10¥ d(0 he hee a RAL’ Sea 1,204.41 ICs Ne oc ka ene 318.18 Special Contributions: Transferred from araniins head Accounts 2c Recsived-trom salevot potatoes: ...s04040. eee eon Contributed to maintenance account........ $5,083.47 eR eee er nt resi s,s sce ek eee 3,093.98 Cary Library Fund, Income: Balance waniaty T. TOTF: i: os atlas kh TRCOMG ey TOI. craks cas sas ee Fhe ict Acoeat ret aera tea George C. Brackett Library Fund, Income: Balance, Head TE ALQU GY! sore laycanry nial a Ont teeter eee DCO LUT MEMES Cs 3 3 ee ek, | ee Sustaining Membership: alamo) aqmary. te LOI7 ...c..) 24 tee uae ee RECEIVES MOU wy tiie code beee sh CMMs ee Peependediey: i224 o.oo. ons os Ble ea eee Balance; (December 31, 1017s: ie) ee ee Annual i Sia up: Balance aniany i, tLOl? . ane eet dee Reel QU devas ever vas. q\'efoi ones cng rae Mote teas OE a Re Contribution Japanese Garden: nce, January I, 1917 ara era A $10,876.00 78 1.25 10,878.03 10,878.03 $ 8,142.81 34.64 8,177.45 $ 1.25 ad 9. Tuition and Sales Bala nce, Jansary a0) Er danran ing eae RCN Gee $ 251.68 Received, 1917 Gad) Salnistrlichio nig seen once racee et $ 620.59 (b) Penny seed-packets ...........0000, 1,207.55 (Geen arden tal sie pssee aetna ee nets erie ea ae 261.90, 2,090.04 2,341.72 Contributed to maintenance account........ $ 96.15 Expended: (Cay PATS EU CUIO Tlaprtentes 1 Seen ener ean nce 045.35 (b) Penny aoe MEVAIG “haea cascobecosas 455.07 (c)aiinerdenta lores conten emer Ta 21.18 1,517.75 Balances December ol 1Ol7 sem wees acer ea $ 823.97 Summary of Private Funds Accounts: DEhcitem aniiatyelelG yee. ee er $107.52 COMIC Het O17 eee eres Menhaden tact) gai $18,210.69 Contributed to maintenance account........ 8,564.62 Bscp en Gede pe hong tre tee eee eee Petes 8,207.32 16 16,869.46 Balance, December 31, IQI7 ........00: POR RASS 547 24 APPROPRIATIONS: OF CORPORATE STOCK.OF THE GITY OF NEW YORK FOR PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS, AND EXPENDITURES THEREFROM DURING 10917 C.D.P. 200-J. ($40,000.00) For Grading, Draining, Piping, and Soil Improvement Ben hake Jclabbeiay. ie Alin spa 5 5 naeyeeam iss Sn ore $9 =-60:15 Expenditures : homas Horan & Sons, 80 cubic yards manure @ 75¢. .. 60.00 Balancem lO ccembet; oii, 1 Olver 8 eae ek ee $ ne C.D.P. 200-M, ae 000,00) For Improvement of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Balancer a) ciliate Tart 1 7itectee Caw t ewes chk wie ee A see $ 9,709.36 GM EICL1 CU eS eetterers Seow crave tac isicgs «ss? ete are canes ae RD dame eee 8,287.23 Balancemecember- sie 1Ol7 ser en el 422i3 S.-566. ($700,000.00) Suspense Account, Contributions for Brooklyn Botante Garden Improvement Fund Salar Geam) atl tia ieya ale sisi pre erent eaten er aty een errors eek ne $10,096.72 EEX PEI GILLES ee rere ere nee meee eee aie el er AGT 8,250.78 Balancer, December reciea] Iya erie ek me ere $ 1,845.94 78 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF AND REGIS~ TERED INVESTIGATORS DURING 1917 Cross, Jean A. Fourth annual garden exhibit for Brooklyn boys and girls. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets V°. May 2. Free, Montague The alpine house as a feature. Gardeners’ and Florists’ Annual 1917: 71-74. —— Alpines for early bloom. Garden Magazine Mar. 1917: 84. ; — Flowers of winter. Pocket Garden Library pp. 226. Garden City, Doubleday Page & Co. ay —— The small vegetable garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gra. Leaflets Ve" Apr.c2cth: —— Some insect pests. Ibid. V®. May 16th. —— The storage of vegetables. Jbid. V®. June 13th. —— Fall treatment of land for garden crops. Ibid. V™*. Oct. 3d. —— The Pruning Manual. (Review.) Jour. Internat. Gar- den Club 1: 553-554. Dec. —— Garden Farming. (Review.) Jour. Internat. Garden Club 1: 549-551. Dec. PUBLICATIONS IQI7 Gager, C. Stuart — Atkins, Recent Researches in Plant pie eey- (Re- view.) Torreya 17: 27-28. February. —— Guide to the laboratory building. Brooklyn nae Gard, Leaflets V°. April 18. —— Sixth Annual Report of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 6: 27-46. April. —— Ideals and opportunities for a botanic garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 6: 121-130, July. —— The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Jour. Internat. Garden Club 1: 119-132. August. 79 —— The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sct. Mo. 5: 381-383. Octo 17, — Howcan I help the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Plan of further development. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 6: 145-152. Oct. ’ —— War garden service of the Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard, Record 6: 152-154. Oct. —— Forest problems of the Ashokan watershed. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets V'*-**, October Io. / Gundersen, Alfred — The wild flower garden in June. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets V". May 31. Olive, Edgar W. — Endophyllum-like rusts of Porto Rico. Amer. Journ. Bot. . 4: 44-52. Ja. —— Report of the Curator of Public Instruction. Brooklyn Bot. Garden Record 6: 56-69. Ap. — The one-period cold-pack method of canning. Brooklyn Bot. Garden Leaflets V°. June 27. —— A trip to Texas to investigate cotton-rust. Brooklyn Bot. Garden Record 6: 154-158. Oct. —— Autumn colors. Brooklyn Bot. Gard, Leaflets V**. Oct. ae Shaw, Ellen Eddy — List of talks for elementary school classes. Brooklyn Bot. Gard, Leaflets V?. April 11. —— The pocket garden library: Garden flowers of spring. Garden flowers of summer. Garden flowers of autumn. Doubleday, Page & Co. May. —— Talks for elementary schools. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets V*°. Sept. 12. Taylor, N. Report of the Curator of Plants for 1916. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 6: 47-56. April. —— Report of the British Columbia Botanical Office. (Re- view.) Torreya 17: 86.. May. — Flora of the Vicinity of New York. Scientific Monthly 4: 548-553. June. — 80 — Plants Now in Bloom. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets Sc Mens: — — Informal and Wild Gardening. Jour. Internat. Garden Club 1: 91-104. August. —— Bog Gardening with Native Plants. The Garden Mag. 26: 89-91. October. —— Plants of the Catskill Aqueduct Region. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets 51°18, October Io. White, Orland E. —— Inheritance of endosperm color in maize. Am. Journ. Bot. 4: 396-406. July. | —— Inheritance studies in Pisum—IV: Interrelation of the genetic factors of Pisum. Jour. Agr. Research 11: 167-190. October. —— Inheritance studies in Pistum—II: The present state of knowledge of heredity and variation in peas. Proceed. Am. Philosophical Soc. [Philadelphia] 56: 487-588. December. APPENDIX 2 PUBLIC LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND PAPERS GIVEN BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 1917 By the director of the Garden: March 10. War garden work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Before National Educators Conservation Society. New York. April 19. Ideals and opportunities for a botanic garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Dedication Exercises. April 30. Vacant lot gardening and the food situation. FEras- mus Hall High School, Brooklyn. Before two assemblies. May 5. The aims and objects of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Before the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, Phila- delphia. December 14. What the Botanic Garden is doing and planning for the schools and the city. New York Association of Biology Teachers. Washington Irving High School, N. Nae City; December 29. The near future of botany in America. Ad- 81 dress of retiring Vice President and Chairman of Section G (Botany), of the Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Pittsburgh. By the curator of plants: January 23. Cultivation of woodland plants. International Garden Club, New York. March 21. Haiti and Santo Domingo. For Women’s Auxil- iary, board of foreign missions, St. Thomas’s Parish House, New York. August 1. Cultivation of woodland plants. Newport Garden October 19. The vegetation of Montauk, Long Island. Torrey Botanical Club Semi-Centennial exercises. By the curator of public instruction: January 31. Some cytological features of Porto Rican Endo- phyllums. Before the Torrey Botanical Club, at the New York Botanical Garden. February 19. Forestry as a life-work. Before the Science Club, Boy’s High School, Brooklyn. April 17. Bacteria, yeasts and molds. Before the general as- sembly, Boy’s High School, Brooklyn. (2 lectures.) April 26. Vacant lot gardening. Public lectures for the de- partment of education, New York City, at P. S. No. 137, Canarsie. | April 27. Vacant lot gardening, at P. S. No. 40. Queens. October 18. A cotton-rust epidemic im Texas. Before the Torrey Botanical Club, 50th Anniversary celebration, at Columbia University. October 30. Botanical experiences of the summer. Before the department of botany, Brooklyn Institute. By the curator of plant breeding: April 20. Inheritance studies on castor beans. Dedication — Exercises, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. October 5. Jnherttance studies in Pisum—II: The present state of knowledge of heredity and variation in peas. (By title.) American Philosophical Society, Phila- delphia. October 19. Inheritance of height in peas. Semi-centennial exercises, Torrey Botanical Club. 82 By the librarian: May 15. Problems in a botanical library. Before the senior class of the New York Public Library School, Manhattan. By the assistant curator of the herbarium: Feb. 8. Botany in summer camps. Camp Directors Associa- tion, Columbia University. May 5. Spring wild flowers. May 11. Spring wild flowers. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dec. 1. Plant classification from Theophrastus to Hofmeister. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Garden Club, Salisbury, Conn. Garden Teachers’ Association, Sciences. By the assistant curator of elementary instruction: Feb. 19. Window boxes and back yard gardens. Educational Society—Brooklyn. April 16. Garden talks at Public School lecture centers, on Home Gardens. Public School No. 146. April 17. Ditto. Public School No. 8&1. Ditto. Public: School No. 40, Queens. Flatbush Garden League. At the Hebrew Aprile 27, Nov. 23. Bulb planting. Botanic Garden. Dec. tr. IWhat the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is doing for the children of Brooklyn. Torrey Botanical Club. American Museum of Natural History. By the head gardener: Mar. 9. Alpine and rock plants. ciation, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. April 29. Rock and alpine gardens. International Garden Club, New York. . May 25. Insect and fungous pests. sion Department. May 31. Insect and fungous pests. Garden Teachers’ Asso- Teachers College Exten- Dobbs Ferry Garden July 13. Insect pests. Flatbush Garden League, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Nov. 9. Winter work in League, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. the garden. Flatbush Garden Viee-Prsioes -WALTE VERN ING : H : oe : PUBLICATIONS eo OF THE : BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN | RECORD. Established, January 1912. An administrative periodical, issued quarterly. Contains, among other things, the annual report of the director and heads of depart- ments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the Garden. To others one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy. IRS. Established, April 1918. Published irregularly. Volume I, Dedication Papers: comprising scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratory bene ing and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. In press. CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical or other periodicais, reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. This series includes occasional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. ‘Twenty-five numbers con- stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00.a volume. observations on the formation of the capillitium and the aepeleament of Physarella mirabilis Peck and Stemonitis fusca Roth. 15 pages, 2 plates. 9. The growth-forms of the flora of New York and vicinity. 9 pages. 1915. 10. Inheritance studies in Pisum. I. Inheritance of cotyledon color. 18 pages, 4 tables. 1916. 11. Studies of teratological phenomena in their relation to evolution and the problems of heredity.. Il. The nature, causes, distribution and inheritance of fasciation with special reference to its occurrence im Nicotiana. 29 figures, 30 tables. 1916. 12. Endemism in the flora of the vicinity of New York. 10 pages. 10916. 13. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. I. Pro- gressive variations. 28 pages, 6 plates. 1916. 14. A white-cedar swamp at Merrick, Long Island, and its significance. 10 pages, § plates... .1916. 15. Present status ou the problem of the effect of radium rays on plant life. 8 pages. 10916. 16. Flora of the ern of New York. 6 pages, fig. 1. 1917. 17. Endophyllum-like rusts of Porto Rico. 9 pagés, 3 plates. 1917. 18. Inheritance of endosperm color in. maize. 11 pages. 1917. 19.. Studies of inheritance in Pisum. II. The present state of knowledge of heredity and variation in peas. 102 pages. © 1917. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10 1913, and published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is’ primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others. Fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication, SEED LIST. Issued in December of each year. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January 1914. Published, in cooperation with the Botanica Society or AMERICA, monthly, except during August and September. Subscription, $5.00 a year. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD PUBLISHED ee AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Eot a d lass matter in the Post-office at Lancaster. Pa., under Act ot August 24, 1912 © Vou. Vit JULY, 1918 No. 3 EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER ADVANCEMENT re Oe ah cit con Pace ae of the setere Winter on the Woody Plants in the Garden............. 83 SU RR cee caste acta wale shale tate aera ete SESE ee ect ioe css (forge wee et BS aie ng on Bropseed Restriction on the Importation of a Rees ane ; 89 National Research Council to be Made a ) Peranenert Body......... meee yet earth 89 Science in Peace and wee Sie ee ae ts ate Be) ar Garden Lectures, 1918..... Hea ey aeptnadl ne Oe Reed sues fe Endowment of Scholarship and Prizes... Pes tte ie EER aE a Sieenie OS BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants Dr EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction Dr. O. E. WHITE, Curator of Plant Breeding Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction MISS RAY SIMPSON, Librarian Dr. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Assistant Curator of the H erbarium Miss JEAN A. CROSS, Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener Mr. FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian of Buildings , Laboratory Assistant Mr. LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer , Garden Aid Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman ' THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Re COD, VoL VII July, 1918 No. 3 BEPE CTS OF DAE SEVERE WINTER ON THE WOODY PLANTS IN THE GARDEN Since weather records have been kept, there has been no such severe winter as the one just past. During the Christmas holi- days, and just after, minimum temperatures were recorded of — 13° at the Weather Bureau (414 ft. in the air), —10° at the New York Botanical Garden, —7° at the Central Park Weather Bureau station, which is nearly at ground level, and —8° at the Breoklyn Botanic Garden where the thermometer is in a some- what sheltered place. The first four days of the year showed minimum temperatures of —5°, + 2°, 0°, and — 3° respectively, and on January 12 the fenmmennnnd was 50. Worst of all, on the latter day, the velocity of the wind was greater here than in any other eee in the country, the record showing maximum velocity of 84 miles an hour, from the southeast. The following of such extreme cold by a warm wind of this great velocity apparently played havoc with many valuable plants in the Garden. With the ground frozen to depths unknown before, as there was prac- tically no snow covering during the coldest days, the root activity cf most plants would be stopped, while the warm wind on the 12th, when the maximum temperature for January was recorded, would dry out many evergreens, even if they had withstood the cold of a few days before. Because of this combination of cold 83 4 84 temperatures followed by warm wind, it is perhaps impossible to ascribe all our losses to cold alone. Certainly one or the other, or most probably their combination, has had disastrous re- sults, as the following notes will show. SHRUBS AND TREES KILLED OUTRIGHT Pinus rigida (young specimen) Amygdalus persica Juniperus oblonga Prunus tenuifolia Picea alba Cotoneaster foveolata Alcockiana Cercis canadensis Abies dumosa Laburnum vulgare Abies concolor (young speci- J/lex aquifolium men ) Hypericum prolificum Chamecyparis pisifera obtusa Diospyros (I. H. Wilson, No. nana 3615) Alangium chinense Erica stricta Alangium begoniifolium vagans Poncirus (Citrus) trifoliata Enkianthus perulatus Acer opulifolium Viburnum cassinoides Rosa bracteata While none of the above can possibly recover, for the next eroup of species there is hope that they may grow again. They were killed to the ground, but are now making new growth. All of the growth is dead and to regain their former stature will, in some cases, take years. SHRUBS AND TREES KILLED TO THE GROUND BUT MAKING NEw GROWTIL Taxus baccata Cercis japonica Cumninghamia sinensis Spartium junceum Myrica Gale Coriaria japomea Mahonia aquifolium Euonymus japonicus Calycanthus floridus Ilex Fargesit occidentalis latifolia Rosa helvetica Styrax americana Prinsepia (Purdom No. 324) Jasminum nudiflorum Malus rivularis Vitex Agnius-castus Magnolia obovata Buddleia nivea yunanensis 85 None of these, as horticultural subjects, could be relied upon, judging by the experience of last winter, as after a few seasons’ growth, and just as they are about to become handsome speci- mens, an exceptional winter would cut them back to the roots. In nearly the same category, so far as reliability of continued growth is concerned, is the following list. In all of these the winter-killing, while not down to the ground, has been very severe, sometimes the loss representing the growth for three or more years. All of them are alive and doing well, but there are great gaps in many of them, and in most the winter-killed wood is in unsightly contrast to the young growth just starting. In many of these the recovery will take from one to three years, and in the conifers many of the plants will never make perfect specimens again. SHRUBS AND TREES SEVERELY WINTER-KILLED, BUT Now MAKING RECOVERY EVERGREENS Pinus Massoniana Phizeriana (% a_ plant Picea Abies dumosa with 8 ft. spread dead) Abies imverta Cryptomeria japonica polita dachryoides obovata Tsuga canadensis pungens Cedrus Libani Abies Veitchii Chamaecy paris nutkatensis Sachalinense glauca (nearly dead) numidica (nearly dead) nutkatensis glauca pendula pectinata (nearly dead) cephalonica leptoclada firma (nearly dead) obtusa nana Thuya orientalis Sequoia gigantea (nearly dead) occidentalis lutea Cephalotaxus drupacea Juniperus pyramidalis Harringtoniana fastigiata Chinensis aurea Taxus canadensis Ephedra distachya 86 DECIDUOUS Salix imeana rostrata Morus Cathayana Ulinus alata Ouercus cerris Magnolia macrophylla Stellata Clematis montana platysepala Berberis aggregata (Wilson No. 4173) W allichiana Ttea virginica Ptelea trifoliata Poncirus (Citrus) trifoliata Ilex opaca Clethra alnifolia Leucothoe racemosa Enkianthus perulatus Pieris floribunda japonica Potentilla fruticosa Much less seriously injured are the following. Rubus idaeus aculeatissimus odoratus Prunus (Purdom No. 284) Prunus chamaecerasus Pyrus elaeaguifolius. Cercis canadensis japonica Colutea arborescens Cytisus Laburnum Styrax japonica Ligustrum amurense Simense Jasminum nudiflorum (did not flower for first time since IQIT) Clerodendron trichotomum Paulownia tomentosa (nearly dead) Lonicera involucrata Viburnum cassinoides Baccharis halimifolia In most cases they were winter-killed only a foot or two, and not on all the branches, so that the vigorous new growth is just now obscuring the winter’s damage. SHRUBS AND TREES ONLY SLIGHTLY WINTER-KILLED AND MAKING Rapip RECOVERY Abies Nordmanmana (young plants apparently un- touche Picea pungens glauca Cryptomeria Japomca Lobbu Chamaecyparis obtusa nana Salix vinimalis Celtis australis (Wilson No. 343) Broussonetia papyrifera Carpinus Betulus Magnolia Soulangeana Frasert Deutzia scabra Philadelphus Lemoinei Buddleia intermedia Gleditsia triacanthos Catalpa ovata Corylopsis pauciflora Lonicera deflexicalyx Stachyurus praecox Koehneana Ilex Sieboldii (both red- and Diervilla japonica white-fruited forms) Viburnum rhytidophyllum crenata betulifoliim Phillyraea angustifolia Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Ligustrum media A summary of the results of the winter on our woody collec- tions shows that there were: eMedia ol eerie n eee 28 species and varieties. Kenlled ito: the oroutidecse: ee 20 species and varieties. Severely winter-killed .......... 70 species and varieties. Slightly winter-killed ........... 28 species and varieties. As many of these were in duplicate or triplicate the disastrous effects of the winter were very noticeable during April and May, but fortunately recovery of the slightly and severely winter- killed species is making fairly rapid progress, so that by mid- summer the collections, except in the most stubborn species, will be in fair condition. Of course, those killed to the ground are practically of no use to us for years to come. It will be noted that some species are found in more than one place in the lists. This indicates that we have several specimens and that their reaction to the winter has varied. It seems better to include them in two places rather than arbitrarily assign them to one, which might hide the facts. In addition to the species listed above, nearly all our box and some privet was either killed or so severely winter-killed as to need replacement. NorMAN TAYLOR 88 ENDOWMENT OF SCHOLARSHIP AND PRIZES In September, 1914, the Garden inaugurated its first annual Children’s Garden Exhibit, as announced in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflet of June 3, 1914. The cost of the trophies, cups, medals, and other prizes awarded at these exhibits has been met from income derived from tuition and sales. This source of revenue has been uncertain, and, in consideration of other de- mands made upon it, inadequate. It is therefore a pleasure and satisfaction to announce that the chairman of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, Mr. Alfred T. White, has made provision for these prizes for 1918 and annually thereafter. The most important of these prizes is a scholarship of the value of $100 to be awarded to the boy or girl who has taken class | work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for not less than three years, and who has shown marked ability along botanical and agricultural lines, both at the Garden and in his high-school courses, as attested by his principal and teachers. This will be known as the Alfred T. White Scholarship, and will be awarded for the first time in 1920. Further information may be obtained by addressing the director of the Garden. Details as to this and some of the other prizes are published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflet of June 20, 1918. Special mention, however, should here be made of the offer of two first and two second prizes (one for boys and the other for girls) of War Savings Stamps to the value of $15 and $10 respectively for excellence in back-yard gardens ; and of two other prizes (one for boys and one for girls) of $10 each, in War Savings Stamps, for making the best use of a plot of ground in the children’s gardens at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In addition to the above, twenty prizes of ten Thrift Stamps each (ten to boys and ten to girls) will be awarded to those who are most generally helpful in connection with the children’s gar- den at the Botanic Garden. Promptness, regularity of attendance, effort, accomplishment, and other points will form the basis of this award. The War Savings Stamps and Thrift Stamps will be awarded only for the period of the present war. 89 WAR GARDEN LECTURES, 1918 Free public lectures in the auditorium of the laboratory build- ing were inaugurated on Wednesday, March 6, when the first of a course of three lectures on ‘ The Small Vegetable Garden” was given by Mr. Montague Free, Head Gardener. The titles and dates of these lectures were as follows: 1. Getting Ready: Planning, preparation of the soil. Wed- nesday, March 6; Sunday, March Io. 2, Keeping Busy; Seeds, planting, cultivation, thinning, insects. Wednesday, March 13; Sunday, March 17. 3. The Reward: Harvesting, storing for winter use. Wednes- day, March 20; Sunday, March 24. Lectures were continued from April 3 to May 26 as follows: April 3 and 7. Farming for Women. Miss Sophia de M. _ Carey, official lecturer for the British government. Miss Eliza- beth Cleveland and Mrs. Florence Young, Bedford Farmerettes and members of the Woman’s Land Army of America. April 14. The Back Yard Vegetable Garden, Miss Jean A. Cross, Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction. April 21t. Forest Products and the War (Arbor Day Lecture). Prof. Samuel J. Record, School of Forestry, Yale University. April 28. Diseases of Garden Crops and How to Control Them. Dr. Edgar W. Olive, Curator of Public Instruction. May 5. Plant Breeding and Increased Food Production. Dr. Orland E. White, Curator of Plant Breeding. May 12. Bacteriology and the War. Dr. Ira S. Wile, former member of the Board of Education, New York City. May 19. Garden Insects—Good and Bad. Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York. May 26. Cultivation of Drug Plants. Dr. W. W. Stockber- ger, in charge of drug and poisonous plant investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. SCIENCE IN PEACE AND WAR “Tt required the cataclysm of the Great War to bring men to realize fully the part which applied science is playing and, more 90 particularly, will play in the life of nations. As men have come to know that everything in modern warfare is controlled in a large measure by science—no gun of large caliber is located or fired without its aid—so they have come to know that in the making of things—in the economy and progress of manufactur- ine. peareponiy gecience must have a place, an important place too The following quotation from a letter to the Director from the Secretary of the Royal Botanic Society of London, concerning the suspension of the Society’s Journal during the period of the war, is not quite so optimistic as to the general recognition of the value of science in peace and war, but indicates how completely the people of England have made everything secondary to win- ning the war, and how completely all their resources are being utilized to this end. “In this country, it is a truism that science does not pay, and now with the mind of England intent upon the fighting line, and all our activities devoted to that end, there is little time and less money for peaceful scientific pursuits. The editor of the Journal (of the Royal Botanic Society) is engaged in a munitions laboratory, and our Botanic Garden is growing vegetables and giving a helping hand to a great hospital for wounded and invalided soldiers, for the council of the Society, at the beginning of the war, opened its gates to all wearers of uni- form, and it is with very great satisfaction they have noted your cwn among the number. In his address at the fiftieth annual commencement of Cornell University, on May 22, 1918, President Schurman, calling atten- tion to Germany’s advantage over her enemies cre of the encouragement she has given to scientific research for a genera- tion, spoke as follows: “Germany has the advantage over all her opponents, especially over Great Britain and the United States, in the solid fabric cf science she has constructed during the last generation by means of generous government encouragement of and appropriations for scientific research and instruction. Our Government to-day, in- structed by the war, is ready to spend billions of dollars for new scientific truths in which, prior to the war, it felt no concern and for which it would make no provisions.” * Science, May 10, 1918, p. 450. wit A typical example of the condition in the United Kingdom is found in the situation in New Zealand. The government appro- priated £500 to the New Zealand Institute for applied scientific research which the Institute was expected to publish, but refused to allow any of the funds to be applied tc the expense of publica- tion, or to make a separate appropriation for that purpose. A New Zealand correspondent of the writer thus describes the situa- tion: “You have here a government, 7. ¢., the people, so ignorant of what science is that they decline to give money for publishing, say, a research dealing with the segregation of pure varieties from a specific group for the eventual study of heredity, but willingly giving a grant for certain preliminary observations regarding the finding of water in an area abounding in streams. The marvel, however, was that a water diviner was not called in, as has been frequently the case.” Aware of the truth of the first quotation above, that “ every- thing in modern warfare is controlled in a large measure by science,” and moreover that modern industry, medicine, agricul- ture, communication, transportation, and other pursuits of peace are largely controlled by or absolutely dependent upon science, the scientific man is always perplexed to understand a lack of appreciation of the importance of scientific research from those who are daily so dependent upon its results. How can it be a truism in England to-day that “science does not pay?” Yet such is undoubtedly the case, as it is here in America in quarters where one might least expect it. A Brocklyn newspaper, commenting editorially on the re- search work in progress at the Botanic Garden, as set forth in the Annual Report for 1917, stated that experiments in plant breeding with peas would never result in any increase itf the pea crop on Long Island. As though the ability to raise more peas on Long Island were the only, or even the chief, justification for a study of the laws of inheritance in living things! But worse yet, what shall we say of the state of mind of one who feels justified in predicting, without qualification, what will or will not be the ultimate result of any piece of scientific investigation? Increase of yield, many 92 fold, has been the direct or indirect result of botanical research in the case of many important crops, and often by the application of knowledge ascertained with no utilitarian object in mind, be- yond that of the advancement of pure science. That the advance- ment of pure science is a utilitarian pursuit, justifiable and even essential for its own sake, and even worthy of support by public taxation, may some day come to be more generally recognized, even by those who assume the grave responsibility of molding public opinion through the editorial columns of the daily news- papers. Says President Osborn, in the Annual Report of the American Museum, for 1917: “This war is eighty-five per cent. science and fifteen per cent. human courage and endurance.” How much more is this true of the pursuits cf peace—of the very founda- tions of modern civilization. C. 8. G. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL FO BE MADE PER- MANENT BODY The Official Bulletin of May 14, 1918, contains the following executive Order : “The National Research Council was organized in 1916 at the request of the President by the National Academy of Sciences, under its congressional charter, as a measure of national pre- paredness. The work accomplished by-the council in organizing research and in securing cooperation of military and civilian agencies in the solution of military problems demonstrates its capacity for larger service. The National Academy of Sciences is therefore requested to perpetuate the National Research Coun- ail the duties of which shall be as follows: ‘1, In general, to stimulate research in the mathematical, phys- ical, and biological sciences, and in the application of these sciences to engineering, agriculture, medicine, and other useful arts, with the object of increasing knowledge, of strengthening the national defense, and of contributing in other ways tc the public welfare. 93 oe To survey the larger possibilities of science, to formulate comprehensive projects of research, and to develop effective means of utilizing the scientific and technical resources of the country for dealing with these projects. “3. To promote cooperation in research, at home and abroad, in order to secure concentration of effort, minimize duplication, and stimulate progress; but in all cooperative undertakings to give encouragement to individual initiative as fundamentally im- portant to the advancement of science. “4. To serve as a means of bringing American and foreign in- vestigators into active cooperation with the scientific and tech- nical services of the War and Navy Departments and with those of the civil branches of the government. “sc. To direct the attention of scientific and technical investiga- tors to the present importance of military and industrial problems in connection with the war, and to aid in the solution of these problems by organizing specific researches. “6. To gather and collate scientific and technical information, at home and abroad, in cooperation with governmental and other agencies, and to render such information available to duly accred- ited persons. “Effective prosecution of the council’s work requires the cor- dial collaboration of the scientific and technical branches of the government, both military and civil. To this end representatives of the government, upon the nomination of the National Academy of sciences, will be designated by the President as members of the council, as heretofore, and the heads of the departments imme- diately concerned will continue to cooperate in every way that may be required. +B) “ Wooprow WILSON. “Tre Wuite House, 1r May, 1918.” HEARING ON PROPOSED RESTRICTIONS ON THE IMPORTATION OF PLANTS At a public hearing held in Washington on May 28, more than a hundred people attended to present arguments pro and con re- 94 garding the proposed restriction or prohibition of the importa- tion of nursery stock into the United States. In issuing the call the Federal Horticultural Board sent to those interested the fol- lowing proposals, which in their opinion were necessary: “A. That all foreign-grown balled, tubbed, or potted plants, except as noted under B, be excluded in accordance with the fol- lowing groups and dates: “Group 1—Azaleas, rhododendrons, palms, araucarias, bay trees, hollies, ericas, and acacias, January I, 1923. “Group 2.—Conifers, dwarf and other kinds, Buxus, etc., usually shipped as specimen plants, July 1, 1919. “Group 3—Small potted plants, including roses, chrysanthe- mums, violets, tender bedding plants, ferns, tropical and sub-trop- ical plants, etc., January I, I9I9Q. roup 4.—Clumps of hardy perennials used in forcing, Jap- anese maples, magnolias, etc., July 1, 1919. “B, That provision be made for the admission of limited num- bers of new varieties or novelties out of pots not exceeding two inches in diameter, this work to be conducted through the De- partment under rules and regulations prescribed by the Federal Horticultural Board. “C. That no action be taken at this time toward the exclusion of all stock from the Orient, and other little explored parts of the world, but that steps be taken looking toward action in the near future of excluding certain groups of plants, especially from the rient. “These recommendations are presented for discussion, but, as indicated in the opening paragraph of this statement, are not to be taken as limiting the scope of discussion nor the ultimate ac- tion of the Department.” Representatives of practically all the leading nurserymen and florists were present and actively opposed this on the ground that, in this country, the propagation of many of these plants is very eaealt or impossible, and that therefore, to quote one of them, “the ruling would set back American horticulture for fifty years.” Most of us do not realize the tremendous size of the im- portations of nursery stock from Holland, Belgium, England, and 95 France. In certain groups of ornamental shrubs and trees, in some stocks for fruit trees, roses, etc., practically our total supply comes from abroad. The shutting off of this supply would mean either drastic readjustments, or else the substitution of stock propagated in this country. Plant pathologists and entomologists, at whose suggestion the hearing was held, pointed out that nearly all the most destructive pests which have worked such havoc have come in through nurs- ery stock, and that the only way to guard against further depreda- tions is to pass the above proposals or even more immediate or drastic ones. Some of the speakers urged the necessity of caution and sug- gested the elimination of the infection through quarantine at our ports, or abroad before shipment, rather than the total prohibi- tion of the plants that are assumed to be carriers of the infection or insect pest. Experts of the board confessed that no effective system of quarantine had yet been discovered, and that the pro- posals under discussion were the only way that they could devise out of a difficult situation. Importations of certain plants will be permitted through the Bureau of Plant Industry, but this would be of slight commer- mercial advantage. No action was taken at this hearing, but barring new evidence, it appears that the action of the Federal Horticultural Board will be along the lines suggested above. If that is done, most of our rhododendrons, azaleas, hollies, box, and roses will be available only as propagated in America. The majority of nurserymen agree that anything like an adequate supply will be out of the question for years, if the board takes the action which, in their opinion, is necessary for the safety of American agriculture and horticulture. NOTES The initial planting of the iris collection, extending along both sides of the brook, has been labeled, and the flowering season extended from about May 15 to June 30. Sixty out of over ninety varieties that were planted last fall have come into bloom. 96 Mr. Montague Free, head gardener, gave a talk on “Home Gardening” before employees of the City of New York, at the Municipal Building, Manhattan, on April 16, The Brooklyn Heights Seminary Club. held its spring meeting at the Garden on May 20. e indoor meeting and box luncheon were followed by an inspection of the grounds under the guidance of a member of staff. The annual meeting of the Woman’s National Farm and Gar- den Association was held at the Garden on Thursday, May 23, the president of the association, Mrs. Francis King, of Alma, Michigan, presiding. ‘The business session and luncheon were followed by a brief address by the director of the Garden, and an inspection of the grounds. The sixth annual Spring Inspection of the Garden by trustees, members and their friends, was held on the afternoon of May 28. On account of a severe thunder shower the visit to the planta- tions followed the serving of tea in the rotunda of the labora- tory building. During the assembling of guests in the lecture hall, colored lantern slides of native spring wild flowers were exhibited. The Garden library has recently received a number of gifts from Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, including over fifty photographs of botanists, authors’ original drawings of published papers on _hepatics, mosses and lichens, autograph letters of botanists, and valuable manuscript and correspondence. Addition to Endowment.—On June 13 the treasurer of the Institute received from two anonymous donors a gift of securi- ties of the par value of ten thousand dollars, as an addition to the permanent endowment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and to be known as the Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund. At the request of the donors, the income from this fund is to be expended for publications for the library or otherwise as the present director of the Garden may designate. 97 Miss Sophia deM. Carey, official lecturer for the British gov- ernment, addressed the meeting of the Flatbush Garden League, held at the Garden on the afternoon of June 14. Prof. George M. Reed, for two seasons resident investigator -at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, has been appointed in charge of the Cereal Disease Survey in the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, lowa and Minnesota. At present six men are doing field work under his direction. After the survey is completed, it is planned to inaugurate control measures. An Emergency Supply of Rubber —The department of botany of the University of California has undertaken a study of certain West American shrubs belonging to Chrysothamnus and other genera of the Compositae to determine whether or not an emer- gency or stipplementary supply of rubber exists in such native plants. This investigation is one of the projects of the botanical subcommittee of the Pacific Coast Research Conference acting under the Council of Defense of the state of California. Results thus far obtained indicate that the total amount of rubber present in these native species is considerable, but that the percentage yield of individual plants is too small to render its extraction profitable at present prices. If, however, the importation of raw rubber should be curtailed through enemy action, this emergency supply existing within the border of the continental United States could be utilized. It might be noted here that the quality of this new rubber is, according to rubber experts, somewhat better than the best grades of guayule, but not as good as Para.” (Science, May 10, 1918, p. 452.) Twenty-nine signatures were secured for enrollment in the Woman’s Land Army of America, at a meeting held at the Gar- den April 7, under the joint auspices of the Garden and the Woman’s Land Army. In the drive of May 20-27, 1918, for subscriptions to the Second War Fund of the Red Cross, one hundred per cent. of the employees of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden were enrolled as subscribers, the total amount of the subscription being $225.20. 98 Banana Plant Quarantine (Foreign) —The acting Secretary of Agriculture has issued Notice of Quarantine No. 31, stating that, on and after April 1, 1918, the importation into the United States from all foreign countries of all species and varieties of banana plants (Musa spp.), or portions thereof is forbidden. The purpose of this quarantine is to prevent the introduction of an injurious insect, the banana root-borer (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar), new to and. not heretofore widely prevalent or distrib- uted within and throughout the United States. An exception is made of specimens imported for experimental or other scientific purposes, and the order places no restrictions on the importation of the fruit of the banana. Dr. Olive spent June 3-8 in company with Prof. H. H. Wetzel, of Cornell University, in a week’s trip to study the plant disease conditions among the orchards and farms of the Hudson River Valley. This work is carried on in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture in an effort to increase food production by the checking and cure, as far as possible, of plant diseases. Much winter injury was encountered among the apple and other fruit trees, as well as considerable apple rust, onion smut, asparagus rust, and other similar diseases. Collections were made of most of these diseases, and much information was disseminated among the farmers and county farm bureau agents looking to disease control. A Botanical Highway—The Christian Science Monitor is authority for the statement that the Pacific Highway, designed to extend from British Columbia to Mexico, will be developed on either side as a continuous botanic garden and arboretum. Por- tions of this international roadway were constructed before the United States entered the war. According to the Momitor the movement to develop the highway along botanical lines was started in Santa Barbara, Calif., by the World’s Botanical Gar- den Association. It is stated that the central garden and nursery for southern species will be located at Santa Barbara. The bo- tanic garden idea is spreading in America. The editor of the Recorp has elsewhere urged the establishment of botanic gar- dens in all American cities having a population of 10,000 or more. ~The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PresipENT—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY First VicE-PrEsIiDENT—FRANK L. BABBOTT SECOND VIcE-PRESIDENT—WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ‘Tuirp Vice-Preswent—EDWARD C. BLUM TREASURER—G. FOSTER SMITH SECRETARY—HERMAN STUTZER GOVERNING COMMITTEE OF THE BOTANIC . GARDEN © ALFRED T. WHITE WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD ALBERT DeSILVER _ WILL GATES D. FAHNESTOCK “HERMAN STUTZER A. AUGUSTUS HEALY, Ex officio Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN f rb] eae i cs ompr ine scientifi ) ASES pr blished, A and é and ‘October. The purpose of the - concer ering and other Ke activities ite He seen in a ular, elementary in an ECORD Vor. VIL os : : : OCTOBER, 1918 — = No. 4 EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF BOTANY CONTENTS : : PacE A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn Reon eer Og Fifth Annual Children’s Garden Exhibit Boter ce serie Notes Aha eee AG See RG GS) PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES k A the Post-office at Lancaster. Pa., under Act ot hae 24, 1912. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER AND THE FOR THE i ADVANCEM ENT SERVICE OF OF BOTANY THE CTY VOLUME VII 1918 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 1, JANUARY PAGE Prospectus of courses offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1918... I Phytopathological survey of the trees and shrubs of Prospect Park nd the Botanic Garden (Brooklyn). leeRenonieo netic secOmdeseaSO S WOLK aye. eis tects stiane ree: 14 ‘Wave /Avanery [SYQqeKes! ao ean dodo oe oun omuooU ne dU OD OMeOUeCDoDELdodondnT 2 INGER 2 ee ee eae fae er Pe, ele ee ee D Oe rr OU.S COC 25 No. 2, APRIL Seventh Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1917 ....... 33 Gleraemoni dee IDihddteoin pase os eeEe OM dAnD otidoboudacoNecus duce a) Reporte of theiGurator vob Helamts) 2. caeee eee ernees crete teneeene 54 Report of theseurator of Public Instruction 2.2.90. -+ + eee 60 yore cr was ILplMeieliel paoqononeooococouoboooco ob ou soe ae dooot se 67 Einanciale Statements Om LOLZ sac sae eres crs ee cereveretenetentcmteetratene 74 Te axes 1d SeeNCCOUN beer ae ee eee eer ees 74 or Privates Guilds: ACCOUNLS) mea care ctr e -ciisioer eure ek tener Rerenstorsy 75 a Gorporate Stock ACCOUNtS acs rs else 9 neeetnee WT] Appendices I-2 ......... FREE a Vin, e Recah SO DOG COe IDOE nen On CROs cn 78 Nos, uLy, Effects of the severe winter on the woody plants in the Garden....... 83 Endowment of scholarship and prizes .............--ceseeeecsesenne 88 WWiaGecandenwlectiines, LQTS cn xe tteriereertste cists aleters ete Giitns «ely cele ets 80 Sciemcemm peace and Wal .. ans isetamtecbeirer ie clercic’e tala sis 0+ «ieirtele rare 89 National Research Council to be made permanent body.............. g2 Hearing on proposed restrictions on the importation of plants........ 03 INGXHOS: Rn ca See ee rant Sibu curac SUS Sa CeCe O EO acE Ea O 05 No. 4, OcToBEeR A brief history of the botanic garden idea in Brooklyn .............- 99 Fifth annual children’s garden exhibitpeieyecreeses +--+ es eee 112 INTO EES? le. ccc eccte ood ecg co ecece wiovG nub oie 0 oROeae Pee aI RAIN Tee Tegeccenscatiers ces Wise cia a aye 113 iv ILLUSTRATIONS Fic. PAGE 1: Weather-vane. Presented by the Class of 1016 «............++.+ 2. Laboratory Building. West View, Facing the Garden........ Opp. 33 3. Laboratory Building. View of Central Rotunda, aa West ITIMEON CHAN COs ees o