BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD NO. 1 JANUARY, 1942 VOL. XXX] TREES IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1942 13 GUIDE NO. aN ws \ hg es ES S > nS MOLT TOL eegne ns BY MAIL THIRTY CENTS PRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL “ taff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Ree ON ers FREE, Certificate, aon Botanic. Gardens = oe iculturist ARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator a Pattie Instruction ARTHU ALFRED SUND ERSEN, Scere de heen (Paris), Curator of Plants E AN rian tt J ’ ? M. REED, bb, Curator of Plant Pat ELLEN EDDY M.A., Curator of Elementary Instruction EN e MARGARET M. DORWAR D, A.B., Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Birra Art HAROLD A. CAP ARN, Consuling Landscape Architec RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, 5c.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) G. ELIZABETH ASHWELL, A.B., Curator Sava add ICHALENA LEFRERE CARR OLL, Ins or EMILIE PERPALL rece ICHESTER, Library ee ELIZABETH CLARKE, A.B., Curat orial Assistant CHARLES F. D NEY. M. iS. Assistant in Woody Plants H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant AMMOND, M.A., Ins TE S$ MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assis GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph.D., Research crs JEANNE PHYLLIS WALTHER, A.M., Reseorch Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant EDNA PALMITIER SCHACH Ts ee Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assista Ore HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director RANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, S tenaGy Cant VIRGINIA A. CLAY, Stenogr aphe Cola PURVES ELSON, B.A., Steno gvapher IY AG Rn Stenogra pher 2 Beginning as of November 1, 1941. nblished Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, Pa. e Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sen ies Brooklyn, N. Entered as re fe matter in the post-office at Lancast . Pa ‘a., under act of August 24, 1912 eaiok awe a ene, Ama-No-gawa, (Primus Flowering yf “Milky Wray’), ( Form Fastigiate Cherry ) Q7 c 3 (9% BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXI JANUARY, 1942 NO. 1 CNS: EN Pees BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1942 GuIpE No. 13 By ALFRED GUNDERSEN AND ArtTHUR H. Graves This list of trees is a companion to the List of Shrubs published a year ago. We have at present about 500 species of trees, repre- senting 130 genera, and in addition more than a hundred hybrids and varieties, making a total of about 620 kinds. Some of these are still in the nursery and a few are seedlings. The species are arranged in two columns, American trees on the left, those of Europe and Asia on the right; a vacant space implies that no species of the genus exist in that hemisphere. Coy The names are those of Rehder’s Manual, Second Edition (1940) ' with a few exceptions, about a dozen in all, which have been widely used for many years in both botany and horticulture. The numbers after the family names are approximately those of the Engler System, used in our arrangement of records, maps, and specimens. The drawings have been made from living plants by Miss Maud TA Rudy. Statieaicrst. Note: Vhe front cover illustration represents Davidia involucrata var J7ilmoriniana. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS /talics, Synonym h, Hardiness not dependable in Bo ely Di 1 Brooklyn d, Dioecious var, Variety | Rehder, Alfred. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 2d ed. New York, 1940, GYMNOSPERMAE AMERICA Orp Worn Ginkgoaceae (Ginkgo Family) 20 Ginkgo d biloba (Maidenhair-Tree ) Iie. 3. Betula—Birch. Leaves one-half natural size: bracts and nutlets, two and one-half times natural size. AMERICA Orp Wor.Lp Bark not white fontinalis (Western Birch- chine nsis nigra (Red B) a ee na Carpinus carohniana (American Horn- Betulus (European Hornbeam, bean Blue-Beech ) cordata japonica Turezaninowil Fargesiana (yedoensis ) laxiflora Corylus American hazels are shrubs a (luropean Hazelnut) chinenst Ce, (Turkish H) Ostrya virginiana (Hop-Hornbeam ) carpinifolia Fagaceae (Beech Family) 62 Castanea dentata (4 American Chestnut ) crenata ozarkensis tenryi punula (Chinquapin ) mollissima sativa Seguinii ke: OVJS agus erandifolia (American Beech) orientalis sylvatica (European Beech) var asplenifolia var atropunicea var laciniata var pendula var i: tla QUERCUS AMERICAN BLACK OAKS 3¥ . A S ‘ . =| ilicifolia f imbriceria Fie. 4. Quercus—American Black Oaks. One-half natural size. I4 Oaks (Ficures 4-6) There are more than two hundred species of oak. Of those native in North America, about fifty attain tree size. Oaks are much planted as ornamental trees, not only because their symmetry of habit and their large size add beauty and dignity to landscape ~ — esign; but also because their foliage is handsome at all times of the year, especially in the fall, when some species, e.g. the scarlet oak, assume brilliant autumnal tints. They are by no means al- ways symmetrical trees; aged individuals often present a gnarled and twisted appearance which also has its aesthetic value in land- scape art. The oak, a synonym for strength, sturdiness, and virility, is notably a long-lived tree; in some species its span of life extends to more than 1,000 years. In addition to the ornamental value, many species are important timber trees; the bark of some is rich in tannin and is used for tanning leather: the acorns of some are edible, and nearly all spe- cles produce wood which is valuable as fuel and useful in the manufacture of charcoal. We may divide the oaks into two chief classes based mainly on characters of leaves and acorns. These are the Black Oaks, which have leaves with bristle-tipped lobes and require two years for the ripening of their acorns; and the White Oaks, whose leaves have rounded lobes or sinuate teeth, usually without bristle tips, and which require only one year to mature their acorns. In the first class we have included Quercus Phellos and QO. imbricaria, whose leaves, being almost entire and willow-like, put them in the sub- class, “Willow Oaks.” In the second or white oak class we have included some of the Chestnut Oaks, whose leaf and acorn char- acters stamp them as a sub-class of white oaks. These are: Quercus bicolor, the swamp white oak; QO. montana, the chestnut oak ; and QO. prinoides, the chinquapin oak; the last, indeed, usually classed as a shrub. QO. myrsinaefolia, an evergreen oak of Japan and East China, is usually put in a class by itself, on account of its evergreen leaves and the peculiar concentric rings in the acorn cup. Quercus Cerris, + the Turkey oak, 1s exceptional in that it requires two years to Inature its acorns. QUERCUS AMERICAN WHITE OAK: Itc. 5,0 Quereus—American White Oaks. One-half natural size. AMERICA Orb WoriLp Quercus Ivergreen Oak myrsinaefoha h Willow Oaks imbricaria (Shingle O) Phellos (Willow O) Black Oaks coccinea (Scarlet O) iicifoha (Scrub O) palustris (Pin O) rubra (borealis, Red O) velutina (finctoria, Black O) White Oaks alba (White O) acutissima bicolor (Swamp O) aliena lyrata (Overcup O) Cerris (Turkey Oak ) macrocarpa (Burr O) Dalechampu montana (Q. Prinus Engelm, dentata Chestnut O) glandulifera Gambelii libanit (Lebanon O) Michauxi (QO. Prinus L, mongolica sasket O- robur (English O) stellata (Post O) var fastigiata undulata sessiliflora (petraca) Hybrids . 18 - x Rudkini (Phellos x velutina yo SS x heterophylla (Phellos x rubra) x Saulii (montana x alba) Ulmaceae (Elm Family) 63 Aphananthe aspera Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry ) sinensis QUERCUS OLD WorLD WP se ssiliflora é d M4 aliena glandulifera acutissima Fic. 6. Quercus—Old World Oaks. One-half natural size. AMERICA Orb Worip HTenuptelea Davidit Ulmus americana (American Elm) Davidiana fulva (Slippery FE) elabra (Scotch Elm) Thomasit (racemosa, Rock I) var Camperdown (Camper- serotina (Red E) down E) parvifoha (Chinese I) procera (English Ie pumila (Dwarf Asiatic I) Zelkova carpinifolia (admotdes) serrata sinica Verschaffeltii Moraceae (Mulberry Family) 64 2, zs ones sroussonetia d papyrifera (Paper Mulberry ) Cudrania d tricuspidata Maclura d pomifera (Osage-Orange ) Morus rubra (Red Mulberry ) alba (White Mulberry ) var pendula australis (acidosa) d microphylla Trochodendraceae (Trochodendron Family) 90 Kuptelea Francheti polvandra AMERICA Ortp Wortp Cercidiphyllaceae (Cercidiphyllum Family) 90a Cercidiphyllum japonicum d var sinense Magnoliaceae (Magnolia Family) 95 Liriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip-Tree) chinense var fastigiatum (pyraniidale ) Magnolia Flowering after or with leaves acuminata (Cucumber-Tree ) Sieboldi (parviflora) grandiflora (Bull Bay) h Fraseri macrophylla (Large-leaved M ) tripetala virginiana (glauca, Sweet Bay) Flowering before leaves denudata (Yulan M) liliflora salicifolia stellata (Star M) Hybrids x Soulangeana (denudata x Iih- Hora x var Lennei Annonaceae (Custard-Apple Family) 98 Asimina triloba (Northern Papaw ) AMERICA Otp Wortp Lauraceae (Laurel Family) 102 Sassafras officinale (variifolium, albidum) d Hamamelidaceae (Witch-Hazel Family) 123 Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-Hazel) Japonica arborea (Japanese Witch-Hazel) mollis (Chinese W) Parrotia persica Parrotiopsis —" Jacquemontiana h Laiquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet-Gum ) formosana h orientalis h Sinowilsonia Henry Eucommiaceae (Eucommia Family) 123b Eucommia ulmoides d Platanaceae (Plane Tree Family) 124 Platanus occidentalis (Plane Tree, But- orientalis (Oriental P) tonwood ) Hybrid x acerifolia (London P) (occidentalis x orientalis ) AMERICA Ortp Wortp Pomaceae (Apple Family) 126a Amelanchier canadensis (Shadbush) asiatica Crataegus coccinea (intricata) monogyna coccinioides Oxyacantha (English Haw- crus- galli (Cockspur Thorn) dur obr IVCTISIsS mollis var plena nitida var punicea Phaenopyrum aCe data, Wash- pinnatifida ington Thor Hybrids x Lavallei ( ?crus-galli x pubes- cens xX persistens (?x crus-galli) Chaenomeles sinensis Cydonia oblonga (Quince) Malus baccata (Siberian Crab) coronaria var mandshurica glaucescens ioensis (Prairie Crab-Apple) var gracilis var plena (Bechtel’s Crab) florentina ! flor Leck Hybrids Halliana var Parkmanu x arnoldiana (floribunda x bac- mee “(theif era) cata prunit olia atrosanguinea (Halliana x var ae fastigiata Sieboldii) (Carmine Crab A) Pratti x brevipes pumila Ronan Apple ) x Dawsoniana (fusca x pumila) var Niedzwetskyana x Hopa (baccata x pumila var — sikkimensis Niedzwetzkyana ) Sieboldit var arborescens bo bo AMERICA Ortp Wor ip Xx micromalus (spectabilis x bac- — spectabilis cata ) var Rivers X purpurea (pumila var Niedz- — toringoides wetzkyana x atrosanguinea) — Tschonoskii var Eley x Scheideckerit (floribunda x prunifolia ) Mespilus germanica (Medlar) Photinia villosa Pyrus communis (Pear) pyrifolia (serotina, Sand Pear) ussuriensis Sorbus Leaves compound americana (American Moun- aucuparia (Rowan-Tree ) tain-Ash ) commuxta , discolot i] ) “ . Hybrid »ohuashanensis x hybrida (aucuparia x inter- — Vilmorinii media ) Leaves simple Hybrid Aria (White Beam-Tree ) intermedia japonica torminalis (Wild Service-Tree ) x latifolia (Aria x torminalis) Drupaceae (Plum Family) 126b Prunus Pluins americana (Wild Plum) cerasifera angustifolia domestica (communis, Euro- hortulana pean Plum) lanata Simoni nigra (Canada P ) \ MERICA OLp Wortp Apricots Armeniaca (Apricot ) Mame a Jebgnese A) sibiric Peaches Davidiana (Chinese Peach) Persica (Peach) Cherries Flowers solitary or in short cluster pennsylvanica (Pin Cherry ) th (Sweet Cherry) ie pleno Maximowiczil pilosiuscula serrulata (Japanese Flowering (varieties are given below, p. Sieboldii (Taka-sago ) subhirtella (varieties are given below, p. — triloba (Flowering Almond) yedoensis (Yoshino Flowers many in raceme serotina (Black C) Maackit virgimiana (Choke C) Padus (European Bird C) JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRIES By Georce M. Rerep Japan is rightly called “Cherry Land.” Besides the many wild cherries growing in the mountain forests, the Japanese, from ancient times, have cultivated the cherries and produced hundreds of varieties, some with single and others with double flowers. Many places in Japan are famous for their beauty in “Cherry Vime.” During the last one hundred years varieties have been sent to other lands. Our National Capital is noted for its col- lection, presented in 1912 by the Mayor of Tokyo; and the glory of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is “Cherry Walk” in late April or early May, when the pink double-flowered Kwanzan is in bloom. In the spring of 1941, 76 trees of the variety Kwanzan, arranged in two double rows on the Esplanade, were set out and in the com- ing years will add to the attractiveness of the Garden. The flowering cherries may be expected to do well wherever the peach can be grown successfully. They are adapted to various ELE situations in ornamental plantings. Although they do not require excessive moisture, as do the willows, they make a fine display when planted in a setting along the banks of a stream or pond. Individual specimens on a lawn must have ample space for devel- opment. For such locations Kwanzan, with its large double pink flowers, Shirotae, with its pink buds and white flowers, and the Weeping Cherry, Shidare-higan, are very suitable. The fastigiate, or columnar, Ama-no-gawa, with semi-double light pink flowers, is effective in a formal planting. In addition to the variety Kwanzan on Cherry Walk and the esplanade, additional varieties of Flowering Cherries are planted nearby. 25 Varieties of Prunus serrulata Ama-no-gawa (Milky Way) astigiate form. Pale pink double flowers. Fugenzo (Goddess on a White Elephant) ‘Large tree. Pink double flowers. Late. Gijo- zakura (Dancing-girl Cherry ) Rather small tree. Flower buds deep pink; open flow- ers nearly white, semi-double. Hata-zakura Medium sized tree. White single flowers. Kur uma-yama (A Japanese Mountain n mall tree. Pale pink, ace small double flowers. Kwanzan (A Japanese Mount Large tree. The best doubl ie Hower pink. Late flow- — ering. Meigetsu (Full Moon) Medium sized tree. White single flowers. Medium sized tree. Large white single flowers. Shirotae (Snow White) Large tree. Pink buds, white flowers. The best double- flowered white. Early. Shiro-fugen (White Goddess) arge tree. Buds pale pink, fading to white; double. Shogetsu (Moon Hanging Low By a Pine Tree aall tree. Large white double flowers. Late. eli fukun (God of Taizan Mountain) aall tree. Pale pink double flowers. Taki-nio’ (Fragrant Cascad Small tree. Pure white single fragrant flowers. as (Yellowish ) Large tree. Greenish yellow double flowers. Washi-no-o (Eagle’s Tail) Small tree. Large single white flowers. Varieties of Prunus subhirtella eni-higan (Pink Equinox) Medium sized tree. Pink single flowers. Early. a ant higan (Pendulous Equinox) ue cherry. Pale ies single flowers. ree -zakura (October Bloome mall tree. ather small, eae pink single to semi- double flowers, produced in the fall as well as in the spring. 26 AMERICA Orp WortLp Mimosaceae (Mimosa Family) 127a Albizzia Julibrissin Caesalpiniaceae (Senna Family) 127) Cercis canadensis (Redbud) chinensis (Chinese R) Siliquastrum var alba Gleditsia aquatica japonica triacanthos (Honey Locust ) sinensis var inermis Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffee-Tree) = (chinensis, wanted ) Leguminosae (Pea Family) 128 Caragana arborescens (Siberian Pea- Tree) Cladrastis lutea (Yellow-Wood) platycarpa Laburnum alpinum (Golden-Chain) h var pendulum i] Maackia amurensis Robinia Pseudoacacia (Common Locust ) var Decatsneana viscosa (Clammy IL) AMERICA Ortp Wortp Sophora japonica (Japanese Pagoda- Tree) var pendula Rutaceae (Rue Family) 137 Evodia aniellit hupehensis Phellodendron d amurense (Amur Cork-Tree) chinense japonicum Lavallei sachalinense Ptelea trifoliata (Hop-Tree ) Zanthoxylum americanum (Prickly-Ash) d simulans (Bitngei) h Simaroubaceae (Quassia Family) 138 Ailanthus Giraldii glandulosa (altissima, Tree-of- Picrasma quassioides Meliaceae (Mahogany Tree Family) 140 Cedrela sinensis bo 6) AMERICA Orp Wortp Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) 147 Sapium sebiferum (Chinese Tallow- Tree) h Anacardiaceae (Cashew Family) 153 Cotinus d americanus (American Smoke- The Old World species is ree ) large shrub Rhus copallina (Dwarf Sumac) chinensis (javanica ) typhina (Staghorn 5S) Potanini Vernix (Poison S) punjabensis var sinica sylvestris trichocarpa verniciflua (Varnish-Tree ) Aquifoliaceae (Holly Family) 157 lex dubia (imonticola) d Aquifolium (English Holly) h opaca (American Holly) dipyrena macrocarpa Celastraceae (Bitter Sweet Family) 158 Euonymus atropurpurea Bungeana europaea (Spindle-Tree) japonica lanceifohia latifolia Maacku oxyphylla a NA pennsylvanicum Saccharum Fie. 7. Acer—American Maples. One-half natural size. 30 Mapies (Ficures 7-9) More than 100 species of maples are known in the world, with the centers of distribution chiefly in Central and Eastern Asia, Eastern and Western United States and in Europe. Thus the “maple belt’ extends with fair regularity around the whole north- ern hemisphere. With their mostly palmately lobed leaves (not pimnately lobed as in the oaks), and their double, winged fruit (schizocarp), the maples are a remarkably distinct genus, botanically. There is only one other genus in the world with similar botanical characters, Dipteronia, which, with Acer, forms the maple family. Dipteronia in several respects suggests Pterocarya in the walnut family. The pinnately leaved maples, including the boxelder (Acer Neguindo), form a transition between Dipteronia and the maples proper. ‘he chief importance of the maple lies in its use, horticul- 7 — turally, as a shade and ornamental tree for city streets, parks, and private grounds. Not only the stately form of the tree, but also the brilliant autumnal coloration of most species, the attractive colors of the flowers and fruits of many kinds, as well as its ready acceptance of soil conditions, make it an ideal subject for orna- mental planting. In no other country in the world is the autumn coloration of the foliage so brilliant and so varied as in the northeastern United States. It is said that “not a few travellers from Europe time their visits to the United States so that they can witness the spectacle of the color splashed hillsides.” For this annual spectacle the maples as well as the oaks are largely responsible; and the chief color bearers among the maples are the sugar maple and the red maple. The predominant color of the sugar maple is a rich golden yellow, but many of its outer leaves are often tinged with a glorious crim- liant, but their color — son. The red or swamp maples are also bri combinations are not as varied, nor so satisfying. In addition to their ornamental value, several kinds of maples are important timber trees; and some, particularly the sugar maple. yield a syrup and a sugar of a characteristic and remarkably de- licious flavor. Japonicum Buergerianum var. trinerve Fic. 8 Acer—Old World Maples. One-half natural size. 32 AMERICA Orp WorLb Aceraceae (Maple Family) 163 Acer Leaves simple, flowers terminal on leafy branchlets macrophyllum argutum ennsylvanicum (striata, Suergerianum Striped Maple, Moosewood) —campestre (English Field MT) saccharum ( Sugar M ) cappadoc icum var Schneckit (Western S. capillipes / carpinifoltum (Hornbeam \ spicatum (Mountain M) Davidi distylum Ginnala elabrum Heldreichii japonicum var aconitifolium Miyabet Mono ( pictian) Opalus (Italian M ) ie. (Japanese MM) platanoides (Norway M) var columnare var palmatifidum var Schwedlert Pseudoplatanus (Sycamore MM) rufinerve Sieboldianum tataricum ) truncatum Leaves simple, flowers on lateral leafless branchlets dasyearpum (saccharin, Sil- diabolicum ver AL) var pyranudale rar Wieri var Wiert rubrum (Red MM) var columnare Leaves compound (Boxelder Group) Negundo (Box-Elder ) cissifolium griseum nikoense DIPTERONIA ACER WZ BOx ELDER GRoup Acer griseum A.Negundo Fie. 9. Dipteronia and Acer (Compound-leaved Maples). One-half natural size. AMERICA Orp \WorLp Dipteronia sinensis Hippocastanaceae (Horsechestnut Family) 164 Aesculus glabra (Ohio Buckeye) Hippocastanum (Horsechest- octandra (Sweet B nut Pavia var Baumannii var pyramidalis Hybrid x carnea (Red H) (Hippo- castanum x Pavia) turbinata (Japanese H) Sapindaceae (Soapberry Family) 165 Koelreuteria paniculata (Goldenrain-Tree ) Nanthoceras sorbifolia Sapindus Drummondit h Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn Family) 169 Hovenia dulcis (Japanese Raisin-Tree) h Rhamnus caroliniana cathartica (European Buck- Purshiana thorn ) davurica Frangula Zizyphus Jujuba (Common Jujube ) AMERICA Orb Wortp Tiliaceae (Linden Family) 174 Tilia anericana (Basswood ) amurensis heterophylla (White [) cordata (Small-leaved Linden ) neglecta (Gray |.) dasystyla (Caucasus I.) Oliveri Hybrids platyphyllos (Large-leaved [_) x euchlora (cordata x dasystyla) — tomentosa (Silver xX europaea (vulgaris) (cordata x platyphyllos ) x Moltkei (americana x petio- laris ) Sterculiaceae (Sterculia Family) 178 Firnuana simplex (Sterculia Varasol-Tree) h platantfolia, Theaceae (Tea Family) 186 Franklinia (Gordonia) altamaha Known now only in cultiva- tion Stewartia koreana pseudocamellia Flacourtiaceae (Flacourtia Family) 199 Idesia polycarpa h d Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster Family) 215 laeagnus angustifolia (Oleaster ) Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-Buekthorn) d AMERICA Orb Wortp Nyssaceae (Tupelo Family) 220a Davidia involucrata h var Vilmoriniana Nyssa sylvatica (Tupelo) sinensis Araliaceae (Ginseng Family) 227 Kalopanax pictus (Alcanthopanax ricin- foliits ) Aralia spinosa (Hercules Club) Cornaceae (Dogwood Family) 22° Cornus Flowers without involucre alternifoha (Alternate-lLeaved controversa Dogwood ) macrophylla Waltert Flowers with tnvolucre florida (Flowering D) kousa (Japanese D) var rubra (Pink D) mas (Cornelian-Cherry ) officinalis Clethraceae (Clethra Family) 230 Clethra (acuminata, wanted ) barbinervis Ericaceae (Heath Family) 233 Oxvdendrum arboreum. (Sourwood ) AMERICA Orp Wortp Rhododendron maximum Smirnowl Sapotaceae (Sapota Family) 239 3umeha lanuginosa (Chittimwood ) lycioides Ebenaceae (Persimmon Family) 240 Diospyros d virginiana (Persimmon ) lotus var Josephine Styracaceae (Storax Family) 242 Halesia carolina (Silverbell-Tree ) (Macgregori, wanted ) diptera monticola Pterostyrax hispida (Epaulette-Tree ) Styrax americana dasyantha japonica (Storax) Obassia Oleaceae (Olive Family) 243 Chionanthus d virginicus (Fringe-Tree ) retusus Fraxinus Flower clusters terminal on leafy shoots cuspidata chinensis longicuspis Ornus (Flowering Ash) Paxiana AMERICA OLtp Wortp Flowers from axillary buds, calyx on fruit americana (American Ash) xanthoxy! pennsylvanica (Red A) var lanceolata (Green A) odes Ilowers from axillary buds, calyx none nigra (Black A) excelsior (European Ash) quadrangulata (Blue A) if var diversifolia holotricha Syringa amurensis var japonica (Tree lilac ) Boraginaceae (Borage Family) 252 Iehretia thyrsiflora Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) 257 Paulownia tomentosa (lmpress-Tree ) Bignoniaceae (Bignonia Family) 258 Catalpa linese C — bignomoides (Common Catalpa) ovata (Cl speciosa (Western C) Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) 271 Sambucus American species are shrubs mera (uropean Elder) Viburnum lentago (Nannyberry ) Lantana (Wayfaring-Tree ) pruntfolum (Black-Haw ) sieboldi 39 UNUSUAL TREES IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN By CuHarvLes F. DonEy Among some 600 kinds of trees growing in the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden the following 38 are worthy of special mention for their ornamental value, their survival here near the limit of t i" 1eIr range of hardiness, their rarity, or for other reasons. Salix Matsudana var. tortuosa. Willow Family. P. 8. An at- tractive tree of good habit, whose slender, upright branches are curiously twisted; particularly interesting after the leaves have dropped. Platycarya strobilacea. Walnut Family. P. 9. Though of no particular ornamental value, this small tree is interesting because of its fruits. It resembles the other members of the family in general characteristics, but is unusual in bearing its small nutlets ina short, cone-like catkin. China. Pterocarya stenoptcra. Wing Nut. Walnut Family. P.9. A handsome, rapidly growing tree, with either a short trunk or many branches from the ground. The small winged nuts are borne in pendulous racemes, often over 12 inches in length. China. Betula davurica. Birch Family. P. 9. This birch has attrac- tive, glossy foliage. Its slender branches and peeling brown bark make it picturesque also in the winter. N. E. Asia, Japan. Betula Maximowicsiana. Birch Family. P. 9. A handsome large tree, with dull orange or gray bark, its large leaves, some- times to 6 inches in length, make it outstanding among the birches. Japan. Corylus Colurna. Turkish Hazel. Birch Family. P. 12. One of the few arborescent hazels. A robust tree with attractive foliage, cultivated for centuries. The nuts are not freely pro- duced oe sia pne AW e\sia. Quercus dentata. Beech Family. P. 16. An Asiatic oak with stout hairy branches. The wavy-toothed leathery leaves are un- usually large, at times exceeding 8 inches in length; they turn brown early in the fall. Japan, China. Ulinus carpinifolia var. Koopmanntt. lm Family. P. 18. The Smooth Leaved Elm is a tall tree with straight trunk. The variety 40) Koopmannit, however, has a very short trunk and many upright branches forming a dense oval head. Zelkova serrata. Elva Family. P. 18. An uncommon tree, with leaves resembling those of the elm. It is the ‘‘Keaki” of Japan, whose wood 1s highly valued as a building material. Japan. Euptelea polyandra, TVrochodendron Family. P18. Small tree large shrub. The flowers, which appear along the branches before the leaves unfold, have no petals but are attractive because of the clusters of orange or red stamens. Grown more for botani- cal interest than ornamental value. Japan. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, WKatsura-Tree. Cercidiphyllum Fam- ily. P.19. A upright branches. The leaves are red when developing in the vandsome tree, usually with a short trunk and m: Wy — spring, and when fully grown they resemble the foliage of Cercty, our native red-bud. Japan. Lirtodendron chinense. Magnolia Family. P. 19. This Asiatic species differs from the American one in that it has more deeply lobed leaves and smaller flowers. China. Parrotia persica. Witch-Hazel Family. P. 20. A small tree with densely growing branches. The flowers open early in the spring and have attractive red stamens. Persia. Parrottopsis Jacquemontiana, Witch-Hazel Family. P.20. The flowers of this small tree have white bracts and suggest flowering dogwood. — Himalayas. Eucommia ulmoides. Chinese Rubber Tree. Eucommia Fam- ly. P. 20. A handsome tree with gray bark and glossy dark leaves; it contains a rubber-like substance. China. Chaenomeles sinensis. Chinese Quince. Apple Family. P. 21. Closely related to the cultivated quince, this species is a small tree The — with pink flowers and foliage that colors brightly in the fall. large oval fruit is fragrant but woody. China. Mespilus germanica, Medlar. Apple Family. its fruits. It 1s a coarse tree with solitary white P, 22. Long cultivated fo1 flowers and small hard fruits that are palatable only after they have hegun to decay. Europe, Asia Minor. Sorbus Aria. White Beam-Tree. Apple Family. P. 22. A beautiful tree whose bright green, simple leaves are white on the 4] under surface. The white flowers are followed by bright red berries. There are many garden forms. Europe. Sorbus commixta, Apple Family. P. 22. An oriental cousin of our native Mountain Ash, which it closely resembles. The pinnate leaves color brightly in the fall and remain on the tree for some time. Korea, Japan. Albizzia julibrissin. Silk Tree. Mimosa Family. P. 26. A small spreading tree with handsome, doubly pinnate foliage. The individual flowers are small, but they have long silky stamens anc are borne in compact, tassel-like clusters. The color varies from — pale pink to deep pink and the flowers are produced over a long period in summer. Persia to central China. Maackia amurensis, Pea Family. P. 26. One of the few trees that bloom in July. The upright clusters of fragrant white flow- ers are not particularly handsome, but they are freely produced and a tree in full bloom is attractive. Japan. Evodia hupehensis. ue Family. P. 27. A small tree with much character. In habit it is more or less round-topped, with pinnate leaves and flat clusters of inconspicuous flowers. The foliage remains green until late in the fall, which would make it a good street tree. Makes an interesting lawn specimen. China. Poncirus trifoliata, Trifoliate Orange. Rue Family. P. 27. The hardiest member of the orange group. In May the white — flowers open before the leaves, on flattened or twisted green branches. The ornamental fruits ripen in the fall; they are bitter and have little pulp. The Trifolate Orange is used as an under- — stock in grafting citrous fruits. Because of its strong sharp spines it is sometimes used as a hedge plant in milder climates. Northern China, Korea. Picrasma quassiotdes. Quassia Family. P. 27. Though closely related to Ailanthus it 1s more refined and has no troublesome traits. A small tree with glossy dark green leaves and long slender branches that at first are ascending but later tend to droop, some- what like pin oak. Bark very bitter; flowers inconspicuous, China, Japan. Rhus verniciflua. Lacquer Tree. Cashew Family. P. 28. A stout-branched tree with large pinnate leaves. The tiny flowers are borne in large showy clusters, and the yellow pea-like fruits in I _ ~~ — ot pendent clusters are interesting in the fall. Japanese lacquer is obtained from this tree. One of the poisonous sumacs. China, Japan. Acer griscum, Paperbark Maple. Maple Family. P. 32. One of the Boxelder group of Maples. [t is outstanding because of the thin, papery bark which peels off and exposes the smooth orange-brown inner bark. WW. China. Acer Opalus. Italian Maple. Maple Family. P. 32. A small. somewhat shrubby but very attractive tree. The leaves resemble those of the English Field Maple. It holds its leaves very late in the fall. S. Europe. Diptcronta sinensis. Maple Family. P. 34. Dipteronia is the only genus besides Maple in this Family. It is an interesting and very rare small tree, with ornamental, pinnate leaves. The flowers and fruits are of no decorative value. Though classed as a tree it has with us a shrubby tendency. China. fdesia polycarpa. Flacourtia Family. P. 35. Uf this tree were hardier it might be a popular ornamental, for the long clusters of red fruit are attractive. The yellow, apetalous flowers are af only passing interest, but the heart-shaped leaves are effective all sum- mer. Staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on separate trees. The staminate tree in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden did not survive the ward winter of 1934; the pistillate tree was only slightly in- jured. China, Japan. Davidia involucrata var Vilmoriniana. Dove Tree. Tupelo Family. P. 36. A tree with attractive foliage. The tiny flowers with prominent stamens are borne in compact heads with two conspicuous white bracts of unequal length at the base of the head. Trees in certain places are said to be spectacular when in full bloom, but here it has been of litthe ornamental value. Hlustration on front cover page. China. Kalopanax pictus. (Acanthopanay ricinifolius.) Ginseng Fam- ly. DP. 36. Somewhat unique ts this large tree with its palmate leaves resembling those of the Castor-oil plant, and stout branches covered with strong prickles. The large clusters of white flowers, sometimes 12 inches across, are attractive, and are followed by shiny black fruits. Hardy north of Brooklyn. China, Japan. 43 Cornus controversa. Dogwood Family. P. 36. This species and the American Cornus alternifolia are the only dogwoods with alternate leaves. Its wide-spreading, horizontal branches are pro- duced in tiers. Because of its interesting way of branching, its good foliage and white flowers in May it makes a good lawn specimen. China, Japan. Cornus macrophylla. Dogwood Family. P. 36. A small tree. Cos somewhat like Cornus controversa. The long-pointed leaves are large, often exceeding seven inches in length, and in late June the tree 1s very attractive with its broad clusters of white flowers. China, Japan, Himalayas. Cornus Waltert. Dogwood Family. P. 36. Though quite dif- ferent in habit and not so handsome as the preceding species, it is nevertheless an interesting and worth while small tree. China. Oxydendrum arboreum. Sorrel-Tree or Sourwood. Heath Fam- ily. P. 36. Another tree that blooms in mid-summer. In July the small white flowers are carried — 1 drooping branched clusters. The foliage of this slender tree, which reaches its best development in the mountains of Tennessee, is dark glossy green and in the fall becomes brightly colored. A handsome small tree that de- serves wider appreciation. Being a member of the Heath Family it requires a lime-free soil. Much planted along the Hutchinson River Parkway, Westchester County, N. Y. Pennsylvania to Louisiana. Pterostyrax corymbosa. Epaulette Tree. Storax Family. P. 37. A vigorous tree with rather coarse, light green foliage. The white flowers are so arranged in the pendulous clusters that they resemble a series of epaulettes. Japan. Ehretia thyrsifora. Borage Family. P. 38. Ehretia has small white flowers and coarse follage. It is grown here mainly for botanical interest, for it 1s the only member of the Family to become a tree in this climate. China, Japan. Catalpa Fargest. Bignonia Family. P. 38. In its native habitat this Catalpa is a tall tree. In Brooklyn it is more or less shrubby, and so far has not produced its flowers, which are unusual in yeing pink. China. —; 44 MEMORIAL AND GIFT TREES 3y C. Sruart GAGER “From time to time, since it was established, the Botanic Garden has been offered gifts of money to be used for planting a tree or providing some other object to be prominently placed and desig- nated by a bronze tablet or other suitable marker as a memorial to someone related to or greatly admired by the would-be donor, but concerning whom the proposed memorial would be the first intimation to the general public that such a person had existed. City authorities have had such proposals with reference to public squares and parks. The motive of the donor is of the highest, but it requires only a brief consideration to make clear the impropriety of placing such marked memorials in public places. After a thor- ough consideration of this matter, the Botanic Garden Govern- ing Committee, some time ago, adopted the following resolution : “Resolved, that no memorial inscriptions should be permitted within the Botanic Garden other than to those whose life and whose scientific, educational, or civic activities have been such as to entitle them to commemoration in public places.” (19th Annual Report of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 1929.) Services to botanical science and in particular to the Brooklyn 3otanic Garden may be recognized by suitable inscriptions on ap- proval of the Botanic Garden authorities. Of course when trees are presented to the Botanic Garden the name of the donor is designated on the label, just as the names of donors are acknowledged on the labels of gifts exhibited by museums. The grounds have now become so completely planted with trees and shrubs that there are no longer available any unoccupied loca- tions for memorial ¢ r gift trees, and the following plan was adopted nearly ten years ago. One wishing to present a tree may select any unassigned tree on the grounds and by payment of Fifty Dollars, may qualify as the donor of the tree, and may be so designated on the label. The donor thus has the advantage of — securing a tree that has become well established, avoiding the risk of success with a newly planted young tree. The donor—an in- SLES dividual or an organization—may, if he wishes, designate the tree 45 as a memorial to any person (e.g., Linnaeus) not already com- memorated in the Garden and within the limitations indicated above. This plan became effective in 1932. Part of the payment is used to provide a suitable label, the remainder to enrich the collection of living plants. As will be seen from the following list, several trees have been thus endowed. — It is our hope to have all the Schwedler Maples on the Esplanade endowed in this way. Five have been so designated. A total of nineteen trees have been presented to date, as follows, in chrono- logical order. List oF MrmoriaL AND Grrr TREES SWEET GuM (Liguidambar Styraciflua) Planted September 12, 1912, by Prof. Hugo de Vries, the great Dutch botanist, author of the mutation theory of evolution, one of the founders of modern plant physiology, director of the Hortus Botanicus, Amsterdam. At the time of his death he was considered by many as the greatest living botanist. Local Flora Section. Turie TREE (Lirtodendron Tulipifera) Planted October 16, 1913, by Prof. Adolf Engler, director of t the Engler and Prantl system of plant classification. The Syste- — 1e Botanical Garden and Museum at Berlin, and co-author of matic Section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is arranged ac- cording to a modification of this system. Local Flora Section. Witte OaK (Quercus alba) Planted May 9, 1916, by Mr. Alfred T. White, at the Second Annual Spring Inspection of the Garden. At the time of his death, January 29, 1921, Mr. White was generally considered as the leading citizen of Brooklyn. He was the “father” of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and its greatest benefactor. Donor of the Japanese Garden, the Conservatory Plaza Lily Pools, and one-third the cost of the completion of the buildings; under- writer of research in plant pathology. White Oak Circle, Sys- tematic Section. AG PIN OAK (Quercus palustris ) Planted May 9, 1916, by Miss Frances E. White, eldest sister of Mr. Alfred T. White. Her generosity helped to make the Brook- lyn Botanie Garden possible. One of the greatest benefactors of the Garden. The tree is located north of the Loeal Flora Section, Rep OAK (Quercus rubra) Planted May 9, 1916, by Miss Harriet H. White, sister of Mr. Alfred T. White. Her generosity helped to make the Brooklyn Botanic Garden possible. One of the greatest benefactors of the Local Flora the Garden. The tree is located north o Section. BLACK OAK (Quercus velutina ) Planted May 9, 1916, by Mr. A. Augustus Healy, President of the Board of Trustees when the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was established, a member e.v officio of the first Botanic Garden Govy- erning Committee, and one of the large benefactors of the Garden. The tree is north of the Local Flora Section. SILVER LINDEN (Tilia tomentosa) Planted October 25, 1923, by Ellen Eddy Shaw, first Curator of elementary Instruction at the Botanic Garden. She organized and developed our extensive educational work with children and the teachers of children. Linden Triangle, near the south Wash- ington Ave. gate and just north of the Children’s Garden. AMERICAN ELM (UUmuts americana) Planted April 24, 1925, by the Girl Scouts of Flatbush. Girl Scouts Triangle near south Flatbush Ave. entrance (Richard Young gate). Rep FLlowrrep HorsecirestNutr (slesculus carnea—Hybrid of A. Hippocastanum x Al, Pavia) Given in 1925 by Miss Isabelle R. Reynolds, Cambridge, 4 — ass. Pink Doawoop (Cornus florida var. rubra) Planted May 6, 1931, by the Women of ’76 Chapter, N.S.D.A.R. George Washington memorial tree. Located near the center of the Lilac Triangle. 47 CHESTNUT Oak (Quercus heterophylla) Planted October 31, 1931, by the New York City Federation of Women’s Clubs, Inc., in honor of George Washington. North end of the Local Flora Section. Swamp Post Oak; Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata) Endowed October 31, 1932, by the New York State Organiza- tion, National Society D.A.R. in honor of the State Regent, 1929-1932. Systematic Section. ARMISTICE MAPLES (Acer platanoides var. Schwedleri) The planting of two double rows of Schwedler maples on the Esplanade was completed in the fall of 1918, near the date of the Armistice (November 11), that terminated the World War of 1914-18. There are 20 trees in each row, and it is hoped that each of the eighty trees may ultimately be endowed. To date there are five, as follows: By the Colonial Daughters of the 17th Century. January 14, MESS), By Mrs. Walter V. Cranford. January 14, 1933. By the. Pont Green Chapter, N.S.D.A.R, May 2, 1933. By the Battle Pass Chapter, N.S.D.A.R. October 25, 1934. By the Women of ’76 Chapter, N.S.D.A.R. June 17, 1936. pa Horsecuestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanune) Endowed May 14, 1935, by the Brooklyn Civic Couneil in honor of Hon. Lewis H. Pounds, President of the Borough of Brook- lyn (1914-1917), State Treasurer of New York (1924-1926), founder (1923) and chairman of the Brooklyn Civic Council, in recognition of his extensive and valuable services to the State, the City, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Systematic Section. DousBLE FLowerED HorsecuestNut (Aesculus Hippocastanum var. Baumanit) Endowed June 12, 1935, by the faculty and students of the Girls Commercial High School (Brooklyn), Miss Evelyn W. Allan, Principal, in commemoration of the Twenty-fifth Anni- versary of the founding of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sys- tematic Section. 48 INDEX OF GENERA AND COMMON NAMES Citations are to page numbers; for Latin names family numbers are added fee (23 ; Z Acer (163) 32 caluct o4) 34 Ailanthus (138) 27 Albizzia ( 27a) 26 Alder 9 Alnus(61) 9 Amelanchier(126a) 21 AY Fananie (63) 16 spen ¢ Bald-C ypress salm-of- meas 8 Basswood . | Betula (61 ) Big 9 318 Tree, See Sequoia 7 hae | 38 ae Bee ch 12 Box-Elder 32 cue ncta on) ifs Buttonwood 20 Caragana ( ‘ca 26 ele a Carya (6! ( aCe 12 Catalpa ( (258) 38 edar 3 9 ( care a ( ne — r wv ot Celtis 3). ( oe fee ?1) Corcidiphyllum (90a ) 19 27b) 26 Chaenomeles(126a) 21 Chamaecyparis(25) 7 in parenthes Cherry 23 Chestnut 12 Chinese Chinquapin l eee a 37 ( hi tt es 3 Corylus(61) 12 Cottonwood Crab-Apple ( eens ! os 21 to wat upressus ines 1262 ) 21 Cypres Ehretia (252) 38 Elaeagnus(215) 35 Elder 38 Elm 8 Empress- Tree 38 Paaictest ree 37 Eucommia(123b) 20 = on Evodia (137) oe 12 ee, I ‘irmiana ( (178) 35 “itz 7 Flowering Almond 2, inia (186 ry creme 243) 3) ringe-Tree 37 Ginkgo (20) Gleditsia (12 7) 20 VTallow-Tree 2 Hack berry 16 alesia (2 Juniperus(25) 7 (;olden-Chain 26 Idenrain-Tree < Go Gordonia(186) 35 Gymmnocladus(127b) 26 t 12 gay aa 1s ck ¢ evntes lub 36 ickor pooh o(218) 35 olly oney 1 ust 26 pois Rete 12 op-Tree 27 ornbeam 12 orsechestnut 34 Hovenia( 169) 34 Idesia ( 199 ) 35 Ilex (157) 28 Incense-Cedar Japanese Pagoda-Tree 27 Japanese Raisin-Tree 34 ~ ke mi ix(227) 36 Ker ky Coffee-Tree 26 Koelrenterin( 168) aoe 128) 26 rch 3 x (23) me 7 dlac, Tree 38 Jiquida mbar ( 123) 20 Ariodendr¢ mi(98) 19 eocust 26 Maackia( 128) 26 Maclura(64) 18 Magnolia(95) 19 49 Maidenhair-Tree 2 ue Sony 8 Sumac 28 eer ] 26a ) 21 ickly-Ash 27 Sweet Bay 19 Maple 32 eee 1 26b) 22, weet-Gum 20 Medlar 2 Pseudolarix (23) 6 Sore a(243) 38 vei 1 ee Pseudotsuga(23) 6 Mockernut -telea (137) 27 Hesse 24) 7 Monke Duzele 2 -terocarya (60) 9 Taxus(21) 2 Moosewood 32 Pterostyrax (242) 37 Thuja (25) 7 Morus (64) 18 Pyrus(126a) 22 Thujopsis(25) 8 Mountain-Ash 22 Tilia (174) 35 Mulberry 18 cnean tea 16 Torreya(21) 2 Quince 21 ree-of-Heaven 27 Nannyberry 38 IC) 6 Nyssa ( 3204) 36 Redbud 26 _ Tulip-Tree 19 Red-Cedar 7 Tupelo(220a) 36 Jak 16 Rhamnus(169) 34 Oleaster 35 Rhordadendros OF Uimus(63) 18 age-Orange 18 Rhus (153) Teahealla_ Pine 7 Ostrya(61) 12 le oa 26 Cea eS eo Orncaiaaa 233) 36 Rowan-Tree 22 Weainicneiresnes p apa 19 Sie: Viban7 ) 38 een Tree 35 Sambucus (271) 38 -arrotia (123) a Sapindus (165) 34 Waln Bch ree Parr ouepelse ) 20 Sapium(147) 28 Ww sign, A ua Pau ce a(257) sassafras 20 Waytaring oes : 23 Sciadopitys (24) 7 WI hite Bean ree ae ae 3D Sea-Buckthorn 35 Wild Service “Tree 22 Pecan 9 Sea ciadendron\ (24) 7 Willow oF -ersimmon 37 Shh adbush 21 Wingnut ? 5 Phellodendron ( 137) 27 iene p ea-Tree 26 itch-Hazel 20 hotinia(126a) 22 Silverbell-Tree 37 i Picea (23) 3 Sinowilsonia (123) 20 Sat roceras (165 yeas es eel 138) 2 Smoke-Tree 28 anthoxylum, See Zan- ignut 9 Sophora(128) 27 aa Pine Sorbus(126a) 22 Ee nus (23) 3 Sourwood 36 Yellow-Wood 26 lane-Tree 20 aes ree 28 Yew 2 Platanus (124) 20 Spruce 3 ey auc ya(60) 9 Stew Bee 186) 35 ea ean : BLye 27 2 Storax 37 Zelkova (63) eden 8 Styrax (242) 37 Bee oy a 50 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, ores and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brookly A — ay, N. Y., the sum of.............. Jollars, the in- come from which tet sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship ] hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn eee of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, Oo —_ ., the sum of................ Jollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic a. the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, nena and aes to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income from which sum to ‘he used in “9 ee of a fellowship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Ses eg Base seoa shige ees Bon a SNRS Sy huss Ph et a Aaa aves pie cace ee aaeeraes fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and rae ath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be ie (or the income ee which ey be used) i the Brooklyn pote Garden * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the results of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical publication. 4. The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. 5. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures. 6. The purchase and mene of plants. 7. The beautifying of the grounds. 8. The purchase of aa for the library. 9. Extending and enriching our work of public educatio 10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the coe Botanic Garden for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical workin the High Schools of the City of New York ey INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: I. Annual, by annual payment of ....... S 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 29 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 AMleiiey DVsOne Pay IMent Ol sa 40055 aa 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,900 Om Ono MabyaOnecepayillelt Ol. fnateiean mney: 10,000 Pararion, Dye One payinent Of of. e —_— ew F ~ The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRE: JAMES G. McDONALD, LL.D. First VicE-PRESIDENT SEcOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT CHARLES PRATT TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA ae Chairma PHILIP A. BENSON, Vice-Chmn. LEWIS W. feos EDWARD C. BLU ffict Wal , Bx o LTER HAMM MRS. WIL M H. CARY? WILLIAM T. WILLIAM G ER MES G. McDONALD, Ex officto WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNA LEWIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio ALFRED E. MUDGE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FOLLOWING OFFICIALS OF THE on or New York THE MAYOR HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER ae PARKS eee INFORMATION MEMBERS —All s who are interested in the objects and maintenance cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 early; Contribu Hing Membership, $100 bee Life Membership, $500. Full in- Eee aation concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brook- lyn Botanic Cia 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Main 2-4433. THE Botanic GARDEN is open free to ae eG daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sunday and Holidays it is open at 10a ANCES.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospec ie Park; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin The street uence to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite eae SIST Meters: and others in studying eee collections ae eRe Hs docent seas be obtained. This service is free of charge : prele the anic Garden; to others there i is a charge a 50 cents per per (es ao eeteate. he be made by ppplieson to the Chie or of Public instettaen at least one day in advance. No p Shee He ss than six Prati will be conducte To Reacu wn take Broadway (B.M.T.) Shbwar to Prospect Park Station; Interborough “Subway to . Eastern Pee -Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolle ey t Sar iinice Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, or Tompkins Avenue feailee to Flatbush Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Ster- ling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street or McDonald-Vanderbilt Mae Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, follow the Parkway to Washington Avenue, en turn ri then turn right. 1 Resigned from the Board October 9, 1941. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; bimonthly (1929-1932) ; aera (1933-). Contains, mong other things, the Annual Report of the eg and heads of departments, special reports, educational Peat bec tus, See Galles Pag $1.00 a year. Guide aR specially priced. Cnt in 59 cou MEMOIRS. Established, te 1918. Published te es Not offered in exchange. Circulates in 48 coun Volume I. Dedication ‘sith 5 scientific ae ee at the dedication of the fakorataes building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50, s pos Volume a The vegetation of Long Island. ae a6 ie vegetation of Montauk: A study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. $1 .00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment. By ior ik eae and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60. Vol nty-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 years peogtess’ i ne 11910-1035) : 5 papers onhorticulture. 1936. 133 ics, $1 sg CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. Papers originally published in per i- odicals, reissued as “separates” without change of paging. 25 numbers constitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in "34 countries. No. 91. iene studies on the covered smut of oats. By Paul F. Brand- wein. 19 pages. 1940. No. 92. eeding work toward the development of a timber type of blight- resistant paret Report for 1939. By Arthur Harmount Graves. 5 pages. 1940. No. a Notes on the Tennessee Flora. By H. K. Svenson. 50 pages. 1941. No. 94. Inheritance of smut resistance in some oat hybrids. By George M. Reed. 7 pages. 1941. No. 95. Br ceding work toward the development of a timber type of blight- resistant ee Report for 1940. By Arthur Harmount Graves. 8 pages. 1941. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. Contain popular, elementary issue. Free to members of the en. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circulates if "28 countries. fares ment since 1936 GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and gro ane Rou based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the REcorD; see a Guide No. 9. The Rose Garden of the Broohly ae Garden, 12 illus- trations, folded map. By Montague Free. Price, 50 c de . 10. Gardens within a garden: A oe) guide to the grounds of ies Nee Botanic Garden. Second Edition. 56 pages; a pulustea ions Folded y C. Stuart Gager. Price, 25 cents; by mail, 30 c neans No. 11. List of shrubs, exclusive of conifers, growing outdoors in the Brooklyn Botanic or et 32 pages; 5 illustrations. By Charles F. Doney. Price, 25 cents; by mail, Guide N : fothcs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Classification, Cultiva- tion, Pathology. 34 pages; 14 illustrations. By Alfred Reka ihe Montague Free and George # Reed. Price, 25 cents; by mail 30 ies ST (Delectus Seminum). See pee 1914. Tempo- rarily arene since 1940. COLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the oi em Society oF AMERICA. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countri N nce: Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in codperation with GENETICS, INCORPORATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries. NO, 2 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXI APRIL, 1942 CONTAINING THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Oo PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS ANCA PA Ry BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director eae FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Garden s, Kew, Horticulturist HUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction Ni RED GUNDERSEN, oreo - Université (Paris), Curator of Plants WILLIAM E. JORDAN, ‘S., Librarian GEOR M. REED, Ph. De Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY S$ LA SVENSON, PhD., Curato Curator of Ey Ries uction HENRY K rim MARGARET M. DORWARD, AB. , Assistant Cialoe of ies aiin Instruction of the H Other Officers r of Oriental eaten and Floral Art cape ct MARY AVERILL, H ener ary Curato HAROLD A. PARN, Cone ulting Lands Archit ELIZABETH REMSEN TAN BRUNT, Honorary os cies of Culinary Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH Hi CHENEY, Sc:D.. Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) G. oe ASHWELL, A.B., Curatorial Assistant MI LENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor I S ibrar | 1 stay BET RKE, A.B., Cura CEEARLE Y, M.S., Assistant in Woody Plants H. DURKIN, Curatorial Ass ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, Instructor ES M. MINER, A.B., Ins HESTER M. R , A.M., Instructor RY 2. UDELL, Geena AONE, , Research Ass MARGE L. GORDON U JEANNE PHYLLIS WALTHER. “AM, Research eo tye BUHLE, aialoe ottes AUD H. PURDY, ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant EDNA St ee SCHACHT, Assistant Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodia ee os BREWSTER, Stenographer RGINIA A. CLAY, Stenogr apher CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, , Stenographer LORRAINE LaROCHE, ene BY Ao Ls Stenographer ublished Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, Pa. y the enor d asttuts, of Arts and Sears Brookl n, N. Y. e post-office at Lancast , Pa. under act of August 24, 1912 Entered as gece class matter THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824. REINCORPORATED, 1890 Aprtax VAN SINDEREN, President. Epwarp C. Bum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN ACADEMY O BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE—MAin 2-4433 THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM CENTRAL MUSEUS SASTERN PARK WAY—N Evins 8—5000 CHILDREN’S MUSEU sie as taalepoae YN AVENUE AND PARK PLACE ospect 38-7117 MEMBERSHIP You are cordially invited to become a member of one or all of the Departments of the Brooklyn Institute. The annual fee in each Department is $10, carrying full privileges in the division of your choice and partial privileges in the other two. Membership runs for twelve months from the time it is taken out. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free adimis- sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion pictures, young people’s programs, field trips, etc. Also: reduced rates for special courses and programs. ApRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Chairman, Governing Committee. Jutius Bioom, Director, THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. Also: docent services, privileges of library and herbarium, free publications, advice on all aspeets of wardening, ee ibution of surplus Uae material, and visiting membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. roverning Committee. Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, Director. ~ Miss Hitpa Lotnes, Chairman, THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses, p)uteane) 22) records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services. Also: five Museum Boa free of charge anc other Museum publication: at reduced price Water H. Critrenven, Chairman, Governing Committee. LAURANCE P. Roserts, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, school ceremonies, dances, and other events. Wittiam T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. HErsert T. SWIN, Building Superintendent, il PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages and carrying on fund: unental investigations. Members of the Garden have the opportunity of furthering these aims. Special membership privileges are also offered as follows: 1. Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants suecess- fully, involving methods of culture, and control of insect and fungous pests. Inquiries regarding the identity of plants will be answerec 2. From time to time distribution of a ornamental plant material and seeds is made to members of the Garden, 3. Invitations for self and friends to the Annual pring Inspection, and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of admission to all exhibitions anc openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions ; admission of member and one guest to held trips and other Solentlic meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewher Services of a guide (by appointment ) for self and party, when visiting the Garden. \ll courses of instruction are free to members. In laboratory courses a small fee is charge 6. The Library and eee are available for consultation. Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the Bet ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time 8. As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues s pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical papers based upon the researches carried out at the Garden. Special Guides to plantations and collections, and Leaflets of popular information are distributed to all members; also the quarterly Record, which includes the Annual Report of the Garden's — | ab + N< activities. 9. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other one and on presentation of membership card in Brook lyn Botanic Garden bet CLUB MEMBERSHIPS For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the Garden in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follows Annual Memberships —Garden Clubs or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days and the annual Spring Inspection in May. The Club may also hav e the following privileges: — a. The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservator ies, followed by tea. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club. b. One extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden supplies, on request, a list of staff members avail- able for outside lectures. Arrangements will be facilitated if the Club will, with each request, les signate at least two names. ea One memes of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in courses of instruction for which tuition 1s charged to non-mem- bers. In pee ae Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost ‘of materi Sustaining Memberships —Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual pay ment to the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dolla Sustaining membership clubs ay oy the full pave of annual membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition 1s charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mural lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. lv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. ‘This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, PI uladelphia, Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, 7 Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Ieverhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Iield Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Il. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Massachusetts Horticwltur: al Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, mt Louis, Mo. ewark Museum, Newark, N. J. ew York State Museum, Albany, N. Y. Peabody Museum of Archaeology ah Ethnology, eee Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphiz 1 Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Phila, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Cal Vv INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of [ducation. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden, Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: ieAnnual; by anntial-payment of 72). $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... a 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 4 Meite, by, OMe. payMeCntOl cgi ae eer te 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,900 6; Donorebyone:payment.Of . 2.4: .<2y cues 10,000 (= Patho by One sayleMe Ol ge eres 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had_ by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, . Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Main 2-4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. al FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes ereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Jollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts id Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of................ Dollars, as an series ment for a sinetorehip in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the ae rie of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as e (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) cele Form of Bequest for a Fellowship hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellowship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Se ere Nees enagintatiospal4 austere eta, ate We scene Aa ane eet ees fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator reby give, ae and eee to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Cie Brooklyn, N. Y., the 1 of Doll ars, to be used or the income eg w a io 5 be eee) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the results of botanical investigations, 3. Popular botanical publicat 4. The endowment of a (ennai: or a lecture course. 5. Botanical illustrations for aa and lectures. 6. The purchase and eae of oe 7. The beautifying of the gro 8. The purchase of pdb cae a the library. a . Extending and enriching our work of public education. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic 8 for botanical research, or for oie ior excellence of botanical work in t High Schools of the City of New Yo Vil Pre BO TLANTEsGAR Dilan AN De iti CrT y Tue Brooktyn Borantc GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is t — rough the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay cer- tain salaries, with private funds. The interest on One Million Dollars at the rate of 3.5 per cent, added to the present private funds income, would restore that in- come to the 1930 figure. The director will be glad to give full information as to the uses for which such additional income is — needed. Vill REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2, Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o'clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the 3otanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on congested paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (MAin 2-4433). n eo ae _ oP : Tat ‘te oe Fic. 1. Willows along the Brook. Systematic Section. Planted, October, 1912. (10,111) BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXI APRIL, 1942 THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT Ol THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1941 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR! To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith my Thirty-first Annual Report. In 1941 the Brooklyn Botanic Garden entered upon the fourth decade of its existence in a world that, in some respects, differs from that of 1910 as greatly as 1910 differed from the year 300 B.C., when Aristotle and Theophrastus were laying the founda- tions of botany in Athens. In 1910 automobiles were as scarce as horses are now, motion pictures had hardly reached the ‘“nickleodeon”’ stage, and the radio had not yet come into public there was no such thing as broadcasting. There were no The European and Asiatic ” and ‘‘totalitarian- use income taxes; women had no vote. nations were all governed by kings, “‘facism ism,’ as such, had not been heard of, communism was a philo- sophical doctrine and not a political fact. Now all these things are part of the warp and woof of daily life. The contrast is as great in the intellectual sphere. Newtonian mechanics held almost undisputed sway in physics, relativity was a new conception, the transmutation of one chem1- cal element into another was still only a dream, not an accom- plished fact, the atom had only just been shown to be particulate, ! Front cover page, ‘Roses of Yesterday’ (Bronze), in the Rose Garden. Given, 1937, by Mrs. Walter V. Crawford, Greenwich, Conn, In 1910 the 55 56 the universe was not ‘‘known" to be ‘expanding’; vitamins, which are now deliberately included in our diet and our medicines and purchased by name at the grocers and druggists, had only just been discovered —a few of them; growth-promoting sub- stances in plants were talked about but had not, as now, become familiar laboratory reagents; the science of Ecology was in the cradle, heredity was just beginning to be studied experimentally and quantitatively. Moreover, in 1910 there prevailed national standards of taste and conduct in literature, art, and morals that were deeply rooted in the past and whose validity was generally recognized. There is always change, but the period of 1910 seemed characterized by relative stability, that of 1941 by instability. We have passed from a period of cosmos to one bordering on chaos. Since the above paragraphs were penned the nation has been stunned by the perfidy of December 7, at Pearl Harbor, and we close the year with our country officially in a war against forces which are attempting ‘the greatest effort at universal disintegra- tion ever undertaken.” It should be gratifying to the trustees, as it is to the staff, that while a gigantic and ruthless effort is being made in one part of the world to disrupt and destroy what has gone before, the work of the Botanic Garden is a part of the constructive, enduring activities of mankind—of perpetuating and enriching a civiliza- tion having its roots in the past, but ever evolving into something better and nobler. EFFECT OF THE WAR ON BoTANIC GARDENS The effect of the war on botanic gardens, as on colleges, mu- secums, and scientific institutions generally, has been both direct and indirect. Some of them, like Kew, have been bombed: members of staff have been conscripted, killed, or driven into exile, or languish in concentration camps. Financial support has dwindled or ceased altogether. Research is hampered, publica- tions have terminated or have been greatly reduced. This is reflected in the marked decrease in the number of our foreign exchanges. The international exchange of seeds has almost come to a stand-still, and the publication of ‘Lists of Seeds ~ a7 a] ~ Offered in Exchange” has been temporarily discontinued | nearly all gardens, including our own, y In the matter of publications, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has adopted the plan of printing enough copies to supply our European exchanges and subscribers and storing them until such time.as sanity and order may be restored in the world. We should mention here the admirable plan of the American Library Association of placing a limited number of subscriptions for foreign scientific and educational periodicals for institutional subscribers in the countries at war, arranging to have the pub- lishers store the copies as published until authorized to make delivery after the cessation of hostilities. Under this plan we have received 40 subscriptions to Ecology and 30 to Genetics for the 1941 volumes. Renewals for 1942 are also anticipated. Our printers have assured us that they have provided paper stock sufficient for our various publications for one and possibly two years, unless there should be some unanticipated change in the situation. New York City Defense [emergency The first week in June we received Mayor LaGuardia’s De- fense Emergency Order No. 1, giving notice of the establishment of a Fire Department Auxiliary Corps and a Corps of Local Fire Wardens to function under the immediate direction of the Fire Defense Coordinator and appointing Patrick Walsh, Fire Com- missioner and Acting Chief of the Fire Department, as Co- ordinator. The letter called upon the heads of all City Departments, Bureaus, and Agencies to compile “a list of the names, ages, and home telephone numbers of all male employees between the ages group 1A of the Se- lective Service Act, who are not now on military duty, and who are not crippled.”’ The Botanic Garden prepared such a list and forwarded it to the Mayor as requested, together with a duplicate to the Fire Defense Coordinator. This list constituted the basis of a Fire Department Auxiliary Corps. Each Agency was in- structed “to sce to it that unlimited cooperation and assistance is given to the Fire Defense Coordinator in discharging the ’ of 18 and 55, who are not now classified in duties of his office.’ 58 PUBLIC EDUCATION The Alfred 1. White Tradition The late Mr. Elihu Root, while chairman of the Trustees of the Carnegie Corporation, once reminded the President of the Corporation that it was the custodian of something less tangible than corporate funds but no less real. He stated that he referred to “Phe Andrew Carnegie Tradition.” In the same spirit it may be truly said that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden received from and through Mr. Alfred T. White not only generous contributions of funds for its work, but also an intangible, which may be fittingly designated as ‘The Alfred T. White Tradition.” his is the tradition of public service. Mr. White's philosophy of life may be tersely expressed by the aphorism of Emerson: ‘‘To build the City is the great accom- plishment, not to possess it."’ His later years were largely occupied, not in accumulating, but in using his resources, of time and ability as well as of money, in public service. It was a leading idea in Mr. White’s mind, when he decided to initiate a botanic garden in Brooklyn, that it would render an outstanding service to the City and to the public; and not only to the local public of Greater New York, but in a larger way, through its scientific and educational activities, to mankind in general, Public service, therefore, in ‘The Alfred T. White Tradition,” has always been in the forefront of the aims of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and this has oy een accomplished largely through the development of beautiful and instructive plantations and the program of public education based upon them. ‘For the ad- vancement of botany and the service of the City’'—this has been the dual aim from the beginning. Advantageous Location of the Garden The city of Greater New York, with a population of nearly 7,500,000 (U. S. enumerations as of April 1, 1941), has an area of about 320 square miles and the Garden is located about five miles south of the geographic center of this area (which is 2,000 feet north of Meeker Avenue bridge, Queens). Moreover the Interborough and the B.M.T. divisions of the subway svstem 59 have stations within a few feet of the gates, and entrances are only three or four minutes walk, or less, from six trolley lines. We are less than thirty minutes from Times Square, Manhattan, by either subway, and about thirty-five minutes by automobile. The population of the Borough of Brooklyn (the most populous of the five Boroughs), as of the 1940 census, is nearly 2,700,000. The center of this population is 150 feet east of Bedford Avenue on the north side of Lenox Road. This is only about ten minutes walk from our nearest gate. Brooklyn also has the largest school population of any borough of the City. Opportunity is thus literally at the very gates of the Garden. Easy access by rapid transit lines and automobile is annually bringing more and more visitors and school classes from other boroughs. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is a New York City institution, an opportunity for all citizens and all schools of all boroughs, meriting city-wide support in return for city-wide service. Revistration and Attendance at Classes The total registration for regular classwork was 1,797 (adults, 1,085: children, 712). The total attendance at all classes and lectures was 116,386 (Botanic Garden classes, 42,698; visiting classes from schools, 73,688). This is the largest class attendance in the history of the Garden. The corresponding figures for 1940 were 108,368 (41,239 and 67,129 respectively). Children’s classes came from all five Boroughs of the city. Adult Hducation The appended report of the Curator of Public Instruction (p. 106) gives the details of the year’s educational work with adults. Special attention is called to the classes for employees of the Department of Parks, who were given time off with pay so that they might take advantage of this opportunity. The work began in the Fall of 1940, with an enrollment of 86. The enrollment for 1941 was 67, naturally less than in 1940 as so many enrolled the first year. These classes are proving very popular and very practical and helpful. — Publication has included two illustrated Guides to the Garden collections, as follows: 60 Guide No. I1. List of shrubs exclusive of Conifers, growing oul- doors tn the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 32 pages; 5 illustrations. By Charles F. Doney. In this Guide are listed 83 families, 265 gencra, 1021 species and 230 varieties of shrubs represented at present 1n our plantations. Guide No. 12. Lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Classi- fication, cultivation, pathology. 34 pages: 14 illustrations. By Alfred Gundersen, Montague Free, and George M. Reed. The collection of Lilacs contains 220 species and varicties. Botanic Garden publications, with prices, are announced on the back cover-page of this Report. Publications by Staff members for 1941 include 10. technical articles in scientific journals, and 56 popular articles in news- papers and popular magazines. News Releases, comprising some 57 items, have been sent by the Curator of Public Instruction at frequent intervals to all the Metropolitan newspapers. Several hundred clippings have been received from many different states. The July 15 issue of the bi-monthly journal [orticulture con- tained a specially appreciated, illustrated article by the editor based upon the Thirtieth Annual Report of the Garden. /xtra-mural lectures and addresses have been given by 17 mem- bers of staff—35 in Brooklyn and 67 in 39 cities and boroughs outside of Brooklyn, with a total attendance of 8,413. Broadcasting by the Botanic Garden began in 1930 with talks about the Garden itself by the director over station WNYC. In 1932 the Garden united with the Agricultural Extension Sery- ice of Rutgers University (Mr. Wallace S. Moreland, director), the Garden Club of New Jersey, and the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, to form the Radio Garden Club, giving regu- lar broadcasts over station WOR, beginning, on our part, with nine broadcasts by Mr. Free in 1932. In 1936 these broadcasts began over the Mutual Broadcasting System’s coast-to-coast network, 37 talks being given by the Garden. During the first half of this year (1941) 19 broadcasts were given, 7 over WOR and 12 over WNYC, following a printed program distributed to our members and others. Digests of these talks were published and extensively distributed by the Extension Service. up to and ’ onl including the final broadcast on June 30. Toward the end of the first half year the Mutual System had an opportunity to sell the time of the Radio Garden Club to a commercial organization and this terminated the Radio Garden Club. During the last half of 1941 seven broadcasts were given over WNYC, making a total of 26 for the year. Elementary Instruction As we have hitherto frequently explained, the Department of Elementary Instruction has to do primarily with children of Junior High School age, with Elementary School children, with the teachers of children, with garden clubs, and with other groups interested in elementary plant life and horticulture. The future of the country’s love of beauty and of its artistry lies in the children, said Mr. Lorado Taft, the sculptor, in an address accepting the gold medal of the Holland Society. The same thought was back of the work which Mr. Walter Damrosch did for many years for children in music, and which is still being carried on. These, of course, are only special cases, for the en- tire future of civilization depends upon those who are now chil- dren. It is well known that in the present holocaust in Europe the education of children in Nazi doctrine has played an impor- tant rdle. Science has been somewhat slow to recognize the im- portance of work with children, to become really and generally interested in it, and to act upon it. Our educational work with children is a means of rendering a much needed and much appreciated civic service to the commun- ity. But, even more important than that, it affords an oppor- tunity of giving future citizens and voters, at their most im- pressionable age, an elementary acquaintance with the method of science of assembling and objectively analyzing facts, of draw- ing only such conclusions as the facts warrant, and of suspending judgment in the absence of adequate data; of acquainting them with the nature and importance of botanic gardens, and their work in advancing and disseminating a knowledge and love of plants. The general public can hardly be expected to support institutions whose work—and the civic and social importance of whose work—they do not understand. The future of both gov- 62 ernmental and private support of scientific research (as of art, music, or religion) lies in those who are now children. But it was not this seemingly ‘ulterior’? motive that led to the inclusion of children’s work in the educational program of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In fact, that thought was at first not in mind at all. The work was initiated because it was be- lieved to be its own justification, and to be a most appropriate function of an institution organized to serve the entire com- munity and supported in part by public taxation. After thirty years of this work it is gratifying to recall how many boys and girls, having their eyes and minds opened and getting their inspiration here, have gone from our Children’s Garden through high school and college courses to postgraduate research in some aspect of botanical science; and also, inciden- a] tally, to note how many of these boys and girls, now mature citizens, have become financial and moral supporters of the Botanic Garden. A statement of this part of our work during 1941 may be found in the appended report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction, under whose leadership the work has been organized and con- ducted during the past twenty-eight vears. British Project. Special attention is called to Miss Shaw’s report (p. 114) of the war-time assistance rendered, in 1941 for the second year, by the members of our Boys and Girls Club to the children, 5-15 years of age, of Northbourne, County Kent, Ikengland. During the two years our boys and girls have con- tributed and sent £35 in money and also large boxes of clothing. Penny Packets of Seeds, distributed to school children for plant- ing in school and home garden, have this year, for the first time, reached a total of more than one million. The exact figures are 1,055,158; One Ton of Tomatoes. We have stated in previous reports that the Children’s Garden is conducted primarily with reference to the education of children, but we never lose sight of the fact that, if it succeeds from that point of view, there will be a satis- factory crop. As evidence that there is, it may be noted that during each of the past three years (1939-1941) the children have harvested more than a ton of tomatoes, in addition to crops of 63 several other vegetables. The figures for tomatoes for 1941 are 2,029 pounds. In 1940 more than a ton of spinach and chard was raised; the average per year for the past three years was nearly three-quarters of a ton. Bureau of Public Information ‘he Garden continues to function as a source of free public As — information on all aspects of plant life and gardening. previously recorded, this service tends to increase each year, in the number and variety of requests received and in the geographic extent of those seeking information. RESEARCH “The American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia,” was founded in 1743 by one of the most practical of America’s early philosophers—Benjamin Franklin. — Its full title states that it was founded “for Promoting Useful Knowledge.”’ There is very little, if any, knowledge that is not useful in one way or another. The human race is not likely to ever have more knowledge than is needed, and it is doubtful if mankind ever engaged in any occupation more important than promoting usefu — knowledge. It is doubtful, also, if any subdivision of learning contains a body of information more useful and essential to mankind than the knowledge of plant life. It is this science that underlies and rationalizes the most fundamental of all human occupations, namely, the art and practice of agriculture and horticulture. No one who faces this fact, and also the further fact that what we do not know about plant life greatly exceeds what we do know, can doubt the importance of increasing that knowledge. The accumulation of new knowledge proceeds after the manner of training in morals—''Line upon line, precept upon precept.” One cannot decide to make a great discovery, go at it, and accom- The great desideratum is that everyone who is interested plish it. or in any way gifted in such matters shall participate in the search for new truth—in the mass attack on ignorance. From time to time, at comparatively rare intervals, a ‘“‘great find” is reported. Sometimes it is stumbled onto; but it is never found, never even o4 stumbled onto, except by those who are diligently and intelli- gently on the search—re-searching. The important thing for a scientific institution is to encourage research by its members of staff, to provide the necessary facili- tics, adequate compensation, laboratories, equipment, libraries, Research must be considered an ed and favorable ‘“‘atmosphere. essential, legitimate part of the program of any institution which, like this botanic garden, has for its official, fundamental purpose the advancement and diffusion of knowledge. National govern- ments should support rescarch, of course; but so, also, should states and municipalities, who benefit and whose inhabitants benefit every hour of every day in intellectual enlightenment and from the application of the results of research to human comforts, human needs, human betterment. The Botanic Garden itself is in constant need of new knowledge in connection with the administration of its own collections of living plants—knowledge of plant diseases, of plant relationships, of classification and nomenclature, of plant genetics, and of methods of cultivation and plant propagation. So far, it has been possible to apply only a very small portion of the Botanic Garden budget to research—approximately twenty-two per cent a year. The endowment of research at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden would help to promote one of its aims as stated in the legislation providing for its establishment; it would increase and enrich its usefulness in a very fundamental manner, enabling it to render to the community, to various City departments, and to mankind in general larger returns on the investment of money and effort already made. Research in progress during 1941 has included studies in plant pathology, plant breeding, systematic botany, ecology, local flora, and geographical botany. Detailed reports of this work may be found on pages 90-106, following. They are all of scientific in- terest and of scientific as well as practical importance. Studies of Physiologic Races of Plant Pathogens One of the most interesting and important findings in plant pathology during the past decades has been the discovery of physiologic races in the smuts of cereals. Specialized races of 65 the plant rusts were recognized by Dr. Joseph Schroeter as early as 1879, and in 1894 Jakob Eriksson published his classic work on the specialization of the cereal rust fungi. Since then, ex- tensive studies on the relation of the parasitic fungi to their hosts have revealed widespread occurrence of this phenomenon. Specialized races cannot be separated on the basis of any structural character; their differentiation depends upon their ability to infect some strains or varieties of hosts, while others are resistant. The existence of physiologic races of the smuts on oats was first reported by Dr. George M. Reed in July, 1924 (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 13: 103-124, Amer. Jour. Bot. 11: 483-492). In December of the same year, Dr. James A. Faris, research assistant with Dr. Reed at the Brooklyn Garden, published his discovery of specialized races of the covered smut of barley (Phytopathology 14: 537-557). These discoveries were based on experimental studies carried on at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden under an endowment provided by Mr. Alfred T. White, first Chairman of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. In the Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 14: 42, April, 1925, a record of Dr. Faris’ results demonstrating physiologic races of the bunt of wheat is made, and Dr. Reed published extensive data on this problem (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 16: 41, April, 1926; 17: 45, April 1928; Amer. Jour. Bot. 13: 157-170, Feb., 1928). In April, 1927, Dr. Reed, Miss Swabey, and Miss lxolk, published their account of the discovery of physiologic differences between the head smut of corn and sorghum (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 54: 295-310). This year Dr. Reed reports the existence of a new specialized race of loose smut which attacks Victoria oats, and oat hybrids of which Victoria is one of the parents. Victoria has proved to be very resistant to hitherto known specialized races, and many selections have been produced in recent years, er excellent hybric one of their outstanding characteristics being their smut re sistance. The discovery of this new physiologic race of smut is striking evidence of the complexity of successful plant breeding. A breeder may work along definite lines, and obtain excellent resistant strains of the plants with which he is working. Later, 66 he may discover that there are other races of funei about which nothing was known, and their discovery compels a new start. While these findings are of great importance with reference to cereal grains, they have a much wider significance. Physiologic races of plant pathogens are known among practically all groups of fungi—rusts, powdery mildews, downy mildews, smuts, ete. The knowledge of their existence and their capacity for infecting strains of cultivated plants is essential to successful breeding. Permanent, valuable results can only be obtained where they are fully recognized. It may be mentioned that highly important results along the line of breeding disease-resistant plants—cereals, vegetables, and ornamentals—have been obtained, and provide one of the most valuable methods for the control of various types of disease. The discoveries in the field of physiologic specialization, however, emphasize the fact that successful breeding for any character of such complexity as disease resistance is a continuing problem, The breeder who proceeds with a thorough background. of knowledge on the physiologic specialization and of the inheritance of disease resistance is most likely to succeed. Control of Iris Thrips Studies on methods of control of Iris thrips have been con- tinued during the year by Dr. L. Gordon Utter in collaboration with Dr. Floyd F. Smith, of the Bureau of entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C. Thrips are a serious menace to the successful cultivation of Iris, and the City of New York (like many other cities) has tens of thousands of iris, planted in the parks and gardens and along the parkwavs of the City. To find an effective method of control of this troublesome pest is, there- fore, of prime importance in the proper maintenance of these beautiful plantings, as well as the collection of bearded and beardless Iris at the Botanic Garden. Exploration and Geographical Distribution Of special popular interest is the study in geographical dis- tribution, undertaken by Dr. Svenson in the early part of the year with the aid of a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation. 67 wrote Sir Joseph Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, ‘will be the key which With the development one of the keys. “One of the starting points of Darwin's work,” Sir Joseph con- ‘Geographical distribution, will unlock the mystery of the species.” ba 2 of modern genetics we should now probably say tinues, “had been the striking impression made on him by the distribution of the Galapagos organisms; hence his eager desire to know whether the botany of this isolated group was as sug- gestive as the zoology”’ (Life and letters. Vol. I, p. 489) Darwin’s statement in his Autobiography was as follows: “During the voyage of the Beagle [1831-1836] I had been deeply impressed by the South American character of most of the pro- ductions of the Galapagos archipelago, and more especially by the manner in which they differ slightly on each island of the group; none of the islands appearing to be very ancient in a ecological sense. It was evident that such facts as these, as well as many others, could only be explained by the supposi- tion that species gradually become modified ; and the subject haunted me.” Dr. Svenson sailed for Ecuador from New York on January 30, on the S.S. Santa Elena, and returned on April 24. This was the twentieth trip, outside the local flora area, for botanical explora- tion and study since the Garden was established in 1910. The plants collected on this trip, in the form of —v herbarium specimens, are now being studied in comparison with specics collected by Dr. Svenson on the Galapagos Islands during the Astor expedi- tion, in 1930. Chestnut Disease Studtes Dr. Graves, with assistants, has continued his studies of the destructive fungus disease of the American chestnut, and offers (pp. 94-99) a report of progress in the endeavor to bring back the chestnut by breeding a tree with lumber-producing trunk and ‘mmune or resistant to the disease. As we have pointed out in a preceding annual report (for 1923), this disease was first dis- covered in America in 1904 in the New York Zoological Park. It has caused the loss in New York City alone of tens of thousands of trees estimated to have had a monetary value of several million dollars. In Brooklyn alone a loss of some 17,000 chestnut Fie. 2. Dean Clay Osborne Memorial: Tied Columns, Fountain, and Seats. Horticultural Section. (10,108) South end of Long Green, 89 69 trees has been reported, and it is now no longer possible to grow the American chestnut in New York City—not, in fact, in the entire country. It is, therefore, not only a responsibility but a prime interest of the City to contribute to a knowledge of how to combat and, if possible, to eradicate this tree discase. PLANTATIONS New Exhibits —Among the new plantings during 1941, noted in the appended report of the horticulturist, special attention ts called to the following: The Ivy Garden, comprising all the hardy forms—about 56 in number—from our gold medal exhibit at the International Flower Show in March. ‘This garden has been located under the partial shade afforded by the trees on the summit of Boulder Hill. Flowering Cherries have been planted in two double rows, one on each side of the Esplanade, parallel to the Schwedler Maples. There are 19 trees in each row, or 76 in all, of the variety Kwanzan —the sanie as those on Cherry Walk. Barring accidents, these trees should make a glorious sight by the time they have become as large as those on Cherry Walk. The latter were purchased from the T. A. Havemever Nursery, Locust Valley, Long Island, March 29, 1921, and have therefore been planted here about 20 years. They are now perhaps 25-30 years old. Six trees of ‘‘Shirotae’’ cherry, a white flowered variety, were planted on the Museum embankment as a northern terminus and contrast to the four rows. Tall Bearded Iris has been planted in the 72 beds between the trees in each of the four rows—2,474 plants in 362 varietics. Thirteen individuals or firms cooperated in supplying us with these plants which have a catalog value (1941) of $1,863.40. The list of donors and their contributions may be found beginning on page 142 of this Report. Fern Garden. An area south of the lake near the outlet has been set aside for some years as the site of a Fern Garden, which will mark the beginning of the collection of vascular plants in the systematic section. A portion of the limestone contributed in August by Mr. Augustus Whittingham, from his estate in New Jersey, has been placed here and will favor certain of the “lime-loving’” species. 70 Fencing the Rock Garden.—TVhe salvation of the Rose Garden and other special gardens has been the fact that it has been feasible to enclose cach with a fence, thus making it possible to control entrance and to exclude dogs, baby carriages, and other undesirable things and persons. “The Rock Garden, being located along one of the main arterial walks, has been difficult to protect from intentional and unintentional wear and tear. Dogs, al- though on leash, have had free access. In the absence of an attendant, for whom funds have not become available, boys very naturally race about, jumping from rock to rock and slipping down onto rare plants in flower. Notwithstanding signs, adults have always insisted on sitting on the rocks, with their feet almost always resting on plants and interfering with vines or branches that would otherwise cover some of the rocks. Wild rabbits, of which there are plenty in the Botanic Garden, have had full access. A special and greatly appreciated gift of funds from former residents of Brooklyn made it possible to fence in the Rock Garden during the past year. Resurfacing the walks.—In the last Annual Report we recorded that the Department of Parks, with the aid of WPA labor, had resurfaced some 3,060 square yards of penitential walks that had sorely needed resurfacing for several years. The material used was “‘Laykold,” a cold laid bituminous mix, Type 4. This was laid directly over the badly worn old surface of the walk. The same procedure was followed in 1941. In both years the Board of Estimate appropriated $1,000 from the account “General Accruals”’ to cover the cost of materials. The newly surfaced walk extends northward from White Oak Circle up to and in- cluding the Rose Arc; from the south end of Cherry Walk east- ward along the Lake, and from the north end of the Rock Garden to the south Flatbush Avenue entrance—a total of 3,202 square vards. This year, as last, the labor was provided by the WPA, and was under the efficient supervision of Mr. Edward P. King, Coordinating Engineer of the Park Department. The work vegan on July 18, and was completed July 22. The Local Flora Section, in the northwest portion of the Garden, being largely concealed from view from the outside by screen —" 7 | planting, has for some time been subject to petty vandalism, largely by boys who can easily climb over the street fence along Flatbush Avenue. Another and taller woven wire fence is badly needed, completely to enclose this area just inside the present inadequate fence. With the two fences this garden can be made practically inaccessible except through the official entrance and at official times when there is a gardener on duty there. Winter Killing: As spring advanced it became increasingly evident that there had been much winter killing of shrubs. As noted in Mr. Free’s report (p. 124), this was specially destructive of Rhododendrons. It is believed that most of this injury was done during the week of March 17-23. The New York weather bureau has summarized the weather for that period as follows: The entire month of March was windier than normal, and during the period 17-23 the average wind velocity was con- siderably above 20 miles per hour with the 19th averaging 40 miles per hour. For 5-minute periods on the 18th and 19th, velocities of 60 miles per hour were recorded. On Sunday, the 23d of March, following the period of high winds, the weather was extremely mild. On this day many were outdoors without an overcoat. These relatively high tem- peratures increased the water loss from leaves at a time when the soil was still frozen and when such a loss could not be replaced readily through the roots. In April conifers showed bad effects, and later in the spring various deciduous trees showed dead branches, all correlated with the wide and abrupt fluctuations of temperature and the associ- ated high winds. THe LIBRARY Botany, of course, could not progress at all without the con- tinuing, first-hand study of plants, but the science of botany, has now progressed so far that the 44 ” like all other “‘sciences, background of all first-hand study must be an acquaintance with what has already been observed and recorded along the lines of the study in hand. Observation involves so much more than merely looking. It is gratifying to know that the library is coming to be used more and more by the general public, but there is a definite limit to the possibilities here on account of the small size of the reading room. The growth of the library itself and the increase in the number of readers constitute one of the urgent reasons for the increase in the Laboratory Building (pp. 86-88). We repeat again, as we must continue to do until the require- ment is met, the urgent need of a larger endowment for the library. It is not only an indispensable adjunct to the work of every other department of the Garden but, as just stated, it is serving a very useful and greatly appreciated purpose through being open free daily to the general public. The decrease in the number of periodicals currently received from 1,024 in 1939 to 880 in 1940, and 818 in 1941—a loss of 206 in two years, is due of course to the war which has caused the suspension of publication of many scientific journals in the Old World, and has interfered with the circulation of others through the mails. Special attention is called to the appended report of the librarian, including the record of 436 books bound and 2,000 pamphlet binders made by WPA bookbinders during the year. THt HERBARIUM In the Annual Report for 1924 we recorded a gift from Miss Anna J. Pierrepont, of Brooklyn, of a collection of herbarium specimens of ferns and flowering plants of Florida. Miss Pierrepont, who died on November 17, 1940, left a bequest of $1,000 to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and on account of her botanical interest, as evidenced by her former gift, the bequest has been added to the small Herbarium Endowment Fund, increasing the principal from $3,000 to $4,000 COOPERATION Federal Government: Works Progress Administration As of June, 1941, there were fourteen persons assigned to the Garden by the WPA, as follows: 3 gardeners, 1 laboratory assistant, 6 office and classroom assistants, and 4 bookbinders doing Botanic Garden work at the Brooklyn Museum. On June 26, Mr. H. A. Hahn, project manager for museums, botanic gardens, libraries, etc., for Greater New York, called at. the ie) Garden with Mr. Ray Poage, project supervisor for the Garden, and gave verbal notice that all WPA workers, both men and women, of whatever classification, would be removed at the close of work on June 30, and the project here terminated. Mr. Hahn stated that there would be a general reduction of WPA forces throughout the country, and that they were terminating all projects, including that at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where the small number of persons assigned entailed an undue amount of supervision and office work at headquarters in proportion to the number of workers. This project, as detailed in preceding Annual Reports, began in 1931 and was therefore of ten years duration. When termi- nated it was officially known as Official Project 165-1-97-8, Work Project 4. jor U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine The cooperation, through Dr. L. Gordon Utter, of our De- partment of Plant Pathology, with Dr. Floyd F. Smith, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. 5S. Department of Agriculture, in the study of thrips (an insect pest of Iris), is noted on pages 93 and 94 of this report. Department of Parks On June 25, we shared with the nursery of the Park Depart- ment seeds of Magnolia accuminata collected from a wild tree in Wolfe County, Kentucky, and seeds of MW. tripetala nee me Fraseri, which we had reccived from Mr. Frank McFarland, of the University of Nentucky. Courses of Instruction for Park Department lem ployees are reported on page 59. The cooperation of the Department of Parks in the resurfacing of 3,202 square yards of paved walks in the Garden has been recorded in detail on page 70. About 30 benches were distributed throughout the Garden in May. These benches had been used at the World’s Fair in 1939-40, and were obtained through the kind cooperation of Park Commissioner Robert Moses and the Borough Super- intendent of Parks, Mr. R. C. Jenkins. 74 Board of [ligher Education The scholarship in Botanic Garden Classes, awarded annually to a student in Brooklyn College for superior work in biology, was awarded in April to Gordon Meverhoff, and in October to Robert Gottlieb, both of whom were recommended by the Committee on Prizes and Scholarships of the Department. of Biology of the College. Much living plant material was supplied for the biology classes of all four colleges of the City College group-—City College (Manhattan), Hunter College (Manhattan), Brooklyn College, and Queens College. Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, professor of biology at the College, continued for his twenty-sixth vear as resident Investigator at the Garden, with special reference to ferns. Board of Education In-service Credit Classes. There were seven classes for Board of Education in-service credit—four n Elementary Instruction and three in Public Instruction departments, with a_ total registration of 303 (224 and 79, respectively). Phe Wiliam Howard Taft High School, 172nd Street and Morris Avenue, Bronx Borough, was completed early in 1941. In response to an inquiry from the principal, Mr. Maurice E. Rogalin, we were happy to supply in November, for the planting of the school grounds, about 50 Rose Mallow, about 50 larger shrubs, and herbaceous plants, in numerous varieties from our nursery and duplicates from our horticultural section. There were 1,118 classes accompanied by teachers visiting the Garden from public and private schools, with a total attendance of 73,688. On the spring and fall posters distributed to all schools, announcing talks at schools by members of the Garden staff, 38 topics were listed with the suggestion that talks on additional topics would be given if requested. Department of [os pitals The Horticulturist reports (p. 128) that in May the Garden contributed a quantity of herbaceous plants to the Triboro Hospital, which is conducted by the City Department of Hospi- tals in Jamaica, Long Island. These were for window boxes, and included 80 plants of Germander (Yeucrium Chamaedrys), 60 of Lavender Cotton (Santolina incana), and 15 of Santolina viridis. Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, was one of the four hospitals sending their nurses training classes for regular instruction during the year, as noted in the appended report of the curator of public instruction (p. 109). The total number of nurses enrolled for regular class work was 232. International Flower Show The annual exhibit at the International Flower Show, con- ducted by the Horticultural Society of New York and_ the New York Florists Club, in Grand Central Palace, March 17-22, was an Ivy Garden. Not less than 76 species and forms of IIedera were installed by our gardeners under the supervision of the horticulturist, Mr. Montague Free, who planned the exhibit, so as to make an attractive garden effect. All the plants were carefully labeled. The exhibit aroused much public interest and admiration, and was awarded a gold medal by the Flower Show judges, and also the Bulkley gold medal for artistic, horticultural, and educational achievement—the highest award of the Garden Club of America. This is the second time the Garden has received a gold medal from the Garden Club of America, the first time being in 1933 for our exhibit of methods of plant propagation. The Garden is under obligations to Mr. William T. Hunter, of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, who again, as for several years past, has placed at our disposal a covered truck and driver of his firm, A. Schrader’s Son, for the purpose of taking the exhibit from the Garden to Grand Central Palace and bringing it back at the close of the — show. The installation of the hardy specimens from this exhibit as a permanent Ivy Garden on Boulder Hill is recorded on page 69. A Leaflet, ‘The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Exhibit of an Ivy Garden” (Series 28, No. 1-3), was freely distributed throughout the week of the show. 70 The Garden also received a ‘Certificate of Merit’ for its exhibit of “Lenten Roses” (/felleborus orientalis varieties). Lhe Llorticultural Committee of the Garden Club of America held a meeting at the Garden on December 9. Programs were arranged for both morning and afternoon, with luncheon in the Laboratory Building from 12 to 1:15. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, of Swarthmore, Pa., presided as chairman, and delegates were present from several states. Unfortunately, near the end of the luncheon, word was reccived by radio that enemy airplanes were approaching New York. This report was confirmed on tele- phoning the office of a local newspaper. A precipitate ‘“adjourn- ment” resulted, much to the distress and disappointment of the few who felt that the program should be carried out as planned. Subsequent expressions were to the effect that the meeting was an entire success up to the moment of ‘adjournment.’ It is hardly necessary to state that the heralded air raid never ma- terialized. The event was suggestive as to what may be expected if an air raid actually occurs. The Museums Council of New York. In the spring it came to the attention of the Council that officials and research experts from various countries in South and Central America were visiting the United States, and would from time to time continue to do so under the auspices of the Committee for International Cooperation in Latin America, Nelson P. Rockefeller, Chairman. Realizing that many of these representatives would inevitably visit New York City the council prepared a list of the Museums, Librarics, Historic Houses, Botanie Gardens, Zoological Parks, and Aquarium within the Greater City, and this was sent to all such visitors with a cordial invitation to visit these institutions, and to make full use of their facilities. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was one of the cooperating institutions. SPRING INSPECTION The annual Spring Inspection was held as usual on the second Tuesday in May—the 13th. This was the twenty-seventh inspection. The weather was perfect, and about 550 officials, members, and their friends attended. Fourteen groups of guests were taken for the tour of the grounds by members of the Garden Ti personnel, beginning at about 2:30 p.m. and continuing until 3:45. The itinerary included the new Ivy Garden on Boulder Hill; the Oriental Garden; the newly planted four rows of Flowering Cherries on the Esplanade, viewed this year for the first time; the Lilac collection, then in its prime; past the Rose Garden and Rose Arc and through the Barberries to the Pea Family in the Systematic Section, where the Wisterias, Golden Chain (Laburnum), and Cytisus were at their height of bloom. Tea was served in the Laboratory Building by the Woman's Auxiliary. The following exhibits were on view during the serving of tea: 1. Thirty paintings of flowers in water-color tempera, by Mrs. J. Norman Carpenter, member of the Brooklyn Society of Artists. In the main rotunda and north corridor. 2. Thirty portraits of orchids and rare flowers, including the white orchid, Phalaenopsis, by Miss Tabea Hofmann, well-known illustrator. In Room 330. 3. Proposed Gate at the Eastern Parkway Entrance. —Per- spective in color, by architects, Mchkim, Mead and White. Main floor. 4. Portraits of botanists. About twenty new portraits have been added to the collection already on exhibition in the corridors. Miscellaneous National U.S.O. Campaign.—On June 27, the Women's Division of the United Service Organizations made an evening appeal at Ebbets Field, near the Garden, during a league baseball game. The 160 volunteers who took part held a preliminary meeting in the auditorium of the Laboratory Building for organization, instructions, and other preliminaries, before pro- ceeding to Ebbets Field, where a total of $1,532.44 was collected from the audience at the game. The Civilian Conservation Corps, under the supervision of Mr. Charles E. Morris, Landscape Architect, has been assembling a collection of botanical importance in the Virgin Islands, at Christiansted, St. Croix. In response to a request for seeds of palms and lists of commercial dealers in such seeds, we were 78 able to send 20 packets of surplus seeds received from foreign correspondents, and also a list of dealers. The National Youth Administration has sent us during the year five boys. This cooperation began in 1938 with 32 youths assigned; in 1939 there were 34, and in 1940 there were 32. Since the Defense Program was initiated it has been less casy to get satisfactory boys as the best of them are assigned to Defense Schools. Our policy is to reject, after fair trial, and send back to the N.Y.A., those who do not prove satisfactory. New York State Conservation Department.—In response to a request from Mr. John C. Jones, of the Wildlife Research Center of this Department, located at Delmar, N. Y., we supplied 72 packets of seeds for the reference collection of seeds of native and introduced plants of the Northeastern United States, which is being assembled at the Center. The School Garden Association of New York, i asked for advice concerning plants for acid soil and shady conditions. Lists were furnished of woody and herbaceous 1 November, perennials and annuals. The plan is to publish the list in the February (1942) number of the Nature-Garden Guide, issued monthly by the Association. American Museum of Natural History —On June 3, Mr. Vincent Fusco, who is doing restoration work for prehistoric dioramas at the American Museum, was supplied with a living branch of the ‘Norfolk Island Pine” (Araucaria excelsa) to be used as a model for the placement of leaves. On October 6, we supplied the Museum with leaves and parts of leaves of Cycads for use in making Cycad restorations. Lhe National Association of Gardeners, Greater New York City Branch, held a meeting at the Garden on the evening of May 7. Mr. Free, Mr. George Bishop, foreman gardener, and Mr. R, S. Tilly, rose grower, addressed the meeting. The Brooklyn Lome for Aged Men and Couples has been conducting a garden on their grounds during the year to promote the interest of the residents of the home in outdoor activities. Assistance and advice has been given throughout the season by the assistant curator of elementary instruction, Miss Dorward, and members of the Botanic Garden and Woman's Auxiliary. 79 It is felt that the above instances of cooperation would be of general interest to our officials and members as indicating the wide diversity of ways in which a botanic garden may serve the public in addition to the regular educational and scientific work. It would be quite impractical to record in detail all the innumer- able items of cooperation and service to individuals and to public and private institutions. In reviewing such work at the end of each year one cannot help being impressed with the possibilities for public service of such an institution as the Botanic Garden, and of what it would mean if the public were to be deprived of such services. THE Woman's AUXILIARY The Auxiliary, as always, has taken charge of the social events held at the Garden, including the Spring Inspection (see p. 76), Rose Garden Day in June, and Fall Rose Garden Day in October. At the annual meeting of the Auxiliary, held December 1 at the home of Mrs. Henry J. Davenport, the following officers were elected: Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler, honorary president; Miss Jessie H. Righter, president; Mrs. Walter F. Wells, vice president; Mrs. Earle P. Huff, secretary; Miss Dorothy L. Betts, treasurer. Winter Party. The winter events of the Auxiliary, beginning with the Herb Luncheon on November 16, 1936, have been held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. On January 25, 1938, the speaker was Mrs. Constance Spry, of London—her first lecture in the United States. In the winter of 1938-39 no social event was held. On February 16, 1940, the Waldorf-Astoria luncheon was followed by a lecture on ‘‘A sense of humus,” by Mrs. Bertha Damon, author. For the winter of 1940-41 the meeting took the form of cooperation with the general campaign of all De- partments of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences to promote membership and a Borough-wide interest in the work of the Institute as a whole (see p. 80) MEMBERSHIP The total number of members, as of April 8, listed on pages 170-182, is 991. The Botanic Garden receives only one-third of SO the dues of Contributing and Sustaining members, the remainder going in equal parts to the other two Departments of the Brook- Ivn Institute of Arts and Sciences, viz., the “Institute at the Academy of Music,’ and the Brooklyn Museum. These figures, discouragingly small for an institution located ina city of some 7,500,000, and a borough of more than 2,700,000 population, indicate chiefly the effect of the financial depression that began in 1929, and the mounting burden of income taxes and other taxes, on the ability of the general public to take advantage of educational opportunities and to support institu- tions of general culture. They — aave also, no doubt, been affected adversely by the steadily increasing tendency of people to take advantage of the opportunity, made possible by the automobile, to move their residences from the city to the country. In connection with the endeavor of the Brooklyn Institute to increase membership, and especially Contributing membership (annual payment, $100), meetings have been held during the year under the auspices of each of the three Departments. The Botanic Garden meeting was held on the afternoon of Monday, February 17, in the Laboratory Building, under the auspices of the Woman’s Auxiliary, with the following program: Mrs. Henry J. Davenport, president of the Woman’s Auxiliary, chairman; Remarks by Dr. Gager; Address by Mr. E. L. D. Seymour, Garden Editor of The American Home, subject, ‘Horticulture for Everybody.’ Address, Mrs. Tracy Voorhees, chairman of the Membership Committee of the Institute. Following the program there was an exhibition of Flower Ar- rangements in the main floor Rotunda, where tea was served. Sixteen new annual members and three sustaining members resulted from this event. PERSONNEL Mr. Philip A. Benson, who has been a member of the Board and of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee since June, 1935, was, on June 12, 1941, made Vice-Chairman of the Com- mittee. This was in accordance with an amendment to Section 3, Article IV, of the Constitution of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, adopted at the meeting of the Board on SL June 12, 1941, providing for the regular appointment of ‘one or more Vice-Chairmen” of the various standing committees of the Board. Miss Michalena LeFrere Carroll, instructor, was again, for the fifth summer, a member of the teaching staff of the Blue Ridge Southern Culture Institutes, Blue Ridge, North Carolina, July 22-August 31. She gave an intensive course in art history, and also an art appreciation credit course at Blue Ridge College. Miss Elizabeth Clarke was appointed curatorial assistant in the department of plants, beginning April 1, 1941. She is a eraduate of Hood College, Frederick, Md., and of the School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa. For three years she was garden consultant with the W. Atlee Burpee Co., Philadelphia. Miss Virginia A. Clay was appointed stenographer in the office of the director, beginning March 1, 1941. Dr. C. Stuart Gager, director, was made a member of the Board of Trustees and president, pro tempore, of the Fairchild Connecticut Garden at the organization meeting, held April 22, in Manhattan, in the office of Mr. Thomas J. Watson, president of the International Business Machines Corporation. The other Tappen Fairchild, who have — trustees are Mr. and Mrs. B. maintained this garden of some 127 acres since the death, in 1939, of Mr. Benjamin Thomas Fairchild; Mr. Watson; Chan- cellor Harry Woodburn Chase, of New York University; Dr. Robert Cushman Murphy, curator of oceanic birds, American Museum of Natural History and Honorary President of the National Audubon Society; Dr. Elmer Drew Merrill, professor of botany and supervisor of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University; Dr. Frederick H. Pough, assistant curator of mineral- ogy, American Museum; and Mr. Percy H. Jennings, president of the Vita-Glass Corporation, who was made treasurer of the board. This garden, located on Quaker Ridge, North Greenwich, Connecticut, is incorporated as a non-profit, educational corpora- tion. It is planned to make it a center of educational work for nature study and related subjects. At the commencement exercises of Swarthmore College, June 2, it was announced that the Arthur Hoyt Scott Garden and Horticultural Award of a gold medal and $1,000 in cash had been — 7 2 conferred upon Dr. Gager. The award has not been made annually. . The previous recipients have been Mr. John C. Wister (1930), director, Swarthmore College Arboretum; Prof. Liberty Hyde Bailey, editor of the Standard Cyclopedia Horticulture (1931); and Mr. J. Horace McFarland, former president of the American Rose Society (1939). Dr. Gager was the official delegate of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden at the exercises, on September 15-17, in celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of St. John’s College, Fordham, Bronx, New York City. D, Elizabeth Marcy, Ph.D., research assistant in the Depart- ment of Plant Pathology since December 15, 1930, resigned on January 31, to accept a position as Instructor in Hunter College, New York City. ~ ~ oy Miss Frances M. Miner, A.B., instructor in the Department of Elementary Instruction, was on leave of absence for three months (October-December) for the purpose of taking profes- sional courses in the School of education, New York University. In June she was re-elected President of the Garden Education Department of the National Education Association. The appointment of Mrs. Margaret Burdick Putz, curatorial assistant at the Garden since August 1, 1931, was terminated February 15, by illness. Mrs. Putz first came to the Garden as Margaret Mann, on May 1, 1914, as assistant in the herbarium, remaining until October 31, 1924, when she resigned with the title of curatorial assistant. Subsequently she was employed temporarily, for eight weeks in 1930 and for three months (April to June) in 1931. Miss Betty G. Riley was appointed stenographer in the her- barium as of November 1, 1941 Miss Jeanne Phyllis Walther, A.M., was appointed research assistant as of February 1, 1941, in place of D. Elizabeth Marcy, resigned. FINANCIAL Gifts and Bequests A list of the gifts received during 1941 is recorded on pages 142-149. These have all been acknowledged with the thanks of the Governing Committee and the director. 83 A bequest of $1,000 for the scientific work of the Garden was included in the will of Miss Anna J. Pierrepont, of Brooklyn, for many years an annual member of the Garden. Capital Outlay Budget Requests for the fiscal year, 1941-1942, were submitted to the City Planning Commission in the summer of 1941 as follows: Pending Projects ike Scan of Reconstruction of Plumbing System = in reenhouses and Laboratory Building.............. $ 5,000.00 Dr eeneeen of Reconstruction of Heating System in Green- houses and Laboratory Building.................-. 15,000.00 New Projects 1. Completion of Resurfacing of Paved Walks Sepa 7,500.00 2. Reconstruction of Outside Public Comfort ony LELOUS se 8,000.00 3. Completion of Treatment of Ceilings, Corridors and Rooms with Acoustical Covering, .. 0.0... 02.60 e vests es 2,760.00 Capital Budget Action of Board of Estimate In the City Record for January 2, 1942, which carries in a yvecial section the Proposed Capital Budget for 1942, projects of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for which appropriations were adopted by the Board of Estimate during 1941 are listed on page 6 as follows: wn PV. 184 Completion of Reconstruction of Plumbing System, $ 5,000.00 Laboratory Syste = PV. 185 Completion of Reconstruction of Heating System, Lab- OLALOGV. SNSUCMEr serge he Aies ae pire Cn mtg 15,000.00 Other items REUHES TEE do not appear in the Board of Estimate repot Public and Private Funds, 1941 The total operating budget for the year 1941 was as follows, with comparison for 1940 1941 1940 Decrease Tax Budget Funds................. $ pence $100,786.10 $ 7,477.53 aVAEee ERI Gl Sty Mid CES Ree etre tes 88,957.7 94,081.52 5,123.79 SOtal Serene ee he UA ee ae $182,266. 30 $194,867. 62 $12,601. 32 S4 For the past eight years the percentages of the two budgets have been as follows: | 1934 | 1935 1937 | 1938 ¢ | 1030 0 | a 1040 | 1041 1936 Ux i Rideek. 49. 2%, 48. 3%| 40, 1% 49.8% 43.73%| 48. 1% 51. 51.72% ‘St. 19% P rivate Funds) 50.8%] 51. 1) 50. 970 50.2%] 56. 277) 51, a 48. es hs 48. 817% Hindowment The total of all HKndowment Funds, as shown by the appended Financial Statement (p. 140), is $1,386,651.59. Of the total Private Funds income of $78,203.95 for 1941, $48,394.77 repre- sents income from Endowment and $29,809.18, income from other sources which fluctuates from year to year. During 1941 the small sum of $5,108.57 has been added to the endowment Fund principal. Of this amount, $2,901.32 repre- sents income from the new Endowment Increment Fund princi- pal, and $2,207.25 represents amounts received by gift and bequest. Endowment Increment Plan In the last Annual Report a statement was given showing how, during the preceding nineteen years, by an endowment increment plan, $150,795.21 had been added to the endowment principal of the Garden. Among the sixteen funds included in this plan was the John D. Rockefeller fund of $250,000, con- tributed by Mr. Rockefeller in 1925, which was increased by contributions totalling $15,062.22, in addition to providing its share of the interest income of $58,418.83 which became the principal of the new Endowment Increment Fund, set up January 31, 1941 by resolution adopted by the Botanic Garden Governing Committee December 13, 1940. (Thirtieth Ann. Rept. for 1940, pp. 73-76.) The plan and its results were brought to the attention of Mr. Rockefeller, who has written the director as follows, under date of June 30, 1941: “The information contained in your letter of June 18th regarding the gift which IT made to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in 1926 is not only gratifying to me but reflects great credit on you and your associates. The plan which vou have been Fic. 4 ols I -roposed Main Entrance, Eastern Parkway. ce a ae , “ eine « ERO ee Sasi recry tot haloetoal obtener in piu Sees * (6646) 86 following whenever possible of adding a percentage of the current income from endowment to endowment is an admirable one. Iam glad to know of it.” Tue Work Brerore Us Physical Development In the preceding report there were listed four needs to be realized for the completion of the physical development of the garden as follows: 1. Construction of the Eastern Parkway Gate. 2. A gate at the North Flatbush Avenue entrance. 3. An addition to the Laboratory Building. 4. Completion of the planting of the Esplanade. During 1941 item four was accomplished by the planting of the two double rows of Flowering Cherry trees, with Iris between the trees, as noted in the appended report of the Horticulturist. The first three items remain to be accomplished. 1. The need of the proposed gate at the Eastern Parkway entrance has been set forth several times in preceding reports. This would provide a suitable approach to a public institution at its principal entrance, where there is now only a hinged section of fence; it would provide a much needed room where visitors may wait for friends or find shelter in sudden storm, or be suitably cared for in case of emergency, and where visiting classes, garden clubs, and other organizations may assemble when visiting the Garden as a group; it would also provide a suitable place for vending guide books, souvenir post-cards, and other objects, and for storing small tools, thus avoiding the necessitv of carrying them back and forth to the service yard, as now, at inconvenience and loss of time. The design for this gate, prepared in 1927 by the architects, Melkwim, Mead and White, is again reproduced on the preceding page. The 1940 estimate of cost was $60,000 for cut stone all granite, and $53,000 for limestone on granite base—a modest sum, considering the cost of similar structures elsewhere. This Eastern Parkway gate is now the only item still not provided of the ten improvements listed in ‘Views in Brooklyn Rania J a MOR ATM an cl ' (ae 2 ee [sina ann Tarai Wha UAL 2 a tofarden ~ 7 Brooklyn Catan e Ct Kim, Mead «Hite, Arehitects Fic, 4. Laboratory Building: Proposed Addition, Washington Avenue Elevation fate Poon iG, 88 Botanic Garden, 1930-1935,” published in the Botanic Garden RECORD for May, 1930. i) A gate at the north Flatbush Avenue entrance. The present temporary gate Is a constant source of annoyance to the public and of trouble for the administration. soy GALL ERY ove L£ Wy si nin TT Tinea EY 62 al wy pe Micenahes ep ee He, f i WM Ne Ba? Ai / 17 ceri i CIBER, WA gj y ohh f Hb te, S A | CLALIT: ROOM ne eee ne : . + ROTUNDA = w “J 4 ® ENTARY class Roert EXHIBITION cuRrereRor Fe a METRUCT ION e e LasoRarory a _ MAIN FLOOR PLAN: aT g ans CAAMMIAYA AY op iva bei. Leeroas. noon os fg YY, Lp pf eas Hy skar, 200%, Wy, Z. =a BTV oa We a wonew iii mam Aecrirince x LAT M Slap < ave = g a5! Be g a a4 aw i* aur” TOM eke pore (CPeesenT )LEcTURe 4914: — => —— - ‘ee om SEATS: S70 eo ect ALO. STORREE FOR Boo | veuRwans PRT NeLoeyY, brutTyRE ey New Sh:: | PanGus WER BARIVA. ae vi la | aides itt ee , C4 enna =e — NA. ed = STREET. -LOOR: PLAN ° re de Ss SCALE = FEET ET) sew wore [oO] 044 woes 5. Lal oratory Building: Proposed Addition. Street Floor 7 - and Main loor Plans. (10,383 and 10,384) 89 3. An addition to the Laboratory Building. ‘he Garden has now quite outgrown the accommodations of this building which it was thought in 1910 would be adequate for all time. The library shelves are full to capacity, including the temporary wooden shelving that had to be provided in 1941; the herbarium has already expanded to the capacity of the two herbarium rooms: similar statements may be made with reference to the photographing room and the room for the storage and servicing of lantern slides and negatives. It is at times difficult to find room for visiting classes. The room for preparing each year more than 1,000,000 packets of seeds for school children is now wholly inadequate. A small auditorium, seating about 200 to 250 persons, is a need that is constantly felt. The ground plan of the proposed extension of the building to the Washington Avenue street line, prepared by the architects of the original building, McKim, Mead and White, is shown in figure 4. The estimated cost for this addition, as of May, 1939, was approximately $200,000. — Personnel and Afaintenance The need for more gardeners would hardly seem to require elaboration after all that has been said in these reports for the past several years. While the plantations have grown steadily and the grounds have each year become more and more inten- sively cultivated, we have only the same number of men that we had twelve years ago—9 on the monthly payroll and 14 per diem men, a total of 23 men to care for some 50 acres of intensively planted gardens, with public conservatories, propagating houses, and nursery. ‘This is less than two men per acre. Better compensation for per diem men.—It is difficult to write of this with proper restraint. An injustice to these men is of long standing. For many years they have received less than the minimum per diem compensation in the Park Department and other regular City departments. Retiring allowances.—It is now nearly fifteen years since a plan which, at that time, could have been easily financed was presented to the Governing Committee by the director but never approved. A plan for retiring allowances in scientific and 90 educational institutions is now almost universal, and the lack of such a provision here is a decided handicap in retaining an efhicient personnel and in making new appointments. Respectfully submitted, C. STUART GAGER, Director, REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1941 PLANT PATHOLOGY By GrorckE M. RrrEp A New Race of Loose Smut of Oats The most important discovery in the investigations in 1941 is that of a new specialized race of loose smut which attacks Victoria and many hybrid selections of which it is one of the parents. Twenty-nine definite specialized races of loose smut and 14 of covered smut have been described and, so far as tested, none of these has been able to infect Victoria. The Victoria variety has been used extensively in oat hybridization and many of the selec- tions are highly adapted to certain Oat-growing areas. The new race of smut is based upon a collection obtained some years ago from Oklahoma and seems to belong to the Fulghum group of loose-smut races. Its most important characteristic is its ability to infect Victoria and selections from Victoria crosses. These studies have been made in cooperation with Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist, Division of Cereal — and Die eases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. Studies on the Inheritance of Smut Resistance Further studies were made on three hybrids in which the Navarro oat was one of the parents. This variety is noted for its high degree of resistance to all known races of loose and covered smut with which it has been tested, no collection of smut having been found which is able to infect it. Navarro was crossed with varieties which showed interesting reactions to different races of smut. The second and third generations of Navarro X 9] Hull-less were inoculated with four races, to all of which Hull-less was susceptible. The data for the hybrid plants, inoculated with race 1 of the loose smut, indicate a two factor relation for the inheritance of resistance, while a three factor difference is indi- cated for the hybrids when inoculated with races 1 and 7 of the covered smut. The progenies inoculated with race 12 of loose smut differ markedly from these results. There is a high per- centage of infected second generation plants, and in the third generation there is a great excess of segregating and susceptible progenies over the resistant ones. Second and third generations of the hybrids between Navarro and Black Mesdag were grown, and five distinct factors for inheritance of resistance to two races of covered smut are indicated, and three factors for one race of loose smut. The results are particularly interesting because Black Mesdag is susceptible to both races of covered smut, but fully resistant to the loose smut, Navarro being resistant to al these races. In the hybrid between Navarro and Gothland, the latter being susceptible to race 1 of loose smut, the results ind1- cate that inheritance of the resistant quality depends upon two — factors. The Effect of Smut Infection on Seedlings of Resistant and Susceptible Oat Varieties Miss Jeanne P. Walther, research assistant, carried out a serics of experiments in order to determine the effect of inoculation on the growth of resistant and susceptible varieties of oats. Many varieties, inoculated with different races of loose and covered smut, were grown. In general, a reduced emergence rate of the inoculated seedlings as compared with the non-inoculated was noted. Varieties inoculated with races of covered smut to which they were susceptible showed only a slight reduction in growth, but when they were inoculated with races to which they were resistant there was a decided retardation. Similar results were observed in the case of varieties in their reaction to the loose smut. Some varieties susceptible to both loose and covered smut races showed retarded growth when inoculated. On the other hand, they appeared to be somewhat stimulated when in- oculated with races of smut to which they were resistant. Q? The results of these investigations were presented as a thesis in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts at Columbia University. Studies on Experimentally Produced Physiologic Races of the Oat Smuts Dr. L. Gordon Utter, research assistant, continued his studies on the infection behavior of 40 collections of smut which origi- nated from the hybridization of race 1 of the loose and covered smuts of oats. Twenty-four of these collections showed the symptoms and morphology of the covered smut, while 16 re- sembled the loose smut. The covered smut collections were primarily selected on their ability to attack Gothland, which was resistant to race 1 of the covered smut. Monarch was re- sistant to most of them, although susceptible to race 1 of the covered smut used in crossing. Similarly, the selected loose smut collections infected Monarch, resistant to race 1 of the loose smut, more frequently than they did the usually susceptible Gothland. ‘Two collections of the covered smut and four of the loose smut behaved on Gothland and Monarch in the same man- ner as the original loose and covered smut parents, and thus appear to be the parental types which have segregated out. When the infection data from 1941 were combined with those from 1938-1940, the earlier establishment of many of these col- lections as physiologic races could be clearly confirmed. Thir- teen races of the covered smut were separated on eight varieties of oats, including Gothland and Monarch, Most of these oat varieties were resistant to race 1 of the covered smut. However, each variety proved to be susceptible to some of the new races and resistant to others. Similar results were obtained with nine loose smut races which were separated on six oat varieties. Although all the varieties used, except Monarch, were susceptible to race 1 of the loose smut, they showed susceptibility to some of the new races and resistance to the remainder. In both the loose and covered smuts, certain collections be- haved identically on those oat varieties which distinguished the races above. The evidence indicates that most of these collec- 93 tions may be separated as distinct physiologic races in the future by using additional oat varictics. Experiments on the Control of Iris Thrips Spray tests for the control of iris thrips, made by Dr. L. Gordon Utter, in cooperation with Dr. Floyd F. Smith, of the Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D. C., were brought to a conclusion. Eight applications of various spray jinations and dusts were made on test plots of iris plants at Spray combinations of — com weekly intervals during May and June. derris powder (.02 per cent. rotenone) with sulfonated castor oil (1-400) as a spreader, and 40 per cent. nicotine sulfate (1-450) with Grasselli Spreader Sticker (1-1000) continued to give ex- ceedingly high control of the thrips. A commercial derris ex- tract spray (1 per cent. rotenone) and a derris dust (1 per cent. rotenone) also appeared to be effective. The results obtained with spray combinations having reduced derris or nicotine con- tent were not sufficient to recommend them for general use. ‘This is also true for certain commercial insecticides included in these — tests for the first time. Preliminary tests undertaken by Dr. Smith at Beltsville, Md., indicated that the iris thrips could be killed within the iris plants when fumigated with methyl bromide at the rate of 24% Ibs. per 1000 cu. ft. of space for 244 hours at 74-78° F. Consequently, tests were made at the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine Bulb Station, Babylon, N. Y., in cooperation with Mr. S. F. Blanton, to determine the tolerance of iris to fumigations with methyl bromide. Planting divisions of numerous varicties of Japanese and bearded iris and several iris species, including hy- brids, were subjected to methyl bromide fumigations at the 244 and 3 lbs. rate in April, May, July, and September. Both treated and untreated divisions were planted in field plots. The treat- ment periods generally coincided with the time of year when some of the species or varieties are best transplanted. Preliminary results have indicated that no critical differences existed between the treated plants or between them and the untreated ones in any of the iris varieties or species tested. In general, the April — O4 and May series showed more rapid recovery and growth, includ- ing some flowering, than the July and September series. Poor survival of both treated and untreated plants of Iris halophila and the Southern iris was obtained in April and May. This be- havior corresponds to the normal failure of these iris to respond to transplanting at that season. The final analysis of these re- sults will require observations next season. These investigations offer considerable promise because methyl bromide fumigation is now the recommended method for cradi- cating Japanese beetle larvae from nursery stock intended for shipment outside of the quarantine areas. Since the dosage of methyl bromide (21% Ibs.) is the same for Japanese beetle and iris thrips control, a knowledge of the tolerance of iris to this chemical will have a two-fold value. Student Volunteers Miss Olga Jonelunas and Miss Georgianna Jurasek, students in Hunter College, volunteered their services in connection with some of the experimental work. CHESTNUT BREEDING WorK IN 1941 * By ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES This work has as its main object the development, through breeding, of a timber type of chestnut, resistant to the blight or bark disease. This disease has killed practically all the mer- chantable chestnut timber in the United States, throughout the natural range of this tree, involving a loss of many millions of dollars. The disease is caused by a fungus, Endothia parasitica. Since the Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) is compara- tively resistant to the blight, we crossed this with the American species, C. dentata, aiming to combine the height growth of the American with the disease resistance of the Japanese. The Japanese trees are rather low in stature, and could never replace the American chestnut as timber grees. The first crosses from which we now have trees growing were made in 1931, so that these Japanese-American hybrids have now completed their tenth *A more detailed account will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 05 year. Their rate of growth has exceeded all expectations—in several cases, as previously reported, 4 feet per year—while that of the American chestnut seedling is about one foot per year. Furthermore, the erect habit of the American chestnut is very evident in these Fy hybrids. This difference from the low-grow- ing, shrubby habit of the Japanese species is perfectly obvious to one who visits our plantations. The remarkably rapid growth of the F; hybrid is evidently due to the phenomenon known as hybrid vigor, or heterosis. In addition to this vegetative vigor, in many cases a sexual precocity has been manifested; that ts, it is not at all unusual for these hybrids to blossom in the third year of their growth. (See Report for 1935, BRooKLyN Bort. Garp. Record 25: 63. 1936; also Report for 1937, BROOKLYN Bot. GARD. RECORD 27: 49. Fig. 4. 1938.) The susceptibility to disease of these Japanese-American hy- brids has been already reported (see Reports for 1938, 39, and 40). It has become more and more evident that in these Jap- anese-American crosses the American parent is dominant in the habit of growth, and incompletely dominant as regards disease susceptibility, the two characters with which we are especially concerned. Without going into the genetics of the case in detail, it is obvious that, under the circumstances, one way to achieve the desired result, namely, a disease-resistant chestnut of timber type, is to interbreed these Japanese-Americans with each other. Of the next generation, some should apparently have the desired characteristics. Of these, one or more may be absolutely pure, but others would have to be bred further to produce the desired result, i.e., to serve as reliable breeding stock. Another way would be to back-cross the Japanese-Americans with resistant Japanese, and after selecting the tall individuals, another inter- breeding should produce pure, tall, and disease resistant offspring in greater numbers.* This situation was foreseen as far back as 1937, when we began interbreeding the hybrids and back-crossing with resistant Japanese and Chinese. Thus we already have a considerable number (now 4 years old) of 2nd generation or F, hybrids resulting from these crosses. * This reasoning is, of course, in the present state of our knowledge, largely hypothetical. 96 lirst inoculation tests (for method of inoculation sce Report for 1937. BRookLyN Bor. Garb. RECORD 27: 51. 1938) made last September and October already indicate that some of them have the required resistance. Method of Circumvent- ing the Biight.—In order to keep the Japanese-Ameri- can hybrids in a healthy, vigorous condition so that the breeding can be contin- ued, the following method was devised. Any chest- nut, not long after the blight attacks it to any extent on the main trunk, usually develops shoots or “suckers”? from the base of the trunk, especially if the lesion is near the base. In case the blight fungus attacks the base of the tree, as often happens, it te. Fic. 6. Hybrid Che . — is then a simple matter to \ stnut (C. crenata x C. dentata, Hammond 99A—33) eight years old, badly blighted at base. Tosave Shoots and graft it or it for further breeding work, 3 basal shoots them into the healthy (one concealed by trunk) have been a One of 5 hybrids thus the diseased part. This take the strongest of these bark of the trunk above was done in April of last year successfully with 5 of our best Japanese-American hybrids (see fig. 6) and last fall we harvested valuable hybrid nuts from these trees. Pollen Contributed in 1941 Pollen of the chestnut was received in 1941 from the following persons. We are glad to have this opportunity of expressing here our thanks for this splendid cooperation. O7 June 20. From Mr. R. B. Clapper, Div Borest Bath. US DoA Glenndale, Md. C. dentata. (F.P. 1000, from tree of G. F. Gravatt.) June 24, 27, and 30; July 1 and 2. From Mr. J. C. McDaniel of East Lansing, Mich. C. dentata. June 24 and 27. From Mr. Richard Lazarus, of Milford, Conn. C. dentata. June 27 and 28. From Mr. Philip Smith,.of Pawling,» No.2 Y. C. dentata. June 28 and July 2. From Mr. E. J. Grassmann, of Elizabeth, N. C. dentata. stune 30. brome Nr. jen: McDaniel, from Norris, Tenn. C. mollissima X C. dentata ‘“TU-Ca-2.” June 30. From Mr. Joseph St. John, of Monroe, N. Y. C. dentata. ulate. rome Nii ea: McDaniel, from Jackson Co., N. C. C. dentata. July 8. From Dr. Waldo Craig, W. Va. Dept. Agric., Charleston, W.Va. C. dentata. Cross Pollination Work in 1941.—The season was unusually early. The first blossoms appeared on June 7, and the first nuts were harvested even as early as August 31. 260 hybrid nuts were obtained. Three new hybrids representing combinations new to science were obtained, making a total of 51 new hybrids to date. We have now a collection of over 1000 hybrids of vari- ous pedigrees growing in our plantations at Hamden, Conn. Visitors —On June 25 a delegation of about forty members of the Phytopathological Society of America visited the plantations. This visit was made in connection with the summer meeting of the A. A. A. S. at Durham, N. H. Among the visitors during the summer were Dr. E. W. Sinnott, Professor of Botany at Yale University, and Dr. D. F. Jones, Geneticist at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. Cooperation.—The crossing of the American chestnut with t resistant Chinese species is another method of attack in this problem. Our first crosses of these two species were made in 1934, and since that time we have accumulated a large variety of hybrids containing Chinese blood. Through Mr. Henry — ne 98 Hicock, of the Connecticut Agricultural experiment Station, we have been especially fortunate during the past year in receiving an offer of cooperation from the White Foundation, L itchheld, Conn. Mr. William Mitchell Van W inkle, president, and Mr. Clifford Ongley, superintendent, have offered to take over these hybrids of Chinese-American stock, and continue the breeding under our direction. The Avon Old Farms School, Avon, Conn, through Mr. Holland R. Sperry, and the Choate School, W alitue ford, Conn., through Mr. ( George St. John and Mr. Tokai Wilfong, are Moen in a similar manner on other problems. The list of all those cooperating with us is too extensive to include here. The Fox Experimental Forest, Hillsboro, N. H., through Mr. Henry I. Baldwin; the Yale School of Forestry, through Prof. R. C. Hawley; the Dept. of F orestry of the State of Conn. through Mr. Austin Hawes; and the Conn. Forest and en Assoc., through Prof. H. H. Chapman and Mr. J. Walter Bassett are some of the other cooperating agencies. To these and to all other institutions and individuals who have helped us we are pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness. As in former years we have continued to enjoy the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A Nuts Received in 1941 with List of Donors We welcome this opportunity of expressing our appreciation to the many persons who sent us nuts in 1941. As in 1940, the list includes many States, and is ample evidence of the general interest in this problem. It is very important that nuts mailed to us should be kept fairly moist, by w rapping in sphagnum moss, moist cotton, etc. Drying kills the embryo and prevents ger- mination. Address: A. H. Graves, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. January 24. C. mollissima from Mr. Willard Simpson, Horti- cultural Experiment Station, Peitaho Beach, IKiangsu, China. September. C. dentata from Mrs. Fyte, Wellesley, Mass.; Mr. H. B. Mosle, Litchfield, Conn.; Mr, James J. McKenna, Reading, Penna.; Dr. Jay H. Sclunide, New York City; Mr. H. H. Tryon, Black Rock Forest, Cornwall-on-Hud- 99 son, N. Y.; Miss Margaret Mclkenny, Sharon, Conn.; Mr. Paul Schauland, Waterbury, Conn. October. C. dentata from Mr. E. W. Eddy, New York City; Mr. Floyd W. Callward, State Extension Forester, Connecti- cut State College, Storrs, Conn.; Prof. Lewis J. Johnson, Hopkinton, Mass. (through Mr. C. A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University) ; Mr. Arthur Davis, Norwalk, Ohio; Mr. Burton N. Gates (through Mr. Harold IK. Brigham), Worcester, Mass.; Mr. P. H. Smith, Pawling, N. Y.; Mr. Lawrence Goetz, Woodstock, Ulster Co., N. Y.; Mrs. Wm. Allen Pusey, Elizabethtown, Ky.; Mr. J. F. Smith, Suffield, Conn. ; Mr. C. P. Englund, Holm- del, N. J.; Miss Edith Von Elz, Cragsmoor, Orange Cou Ne Ye C. crenata from Mrs. P. W. Hammond, Syosset, L. I.; Mr. H. Vanderbeek, Pomfret, Conn., through Mr. Floyd M. Callward. November. C. dentata from Mr. Alfred Frueh, Sharon, Conn. C. crenata and C. mollissima from Mr. Ralph H. Morton, Weymouth, Mass. — FLOWER STRUCTURE AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDONS By ALFRED (GUNDERSEN The study of the development and comparison of flower structures of Dicotyledons has been continued so far as time has permitted. Miss Maud H. Purdy completed another color study of Ipomoea tricolor. The study of flowers with parietal placenta- tion and their suspected relationships is being continued. Why these groups? The diagram of Dicotyledons (Fig. 7) was published by Engler forty-five years ago, in 1897. It shows Rhoeadales (Poppy Group) and Parietales (Rockrose Group) as connected. If these groups are placed adjacent, it eliminates a significant difference between the Engler and the Bentham- Hooker systems. That would place a large group of families near the important Ranales or Magnolia group. The phylogenetic picture of Angiosperms, with their branches, ike, rather than tree-like, said Winkler in 1935. —" is decidedly shrub- 100 In the second diagram the names and sequence of the groups are the same, only Sympetalae and most Apetalae have not been included. The names are shifted slightly right or left to call attention to additional possible relationships indicated by dotted Campanulatae Rubiales ee cy Bo 2 = o a Rhamnales Sapindales Geraniales ales Sarraceniales Rhoeadales — sty anales Centrospermae a) olygonales Aristolochiales Santalales by ° ot o bal © a wW Urticales ] Balanopsidales Myricales Salicales 4) iperales waits eee bale an ac te Verticillatae Fic. 7. Synopsis of the Orders of Dicotyledons according to their mutual relationships. After Engler, 1897. (4295) lines. Numerous resemblances become explicable by a rearrange- ment of certain groups. The fact that parietal placentation in the bud often precedes axile placentation in the flower may reasonably be supposed to be another case where ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. From separate placentae to united LOT placentae is suggestive of many other cases of fusion of flowe parts (Fig. 9). Interest in the questions of family relationships has been connected with the fact that the Systematic Section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is laid out approximately by the Engler system. ™ Most adjoining families in our Garden resemble UMBELLIFLORAE , ay MYRTALES —__ !} OPUNTIALES ~ N 7 PARIETALES 2 : (i a MALVALES ve ‘ { ! oF RHAMNALES ' y at ‘6, ) } 8 2%, " SAPINDALES 4 4 % ¢. ON ) / % ‘ 2 GERANIALES / Y S bi \ oe 4 5 te ROSALES 1=<=~ Be} 3 ra) N c S \ >, < é SARRACENIALES es % %S 1 SS en RHOEADALES 2 / ‘0 (“A \ A a A oe \ “Ss Ld ~ > ~~~. RANALES 1-7 \ \ \ x CENTROSPERMAE \ : POLYGONALES -—~ r \ --ARISTOLOCHIALES ; 4 PIPERALES ~----7 Orders of Dicotyledons (in part), after Engler, ee Nis showing posible ea ae ines from Engler diagram, Additional lines: ee with saNaete or single car ae 2, Groups largely with parietal ce remaining groups mostly with axile or central placentation. (10,389) one another to some extent, though in some instances, for ex- ample Aristolochiaceae, this is definitely not the case Tlerbarium Research and Field Work By Henry Ix. SVENSON arly in the year an account of the vegetation of Middle Tennessee was published in the Journal of the Tennessee Academy 102 of Science, also as a Contribution of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and was illustrated with plates drawn by Miss Maud H. Purdy. This area, and especially the region centering on Coffee County, is remarkable for the great number of plants charac- teristic of the Atlantic coastal plain, which in many instances are not found elsewhere in the interior. Much of this interesting area is now occupied by Camp Forrest, a situation which will undoubtedly change the natural character of the vegetation in Mato He Due ay. Fic. 9. Iris pallida, showing ovary one-celled in bud, three-celled in flower (10,208) the future. In this Tullahoma area of Middle Tennessee are found Gaylussacia dumosa (a dwarf huckleberry of coastal bogs), Scleria reticularis (a sedge local in pine-barrens from Massa- chusetts to Florida, and otherwise only on the dunes of northern Indiana), Rhynchospora macrostachya of closely similar distri- bution, Lycopodium alopecuroides (the largest of our pine-barren species), Drosera brevifolia (a purplish-flowered sundew), Pota- mogeton pulcher (one of the pondweeds known previously inland 103 at St. Louis, Missouri), and many others. The presence of so many of the coastal plants in the barrens of Middle Tennessce, and the ancient character of the underlying rock in comparison with the recent sediments which compose the coastal plain, seem to indicate that this upland area has been a point of origin of plants of the coastal plain. Some of these coastal plants, such as Eleocharis microcarpa, occur here and there in siliceous areas north to central Indiana, and other species extend to the dunes of Lake Michigan. These siliceous areas perhaps depict the rem- nants of larger areas which were eroded, but even in the present state they might well represent the transition points in the migration of a flora from the coastal plain to that of the Great Lake dunes through the uplands of Alabama, Tennessee, and IXentucky. The month of August I spent at Peacham, Vermont, which is only thirty miles from the Canadian border. Material was collected for the herbarium. This area has long been known as one of our northernmost outposts of Rhododendron maximum, which has its greatest abundance in the Alleghenies. In January, 1941, with the financial assistance of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, I set sail for Ecuador. My trip was originally scheduled for December, but due to un- avoidable circumstances, I could not leave until the end of January. This exploration trip, as explained in the last Annual Report, was carried out for the purpose of tying in the relationship of the vegetation of the Galapagos Islands and the coast of Ecuador and Peru. The Galapagos have figured very promi- nently in discussions of the species problem, yet little or no attention has been paid to the desert areas of the continent from which a large percentage of the Galapagos plants have un- doubtedly been derived. I found the climate and the general aspect of the vegetation to be very similar on the coast of Ecuador and Peru to that of the Galapagos Islands, and I also found an additional number of species which were supposed to be confined to the Galapagos group. Most of these are desert plants which 104 occur on the exposed headlands of the littoral and under similar conditions in the Galapagos Archipelago, such as species. of Oxalis, Euphorbia, Tribulus, and Luffa. 1 was fortunate in spending an entire rainy season on the coast of Ecuador, but my progress was somewhat hampered by the unexpectedly high precipitation in an ‘‘off year.’ Approximately six inches of rainfall was anticipated along the Ecuadorian coast at Salinas during the period from January to the end of April, the extent of my stay. There was, however, a deluge of twenty inches, which increased inland. Such an unprecedented precipitation occurred southward along the western flank of the Andes, even as far as Lima, Peru, and made travel almost impossible during extended periods. As a consequence, I was unable to get into the low mountains along the Ecuadorian coast; now that means of access are known I hope to complete such exploration in a succeeding year. The material which I collected shows that there is a well-marked province of plant geography comprising the northern coast of Peru, the southwestern coast of Ecuador, and the Galapagos Islands. An extended account of exploration and a catalogue of the plants with their Galapagos connections will be published during the coming year. GENETICS Variation in Nephrolepis Problems in the variation of certain native fern species By RaLtru C. BENEDICT The collection of Nephrolepis variants has been maintained during 1941 in the public and experimental greenhouses. This material offers a considerable number of research problems in addition to those so far reported. From time to time, requests from other institutions for representative sets of these variations and species are filled. Beginning about forty years ago, when essential agreement had been reached regarding the delimitation of our native hardy 105 fern species, the interpretation of occasional collections, inter- mediate between recognized species, as hybrids, came more and more into acceptance in the United States and in Europe. The ereatest number of these putative hybrids were found in a section of the genus, Dryopteris, but ascription of hybrid identity has also been made in Asplenium, Camptosorus, and other gencra, including, most recently, Osmunda. pete Latterly a number of developments have occurred which have raised interesting questions both regarding these presumptive hybrids and about the range of variation and differentiation among the fern species involved. Increased collections over wider ranges have indicated that the limits formerly assigned to some of our species must cither be extended, or that sub- divisions of these species will have to be made. For some of these possible subdivisions differences of opinion have arisen as to whether certain types are to be interpreted as hybrids or as distinct species or in lower categories. Furthermore, some of the best attested of the hybrids have been found to manifest spore fertility and to reproduce themselves true to spores, a state not noted in connection with any of the morc extensive earlier studies. Altogether, these ferns offer a series of challenging problems not only in identification and classification, but also for an experimental attack on the basic factors involved. At present, the outdoor culture under approximately uniform conditions of recent collections is being carried on under slat shade in the experimental grounds. Field trips and correspondence have added to the collections including a few plants from outside our local range. ECONOMIC PLANTS By RatepHu H. CHENEY The subjects of investigation, during 1941, have been as follows: 106 1. A study of the drug-producing trees of the Pacific coast. . Pharmacological effects of the volatile oil derived fron. Um- bo bellularia californica Nutt. (myrtlewood), of Oregon. ios) Histo-pharmacological effects of caffeine upon the cardiac tissue of the turtle was begun. ca Comparison of the topography, purposes, and activities of Pacific coast and Atlantic seaboard botanic gardens was made. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR 1941 To THE DIRECTOR: Tsubmit herewith the report of the work of this department for the year 1941. ATTENDANCE Grounds.— The number of visitors to the Garden, as recorded by the turnstiles at the five entrance gates during 1941, was 1,753,331, a considerably larger figure than that of last year, 1,687,564, but not as large as that of 1939, 1,798,029. With the exception of that year the attendance in 1941 was the largest ever recorded at the Garden, Monthly attendance.—In two of the months the attendance exceeded all previous records. These were May, with a total of 335,455 visitors, and August— 168,882. The largest previous figure for May was in 1938—331,095, and for August, in 1940— 162,907. Week-end attendance.— 53,458 persons visited the Garden in the week-end May 3-5, a slightly higher figure than the number on May 11-13 of the previous year, namely, 52,796; but the figures have never reached the total for April 30-May 1, 1939—56,145. However, the attendance for several successive week-ends in the latter part of April and early May was very large, due, probably, to the good weather and the carly blossoming of many of the 107 flowering shrubs and spring flowers. The figures for these week- ends are as follows: April 26-28 42,119 May 3-5 53,458 May 10-12 30,408 For these three weck-ends, therefore, the total attendance was 125,985 persons. Conservatory attendance.—Because the conservatories were to October 18, the attendance figure for the year is necessarily much lower than usual, namely, 107,608, as against 146,643 in 1940. Classes and lectures.—The combined attendance at classes and lectures to children and adults at the Garden was 116,386, as against 108,368 in 1940 and 104,312 in 1939. The following table shows other attendance data. = closed for repairs from July 7 ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DuRING 1941 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apel “May” “June J ae At regular classes. . 616 963 2,626 3,363 3,251 3,265 8,000 At visiting classes. . 812 373 847 11,151 17,525 9,869 is) At lectures to children anes ay. 435 363 840 7,882 3,750 7,701 0 At lectures to adults 90 510 174 202 168 220 0) At conservatories... 6,594 7,181 13,030 27,918 22,623 8,161 1,719* At grounds........ 64,537 66,974 09. 331 as 249,099 165,899 155,955 Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Totals At regular classes... ... 7,500 1,616 3,856 4,980 _ 2,662 42,698 At visiting classes...... 0 75 8,459 4,596 1,906 73,688 At lectures to children. . 0 28 4,687 2,414 1,006 29,106 At lectures to adults... 0 0 10g 0 13 1,537 At conservatories...... 0 Q 5,294 8,878 0 107,608 At Setuee Sys san eee veetare: 168,882 153,728 130,093 109,631 53,797 1,753,381 * Conservatories closed fee to October 18. 108 STATISTICS OF ScuHoon SERVICE 1940 Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) No. of sets lent........... 0.0.00. 000.00 eee eee, 15 No. of teachers involved......................... 28 No. of pupils attending. ...... eee ash eee ade ae 1,975 Material Supplied TVotal number of requests from schools... . . . nae 1,020 Number of different institutions. . ea 310 High Schools and High Scl — eee XS Brooklyn (Total No. 49). ee 24 Queens (Total No. 28)............. eae 12 Manhattan (Votal No. 54)........ ere 14 Other Boroughs (Total No. 31)........... 10 Re High Schools (Total in Braokion Sl 8 Colleges and Universities (Total in ies n7). 11 elementary Schools Brooklyn (Total No. 236)......... .. 171 Queens (Total No. 145)... ... oe Suna a 7 Manhattan (Total No. 124).............. 7 Other Boroughs (Total No. 148)........ 2 Private and Parochial Sc bodle ere eee 19 ther Tistientione: gucsevu seaidees axeve kon 25 Number of potted plants for nature study...... 4,130 Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar. 552 Total number of teachers supplied with material. 10,230 otal number of pupils reached. . cove eee. 448,883 Living Plants Placed in School Rooms PRICE SOWOO Ss oine genus ae a 455-0464 ae eh det 35 No, of plants... 0.00... ee re rere eee rere , 588 No. of teachers involved... .... eee ee 1,287 No. of pupils reached... . |. Pune Oacatad .. 45,264 Plants Distributed (Raised in C ieee) ees ey ooo... §640,633 No. of persons taking plants... ... Tee ee L535 Total number of schools represented........00.... 156 Seed Packets for Children Eo mag si: od 8 9/6) |: a i ee ee rs 681 No. of teachers... 000 000000000000.0.020020200002, 8,160 Pe a ies decenences acre ab give ee Ba ees .. 325,023 of packets... 0... Se aiish wiht Eats Ae yea tt este os 975,072 E xhibite Provided Pe OOS Sey gana tka eed end aaiey ees whee 8 PMG Oss Greg aia ga bad gost: ad dohaviee otra pee esha ek 152,085 * Not including five exhibits installed at the 1940 World's Fair, of course, viewed by uncounted thousands. 658 8,792 351,719 1,055,158 4 123,100 vhich were, 109. ADULT COURSES There were 996 persons registered for adult courses during 1941, not as many as those in 1940 (1359) but more than in any aches year of the Garden’s history. A free course of 3 exercises offered in 1940 to teachers brought 500 registrants, and this was largely responsible for the large 1940 figure. The largest registration in these adult courses was in D1, Medicinal Plants, a course for students in nurse training schools of hospitals. 232 young women registered for this course, 36 in the spring and 196 in the fall, coming from four Brooklyn hospitals: Jewish, Kings County, Prospect Heights, and St. Johns. This course was first offered by the Garden in 1927, so that this was the 15th consecutive year that it has been given. No fee is charged. Courses given by members of this department.—The following shows in tabular form the courses given by members of this department in 1941, with the registration. No. of pou Name of Course Instructor Regis. All ae Wild Flowers Aaa Ferns; | ee Rusk | 28 Spring and Fall NA aes eee ay Wild nee Gs Miss Rusk 10 Sica 5 Paes Native Fert | Miss Rusk 20 A5 and 9, B13 | and tanec Trees ane Shrubs; Spring | Dr. Graves, Miss Ash- 63 and wel AOD Mere ele Ss . the Tropics mele Sey es, ae Rusk 40 AG tela W ieee cs and Valks in we | Dr. Graves, s Rusk, 49 BG, Spring and F% Nis eee Ge BuO ete ary: Flowering Plants oe Miss Rusk 16 ferns, Field and Lab. sa tt te ee | Thee sie Shrubs (for | Dr. Graves, Mr. Doney 22 Park Dept. Spring only) DNL: oie Medicinal Plants Ss; Spring ae ca ae Rusk 232 ' and Fall s Ashw | *T otal ee ere 480 | New courses.—In order to afford an opportunity to members and others, who are busy during the day, to attend our outdoor classes, Miss Rusk offered a course of 3 exercises on Monday evenings in the fall, on native ferns, holding it in our wild flower garden. The hours for this were from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m. It isa pleasure to report that 20 people registered for the course, the 110 attendance for the 3 sessions being 53. This response suggests the need of more evening, outdoor classes of this sort, which cause little inconvenience and expense in connection with opening the building (except for registration at the first exercise). For a similar class in native wild flowers scheduled for Tuesday morn- ings at 10:45, and held likewise in the local flora area, 10 people registered. In this connection the course of 3 illustrated lectures, offered by Dr. Gundersen in March, should be mentioned. The title of the course was “‘Conifers around the World,” for which 60 people registered. No fee was charged. FLOWER Days Two flower days for members of the Garden were observed in 1941 as follows: 1. Fourteenth Annual Rose Garden Day, Tuesday, June 10. Members and guests met in the auditorium at 3:30 p.m. Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist, and Mr. S. R. Tilley, Rose Grower, conducted an informal discussion on problems of rose culture. After the usual tour of the Rose Garden, tea was served in the rotunda of the Laboratory Building, the Woman's Auxiliary, assisted by young ladies of the staff, having charge of the social arrangements. 2. Fall Rose Garden Day, Tuesday, October 14, was a similar occasion, at which we were fortunate in having Mrs. Charles Doscher, Vice President of the Long Island Horticultural Society and the Vice President of the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, speak on ‘‘A Long Island Rose Garden.” Arrangements had been made for two other flower days, which were abortive on account of conditions beyond our control. Lilac Day had been scheduled for Tuesday, May 20, 1941, but because of the unusually warm weather during the first half of May, the lilacs were far ahead of their schedule, and, incidentally, of ours, too. To have held the exercises on the date scheduled would have been to exhibit only the tag-end flowers of our beautiful collection. The event was therefore cancelled. An Herb Garden Day had been projected for September 30, with a lecture by Miss Winifred M. Graville, F.R.H.S., of Sheffield, Fic. 10. IXnot Gardens Chamaedrys). in the Herb Garden: Sweet Violet (Viola odorata), Lavender fetes of Cotton (Santolina), Germander ( Surrounding the Knots are Culinary and Medicinal Plants, segregated. (10,317) Tencrium IIT Ne england; but on account of the international situation it was impossible for Miss Graville to secure passage to this country. And so this affair, likewise, was cancelled, PUBLICITY In 1941, 70 typewritten pages of letter head size of news re- leases, containing 54 articles telling about events at the Garden, such as courses, lectures, flowers in bloom, flower days, and re- search in plant life, were mailed to various metropolitan papers at irregular intervals throughout the year. Because of mounting cost for clippings, and the ever-increasing need of economy on the part of the Garden, we have discontinued, as of November 1, our subscription to a clipping bureau. There is, however, every indication that the publicity the Garden receives through this means is being maintained. Through the cooperation of the School Nature League, located at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, a mimeographed slip telling about our Wild Flower Garden (Local Flora Section) was sent to about 1500 subscribers to the Bulletin of the League. This slip was enclosed with the League’s Bulletin on Autumn Wild Flowers, by Ada Kneale Burns, issued in September. Circulars of early spring courses in February and March, of regular spring and fall courses, schedules of radio talks, cards announcing Dr. Gundersen’s course of lectures in March, invita- tions to Flower Days, and the annual Prospectus of Courses, were prepared, printed, and mailed, through this department, as usual. Post cards were mimeographed and mailed to members of the Garden, as follows: (1) on April 4, announcing crocuses and other spring flowers in bloom outdoors; (2) on April 23, telling of the display of cherry blossoms, and (3) on May 15, advising members of the distribution of chrysanthemum seedlings and cuttings, and seedling annuals. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS A considerable portion of the working hours of the members of this department was occupied with the docentry of garden clubs, school classes, science clubs, and various other organiza- 4 113 tions. Likewise, the ‘‘Bureau of Information’? accounts for a sizeable part of our time. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Scholar- ship for Brooklyn College was awarded to Mr. Robert Gottlieb. This enables a student of the College to elect one of our courses. Mr. Gottlieb elected our fall course in Trees and Shrubs. Exhibit of the week posters were displayed on the grounds from April to December, eight new subjects being added, as follows: star magnolia, Magnolia stellata; white oak, Quercus alba; Japa- nese styrax, Styrax japonica; golden-rain tree, Koelreuteria pant- culata; fleece vine, Polygonum Aubertii; water lilies, Nymphaea spp.; castor bean, Ricinus communis; and chrysanthemums. Forsythia for Brooklyn.—We continued our cooperation with the Forsythia for Brooklyn movement of which Mrs. Edward C. Blum is secretary, by issuing, early in April, news releases to all metropolitan papers explaining the movement, telling of the early history of the forsythia, and describing the various species, particularly those best fitted to serve as ornamental shrubs. Clerical assistance.—After July 1, the assistance we have been receiving through the WPA terminated. This left gaps in our personnel which have meant a considerable amount of overtime work on the part of the regular staff. In this connection we should like to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mrs. Herbert Lawrence, of Brooklyn, who again contributed her services for part time work throughout the year. Lists of birds seen in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have been posted on the bulletin boards on the grounds throughout the year —in spring and fall at least twice a month; in winter and summer, at longer intervals. These lists were kindly furnished us, as usual, by Mr. Bernard P. Brennan, a member of the Brooklyn Bird Club, and formerly its president. We are much indebted to Mr. Brennan for this valuable service. Personnel.—Miss Rusk has continued to serve as Librarian and Curator of the Herbarium of the American Fern Society. I served on the Council, on various committees and as associate editor of the Bulletin, of the Torrey Botanical Club. I continued to serve as editor of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, and Contributions, and as editor of the Plant Section of Gencral Biology for Biological Abstracts. Also, as usual, I served as 114 examiner for merit badges for the Brooklyn Council of the Boy Scout Foundation of Greater New York. The annual meeting of the “alumni” (now numbering well over 1,000) of our outdoor courses on trees, shrubs, and herbs was held on Saturday afternoon, January 4, in the Laboratory Building. Mr. Rutherford Platt of the Platt-Forbes Co. of New York City, and one of our former students, gave another of his delightful, informal talks, illustrated with some of his new color photographs and enlargements. Mr. Platt is an occasional contributor of colored photographs of plant material and articles thereon to Life magazine. He declares that the courses he has taken at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are the source of his inspiration. T devoted the period June 15 to August 1 and also severa week-ends to breeding work with chestnut species and hybrids at Hamden, Conn. From June 15 to July 14 Miss Rusk assisted me in this work. A brief resume of the results will be found on pages 94-99, — Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION FOR 1941 To THe DIRECTOR: I hereby present my annual report for the Department of Elementary Instruction for 1941, It might be of interest to review rather explicitly the year’s work which ends a long period of progressive upbuilding. It has been a banner year in certain ways. The attendance in visiting classes and at children’s lectures was considerably larger than last year, and perhaps our most outstanding achievement is that of passing the million mark in the distribution of packets of sced to children. Almost a million and a quarter packets were filled during the year, nearly half of that number being filled by the children of our own garden classes. More than 1,055,000 were distributed to schools. 115 The number of plants distributed to schools has dropped some- what because of a price being placed upon these collections. Also the amount of nature material distributed has been slightly reduced because considerable material has been given out through the American Nature Study Society at the Nature-Garden Office of the Board of Education. Through all our avenues of work with the elementary schools in this Borough we have come in contact this year with 987% of the schools, a record number. A few less than 2,000 people have been instructed in our green- houses, not just entering for demonstrations. A comprehensive view of the work of this Department might be taken in the high spots of the twelve months of the year. In the month of January all the machinery is set in motion to publicize the seed work. During the year 490 elementary schools, 49 high schools, 1 college, 17 private and parochial schools of the city, and 39 other institutions sent in their orders. Three lots of bulk sced were sent to England and Finland in addition to 1,022 packets being given away here. In January some of the members of the Department have ene previous year’s vacations. All of the printing and work connected with classwork for the spring is attended to this month. Groups of Girl Scouts came on Saturday mornings for instruc- tion in garden work. In the month of February a group of older children returned to the Garden to work on the plan for the annual flower border. The plan was not only worked out by them under supervision, but later the seedlings were started in the greenhouses and most of the pricking was done by them. During this time Miss Hammond taught a group of students in Camp Nature Coun- selor Work, also on Saturday mornings. One WPA teacher, Mr. Victor Berwisht, was trained by our Department to give general help in our classes and to serve as docent. At this time teachers’ classes for the new term register. The class in Elements of Horticulture, spoken of in the Prospectus as B3, was so large in 1941 that two sections had to be formed for the spring term. Fic. 11, | \ “Fun with the Microscope.” One of the Winter Activities for Boys and Girls. Pinus palustris tapped for turpentine. (10,370) In background trunk of 117 The Department of Elementary Instruction cooperated with the Board of Education in Mr. Marvin M. Brooks’s course in Nature-Garden Science held at the Garden for the Borough of Brooklyn. A similar course given under the auspices of the Staten Island Teachers Association was given by Mr. Brooks, with one member of our staff, Miss Miner, taking part. The Department also cooperated with the Brooklyn Teachers Associa- tion in Miss Matilda Rogers’s classes in Flower Arrangement, both spring and fall. In March, 164 children registered for our Saturday morning classes, and 48 new students were admitted in what is called the “Try-out” class. A few others were taken in in May, thus making a total of 217 children ready for the spring garden. The work of these Saturday classes through the spring centers around the plans for the outdoor garden. The visiting class program during the months of March, April, May, and June was, as usual, heavy, with an extra number of classes coming under WPA guidance. All through the spring and fall the nature material collected by Miss Hammond is given out at different times to Nature Rooms and class teachers. During the summer 1,000 wild flower speci- mens, several thousand tree leaf specimens, a few hundred ferns and other spore-bearing plants were collected, sorted, and a large part mounted by Miss Hammond. Through the distribution of study material and plants, nearly 7,000 teachers were assisted in their work, and over half a million children. In the busiest time of our year, the NYA help was taken away, leaving a tremendous amount of work to be done in our green- houses. Later in the year Mr. Joseph LaGrutta vo —_— unteered his services and has been helping three days a week in the setting up of greenhouses and the shifting of material. No new stock material has been bought this vear. It has been a year of strict economy in material and supplies. At the close of the heavy teaching season, the children’s garden takes its place, and although the work has been going on every Saturday in the spring, summer seems to be the real garden time. Total registration for garden classes was 235. This, of course, 118 drops appreciably as the summer goes on, and midsummer registration was 149, accounted for by the number of children going to camps and summer homes. Most of the children, except new-comers, made their own garden plans, a larger per- centage doing this than ever before. As usual, our tomatoes became the bumper crop, for more than a ton of fruit was raised. Corn was again tried in the garden. It is always a favorite crop, but prone to have borers. Our picking garden, the project of the high school group, was a mass of continuous bloom. The children were taught proper flower arrangements, good color combinations, and had the satisfaction of enjoying the results of their labors, for over 150 flats of seedlings were raised by them for the flower beds. During the summer a series of talks on botany was given in the garden to prepare the children for their honors. So went the summer. During the fall of the year an intensive round of teachers’ and children’s classes goes on just as in the spring. Each year this Department offers some short. free course for the teachers of the Borough. Last year such a course was given in the fall, two lessons in classroom Nature Study, with material supplied. Over 100 teachers attended and received material for their classwork. There are one or two points of interest that stand out in this year and which might be held in mind. First, no mention has been made of a project carried on by our children for the past two years. There is a small village in England called North- bourne, about three miles outside of Deal, in County Kent. Here about a hundred children between the ages of five and fifteen have become the friends of the children of the Saturday morning classes here at the Garden. In 1940, £15 were sent there for a Christmas treat for those children; this year £20 and also two large boxes of clothes were given. It seemed to us, the Department and the children, that the nicest thing we could do for our young English friends was to give them a good time. We shall hope to continue this throughout the war just as we helped support a French orphan during the last war. The Town Hall Leadership School held one meeting at the Botanic Garden to observe our educational methods of work with children. A number of universities from the Midwest eS) were represented in this conference, such as the University of Michigan and the University of Wisconsin, A very beautiful Pompeian marble birdbath was presented to the children’s Garden in memory of Miss Bertha Lancaster, an old student and friend of ours. The gift was made by her three sisters in loving memory. It has been set in a permanent foundation at the center of the formal bed directly north of the Garden House in the formal garden. A leave of absence for three months—October, November, was given to Miss Miner for further study. and December Miss Edson has substituted in her absence. Miss Miner was elected a second time to the Presidency of the Garden Education Department of the National Education Association at their meeting last June. She also represented them at the National Defense Garden Conference held in Washington in December. Miss Hammond still serves as one of the Vice Presidents of the New York Chapter of the American Nature Study Socicty. During the months of July and August Miss Carroll again served as one of the Directors of the Southern Art Conference at Blue Ridge College, Blue Ridge, N. C., as she has for the last few years, and also repeated her course in Art Appreciation at the College. I continue to serve as Secretary of the National Plant, Flower & Fruit Guild, and one of the Directors of the School Garden Association of New York City. It has long been in our minds to prepare booklets concerning the different phases of the work of this Department, its Children’s Garden, its Educational Greenhouses, its Visiting Classes, its Saturday Morning Classes, and the educational principles upon which all these things have been based. The first booklet, “Our Pattern,’ was published this year; the others are to follow. It has been published in answer to many requests and in the hope that those reading it may feel the value of this type of work for boys and girls. Respectfully submitted, ELLEN Eppy SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction. 120 REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR. 1941 To THE DIRECTOR: Herewith I submit my report for the year 1941: LILACS For a number of years I have been occupied with our numerous lilac varieties during their flowering time. A Guide to Lilacs in the Garden (Guide No. 12) was published in the July Botanic Garden Record. Mr. John C. Wister added a note on twenty-two additional varieties, Dr. Gager and Dr. Ernst Ohlsson wrote on lilac odors, Mr. Montague Free on Lilac Cultivation and Propa- gation, and Dr. George M. Reed on Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases. In my part, on Lilac Species and Varieties, they were classified in cighteen groups, four for the species, two for hybrids of species, two (singles and doubles) for white varieties of Syringa vulgaris, and ten groups for its colored varicties. Just what is the difference between ‘‘Bluish lilac,” ‘‘ Pinkish Lilac,” and just “‘Lilac’?) Mrs. McKelvey, in The Lilac (1928), has given detailed color notes, for example; Madame Antoine Buchner: “‘Tone pale; color in bud Deep Brownish Vinaccous to Purplish Vinaceous (XX XIX) to Laelia Pink (X XXVIII); when expanded Lacha Pink (XNNVIIT) on white without, Pale Lobelia Violet (XX XVII) on white within;” the figures refer to Ridgway’s Color Chart. Such distinctions are not easily remem- bered for a hundred varieties. Individual clusters change color greatly within a few days, Mr. Wister states that color also varies with climate. It would be a great aid in distinguishing varieties to have available a color chart on a single sheet. Perhaps fifteen or twenty colors, numbered, would suffice for most purposes; for any given plant the bud or the expanded flower could be assigned to its nearest color number. With color so uncertain, I have given some attention to lilac flower forms. , eee! 1 Bailey, Prof. L wee Jia bezakeyer) Helm eleey IN Uy S Aetna emt. mite eee Niece ae) ree 5 Banker, Mrs. Howard J., Huntington, N. Y.......0..00.00.0.0...... 7 Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Stamford, Conn............... 2 Bermuda Biological Station for Research, St. George’s, Bermuda. 1 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii... .......00000.00.... 1 Campbell Soup Company, Camden, N. J..............0 0.00.0 .00000. 3 Carnegie Institution of Washi Aeey Washington, D. C.............. 4 Chilean Nitrate Educational Bureau, Inc., New York, N.Y... 2... 1 Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Col..... 0.0.0.0... 0.000.000.0000. 1 Connecticut Arboretum, Connecticut College, New London, Conn... . 1 Cranberry Canners, Inc., South Hanson, Mass..............0.0.00... 26 Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, Ohio......................... 2 Davisw Mirela rb eelar ing enivaellexa swears msec roe de eH rat lke. \ Anh enter 2 DuPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, Del... 0.0.0.2... 6 146 Eugenics Society of Northern California, Sacramento, Cal... .. 2.00... Fairchild, Dr. David G., Coconut Grove, Fla... 2... | et ene een Fisher Scientific Company, Pitsburg PAL. cca eee vce vee ee eu enue. Free, Mr. ee ae Brooklyn, N.Y... 0000000000000 0000... set eae aca Dr , Brook lyn, Ds Verge cece toa kip ep he eda bes Gi , Dr. Ar ane a Brooklyn, IM Mess iin Ok Gg 4 ne be Eades Dr. Alfre TOON yt Ne Vi as bas an ut tats be has aes Hanmer, Mr. C. C.F Pact £ Pia ford, On. Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass.......000.0..00.0 000000 e eee Hecht, Miss Sadie, New York, N. Yoo. 000000. ee Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, Cal... ... Herb Society of America, Boston, Mass.......0..0.000 000000000000, Huntington Botanical Garden and ea Huntington, Ind.. Hlinois Audubon Society, Chicago, Hh... J. Ohls E. sens Enkes Plantepatologiske Laboratorium, Copenhagen, Deniark 4:g04 oooh teenies ee ee ee ee eee haha e ous Japanese Government Railways, Board of Tourist Industry, T [eas terete oe cc peenepean gi oeeore aes ead acrt-n ee pane ieitace adie Jenkins, Mr. Charles F., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa... 0... .. okvo, John Innes Horticultural Institution, Cambridge, Eng... 0.0.2... Kelley, Mr. Arthur Pierson, Landenberg, Pa.......... Lemmon, Mr. Robert . New Canaan, Conn.................. MeFarland, J. Horace Company, Harrisburg, Pa............... Medical Society of the County of INKings, Brooklyn, N. Y........ Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Mount Desert, Me... .. ] National Coconut Corporation, Manila, P. 1....0..000.0000.... National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.. New York Hesecianon of Biology Teachers... .......0..00.0.... Parrabére, Mr. A. P., Montevideo, nee see ates atric. fee 8 pss Pennsylvania, University of, Morris Arboretum, ae Hall, Pas: «3 Pennsylvania, University of, Library, Philadelphia, Pa.... 0... .. Pierce, Miss Mary Elizabeth, Ero yn, N.Y ie Reed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. Y......... en areees Riverside Junior Collexe. Riverside, Cal eerie S cand oh aae 5 Robinson, Dr. Winifred J., Newark, Del........00.00.0000..... Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa aig Gl eee aes eeeererty School Garden Association, New York, N. Yoo... ..00000.0...... School Nature League, New York, N. Y.. ee Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, see: D. F see ea gaa Southern Methodist University, Science Depts., Dallas, Tex... . Swallen, r. J. R., Wa gna gM fed aes fags ane eee gle anne son Nurseries, Inc., Towson, Md... ....2.020000000.0.000... U ied Brewers Industrial oo ace New York, N. Yo. ...... Usher, Dr. Robert J., New Orelans, La ie ahicany eae dapwetnae fa ahs Utter, Dr. L. Gordon, Brooklyn, N. Y.........00.0.0....0..... ee heres Laboratories, New York, N. Y...............0..... — me ONS eR mn OO eS & iw) Bh & eS eB tb bo 147 West Virginia University Herbarium, Morgantown, W. Va........ 5 Yale University, School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn.............. 5 TGs Chex eee itn BRO is ohh Nr gl ieee et elec sar en he A ae eee ee egg 496 PORTRAITS AND PHOTOGRAPHS Gagen Wine UUARU «LOO MLYV Meet etans tind elena wi teaes Mie 14 nd, Dr. Roscoe, Cambridge, Mass................... Se: 1 Robbins, Dr. William J., New York, N. Y.........0.0...0..0000005. 1 Shull, Dr. Charles A., Chicago, ll, ith oe Ae ee a ARON D ete Ty Ae tind ft Page | Spencer Lens. Company, Bullalo; Ns Voces. g oer ee rene 1 Ot atl ete ere he ek Beet Lal LON 27st ARC Mra Nede OS Bea AES SAR a 18 AUTOGRAPH LETTERS Gacers D paGwoclanteD LOO vind Ne: Noss... 6 dc cs te erate eadven an 35 MISCELLANEOUS Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Y. Miscellaneous material relating to votes for names on Laboratory Building; Flower map of the United States Plan of garden of Bonnefont Cloister, N. Y. e. Hanmer, Mr. ey t Hartford, Conn. Duplicate ie and pamphlets not counted in eed statistics: 300 parts; : pamphle Pierce, Miss Mary Elizabeth, Brooklyn, N.Y. Duplicate parts and pamphlets not counted in yearly etanicnice: 167 parts; 28 pamphlets. Wilson, Mr. Fred A., Nahant. Mass. 1 chart showing Rose ancestry. Department of Plants LIVING PLANTS Arthur Hoyt Scott Foundation, Swarthmore, Pa. 44 Lilacs in 29 varieties. Bailey, Mr. Frank. Pyracantha and Albizzia Julibrissin rosea. Bartlett ice Research Laboratory, Stamford, Conn. 1 Bartlett Chestnut No. 710. Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. 6 species of Hedera, 156 Roses in 25 ieties, 1 Hiaeagnus nee Bristol ore Bristol, Conn. 2 Chrysanthemum ‘Ruth Cummings. Christy, Mrs. Frances T. eens. N.Y. 2 Cetba eel zt ie i Coyle, Miss Grace M. cipot elaston, N. Y. Cuttings of Heder a . P antic Par ks and Squares, Baltimore, as I Ouer us robur ” jan fas Diddell, ae WW, D., Jacksonville, Fla. 1 Ceratopteris pteridioides and 1 clump of Selaginella arenicola. Didier, Mrs. F. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. 3 Cashew seedlings. Dow, He Saad LeRoy, Watch Hill, R. I. 1 Polypodium punctatum, eee oh 1 Selaginella Wildenovit. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. 1 Branch of Ilex degra. 148 F& esha ees _ J. 3 species of Hedera. ane Club of America, N. Y.. N.Y. 85 Trillium in 16 species. Graves, rene . Botanic Garden. 4 sa aca maculata, 3. Botrychium virginianum, 5 Cornus canadense, S Coptis trifolia, 3 Mitchella repens, — 2 Viburnum Lentago, ‘arya glabra, 2 clu Imps Ranunculus abortivus, 1 clump Pedicularis canadensis, 1 clump Mentha spicata, 1 clump Collinsonia canadensis. Grullemans, Mr. J. J., Brooklyn, N. Y. 3 Puya coerulea pygmaea. Hahn, Sylvan, Pittsburgh, Pa. species of Feder Hecht, Miss Sadie. 1 aa of Commelinacene fa nily Hicks Nurseries, Westbury, L. 1. 9 Rhododendron, 2 omen 1 Enkianthus. Johnson, Harry L. “South cae Conn. 1 Teucrium canadense, 1 Veronica virginica, | Nymphoides peliatum, | Sorbaria arboreé Kelsey Nursery Service, New York, N. Y. 5 Lilacs in 3 varieties. Lieb’s Greenhouse, New Roch velle, N.Y. 2 varieties of Hedera. Lobikis, Mis , Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Neréum Oleander. Martin, Mr. Abbot, Sewanee, Tenn. 34 Gentiana Saponaria. Michelson, Mr. F. E., Broc da, N.Y. 1 Agave. Patfard, Mrs., Stonington, Conn. 4 Caltha palustris, 5 cuttings Geranium, 1 Viola. Park eave Rochester, N.Y. 3 species of Acer, 1 Tilia. Pierce, Miss M. E., Fairbanks, Alaska. 1 Rosa “Gloria Mundi.” Princeton einen Princeton, N. J]. 7 varieties of Hedera. Purdy, Miss Maud H., Botanic Garden. 35 Gentiana crinita. Reiter, Mr. Victor, San Francisco, Calif. 13 varieties of Fuchsia. Rockefeller, J. D., N. Y., N.Y. 2 Bay Trees. Roehrs, Lee eck d, N. J. 2 varieties of Hedera. Shaw, Awbrey N., Brooklyn, N.Y. 3 Cashew seedlings. sates: es .jJ.E., N.Y., N.Y. 1 oe 1 Orchid. Swift, Mrs. Ghats: ‘ San Marino, Calif. 2 Iris species. ‘Tanger, Mrs. C. Y., Pane Pa. 1 ers Gentiana villosa, Tavlor, H. Stviier. Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 flat Cardinal Flower Timms, Thaddeus S., Ojai, Calif. 10 Berberis californica. Tricker, Wm., Inc., Saddle River, N. J. 4 ater lilies comprising 2 varieties. 144 Water ae in 22 varieties. Trovarelli, Mr. M., Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 tuber //ydrosme mee Wayside Gardens, Mentor, Ohio. 14 Roses 1 in 8 varieties, 4 Papaver. Wurts, Mr. Arthur T., East Orange, N. J. DCm plosorns rhizophyllus. — SrEbD PACKETS Burpee, W. Atlee, Co., Sacer = ) evans, Mrs. H. R., Brooklyn, Fairchild, Mrs. B. Pappen, Port Cl 1ester, N. Y. (1) Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brook me N.Y. Q Granville, Mr. Winifred N., Sheffield, England (2) Harrison, Mrs. Stephen M., Wilbraham, Mass. (2) 74 “ 149 Hecht, Miss Sadie (3) Herbst Bros., a Ves(5)) House, Dr. H. D., Albany, A aac) Kells, Mrs. D. a Salem, Ore. (1) Peters, Mrs. W. Sterling: Soe yi ayes CL) Starkweather, Mrs. H. M., Musou, Ariz. (4) Stumpp and Walter Co., N. Y., N. Y. (29) Taylor, Mrs. H. Shiliee Brooklyn, N. Y. s United States Division of Forest Research, Portland, Ore. (8) Wiemuth, Mr. Chas., Brooklyn, N. Y. (1) Phanerogamic Herbarium Ek, Mr. Charles M., 1 specimen of Juncus and 1 specimen of Carex collected in Indiana. Fraser, Rev. Samuel V., 9 specimens of Eleocharis and 1 specimen of Allium collected in Kansas. Hanmer, Mr. C. C., 72 specimens collected on Fishers Island, N.Y. Hayden, Dr. Ada, 9 specimens of Eleocharis collected in Towa. olst, Dr. Pedro, 2 specimens of Syilax collected in Ecuador. Kittredge, Miss E. M., 10 specimens collected in Vermont. Lepage, Rev. E., 15 fern specimens collected in Canada. Morgan, Rev. M., 4 specimens of Erythronium collected in Alabama. Street, Mr. Haskell R., 130 mounted specimens of Grasses, collected in Tennessee. Wilson, Mrs. Francis A. sallanches. , collection of Alpine plants from the valley of For the Department of Elementary Instruction Bartlett, Mr. H. Noble, Vhree outline maps of the children’s garden. Brooklyn Technical High School Class, Ten sets of metal scoops for use in the seedroom the outdoor garden; one enoscnntion to Nature Magazine; 460 postcards for use in classwork. Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., One prize cup competed for by the girls in Coca-Cola Company, Six books on Flower Arrangement. Davenport, Mrs. Henry J., $10.00 for the children’s work. Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Two gold medals as prizes for outdoor garden work; one book for the children’s clubroom library Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart, One book for the Eideen s phen libra Garden City Branch Aunene an Association of University Women, b One book for the children’s clubroom library. Garden Teachers Association, One prize cup competed for by the boys of the outdoor garden. Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph, One prize cup in memory of Bernard Good- man competed for by the boys of the outdoor garden. 150 Hecht, Miss Sadie, Seed for the children’s gardet Lancaster, Sisters of Miss Bertha (Mrs. Flora Goldm: in, Miss Rav Lancaster, . Esther Samuels), seca marble bird-bath for the children’s er i: ae ga a in memory of Miss La Perkins, Mrs. Charles E., $25.00 har evaines for children’s garden work. Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Two gold honor pins for service in the outdoor rden Note: Gifts of money from various sources have been added to the Children’s Endowment Fund and are included in the total under the heading Ellen ‘ddy Shaw Endowment Fund (page 139). Miscellaneous Bedford Surgical Company, nerds N. Y., 115,000 tongue blades ay n Eagle, Brooklyn, N. b photostaphe of views in Boneh n Botanic irden. mri Mr. Herman F., 6 kodachrome views taken in Brooklyn Botanic rarden. Jones, Mr. W. O. G., Brooklyn, N. Y., shel aan of photograph of fruiting banana plant in Botanic Garden conservatory Parks, Department of, Brooklyn, N. Y., 30 seats sedis in World’s Fair grounds. Tillotson, Mr. oo Stanton, Philadelphis: Pa., 1 painting of miniature wild flowers. Van gee Mr. V. L., Brooklyn, N. Y., 4 photographs of views in Brooklyn nic Garder W erty Mr. aa Newton, New Jersey, 6 truckloads of limestone rock for Local Flora Section, and fern garden. Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 30 dozen silver teaspoons, APPENDIX 2 PUBLICATIONS BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL DURING 1941 Benedict, Ralph C. Charles Alfred Weatherby and the American Fern Journal. American Fern Journal 31: 1-3. January~March. Ferns in the News. American Fern Journal 31: 22-23. January-March. (Looser, G. 6 papers on South American ferns, and other plants.) American Fern Journal 31: 25-27. January— March. Lester Paige Breckenridge (obituary). American Fern Journal 31:39. January-March. eo The American Fern Journal Through Thirty Years. American fern Journal 31: 41-48. April-May. Review of A. J. Grout’s “Moss Flora of North America north of Mexico” Vol. 2, part 4. American Fern Journal 31: 116-117. July-September. Field Trips to Fern Gardens. American Fern Journal 31: 119- 120. Ju The Gold Rush: A Fern Ally. American Fern Journal 31: 127- 130. October-December. Review of D. A. Johansen’s ‘‘ Plant Microtechnique.’ 41: 63-64. March-April. Review of Richard Goldschmidt’s ‘‘The Material Basis of Evo- lution.”” Torreya 41: 173-175. September—October. ene 4 jb eee Ly WEPLETIIEL. ’ Torreva Bishop, George R. Hydroponicsinthe home. The Sun (New York). January 11. Are your house plants happy? Garden Digest 13: 23-206. January. Labels aren’t pretty—but we need them. Gardeners’ Chronicle of America 45: 137, 148. May. Brighten the corners withivy. Gardeners’ Chronicle of America 45: 206-207. July. Caparn, Harold A. Making a municipal rose garden. American Rose Annual. 1941: 59-60, Cheney, R. H. Tea-Thyme Tea. Sci. News-Letter. May. Myofibrillar modifications induced by caffeine in cardiac muscle of the frog. Jour. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 18: 15-20. August. Doney, Charles. List of Shrubs I:xclusive of Conifers Growing outdoors in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Bot. Gard. Record 30: 1-32. January. Free, Montague. Bugs on your begonias? Yhe Sun (New York). January 25. Varied cover for lawn bald spots. The Sun (New York). March 15. 152 The Brooklyn Botanic Garden exhibit of an ivy garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets. Ser. 28, No. 1-3. March. Report of the Horticulturist for 1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 121-126. April. Planting the annuals. Zhe Sun (New York). April 12. You'll want a garden. The Sun (New York). April 26. Important things to watch if you’re planting roses. Garden Digest 13: 5-7. May. Starting from scratch. The Sun (New York). May 3. Cleaning and summer uses of the little greenhouse. Real Gar- dening 4: 49-54. June. Time to plant water lilies. The Sun (New York). June 14. Plants in your parlor. (A chapter in Gardening with the ex- perts. New York, Macmillan). p. 105-125. September. Plant roses now. The Sun (New York). October 10. How to plant your fall bulbs. Garden Digest 13: 9-12. Oc- tober—November. How to plant avocado seed. The Sun (New York). Novem- ber 28. Free, Montague, Alfred Gundersen, and George M. Reed. Lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden including classification, cultivation, pathology. B.B.G. Guide No. 12. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 191-224. July. Gager, C. Stuart. Horticulture for everyman. Official Program, 28th Inler- national Flower Show. p. 141. March 17. Brooklyn Botanic Garden in ‘‘Flatbush—Yesterday, Today.”’ Flatbush Magazine 19: 6. March. Something new in a botany textbook [Review of Transeau, Sampson, and Tiffany, Textbook of Botany, Harper and Brothers. 1940.] cology 22: 217. April. Thirtieth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Re- port of the director. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 37- 189. April. The odor of lilacs. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 193-194. July. Trees in city streets. Flatbush Magazine 19:1. Sept. 150 The Raphael of flowers. (Text for ‘Les Roses,” folio of 12 reproductions, in color, of plates by Pierre-Joseph Re- douté.) Am. Engraving Co. New York. September. The weeping redwood (Sequoia sempervirens pendula). Riptide (Santas erucea@alun ye cat: C Graves, Arthur Harmount Botany. Revision service (for 1940). Colliers National En- cyclopedia, April. Chestnut breeding work in 1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record $7=93- “Aprile Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 101-111. April. Some tree hybrids. Abstract of lecture. Torreya 41: 68. April. Birches of the New York City Region. School Nature League Bulletin. Series 11, No. 10. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist. June. Breeding work toward the development of a timber type of blight-resistant chestnut. Report for 1940. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68: 667-674. December. Reprinted as No. 95 of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions. 54 newspaper articles about the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 3 abstracts for Biological Abstracts. Gundersen, Alfred. Flower Structure and the Classification of Dicotyledons. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 93-98. April. Report of the Curator of Plants for the year 1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 115-119. April. Lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Classification. Brook- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 190-213. July. Jordan, William E. Publications of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1910-1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets. XXVIII No. 4-7. April. Report on the Library for 1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record SO e132 1350%) vor. Miner, Frances M. A child’s garden is fun. Garden Digest 13: 33-36. April. Reed, George M. Botany. The New International Year Book. 1940: 81, 82 April. Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 81-85. April. The Iris. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 85-87. April. Inheritance of smut resistance in some oat hybrids. Amer. Jour. Bot. 28: 451-457. June. Rusk, Hester M. Some common violets. School Nature League Bulletin. Series 11, No. 8. April. Shaw, Ellen Eddy. Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 30: 111-115. April. Our pattern. Educational series, Dept. of Elementary Instruc- tion. June. A children’s garden in the city. School Nature Study (London) 36: 102-104. July. Svenson, Henry K. Notes on the Tennessee Flora. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sei. 16: 111-160. January. (Reprinted as Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den Contributions No. 93.) The Vegetation of Ecuador. Chronica Botanica 6: 446-448. December. Tilley, S. R. Atmosphere in the garden. Gardeners’ Chronicle of America 45: 271. September. Utter, L. Gordon Control of Tulip Aphids on Southern Iris. Jour. Econ. En- tomol. 34: 473. August. 155 Utter, L. Gordon and Floyd F. Smith Iris Thrips and methods for control. Amer. Iris Soc. Bull. 81: 46-57. April. APPENDIX 3 TALKS, LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND PAPERS GIVEN BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL DURING 1941 By the Director: May 7. Parks and botanic gardens. Nat. Assoc. of Gardeners, New York City branch. At the Garden. Oct. 28. LHorticulture in the days to come. Long Island Horti- cultural Society. Bethpage, L. I. By the Curator of Public Instruction (Dr. Graves): January 10. Conservation. P.S. 42, Manhattan. March 6. Breeding new chestnut trees. Englewood Garden Club, Englewood, N. March 25. The onal program at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ‘Teachers’ conference at P. S. 42, Manhattan. April 9. Medicinal plants and the doctrine of signatures. So- ciety for Biology and Medicine, Brooklyn College. April 10. Breeding the chestnut. Classes from Girls Commer- cial High School. 2 talks. At the Garden. April 16. Breeding the chestnut. Class from Lincoln H.S. At the Garden. May 1. Forestry and conservation. Arbor Day exercises. Brooklyn High School for Homemaking. May 7. Conservation. Address at planting ceremonies, Eras- MOUS? Hl, May 14. Conservation and forestry. Closing address of con- servation week, Erasmus H. S. June 3. Conservation of Wild Flowers. P.S. 42, Manhattan. November 24. Hconomic Plants. P.S. 42, Manhattan. December 18. Breeding the chestnut tree. Science Clubs, Eastern District H. S. 156 By the Curator of Elementary Instruction (Miss Shaw): Why flower arrangement? Brooklyn Teachers February 18. Association Class at Girls © ere oe School Annex. April 28. English gardens. Mothers Club, P.S. 241. At the Garden April 29. Children's work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Garden Club Committee Meeting. At the Garden. April 30. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in cherry time. Mothers Club, P. S. 225. At the Garden. March 11. Suétable plant ‘nueva for flower arrangement. Brooklyn Teachers Association Class. At the Garden. May 19. English gardens. Brooklyn Section, P. S. Iinder- garten Association. At the Garden. May 20. Educational work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Town Hall Leadership School. At the Garden. May 21. Nature study and the teacher. Faculty Meeting, P. 5. 117 Queens. aa 28. The upkeep of the garden. Three Village Garden ub, Stony Brook, ee M1. Plant Siricaluhe, Brooklyn ‘Peachers Association Class. At the Garden. October 21. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Garden City Branch American Association of University Women. At the Garden. = By the Curator of Plants (Dr. Gundersen): January 1. Flower Buds and Classification. Botanical So- ciety of America. (Systematic Section), in Philadelphia. March 1. The Evolution of Plants. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Garden. March 12. Conifers of North and South America. At the Garden. March 19. European and African Conifers. At the Garden. March 26. Asiatic and Australian Conifers. At the Garden. October 18. The Evolution of Plants. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Garden. By the Curator of the Herbarium (Dr. Svenson): June 6. The Vegetation of Ecuador. Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den Staff. At the Garden. 157 By the Curator of Plant Pathology (Dr. Reed): May 10. Genetics of oat smut resistance. Class in teaching of biology, New York University. At the Garden. November 24. Some illustrations of genetics. The Students League of the Calhoun School, New York City. At the Garden. November 27. Some illustrations of genetics. Biology Class, Eastern District High School. At the Garden. By the Horticulturist (Mr. Free): March 6. /veryday garden problems. Binghamton ( Garden Club. March 11. New plant material. Stamford (Conn.) Garden Club. April 1. Problems of the city gardener. Brooklyn Heights Garden Club. May 7. Rare shrubs. National Association of Gardeners, Greater New York Branch. At the Garden. May 21. Rock gardens. Garden Club of Darien (Conn.). July 28. Increasing plant material. Nathan Hale Garden Club, Huntington, L. T. September 9. Plant propagation. Long Island Horticultural Society, Farmingdale, L. I September 26. Fundamentals of rose growing. School for Rosarians, West Grove, Pa. October 7. Flowering shrubs. Nyack (N. Y.) Garden Club. December 17. Ways and means of growing alpines. American Rock Garden Society, New York City. Neseye) b By the Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) (Dr. Cheney): February 21. Action of Drugs on the Respiration of Plant and Animal Cells. The Anaphy Biology Honor Society, Long Island University. May 10. Plants to Quench America’s Thirst. New York Botanical Garden. May 20. Newer Therapeutic Plant Principles. Symposium on Medical Plants and Pharmacology. New York Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Professional Pharmacy. Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City. 158 October 22. Nature in Our National Parks. Illustrated with IXodachrome Slides taken during a 12,000 mile trip to the Pacific coast during the summer of 1941. Y. M. C. A Y. W. C. A. Social Club at the Y. M. C. A., Ocean Avenue, Brooklyn. By Instructors: Miss Carroll: January 27. Graduation address. P.S. 44 Richmond. January 28. Graduation address. P. 5. 181. March 18. Form in flower arrangement. Brooklyn Teachers Association Class. At the Garden. April 8. Color in flower arrangement. Brooklyn ‘Teachers Association Class. At the Garden. April 25. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in spring. P. 5. 140 Mothers Club. At the Garden. May 14. The Local Flora Section of Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Brooklyn Assistants to Principals Association. At the Garden. November 7. The importance of nature study in education. New York Chapter, American Nature Study Society. November 16. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden: its history and activities. Forum of St. Marks Methodist Church. December 2. Color. Note: Miss Carroll also gave a series of ten lectures on Art in Nature at the Rutherford (N. J.) Adult School from Feb- ruary 10 to May 12. Miss Hammond: February 28. Wild flowers. Greenwich (Conn.) Woman's Club Gardeners. March 10. AWduseum work for children. 'Wudson River Mu- seum, Yonkers, N. Y. April 8. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mothers Club, P.5. 47, At the Garden. Miss Miner: February 27. Gardening for fun. Brooklyn Nature Club. At the Children’s Museum. 159 April 7. Planning and planting the school garden. ‘The Community School. Note: Miss Miner also gave a course of six lectures on School Gardening from February 19 to June 19 under the auspices of the Staten Island Teachers Association. Miss Rusk: February 27. Plant propagation. Two classes from Girls Commercial H. S. At the Garden. May 7. Conservation of wild flowers. Biology Club, Eras- mus Hall H. S., Brooklyn. May 9. Conservation of wild flowers. Assembly, Brooklyn H.S. for Homemaking, Brooklyn. September 16. Economic plants in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden greenhouses. Class from Girls Commercial H. S. At the Garden. October 14. Plant propagation. Class from Girls Commer- cial H.S. At the Garden. By the Assistant in Woody Plants (Mr. Doney): September 17. Shrubs and their Cultivation. Bay Ridge Garden Club, Union Church of Bay Ridge. November 13. Roadside Trees. Executive Committee of the Roadside Committee, Long Island Association. At the Garden. — By Curatorial Assistant (Miss Ashwell): March 5. Sotl conservation. Brooklyn College. At the Garden. April 22. Systematic section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Class from Girls Commercial H. S. At the Garden. September 30. Carnivorous plants. \Wadleigh H.S., Manhat- tan. At the Garden. October 15. Soil conservation. Brooklyn College. At the Garden. October 20. Planning a wild flower garden. Bay Ridge Gar- den Club. By the Custodian (Mr. Stoll): August 7. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Garden Club. Mil- Orduuba: 160 By the Foreman Gardener (George R. Bishop): January 28. louse plants. Brooklyn Heights Garden Club. March 17. House plants. Garden City (L. I.) Garden Club. March 17. Cold-frames and hot-beds.. Brooklyn-Queens Elec- tric Light and Power Company Garden Club. March 27. Plant propagation. Li-Pards Club, Flushing, L. I. May 7. Jvy. National Association of Gardeners, Greater New York Branch. At the Garden. July 11. Summer pruning. Belle Harbor (L. I.) Garden Club. September 9. louse plants and propagation methods. Bell- port (L. I.) Garden Club. October 15. J/louse plants. Bayside Hills (N. Y.) Garden Club. By the Rose Grower (S. R. Tilley): May 7. Atmosphere in the rose garden. National Association of Gardeners, Greater New York Branch. At the Garden. September 26. Routine care of the rose garden. School for Rosarians, West Grove, Pa. APPENDIX 4 RADIO TALKS BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL DURING 1941 By the Curator of Public Instruction (Dr. Graves): From Station WNYC: January 3. The Eleventh Commandment. October 1. Fall Flowers at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By the Curator of Plants (Dr. Gundersen): From Station WNYC: May 9. In Lilac Time. By the Horticulturist (Mr. Iree): From Station WOR: February 17. Plant freaks: Slim Jims. April 28. Choosing annuals. 161 May 19. Flower in the crannied wall. June 12. Garden mathematics: Subtraction. By the Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) (Dr. Cheney): From Station WNYC: April 25. Field and Garden Beverage Plants. By Instructors: Miss Carroll: From Station WNYC: January 31. Garden magic. December 10. Color in holiday decorations. Miss Hammond: From Station WNYC: November 26. Indoor glass gardens. Miss Miner: From Station WNYC: March 28. Children, prepare for your garden. Miss Rusk: From Station WNYC: January 17. Poisonous plants. December 24. Edible wild plants. By the Assistant in Woody Plants (Mr. Doney): From Station WNYC: February 28. Some climbing shrubs. April 11... Some shrubs for city gardens. October 15. Shrubs for autumn gardens. From Station WOR: January 6. Plant freaks: The Seven Dwarfs. March 5. Clinging vines. April 7. Hedges for defense. 162 By Research Assistant (Dr. Utter): From Station WNYC: May 23. Some plant diseases and their control. November 12. Fungi-good and bad. By Curatorial Assistant (Miss Ashwell): From Station WNYC: March 14. How to make a wild flower garden. June 20. Medicinal herbs—some facts and stories. By Curatorial Assistant (Miss Clarke): From Station WNYC: October 29. Planning the winter landscape. By the Herbarium Assistant (Miss Pierce): From Station WNYC: June 6. International vegetables. By the Foreman Gardener (George R. Bishop): From Station WNYC: February 14. Garden design. APPENDIX 5 FIELD TRIPS CONDUCTED, 1941 By the Curator of Public Instruction (Dr. Graves) : June 25. American Phytopathological Society through chest- nut plantations at Hamden, Conn. September 20. New York Association of Biology Teachers. Field Day at Bear Mountain, N. Y. Trip for trees and shrubs. 163 By the Curator of Plants (Dr. Gundersen): October 4. Pines Around the World. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Garden. By Instructor (Miss Rusk): September 20. New York Association of Biology Teachers. Wild flower group. Queensboro Lake, Bear Mountain, Nay, September 21. Torrey Botanical Club. Salt marsh at Rich- Mondeo al. By the Resident Investigator (Ferns) (Dr. Benedict): September 28. American Fern Society and the Torrey Botani- cal Club. Field trip to Bear Swamp, near Lake Owassa, ING By Curatorial Assistant (Miss Ashwell) : June 6. Torrey Botanical Club. Local Flora Section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By Herbarium Assistant (Miss Pierce): May 15. Contemporary Club. At the Garden. May 24. Girl Scouts from St. George’s Church, N. Y. At the Garden. May 24. Business & Professional Women’s Group, St. George's Church, N. Y. C. At the Garden. APPENDIX 6 MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1941 March 1. ‘Torrey Botanical Club. April 8. Mothers’ Club, P. 5. 47. April 8. The Hill Association. 1o4 April 14. Woman’s Auxiliary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. April 15. National Council of Jewish Women, Woodmere, L. I. April 16. Demarest Garden Club (N. J.) April 21. Woman’s Auxiliary Library Committee. April 25. Mothers Club, P. S. 140. April 28. Utrecht Study Club. April 28. Mothers Club, P. S. 241. April 29. Presidents of Brooklyn Garden Clubs. April 29. Women’s Civic Club of the Bronx. May 7. Women of '76, N.S.D.A.R. May 7. National Association of Gardeners, Greater New York Branch. May 7. Long Beach Garden Club. May 8. Englewood Garden Club (N. J.) May 11. Newark Y.W.C.A. (Under Reconciliation Tours, Inc.) May 14. Brooklyn Assistants to Principals. May 15. Contemporary Club. May 15. American Nature Study Society, New York Chapter. May 19. Brooklyn Section N.Y.P.S. Kindergarten Association. May 27. Presidents Garden Clubs of Brooklyn. May 27. Extension Service in Home Economics, Morristown, N. J. June 25. Staten Island Garden Club. June 26. United Service Organization. June 26. Brooklyn Nature Club. September 28. Reconciliation Tours, Inc. October 14. Department of Natural Science, B.I.A.S. October 21. American Association of University Women, Gar- den City Branch. November 13. Executive Committee of Roadside Committee, L. I. Association. December 9. Horticultural Committee of the Garden Clubs of America. 31 Organizations. ‘Total attendance, 1,063. 165 APPENDIX 7 REPORT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK Negatives on file December 31, 1940.....00..0.00.00.0.00 000.00... 10,170 Negatives accessioned during 1941....00.0.00.00.000.0.00.000.00... 180 Total negatives on file December 31, 1941......00.0.0.... 10,350 Lantern slides on file December 31, 1940.......0000.00.000.0.000... 6,980 Lantern slides accessioned during 1941.......00.0..0 000.000.0000... 170 lotal lantern slides on file December 31, 1941. ............ 7,150 IXodachrome lantern slides made..... 0.0.0.0. .000 000000002 ee 12 Prints on file December 31, 1940. .......0..000.0000000000000000., 10,170 JerintSermaGl eeG usin ol OA Legge each cece, foe fen ede ty city ae item ee 1,941 Wsedvordistributedtesw ce 2 cee Wa ate 1,761 Printssaleded uri ce Aline are eet, 2 ON tem tee ae ae ei ara ae 180 Total prints on file December 31, 1941....0....00....0... 10,35 350 BenlangementSammacd ewes cee hs Sa ee ote Se AN Remme ee ad 49 Motion pictures made (in technicolor). ....... 00.00.0000... 00000000, 8 reels APPENDIX 8 REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS, 1941 Ecology Official Organ of the Ecological Society of America. Quarterly. Volume XXII comprised 34 papers (besides reviews, proceedings, and miscellaneous matter), 472 pages and 224 text figures (as against 39 papers, 530 pages, and 192 text figures in 1940). The circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1941) was 1,153 as against 1,160 one year ag The annual budget was $6,046.61, a ere balance $1,743.44, and assets over liabilities $1,786.57 (as against $6,800.80, $1,117.48 and $1,095.66 assets over liabilities in 1940), plus the value of back sets and volumes on hand. Dr. Henry k. Svenson continued on the editorial board as the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den representative. Dr. Thomas Park, of the University of Chi- cago, and Dr. Francis Ramaley, of the University of Colorado, continued as Zoological Editor and Botanical Editor, respec- tively. 166 Genetics In Cooperation with ‘Genetics, Incorporated.” Bimonthly. Volume XXVI comprised 34 papers, 680 pages, 10 plates and 85 text figures (as against 39 papers, 660 pages, 10 plates and 196 text figures in 1940). At the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1941) the circulation was 736, the annual budget $8,188.05, and the credit balance $3,086.98 (as against 711, $8,195.15, and $2,956.32 in 1940), plus the value of back sets and volumes on hand. Dr. M. M. Rhoades, of Columbia University, continued as Managing Editor. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Quarterly. Volume XXX comprised 251 pages. The April number comprised the Annual Report. The circulation of the Record at the close of the year was 1,559. Leaflets One triple number and one quadruple number were issued. The circulation at the close of the year was 702. Contributions and Memotrs Numbers 93, 94, and 95 of the Contributions were published. No Aemotr was published. 167 OFFICERS OF THE BRO@KIANN ANSP E Or AREGeAND: SCIENCE CHAIRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT JAMES G. McDONALD, LL.D. ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN 2 Iirst Vicke-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN GHAREES. PRAT. THIRD Vice-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON ‘TREASURER S ARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD BRAN CIS is CHRIS iy BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, CHatrmMan PHILIP A. BENSON EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM G. CREAMER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN LEWIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Er officio WALTER HAMMITT WIDLTAM dey HUNTER JAMES G. McDONALD EDWIN P. MAYNARD EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FoLLowinG OFFIcIALs OF THE City or NEw YorK THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (Trustees are Elected from Membership of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences) Abrams, Ben Bayes, Hon. William R. Babbott, Dr. Fr: Benson, Philip A. Bachrach, Mrs. Che G. Blum, Edward (e Baxter, jenn E Blum, Robert E. ' Resigned as of March 1, 1942. ° Beginning March 1, 1942. Christy, Francis T. Conway, Hon. Albert Creamer, William G. Critienden: Walter H. Davidson, Sidney W. Dillon, Miss Mary EF. Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Fawcett, Hon. Lewis L. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W Good, Mrs. Willian H. Hammitt, Walter Hunter, William T. Ingraham, Henry A. Lewisohn, Sam Lockwood, Luke Venceal Loines, Miss Hilda 168 Mannix, Mrs. Henry J. Maynard, Edwin P. McDonald, James G. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Mudge, Alfred E Murray, Thomas E., Jr. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C Potts, Charles FE. Pratt, Charles Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Roulston, Mrs. Thomas H. , Robert Alfred . Bernard H. Smith, ete W. Thayer, Mrs. Hollis Kk. Van Sinderen, Adrian Voorhees, Mrs. Tracy S. Warner, Dr. Edwin G. Wason, Wiliam J., Jr. WOMAN’S AUXILIARY MRS. GLENTWORTH R. BUTLER, Honorary PRESIDENT MISS JESSIE H. RIGHTER, Prestpent Mrs. Walter F. Mrs. Earle P. Miss Dorothy L. Wells, Betts, Arai, Mrs. Rioichiro Babbott, Mrs. Frank L. Barnes, Miss Phyllis Barton, Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Benson, Mrs. Philip A Betts, Miss Dorothy L. Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles Boardman, Mrs. George M. Braman, Miss Emily L. Braman, Miss Irene M. Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Brinsmade, Miss Alice Bromley, Mrs. Bruce Brower, Mrs. E. Butler, Mrs. Gieniroeth R. Cabot, Mrs. Irving L. Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan Carter, Mrs. Oliver Goldsmith Vice-President Huff, Secretary. Treasurer Cary, Mrs. William H. Chace, Mrs, Franklin Childs, Mrs. William IT. Christy, Mrs. Francis T. Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L. Cranford, Mrs. Walter V. Creamer, Mrs. William G. Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V et i Henry J. ividson, . Sidney W. ae i. ® John R. Dodge, Mrs. Francis D. Doscher, Mrs. Charles Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Dunean, Mrs. Cameron Ieckardt, Mrs. Remick ( Ford, Mrs. Sumner Irrancis, Mrs. Lewis W. ee Meee Mabel Hills, Mrs. James M. Huff, Mrs. Earle P. Hume, Mrs. Henry M. Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R. Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond VY. Ingraham, Mrs. Henry £ Lathrop, Mrs. John H. Leech, Mrs. John E. Lester, Mrs. Maxwell Lockwood, Mrs. William A. Lohman, Mrs. William H, y Marshall, Mrs. Walliams W. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. McDonald, Mrs. James G. McMahon, Mrs. Edward W. Merrill, Mrs. Whitney Mudge, Mrs. Alfred E. Noble, Mrs. Francis L. O’ Donohue, Mrs. Charles A. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C Otis, Mrs. Charles H. Palmer, Mrs. Carleton H. Darker Mrs. John C Parsons, Mrs. Frank H. Pashley, Mrs. Charles L. Peck, Mrs. Bayard L. Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. Perry, Mrs. John M. Peters, Mrs. Wm. Sterling Post, Miss Jessie W. Potts, Mrs. Charles E. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt, Mrs. Richardson Prince, Mrs. Benjamin Pullman, Miss Mary Righter, Miss Jessie H. Roberts, Mrs. John S. Rogers, Mrs. Charles E., Jr. Rowe, Mrs. Frederick W. Seabury, Mrs. Samuel Shaw, Mrs. Awbrey N Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy Sherman, Mrs. Arnold W. Simmons, Mrs. Frank E. Southard, Miss Ec a Brett Stanton, Mrs. Otis C. Thatcher, Mrs. Edwin H. Thayer, Mrs. Hollis K. Thirkield, Mrs. Gilbert H. Truslow, Mrs. Walter Tuttle, Mrs. Winthrop M Van Brunt, Miss Elizabeth R. ay Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R. Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Walmsley, Mrs. Robert F. Walton, Mrs. Henry A. Wells, Mrs. Walter F. White, Mrs. Alexander M. White, Miss Harriet Mrs. Francis A on, : Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne 170 LIST OF MEMBERS (Revised to February 11, 1942) For information concerning the various classes of membership consult the pages preceding this Report BENEFACTORS By contribution of $100,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent vale *Samuel P. Avery *Babbott, Frank L. *Brackett, George C. *Carl H. De Silver *Augustus Graham *A. Augustus Healy *Margaret I. Howe *Jenkins, Alfred W *Ramsay, Dic Rockefeller, John D., Jr. *Alfred T. White (G) } *Miss Frances E. White (G) Miss Harriet H. White (G) *Victor Wilbour pa *Robert B. Woodward PATRONS By contribution of $25,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Frank L. Babbott *Miss Mary Benson Mrs. Edward C. Blum Miss Elisabeth W. Frothingham *Emil Fuchs *Edward L. *Mrs. John Hills (G) r *Irank S. Jones Mrs. Dean C. Osborne (G) *Alfred Duane Pell *Mrs. Caroline H. Polhemus *Alfred W. Proctor *Wilham A. Putnam *Charles A. Schieren *Herman Stutzer *John ‘T. Underwood Donors By contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Abraham Abraham Dr. Frank L. Babbott *Henry Batterman *James A. H. Bel *Mrs. Eugene G. Blackford *William Calverly *William H. Cary Mrs. William H. Childs *Walter V. Cranford (G) * Deceased. 1(G), through the Botanic Garden Mrs. Walter V. Cranford (G) Walter H. Crittenden *Mrs. Ella J. Filson *John W. Frothingham *Lina Y. Happel *Mary Harkness *George A. Hearn Joseph C. Hoagland *Samuel N. Hoyt For names not thus designated the gifts were to some other Department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Mrs. Mary Babbott Ladd Mrs. Joseph H. Lester *Frederick Loese Mrs. Ian Menai *Henry P. Martin 171 hase Matilda McLean *Joseph T. Perkins Res. D. Pratt *Henry K. Sheldon Mrs, Lydia Babbott Stokes “Hon. Richard Young (G) PERMANENT MEMBERS By contribution of $2,500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Abraham, Mrs. Abraham Barclay, Mrs. Reginald aie Mrs. Richard S. *Beers, E. LeGrand Bee . Miss M. Elizabeth *Beers, Mrs. Mary L. Beers, Dr. Nathan T. *Benedict, Henry Harper ee oes Eugene G. *Campbell, Miss Mary Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan *Cothn, Mrs. Sturgis English, Mrs. J. Radford *E vans, Miss Mabel Louise lahys, George E. *Tahys, Joseph First Unitarian Church Society *Freifeld, Mrs. George Good, Mrs. John, Sr. *Gottsberger, Francis Hagedorn, Mrs. Herman *Healy, Iran *Hearn, Mrs. coe A. *Hentz, Henry *Herriman, Miss Helen Higgins, Tracy Hoagland, Mrs. Raymond Hoagland, Miss S. W Hodenpyl, Eugene, Jr. yrus Lawrence How, Miss Josephine W. Hoyt, Mrs. Marl Hughes, Miss Celeste Hughes, Miss Mary *James, John S. *Jones, Mrs. Mary L. *Jones, Townsend Joost, Mrs. Martin Kelso, Mrs. Ruth C. *Lawrence, Henry C. *Lawrence, Lysander W. Lawrence, Richard H Lindgrove, Mrs. Marjorie S. ae Mrs. John Bradley Low, A. Augustu *Maxwell, J. aye sire McMahon, Joseph T *Morse, Horace J. *Olcott, George M. *Palmer, Lowell M. Payne, Mrs. Edward D. y, George Foster *Pell, Mrs. Cornelia L. *Post, James H. Powell, Mrs. Robert E. Sanger, William *Sanger, William Cary Self, Mrs. Edgar A. *Sheldon, Mrs. Henry K. *Simonds, Mrs. William R. Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, Howard C. *Vander Weyde, Mrs. N. J. Walsh, Mrs. Anna F. *White, Alexander M. *Woodward, Mrs. John B. We Lire MEMBERS By contribution of $500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value Through the Botanic Garden Bailey, Frank Hunter, Wilham T. Bobbink, Lambertus C. Jonas, Ralph Butler, Mrs. jaar R. (In Loines, Miss Hilda memory of Dr. Glentworth k. Mudge, Alfred E. Butler.) Osman, I*red D. Cary, Mrs. William H. Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. Childs, Eversley Potts, Maj. Charles E. Engelhardt, George P. Pratt, Mrs. Harold I. Gager, Dr. C. Stuart Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy Hicks, Henry Smith, Mrs, Annie M. Thatcher, Edwin H. Through other Departments of the Institute Abraham, Lawrence E. Curtis, Henry S. Ager, John Winifred Dalby, Archibald B. Albertson, Rev. Charles Carroll Davis, William T. Allan, Mrs. Evelyn W. Denbigh, Dr. John H. Allen, Miss Mary W. Dixon, Theodore P. Batterman, Charles H. Dougherty, Andrew, Jr. Batterman, Henry L. Doyle, Mrs. Allan M. Batterman, Miss Minnie P. Draper, Ernest G. Baxter, F. W, Draper, Mrs. eo Childs Bayes, Hon. William R. Dreier, ‘Theodore Baylis, A. B. Dykeman, Conrad V. Bevis. Wm., Jr. Elmhirst, Mrs. S 2orotny P. Whitney Jenson, Philip A. English, George L. Blumenthal, Maurice Evans, Mrs. ae C; Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A. Fara Forni, Mme. A. F. Boody, Alvin Farmer, Walter B. Brasher, Philip Iarrell, James A. Brasher, Reginald I. Ifarrier, Albert Moses Brockway, Miss Iemma A. Farrier, Frederick B. Brooks, Albert J. Fawcett, Hon. Lewis L. Brown, John W. Ferrier, Miss Elizabeth A. Campbell, Mrs. Win. . Mitchell Fish, Mrs. L. W Chauncey, Rev. E. lage, Mrs. Montague Chittenden, Miss oe H. I*linsch, Rudoich E. F. Clarke, Rev. L. Mason Foote, Alfeed Sherman Corlies, Howard Ford, Sumner Cram, Mrs. Howard W. Francis, Mrs.’Lewis W Crane, Judge Irederick E. *rancken-Sierstorpff, Countess von 173 Frank, Mrs. George S. Maxwell, Henry L. Frazier, Kenneth May, Joseph M. *lrothingham, Miss Helen Jl, Maynard, Edwin P. Gardner, Williat m McAneny, Hon. George Gibb, William T. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Gifford, Ira L. Melish, Rev. John *Gilbert, Miss A. Louise M, Metcalf, Jesse Gilbert, William T. Moffat, David Good, Mrs. John, Jr. Moffat, William L. Good, Mrs. William H. Moore, Mrs. W. H. Goodnow, David F. Morgan, John Hill Goodnow, Prof. Frank J. Morse, Miss Alice L. Goodnow, Weston W. Morse, Charles L. 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In a bog the water is ordinarily acid; though “marl bogs’ in limestone regions are frequently alkaline and may lack the ericaceous plants. ‘New Jersey bog” was one of the first developments in the ar as usually appliec fers to a wet This Garden, and was constructed in 1911 as an irregular basin of concrete about fifty feet long and eighteen inches deep, with six-inch walls and floor. This structure was filled with peat and sand brought up in barrels from the pine-barrens, and was one of the most successful elements of the original plantation. \WWhen the area was replanned, in 1931, on an ecological rather than a systematic basis, all mate- rial in the bog was removed, the surfaces were covered with asphalt, and the entire basin was filled to the brim with baled peat- moss. In the beginning aluminum sulphate was placed in the bog as an acidifier; but this treatment was soon discontinued, and the plants have grown just as well. The peat bog has been the easiest AW) Q Fic. 10. Meadow plants. a, golden ragwort (Senecio aureus , b, purple avens (Geum rivale); c, Virginia cowslip (Mertensia virginica) ; d, globe- flower (Trollius laxus); c, marsh marigold (Caltha palustris). Fic. 11. Bog plants (except Chamaelirium). a, blazing star (Chamae- lirium luteum); b, Calopogon pulchellus; c, pitcher-plant (Sarracenia pir- purea); d, fly poison (Amianthuun muscactoxtcum) ; e, swamp pink (ffelo- nias bullata); f, Pogonta ophtoglossoides. 198 of all plant habitats to maintain. The only difficulty has been the encroachment of cranberry vines (l’accinium macrocarpon) and other hardy species, but this condition can be remedied by remov- ung species, — ing upper layers of the peat containing the encroac and replanting with less aggressive species. Three [European plants appeared in the peat and have persisted: Calluna vulgaris, Erica Molinia coerulea). — — cmerea, and the black heath-grass Since this bog must function for both northern and southern species, there has been some mixture of these two clements. Around the margins are coniferous trees: red spruce (Picea rubens), black spruce (Picea mariana), larch (Larix laricina), and swamp cedar (Chamacevparis thyoides), with an undergrowth of rhodora (Rhododendron canadense). These species actually mingle in some of the northern outposts of the swamp cedar, which — eh extends northward to central New Hampshire. In the bog itse are northern plants such as Calla palustris, Kalmia polifolia, and the small cranberry (laccinimm Oxaycoccus) ; some plants essen- tially of the pine-barrens, Sabatia lanceolata, the purple-flowered sundew (Drosera filiformis), redroot (Lachnanthes tinctoria), Lophiola aurea, Tofteldia racemosa, the fox-tail club-moss (Lyco- podium alopecuroides), and yellow-eyed grass (NX yris caroliniana ). Many, such as the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea, Fig. 11c), the orchids Arethusa, Calopogon pulchellus (Fig. 11b), and Po- gona ophioglossoides (lig. 11f), and the common sundews (Dros- era rotundifolia and D. longifolia), are found both in the northern and southern parts of our range. At the border of the bog in damp sand grow the turkey-beard (Nerophylluim asphodeloides), which flowers only in occasional years, the sand myrtle (Leiophyllum buvifolium), the sand-barren gentian (Gentiana Porphyrio), the red milkweed (Asclepias rubra), and the turk’s-cap lily (Lili superbum) ; all these are coastal- plain plants. In peat adjacent to the bog (on the far side) will be found five interesting plants of the Melanthiuin group: fly poison (Aimanthim muscaectoxricum, Vig. 11d), swamp pink (Helonias bullata, lig. lle), Zygadenus lermanthoides (Fig. 4+, Map 6), the bog asphodel (Nartheciutm americana), which we have not yet suc- ceeded in bringing into flower, and blazing star (Chamaelirinm luteum, Fig. lla), the last-named usually confined to richer wood- jean lands. Itc. 12. Woodland plants. a, bellwort (Uvularta saad -b, Oakesta sessilifolia; c, early saxifrage (Sarifraga viryginiensis) ; d, bluets (Foius- tonta caerulea); e, Claytonia virginica; f, Giegianil caroliniana. Ite. 13. Woodland plants. a, wild ginger (Asarum canadense); b, dog- tooth violet (Hrythroniian ee c, bloodroot (Sangiuinaria cana- densis); ad, Hepatica acutiloba; ec, Anemone quinquefolia; f, rue anemone (.dnemonella thalictroides ) 200 Qn the far side of the bog, below the boulders which line the border mound, will be found (for the present) the assemblage of northern woodland plants usually confined in our area to an alti- tude of a thousand feet or more (lig. 3A). These are as follows: Fic. 14. Curly-grass (Schisaca pusilla), showing fertile frond and spore cases enlarged. balsam fir (lbies balsamea), red-berried elder (Sambucus race- mosa), hobble-bush (Miburniuim alnifolium), twin-flower (Linnaea borealis), bpunchberry (Cornus canadensis, Fig. 9c), creeping snow- berry (Chiogenes hispidula), twisted-stalk (Streptopus roseus, Fig. 9a), the long beech fern (Phegopterts polypodioides), the oak fern (Phegopteris Dryopteris), and Clintonia borealis. — This Climtonia 201 does not flower with us, but the white-flowered southern species, C. umbellulata (Fig. 9c), extending northward to New Jersey, flowers profusely. To the south of the bog will be found the newly-installed lime- stone ledges, the characteristic flora of which has already been enumerated (p. 187). Additional species to be seen here are the rue anemone (Anemonella thalictroides, Fig. 13f), Anemone virgimana, Ranunculus hispidus, early saxifrage (Savifraga virginiensis, Fig. 12c), and the maiden-hair fern (Adiantum pedatum). On the crest of the rocks are arbor-vitae (Thuya occidentalis), slippery elm (Ulmus fulva), butternut (Juglans cinerea), Viburnum pu- bescens, the bladder nut (Staphylea trifolia), and prickly ash (Zanthoxrylum americanum) ; these are more or less characteristic of limestone outcrops. Just beyond the bog will be found a wet meadow into which the brook drains. The earliest plant to flower in this meadow is the globe-flower (Trollius larus, Fig. 10d), soon followed by the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris, Fig. 10e), winter cress (Bar- barea vulgaris), purple avens (Geum rivale, Fig. 10b), golden rag- wort (Senecio aureus, Fig. 10a), and Ranunculus septentrionalis, and later by a thicket of herbaceous plants such as the beaver poison (Cicuta maculata) and Lilium canadense, and, as autumn approaches, by a wealth of goldenrods and asters. Along the brook can be seen skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllian), Virginia cow- slip (Mertensia virginica, Fig. 10c), various species of ferns, dog- tooth violet (Erythronium americanum, Fig. 13b), Claytoma vir- ginica (Fig. 12c), May apple (Podophyllum), goldthread (Coptis trifolia, Fig. 9d), several violets (Miola affinis, 1’. blanda, I’. pal- lens, V. primulifolia, 1’. lanceolata, V’. papilionacea, I’. cucullata, I’. striata), miterwort (Mitella diphylla), false miterwort (Tiarella cordifolia), toothwort (Dentaria diphylla), Anemone quinquefolia (Fig. 13¢) and A. canadensis, water-leaf (A ydrophyllum vir- ginianum), and bluets (dfoustonia caerulea, lig. 12d). The northern end of the two acres is taken up by a woodland of red and black oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. velutina), beech (agus grandifolia), tulip tree, black birch (Betula lenta), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum), set out in 1918 and representing the Alle- COC pay y-constructed). First planting, April, 1942. Fic. 16. Limestone ledge (new £0C 204 ghenian deciduous forest. It serves as a shelter for spring flowers, which in most cases set flower buds underground the previous au- tumn and pass through the flowering stages in early spring before the leaves come out on the trees. When the forest leaves have ex- panded, one must look to the open bogs and barrens for a continua- tion of flower drsplay, until autumn, with the falling of the leaves, sets up a display, thts time of asters and golden-rods. Some of the plants of the Alleghenian forest have been mentioned in the enu- meration of plants along the brook ; additional species to be seen, chiefly on higher ground, are bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis, Fig. 13c), Hepatica triloba, Claytonia caroliniana (Fig. 12f, a broad- leaved species, chiefly of the Canadian zone), wild ginger (lsarum canadense, Fig. 13a), Trillium erectum, Trillium grandiflorum, blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), early meadow-rue_ (Thialic- frum dioicum), Jeffersonia diphylla (resembling the bloodroot, and known as far north as Bucks County, Pennsylvania), Heuchera americana, Dicentra eximia (known northward to the region of the Delaware Water Gap), wild lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum canadense), the yellow violets (Iiola pubescens and I’. scabriits- cula), and the bellworts (Uvularia perfoliata, U. grandiflora, Fig. 12a, and Oakesia sessilifolia, Fig. 12b). The knoll at the far end of the woodland has banks exposed to the south, and here will be found the earliest blooms of hepatica, bloodroot, and Claytonia ; the ledge of granitic rock just beyond has been given over almost entirely to the growth of columbine (elguilegia canadensis ). Many plants not mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs will be found in various places. Among them are species of Cypripedium, robin’s plantain (Frigeron pulchellus), golden alexanders (Zizia aurea, big. 9b), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), Canadian burnet (Sanguisorba canadensis), and the two native species of Iris (J. sempervirens and 1. prismatica). Only the spring-bloom- ing plants have been included in this account; those of the summer and fall may perhaps be treated in a later publication, Notes ON THE TIME OF FLOWERING AND ON CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS lor several years records have been kept of the earliest dates and the periods of flowering of various species. In the excep- lee Serpentine bank, showing Euphorbia Darlingtonti and Cerastiun arvense. the background. Kalnua latifolia in 206 tionally early spring of 1936, the hepatica appeared on March 24; even in late seasons, as in 1934 and 1937, it comes into flower dur- ing the first week in April. Claytonia, Trollius laxus, bloodroot, Corema, and Caltha follow within the succeeding week. The third week in April ordinarily brings in Saxifraga virginiensis, Chamae- daphne, Mertensia, Epigaea, Ranunculus hispidus, Anemonella, and Trillium grandiflorum. By the first of May the following addi- tional species are in bloom: rhodora, Helonias bullata, Coptis, Kalmia polifolia, Erythronium, Arctostaphylos, Leiophyllum, Viola fimbriatula and 1”, pedata, and Trillium erectum. The middle of May usually sees the Local Flora at its best with the added flower- ing of most of the woodland plants and the early species of the sand-barren and serpentine areas (Fig. 3). The accompanying drawings by Miss Maud H. Purdy, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Staff, were made from plants flowering in April or May of this year in the Local Flora Section, with the exception of the two orchids (Figs. 11b and 11), which were in bud on June 1. The underground portions have been carefully delineated in order to show the problems involved in transplanting. With the exception of the cardinal flower, violets, the native colum- bine, Dicentra eximia, Arenaria caroliniana, and most asters and goldenrods, the native plants do not reproduce readily from seeds m the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This may be due partly to the faulty atmospheric conditions to be found in the center of a large city, but the writer suspects that even under the best conditions de- pendence must be made on collected plants or nursery-grown stock rather than upon a general attempt to grow wild plants from seeds. It is also believed that the texture and drainage of the soil is far more important than its acid or alkaline content, although the chemi- cal nature may play a larger part where soil and plants have had centuries to reach an equilibrium. But plants of the heath family invariably require a non-caleareous soil, though they are not infre- quently found growing wild on the leached soil overlying lime- stone rocks, The following species have not as yet been grown successfully in the Local Flora Section: Woodland species of Lycopodium, with the exception of the shiny club-moss, L. lucidulwm, The other woodland species pro- Fic. 18. Granitic ledge with columbine (Aquilegia canadensis). bo N 208 duce elongate runners which root and continue growth if soil con- ditions are favorable, the older portions of the plant gradually dying off. Probably mycorrhiza plays an important part. Schisaca pusilla (Figs. + and 14). The curly-grass fern lives for two or three seasons, and then dies off. In the pine barrens it grows on old cedar stumps just above the surface of the water, or fda s sun- hight, constant humidity, and freedom from the competition of other species. on the moist edges of cranberry bogs. It apparently neec — Habenaria psycodes and other orchids of this genus. These per- sist and flower for one or two years only. Perhaps the soils are not yet mature nor the atmospheric conditions conducive to their growth. Except for the yellow lady's shpper and the bog orchids previously mentioned, it is probably unwise to attempt the growth of native orchids unless one has a fairly exact duplicate of natural conditions. ven the pink Cypripedium acaule, which is locally so abundant on Long Island, tends to bloom less and less each year in our plantings, though we have clumps that have been flower- ing for six vears. Pyxidanthera barbulata, Clumps of the ‘‘pyxie moss” have not succeeded for more than two years, after whic — 1 the plant dies out, though our climate is not much more severe than that of South Amboy, New Jersey, where the plant grows wild. Polygala paucifolia. Vhe fringed polygala is so abundant. in varied types of soil that one would expect it to grow asily. Neither this species nor Polygala polygaina nor P. lutea persists with us for more than a single season. — Castilleja coccinea. The searlet painted cup is occasional in meadows in northern New Jersey, but like many other members of the Serophulariaceae it is probably partially parasitic on the roots of other plants. Trillium cernuum. Vhe nodding trillium, though growing in our region in rich humus below ledges and sometimes in damp soil at the edges of swam — ys, has not been at all successful; other species of Trillium of our region grow readily. O.valis violacea. The violet wood-sorrel grows in open wood- land on the terminal glacial moraine, and in humus on dry shale Z09 ledges. Neither this species nor the pink wood-sorrel (OQ. mon- fana) of northern woods has as yet succeeded. NOMENCLATURE AND REFERENCES The names used in this Guide are those of the seventh edition of Gray’s Manual; for additional information on the vegetation of the New York region the following works should be consulted : 3ritton & Brown, Jllustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. 1913. Gleason, H. A., Plants of the Vicinity of New York. 1935. Mathews, Schuyler, Field Book of American Wild Flowers. 1927. Taylor, Norman, Flora of the Vicinity of New York. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. V. 1915. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (earlier volumes), and Tor- reva (seriatim ). Rhodora, Bulletin of the New England Botanical Club (seriatim). Notre: The author’s special thanks are due to Miss Hester M. Rusk for assistance in preparation of manuscript, and data sup- plied. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, BoARD oF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM RESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN First Vicre-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT Tuirp VIcE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON TREASURER ECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON, Vice-Chmn. WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER WILLIAM G. CREAMER JAMES G. McDONALD WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD eee L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officto MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, £-x officio EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FoLLoWING OFFICIALS OF THE City or NEw York THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS ieee INFORMATION MeEmbBeErsHIP.—All ns who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Gane are eligible 0 membe eee Members enjoy PS cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Sere age ee yearly; Gout ibuling Membership, $100 Sie Tite aeaiher shin , $500. Ful eae concerning membership may be ha by addressing The ee ae lyn Botanic Garden: 1000 Wiahtgion Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Main 2-4433. THE Botanic GARDEN is open free to ie aan daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Saudive and Holidays it is open at 1 EnTRANCES.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect Park; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Par ay and near reet canaurs to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Wesnieon Avenue, aie Crown nents and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may "be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must be made by anpieadon to the Cie ator of Public Teersuen at least one day in advance. No par of Bs ss than six adults will be c N take Broadway (BMT) ae to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to pie Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, r Tompkins Avenue Ailes to Flatbush Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Ster- ling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street or McDonald-Vanderbilt Avenue Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, follow the Parkway to Washington Avenue, then turn right. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; bimo nthly eer 1932) ; Wea! (1933-). Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports, educational Prospectus, Seed List, Gui es. eon, $1. 00 2 Guide numbers specially priced. Circulates in 59 countri MEMOIRS. ey oy) 1918. Published inte. Not offered in exchange. Circulates in 48 c Ss. olume I. Dedication nn 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratory building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk. By Norman Taylor. 1923. 108 pages e III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment. By ae Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. e IV. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 years of ‘ee a "botany (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on horticulture. 1936. 133 pages. $1.35. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. Papers originally published in peri- odicals, reissued as “separates” without change of paging. suber constitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 coun No. 94. Inheritance of smut resistance in some oat hybrids. eG George M. Reed. 7 pages. 1 No. Br eeding work toward the development of a timber fee of blight- resistant ges Report for 1940. By Arthur Harmount Graves. ges. 1941. No. 96. Inheritance A at resistance in hybrids of ioe oats. By George M. Reed. 7 page 942, LEAFLETS. Care iid April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. Contain popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others; also aataaese ents concern- ing flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circulates in 28 countries. Infrequent since GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and Cee Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the REcorD; see a Guide No. 9. The Rose Garden of the eS ie Boro Garden. 12 illus- trations, folded map. By Montague Free. Price, 50 de Gardens within a garden: A ge int guide to the grounds sh the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Second Edition. 57 pages; a lgeeenions: Folded tuart Gager. Bucs 25 cents; by mail, 30 c Guide No, 11. List of shrubs, exclusive of conifers, ee outdoors in the Brooklyn Botanic eee 32 pages; 5 illustrations. By Charles F. Doney. Price, 25 cents; by mail, o. 12. ae in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Classification, Cultiva- tion, Pathology: 34 pages; 14 illustrations. sd Alfred ge es Montague Free, rge M. Re Price, 25 cents; by mail 30 cen _ Guide No, 13. Trees in the estate Botanic Foi 53 pages; 9 ee? be By Alfred Guntenen and Arthur H. Graves. Price, 25 cents; by ma cents. SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminum). Established, December, 1914. Tempo- rarily suspended since 1940. COLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the EcotocitcaL Society or America. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries, ETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in codperation with GENETICS, INCORPORATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VoL. XXXI OCTOBER 1942 No. 4 sn 80 = "ot ay A] G a. St iter cD AO EW s ee ox Taxtt PROSPECTUS 1942 - 1943 INCLUDING VICTORY GARDEN COURSES Bmeiliil PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Directo MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kev Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, ee ono de Universit (Paris), Curator of Plants ibrarian GEORGE M. REED BED. aan of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, V.A,, Curator of Elementary gencion NRY K. SVENSON, Ph. D., Curator of the Herbar MARGARET M. DORWARD, A. B., Assistant Curator of Srementary Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, H “ae Curator of Oriental Gardening and Floral Art D A. CA ARN, Consulting Landscape Architect ELIZABETH REMSEN VAN BRUNT, Honorary Curator of Culinary Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) G. ELIZABETH ASHWELL, A.B., Guan Tp oad ' MICHALENA LEF RERE CARROLL, Ins EME PERE CHICHESTER, Library iy M. .M., Ins ARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph.D., Research Assistant JEANNE PHYLLIS WALTHER, AM., Research Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Eholooraier MAUD H. PURDY, Art pee ee THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant* EDNA PALMITIER SCHACH T, Acting peCneieae JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistan MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary ie pe Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custo LAURA M. Stahl ow. Stenographer CLAY, 5 tenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A,, See ara LORRAINE LaROCHE, Stenographe BETTY G. RILEY, Stenographer my itblished Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, Pa. the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and bean , Brooklyn, Entered as secontiictien matter in the post-office at Lancaster, under act of August 24, 1912 1 Absent on U. S, jo oeerment duty, from April 1, 1942. 2 Beginning April 1, 1942. THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824. REINCORPORATED, 1890 ApRIAN VAN SINDEREN, President. Epwarpo C. Blum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE—MAin 2-443: ow THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM CENTRAL MUSEUM—EASTERN PARK WAY—NEvins 8-5000 CHILDREN’S MUSEUM—BROOKLYN AVENUE AND PARK PLACE —PRospect 38-7117 MEMBERSHIP You are cordially invited to pene: a oan of one or all of the Departments of the Brooklyn Institute. The annual fee in each Department is $10, carrying full privi rie in the division of your choice and partial privileges in i other two. Membership runs for twelve months from the time it is taken out THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free admis- sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion pictures, young people’s See field trips, etc. Also: reduced rates for special courses and prograr ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Chairman, Governing Committee. Jutius Broom, Director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members ie admission to “lower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. Also: docent services, privileges of library and cae pee publications, advice on all aspects of gardening, distribution of surplus plant materi ae and v isiting membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. Miss Hitpa Lornes, Chairman, Governing Committee. Dr. C. Stuart GaceR, Director. THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses, Pee: records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services Iso: five Museum ae ve free of charge and other Museum publications i reduced pric Water H. CRITTENDEN, Chairman, Governing Committee. LAURANCE P. Roberts, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, school ceremonies, dances, and other events WititAmM T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. WHErspert T. Swin, Building Superintendent. il PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages, and carrying on fundamental investigations. Members of the Garden have the opportunity of furthering these aims. Special membership privileges are also offered as follows: _ Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, oe methods of culture, and control of insect and fungous pest The naming at botanical specimens submitted for determina- 1. aan distribution of surplus ornamental plant material and seec ee for self and friends to the Annual Spring Inspec- tion, and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of f admission to all exhibitions and openings prece¢ ding the admission of the general public, and to receptions; admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Gar den auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. Services of a guide (by appointment) for self and party, when visiting the Gar den. Free tuition in all courses of instruction, except that in labora- tory courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, eae Onn wm The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues ‘pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical pz based upon the researches carried out at the Garden. Special Guides to plantations and collections, Leaflets of popular in- formation, and the quarterly Record, which includes the A nial Report of the Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden membership card. CON 2 —y HY il CEUB MEVB DR SEES anes For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has peen adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the Gar on in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follov Annual Memberships—Garden Cl ine or other organization may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by ie Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days” and the annual Spring Inspection in May The Club may also have the following privileges: — . The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club One extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden supplies, on request, a list of staff members avail- able for Piece eres rrangements will facilitated if the Club will, with each aes des signate at least two names. One member. of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-mem- bers. In Laboratory Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. Suen Memberships——Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars. Sustaining members ship clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They ay designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is char ged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mur al lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. ~ ing iv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass. oston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa, Fairbanks Museum-of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Field Museum of Natural History Chica , Th Los Angeles Museum, Los peo Calif. ane es Horticultural Se Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Newark Museum, Newark, N. J. w York State vee es ees N. Y. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Vv INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 25 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 Albi tery Ole payineml Of samy ervey. 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,900 6, Donor, by. one payimentob -...2 4. se: 10,000 /. Patron, by one payment of .......... 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had_ by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Main 2-4433. — Norte: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. V1 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brookly .. the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from which pre sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, a mat ee to The Brooklyn Institute as Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. the sum of. ........0ee eee Dollars, as an endowment for a ee in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, a income from pee sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary f a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be et the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellowship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Asse eaus cde Mencaea eA eae eae eee fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and conan to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used (or the income from w teh 6 be