BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXII JANUARY, 1943 NO. 1 THE HERB GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN GUIDE NO. 15 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd. MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, ha Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de Université (Panis); Curator of Plants ILLIAM E, JORDAN, B.S., Librarian RGE M. aa Cee Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SH Curator of mer ach eae? HENRY K. SVENSON. Ph.D., Curator of the ariu MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Assistant Curator of Ei tan Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Oriental CU Bie sf aE Art Cr RN, Consulting Landscape Arc ELIZABETH REMSEN VAN BRUNT, Honorary es pA eindey Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RAGPH H..CHENEY) Se). Resident Int vestigator (Economic Plants) G. ELIZABETH pee OT, A.B., Curatorial Assistant HALEN RERE CAR ROLL, Instructor ST : EMILIE PERPALL CHICHE : SK, A. stra H. UDELL, Curatorial Beil se". TER, M.S., Ph.D., Research Assistant MARGE GORDON UT JEANNE PHYLLIS WALTHER, A.M., Research Pee cai LOUIS BUHLE, eis de MAUD H. PURDY, A ADM mh aeiany che THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and ee EDNA PALMITIER SCrLA CHE Acting Secre JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to ee Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodia URA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer NIA A. CLAY, Stenographer SON, , Stenographer E LaROCHE,? Stenographer FAY Pes M ROSS,’ Business Office Assistant ETTY G. RILEY, Stenographer Published Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, Pa by the Ee ene of Arts and arco Brooklyn, N. Entered as second-clas| r April 10, 1933, at ge -office at Lancaster, Pas ee i act of “August 24, 1 Absent on U. S. Government duty, from April 1, 1942. . Resigned Tonnes 31, 1942. 5 Beginning November 1, 1942 per, bOPay hye” Fic. 1. Herb Garden of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. View facing west. Knot gardens of Sweet Violet (Miola Lavender Cotton (Santolina), Germander (Teucriwm Chamaedrys), and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris: and Medicinal plants. Cf. Fig. 3 (10,317). Pu odorata), , surrounded by Culinary — BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXII JANUARY, 1943 No. 1 THE HERB GARDEN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN* GuIpE No. 15 Part I CULINAR WERE S--tHEIR CULTURE, LRADMTONsS; AN DAU SE By ExizapetH ReEMSEN VAN BRUNT Flonorary Curator of Culinary Herbs Importation data of the last ten years make clear the acute short- age of culinary as well as medicinal herbs resulting from war-time disruption of usual trade routes and destruction of production in many countries. The United States has been importing yearly an average of more than one million pounds of sage from Greece, Yugoslavia and Italy; 5,489,100 Ibs. of caraway seed from Russia and the Netherlands; 140,552 lbs. of rosemary from Tunisia, France, and Spain, and more than six million pounds of poppy seed from Holland, Poland, etc. All this trade was wiped out ina few months of war, and these are but a few of the shortages we face. When that periodical of business and industry, The Wall Street Journal, first-pages herbs, as it did recently, we may admit their place in “Big Business.” “Some herbs that add zest to food won't be handy by Thanksgiving,” predicted the headline. “Not all spices will disappear. The popularity of herb gardens may ease the distress which otherwise would ensue. Persons alert to oppor- 3) tunity are developing substitutes ... ,”’ etc. As meat extenders 1 The illustration on front cover page represents a gardener setting out leeks. From Cresentius, Opus ruralium commodorum. Speier, 1495. 1 of nutritional value and for the appetizing interest given to scant rations, herbs are of tremendous importance. Home grown fresh or dried herbs are vastly superior in flavor and quite worth the time and labor of raising and harvesting. Gas and tire rationing makes self-sufficiency a necessity, and food rationing creates new and substitute dishes, often with added enjoyment. The Shakers in. New England had a thriving industry, growing and marketing herbs, in 1859. They queried, with reason, from the cover of their price list: “Why go to Europe's distant shores For plants which grow at our own doors?” It would seem imperative to our health and pleasure, and to the after-war future of the American agriculturist, that we make a serious effort to grow herbs, as special crops or along with vege- tables, for personal use or as experimental plots for large-scale production. The following list of fifty kitchen herbs growing in the Herb Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden will be helpful for study and identification of the living plants as well as for in- formation for the amateur grower and user of herbs in house and garden. Eleanour Sinclair Rohde mentions a famous 18th Century herb garden in England, that of Sir John Hill. This doctor, s an 1e writes : “advocated public herb gardens in various parts of England planted with every herb useful in medicine, the arts or Husbandry, that they should be always free of expense to all people, and that there should always be some person present to show what was deserved to be seen and explain what was necessary. He generously invited anyone interested to come to his garden, ‘let none fear to apply, the plants are there and everyone is welcome.’ ”’ The Brooklyn Botanic Gar« a BY en today echoes his invitation: Let none fear to apply, the plants are here and everyone is welcome! The Herb Garden contains a collection of plants to which the term “herb” 1s applicable, as they are used for flavoring, fragrance, or cooking. The garden is located at the northeastern corner of the Botanic Garden, and is best reached via the North Washington Avenue gate. Since culinary herbs were much in use in Mediaeval pare times, some of them are displayed in “knots,” symmetrical patterns which were prominent features of gardens of the 16th Century. One of the knots used (west) is an adaptation of a very elabo- rate late 16th Century design taken from a figure attributed to Thomas Hill (Dydymus Mountaine) in “Mediaeval Gardens,” by Sir Frank Crisp. The other knot (east) was taken without change from the same source (Figs. 1 and 3). In the west knot the lines forming the pattern are made of germander, formerly used as a strewing herb; three species of lavender-cotton ; and sweet violet, the flowers of which are used, candied, in making syrup of violets, ete. in the east knot, thyme, two species of lavender-cotton, and germander are used in making the design. In the long bed to the south of the knots, herbs such as basil, caraway, coriander, dill, fennel, parsley, chervil, etc., are planted. In this bed there are also several varieties of sweet-scented geraniums used for flavoring and in finger bowls. Surrounding the culinary herbs on three sides are beds devoted to medicinal plants. It will be noticed that, in a number of cases, the same species 1s used both in cooking and in medicine. If one remembers that most herbs are native to the Near Fast and Mediterranean regions, one will have a clue to their cultivation, soil preference, and exposure. Southern exposure is best, sloping to the south and sheltered from prevailing high winds. The soil in general may be sandy, rather calcareous in nature, definitely well- drained. Ordinary garden soil is suitable, but should not be well fertilized as the essential oils, of which the quantity and quality are so important in plants of this character and use, are less power- ful in manured soil. There are a few exceptions which will be dealt with under the plants themselves, namely, the mints, parsley, angelica, and chervil. Those plants which are perennial may be propagated by root divi- sion in early spring or in late summer; or by cuttings taken in — spring, as with tarragon or lavender. Some can be easily grown from seed sown in April, May, or June and thinned, being set where they are to grow when the seedlings develop several pairs of true leaves. Annuals can be raised by the same general rule: 1en — sown in April or May in rows about 1 foot apart, thinned w seedlings are from 2-3 inches high, and kept well cultivated until ie ZIRON FENCE ON_LINE OF MUSEUM GROUND: - my en, Cum sn ae ie = gf suet ras i Vee ay ys e ns ee a a. i? Ie f . a —UPST'OS OVERLOOK re VeeNLO ee ci at Cor v1 z — ZS ~— rime : | as : oe oe ~ ~ ~ ad a Fae a ae ae Sc 8 Seca an P ast DRY WAL PLANTED WITH HERBS 3 he PA V E OD Ww A L K Fic. 2. Map of the Herb Garden, Brooklyn Botanic Garden (10,450). large enough to harvest leaves, or in the case of fruit, until the seed is ripe enough to gather and dry. Plants for kitchen use are best grown in rows or in small beds by themselves, and well labelled, as this will avoid confusion in seasoning. For some of us avoid the use of hyssop, as we would the Plague (or the skunk, of which its fragrance reminds us!), yet to the uninitiated the growth and leaves of hyssop may be easily anting makes easier cultivating, =— confused with tarragon. Such p also. A safe rule for gathering herbs 1s to harvest when the plant is in bud (essential oil is diminished in flowering), and after the dew has dried—never on a rainy day. Dry the herbs in the shade and store them in tin or air-tight glass containers out of the light. An airy yet hot attic is practically perfect for drying most herbs. Lacking such, you may dry them in a warm oven or in a kitchen. Some may follow the old style of hanging sage, basil, and thyme in bunches, from the beams, where they may be quickly and easily reached for a pinch or two when the goose needs stuffing, or the tomatoes a bit of fragrance, and the clam chowder calls for a hint of thyme. Whatever use is made of them, herbs should be handled with care, for like dynamite, they can prove deadly, in taste at least, if not used delicately. Some cooks prefer mixed herbs for seasoning, others like to experiment with simple, single flavors at a time. until it is found which combinations suit a family’s palate best. Definite — amounts are therefore usually hard to give in a recipe, but always, too little is better than too much. CuLtINary Herp List 1, ALEHoor (Nepeta glechoma or N. hederacea). Field balm is another name for this little creeping ivy used as a tonic and to flavor ale. Painters have been said to use a “concoction of Ground Ivy asa preventive of lead colic.” It is a creeping perennial ground cover often found about old farmhouses where it has become naturalized. 2. ANGELICA (Angelica Archangelica). Both the flowering and leaf stalks may be cut while still green (in July) for crystallizing in syrup for decorative and flavoring use in confections. Angelica is used also to flavor gin, Muscatel wines, and liqueurs (e.g., Ver- 6 mouth, Chartreuse). The virtues of angelica, which are those of the “cordial” herbs, to comfort the heart, were said to have been revealed to a monk of the Grande Chartreuse in the Middle Ages by an angel, hence the name and its use as an ingredient of the famous liqueur, long a secret formula of the Carthusian Order. and Iceland, south to the Alps, fata Angelica is a native of Laplanc maturing the second year from seed, when it wil unless permitted to set seed. In that case it is biennial. to 4 feet in moist rich soil and part shade, with umbelliferous heads of yellowish bloom. Wild angelica has white bloom and | remain perennial It grows stalk tinged with purple. 3. Anise (Pimpinella Anisuin). The liqueur anisette and ani- seed cookies are perhaps the best known uses for the fruit, which is also distilled to produce o1l for flavoring and for perfuming toilet preparations. Anise tea makes one sleep—probably for the same anise being one of the reason that it is used for the baby’s colic famous “wind expellers” of herbal tradition. The United States has recently imported over 400,000 Ibs. yearly, from Asia Minor, Greece, and Egypt, where anise is native. The seeds of anise, an annual, mature in June or July about 6 weeks after sowing. The plants should be pulled up before the fruit ripens, as the seeds are easily lost, and dried on paper for several days, when they can be beaten to separate them. 4. Batm (Melissa officinalis). Sometimes called lemon balm iough more oily and not so re- — as the fragrance is lemon-like, t It has the advantage, however, 1 ~ freshing as lemon. verbena. being hardy in the vicinity of New York; lemon verbena ts not. The fresh leaves and tops of balm make a tea (a handful infused ina pint of boiling water) to combat melancholy ! . This state- ment has been tested and found to be true, by the way, although the Arabian proverb’s promise, that “it makes the heart merry and joyful” was more than fulfilled, as the melancholy patient became, actually, hysterical, to such an extent was her heart comforted. A sprig of balm is pleasant m iced tea. The leaves may be dried, slowly, for winter use in tea and for potpourri. It 1s lovely in bouquets. 3alm is a hardy perennial (a true herb since it dies to the root in winter), easily grown from seed. Hf cut back severely it will 7 grow bushier. When established in favorable, light sandy soil, it grows weedily and self-sows all about, so that one may have charming scalloped-leaved plants to give to friends. 5. Basin (Ocimum Basilicum). Sweet basil has always been associated with the fair sex, and tradition has it that it will flourish if stroked by a beautiful woman, in passing. A boy in Italy, going to meet his sweetheart, wears a sprig of it behind his ear; a com- mon name for basil being “Baccia, Nicola” (Kiss-me-Nichola). Among the Hindus, a variety of basil, fulasi, is sacred to Vishnu, and planted before dwellings to protect the family from misfortune. Leaves of it are used in burial ceremonies, signifying immortality. as tansy did in early Colonial days in America. Contrarily, there is a saying that basil must be sown with curses, if it is to flourish, and the French idiomatic phrase, semer le basilic (to sow basil), means “to slander.” It was one of the four “cordial” herbs, and its use in salads and tomato juice definitely does raise one’s spirits, for it has a special affinity of taste with tomatoes and makes a delicious blend with other greens in a mixed salad. The young tops are used fresh in summer and should be harvested for winter, just as the buds are about to blossom, and dried in moderate heat. It is delicious powdered on eggs lightly fried with bacon, also in scrambled eggs and omelets. There are several varieties of basil, all with about the same fragrance of leaf: Ocimum basilicum minimum, which is a tiny- leaved, bushy, dwarf basil; lettuce-leaf basil, which has a large crinkled leaf; purple basil, an attractive color for a collection. Sweet basil and the varieties are all tender annuals, growing easily from seed sown out of doors in May, and the more it is cut the bushier it will grow. Basil should grow well in window boxes or pots indoors, either potted and brought in, or the seed sown in early fall indoors. 6. BEE BaLm or Osweco TEA (Monarda didyma), as its name imphies, is attractive to bees. The wild bergamot (/. fistulosa) surplish flowers. True bee balm has scarlet flowers, and it is this plant which was used as a substitute for tea has lavender, pink, or — during the American Revolution; its aromatic leaves are still en- joyed by some. It was among herbs taken to church for sniffing. The dried leaves are good for nausea. This is not the source of 8 the Oil of Bergamot used in perfumes and toilet preparations, which is from the bergamot citron (Citrus bergamia), grown near the town of Bergamo, Italy. All the various monardas are perennial; they can be root divided and seed freely. The /. didyima likes a bit of moisture; and if various colors are growing together the plants soon are hybridized by bees. 7. BorAGE (Borago officinalis). Another of the “cordial” herbs, little used today except for the cucumbery-flavored leaves in claret cup or punch. It is said to have been introduced into Europe from the Near East. Borage was steeped in the wine the Cru- saders drank upon departing for the Crusades. The Latin couplet, Ego borago Fortified with borage Gaudia semper ago, T always go with courage, attributing courage to this herb, explains its use by the Crusaders. We moderns may well revive its use! The leaves, although hairy, —" rave been cooked as spinach. The intensely blue, star-like flowers may be separated from the corolla and floated in finger bowls or wn in fruit cup and drinks. Borage is a biennial easily grown from seed. It does not trans- plant well because of its long taproot, but it will self-sow if soil and location are favorable. It grows to about 18 inches in height, and since the flowering tops droop, it looks best grown along the top of a wall or a bank, so that the blue and often pinkish blossoms may be seen. 8. Burner (Poterium Sanguisorba) has delicately pinked, small compound leaves along each stem; these leaves are delicious in green salads, giving a faintly astringent cucumbery flavor. One can ap- preciate the old saying, “The salad is neither good nor fair If Pimpinella is not there.” 3urnet was formerly called Pimpinella Sanguisorba, hence the rhyme. It is perennial, grown easily from seed. The flowering stalks should be kept cut back to ensure a succession of fresh young leaves through the summer. It is not dried for winter use. 9 9, CALENDULA (Calendula officinalis). The Pot Marigold of Shakespeare’s day was then used more in cooking than today. Its soups. The Dutch have used it earn petals were used in puddings anc to give a rich color to butter and it may be used today with Nucoa and other butter substitutes. An antiseptic, healing ointment 1s made from Calendula officinalis. Calendula is an annual, grown from seed in a cold frame, seed- lings being set out when danger of frost is past, or sown where it is to grow. The single, dark centered variety is C. officinalis, having orange flowers. 10. Caraway (Carum Carvi) was considered by the Chinese to confer immortality. Perhaps the early Dutch sea captains brought back the use of the seeds from China, in the 17th Century, for the early colonists of New Amsterdam were fond of caraway seed cakes. The seeds lend a pleasant flavor, sprinkled on a baked apple or in an apple pie. Caraway is a biennial, setting seed the second year from sow- ing, so one must not clear up the row the first fall. The foliage growth 1s much like a carrot. 11. Catnip (Nepeta Cataria). Catnip tea, being used for back- ache in early Colonial days, it 1s interesting to hear that the latest cocktail being served at a smart New York men’s club, has finely chopped catnip as an ingredient! Cats also appreciate it, an old rhyme being: “Tf you set it, the cats will eat it; If you sow it, the cats don’t know it.” 12. CuamomiLe (Anthemis nobilis). The Roman chamomile is perennial, growing matlike, close to the ground. It can be grown from seed or by division of the old plant. The whole plant is aromatic, as well as the blossoms. Matricaria Chamomilla, the German Chamomile, is an annual, growing to 18-24 inches. It may be sown in early spring and again later for a second crop. It is Matricaria which is used for herb teas. It is not so aro- matic as Anthemis, but perhaps more soothing. Matricaria is the only chamomile recognized as officinal (official) in this» country, although some prefer the Roman chamomile. Flowers of either 10 species are used in hair-rinse for blondes, or to act as tonic for the scalp. It makes the hair soft and lustrous. There are other indus- trial uses for the essential oil, 13. Chervit (Anthriseus Cerefolium) is a delicate, parsley-like, annual herb with a slight anise flavor. It is delicious in salads, and chervil pluchés are indispensable in elaborate French cookery, for soups. Chervil grows easily from seed if the ground 1s moist, fertile, and finely pulverized. It requires shade. Leaves may be picked all summer, but it 1s not usec an dried. 14. Cuives (Alliuin Schoenoprasuin). A young and delicate cousin of the onion, chives is used when onion flavor 1s desirable in soups, salads, eggs, etc. The leaves must be finely cut for use rather than chopped, as they are tubular. Chives grows from seed sown early, and will increase itself by reseeding as well as by bulblets. It should be cut back or used regularly to produce young tender shoots through the summer, and may be potted for winter use. 15. Crary (Salvia Sclarea), not often used today in cooking, was formerly grown for its seeds, a valued eye lotion being mac js e from them. The leaves may be dipped in batter, and fried in deep fat. It has a rather disagreeable, strong fragrance and flavor, but the plants are lovely in a border with delphinium. The leaves make a massed clump of pebbled gray-green texture, and the lavender and bluish blooms grow in branched spikes several feet tall. It 1s biennial and readily self-sows. 16. CoRTANDER (Coriandrum sativum). We all remember the little pink-and-white sugared balls tasting of perfume, as a con- fection when we were very young. Oil of coriander 1s used in liqueurs, perfumes, and other preparations. It is an ingredient of curry powder. Over 1,800,000 Ibs. were imported into the U.S. annually, before the war, mostly from Hungary and Morocco. Seeds of this annual may be sown in May. It should be well cultivated by hand, and the seedlings thinned to 6 inches apart. Seed may be harvested in August. 17, Cosrmary (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) is also called Ale- cost, from its use in flavoring ale. It is laid in linen cupboards for the fragrance, and keeps moths from clothes. A leaf used as 1] a bookmark in Colonial days in America gave it the name of Bible seat. It is a strong-growing perennial whose clumps increase in size rapidly, so it may be root-divided. It grows to 3 feet or more. 18. Cumin (Cuminuim Cyminum) tastes slightly of caraway, for which it is sometimes used as adulterant. The seed is the source of oil, of which we have imported annually as much as 74,000 Ibs. from France, Algiers and vicinity. It flavors kittmmel and is an ingredient of curry powder. Cumin is an annual, maturing from seed in about six weeks. 19, Dirt (Anethuim graveolens) is used principally for pickles and to flavor fish sauces, for which both the leaves, flowers, and seeds may be used. It has been used medicinally and for flavor- ing since Pliny’s time. Sow in spring, as it is an annual, and it will mature enough for use in about eight weeks. It is best thinned where it 1s sown, as it does not transplant easily. 20. Evper (Sambucus canadensis). The elder tree should be a part of every herb garden as all herbs, according to legend, are under the protection of the Elder Tree Mother. Not only for its legends, but for its use in the house, must an elder be grown. Its “blow” makes a more delicate wine, even, than its berries, which are famous for that purpose. And the umbels of creamy blossoms make a delicious fritter. Cut at the very height of bloom, soak in brandy with a stick of cinnamon for an hour. Dip each cluster (coarse stem removed) into rich egg batter and drop in deep hot fat, frying until a light brown. Drain on brown paper, serve sprinkled with powdered sugar and orange or lemon juice. A very good bleaching cream for gardening hands is made by gently boiling for an hour as many handfuls of elder blossoms as — two pounds of melted hog’s grease will cover. Strain through muslin into small containers. Cover with paraffin, as with jelly, to keep sweet. Elder flower and peppermint tea is a pleasant combination. Elders are woody shrubs and may be grown from root division. 1. FENNEL (f‘oentculum vulgare) is similar to dill in growth, but is perennial and taller, growing to four feet. It is used as dill is used, with fish, and to flavor medicines and liqueurs. It acts as 12 a digestive, and is thought to reduce weight. It grows easily from seed, sown early in spring. Both the seed and the flowering tops are used. Foentculum dulce is Florence fennel or finnochio, which is an annual and grown like celery; that is, earthed up for a fortnight to blanch the bulbous leafstalk, which is then eaten raw or boiled. Fennel tops were often added to the “meetin” bouquets carried to church in Colonial days—perhaps something to nibble as well as to smell was to be desired, during the three-hour sermons! 22. Sweet FiaG (Acorus Calamus). flag, growing in swampy places, is dried and candied, to be used The root of the sweet as a breath-sweetener and also a digestive. Before the days of al (ist . =e? oly =o 7 . 4 rer arr Afe Savers” slivers of candied calamus root were often carried in the pocket for the same use. Can be increased by root division. 23. Sweet GERANIUM (Pelargonium). The most useful of these are: the rose geranium (P. graveolens), which 1s deliciously rose scented; a leaf floated in a glass of apple jelly flavors it with rose, and the leaves may be dried for potpourri; P. crispum, which — nas a tiny leaf attractive for sweet bouquets; P. tomentosum, peppermint geranium (the softest, most velvety, and fragrant of peppermint) is beautiful in flower arrangements and makes a de- licious addition to lemon jelly (gelatine). These pelargoniums may all be increased by ships taken 1n spring or fall, and make luxuriant growth if put in a sunny spot in the garden for the summer, but should be potted for the house in August. Old woody plants are best discarded and new ones started from slips, for the winter and for next summer’s garden. 24. GERMANDER (Teucritm Chamacdrys) makes a_ practically evergreen border for herb garden beds or for the lines in Eliza- bethan “knots,” and is hardier than box for that purpose. It may discolor and die to the ground before spring, but will come up from the roots. It can be sheared if desired. It 1s a woody shrub and can be divided with a sharp knife for propagating. 25. HorEHoUND (Marrubinm vulgare). “Syrup made from the green fresh leaves of horehound and sugar 1s a most singular remedy against the cough and wheezing of the lungs.”—7. Tryon, 1692. Horehound candy for coughs 1s made every year by the Girl Scouts in Boston, and sold for their Benefit. It is made by 13 boiling sugar to a feather height, adding a concentrated infusion of horehound and boiling again until the same height. Stir until it grows thick, add a spoonful of butter, pour on a buttered dish and when cool enough cut in squares. —y Horehound is a hardy perennial, dying to the ground in winter. It may be grown from seed or by division. 26. HorserapisH (Cochlearia Armoracia). The root is grated and used as a condiment with fish, meats, etc.; also with cottage cheese as an appetizer. Rootlets should be cut from the main old root in October and stored in sand in a dry cool place until early spring when they may be planted in moist sandy soil and grown until dug for use. 27. Hyssor (Hyssopus officinalis). Its rather skunk-like odor prevents our modern taste from enjoying hyssop in cooking, but its growth and purple spikes of bloom make it valuable for the her- baceous border. It grows about two feet high and will bloom a second time if cut back after the first. It grows from seed or division. The identity of the hyssop mentioned in the Bible has not been proven; it may not be this. 28. LAVENDER (Lavandula vera) is used mostly as a perfume herb although the oil is also used in the paint industry in the mak- ing of certain lacquers. The scent of lavender is a stimulant and good for head weakness. The United States has imported 25,000 Ibs. of the flowers annually from France, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The dried lavender of commerce is the buds (harvest when first flower opens), cut and dried on the stems, then stripped off and stored in air tight containers. A mixture of lavender and dried lemon verbena leaves in sheer muslin makes a delicious com- bination for pillow bags or for the linen cupboard. Lavender can be grown from seed, but is simpler from cutting's taken of green wood only, about two to three inches long, in early spring, and kept moist and shaded in light soil either in a cold frame or sheltered spot. Old shrubby plants should be cut back with discrimination, in spring, to encourage bushy growth and increase the bloom. Lavender should be grown on well dug land, sunny and sloping to the south, protected from prevailing winds and well drained. Oyster shells pulverized, and eggshells dug into the 14 ground about the plants, increase the calcareous content with good results. 29, LAVENDER Cotton (Santolina Chamaecyparissus) is used mainly for bordering beds and formal gardens, such as the knot gardens of Elizabethan days. It is slightly aromatic. It can be increased by division, being perennial. 30. LovaGE (Levisticum officinalis). Several herb growers have said that lovage has grown to be their favorite of all the herb garden, for use in food. It is blanched like celery and also the eaves are used in salad. It has a pleasantly aromatic flavor. The _— seeds are used for flavoring candy. Sow seeds in summer and transplant seedlings in early fall. Lovage needs a rich moist soil. 31. SWEET MarjoraAm (Origami Majorana) smells like all the holidays rolled into) one—Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s Day! It is the perfect seasoning for chicken and turkey stuffing and is pleasant cooked with mushrooms. The oil from the plant has been imported for use in perfumery and other toilet preparations, and in medicines. It is an annual grown from seed. Keep seedlings shaded until strong, then the plants need a sunny exposure. They will rot if the season 1s too rainy. Origamum vulgare (Pot marjoram) is perennial, taller, and more spreading than sweet marjoram. It is not so aromatic when fresh, but increases in fragrance when dried. It grows very weedy and needs to be divided every two or three years. Mints. See Peppermint, Spearmint, ete. Osweco TEA. See Bee Balin. 32. ParsLey (Petroselinum crispum or Apium hortense). Pars- ley is too valuable in vitamin C and iron to be thrown out after garnishing our meat platters! Eaten fresh, chopped as little as possible, 1t retains most of its mineral and vitamin content. Pars- ley soup, parsley tea, and parsley sauce are all pleasant ways of using it. It makes a beautiful compact border in the garden and stays green until after frost. It is attractive as an accent in ar- rangements or as an edge to a formal bouquet. The Greek saying when an important under- ” “we are only at the parsley and the rue, taking was just planned, came from the use of the two plants as Ue) border material in gardens of antiquity. It was also fed to chariot horses in Greece and heroes were crowned with it after battles, as winners were after their games. As has been aptly remarked, “It once crowned man, it now crowns his roasts!” The failure of parsley to germinate easily has given rise to much It is reported that it goes to the Devil, 7 times and back, legend. before germination. In that case the custom of soaking the seed in hot water for several hours or even overnight, before sowing, Thomas Hyl evidently starts 1t on its way and shortens the trips. in 1577, gave this advice: “To make the plants appear more quickly, steep the seeds in vinegar. Strew the bed with ashes of bean water and the best aqua vitae, then cover with a piece of woolen cloth and the plants will appear in an hour. . . . Take off the cloth suddenly that they may shoot up the higher, to the wonder of all beholders.” The tradition that a person transplanting parsley will be visited by misfortune probably arises from the fact that it does not trans- plant well because of its tap root and should be sown where it is Plants will live over the winter if cut back to grow and thinned, be used fresh, into the regularly and not allowed to seed, and may winter, if covered lightly. 33. PEPPERMINT (Mentha piperita). There have been importa- tions to the United States of 79,851 pounds annually, of Oil Menthol, from Japan and China. Much acreage is devoted to peppermint, however, in Michigan, and the higher labor costs of production and distillation may be met by cheaper methods of har- vesting, etc. Many mints probably are hybrids of Mentha spicata, and have the same general properties. /. piperita has a higher menthol content, making its pungence more delicate because more volatile. Mint stimulates the brain, said Pliny, therefore students should wear a crown of mint while studying. He also advised sprinkling the room with vervain water, to make the guests merry at a dinner party. If one did so, and rubbed the table with mint leaves, serv- ing tomato juice or a salad in which basil was an ingredient, what need for cocktails! Mint prevents milk from curdling and aids Peppermint 1s used for a flavoring in food and confec- digestion. tions as well as in medicinal preparations. 16 All the mints grow easily from root runners, which can be taken at any time; yr a stem usually roots in water. They are perennial, liking moisture and some shade to be at their best, when they will overrun the place. M. requicii, the tiny Corsican mint, J/. citrata, and AM. rotundifolia are most like peppermint in their various fragrances. 34. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). When prisoners were brought into court from Newgate Prison, at the time of the Great Plague in London, bunches of aromatic herbs with antiseptic and _ preventive qualities against infection were carried in and hung or held by court attendants between the prisoners and the judge, rose- mary and rue being prominent in the collection. There is a sau- sage called “the Happy Sausage” made in Poland, in which the predominant seasoning is rosemary. It has been called the “Herb of Remembrance” and of loyalty, and played a part in funeral cere- monies in several countries. “The very smell will keep thee youngly,”’ ran an ancient line. It was an ingredient of the famous Hungary Water, said to have cured Queen Elizabeth, of Hungary, of paralysis. It 1s most effective used sparingly in soups, meat pies, stews, and with eggs. Its pungence, if freshly dried, is too power- ful to suit some tastes, so as with all use of herbs, your taste, rather than your conscience, must be your guide! Rosemary is a tender shrubby plant which must be kept in a cool greenhouse over the winter in this climate (above New York). It can be propagated by cuttings taken in spring. The green shoots pols are the part used and dried, and care must be taken to cut before they turn woody as then the pungence is too reminiscent of tur- pentine. 35. Rue (Ruta graveolens) was another infection-resistant in- cluded in the “Flowers for the Judge” of the 17th century, still carried in the Courts of Assizes in England. Flies are said to be repelled by it, no serpent goes near it; and, curiously, sweet basil which, tradition has it, is sacred to serpents, does not flourish near rue. This is a rule of the old herbalists which has been found to have at least a grain of truth! Rue was an ingredient of the famous “Vinegar of the Four Thieves,” and under its protection men entered safely and robbed houses of those lying sick of the plague in Marseilles. Next to wormwood, it is the bitterest herb p7, in the world, and to most of us has a slightly unpleasant, musty flavor. We have however used tiny young leaves on thin bread and butter, for tea; and some like a bit minced fine in chicken salad chicken broth. Its two foot growth is graceful and shrubby if not allowed to go to seed, and the blue green of the maidenhair-like foilage is lovely both in the garden and in flower arrangements. It is a shrubby perennial easily grown from seed or division. Cut to two inches in the early spring for thicker growth. 36. SAFFRON (Crocus sativus) is used to flavor and color certain dishes especially used by the Latin race. Over 3,000 Ibs. have been imported annually into the United States from Spain, Italy, and France. Used since ancient days as a dye, the stigmas of these autumn-blooming crocuses must be pinched out with the finger- nail and dried for use. Bouillabaise and saffron buns are colored and flavored with saffron and it is also used to some extent in medicine as a stimulant, for example, as a tea to “bring out” the S measles on a small boy. The corms should be planted in late spring or summer. Blooms appear in October. Approximately 60,000 stigmas are needed to make a pound of saffron, so a false saffron, Safflower or Carthamus tinctorius, is usually substituted for true saffron in cooking. 37. SacE (Salvia officinalis) is an important seasoning herb for pork, and 1s also used as a meat preservative by the packers. It has a long record for preservation of human life as well, the couplet “He who would live for aye Must eat of sage in May.” bearing out the tradition of Old Robin Scarlet, who lived long enough to bury all the inhabitants of the cathedral town of Peter- borough, England, twice over! For he attributed his long life to a diet of bread and butter and sage. A Swiss friend of the writer says that when he and his sister played in the garden, as children, their nurse had them rub their teeth with sage. “The toothbrush for cleanliness” she said, “‘the sage leaf for beauty.” It is good with goose, turkey, and pork, partly for the flavor and partly for its digestive quality with fat meats. A leaf rolled in with the stuffing of “‘veal birds” gives just the perfect seasoning. Sage 18 tea sweetened with honey is invaluable for sore throat. The Chinese drank it centuries ago. It is used in hair tonics. Sage grows very easily from seed sown out of doors as soon as Sow thinly, about a foot and a half the ground can be worked. The plants apart, in rows, so the seedlings need not be thinned. will not set seed the first year, but can be harvested for leaves as Ye — soon as they become about a foot high, and several cuttings may made through the season up to frost. Do not cut back, however, until spring, when the plants may be cut to two inches and_ the as mulch between the rows. That saves resulting cutting used Sage plants grow to an old age but the weeding and moisture ! leaves grow smaller and less pungent if not given fertilizer. 38. Savory. Summer Savory (Satureia hortensis) has a more delicate and sweeter taste than winter savory (S. montana). The former, used in seasoning meats, soups, stews, and beans, 1s called yw two does give a delicious bohnekraut in Germany. A. sprig. « It is pleasant in flavor to string beans, being boiled with them. an omelet. Bees love it. It should be harvested for drying be- fore it blooms. Summer savory is an annual. Winter savory 1s 1 flavor. It can be used in perennial, sharper and more biting 1 It was used as pepper seasoning about the same as summer savory. is now used, before pepper was brought from the Indies. It 1s almost evergreen, but loses its flavor in winter, and should be cut to the ground in spring. It makes an attractive low (4-5 inches) border plant, and can be clipped for a formal edge, the clippings being used both fresh and dried. . 39. SESAME (Sesamum orientale), native to the tropics, is t1m- ported in large quantities here for the use of the seeds in cakes, The Chinese make cookies, candies, and, in the South, for broth. It seedcakes of them, and the oil is used in cooking, as olive oil. also is used in making soap. It can be grown from seed if sown in spring in a sunny spot, but is too tender for adequate growth (to fruiting) in this climate. 40. SorreL (Rumer Acetosa or KR. scutatus). The variety of garden sorrel, Oscille large de Bellevilé, is the best to grow. It makes a thick clump of pale green, large, crinkled leaves that are most succulent and tender for salads and soups, particularly Potage Germiny. Sorrel may be well grown from seed and the thick 19 clumps will last for years 1f cut regularly, with the flowering stalks cut to the ground as they appear. Use the youngest, small leaves arger may be minced for soup. — for salads and garnishing. The Wild sorrel has a tougher leaf and less pleasant flavor but may be used. JAMAICA SoRREL (/fibiscus Sabdariffa). A tropical plant, called “roselle,” jelly, tarts, and cooling drinks. Lemon juice can be added to the whose acid calyxes are used in making roselle jelly, which is made from the juice of the roselles, to make a more tart flavor. 42, SOUTHERNWooD (Artemisia Abrotanum) is not used today in cooking, but is indispensable in the herb garden to add atmos- phere, fragrance, and stability of growth. Its ashes, mixed with old salad oil, were once thought to make hair grow where none ever grew before. It was called, variously, “Old Man,’ “Lad’s Love,” or “Maiden’s Ruin,” and “Appleringie” in Scotland, where the shrub was often used as a bleaching spot for fine handker- chiefs because of the pleasant fragrance imparted to the linen. It is often used in clothes closets as moth preventive, and hence called — garderobe in France. It is a woody shrub, propagated by slips in the spring or fall, or by root division at almost any time. It grows ragged and leggy if left without cutting back severely in spring. It is said to do well in town window boxes as it can stand the smoke of cities very well. 43. SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata) has practically the same prop- erties as the other mints (see Peppermint) without the same vola- tile menthol content as M. piperita. It has a stronger, sharper taste and is the mint used for juleps, in mint sauce for lamb, and for iced tea. Curly mint (1/7. spicata crispa) makes a particularly delicious mint sauce; it has a rounder leaf than spearmint, with a little frilled edge. There are so many hybrid mints, they have become confused and called by various names in different localities. The very tall growing MW. niliaca (MW. longifolia x rotundifolia) is weedy but grand to use in summer arrangements, as the downy, silvery-green leaves are lovely in arrangements on hot summer days; they have a cool, frosty appearance, and mint in a room is said to cool the atmosphere 20 44. TARRAGON (Artemisia Dracunculus) imparts a characteristic flavor to salads, fines herbes, and to tarragon vinegar. The brand de Maille is the most famous, for its fine bouquet. It is made cor- rectly by steeping fresh young tops and leaves of tarragon in white wine vinegar, for three weeks, then straining off the vinegar into small bottles. Tarragon loses its value when dried, therefore it is only used fresh, or it can be bottled in vinegar and the pickled leaves used when needed. Cuttings of tarragon may be taken in the spring, or the old plants divided and reset then. True tarragon does not set seed. Some say it does not tolerate other varieties of plants in the same bed! 45. Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) has been said to have its name from Athanasia (ammortality).t It was and is used to flavor pud- dings in Lent. A delicious modern counterpart of Samuel Pepys’s tansy for [aster, is a vanilla soufflé colored a pale green with vegetable coloring, with a teaspoonful of finely chopped young tansy leaves added to the four-egg mixture before the well-beaten whites are folded in. Served with thick cream and powdered maple sugar, it may reconcile us to sugarless sweets and dispel the humors of winter agreeably. It is repellent to flies. It may be dried for winter tea, for rheumatism. Tansy grows luxuriantly, to 3 or 4 feet, in any soil not too light and may be grown from seed or root division. It self-sows and if not given a fence-post or a corner to support it, throws its length to the ground. Tanacetum crispum is shorter and more compact in growth, more finely ferny as to leaf, and therefore more desirable. 46. TuymMe (Thymus vulgaris) has a reputation for imparting 1“Tanacetum; possibly from Greek, athanatos, immortal, in allusion to he long-lived flowers.” (Johnson and Maeself, Plant names simplified. London, 1931.) “Vanacetuim, Pliny. Formerly called also G[reek] Atha- nasia, immortality. Tanacetum is according to Linnaeus an altered sb oO thanasia, but it seems a rather far-fetched eee (Alc Randal H., Botanical names of English readers. Lond 70.) ie French athanasie, now contracted to tanacée and one ... LTanacetiun, its systematic name, is properly a bed of tansy, and is a word of modern origin.” (Prior, R.C. A., On the popular names of British plants, being an explanation of the ortgin and meaning of the names of our indigenous Ed.) ~ and qnost commonly cultivated species. London, 1870.) Al courage, not only to those who eat but to those who wear it. It is perfect with chicken, turkey, and in omelets or scrambled eggs. It has always been associated with bouquets of herbs for soups and stews, and with jugged hare or rabbit stew. It is attractive to bees, and wild thyme honey is famous in some localities. Wild thyme (7. serpyllum), however, which makes springy mats of fragrance in a garden path or on a wild hillside, is not the thyme — for cookery, as its leaves are stiff and wiry and it has not the sweet- ness of 7. vulgaris. There are several varieties of thyme, all of which can be root- divided. 7. vulgaris grows easily from seed but, although a peren- nial, does not always survive the winter, especially 1f not in a well drained spot. It loses its leaves and the roots rot 1n a wet summer. It is more pungent dried than fresh, and should be cut as the buds are formed, before blooming. It should be dried hung up in bunches and the leaves stripped from the stems when thoroughly dry. 47. Sweet VioLtet (Viola odorata). Violets make a pleasant tea, efficacious, it has been said, for “skin trouble.” In fact that advice coincides with the thought behind the old Irish admonition “Rub thy face with violets and goats’ milk and there’s not a prince in the world who will not follow thee.” Both leaves and flowers are used. Honey of violets, conserve, and, by the Persians, violet wine, are all made from the violet flowers. They are steeped in vinegar to produce violet vinegar, and in alcohol for a scented rub- bing lotion. Sweet violets are perennial, and hardy near New York, except — the dou dily, and are easily divided. They are supposed to bloom best if ole Russian ones and the Parma variety. They spread rap- grown under a hedge (shade and poor soil) ; but we have grown them in beds with roses, heavily manured, and getting full sun most of the day, and they have bloomed thickly and steadily from the first week of October, through November. 48. WINTERGREEN (Gaultheria procumbens). The red berries of wintergreen are spicy to taste. One comes upon them in the woods, growing in such acid soil and light woods as suit trailing arbutus. The wintergreen makes a good ground cover, 2—3 inches high. The leaves make a pleasant tea, formerly considered eff- Ze cacious in rheumatic fevers. Oil from the leaves is used for a perfume in toilet preparations. Candies are flavored with it. It is used as a rubbing oil for lumbago and rheumatic pains. It grows best in acid, sandy soil, and increases by underground creeping stems, which root as they go. These stems can be divided for planting. 49, SwEET WoopruFF (lsperula odorata) has t name Belle étoile blanche, which describes its bloom perfectly. It is the leaves, however, which are of value, and they are sweetest — 1e lovely French when dried, when they have the fragrance of new mown hay. Sprigs of Waldmeister, as it is called in Germany, are steeped in Rhine wine to make the May Bowl or May Drink, on May Day. It can be used in tea quite pleasantly. Sweet Woodruff is perennial, growing as a charming ground cover, 3 to 4 inches high, under lilacs or any spring blooming shrub with which its tiny white stars seem in harmony. It can be divided any time after blooming, and will thicken and spread in either moist or fairly dry soil. 50. Wormwoop (Artemisia Absinthium), the bitterest her the world, has a long and interesting history. Since Bible times it pao yan has been branded with its bitterness, in fact it was said to have sprung up in the track of the serpent writhing its way out of Eden. It is used in the making of absinthe, the continued use of which is said to destroy the brain. It 1s healthful, infused in wine, to prevent summer sickness. In the Middle Ages babies rubbed with wormwood before their fifteenth day were never to feel heat nor cold so long as they lived! Wormwood tonic was much used in Colonial America, the leaves and blossoms being dried for this purpose. It thrives in full sun, spreads rapidly and can be divided. The silver grey leaves are a good foil for other plants and greener foliage. It grows to about three feet, and needs staking. A Few Books Anout HERBs Clarkson, Rosetta KE. Magic gardens, a modern chronicle of herbs and savory seeds. New York, Macmillan, 1939, Fox, Helen Morgenthau. Gardening with herbs for flavor and fragrance. New York, Macmillan, 1936. ZS Grieve, M. Culinary herbs and condiments. New York, Har- court, Brace & Co., 1934. Herb Society of America. Home growing of twe herbs. Boston. Hoffmann, Irene Botsford. The Book of herb cookery. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1940. Herbs and herb gardening. ve condiment — Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair. London, Medici Society, Ltd., 1936. Webster, Helen Noyes. Herbs: how to grow them and how to e, Cushman & Flint, 1939, Try growing herbs; handbook Tool Shed Press, 1942. — use them. Boston, Ha Whitman, Helen M. Compiler. fOrexpeminenters., bediond, NaN. — TELL, oS] Mb edidtiadsttiil, LLL SEO OSs WY I ZN ntl ml nl ‘Wii) IN = 2 a S S S' Z 2 — Z rr Z Z i 3 4 2 Z Zz =a Zz a ms Z Zi Z Za pd Z — Z: Zi Z A Z Z Gg OS Sak al N—. ll BY 71g Ne. SHHQy ves 4 Itc. 3. Ladies engaged in preserving fruits. [Hvelyn, John|. The French Gardener, London, John Crooke. 1658 (10,513). os) Part II COOKING WITH HERBS 3y VIRGINIA RIDDLE SVENSON Department of Home Economics New York University — The following recipes give directions for using forty-five of the fifty culinary herbs growing 1n the Herb Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. BovuQuETS AND SUGGESTIONS Herp Bouguets are bunches of fresh herbs or small muslin bags of dried ones selected to suit the type of food to be prepared. Fish-stock bouquet: Medium sprig each of parsley, celery leaves, basil, fennel, dill, 1 bay leaf and 3 scallions, 3 cloves, 3 pepper corns. Meat-stock bouquet: 2 sprigs parsley, stalk of celery with leaves, 1 large leek, sprig sweet marjoram, sprig thyme, 3 whole cloves. kled over broiled mackerel, in tomato cocktail. — Tarragon sprin Chervil in scrambled eggs, creamy cheese mixtures. Sage in baked beans or stewed tomatoes. Chives in potato soup, salad dressings, cottage cheese. Mint on broiled lamp chops, in green pea soup. Marjoram in summer squash, spinach, or steak. Rosemary with fresh peas, fricassees, and broilers. Sesame seed in oatmeal cookies, frostings. Watercress in mashed potato. Steamed for 10 minutes and served, like spinach, with lemon butter. Sweet basil mixed with cottage cheese to stuff tomatoes. Dill in lamb stew, boiled fish, boiled new potatoes. Florse-radish in hot beef gravy. Flyssop in fruit drinks. Lemon balm in fresh coconut ca — Ke, 26 Sours Onion Soup 2 cups thinly sliced onion 1 cup water 2 tablespoons butter Salt and pepper 3 cups canned consomme 6 rounds of toast 3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese Sauté onion in butter until soft. Add liquid and seasoning. Simmer slowly for half hour. Place rounds of toast about 2 inches in diameter in soup tureen or plates; sprinkle thickly with cheese. Pour hot soup over toast and serve at once. — Flavor is improved if prepared early and let stand several hours. Serves 6. Black Bean Soup 2 cups canned black bean soup — Salt and pepper cups beef bouillon or stock 1 teaspoon mustard 2 2 tablespoons grated onion Simmer all together for half hour. Serve very hot with a slice of lemon or hard cooked egg placed carefully on top. The flavor of this soup is not harmed by reheating therefore it can be pre- pared early. Serve with corn twisters. Serves 6. Cream of Mushroom Soup 1% pound mushrooms 1 teaspoon chopped savory 4 tablespoons butter 1 cup cream 2 tablespoons flour 1 teaspoon. salt 2 cups milk, heated Ve teaspoon white pepper 1 cup chicken consomme 1 teaspoon lemon juice Wash and chop mushrooms; sauté in butter 5 minutes. Stir in flour. When well blended add hot milk, consommeé, cream and seasonings. Cook until slightly thickened. Serve with dry melba toast. Serves 6. 27 Bortsch 215 cups beet juice 4 teaspoon salt YS cup chopped beets, cooked or Cayenne raw 4 tablespoons lemon juice 4 cups meat stock or canned Sour cream, whipped bouillon 2 teaspoons chopped fennel 3 tablespoons chopped onion leaves 2 teaspoons sugar Cook beets, stock and onion together 30 minutes. Strain, or not and add seasoning. Serve very hot with sour cream. If de- sired add 1 cup of finely shredded cooked cabbage. Squash Soup 2 cups beef stock 2 tablespoons butter Ca) oup bouquet Salt and pepper 2 cups cooked, sieved summer Speck of nutmeg squash Simmer beef stock with a soup bouquet of parsley, thyme, sweet marjoram, savory, leek. Remove herbs and add squash and season- ing. Yield: 4 to 6 portions. Canned beef bouillon may be used diluted with squash liquor or water. Plain Tomato Soup 3 cups tomato juice | 6 pepper corns 2 tb. onion, chopped. Salt, pepper, sugar 1 piece bay leaf and 1 tablespoon butter 1 teaspoon chopped basil Croutons and garlic butter Simmer all but the butter over a low flame for 10 minutes. Strain and season with salt, pepper and a little sugar. Add butter and reheat before serving. If the soup is too thin thicken by rub- bing 2 tablespoons flour into the butter and stir into hot soup. Serve with croutons sautéd in garlic butter. Serves 4. Vichyssoise 114 Ib. potatoes, sliced I tsp. or more curry powder 4 lb. leeks, sliced Salt — 2 qts. chicken broth 28 Simmer the potatoes and leeks in the broth for 11% to 2 hours. Rub through a fine sieve and add curry and salt. Serve hot or cold from a tureen. Serves 6-8. Note: Lamb or veal broth may be substituted for chicken broth with fair success. Also canned chicken consommé or bouillon could be used with equal limitations. If a very white soup is desired use only the white part of the leeks. Bouillabaisse “This Bouillabaisse a noble dish is— “A sort of soup or broth or brew, “Or hotchpotch of all sorts of fishes, “That Greenwich never could outdo; “Green herbs, red peppers, mussels, saffron, “Soles, onions, garlic, roach, and dace: “All these you eat at Terre’s tavern, “In that one dish of Bouillabaisse.” Henry Makepeace Thackery (1811-1863) 3 Ibs. fish Saffron, to taste 1S cup olive oil or other fat 3 tb, lemon juice 1 doz. oysters 2 leeks, sliced 1 doz. shrimp or 2 medium onions, sliced 1 cub lobster meat 1 large carrot, sliced 2 tomatoes chopped Vy cup pimento, sliced 15 cup white wine (optional) 2 cloves garlic (optional ) 4+ cups fish stock 2 th. minced parsley Soup bouquet Salt and pepper Use flounder, whiting, sole, haddock or perch. Prepare stock by cooking skin and bones of fish with 1 qt. of water and a soup bouquet of parsley, celery leaves, bay leaf, basil, sage, fennel. Cook carrots, onion, garlic and leeks in oil until golden brown. Add fish cut in 3 inch pieces, tomato and stock. Simmer 20 min- utes. Add shell fish, pimento, and saffron to taste. Season with salt, pepper, and lemon juice. Put toast in a deep dish, add bouil- labaisse and sprinkle with parsley. Makes 8 to 10 generous servings. 29 Potage Germiny 2 tablespoons butter 4 egg yolks a handful of fresh young sorrel 1 cup cream 1 qt. clear chicken broth or stock Salt to taste Cook a handful of chopped sorrel leaves in butter. Do not brown! Heat 1 quart chicken stock, add slowly to sorrel mixture. In a separate dish beat the egg yolks and beat in the cream. A few minutes before serving pour the hot broth into the egg and cream mixture, return to fire and heat until boiling point is reached—do not allow to boil, as it may curdle. Salt to taste and serve at once. The fine point in making this sorrel soup is that it should be served very hot and yet cannot be made for long and kept hot as the egg-cream thickening will curdle. It should be stirred constantly after that is added, while heating to just short of boiling point— (Contributed by Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt.) APPETIZERS AND BEVERAGES Grape Bud Appetizers Sht large white grapes just far enough to remove the seeds. Chill. Just before serving insert a toasted salted almond in the cavity of each grape. Spread salty cocktail crackers with cream cheese, sprinkled lightly with sage. Top with a Grape Bud. Pineapple Mint Gems Drain chunks or wedges of canned pineapple. Roll in chopped mint. Insert a cocktail pick in each piece. Place on a glass plate and garnish with fresh sprigs of mint. Chill. Serve with a cool summer drink or hot chocolate. Peanut Butter Canapés Mix equal parts of peanut butter and chili sauce. Spread on salted crackers and garnish with a wedge of radish and sprig of tarragon. Shrimp Cocktail Prepare grapefruit in the shell. Leave a roomy center. Fill with shrimp previously marinated in herb French dressing. Gar- nish with fresh green cress. 30 Pigs in Clover Dip thin patties of sausage in beaten egg and then in crushed cornflakes. Pan fry slowly to a golden brown. Serve on a slice of fried apple sprinkled with chopped mint. Curried Chicken Canapés 1 cup finely chopped chicken and Ys cup mayonnaise giblets MS, to 1 tablespoon curry powder 1, cup chopped, toasted almonds — Salt 1 teaspoon chives or grated onion Remove all bits of skin and gristle before chopping. Mix to- gether. Season to taste with salt. Spread on crackers or toast cut in fancy shapes. The amount of curry used depends on indi- vidual taste. This spread is improved in flavor by several hours’ chilling in the refrigerator or overnight. Makes 14% cups spread. Sugar Syrup for Fruit Punch 2 cups water 3. sprigs each of mint, lemon 1 cup honey balm, burnet 1 cup sugar 1 sprig rue, hyssop 3oil all together for 10 minutes. Strain and pour into a steri- lized jar. Chill and use for beverages. Cranberry Cocktail 1 qt. sweetened cranberry juice Ys cup orange juice 2 tablespoons lemon juice Mint Mix well and chill. Serve in cocktail glasses with a sprig of mint. Mulled Cider 2 qts. sweet cider VS teaspoon nutmeg “4 cup brown sugar 14 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon each of cinnamon, 14 cup lemon juice if desired allspice, cloves ol Mix well and simmer for 10 minutes. Strain and reheat. Pour into a raw pumpkin shell or earthenware punch bowl and garnish with small apples. Serve steaming hot. Serves 8. Flerb Butter Spreads For canapés, small sandwiches, broiled meat or fish. To pre- pare any one of the following butters beat the ingredients into 4 cup butter, creamed. Chives Butter—Use 1 tablespoon minced chives and 1 teaspoon lemon juice. Parsley Butter—Use 2 tablespoons minced parsley and 1 tea- spoon lemon juice. Watercress Butter—Use 2 tablespoons chopped watercress, 1 teaspoon lemon juice, and a few drops Worcestershire sauce. Tarragon Butter—Use 2 tablespoons finely cut tarragon. Florse-radish Butter Use 2 tablespoons horse-radish. Fistt AND MEAT Lamb Fricassee with Dill 2 tablespoons fat Salt and pepper VRE i. by cup sliced onion iw) cups water 2 pounds shoulder lamb cut in 6 new potatoes two inch cubes 2 pounds cabbage 1 teaspoon dill 6 small carrots — Fry onion to a light yellow color in fat in a deep saucepan. Add lamb, and brown on a — | sides. Season with salt and pepper to taste and add chopped dill with 2 cups boiling water. Simmer slowly for 1 hour. Add new potatoes and carrots. Cook 30 min- utes, then lay cabbage cut in 1 inch wedges on top of meat, cover closely and steam 25 minutes longer or until cabbage is tender. If water evaporates add enough extra from time to time to keep about 2 cups in the pot. Serve on a large platter with lamb in the center and vegetables around it. Put a very small sprinkle of chopped dill on each potato. Thicken the sauce with 2 tablespoons flour and pour over fricassce. Serves 6. 32 Spareribs and Sauerkraut 2 pounds spareribs Salt and pepper 4 tablespoons fat 1 quart sauerkraut 1 teaspoon sage VY teaspoon caraway seed Rub sage, salt, and pepper generously into spareribs. Brown on all sides in a heavy kettle in fat. Remove from kettle and put sauerkraut and caraway seed in same kettle. Stir until thoroughly heated. Place spareribs on top of sauerkraut and cook slowly for 40 minutes. Serves 4 to 6. Veal Patties with Fennel 14 cup chopped onion teaspoon minced parsley 14 cup chopped celery be cup fennel root, chopped 2 tablespoons butter ee eee “4 ve 4 2 tablespoons cracker crumbs 14 pounds ground veal % cup milk Salt and pepper 2 tablespoons cooking fat 1 teaspoon dry mustard Saute onion and celery in butter but do not brown. Combine veal with seasonings, cracker crumbs, and milk. Shape into pat- ties and brown on both sides in hot fat in heavy frying pan. Re- duce heat and cook 10 to 12 minutes longer. Serves 6. Chicken Gumbo 3 to 4 pound fowl 2 dozen oysters (optional ) 1 pound veal neck Pepper Y% cup cooking oil 1 teaspoon filé or 1 small onion, sliced 11 teaspoons chopped fresh sas- 1!3 quarts boiling water safras leaves File powder is made from dried sassafras leaves. When okra is available it is used instead of file to give the same consistency Never use the two together and never boil the filé. Substitute about 14% cup sliced okra for the above file. Clean c¢ — ucken and cut im pieces. Cut veal in 2 inch cubes, Sauté in fat ina large heavy kettle until browned, adding the onion the last 10 minutes of cooking. Add water, salt, and pepper, and simmer 2 to 3 hours or until chicken is tender. Cut chicken from 35) bones and return it to soup stock. Add oysters and cook until edges curl. Season well with additional salt and pepper; stir in file and serve in hot dishes. Serves 6 to 8. Baked Stuffed Fish 4 pound fish, boned Salt and pepper 14 cup butter 1 tablespoon chopped fennel 1 cup hot water Wipe fish with a damp cloth. Sprinkle inside and out with salt and pepper. Fill with Fish Stuffing and tie securely. Bake in a shallow pan at 375° about 50 minutes. Baste frequently with but- ter, fennel, and hot water. When done remove to hot plank or platter and garnish with: 1. Buttered new potatoes rolled in chopped chives or watercress. 2. Tiny whole carrots. 3. New green peas. 4. Lemon relish cups. 5. Parsley. Fish Stuffing 3 cups soft bread crumbs Salt and pepper 1 medium onion, chopped 1 egg, beaten V4, cup butter Sauté onion in butter. Add crumbs and seasoning. Mix well but do not brown. Remove from heat and stir in beaten egg. Stuffed Cabbage Leaves 1% pounds veal, lamb or beef Vs cup sour cream 3 sprigs fresh dill Vy cup milk */, cup rice (raw) Salt and pepper 3 tablespoons minced onion 1 tablespoon ketchup 12 large cabbage leaves 1 teaspoon chopped dill 5 tablespoons butter Stew meat until tender in 1 quart of water to which the sprigs of dill have been added; reserve broth and grind meat; add rice and onion to meat and season with salt and pepper. Wilt cabbage leaves by submerging in boiling water for one minute; fill each with 34 meat-rice mixture, roll and tie securely. butter, place in casserole, pour reserved broth over them, about 2 Brown cabbage rolls in 2 cups, cover and bake in a slow oven (325° F.) for 1 hours. Combine cream, milk, seasonings, dill, ketchup. as sauce. Serves 6. Heat and serve Roast Duck with Herb-Buttered Rice and Orange Sauce 3 Ibs. roasting duck Salt and pepper 1 sliced onion and carrot 3unch of celery leaves and pars- ley 1 cup orange juice mixed with 1 teaspoon each of savory, mar- joram slivered 2 tablespoon cooked orange rind Clean and quarter duck. duck, skin side up, on top of vegetables. Baste frequently with orange juice and (300° Fy for 1. irs, herbs. Remove duck. Sauce. most of the fat. with 2 tablespoons flour mixed to a paste with 44 cup water. Rub with salt and pepper. carrot, celery, parsley in bottom of shallow roasting pan. Strain the vegetables from the roasting pan. Add enough water to make 1% cups. Thicken Y cup chopped onion 14 cup butter 4+ cups hot, cooked rice brown or white (salted) Vs teaspoon each of sage, thyme wild, 1 tablespoon parsley Garnish with watercress and glazed fruit Put onion, Place Bake in a moderate oven Skim. off Bring to a boil and add orange slivers, and salt 1f necessary. Rice. Brown onion in fat. Stir in the rice and herbs. Ar- range on hot platter with duck and garnish with watercress and glazed fruit. Shrimp and Rock Lobster Creole 1 cup sheed onions 1 cup sliced celery 4 tb. flour l tep.-Salt 2 th. chit powder 1 cup water 3 cups tomatoes 3 large sprigs tarragon 1 tb. tarragon vinegar 2 tsp. sugar 1 cup cooked shrimp 2 cups rock lobster cooked and cut in small pieces 3 cups hot boiled rice 4 th. chopped pimento 35 Boil the rock lobster and shrimp in their shells in salted water and tarragon for twenty minutes. Then remove the meat from the shell. Cook the onion and celery in the fat until brown, stir in flour, salt, and chili powder and slowly add the water. Stir until smooth and cook over heat for 15 minutes. Add tomatoes, vine- gar, and sugar and cook until thickened; add shrimp and lobster and cook until thoroughly heated. Mold rice in cones or in a-ring and surround with shrimp and lobster creole. Garnish with as- paragus tips and deviled eggs and pimento. Serves 6 to 8. 1s actu- ally meat from the tail of a sea crawfish. It is a crustacean and comes to New York from Florida, Cuba, and South Africa. Rock N.B. Rock lobster, also known as “poor man’s lobster, lobster 1s inferior to real Maine lobster, but with clever cooking may be very delicious. SAUCES AND Eccs Potato Omelet with Watercress T™ cup milk Vs teaspoon salt 1 cup mashed potatoes 2 tablespoons chopped water- 2 tablespoons butter cress 4 eggs Mix potato with 1 tablespoon butter, milk seasoning and water- cress. Separate the eggs and add beaten yolks to potato mixture. Fold in the stiffy beaten egg whites. Heat remaining tablespoon butter in a skillet, add egg mixture and cook slowly. As omelet becomes firm on the bottom lift edges with a spatula to let raw mixture run underneath. Place under the broiler to brown top. Crease omelet with a knife, fold over and serve. Serves 6. a Brown Sauce 2 tablespoons each of carrot, 2 cloves onion, celery 4 tablespoons butter 1 shallot 4 tablespoons flour Vy, bay leaf 2 cups brown stock Sprig of thyme and parsley Salt and pepper 6 pepper corns 36 Cook vegetables and spices in butter until well browned but not burned; add flour and brown slightly. Add stock gradually and stir until well blended and thick. Season with salt and pepper. Boil 1 or 2 minutes, strain and serve with beef, or bottle for future use. Keep cool. Bordelaise Sauce — TY cup tomato puree 4 slices of meat marrow 1 tablespoon sherry wine 1 cup Brown Sauce Heat together thoroughly and serve with steak. Béchamel Sauce 1 slice onion 2 tablespoons flour 1 shee carrot 2 tablespoons butter V4, bay leaf Vs cup light cream Sprig parsley 1 teaspoon salt 6 pepper corns Vy teaspoon pepper 1 cup chicken stock Simmer first 6 ingredients 20 minutes. Strain and add hot water to make 4% cup. Blend flour and melted butter, add hot stock and cream and cook 5 minutes, stirring constantly. Season. Serve on chicken timbals, croquettes, mousse, or fried chicken. Ravigotte Sauce Add 1 teaspoon each chopped chives, parsley, tarragon, shallots and 1 tablespoon tarragon vinegar to 1 cup Bechamel Sauce. Normandy Sauce Substitute fish stock for chicken stock in Béchamel Sauce, add 1 beaten egg yolk, 1 tablespoon lemon juice and a dash of cayenne. Serve with fish mousse, timbals, or souffle. Mustard Sauce 2 teaspoons chives, minced VY cup prepared mustard 2 teaspoons chervil, minced VY cup mayonnaise 1 teaspoon tarragon, thyme, basil Cayenne Mix thoroughly. Good either hot or cold on meat or fish, 37 SWEETS, COOKIES AND BuNS Apricot Sweets 1 cup raw dried apricots 1 tablespoon lemon juice 1 cup dried coconut 4 tablespoons confectioner’s 1 teaspoon orange rind sugar 1 teaspoon lemon rind 1 teaspoon anise seeds Grind apricots and coconut through the food chopper. Add fruit juice, rind, and sugar. Mix well and form into small balls. Roll in granulated sugar. Coconut Kisses 1 can condensed milk 1 teaspoon crushed caraway 12 oz. shredded coconut seeds 1 teaspoon vanilla Into the condensed milk stir coconut; add flavoring and seeds. Drop by teaspoonfuls two inches apart on a baking sheet, and bake in a slow oven (325° F.) for 12 to 15 minutes or until brown. Candied Mint Leaves Wash any kind of mint leaves very thoroughly. Dip in egg white, which has been broken slightly, but not foamy, with a fork. Strip off any excess egg with the thumb and forefinger. Dredge each leaf through a bowl of granulated sugar. Shake off all excess sugar and place on a wire rack to dry in the sun. When sufficiently dry store in boxes. Cardamom Cookies V cup shortening 1, teaspoon salt 1, cup sugar 3 tablespoons milk 1 egg yolk 1% teaspoon crushed cardamom 14% cups sifted flour seeds 1 teaspoon baking powder Cream the shortening. Add sugar slowly and cream well. Add egg yolks and again beat well. Sift dry ingredients and mix with cardamom seeds. Add alternately with milk to first mixture, 38 Chill thoroughly. Roll very thin and cut with a wreath or tree cutter. Place on a greased cookie pan and bake 10 minutes at 375° F. (moderate oven). = 7 Cumin Cup Cakes 4 tablespoons butter Te cup milk V4 cup sugar 14 teaspoon vanilla 1 egg, unbeaten 1 teaspoon cumin seed, cooked 1 cup sifted flour in 1 tablespoon water 5 min- 2 teaspoons baking powder utes VS teaspoon salt Cream the butter, add sugar gradually and cream thoroughly. Add egg and cumin seed and heat well. Sift flour, baking powder, and salt, and add alternately with milk and vanilla to the first mix- ture. Bake in oiled muffin tins or paper cup-cake forms in a hot oven (400° F.) for 20 minutes. Makes about 12 medium cakes. Sprinkle tops lightly with confectioner’s sugar. — Rum Cakes Angel cake Chopped black or English, wal- Hard sauce nuts Hot water Crushed coriander seeds Rum flavoring Break angel cake in irregular pieces the size of an English wal- nut. Dip in _ yard sauce which has been thinned with hot water and flavored with rum and coriander seeds. Roll in coarsely chopped walnuts and place on wax paper to dry. N.B. To conserve home supply of sugar use bakers’ cake and make hard sauce by combining | part margarine or butter and 2 parts condensed milk. Use 4 to Ys teaspoon crushed coriander seed to 1 cup hard sauce. Spritsbakketser 2 cups butter or margarine 1 teaspoon almond extract 1 cup sugar Candied cherries 4 cups flour Candied angelica 2 eggs mae S ey, s5 ’ flavoring, and flour. Force through cookie press onto baking sheet. Decorate with candied cherries and angelica. Bake 12 minutes in a moderate oven (375° F Swedish Coffee Buns 1 cup milk VS teaspoon ground cardamom VY cup shortening seeds 14 cup sugar 1 yeast cake 1/ Papeete eeere re V4 teaspoon salt 4, cup seedless raisins 1 egg, well-beaten 345-4 cups sifted flour Vy, teaspoon nutmeg Confectioner’s sugar Scald milk, add fat, sugar, and salt. Cool to lukewarm. Add crumbled yeast cake, egg, raisins, nutmeg, cardamon, and as much flour as can be stirred into dough. Knead well. Place in greased bowl, cover, and let rise in a warm place until double in bull; toss on floured board and shape into 2-inch balls; cover and let rise, as above. Bake in a hot oven (400° F.) 15 to 20 minutes. Cool and brush is a icing, made with confectioner’s sugar mois- tened with water. Yield: 2 dozen buns. Nut Wafers 1% cup shortening (margarine) % teaspoon salt * cup sugar 1 teaspoon baking powder 1 cee, beaten 1 teaspoon anise seed 14% cup flour \ cup chopped nut meats 2 Bae millx a Cream shortening and add sugar gradually. Cream very well. Add egg, milk and flour sifted with salt and baking powder, and anise seed. Spread evenly and very thinly on greased bottom of baking tin using a case knife. Sprinkle with nut meats and press gently into batter. Mark in strips 4 inch wide and 3 inches long. Bake about 12 minutes at 325° F. or until delicately brown. Cut in strips and lay at once over rolling pin to shape in a semi-circle. Press gently with hand. Remove to cake rack to harden. If strips become too stiff to shape return to oven to soften. Store in single layer in a shallow box to prevent breaking. Makes about 40 strips. 40 Tansy Pudding 2 tablespoons butter Ve cup sugar 3 tablespoons flour Green coloring 114 cup scalded milk 1 teaspoon chopped tansy leaves 4+ eggs, yolk and whites sepa- rated Melt butter in saucepan and add flour and a pinch of salt, then with a wooden spoon blend together with milk. Beat yolks of eggs in bowl until light, add sugar and pour in the flour and milk mix- ture, stir well and return to saucepan on fire. Cook until thick, ittle green color- ry stirring constantly to keep smooth. Add a very ing to tint pale green and the minced tansy leaves. When cool fold in the stiffly beaten whites of eggs and pile lightly into buttered ¢ ~ glass baking dish. . Bake for 30 minutes in moderate oven. Serve with slightly whipped cream and bowl of powdered maple sugar.—( Contributed by Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt.) SALADS Potato Salad 2 cups diced, hot potatoes 1 tablespoon minced pimento 1 hard cooked egg, diced 2 teaspoons capers \ teaspoon salt, or more 1 tablespoon tarragon vinegar 14 cup celery, diced 1 tablespoon salad oil 2 tablespoons minced onion or Mayonnaise chives 2 teaspoons fresh dill Mix lightly and chill. Mold in faney shapes with aspic jelly or serve plain. Note: Use prepared aspic or make it from a reliable recipe. Variations 1. Decorate the bottom of a well oiled ring. Mold with slices of hard cooked egg, olives, or pimento. Fill with Potato Salad which has been lightly mixed with aspic jelly. Chill several hours. Turn ettuce and fill the hole in the center of the mold — out on a bed of with mayonnaise in a lettuce cup. 41 Mix Potato Salad with tomato aspic. Place a row of sliced stuffed olives down the center of an oiled loaf mold. Fill with salad: and chill. Turn out on curly endive. Garnish with stuffed eggs and radish roses alternating. foe 3. Garnish with thin slices of tomato topped with a slice of cu- cumber and a bit of horse-radish. 4. Slices of ham or tongue spread with mustard and _ rolled loosely. 5. Garnish with sweet gherkins, onion rings, and radishes. 6. Mold in a melon mold; serve with a garnish of small peeled tomatoes stuffed with cole slaw and 1 teaspoon dill. served plain on lettuce and garnish with stuffed eggs moldec individually in tomato aspic. fruit Salad 1 package lemon jello 1 grapefruit, divided in seg- 1 cup seedless white grapes ments LS cup celery, diced 1 orange, divided in segments 1 small red apple, diced, un- 1 cup Queen Anne cherries peeled Other fruit combinations may be substituted. Prepare jello by directions on the package. Mix with fruit. The mixture should be practically all fruit and very little excess liquid jello. Chill and serve very cold with any fruit salad dressing desire found. Variations 1. Pour into a ring mold. When set turn on a bed of lettuce and fill center with cantaloupe balls and sprigs of mint. 2. Mold in star shape and garnish with cream cheese balls rolled in nuts. 3. Decorate bottom of loaf mold with sections of tangerines. Mold salad very firmly. Decorate sides of mold with half slices of pineapple and red maraschino cherries. Mold in a mixing bowl. Turn out on salad greens and gar- nish with semi-circles of cantaloupe, red sweet cherries filled with 42 cream cheese, and finger length pieces of fresh pineapple rolled in munt. 6. Omit jello. Mix fruit with equal parts of mayonnaise and whipped cream. Sprinkle with nuts. Mixed Green Salad Break, do not cut, a variety of salad greens such as romaine, escarole, chicory, lettuce, and watercress into a salad bowl. Add sliced cucumber, onion rings, green peppers, radishes, quartered tomatoes, ete. Season with salt and dress with Herb French Dressing. Herb French Dressing 1 cup salad oil Paprika I 2» Cup tarragon vinegar Salt and pepper 1 clove garlic, bruised Q 1 teaspoon dried mixed herbs, or 1 teaspoon each of fresh basil, tarragon, chervil, and parsley 1 teaspoon chives or grated onion 1 teaspoon sugar Shake thoroughly ina jar. Let stand several hours or overnight, then strain and store. Note.—For Horehound candy see pp. 12-13. ( Fd.) PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP NEL BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages, and carrying on fundamental investigations. Members — + a SY on oe se _ Gur) — ye Garden have the opportunity of furthering these aims. Special Memes privileges are also offered as follows Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and s pla fully, involving methods of culture, and control of insect and fungous pests. ae naming of botanical specimens submitted for determina- Periodical distribution of surplus ornamental plant material and seeds. Invitations for self and friends to the Annual Spring Inspec- tion, and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of admission to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission o general public, and to receptions; admission of member and one guest to field tri ips and other scientific meetings under Gar den auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. ervices of a guide (by appointment) for self and party. when aie “the Garden. Free tuition in all courses of instruction, except that in labora- tory courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, etc. The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. _ Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time. As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical papers based upon the researches carried out at the Garden. Special Guides to the een and collections, Leaflets of popular in- oe euOn, aod the quarterly Record, which includes the Annual Report of the Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. tess privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden membership carc i CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 2 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 A. Like: DY One PAyIMENE Of as25.vy ge rsas 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 6. Donor, by one payment of ......+.... 10,000 7, Patron, by one payment Of . 2.2446 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had_ by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Main 2-4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. 11 Glew BaVuEVI BER SiS For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Pees area, and a plan has been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the onan in Re ete an interest in plant life and horticulture, as folloy Annual Memberships—Garden Clubs or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election e ard of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual eee club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to Houle annual members and to sae the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days” and the annual Spring Inspection in May. The Club may also have the following privileges: a. The services a a Botanic Garden aa or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties of less than six adults will be een Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club ne extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden supplies, on request, a list of staff members avail- able for outside lectures Arrangements will be oe the Club will, with each request, designate at least two c. One member of the club is eerie eae to free tuition in courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-mem- bers. In Laboratory Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. Co~é Ss Sustaining Membe ps—Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- taining ey fee of Twenty-five Dollars. aining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual oe ship, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- 1 Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They ae designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mural lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. iv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass. se Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. o Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. eae Academy nee a Panties: Calif. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Cranbrook Institute of Science, rani ae Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural His , science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural cee St. Johnsbury, Vt. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. a ar Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden au Louis, Newark veer Newa le J. J. New York State Museum, Mibaay: N. Y. Peabody Museum of Arch: ee and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, ’Philac lelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of................ Dollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment af the salary of a curator in said Botanic oe , to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship ereby give, devise, and meee to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and ee Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, the income from which sum to be ceed in ee payment of a fellowship ee dvanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the SORES tr grew lee my sa eT WARE Cte te sen trcurtsea Uh sie Rae meee ae fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator ive, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts ‘and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used (or the income from which to be used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: Botanical research. Publishing the results of botanical investigations. Popular botanical publication. The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures. The purchase and collecting of plants The beautifying of the grounds. . The purchase of publications for the librar Extending and enriching our work of public education. 10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical workin the High Schools of the City of New York. On DA OE WB Ye Ko) REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on congested paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (MAin 2-4433). Vil THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824. REINCORPORATED, 1890 ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, President. Epwarp C. Blum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 9 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM CENTRAL MUSEUM—EASTERN PARKWAY—N Evins 8-—500( CHILDREN’S MUSEU M—BROOKLYN AVENUE AND PARK ria K —PRospect 3=7117 MEMBERSHIP ou are cordially invited to De a member of one or all of the ene of the Brooklyn Institute. The annual fee in each choice and partial privileges in the other two. Membership runs for twelve months from the time it is taken out THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free admis- sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion pictures, young people’ eee field trips, etc. Also: reduced rates for special courses and prograi ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Chairman, Governing Comittee. Jutius Broom, Director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. Also: docent services, privileges of library and herbarium, free publications, advice on all aspects of cae distribution of surplus plant material, and visiting membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. Miss Hitpa Loines, Chairman, Governing Committee. Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Director. THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses » phonograph records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services. Also: five Museum oe lications free of charge and other Museum publications at reduced price WALTER H. CritTENDEN, Chairman, Governing Committce. LAURANCE P. Roperrs, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, school ceremonies, dances, and other ery vents WitriaAm T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. Hrrnpert T. Swin, Building Superintendent. - 1} : : - 4 oe 7 “ft ‘4 _ - - “3? SS + 7 : J Bin p> een er : : ee : ; The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND VicE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT TuirD VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON REASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON, Vice-Chinn., WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C, BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER WILLIAM G. CREAMER JAMES G BOS hak WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ED Y LEWIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex Pye D E. MUDGE MRS. LEWIS Me FRANCIS DRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Ex officio EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FoLLowING OFFICIALS OF THE coe or New Yorxk THE MAYOR HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER Ge PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MBERSHIP.—AII persons who are rage! in the objects and maintenance of ie eaten Botanic Garden are eligible to ember ship. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membershi hip, $10 early ats ning Nieriberstip, $25 lyn MB Aine Garden, 1000 Wenn Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Main 2-4433. TH E BoTaNic GARDEN is open free to de ae daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and Holidays it is open at 10 a ces.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect ‘Park: on ashington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near pee Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, Bente Crown To Assist Memesers and others in studying the collections the services of a ghee to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must be m y application to th ereerir of Public Feaueucn at least one day in situa = No parties of less tee six adults will be co H THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T. eave to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912- 1928) ; } bimonthly (1929-1932) ; quarterly (1933-). Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports, See ional Prospects, Seed List, eee epee on, $1.00 a Guide numbers specially priced. Circulates in 59 c MEMOIRS. Established, Bone 1918, Published fae Not offered in exchange. Circulates in 48 countries. Volume I. Dedi cation aie 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the i pore building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk. By Norman Taylor. 1923. 108 pages. $1.00. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment. By Barring Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927, 151 pages. $1.60. Volu IV. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 years of progress in ‘a bola (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on hontedtene 1936. 133 pages. $1. So: CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. Papers originally published in peri- odicals, reissued as “separates” without cha ange of pagin numbers constitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in "34 countries No. 95. Breeding work toward the development of a timber type of blight- resistant chestnut: Report for 1940. By Arthur Harmount Graves. 8 pages. 1941. No. 96. Inheritance roe ae resistance in hybrids of Navarro oats. By George M. Reed. 7 page No. 97. Breeding i one the development of - asi pee ae nae resistant chestnut: Report for 1941. By Arthur Harmount 5p 1942. LEAFLETS. Hstgutsheds ane 10, 1913. eae wate or pe during April, May, June, September, and October. Contain popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others; also announcements concern- ing flowering and other oe activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue. Free to member e Garden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. (ern in 28 countries. Infrequent since 1936, UIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Bas based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the REcorp; see abov Guide No. 9. The Rose Garden of the Brooklyn Bote Garden. 12 illus- trations, folded map. By Montague Free. Price, 50 c Guide No. 10. Gardens within a garden: A ee ee to the grounds of ge ee Botanic Garden. Second pata 57 pages ; ah Peers: Folded By C rt Gager. Price, 25 c ; by mail, 30 ¢ ep No. 11. List of shrubs. oe - print. uide No. 12. Lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Classification, Cultiva- tion, Pathology 34 pages; 14 illustrations. By red nag Montague Free, and George M. Reed. Price, 25 cents ; by mail, 30 cen Gu = No. 13. Trees in the Brooklyn Hotere: ae 53 pages; 9 ae tions. By Alfr 5 ae and Arthur H. Graves. Price, by mail, 30 cen e No. é local flora section Aes wild flower eee) of je ee Boe Garten, 27 pages, 18 illustrations. By Henry K. Svenson. Price, by mai D LIST (Datu Seminum). Established, December, 1914. Tempo- rarily suspended since 1940. OLOGY. sre January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the POROCIERY Society or America. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates in 48 cou aw CS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in codperation with GeENnETIcs, INCORPORATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL, XXXII APRIL, 1943 NO. 2 THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1942 Hip ERLE U Esha ETAT EAE E We Bun Nu) yu us re 5 eh Ae A PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL oe Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Se.D., Pd.D., Direct MONTAGUE FREE, aay ares Revi Pan Gardens, Kew, "H orticulturist UNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Pu blic Instruction HARMO yobs EN, alae a ea (Paris), Curator of Plants AN brari ARTHUR ALFRED GUNDERS WILLIAM E. JO Sich spe 5) an M. REED, end. Curator of Plant Pa ELLEN EDDY SHAW, M.A., Curator of Elementary oi ia K. SVENSO h.D., Curator of the Herbariu H ; ra MARGARET M. DORWARD, A. B., Assistant Curator of Eisaaiteny. Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, ye near Curator of Oriental i gael and Floral Art HAROLD A. CAPAR N, Consulting Landsc Architec ELIZABETH REMSEN VAN BRUNT, Honorary Curator of Culinary Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H, CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) G. ELIZABETH ASHWELL, A.B., Curatorial sasgestant MICHALENA LEFRERE pone ROLL, Instructor EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Libra ary pi oe Be eet ee ca A.B., Curat orial Assistant CHARLES F MS., Assistant in Woody hss an aon RKIN, Curatorial Assista W MMOND M.A., Bi an t HES ; MARGERY ao UDELL, Curatorial ASS L. GORDON UT M. Roa vio t JEANNE ee STEER. aN M., Research Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, a : MAUD H. PURDY, Art ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant 1 EDNA PALMITIER SCHA CHT, Acting Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to es Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodia LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer VIRGINIA A. CLAY, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., SS eth ail AY De te SE Business Ove tan BETTY G. RI ILEY, Ge rai aa ag Lene Quarterly at Prince and Lemon. ns Beets, Lancaster, Pa. e Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci Broo klyn Entered zB Ment class “matter pe) 10, 1933, at te, post: SeeSe 3 Lancaster, Pa., act of “August 24, 1912 1 Absent on U. S. Government duty, from April 1, 1942 THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824, REINCORPORATED, 1890 AprIAN VAN SINDEREN, President, Enwarp C, Blum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE—MAIin 2—4433 THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM CENTRAL MUSEUM—EASTERN PARK WAY—NEvins 8-5000 CHILDREN’S MUSEUM—BROOKLYN AVENUE AND PARK PLACE —PRospect 3-7117 MEMBERSHIP 1 are cordially invited to become a member of one or all of t neers of the Br rooklyn Institute. The annual fee in each Department is $10, carrying full privileges in the division o choice and partial privileges in the other two. ou embership runs for twelve months from the time it is taken out. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free admis- sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion people’s programs, field trips, etc. Also: and programs pictures, young reduced rates for special courses ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Chairman , Governing Committee. Jutrus Broom, Director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. Also: docent services, privileges of library and herbarium, free publications, advice on all aspects of gardenin g, distribution of surplus plant material, on visitin 1g membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museu oth Ss. Miss Hitpa LoInes, Chairman, Governing Committee. C. Sruart GAGER, Director. THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses, phonograph records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services. Also: five Museum ee aie free of charge and other Museum publications at reduced pric Water H. CritTENDEN, Chairman, Governing Committee. LAURANCE P. Roperts, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom nee be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, gone ceremonies, dances, and ot events Witiiam T. HunTER, Chairman , Building Committee. HERBERT T. Swin, Building Superintendent. PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affor ding educational advantages, and carrying on fundamental investigations. of the Garden have the opportunity of furthering these aims. Special membership privileges are also offered as follows: — 1. Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, involving methods of culture e, and control of insect and fungous pests é; = naming of botanical specimens submitted for determina- bo on. Periodical distribution of surplus ornamental plant material ae anc eee for self and friends to the Sree Spring Inspec- age and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of admission o all exhibitions and openings preceding a eens of the oe public, and to receptions; admission of member and one guest to field trips and other cua ela meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or ae whe Services of a guide (by appointment) for self ‘and party, when visiting the Garden. I*ree tuition in all courses of instruction, except that in labora- se courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, on The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- the Garden are sent to members from time to time . As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical papers based upon the researches carried on at the Garden. Special Guides to the plantations and collections, Leaflets of popular in- formation, and the quarterly Record, w hich includes the Annual Report of the Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden members! ship card. on \o —" S il CLUB MEMBERSHIPS For many years the Botanic mae has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan 3 area, and a plan has been adopted W hereby such organizations 7 become definitely identified with the work of the raat in i Ee oine an interest in pea life and horticulture, as folloy Ann mbersht Garden Clubs or other organizations may ae as Soc Members of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual see club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to individual ea members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days” and ue annual Spring Inspection in May. e Club may also “have the following privileges: a. The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties ess than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club. ne extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden gua on request, a list of staff members avail- able for outside lec Arrangements will 1 be pete a the Club will, with each request, designate at least two One member of the club is ented: Carnet to free tuition in courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-mem- ers. In Laboratory Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. Sustaining Memberships——Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars Sustain ning membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- yn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. The may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Gard den courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mural lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. iv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list does not include free admission to the Phila- — for publications, and delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, w visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic len ee! Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Berkshire Museum, bau Mass Boston Society of Natural History, Poa Mass. Buffalo Museum of dence Buffalo, N. Y. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. Carnegie Museum, Pitsburg, . Charleston Museum, Charlest a Cranbrook Institute of Science, ee Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Sareea Museum . Natural Science, St. ca Vt. ield Museum of Natural History, Chicag = s Angel ena oe panes Ca a a ere Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, - Louis, Mo. ewark Museum, Newark, N. J. New York State Museum, ee N.Y. Peabody Museum of Ar shone ‘and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial anne! " Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif — — CLASSES: OF MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: Annual by- annual payment Of i.e sae $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 7a) 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 a7 Jette by-one paymentol ss. 2a soa, 500 So Rhermanent, by one payment ol -.5. a5 2,500 G. Donor, by onespayinent Of a.) 242 2° 10,000 (ie athon, by Oneypayinent Of -e4 ese Heo 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, ., or by personal conference by appointment. ‘Telephone, Man 2- 4433. jean Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. V1 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from Pe said sum to be used exclusively for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn gre of Arts aid Sciences, Brooklyiy N. Yo, the Suit Ofisajaus cn widen lars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic ee the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary co ff a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship | hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellowship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Sb o airhn nbc aaa Wea a BD GR dot at, pote Vegan et estas. o-oo aeaee Rare tere fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, to be used (or the income from which to be used) for the Brooklyn Bebiie Garden * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed : 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the results of botanical research. 3. The endowment of curatorships. 4. The Library. The Herbarium. 6. Extending and enriching our work of public education. 7. The purchase and collecting of plants. 8. Popular botanical publication 9. Hlustrations for publications and lectures. 10. The beautifying of the grounds. Vil THE BODANIG*GARDEN AND EELS Cla ¥ Tue BrookKLyNn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is aie the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the get appropriation. Certain salaries are paid, 1 en annual Tax Buc whole or in part, from private funds. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase with private funds all publications for the library, all specimens for the her- barium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items. These collections, available without charge for public —_— use, are the property of the Trustees. The interest on One Million Dollars at the rate of 3.5 per cent, added to the present private funds income, would restore that in- come to the 1930 figure. The director will be glad to give full information as to the uses for which such additional income is needed. Vill REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on congested paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (MAin 2-4433). ae Tee a a ae ae 7 a: 7 A i i — uae 7 ; : ie oy Sea een ee a oe en an eee ae rt sett eels! Han notre icross pond g north < looking 2 194 spring, View in early n (1 ( Local ora). lower Garden F Wild ative N ),409) ( 1 ATT and sand bz c BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXII APRIL, 1943 No. 2 TAUREN =SE COND ANN UAE PO Ra Oi See BROOKLYN BOTANIC (GARDEN 1942 REPORT /@e SCE. DIRE CLO R™ To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith my Thirty-second Annual Report. Tue Impact oF War Almost every activity of the Botanic Garden in the year 1942 has been determined or modified by an event which took place nearly 5000 imiles from Brooklyn, about four weeks before the close of 1941. The attack of December 7, on Pearl Harbor, as everyone knows, brought the United States into the universal war as a formal and active co-belligerent of Great Britain and her allies. No aspect of the war is more thoroughly organized nor more fanatically fought by the enemy than that against religion, morals, and education. Every day, throughout a nation of eighty million people in Europe, children, adolescents, and adults, for ten years or more, have been and are now being, not educated, but indoc- ” 1 The illustration on the front cover page shows the “V,” for victory, a l the Morse Code sign for “V” (. . .——) done in red, white, and blue ane These designs were on the south end of the E oa eae throughout the 1942 season. The small trees are flowering cherries—pa the two double rows (76 trees in all) planted on each side of the Sana in the fall of 1941. A portion of the pool in the Rose Arc is in the foreground. 43 44 trinated with a way of life which goes back to the cave and the jungle. Thus is being created the most serious aspect of the struggle, which will have to be fought out for many years after the shooting is over. The chief way in which this battle of ideas and ideals can be won is by the method of St. Paul, of overcoming evil with good. When the battle of tanks and planes has been won then, writes Gregor Ziemer,' “behind the military array we will perceive a younger army, even more fanatic than the soldiery of now; and se this army too must be vanquished. . . Never did a part of the human race face so formidable and so serious an educational challenge as is here presented. Our first obligation is to preserve and perfect in our own land the educational aims, methods, and ideals which characterize our civilization and our way of life. They constitute the most precious inheritance of the human race. The challenge is to every educational agency—our elementary and high schools, of course, our colleges, universities, and technical schools, our museums and botanic gardens, Our second obligation is to continue the educational responsi- bility to improve, to augment, and to disseminate this heritage among men; if it is allowed to languish or die out, any victory of ours of tanks and bombs is futile. The Botanic Garden has a part, however modest, in this opportunity and responsibility, and feels fully justified in asking the continuing and generous support that is necessary to enable it to carry on its program as an essential and integral part of the world conflict that now rages. GENERAL ATTENDANCE The turnstiles at the entrance gates registered a total attendance for the year of 1,660,046. For 1941 the figures were 1,753,381— a decrease of 93,335. This figure is rather encouraging when compared with the figures of other semi-public institutions of greater New York. A “Recapitulation’’ of comparative attend- ance, compiled by the Museums Council of New York City, shows an increased attendance for 1942 over 1941 only for two privately 'Ziemer, Gregor. \ducation for death. Oxford University Press. 1941. P. 194 45 supported institutions—the Museum of Modern Art, 5,347, or 2% (25 cents admission); the New York Museum of Science and Industry, 53,639, or 15% (25 cents admission). For the semi- public institutions (supported in part by Tax Budget appropria- tions) the decreases in attendance were as follows: Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden; 5% ; Metropolitan Museum of Art, 13% ; American Museum of Natural History, 14%; New York Public Library, 17% ; Brooklyn Museum, 27% ; New York Zoological Park, 32% CoopERATION IN THE War EFForRT How can botanical science contribute to the war effort? In many ways of vital importance. Food, for example, as the Secre- tary of Agriculture, Mr. Wickard, has said, is “a most powerful weapon” of war. It is needed now in greater amount than ever before—for the armed forces and the civilian needs of our own country and our allies. Knowledge arrived at by botanical studies underlies all attempts to increase the yield of food plants. For example, some years ago, Dr. George H. Shull undertook a study of the breeding of Indian corn with a purely scientific aim in view. His results, published in 1908 and 1909, marked the beginning of a new era in corn breeding. “Hybrid corn is the most spectacular and far-reaching agricultural development of this generation. It ranks in importance with the invention of the telephone and the internal combustion engine.” By 1937 80% of the yellow sweet corn for canning was grown from “Hybrid seed,” produced by following a method based on the principles worked out by Dr. Shull. This year more than 25 million acres—slightly more than one half the acreage of the corn belt—is grown from hybrid corn. There is not a soldier in our army, not a citizen of the United States, that does not benefit from this piece of research in “pure” botany. It has been estimated that the value of the corn crop of this country has been increased by several million dollars a year by this practical application of Dr. Shull’s results. In- stances could be multiplied, not only in the realm of food produc- tion, but also in the use of plants and plant products for drugs, all of fibres, paper, lumber, and otherwise, and in plant diseases the highest importance for war needs. 46 There is much that a botanic garden might be doing now in botanical exploration to discover new plants or new locations of plants important to meet pressing needs, but this requires funds quite beyond the present resources of our own Garden. There are, however, many other ways in which a botanic garden may render war service, especially in aiding civilian activities necessi- tated by the war. The first thought, of course, is, through gardening and, quite naturally through vegetable gardening—doing everything possible to promote the raising of food plants. In 1917 and 1918, during the World War, the lawns of the Botanic Garden (as elsewhere ) were plowed up. The laboratory plaza was given over to garden vegetables; a field of potatoes occupied part of the Systematic Section. On December 19 and 20, 1941, a National Defense Gardening Conference in Washington, D. C., was called jointly by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Office of Defense, Health, and Welfare. Delegates representing garden interests were present from all sections of the country. The main object was to formu- late the horticultural needs of the hour, and outline a long-term plan of action by Federal, state, municipal, and private agencies. Six committees were established, as follows: 1. Farm vegetable gardens ; 2. Farm fruit gardens; 3. Conservation and preservation of fruits and vegetables; 4. Community and school gardens; 5. Conservation of lawns, flowers, and shrubs; 6. Educational mate- — rials and techniques. These committees, jointly and severally, recommended: 1. That gardening be recognized as an active part of the war effort ; 2. That opportunity be given to boys and girls, under qualified leadership, to participate in a “Victory Garden Program” as an integral part of their education; 3. That, in the Victory Garden Program, gardening be empha- sized not only as a means of raising of plants, but as an essential part of a productive and useful life ; 4. That popular information concerning gardening be made available through every qualified agency. 47 5. That the importance of ornamental gardening should not be lost sight of as a help in maintaining individual and community morale. The Botanic Garden has endeavored to cooperate in all the aspects of this intelligent and broad program, which embodies, with minor shifting of emphasis, the main points of our regular program of education and public service. Victory Garden Public Meeting Botanic Garden members and the general public were invited to a public Victory Garden meeting in our auditorium on February Dr. Gager stated the purpose of the meeting as being to emphasize the need of gardening as a necessary part of the war effort, to stimulate interest, and to explain the various ways in which the Botanic Garden is prepared to cooperate. The program continued as follows: 1. Defense Stamp Talk. Mrs. Tremper Longman, Speakers Bureau, Kings County Defense Bond Committee 2. Welcome to delegates a. Brooklyn Civil Council, Mrs. John H. Jackson b. American Women’s Voluntary Services, Mrs. Harold D. Vernam c. Response, Mrs. E. C. Blum (Member, Brooklyn Botanic Garden Woman’s Auxiliary), Chairman Victory Gar- den Committee of the Brooklyn Civilian Defense Vol- unteer Office d. Response, Mr. George E. Burkhardt, County Agent under Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, State of New York. 3. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Program in the Victory Gar- den Movement, Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Ele- mentary Instruction 4, Hlustrated Talk on Victory Gardens, Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist 5. Announcements. Printed Announcements of Courses distrib- uted: Registration for Courses 48 Two hundred and forty-six men and women registered for the Special Victory Garden course, which began Monday, March 9, at 11 am., and continued through April 6, the lectures being given by Mr. Montague Free and Miss Margaret M. Dorward. Victory Garden Courses Spring Courses. A total of nine courses were offered during the spring, planned with special reference to the Victory Garden needs. Five were for the general public, and four were specially for teachers, but were open also to the public. Some 455 persons were registered in these courses. Fall Courses. One hundred and fifty-seven persons were regis- tered in the five Fall Courses planned specially as part of the Victory Garden program, making a total of 613 persons registered for the year in Victory Garden Courses in addition to those regis- tered in other courses. Extra-Mural Victory Garden Talks Members of staff have given seventeen Victory Garden talks outside the Botanic Garden in cooperation with institutions and organizations. Victory Garden Broadcasts Radio Broadcasts, over WJZ and WNYC, were given by mem- bers of the Garden Staff on the general subject of Victory Gardens. Victory Garden Leaflets The New York State College of Agriculture and Home [co- nonucs, Ithaca, has published a series of six Leaflets on Victory Gardens in cooperation with the U, S. Department of Agriculture and others, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden arranged to dis- tribute 1500 copies of each to its members and others. Leaflets were mailed under franking privileges. Each one was stamped “Distributed by Brooklyn Botanic Garden.” Special Botanic Garden Leaflets were pul These dished by the Garden as follows: “National Victory Garden Program (Series XXINX, Planting “s j “2 DEMONSTRATION | » VICTORY GARDEN ODEL KITCHEN MARDEN ene oe plot 40820 feet iat Planned fe ors wae Te Actual sien of thia garden «ono feet ij B. mee — dual labele Sieseneue ‘time of poe Betting out play the Children’s Garden. Photo. Portion of demonstration Vi 1c ctory by V. L. Van Hor Garden in wg Omi crags 5 foreground. May ob 50 No. 1-2, February 18), and “The Victory Vegetable Garden (Series XXIX, No. 5, April 8). Approximately 1500 of each of these were. distributed to members and others. Model Victory Garden In April a Model Victory Garden of nearly 2,500 square feet, including both vegetables and flowers, was installed in the southern part of the Children’s Garden plot, near the Richard Young Gate. This is described in detail in the appended report of the horticul- turist, Mr. Free (p. 110), who planned and installed it. The vegetable plot was surrounded by a border of ornamentals planned and supervised by Miss Dorward. This garden was intended to — serve as a model for a “backyard” garden, with suggestions for ornamentals where the available area is sufficiently large. This garden itself and the contents were thoroughly labeled and, judging from the number of people who stopped to inspect it throughout the season, served a very useful purpose and was much appre- ciated. As stated by Mr. Free (p. 110), he and Miss Dorward were on duty there Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays from 2:30 to 4:30 p.m., and Wednesdays from 6 to 7:30 p.m., to answer questions asked by the public and give general advice — concerning the raising of vegetables and ornamentals, Air Raid Protection Reported by Dr. George M. Reed “In January a committee was appointed consisting of Dr. George M. Reed, Mr. Thomas A. Donnelly, Dr. L. Gordon Utter, and Mr. Frank Stoll, to develop plans for protection against air raids. Decisions were necessary in view of the fact that we have not only a Laboratory Building, with large conservatories of glass, but also extensive grounds. “Plans were made for the building in the case of an air raid. The members of the staff and attending classes are instructed to proceed to the corridor on the street floor, as the most sheltered place in the building in case of bombing. “Members of staff have been assigned to particular duties at spe- cific locations. Groups have been assigned at each end of the main ~ a1 floor of the Laboratory Building, on the street floor, and in the workrooms beneath the conservatories. Within the building, means for protection have been provided. Twenty Civilian De- lense Cabinets containing two pails of sand, bags of sand, a long- handled shovel, and hoe, have been distributed in accessible places in different parts of the building. Pumps on the spraying apparatus have been found satisfactory for supplying water under pressure. These have been distributed where it will be possible to supply water in the attic as well as on the main and street floors of the building. “The grounds constitute a distinct problem. All people in the open, in the case of an air raid warning, are instructed to seek shelter. Since the Laboratory Building is not at all adapted for taking in visitors, they are instructed by signs to leave the grounds at once and find shelter in the apartment houses and schools on Washington Avenue, Eastern Parkway, and other nearby places. To some extent, the large shelter of the Brooklyn Museum build- ing and the Public Library, as well as the Union Temple, are available. —" “In the case of an air raid warning, one of the most important things is to clear the conservatories of visitors, which might be one of the most dangerous places in the case of bombing or the fring of guns. Following the evacuation of the greenhouses, the next problem is to assist the public in getting away from the Gar- den. With this in view, the various members of the staff have been assigned specific duties and positions in order to facilitate the exit of the public.” Air Raid Wardens. Three members of the personnel took the required training and qualified as Air Raid Wardens in the sec- tions where they reside. Auxiliary Firemen. As recorded in the preceding Annual Re- port, twenty-four men took the required training given by mem- bers of the New York City Fire Department and qualified as members of the Fire Department Emergency Auxiliary Corps. Red Cross First Aid. Fifteen of the twenty-two women mem- bers of our personnel took the Red Cross Standard Course of ten two-hour lessons. Four of the fifteen have also received certifi- cates for the Advanced First Aid Course. 3 lo Books for Soldiers The Librarian, Mr. Jordan, who took charge of the collecting and sending of books for the libraries established at Camps and United Service Organization canteens, reports that members of staff and their friends contributed 229 volumes.These books, ranging from works on the history of the navy, modern science texts, and history books, to classic and modern English literature, — poetry, and detective stories, were forwarded to headquarters, al as reported in the appended report of the Librarian (p. 114). “Ten d million books for the boys in service,” with a quota of one million books from Greater New York City, was the aim of this campaign, which opened January 12, sponsored by the American Library Association, the United Service Organization, and the American Red Cross. Shrubs and Trees for Army Camps Kighteen Army Trucks came to the Garden on April 22 and 25 and were given 126 trees and shrubs and a quantity of perennial herbs for planting at nondesignated army camps. Three units of the 38th Brigade of Brooklyn were supplied. Finrollinent of Crvilian Defense Volunteers In April arrangements were made through Miss Isabelle Henne, of the Prospect Heights Branch of the Brooklyn Office of Civilian Defense (O.C.D.) Volunteer Office, to enroll people at a table on our grounds. On Sunday, April 26, thirty-five persons registered. Of these, thirteen volunteered as blood donors. Eleven other services were represented, including Nurses Aides, P.B.X. Switch- he ig?) 1 board Operators, Seamstresses, Stenographers, Typists, Te typist, Receptionists in Hospitals, Canteen Workers, Braille Ex- perts, Radio Telegraphers, and Housing Expert. On Saturday and Sunday, May 2 and 3, forty-five registrations were taken making a total, for the two Sundays, of 80 registrants. Sale of Defense Stamps and Bonds in the Garden Early in May arrangements were made with the Kings County War Savings Staff, through Mrs. Thomas Sturgis, to sell Defense a) Stamps and Bonds in the Garden on Sundays throughout the summer, beginning on May 17, and ending on September 6. Mrs. J. Shapiro, of the Women’s Division, was Chairman of Booths. A. booth, centrally located, was set up in the Garden on each Sunday when the weather permitted. The sales averaged be- tween $75 and $100 a Sunday. Victory Bonds. Of a total of 64 employees of all classes, 36 have registered for the purchase of Victory Bonds. The amount paid in was $2,411.75. Of the “G” Bonds, members of staff pur- chased $2,500.00 worth during 1942. — Miscellaneous The New York Victory Garden Harvest Show was held at the Grand Central Palace September 21-23, combined with the 28th Annual Show of the American Dahlia Society, and with the Horticultural Society of New York, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Florists Club, the American Association of Nur- serymen, the Florists Telegraph Delivery Association, the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, the Men’s Garden Club of America, and the Metropolitan Retail Florists Association cooperating. The Botanic Garden installed an exhibit of fruits of nearly 200 trees and shrubs growing in the Garden. A special section included fruits poisonous to the touch or to eat. An account of the show, in the Florists Exchange for September 26 (p. 12), stated that, “The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was rep- resented by the most comprehensive exhibit of berried trees and shrubs ever staged at any exhibition in our memory.” For its exhibit the Garden received a gold medal award. — A Victory Garden Exhibit was installed in the Ingersoll Me- morial Public Library (Grand Army Plaza) from April 9 to 20. This included a number of flats showing the growth of seedlings of several vegetables, and how to plant them; also tools required for a home garden, and posters done by the staff artist of the Library, Mr. Gerhard R. Beyer. The Library displayed books on gardening. The exhibit was seen by several thousand persons. The Library staff entertained the Botanic Garden staff at tea on the ninth. 54 Fingerprinting. Early in September the Garden received from Mayor LaGuardia a request that all employees be fingerprinted for War Emergency Identification. All employees cheerfully complied and the matter was taken care of by our business office. The records were forwarded to the office of the Mayor. New York Naval Hospital. Bouquets of flowers have been sent once a week throughout the season to this hospital, located at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. These flowers came from the flower border of our model Victory Garden. Many potted begonias were also brought into bloom at Christmas for this same hospital. The Office of War Information was supplied with information on the general subject of the proposed utilization of native wild plants of various European countries for food. Fort Tilden, New York (C. L. Malaspina, Captain) was sup- phed with a quantity of plants and palm leaves for decoration for a dance held on October 10. Camp Upton, Suffolk County, Long Island (Hans C. Jesperson, Lt. Col. Infantry, Commanding) was supplied on May 29, with about 2000 ornamental plants for the planting of a flower garden. Previously we supplied seeds of 25 kinds of flowering plants for the same garden. About two tons of scrap metal were delivered on October 28, to the Department of Purchase of the City. This included dis- carded garden tools and implements, and hundreds of cuts that have been used during the past twenty-five years or more to illustrate our publications. The Civilian Defense Volunteer Office was provided with ger- minated seeds of corn, wheat, and other cereals for use in a salad to be used at a luncheon to be given by that organization at the Hotel Wellington, Manhattan, November 18 (Mrs. Irvin Bussing, Chairman, Consumers Committee). The Service Club Library (U.S.O.), Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, was supplied with a quantity of ornamental plants the latter part of October by the Department of [Elementary Instruction. TRUSTEE MEETING AT THE GARDEN It was an inspiration of the newly elected president of the Board of Trustees, Mr. Adrian Van Sinderen, to arrange a series aD of Trustee meetings on three successive months—April, May, and June, each meeting being given over to one of the three Depart- ments of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, each pro- gram being devoted to the work of the given Department. The meeting on April 9, was held, as usual, at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, and was devoted to a discussion of the history, activities, and status of the Department of Education (“The Institute at the Academy”), by Mr. Van Sinderen and Mr. Julius Bloom, director of that Department. The meeting of May 14, was held at the Brooklyn Museum, when the history, activities, and status of the Brooklyn Museum and of the Children’s Museum were presented by the Director, Mr. Laurance P. Roberts and by Mrs. William Lloyd Garrison, III, curator-in-chief of the Chil- dren’s Museum. The work of the two museums was illustrated by special exhibits, and curators of the Museum staffs were present to answer questions and explain the work of their several depart- ments. The Botanic Garden meeting was held on June 11. The his- tory, organization, and work of the Garden were presented by the director, with lantern-slide illustrations. The talk was followed by an inspection of the main floor of the Laboratory Building, including the Library and Herbarium, and a special exhibit to illustrate the various scientific and educational activities of the Garden, installed under the general supervision of a committee of the Staff, of which Dr. George M. Reed was chairman. INTER-DEPARTMENTAL INSPECTIONS At the suggestion of President Van Sinderen, arrangements were made for “behind-the-scenes” inspections of the Brooklyn Museum by the Botanic Garden personnel, and of the Garden by the Museum personnel. The inspection of the Garden took place on April 30, attended by about fifteen members of the Museum personnel, who were met at the Eastern Parkway Gate at 3:30 p.m. by Botanic Garden guides, and inspected the Wall Garden, Horticultural Section, Local Flora Section, and Cherry Walk, on their way to the building. Special indoor exhibits were installed by the various departments of the Garden. The itinerary in- cluded the seed-room, where seed packets are prepared for the 56 public schools, the storage room for periodicals, the herbarium, library, cases for lantern slides and negatives, Children’s Club room, the three instructional greenhouses, conservatory houses 1-6, wood-working room, label room, and propagating houses, out- doors, the experimental garden, Children’s House and garden, and the newly planted Victory Garden. On June 4, the Garden personnel were conducted by Museum ’ = guides on a most interesting ‘“behind-the-scenes’ inspection ol the Museum. RESEARCH The advancement of botanical science by research is one of the obligations imposed upon the Garden by the terms of the Agree- ment between the City of New York and our Board of Trustees in establishing the Garden, and by the laws of the State of New York ' authorizing the city to enter into that agreement. The direction which research takes may be determined exclu- sively by the major interest or enthusiasm of the investigator, or it may be determined by the need to ascertain some principle or fact for practical application. There are all degrees of over- lapping of these two aims. The all important thing is to make sure that research is continued and encouraged; to this end it is essential, says President Conant, of Harvard, that “a large body of influential citizens must have a passionate interest in the growth of human knowledge.” Where and to what extent this condition is realized it is not easy to say. One of the great needs of the Botanic Garden is a more widespread interest in our re- search, especially on the part of those in a position to promote it. We have still no endowment fund for the express purpose of supporting investigation, which is a fundamental activity of the Garden. So far, the work has been chiefly supported by generous annual contributions of private funds. The urgent need, growing out of the war, of increasing the supply of food, fibres, and medicines emphasizes the importance of a better understanding of all aspects of plant life, e.g., plant e of New York, 1897. Chapt. 509, Approved by Gov. Frank S. ' Laws , May 18, 1897.) (Amended, 1906 and 1911.) Black ave nutrition, plant diseases, genetics and plant breeding, and plant geography, so that research along applied lines may be planned and carried out more efficiently, with a view to meeting the needs of the war and of the difficult post-war period. Reports of progress in various research problems at the Garden during 1942 are given on pages 75-84. One hardly needs to stress the importance of investigations of plant diseases. Results of such studies, conducted at the Garden during the past thirty years, have not only had wide practical application, but the annual cost of maintaining our horticultural collections is greatly in- creased by plant diseases that necessitate unceasing attention, the purchase and application of insecticides and fungicides, and the frequent replacement of woody and herbaceous plants that have already required skilled labor in planting and cultivation, not to mention the marring of the beauty of the plantations and their educational impoverishment that may result from the ravages of plant diseases. These may, at times, require years to correct, as when a few years ago, a young Red Elm (Ulmus serotina) in the Garden, after several years of care, had to be cut down and burned because it was found to be infected by the disastrous Dutch Elm- disease. Throughout the park systems of our cities such casual- ties occur constantly, entailing annual losses of tens of thousands of dollars. See also, on page 77, the report of our loss of Iris through “root-rot.” Tue PLANTATIONS Maintenance —‘What [ aspired to be, but am not, comforts me,” wrote Browning. Whatever may be true of an individual, a botanic garden can derive little, if any, comfort in having aspired to perfect maintenance from its beginning, but having never been able closely to approximate that ideal, solely because sufficient funds have never been available to make perfect maintenance possible. Of a staff of twenty-two gardeners, two give all their time and one gives half time in the conservatories; two are required for the experimental garden, which is not one of the public exhibits, leav- ing seventeen gardeners to maintain fifty acres of intensively culti- 58 vated gardens—or only one man for every three acres. Of course, it can't be done, and the Garden will never approach more closely to the ideal of proper maintenance until we are able to employ more gardeners. The Cherry Trees along Cherry Walk and the cherries and flowering crabs adjacent thereto, were never more beautiful than during 1942. While they were in flower special studies were of their naming, with a view to accuracy of made, by Dr. Reed, name and to eliminating duplicates, for the trees have now become unning. — so large as to necessitate t The four new rows of flowering cherries, trees in all, on the Esplanade, and the six trees of the white flowered “Shirotae,” on the Museum embankment, all planted in 1941, came through their first winter without any casualties. ets were affixed to boulders at each “Cherry variety Awanzan, 76 During the year bronze tabl end of each double row to mark “Cherry Lane East’ and Lane West.” Local Flora Section. It was in the Annual ae for 1938 that we published a preliminary sketch by Miss Purdy of the lime- stone ledge planned by Dr. Svenson for the Local F “lora Section. It was not until 1941, that the truckload of limestone, given in 1937 by Mr. Bernhard Hoffman, Stockbridge, Massachusetts, was supplemented by the gift of six more truckloads by Mr. Augustus Andover, New Jersey, making sufficient rock to Whittingham, of The initial construct a ledge similar to the sketch by Miss Purdy. ledge was done in April, 1942. The Local Flora Section now has ten well-defined ecological habitats: 1. Acid Bog; 2. Sand Barren (Fig. 1); 3. Pond; 4. Woodland; 5. Serpentine Bank (Fig. 7); 6. Granite Lede: 7, Plains; 8. Wet Meadow ; 9. Brook; 10. Limestone Ledge (Fig. 6). Ul iustrated in Dr. Svenson’s Guide to the Local Flora planting of this F 4 These are < Section, published in July. Fern Garden. In the preceding report we noted that a portion of the limestone contributed by Mr. Whittingham was placed in a part of the Fern Garden area on the south shore of the Lake, affording a suitable condition for certain “lime-loving’” species. These and other types constitute the initial planting of this garden in 1942 59 Pusric EpuCATION The New Prospectus. We have already noted the effect of the war on the nature and content of our educational program for 1942. This is reflected in the educational Prospectus published in September, which lists twelve “Victory Garden Courses,” spe- cially planned for adults to meet horticultural needs arising from the war effort. For the first time the Prospectus has carried half- tones to illustrate the nature of the various aspects of our program of public instruction for adults and children. The prompt registration of nearly 500 adults in the Victory Garden Courses, as soon as they were announced in the special spring folder, was ample evidence of public interest and of the need that was felt for this opportunity. A special design for the front page of this folder by Miss Carroll, of the Department ot Elementary Instruction, added much to its effectiveness. Miss Carroll also designed the front cover page of the 1942-1943 Pro- spectus (the October number of the Botanic Garden Recorp). Registration and Attendance at Classes The registration of 157 in the fall and winter Victory Garden Courses brings the year’s registration in these courses to a total of 455. The total registration for all classes was 1895 (adults, 1296; children, 599). The total attendance at all classes and lectures, including class instruction and talks given at schools, was 73,383. This figure is 43,003 smaller than for 1941, reflecting the effect of war conditions. By a Board of Education ruling, as an air raid precaution, classes from schools have not been permitted to visit museums and botanic gardens during 1942. Adult [education Publication has included two illustrated Guides to the Garden collections, as follows: Guide No. 13. Trees in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 53 pages, 9 illustrations. By Alfred Gundersen and Arthur H. Graves. In this Guide there are listed 130 genera and 620 species and varieties. OO Guide No. 14. The Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden) of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 27 pages, 18 illustra- tions. By Henry K. Svenson. A partial list of Gides to the Plantations and Collections may be found on the back cover page of this Report, and a complete list will be supplied on receipt of request by mail or telephone. Lhe publication of two special Victory Garden Leaflets is re- ported on page 48. Periodical Publication. Six technical and semi-technical arti- cles have been published by members of staff in scientific journals, and some 38 popular articles in newspapers and popular magazines. Public lectures and addresses have heen given by 17 members of the Garden personnel—25 at the Garden and 90 elsewhere in Brooklyn and in other boroughs and cities. These addresses are listed on pages 137-144 of this Report. Broadcasting included 18 talks over station WNYC. These included special Victory Garden talks. Two half-year Radio Pro- grams were distributed to members and others. Bureau of Public Information. The Victory Garden movement and other aspects of the war effort have greatly increased the number of inquiries addressed to the Garden on all aspects of plant life and gardening. We have already recorded (p. 50) the special provision for answering inquiries on gardening by having members of staff stationed at the Model Victory Garden. Elementary Instruction The Report of the curator of elementary instruction may be found on pages 91-96. Aims and Ideals. In a series of three attractive, illustrated booklets, the members of the Department of Elementary Instruc- tion have presented a survey of the work of the Department as it has developed during the past 29 years. The first booklet, pub- lished in June, 1941, entitled Our Pattern, contains the following informative statement of the aims and ideals by Miss Shaw, curator of elementary instruction, who initiated this unique and excellent work and who has supervised it from the beginning : “Our pattern as here set forth includes the following: self- Co. discipline, knowledge at first hand, dignity of labor, financial sup- May 2. n in foreground. ition Victory Garde ) zyarden. Corner of demonstr } Van Ho C the Children’s oO ab Plantin 3 Oo. EG. me. c es Se DY ae 10to ( 62 port of our own work, generosity, ability to take a command and lollow it, and ability to size up ourselves and our endeavors. These are the things that bind us Saturday after Saturday to our work. It is worth while. We are not set up to train gardeners or research men, although, to be sure, gardeners, florists, research men, and botany teachers have come as a result of this oppor- tunity, but we are set up to develop human material. We view our work with sentiment but not with sentimentality.” Of this work, a correspondent from the Pacific coast has written as follows: “The work which you are promoting for the benefit of the children of your city will yield an increment far surpassing anything it costs you. It will yield intrinsic values. It is splendid that you believe in public service—the social aspect of it.’ Seed Packets for School Children.—Special attention is called to the marked increase in the number of packets of both vegetable and flower seeds distributed to school children as compared to previous years. In 1941, 1,055,158 packets were supplied; in 1942 the number rose to 1,315,653, an increase of 260,495. This is the largest number for any year since the service was inaug- irated in 1914, with a total of 25,000 packets distributed. A arger number of vegetable seeds was called for than previously on account of the Victory Garden campaign. The preparation of these packets and the receiving and filling of orders requires a portion of the time of seven regular members of staff, and part time of seven other adults. Members of our Boys and Girls Club also contribute assistance during the year. About one third of the million and a half packets for distribution in 1943 (filled partly during 1942) have been filled by these boys and girls on volunteer time. In this way some of the boys and girls work out the small fees charged for children’s garden and other courses. It has been estimated that the total “men-days” required in 1942 is equivalent to more than the full time of one person, seven hours a day for somewhat more than one calendar year. This is one of our most appreciated services to the schools. THe Liprary “Only hold up before me a book and you may lead me all around Attica, and over the wide world.” The one who said this was Socrates, the city man par excellence, he who never went 63 outside the walls of Athens except on military service, or when drawn, as he said, by the “bait of discourse.” But when Phaedrus thus lured him out of the city to the banks of the Ilissus he was surprised to discover the beauty of nature and gave himself up wholeheartedly to its enjoyment. One may not learn botany from books alone. The pioneers in plant study were, of course, obliged to get their “botany” wholly without books, for no botanical books were possible until plants themselves had first been studied. But once a literature of a science develops it can never be disregarded by a student of that science; thus a library of pertinent literature becomes an indispensable adjunct of any institution devoted to the advancement of the science. As the librarian has pointed out, the library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, starting with a gift of only nine books, as of January, 1911, now has nearly 23,000 bound volumes and more than 21,000 bound pamphlets, exclusive of the American Fern Society Collection, and has nearly reached the capacity of the shelving. This is one of the several needs which, as noted in the preceding report, makes an addition to our building increasingly urgent. The American Library Association continued its subscriptions to the journals Ecology and Genetics (published by the Garden) for foreign subscribers for delivery after the war. The amount of these pre-paid subscriptions was $300 for Ecology and $330 for Genetics. Aw rad precautions were made early in the year. It was de- cided not to remove any of the publications until danger from air raids became more imminent, but suitable boxes were specially made in our own wood working room for the removal and pro- tection of the incunabulae and later pre-Linnaean volumes and other rare and expensive or irreplaceable items. Arrangements were also made for the storage of these boxed items in a “bomb- proof” vault. During the year no occasion arose indicating 1m- mediate danger and so no removals were made. HERBARIUM Dr. Svenson reports the addition of 2,898 specimens to the Phanerogamic Herbarium, and 3,456 to the Cryptogamic Her- 64 barium, including 700 received by gift and 1,605 by exchange. Through lack of adequate help a great many specimens remain unmounted. As in the case of other aspects of our work, a sub- stantial endowment fund is greatly needed exclusively for her- barium purposes. The nucleus of this endowment now amounts to only $4,000. COOPERATION In addition to cooperation with various governmental and civic war organizations, recorded on pages 45 and 54, the Garden has cooperated during 1942 with the following organizations and agencies : U.S. Departinent of Agriculture Through the Bureau of Plant Industry, 1 connection with the plant disease investigations reported by Dr. George M. Reed on page 75 and following. State Agricultural Experiment Stations Several in connection with Dr. Reed’s work, and the Connecti- cut Station in connection with Dr, Graves’s work with the chestnut disease. New York State Institute of Applied Agriculture Supplied with 450 scions of flowering cherry and 50 of wisteria, as reported by Mr. Free. Board of Higher Education On recommendation of the Committee on Prizes and Scholar- ships of the Department of Biology of Brooklyn College, the annual scholarship in Botanic Garden Classes, awarded for su- perior work in biology, was awarded in May to Miss Caroline Aaronson. The fall award was not made. The biology classes of the four colleges of the City College group (City and Hunter Colleges in Manhattan, Brooklyn College, and Queens College) were supplied, as usual, with considerable living plant material for laboratory study. 65 Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, of Brooklyn College, has continued, for the twenty-seventh year, as resident investigator with special ref- erence to ferns. In his appended report (p. 117) he records fur- ther cooperation between the Garden and the College. Board of Education The discontinuance of visiting classes in anticipation of air-raid danger has already been noted. What this means in loss of oppor- tunity to the schools may be indicated by the attendance figures for 1941—1,118 classes, with total attendance of 73,688. Spring and Fall Posters were distributed to the schools an- nouncing fourteen talks for the spring season and nine for fall and winter. Requests for talks exceeded the capacity of our per- sonnel. A simular poster was distributed to High Schools of all boroughs of the city, listing sixteen talks. Miss Shaw and Miss Miner cooperated with Mr. Marvin M. Brooks, director, by assignment, of Nature Garden Work, in giving course B5, Nature-Garden Science, offered in conjunction with the Board of Education. The 100th Anniversary of the Board of Education was celebrated in April, 1942, and the Botanic Garden, at the request of the Board, installed at the Laboratory Building an extensive exhibit illustrating our cooperation with the schools since the Garden was established more than thirty years ago. & Ss) The Torrey Botanical Club The Torrey Botanical Club, the oldest botanical organization in the United States, was organized in 1867. During the week of June 22-27 the Club celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary. The director of the Botanic Garden happened to be president of the Club on this anniversary year, and opened the first meeting, which was held in Brander Matthews Hall, Columbia University, on Monday afternoon, June 22. He also presided as toastmaster at the anniversary dinner, held at the Men’s Faculty Club, Columbia, on the evening of the twenty-second. The sessions on Tuesday were held at the New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, and those of Wednesday at the Boyce 66 Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, N. Y. On Wednesday evening at 8:30 p.m., the director presided at a public meeting, held at the American Museum of Natural History, in Manhattan, when Dr. William J. Robbins, director of the New York Botanical Garden, gave a popular address on the subject, “Plants need Vitamins, too.” The morning and afternoon sessions of Thursday, June 25, were held at the Brooklyn Garden, with programs as follows : 10:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. “The History of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.” Dr. Gager. 1. “Genetics, the Unifying Science in Biology.” Dr. George H. Shull, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. 2. “A Consideration of Criteria of Center of Origin.” Dr. Stanley Cain, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.. 3. “The Status of Plant Pathology in 1876 and in 1942.” Dr. George M. Reed, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 4. “Technical Applications of Genetics in Plant Breeding in 75 Years.” Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. 12:30 to 4:30 p.m. Luncheon. Brooklyn Museum. 50 cents. Inspection tours of Botanic Garden and laboratories, conducted by members of the Staff. The following members of staff were appointed official delegates to the celebration: Ralph H. Cheney, representing the Botany Department of Long Island University; C. Stuart Gager, repre- senting the New York Academy of Sciences; Arthur Harmount Graves, representing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Long Island University Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, professor of biology at Long Island Uni- versity, has continued for his twelfth year as Resident Investigator at the Garden with special reference to economic plants. Dr. Cheney gave one of the five lectures (on Herb Teas) in Course V3, “Herbs: Their cultivation and uses.” International Flower Show The Garden’s exhibit at the annual International Flower Show, at the Grand Central Palace, March 16-21, was a demonstration 67 of Grattage in all its aspects. The exhibit, which proved very popular and educationally effective, was given a gold medal and a special cash award of $500. In connection with the exhibit, the horticulturist, Mr. Free, who planned it and supervised its installation, prepared a special Leaflet (Series XXIX. No. 3-4) on “The art of graftage.” This was distributed free at the Show to those who asked for it. Hospitals Nurses Training Classes. On account of the extra demand for nurses, owing to the war, all hospitals were obliged to discontinue for the duration the attendance of nurses training classes for the work we have specially planned for them and given regularly dur- ing the past sixteen years. The total enrollment of nurses in these classes in 1941 was 232. Queen's General Hospital (Municipal) at 161st Street and 82nd Drive, Jamaica, Borough of Queens, was given 18 shrubs for planting the Hospital grounds. Triboro Hospital on the same grounds as Queens General (Parsons Blvd. and 82nd Drive, Jamaica) was given 1,100 orna- mentals. Miscellaneous New York Zoological Park. Mr. Free reports that on two occasions fresh bamboo shoots were provided for feeding the giant pandas, and in addition 40 clumps of hardy bamboo for planting at the zoo under the supervision of our foreman gardener, Mr. George Bishop. Metropolitan Museum of Art. A quantity of living plant mate- rial was supplied for an exhibit to illustrate Chinese life and art. The Garden Club of America was supplied with miscellaneous plant material for their exhibit on plants in war work. The Garden is under special obligation to Miss Martha Louise Grant, who collaborated with Mrs. Henry K. Svenson in giving aur ” the lecture and demonstration on “The Use of Herbs in Cooking, on November 9. This was the second lecture in Course V3, “Herbs: Their Cultivation and Uses.” OS We are also under obligation to Mr. Clarke LE. Davis, vice president and technical director of the Virginia Dare I¢xtract Com- pany, Inc., for giving on November 16, the third of the five lectures in that course. His subject was, “Distillation from herbs, with demonstration.” WoMAN'S AUXILIARY On Thursday afternoon, April 16, the Woman's Auxiliary gave an indoor garden party and tea in the Laboratory Building. Mr. John H. Storer showed his superlative motion picture film, “Wings and Flowers,” in the Auditorium. This was followed by about 40 exhibits, in the Rotunda, of Flower Arrangements and table set- tings by representatives of garden clubs and other individuals. At the Spring Meeting of the Auxiliary, on May 4, at the Lab- oratory Building, the guest of honor was Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of oriental gardening and floral art. By re- quest, Dr. Gager gave a brief history of the Oriental Garden and of the services in connection therewith of Miss Averill, who has spent the larger part of her life in Eastern Asia and Japan, and while there made a special and prolonged study of flower arrange- — ment and oriental gardening. In recognition of her twenty-four years of service the Auxiliary presented here with a beautiful scroll, and a purse of $500. The scroll was designed by Miss Michalena Lel*rere Carroll of the Garden personnel. The Auxiliary also had charge of the serving of tea at the twenty-eighth Annual Spring Inspection of the Garden on Tues- day, May 12, and at the fifteenth annual Rose Garden Day, Tuesday, June 9. ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION The twenty-eighth Annual Spring Inspection was held as usual on the second Tuesday in May, which fell on May 12.) About 450 members and their friends attended, and the weather was ideal. As noted elsewhere, the serving of tea was in charge of the Social ‘Committee of the Woman’s Auxihary, of which Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher is chairman. About fifteen groups of guests were taken on the tour of the grounds, which included the model Victory 69 Garden, Children’s’ Garden, Rose Arc, New Iris Garden on the Esplanade, and the “V” and... __” garden, in red, white, and blue petunias at the south end of the Esplanade. The indoor features included an exhibit illustrating the service rendered by the Garden to the public elementary and high schools of the city from 1910 to 1942, assembled at the special request of the New York City Board of Education, in connection with the celebration of its centennial. Among other exhibits it was shown that since the Garden was established in 1910 its lectures and classes have been attended by more than 2,500,000 pupils and teachers. This exhibit was first opened to school officials and teachers on April 13, and illustrated in a striking manner the ex- tent and variety of this service, which is one of the many ways in — which the Botanic Garden has been able to serve various City Departments and the general public during the preceding 31 years. There was also an exhibit of 30 photographic enlargements, by Mr. Tet Borsig, of trees and other Long Island Vegetation. Also a Library exhibit of recently acquired pre-Linnaean and other rare or important publications. The curator of public instruction records (p. 88) five “Flower Days,” three in the spring and two in the fall. The total attend- ance was approximately 440 MEMBERSHIP Of what advantage to me is membership in the Botanic Garden ? This is, perhaps, the question most commonly asked when the matter of membership in the Garden is presented. Naturally and properly. But there is another aspect to membership in our bo- tanic gardens and museums. It is the purpose of these institu- tions to serve the public, and they have a right therefore to look for mut from individuals who — support, not alone from public funds, may benefit directly or who are interested in the cultural life of their community. It is from both points of view that the Botanic Garden appeals for support in the way of membership. It was never more important than now to maintain this beautiful garden for rest, recreation, and release from the strain of war, as well as for its scientific and educational features and general public 70 service. Special activities along various aspects of the war effort are extensive and important, as already noted. It should be a definite part of this effort to maintain and improve the charac- teristic features of our American civilization; it is primarily for this purpose that the United States entered the war. This is one of the reasons for maintaining now our support of museums and botanic gardens. This has become not only a privilege or oppor- tunity but, in a democracy, a social obligation. The total number of members (as of April 9, 1943) is 939, compared with 994 as of April 25, 1942. The list of members may be found on pages 153-164 infra. The decrease, of course, re- flects the financially difficult times through which we are passing, and absorption of interest in wartime activities. It is appropriate to register here the fact that, notwithstanding the falling off in number of members, the demands of the public for such service as the Garden renders have been increasing steadily during the past few years, and notably in 1942, About 8,000 herbs and vegetable plants were distributed to mem- bers who called for them on May 15. Special information was given by mail, ‘phone, and personal conference to many members interested in the general subject of victory gardens for themselves and organizations. Club Memberships. The special opportunities offered to Garden Clubs who enroll as members of the Garden have been taken advan- tage of by about 25 clubs. For many years the Botanic Garden has cooperated in numerous ways with scores of garden clubs, in this and other states, and club membership in the Garden is a logical sequence to this. The advantages of Club Membership are explained on page itt preceding this Report. PERSON NEL Dr. James G. McDonald, who became president of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on April 14, 1938, succeeding Mr. Edward C. Blum, who then became chairman of the Board, re- signed as of March 1, 1942. Mr. Adrian Van Sinderen, who was third vice-president of the Board of Trustees from 1928-1931, second vice-president from 1921 to 1942, and chairman of the Finance Committee of the Boar« aa from 1924 to 1941, was elected president of the Institute, effective as of March 1, 1942. Mr. Van Sinderen is son-in-law of the late Mr. Alfred T. White, to whom the establishment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was chiefly due. Miss Michalena LaFrere Carroll, because of the war, did not resume her teaching, as during the past few years, at the Southern Cultural Institutes, Blue Ridge, North Carolina. She remains, however, a member of the Advisory Committee of five which has general supervision of these summer courses. Mr. Thomas A. Donnelly, who became Secretary and Accountant on August 1, 1939, has been granted leave of absence, beginning 1942, for service with the armed forces. He was as- signed as eC ne ioc Headquarters Detachment, Army Base, Port of Embarkation (57th St. and 2nd Ave., Brooklyn). This as- signment to a post in Brooklyn has made it possible for him to give certain night services and supervision to the work of the Business Office for which he has been granted a nominal com- pensation by the Governing Comiiittee. Dr. C. Stuart Gager, who was given the Arthur Hoyt Scott gold medal and cash award in 1941, received the gold medal at the dedication of the Arthur Hoyt Scott outdoor amphitheatre on the campus of Swarthmore College on Saturday, May 23. He was asked to give the dedication address for the amphitheatre, and this jean was published in Science for June 26, 1942 During the year Dr. Gager continued to serve as vice-chairman of the board of the Horticultural Society of New York, as vice- president of the National Institute of Social Sciences, as a member of the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a president of the Torrey eel Club (January 1-December 31). as noted elsewhere in this Report (p. 65). In the spring of 1942 the board of trustees, faculty, and graduate council of Princeton University adopted a plan for “Advisory Councils” for each department or academic division designated for such purpose by the president of the University. It has been provided that, “each advisory council shall have official status and its membership shall be listed, along with other constituent Prince- ton groups, in the University Catalog.” The members are to serve for a term of three years, except that of those first ap- NI bo pointed, one-third shall serve for one year, one-third for two years, and one-third for three years. Dr. Gager was appointed by President Dodds for a two year term, and on March 18 he attended the first meeting of the Council at Princeton. Miss Lorraine LaRoche, appointed stenographer in the Busi- ness Office beginning February 16, resigned October 31. Miss Frances M. Miner was elected president and editor of the Department of Garden Education of the National education Asso- ciation beginning September 1. Miss Fay D. Montross, on November 1, became assistant in the 3usiness Office, in place of Miss Lorraine LaRoche, resigned. Mrs. Edna Paliitier Schacht, assistant secretary in the Business Office since July 1, 1939, was made Acting Secretary beginning as of April 1, during the temporary absence of Mr. Thomas A, Donnelly, as noted above. Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, for several years a member of the Woman's Auxiliary of the Garden, was made Honorary Curator of Culinary Herbs beginning as of April 1, 1942. FINANCIAL Gifts A list of the gifts of funds, publications, plants, and other objects may be found on pages 122-131. These have all been acknowl- edged as received, with the thanks of the Governing Committee and the director. Public and Private Funds, 1942 The total operating budget for the calendar year 1942 was as follows, with comparison for 1941: 1942 1941 Change lax Budget Funds (49.39%)....... $ 91,830.67 $ 93,308.57 —$1,477.90 Private Funds (50.61%)... ......... 94,099.09 88,957.73 + 5,141.36 Gta lSis cpus! eo ecetnnects doce ad acs $185, 929, 16 $182,266. 30 +$3,663.46 For the past eight years the percentages of the two budgets have been as follows: 1935 1036 1937 1938 1939 1040 104] 1942 Tax Budget . 48. 18.3% 49, 1% 49.8% 43. 13% 48. 2% ae 712% 51. 19% 49, 39% Private Funds 51. ae 50. ea 50. peas 56. ai 51.8% 48.28% 48.81% 50.61% 73 Functional Allocation of Income The question is sometimes raised as to how the Botanic Garden funds are expended as between the several aspects of our work. This is indicated, in amounts and percentages, for the fiscal year July 1, 1941 to June 30, 1942, as follows: 1. Purpose Amt. Expended Per Cent. BOGtICUI EOC te meet ee ena me art a $ 75,697.05 44.49 2. Public Service (All aspects of our educational WO Ks) eee a on Ud Rete tae tt Ve Ll 50,565.30 29Ri2 FNCU IS Ura CLO Teese eee wat ed tre hd pee eked 22,244.50 13.07 4. Botanical Science (Research and_ related activities, part of which are also educa- G1 Tal) eerie a eee ie ran es anim Re at 21,630.52 [2272 (otal Sekar i arrmnreiter ee etl the hi srsk! $170,137.37 100.00 tions and conservatories. ice’ as any other phase of our work, for of course the plantations, Item one, above, includes the cost of maintaining the planta- This is as much a part of “public serv- with all their horticultural diversity and beauty, are maintained primarily for the pleasure and instruction of the public, and for At the cost of tireless iteration it may be noted no other purpose. least. here also that item 4, Botanical Science, should, in part at be included under Public Service, for a portion of our research is essential to the maintenance of the living plants in health. Endowment and Endowinent Ineome The total of all endowment funds, as shown by the appended Financial Statement (p. 119), is $1,387,849.55. Of the total Pri- vate Funds Income of $82,736.01 for 1942, $48,469.68 repre- sents income from endowment, as against $48,394.77 for 1941. Private Funds income from other sources, which fluctuates from year to year, was $34,266.33. During 1942, $1,197.96 have been added to the Endowment Fund principal. The Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund, for the Department of Ilementary Instruction, continues to grow by very modest increments, and is now $24,373.67, as against $24,332.67 in 1941. — 74 Improvement in Salaries and Wages In several preceding reports | have recorded the great injustice in the Tax Budget appropriation for the wages of our per diem le pace men, allowing only $4.50 a day for experienced and valua employees, several of whom have been at the Garden for many years. This is not only less than the rate generally prevailing for similar work, but is less than has been paid for some time in rich the Garden articulates — the Department of Parks through w with the City. Three of our per diem men left during the year for better paying positions elsewhere. As a result of renewed representations made by President Van Sinderen, supporting those of the director, a rate of $5.00 a day for each of the present force was approved by the Budget Director, and the sum of $2,000 was made available, as of July 1, 1942, in addition to the original appropriation for wages, to provide for the fiscal year July 1, 1942—June 30, 1943, “for not more than 14 1 the compensa- mek men at not more than $5.00 a day. Thus, althoug tion is improved, we are still left with only 17 gardeners to main- tain 50 acres of gardens—one man for every three acres, as noted on page 38. A supplementary Tax Budget appropriation of $2,400 was also voted to provide for an increase, beginning July 1, of $120 per year for those receiving salaries of less than $1,900. Only $2,000 of this appropriation was made available. The director wishes to express his personal appreciation for the helpful cooperation of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, the President and other members of the Board of Trustees, to the Woman's Auxiliary, to the Garden personnel, and to all others who have cooperated during the year, by gifts and otherwise to facilitate the important work which the Garden is rendering to this community and to botanical and horticultural setence and education. He also ventures to express the hope that, in the not too distant future funds may become available to make possible a provision for suitable retiring allowances for those who have served the garden long and faithfully. Respectfully submitted, C. Stuart GAGER, Director. 75 REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1942 PLANT PATHOLOGY By GeEorRGE M. REED Physiologic Races of the Oat Simuts Physiologic specialization of fungous pathogens complicates the development of resistant varieties of useful plants—vegetables, cereals, fruits, and ornamentals. New hybrid combinations of desirable qualities with resistance to a particular race of pathogen may be obtained, only to discover that strains of the latter have originated which also attack the new varieties. Victoria oats was introduced from South America in 1927 by the United States Department of Agriculture, and has been used extensively in oat breeding work by Mr. T. Rk. Stanton, Senior Agronomiust, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Wash- ington, D. C., and cooperators in several State Agricultural Ex- periment Stations. Crosses have been made between Victoria and other oat varieties from which many selections have been made, some adapted to the South and others to the Central West oat- growing sections. In our studies, Victoria has been inoculated 1e races of loose and covered smut and found to be —— — with most of t resistant. However, the discovery of a race of loose smut of oats which attacks Victoria creates a new set of problems. Seed of many of the new promising selections of hybrids of Victoria and other oat varieties was forwarded to us by Mr. T. R. Stanton for testing with the new race of smut. Altogether, 45 selections of Lee & Victoria and 8 selections of Hairy Culberson x Victoria were tested and found to be susceptible. In these hybrids, both parents used in the cross were also susceptible to the new race of smut. On the other hand, 15 selections of Vic- toria Garden, St. Louis, Mo... 2... a Dr. R. C. pane Museum of Nature i icici New York, QO’ <. Rev. Hugh, The Catholic University of America, Washington, Data dct Breeches oy Be Sah ae oth tats eee ea oa atts Pde coe G Rollins, Dr. Reed C., Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif... 2.0.00... Dr. John A., New Jersey College for Women, New Brunswick, N. J. : S. Forest Service, Washington, D. oe eats 1, S. National Herbarium, W chien D: C he ee one bade ets bs ae Prof. Elizabeth A., Converse College, Spartansburg, South Carolina HERBARIUM ‘ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION Phanerogamic Herbarium Accessions: By Gift: Ek, Mr. C. M., Kokomo, Indiana............. sua eeeha- 010 Fraser, Rev. S. V., oo KansSass 26-0 wate op odades 3 ecu 4 Hanmer, Mr. C. C., East Hartford, Conn... . 2.0... Harper, Dr. = M., University, Alabam Lepage, Rev. E., Rimouski, Quebec, Canada... .... ; ai Reynolds, a H. Cc = wen wm ~T G . University of Nebr: mele Lincoln, Waterfall, Mr. U. T., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma... 0.02... 3 642 682 105 By Exchange: Blake, Dr. S. ‘T., University of Queensland, Brisbane, Aus- Cgc) Ll cL eats oe CE ON THE AUR Decco te CE 06 Braun, Dr. E. Lucy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, (8) Open tc eee a A se’ Sook Soar ed eee me 7 Clokey, Mr. Ira W., Clokey Herbarium, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley: aT Le ae eek RS 2h Dag CLE ge pa 136 Constance, Dr. Lincoln, University of California, Berkeley, BOL 1 Pearle Mae oD Rf edt 5 ee pe oth ae eene te 412 Core, Dr. E. L., West Virginia University, Morgantown, Wwiyv ONY ie ot See ee ele Ue vice os Ue On ue Noa PRPs nee 6 Beam. Mire @.G- Blutiton. Indiana. 29522 ss 4t oe ee 33 Eyles, Mr. Don E., U.S. Public Health Service, Memphis, “)ECYa¥a bs etscans oe tek ee ae a ee LC oO ce aE MN a, 7 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Hl... 2.00.0... 9 Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass... pan nies weg aoee SULA Howell, Mr. J. T., California Ac eae i Sciences, San KiranGiscoOm Gc lie mere rae seed 0s ce eee eens a a! 131 Kriebel, Mr. R. M., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Bedford, Indiat sey 2 Lundell, Dr. C. L., University of ee ae Arnon avlich, 69 McFarland, Prof. F. T., University of Kentucky, Lexington, Sa GSE Rear etn ah oR on ne I Aton ee cn A | 100 Missouri Botanical Garden, Stl ouis, Missount 20h ee 9 "Neill, Rev. Hugh, The ee University of America, Washington, D. Cc Be hte AGM Olgas yen ts lat Ac ot ghee g ae 40 Tolstead, Dr. W. L., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.. 33 Tryon, Dr. R. M. eae es Indiana. eee 100 Us SMiBorest Service. Washington: Ds Co. eae. ee ee 2 U.S. National Bees a ashington, 1s Gi... oe ae eee Odie) 1420 By Collection: Ashwell, Miss G. Elizabeth, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 6 Doney, Mr. C. F., Brooklyn Botanic Garden.............. 3 Graves, Dr. A. ae Brooklyn Botanic Garden... .......... 4 Svenson, Dr. H. , Brooklyn Botanic Garden... ......... 376 389 By Purchase: Landes, Hugh, Northeraft, R. D., Retherford, Miss Sylvia E., Stanford, L.R., University of Washington, Seattle, NV VieNS IIT eGo Tipe aie teeter de kc > tol! eh ah )7 407 2,898 Distribution: By Exchange: Bazuin, Mr. C. W., Grand Rapids, Michi CAMs. oe ee 20 Braun, Dr. E. Lucy, University of eee iti, Cincinnati, Ohio 35 106 Charette, Mr. L. A., Burlington, Vermont................ Clokey, Mr. I. W., Clokey Herbarium, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, Calif... 0.00 ee Constance, Dr. Lincoln, University of California, Berkeley, Calif Gilbert, Dr. A., Ma rshal | College, Huntington, W. Va... . Howell, Mr. J. T. Californis — ademy of Sciences, San rancisco, Calif 8 A oe ats aon So a ee pce a on Genes Me oe Prof. F. T., University of Kentucky, Lexington, New . ork Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York... ... New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y....... Pennell, Dr. F. W., Phe Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pac... ee Purer, Miss Ik. \., Hoover High School, San Diego, Calif Senn, ‘Op H.A. Cents ue xperimental Farm, Ottawa, in ele Tolstead, Dr. W. L., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska... 0.00.00 cee eee need Underwood, Dr. J. K., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, MGM epee ate go ee ees eed ce _5. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C............. By Gift: O'Neill, Mr. Walter, West Englewood, New Jersey........ Crypltogamic Herbarium Accessions: By Purchase: Grout, Dr. A. J., Newfane, Vermont..................... By Gift: Strickland, Mr. J. C., Jr., Petersburg, Virginia. ........... Mycological Herbariuin elecessions: By Exchange: rof. Lee, University of California, Berkeley, Calif... 185 993 996 107 Distribution: By Exchange: Bonar, Prof. Lee, University of California, Berkeley, Calif... 584 Seaver, Dr. Fred J., New York Botanical Garden, N. Y..... 600 1,184 Respectfully submitted, HeNrY K. SvENSON, Curator of the Herbarium. REPORIMOR EE HORTICULRUE RiS PepOK 1042 To THE DIRECTOR: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, PERSON NEL In the course of the year we lost four men—Miulton Gallub, in- ducted into the army; one man who left to operate a farm; and two men who left to engage in war industry. Student Observers Mr. Leonard Harrison and Mr. Norman Schweikert worked for a total of 364 hours. National Youth £ {dininis t} ation AGU ea eh Meee or a Ceres nape acre tot < yek fue ah One 450 hours Volunteering through the OCD, Mr. Adolf Muller worked for 84 hours. LocaL FLorA SECTION Six men worked for fourteen days in completing the lmestone ledge started in 1941. ROSE GARDEN Twenty-one new varieties of roses, 6 plants of each, were set out to replace discarded Hybrid Tea varieties. In addition, 6 new varieties of Floribunda roses, 6 of each; 14 standard or tree 108 roses, and 5 new climbers were planted. One hundred and ten replacements were needed to fill out incomplete rows. For all these plants we are indebted to Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J., 151; The Conard Pyle Company, West Grove, Pa., 85; Jackson & Perlis Company, Newark, N. Y., 55. MEDICINAL AND CULINARY HERB GARDEN — The “knots” were completely remade and a flagstone walk, 3 ft. x 32 ft. was laid. I.SPLANADE On the Esplanade and in the Rose Are more than 30,000 square feet of lawn was dug over, grub-proofed by the addition of lead arsenate, and reseeded. The grade at the north end of the esplanade was changed to eliminate the steep terrace bank and thus reduce cost of maintenance. At the south end of the esplanade red, white, and blue petunias were planted in the form of a Victory “V,” together with the symbol for Victory in the Morse code. MIscELLANEOUS Owing to the crowded condition of the shrubs in the Horticul- tural Section many were removed and the remainder, to a large extent, replanted. On the Border Mound “weed” trees were removed to make room for interesting species which could not be accommodated in the Systematic Section. The plantings of Acanthopanay on either side of the Richard Young entrance, outside the fence, were reset after improving the soil. Nine hundred feet of chain-link fence was erected along Flat- bush Avenue Border Mound, around the “White” Oak, and along the privet hedge bordering the Children’s Garden. In connection with air raid precautions 38 directive signs were made for the building, conservatories, and grounds. TeX HIBITS Our exhibit of graftage at the International Flower Show, in March, was awarded a gold medal. A Leaflet, “The Art of Kalmia Fic. 7. Serpentine Bank, Local Flora Section, showing Euphorbia Darlingtonti and Cerastiun arvense. latifolia in background. (10,427) 60T 110 Graftage,’ Series XXIX, No. 3-4, March 18, 1942, was issued in connection with the exhibit. A Victory Garden exhibit was installed in the Brooklyn Public Library (Ingersoll Memorial) and was on display April 9-20. At the Victory Garden Harvest Show, in September, we ex- ~ hibited cut sprays, in approximately 200 species and varieties, fruits, crowded into 400 square feet. This exhibit was also awarded a gold medal. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION The International Seed Exchange was temporarily discontinued, now for the third year, on account of the international situation. Living Plants Distributed. About 12,000 herbs and vegetable [ the Botanic Garden, and the remainder were given to Victory Garden plants were raised; 8,000 were distributed to members o classes, institutions, and Botanic Garden employees; and used in the Demonstration Garden. Vicrory GARDEN About 2,480 square feet were set aside in the Children’s Garden en for a Demonstration Victory Garden. This included a_ half-size model kitchen garden, and a collection of vegetables not included in the model garden. A flower border, surrounding three sides of the model garden, was planned, installed, and cared for by Miss Dorward. The garden was open to the public, with someone in attendance to answer questions and give out information, during certain afternoons and evenings for as long as the demand existed. COOPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS More than 340 shrubs were given to various army camps. ‘Twenty-five packets of seed and upwards of 2,000 bedding plants were supplied for the embellishment of Camp Upton. We do- rated 18 shrubs to the Queens General Hospital, and more than 1,100 miscellaneous greenhouse and bedding plants to the Triboro Hospital. Fic. 8. Class in Victory Garden course. Laying out a vegetable garden. Mr. Free in charge. April. Cf. Fig. 9. (10,412) Liz Fresh bamboo shoots were provided on two occasions to feed the pandas at the New York Zoo. In addition, we supplied 40 clumps of hardy bamboo for planting on their grounds. Mr. Bishop, foreman gardener, visited the Zoo and advised regarding the planting. We supplied living plant material, dried lotus leaves and. through Dr. Reed, Kaoliang, rice, millet, and Chinese hull-less oats, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to be used in an exhibit in their Junior Museum, illustrating Chinese life and art. We gave the Garden Club of America some Douglas fir cones and soy beans for use in their exhibit of plant materials in war work. — Four hundred and fifty scions of flowering cherry and 50 of wisteria were given to the State Institute of Applied Agriculture at Farmingdale, Long Island. jer PERSONAL ACTIVITIES [ conducted the following courses of instruction for members and the general public at the Botanic Garden: A47—The Kitehen Garden. Six lessons. A48—Victory Garden Course. tions. (With Miss Dorward.) A49—Victory Greenhouse and Lecture Course. Five sessions. (With Miss Dorward.) V1—Your garden this Fall. Five lectures. “Information Please’’ Five lectures and demonstra- —a single lecture. All of the above were concerned with Victory Gar« an ens. [ also gave one lecture in the course A37—Lilacs: and five in V4—Gardening Indoors. I served on the Steering Committee of the Victory Garden Council of Western Long Island; and on the National, State, and City Victory Garden Harvest Show Committees. I attended Victory Garden Conferences of the North Eastern Region, Respectfully submitted, MOontTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist. z nom a, % wo ‘ 4 Fic. 9. Model Victory Garden, July 2. Cf. Fig. 8. (10,522) 114 REPORT ON THE LIBRARY FOR 1942 To THE DIRECTOR: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 1942. ACCESSIONS The collections at present comprise 44,184 pieces of which num- ber 22,952 are volumes and 21,232 are pamphlets, an increase of 182 volumes and 701 pamphlets, or 883 pieces during 1942. Vol- umes purchased totaled 100. Gifts during the year were 60 volumes, 484 pamphlets, and 894 parts. The list of donors 1s included in Appendix I. Of periodicals and other serials the library received 511 as exchanges, 78 as gifts, 112 as purchases, and 6 through publica- tion, making a total of 707 titles—a falling off of 111 from 1941, reflecting the effect of the war on publication and international exchange. List of some important accessions Coles, William. The Art of simpling ... London, 1656. Curtis, William. Flora Londinensis ... London, 1777-98. 2 vols. Hooker, Wilham Jackson. [Exotic flora... Edinburgh, 1823- 27. 3 vols. Macer, Aemilius, pseud. (1.e. Odo). De viribus herbarum 1510 Miller, Philip. Figures of the most beautiful, useful, and un- common plants deseribed in the Gardeners Dictionary London, 1771. 2 vols. Pallas, Peter Simon. Flora Rossica . . . Petropoli, 1784-88. Stephens, Philip and Browne, Wilham. Catalogus hortt botanici Oxoniensis . . . Oxon., 1658. Lisrary Work During January and February the employees of the Brook Botanic Garden cooperated in the — yn lonation of books for the use ~ of members of the United States armed forces. A total of 229 15 books was turned over by the Library to the Victory Book Cam- paign. These made an interesting and impressive display on two tables in the rotunda. For the seventy-fifth anniversary meeting of the Torrey Botani- cal Club at the Garden, on June 25th, the library had on display an autograph letter of John Torrey, the United States Mint Assay Medal for 1874, awarded to Torrey posthumously, and the letter presenting the medal to Miss Margaret Torrey, his daughter. Reclassification of the books in the Children’s Club Room Library was completed during the year. — INTERLIBRARY LOANS Books were loaned to: American Museum of Natural History, New York; Bishop McDonnell High School, Brooklyn; Brooklyn College; Brooklyn Museum; Brown University, Providence, R. I Carnegie Institution of Washington, Dept. of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.; Columbia University, New York; New Jersey Zinc Company, New York; New Rochelle Public Library; New York Botanical Garden; New York University, Washington Square Library; Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York and Princeton, N. J.; Schwarz Laboratories, Inc., New York. Books were borrowed from: The Medical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn; Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. The statistical report follows. aa | — — Respectfully submitted, WILLIAM FE. Jorpan, Librarian, STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY ACCESSIONS Parts Autograph (Including ptters = Portraits Volumes Pamphlets Pe beds als) Ey xc Be Boerner ate 0 0 D2, 114 3,133 A ER aa eee ting eee 3 9 60 484 894 a ee bate oe oscars () 0 0 102 oS Purchases... 2 25t<. 0 0 106 1 737 By binding.......... 0 0 0 0 0 sho Galas are 3 Q 182 701 4,817 116 otal number of volumes in library, December 31, 1941, ia paves 22419 Number of volumes added during 1942. 0..000000.00....00..000.., 182 Votal number of volumes in library, December 31, 1942.....0...... 22,952 Total number of pamphlets in library, December a 194t. 0... 2, 20,531 Number of pamphlets added during 1942.0 000.00.0.00000.0...0.0... 701 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1942... 21,232 Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, oe ember Sh “1041 43,301 Net increase of volumes and pamphlets during 1942. ...0.0.0.0.0... 883 ‘otal number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1942 44,184 American Fern Society Collection Number of volumes, December 31, 1941...0.0.0.... phar ed died dens 49 Number of volumes added during 1942....0.................. ao, 2 Votal number of volumes, December 31, 1942. ....00000.0.0.0.0.... 51 Number of pamphlets, December 31, 194b...0.0.0.0.00000.0.0.... 300 Number of pamphlets added during 1942.0. 0000.000000.0000...0.... 18 Votal number of pamphlets, December 31, 1942.00. .0.00.00.0..00... 318 Number of parts added during 1942. 0.00000.0000000.0.000.00000.. 11 Serials and Periodicals (Including only those of which numbers were received in 1942) DUMSCEPLION spam ot ae cas Ck Heat CP Pte ao a Ra aed 4 112 rift Breese hue ie ae ly, se ee ne, Rlaeted ree, iat, By A EAG ROW Baty a GO oe Se ee Ws Repeat we aud ae 78 FXCNANG GC. 58 eegeahees vos dS? cd Ca Res ae eee ek eee 511 PU DM GALI OM s 4 oc aoa ee ad ote yh oo ee ek aka a oe ee ee a 6 GUA iceete ccna ayetie Sy ahve eee a Aco nec ap © he eh ee 707 CATALOGING Books, Pamphlets, and Serials catalogued... 0.0. 0.00000.0.0........ 1,242 Total number of cards typewritten and filed... ......0............ 1,896 Printed Cards Yorrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1941.0... 0... 61,221 Filed during: 1942 0s vaste dette gare ests pees piace ahea 1,352 17 MISCELLANEOUS Number of users of the Library eS ee ke ak at eae) Sud Cerne ee mene tae 3,699 Books lent to members of the staff... 00000000000 0000002 1,288 Books lent to other institutions... 0.0.0.0... 0000000 cee eee 48 Books borrowed from other institutions... ......0.............0000. 2 REBOR @i UAE aR PSIDENT) NV is PIGATLOR (FERNS) FOR 1942 To THE DIRECTOR: | submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 1942. A report on the maintenance of the experimental material in Nephrolepis (Boston fern, ete.) and on a number of native species may be found on page O00. For the American Fern Society, my work as a member of the editorial staff has been continued, involving correspondence, the preparation of articles, and the obtaining of articles. Despite the war situation, the Fern Journal and the American Fern Society lave continued successfully. Field trips and meetings have had to be greatly circumscribed, owing to transportation restriction, but the other activities of the Society have remained as welcome relaxations. During 1943, the Society will definitely complete a full fifty years of existence. Started in 1892 with nineteen mem- bers, its roll now stands at just about four hundred members. During 1942, the farm labor situation has called for the enlist- ment of emergency workers from many new sources, especially from the ranks of city students. In connection with Brooklyn College work, | was involved in a program of recruiting for such service, and finally for part of the supervision of three labor camps, consisting mostly of Brooklyn College students. With that as an experiment, we have carried on active planning during the fall for an expanded program for the summer of 1943. In this plan- ning, I have been greatly aided by the cooperation of members of the Botanic Garden staff; especially by Drs. Reed and Utter, and by Miss Shaw and Mr. Jordan, as well as by Botanic Garden facilities in general. This is another 11 jer lustration of the capacity 118 and readiness of the Botanic Garden to contribute most fruitfully to the educational work of the borough. Kespectfully submitted, RALPH C. BENEDICT, Resident Investigator (Ferns). REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (ECONOMIC PLANTS) FOR 1942 To THE DirEcTOR: I herewith submit a report of the activities of Investigator for Ikconomic Plants for the year 1942. With the consent of the Garden, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—Long Island University Course dealing with Economic Botany was omitted during the academic vear 1941-1942. The resident in- vestigator served as guide for several student-groups from the College of Arts and Sciences and also from the College of Phar- macy of Long Island University to the Botanic Garden Con- servatories and Grounds for general taxonomic studies. The herb the Resident jen and medicinal section was of special interest. The summer of 1942 was spent in research at the Marine Bio- logical Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Laboratory investigations dealt with the effect of the purine complexes de- rived from plants upon the problem of cell permeability and the oxygen consumption of fertilized animal egeg-cells. Field work was conducted to determine the availability in the nurseries and in the eastern Massachusetts area of drug and beverage (herb teas) plants in view of the current war shortages. A consider- able variety of plants were found to be available for beverage substitutes, but no appreciable source of drug plants was located in New England. Reports on research, lectures, radio talks, and publications are given elsewhere in this annual report under their respective captions. Respectfully submitted, RALPH H. CHENEY, Resident Investigator (Economic Plants). FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1942 Ia. TAx BupGet JANUARY 1, 1942-JUNE 30, 1942 Balances, December 31, 1941, of pee riations for period Expenditures Balance Accounts 7 (1/41 761. 30/42 1/1/42-—6/30/42 June 30, 1942 Personal Service Salaries—Regular Emplovees............ $29,606.34 $29,606.34 $0.00 Wages— Temporary Baio COSt aeons em 9,040.90 9,040.90 0.00 ‘Total Personal en EM We ON Ae ane Ay eae ee $38,647.24 $38,647.24 $ 0.00 nee Tee Personal Seri lie s, Equipment, M, iterials, Re ane AMCs SERVICES. Vi Ren ee: So Coen an ane beige a 9,744.41)? 9,577.94 166.47 TSO all Seer eter ae re eae a ae eee ne $48,391.65 $18,225.11 18 $166.47 Ib. Tax BupdGEt JES 1, 1942-DrECEMBER 31, 1942 ce for ee Expenditures Balance 7/1/42—-6/30/43 7([1/42- 12/31/42 December 31, 1942 Personal Service 3 Salaries—Regular Employees............ $62,005.00 $30,652.50 $31,352.50 W ages—Temporary Employees.......... 21,200.00 10,130.50 11,069.50 tal eta oS Oe PD len er Sa eee er eed ae $83, 205.00 $40,783.00 $42,422.00 omer than Personal Servi aplie sists eee Mater ials, re a urs and Ser keno 2,656.02 5,708.98 SRO ball Sieieiek er ne eRe tees, Sacra hee en eee ae $9 1,570.00 00 $43,439.02 $48,130.98 des $435.00 transf ae ean from PCne 5442-109 ‘Fuel ee "and 544 05 - 1In Agric Mee fe Botanical Equip- ment” ae Codes 5442-102 ‘ Printed ee and Forms,” 5442 ‘Motor V erate Su pplies” and 5442-131 “Agricultural and Botanical Pope in accordar ith Board of Beeere Se fous June 25, 1942 2 Includes $1000.00 transferred fc om Nee vont Citv Code 9901-009 ‘Fund for Salary and Wage Accrual” to Code 5442-408 * ee to Bede and Structures” in accordance with ees of Estimate resolution dated August 5, 1942. Ee PRIVATE Permanent Funds (Restricted) Endowment Fund Life Membership George Moe Bate s Spe aiding ing : ite KS DOOOnA ME Wry = | , v 13. ee acet ute antend Johr RO Gt isp fe. ob 8 Mes. yee a ae 19. F. E.W. Fund............ 20. Ellen Eddy ae ae ment.......... 21. Herbarium Endowment. .... 22. Pub lic Instruction ': aie ment......... cial . oe (Restricted) Spec Ella Ret ussner Trus ie He ome bo C >t t SSBIRAES gee 25 : rt Spec | Purposes........... Pi ae Pati Research, .. Special Contributions... Account. $1, 387, Funps AccouNTSs Principal CWwWooOewuUdw —~I co 4 = DDH wo OOS OO oor Oo bho Amen wo He bo hw DUD DW We SOMME MADTONMWN OM CO Oo eR SaSSSacSsnths bo bout SNE EOO- os) 7849.55 un $1,387,849.55 Casal Totals See bie Oe ee $1,387,849.55 1” Po the educational and scientific work of the Garden. Balance January 1, 1942 “= 0.00 0 — No OWoonn mn UL IN CO OMIM SOSSNSSSSOSSS9O $11,363.08 $11,363.08 Income $ 1,932.68 i) c=) COW l Gos P= OPE EE OWMeEWiN b q tH € lon SC = OOF O° — CO ~TI WwW * e 3 i ae 2o 0 am) $ 48,469.68 $ res 43 $10 1334.70 $14 eee 068.46 $ 582,796.01 Expenditures $ 1,932.68 $ 48,336.58 $ 2,037.36 447.75 $100,087.78 $148,424.36 67,068.46 I $ 81,355.90 Balance December Std 1942 mw > a 3.19 $12,74. 743.1 19 Ocl Il]. Summary or Tora MAINTENANCE BUDGET FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1942 Income Expenditures Other than Other than Personal Personal Personal Personal Service Service Total Service Service Total Balance Balance at Dec. 31, 1941 Tax Budget feaT oo itions 7/1/41-6/30/42.......00.. $ 38,647.24 $ 9,744.41'2$ 48,391.65 $ 38,647.24 $ 9,577.94 $ 48,225.18 $ 166.47 Tax Budget Appropriation 7/1/42-6/30/43......0.0... 83,205.00 8,365.00 91,570.00 40,783.00 2,656.02 43,439.02 48,130.98 talline leas $121,852.24 $18,109.41 $139,961.65 5 79,430.24 $12,233.96 $ 91,664.20 $48,297.45 Less Bata ince at 12/31/42 of Tax Budget Appropriation ae 7/1/43 6/30/43........ 42,422.00 5,708.98 48,130.98 48,130.98 Ae Budget (49.39%). . 79,430.24 12,400.43 91,83 ).67 79,430.24 = 12,233.96 91,664.20 6.473 Private Funds (50.61 %) ee: 67,814.06 26,285.03 94,099.09 65,001.19 = 16,354.71 81,355.90 12, 143 19 a ial el) hse: steerage $147,244.30 $38,685.46 $185,929.76 $144,431.43 $28,588.67 $173,020.10 $12,909.66' ‘Includes $435.00 transferved from Codes 5442-109 ‘Fuel Su plies "and 5442-331 ‘Agricultural and Botanical Equip ment” to Codes ee -102 ‘‘ Printed peasy ae ee rms,’ 5442 Motor Vehicle ae and 5442-131 ‘Agricultural and Botanical Supplies”’ in accor eo ith Boa f Estimate eine date sd June 25, 2 EG $1000.0 00 transferred from Ne Yc a Cite Code 9901-009 ‘Fund for Salar ad or Wage Accrual” to Code 5442-408 “Repairs to Buildings oa Structures’’ in accordance with Board of Estimate Sage de ated August 5, 1942. : Balance of $166.47 remaining from City Appropriation for 1941-1942 reverted to City of New York—General Accrual Fun Respectfully Tere ts A. PALM Acting Sea : The above ‘‘Financial Statement”’ is a transcript ee ae n Botanic Garden Accounts in the books of the Treas- urer a the Brool klvn Institute of Arts and Sciences ‘he Treasurer’s accounts are audited sen ey a Public Accountant, and a separate audit of this ‘Financial Statement” is not me in order to save unnecessar pte P. MAYNARD, Treasurer. — bo bo bo APPENDIX I GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1942 Collections Fund * Dr. J. D. Aller William Lementry Mrs. Frank _ Babbott Miss Hilda Loines Battle Pass Chapter—D.A.R. Mrs. George Lyon Mr. Philip Benson Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard Mrs. Philip A. Benson Edwin P. Maynard Miss Dorothy L. Betts Joseph MeGuiness Allen D. Brush Miss Marion S. Morse Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler North a crt Club Mrs. S. Parkes Cadman Mrs. Dean C, Osbo Mr. and Mrs, Franklin Chace Mrs. Charles 7 Perkins Mrs. William H. Childs Mrs. John W. Perry Mrs. Walter V. Cranford Mrs. W. es es Walter H. Crittenden a tig AES H. Otto Ebel Mrs. Frederic B. en Mrs. Remick C. Eckardt ee Benjamin Prince Mrs. William W. Emerson Mrs. John J. Sheridan Hon. Lewis L. Fawcett Mrs. Frank FE. Simmons Mrs. Lewis W. Ifrances Dr. Bernard H. Smith Mrs. J. Morton Halstead Mrs. B. Herbert Smith Anonymous Miss Elise W. Stutzer Anonymous and Mrs. J. R. Van Brunt rs. Raymond V. Ingersoll Ww.” William L. James We Walter I. Wells George W, Koerner Miss Harriet H. White Dr. Laura A. Kolk Richmond B. Williams Miss Maria Knox Women of '76 Chapter N.S.D.A.R. WOlee (Oe Ome) 2.254555. oo2cnd Geen eer ae ea loeans $3,471.00 Flower Show Exhibit International Exposition Company (Special Award, Flower Show FORIDIE): ay ip itd det ed stead ater eh oboe lead ed ye $ 500.00 Plant Pathology Research Fund PMOUVINOUS- Ga kina gs tee ahase at Osea eee eit nate epee cae $1,500.00 ANONYMOUS 20.00 teeter ete ener eee ees $2,500.00 ote.—Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden constitute proper ioiicee under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws W8) Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund Dipecande\Vires 2 ler Cr eChermmarercacratacy.c yrs canes cpp ae $ 5.00 INigace B CCC ri aliens yee eerie ae Ce Sedo be coy en ee een 2.00 Or tohitegsie le bee Cac ereiahtifore. Glee sala hore: rae reas man ee PP mene te 5.00 IMTShVilinicl Ace Davicyare eben e ie Sen ene ete cones 5.00 INew= Ganaans Gardens Glub seb aeote: bth hate eee 20.00 Publica SGhoo le GO mekes sere tee ers ns nie ea) Ola nee a 5.00 INigSeee Anti U tau [nal Ciyasetea inns teetaies cadets, Par, « ducn etn csa th es ear 3.00 INAle vii rie ri a ees et aes sy OI eet eee ne ee 5.00 Special Gifts for Children’s Work $ 50.00 IMiGsee Glentwontiels itl eles et tts otc sed ai, eee aren eee coat eee $ 9.00 Toe CaS tuiaie Gar eis ip cae stress eek ay ies epee eee ee nee eae 6.16 Garden Teachers Association ..........: 02. cece eee eee 9.79 Marsa @harlesmmpcricinsy eee curs what cu) howe ee, coe eee ea 29: Memorial Fund for Mary E. Quinn ...............0..45. 303.09 $353.04 Special Needs of Garden FATT OLIVATI OL Seamer te hie niente tak Sai Pan deine ac ener $ 38.50 COTY UL OL SHURE Sette ists Renee Ore att lO Viper neem ee 500.00 $538.50 Special Purposes Designated by Donors FAG TTbansanatolbleen os ool ern. pote MMe eet chew inte RASPES UA IES Olimar erect ES $500.00 Mis ecineodoiem Hetaler. i 4 aus caus Jago cae eens 7.00 PATIOTIVATI OU Sp gears Sere Oe aetna pent lined ese Melt ieee chem pone 100.00 PTaovaRiaan(e\Oksiz Gace Meena Canker ar ERS Rae tLe 250.00 $857.00 Library 300KS PATIONVATIOU Stele se eer d sessed ath at hy do a eee ae cia of eee dene ones Ot Association Canadienne-Francaise pour l’Avancement des Sciences, IAW oyaksetepay Ex v4 eon Ores dares ere ee ce oe eMart ERE TY Seog ] Batesne Vine t ned ede war ker Nicer Ate vie la CE ie atte ca Meneame Ss 1 Bian cl weinee® tee cata alt es IN Gwe NO lake w ING Vi TR net cra eee cgeg: eee ectaee erect 2 Gator Mie gels tien oxcvall GO. MINGI I. tsics, oe areas ite ch een eee nce rte Meant ans es 1 GorleInstitutesol Americas New Work. N. Yo os. 24.) Gop e it Kondowde. Culturaceconomicasi Mexico... Tee. we a ee eae oe oe 1 Gacere Dir, GaStuart Brooklyn Ne Ves oc 's2 se iig eks com, ae ony acetate neyo tees Zi. 124 Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Y. .................. Hatheway, Mrs. Philip M., Brooklyn, N. Yo o............. Heffernan, Hon. James J., Washington, D. C. ............ Hyde, Mrs. Alice Earle, Waterbury, Conn. ................ Imperial Institute, Plant and Animal Products Department, —s oC Loines, Miss Hilda, eee PAMPHLETS Acosta Solis, Dr. M., Quito, Ecuador ............00.00000- Albaum, Dr. Harry G., Brooklyn; Ny ¥s. ohiadeve keaosiwaes American Association of Botanical Gardens & Arboretums, on Horticultural Varieties, Swarthmore, Pa. .......... American Fern Society .... 000000 cece cece. American Nurseryman, Chicago, Ill .................--. American Potash Institute, Washington, D. Co. oo... eee eee Asenj t) Conrado F., San Juan Py Re as.oy554 eoueees Bailey, Mr. C. H., St. Pak MN s acne a arba cen dd dt nodes Benedict, Dr. Ralph Curtiss, Brooklyn, N.Y... 0... cece eee ce eee eee Brooks, Mr. Marvin - New. York N.Y e-iice sci ds atin deadda heehee Buswell, Mr. Walter , Miami, Fla. Meee ate tee chats ait tia dha netted ees Caius, Rev. J. F., ee PING ies eercusece ts see eden tcnced @auetdcneihel nea oa eee doe Charles, Miss Vera K., Washington, D. (Cae ites esis cies a's Gace ve Cheney, Dr. Ralph Holt, Brookly1 Chief ae of ar eons, Gold Coast Colony ............. ei oy Dr. B. G., Baby Dee ee. eck bee wiette cane entewta vente tee eet ee , Dr. Enrique . La a APPER EM a cis ecocctie seawater saree: neo Dr. Henry S., We ee btacxe eee bateta nancies Conn, Dr. H. J., Gates: re Ne. ea kao encanta ee reese kee aaaw es Crovetto, Sr. R. M., Buenos Aires, Argentina ..................-.---. Duman, Rey. Maximilian G., Washington, D. C. ...............-.--. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. ........... ccc eee eee Wily, UN Me eee hey ces 6 Ged eth assets Pocket Books, Inc., New York, N. - deetpes etaectae aoe reedeuee tak Reed, Dr: Georee MM, Brooklyiy Ni Yo vaksedccuadsaae fend Roberts, Mrs. John S., Brooklyn, N. Y. ..... ccc. cece eeeees Rockefeller ane aie New York, N.Y. oe... eee ee eee Selverstone, Miss Betty Jane, Brooklyn, N. Y. ............ Selverstone, Miss es Hoda, Brooklyn, Ne Yo pageages Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn, N. Y. ..............00: Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, New Yor ie NN ooops Van Rensselaer, Mr. Maunsell, Santa Barbara, Cal. ........ Wilde, Dr. Sergey Alexander, Madison, Wisc. ............. London, Committee C0 a hak ea eek: ede) ee Ke De ea — ao paced wm bor ee ro yan Qo me OD ODO ep 125 Eastwood, Miss Alice, San Francisco, Cal. ...........0.- 2-2 cee eee eee Egler, a Boratto mS via GUSC aera Yas ht oe tyme tied eatery ow cue genoetsneds Emeny. Min GlarksBloomingtomtelnd tain opie ee tee este Fritzsche oe dB plepeunkcstiz ps Covel cei hewn CageRE en nit is peat aia ne epee erent: dona Gazer Dra Ge StuantasBiooklyny Ns Ye cone ag ecaeaa ice titie uae Sates Godshall*sGapewA B= Panama Ganal'eZ ones cuay heme cited ie sr ert ase ce Goldman, Dr. Frederick les By Mele Yeqenterobc tag his Kahm renee cate pheya sree ter itrs actteret cane sTav Dr. Arthur cee eee eee INVA en rce yore we cee reat: Greenfield, Mr. Sydne MBN CWe RYO LI IN: SV ae eous ne none ata ee Gundersen, Dr. Alfred, ee INV oa cate Sra ate rand oe ena ee ee NE: Haggis, Dr. A. W., London, ae ee tan Ctra ION are Fae Vege ao Heffernan, Hon. James J., Washington, D. Co ... 2. ee eee eee eee Henrici, Prof. Arthur T., Minneapolis, Minn. ...............00.000- Herb Society of America, New York Unit, Bedford, N. Y. .......... Telessier, gl) mia lene O xaval OmeRCT ids, SEesacce: eae Aenean tree ee ears, Hester, Mr. J. Pinckney, Boulder Cn IN G:vigie Selanne oie mene Sta: erie aT Hyde Mirs. Alice: Karle Waterbury, «Gonn. £5085 said nee ulna ele ieecs Jenkins -WieeAnna de 3 Washington aD. GC. ck ee ee i ene ane Kolachov, Dr. Paul i TSOUTS val leave ences ticrd ee deceet A tee wear nse trae Lankenau Hospital, Research Inst., Philadelphia, Pa. .:...........0... eee. Mies John. ResGlassowsescotland: on. en. eas we ee ee ee lewis. Dr Eeredenc sds Boston Mass...) bday ae ea eel ced Long Island ene DR eA ir oh ove coord NFR ditorear Pree nda tei rel ere arena Tae Magnus, Mabee and Reynard, Inc., New York, N.Y. .... 2.0.0.0 2 ee eee Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. .............24.. National Cottonseed Products Association, Inc., Memphis, Tenn. National Farm Chemurgic Council, enn Ohio mas National Research Council, Washington, D. C. .............. 0.00000 Norman, Prof. A. G., ree. TOW eerie See tetera at cea anime Prescott, Prof. Gerald W., Albion, es 2 SOR re aie faa Ra Daas va wee ar Rands, Dr. Robert D., Washington, Grr ot ee es hela renee eal Reed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. a ea ts Sat tegatana see NUN Regelson.. Ma sRuben..Brooklyny Ne Yoon ape oe ne, ee Rentschlemw Or “Harveys Oa Bloombeld."Naol, ssh cesbtaahow ieee Rogers, Miss Matilda, New York, N. Yow... 0. ccc cee ccc ces Romer Miss GCarolinesS<-Sumimite Nv Jie ica ps Ske wines ee eee cen Bes RothenteMics@ ttomeAr ale Outs vill ere Ke yi ui fesalcti oy cud Datos me ny oe Sampson, Miss Kathleen, eats Wille Si) hh pes raat or cee tetera Sarton, Dr. George, Cambridge, Mass. ........ 000.00... SlrelmireaO heb ed Lond alll astaueexti ned dicivie ele putes Mie alee een Speeraty | Olesen a Paavelnee obec abtee veo em M | ee en env UDR ee Cement Nan cnO ws 2 Lal vm feayVienGdell "Viet rimGetonrnN ac. | ai as-actak wee aay Rua ene Sterling; Mrs: Robert, D. New: York: N.Y: 6 te ce ee. Svenson, Dr. se enry K., Basolent IN ag CMa re he RA eter er ticwth veh ator 6 dh eunent Swe llenwe View eee Vilas hime tone a sa, 225 atime Seance oe ant ees eee — id BRO RD ss ss Oe OST i OS 126 Texas Gulf Sulphur Company, Houston, Tex. ............. Textile Foundation, Washington, D. C. .............0..... Trager, Miss Louise, Chicago, Il. oo... 0.00.00... 00 ee eee Tschirky, Mr. Osear, New York, N.Y. ............0.000. Twin Trees Gardens, Lynbrook, L. [To ... 2.2.0.2. S. Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, Fla. .................-. W alker, Mr. FE. H., Washington, D. Co .... 0.00.0... Winslow, Mr. E. J., Brattleboro, Vt. 0.0.0... ... 0.0.00 cae Wolfrom, Prof. M. L., Columbus, Ohio ...............00-. OWA . ice capper eat eat ee ah ene aetna eae ane Parts oF PUBLICATIONS (Exclusive of Government Documents ) American Begonia Society, Long Beach, Cal. ............. American. Bern -Socety -baxaxsi-davaanw cea Neos anes American Horticultural ager \W one D. (Se Besares: American Potash Institute, Washington, D.C. ........... American Soybean re ihe: Hudson, ae ieee Raleaee 8 Ames, Prof. Oakes, Cambridge, Mass. 2.0.0.0... 00000 eee Avinoff, Mr. Andrey, Pittsburgh, Pa. .................05. Bailey, Dr. Liberty Hyde, Ithaca, N. Yo ....... 0.0.00... Boivin, Mr. Bernard, Montreal, P. Q. ......0..... 0.2.05. Campbell Soup Company, Dept. of Agricultural Research, Carnegie a etition of Washington, Washington, D.C. .... Caste r. Ek, TL, Albuquerque, N. Mo... ee. eee eee Chilean ’ Nitrate ducational Bureau, Inc., New York, N.Y. Corbett, M1 ©. ©, sa0 Paulo, Brazil .................... Pree Ex aa ee Iei COMO! 2adc4 avatdeeies Seas DuPont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del. ....... Eugenics Society of Northern California, Sacramento, Cal. Fairchild, Dr. David, Coconut Grove, Fla. .............0. Iisher Scientific Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. ............... Free, Mr. Montague, Brooklyn, N. Yo v.00... 0.0.00 -0 00. Pry, ee one, die, Babylon. Los oig2s5.202neeteyee ee ody eee Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N.Y... 0.2... cee cee eee General Biological Supply House, Chicago, Hl... .. 2... eee eee Givaudan-Delawanna, Inc., New York, N.Y. oo... eee cee eee Graves, Dr. Arthur Harmount, Brooklyn, N. Yoo........0.. 0.000000 Gregory, Mr. Walton C. Deore Vedic «ee eaves ta 2 sien net ey sce Gundersen, Dr. Alfred, hese INS Ne eh eran, ele eee eet eset enya kere eae Riverton, to WwW bo roe BW Re NT bo — Wz Harper, Dr. Roland M., University, Ala. .............. Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Mass. Herb Society of America, Boston, Mass, .............. Illinois Audubon Society, Chicago, Il. ................ , . Raymond V., Brooklyn, N. Y. ......... Jenkins, Mr Cae I., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. Jom Innes Mercer tient Institution, London, England . Ingersol i Elizabethan knot (10,319) ring east, show Tiew facing \ arden. Italian wellhead beyond. yn Botanic Ga l arden of Brook Bre Herb ( Fig. 10. of C BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXII JULY, 1943 No. 3 FOREWORD * ean" For some 2000 years following the death of Hippocrates (460- 359 or 377 B.C.) the “father” of medicine, the investigations of physicians were devoted chiefly to the remedies for human ail- ments. “Medical research,’ as we know it today, that is, the systematic, organized study of the human body in health and dis- ease, and of human diseases themselves, is a comparatively modern development. The early remedies for diseases were derived largely, though not exclusively, from the plant world. Thus the science of botany advanced pari passu with that of medicine. In fact the botanic garden, as we know it today, has gradually evolved from the early gardens of “simples” established for the purpose of bringing to- gether in one place for convenience of study, the plants used, or that conceivably might be used, in the treatment of disease. One of the earliest uses of “simple,” as a medical term, was by Sir Thomas Elyot in his Castell of Helth, published about 1534, where he mentions “a sycknesse” that “may be cured with simples, that is to saye with one onely thinge that is medicinable.” These medicinal herbs or “simples” were used alone or in combination, making a compound medicine. Thus, the modern druggist often —" says, in his advertising, “Prescriptions carefully compounded.” Figure 2 is reproduced from a photograph of two very old wooden “mortars and pestels,” such as were used in the earlier period of pharmacy, in New England, in grinding simples and combinations of simples prescribed by the physician. Their use 1s also illustrated in figures 6 and 7, and on the front cover page. * The illustration on the front cover page shows an early 16th century pharmacist pounding herbs with mortar and pestle. From Ortus Sanitatis, Strassburg, 1517. (10,633) faye: 166 It is interesting to note, in passing, that the pistil of a flower derived its name from its resemblance to the apothecary’s pestle (Latin, pistillum, a pounder). The studies of those early physicians inevitably began to bifur- cate, according to what proved to be the major enthusiasm of the student—the disease or the . remedy, giving us medicine, ' pharmacy, and botany, and ° physicians (as the term is now used), pharmacists, and bot- anists. The Herb Garden of the ' Brooklyn Botanic Garden con- tains both culinary and medic- inal herbs. Many herbs, such as rhubarb, peppermint, mus- tard, Indian corn, and others, — rave both culinary and medici- nal uses. A GuIvE to the culinary 1 1942, as the January number of the RECORD. herbs was published i = A medicinal plant garden = was a part of the original plan for the development of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, at the left, the resemblance to the pistil of a flower with its ovary (the mortar), style (handle of the pestle), This did not become possible adopted over thirty years ago. and stigma (the tip of the pestle). of realization until 1938. Re- The words pistil and pestle are both alizing, then, the great extent derived from the Latin, pistillion. mets cys : os . : to which “biologicals” (e.g. (10,632) : rnc ‘ pepsin, adrenalin, serums, etc. ) jar and “chemicals” (e.g. sulphanilamide and other compounds) have recently come into medical use, the question arose as to whether er plants and plant products were now. sufficiently wic justify carrying out t ely used to 1e original plan for a garden of medicinal — plants. After consultation with leading physicians and pharma- 167 cists this question was decided in the affirmative, and an advisory committee on the content of the proposed garden was organized. The Botanic Garden is under deep obligations to those who gen- erously offered to serve on this committee, as follows: Apvisory COMMITTEE ON MEpbICcINAL PLANTS Dr, Frederick Schroeder, Chairman, representing the Long Is- land College of Medicine and Kings County Medical Society; Dr. Charles W. Ballard, College of Pharmacy of Columbia Uni- versity; Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Brooklyn College of Pharmacy; Dr. William Mansfield, Albany College of Pharmacy of Union University; Dr. Erwin E. Nelson, United States Department of Agriculture; Mr. F. W. Nitardy, representing E. R. Squibb & Sons, New York; Dr. George B. Wallace, New York Academy of Medicine; Dr. Frederick Wulling, College of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota. The plants in the garden, and described in this GuIpE, constitute = the list recommended by this committee. Because of related interest, a number of poisonous plants, most of them not officinal (i.e., official, in the pharmacopoeia of the United States), have been included in a separate part of the garden, as shown on the diagram (Tig. 3 There are, of course, overlaps in all three groups—culinary, poisonous, and medicinal. The Botanic Garden wishes also to acknowledge here its deep obligation to Dr. Charles B. Ballard, Dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University, a member of our Advisory Committee, who has generously agreed to add to his already full — rogram of professional and administrative duties the preparation — of the manuscript on the pharmaceutical part of the Guide.— ars ar Libel Lain (V1 Thema (R | UL Caan a a Cc om sit aa ae ie We Mr ST I, ae WY le a Pie ear ame Lexy, aie de Gn | Pecan ae Ae Fee Ae an genes Say (eee ma es 4, (3s _ ae wt IAA fee ONS ) j f » Net . K J 3 . a tone 2 fi Cs ) s ie i 5) al se eer , \ 2 AvP be ar oD bs C2 igen os ee te ae CON boon arti ¢ . aT Gee! , SOR 2H ie 4 oe Pee 7 1 W Cho GAY x + A Le : ; a 8 ; it. 222 x H Vise oerenngen \ N roy att WONY, AS << +( ab eh deers “oy | Hw yy co yt NOS (<< 4 Pe _\ 7) Ah ay ata zig! “> Oh ‘JT 2 Me Op 2H e058 ~~ ) ih fe QY \ fer 4 Vt-0 rl = Zr ¢ aa = Pi-vo ze) 5 = at My Spy, FC ay Cacz ” >) t Se yw bitastx a at oe ASP uv < chk aw Ae; ess aypizol ob : Be Ud Kh Tibet oh . Cs) ae ag 4 page *e or < <4 = \ < = : ) v\ Cy C uv) “oe atc rn Nez! a Bl ee ae eo \ 0. at, 2 at co 4 mi OG )a x Oe 6 coo = - me > 4 4 0 \ Liss PA Ry ok Pha bes ‘ Zit SY) Pw, PUTT ze” — RSM ¥ ¢ Uta ee * ea res i Of ‘ L < We =e i ae ) a el ee a4 ( ie fay Ard Z| ns ey My Pa < 1 . i IP Rd 1 tas RSs 97 jy a peg Whee eden ers S a") safe . fo) aa She ae ware es Lae cA Bes ae “sz pi eo et a pe orphaned (10,450) 1. Fig. Gt, den, showing location of medicinal and poisonous plants. b> Gar I Map of the Her J. Fic. 169 epi e EES ROR Cre. Slik Vay OR REE aus On Bilan Sl Nic vi CN By ArtriurR HARMOUNT GRAVES Plants and Materia Medica. ‘The use of plants to cure human ills is probably as old as the human race itself. However, the two other natural kingdoms also—the animals and the minerals—have had and still have a definite and well recognized place in materia of well known drugs of animal origin cantharides (a counter-irritant derived cod liver medica. Some examples are: honey; cantharis, or from the dried and powdered bodies of small insects) ; oil; pepsin; and the ree of endocrine glands, such as thyroid extract. Of mineral drugs, some of the most important are sodium, iodine, mercury, iron, aluminum, manganese, in the form of the element itself, or of compounds of the element; and, of otent and effective, recently discovered course, the wonderfully | and mineral “sulfa” drugs. Nevertheless the drugs of anima origin are comparatively few. A glance through the most recent United States Pharmacopoeia (1940) shows that the great ma- jority are derived from plants, and in the use of the term “materia i.e. the material of medicine, it is generally understood — medica,” that plants form the main bulk of the material. How Old Is Medicine? We have said above that the use of yas old as the human race; so, like- plants in medicine is probably preventing, curing, or wise, medicine itself, that is, the art of alleviating disease, without doubt goes back to very ancient, and vortant consideration must — probably to prehistoric times. One im always be kept at the back of our minds in this matter, namely, the length of time the human race has existed on the earth. There is scientific evidence that man, 1.e. intelligent, 1mplement-using, more or less erect-standing man, has been living on the earth for several hundred thousand years; and his forbears, perhaps for more than one million years. According to recent authoritative opinion, his- tory based on written records carries us back only between five and six thousand years from the present. What a short time this is, compared to the length of man’s existence on the earth! We can get some idea of how medicine probably began by study- ing the savage tribes of today—those peoples who still remain in a 170 more or less primitive condition as regards intelligence and culture. There we find medicine closely mingled with superstition and re- ligion. ‘The medicine men are the priests and are in league with the divine (or the devil). The ancient idea that a disease was a devil (or the devil) lived down into historical times. Hence one must take a bitter medicine to drive the devil out. The bitterer the medicine the sooner would the unwelcome intruder leave the human body (Fig. 4). Hire. 4. “St. Mathurin delivering the daughter of Emperor Maximilian of a disease in the form of a demon.” (From a life of St. Mathurin pub- lished in 1489.) Copied from Haggard, Howard W. The Doctor in His- tory. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1934. (10,699) ina As Schmidt says,* “The use of drugs is very ancient. With primitive man the observation of plants serving for food led gradually to [the discovery of] some that were good for healing diseases.” It is common knowledge that some of our domestic animals, in time of sickness and bodily distress, often seek out cer- tain plants which their instinct tells them will help them to get over their trouble—e.g. catnip (Nepeta cataria) Coffee an Interesting Example of Drug Plant. The history of the use of coffee as a beverage and also as a drug is an interesting example of how the use of plants as food may lead to their use as drugs. One story given by Ukers + is substantially as follows: An Arabian goatherd noticed that his flock was unusually frisky, and believing that their mood was due to the effect of some fruits of a plant (the coffee plant) that they had been eating, tried the effect on himself. He became refreshed and gay and joined his goats in their saltatorial revels. A monk, passing that way and learning the situation, believed that the spirit of Mohanimed hac euided him there, because here was something that would keep him awake during the long prayers and vigils. He conceived the idea of drying and boiling the fruits and thus gave coffee to the world. — — Gradually coffee has come into use by physicians as a cerebral stimulant; and the layman, knowing from experience its bracing effect, uses it almost universally, in the United States, in order to “start the day right.” Some physicians (in cases where the heart is strong) prescribe a cup of black coffee, taken on an empty stomach, to relieve continued nausea. Here it seems to act also as a general stimulant. Some Definitions and Derivations. According to Schmidt the word drug is derived probably from the Arabic dowd, which means medicine, whence it was transferred, as doga or droga, into the Romance and later into the Germanic languages. But LaWall t states that the word “is probably of Teutonic origin, the root word a Schmidt, Alfred. Drogen und Drogenhande — im Altertum. Leipsic. + Ukers, eM illiam H. All about Coffee. Ed. II, p. 10, New York. The Tea aoe Coffee Trade Journal Co. 1% LaWall, Charl The curious lore of drugs and medicines (Four eck sand years of Secs pp. 355, 356. Garden City Publishing Co. o 72 ‘ ” Webster's Dictionary (2nd edition, 1943) explains that the “Low German droge vate refers ‘drogue’ signifying ‘a dry herb.’ to dry casks, goods in packing cases, in which ‘droge’ was wrongly taken to mean their contents.” The word would seem to be related to the German trocken, meaning dry. According to Hatzfeld and Darmesteter’s Dictionnaire of the French language, the word drogue dates from the 14th century. Its source from the Dutch word droog (any dry thing) is, according to Hatzfeld and Darme- steter, doubted by some etymologists. The word druggist, as applied to a seller of drugs, was not com- monly used until about the loth century. In England there are ’ ” no “drug stores.” The ‘“‘chemist’s shop” is the drug store. In France it is the pharmacie, or apothicaireric. he title droguiste is used there for a seller of dried herbs only. It is worth noting that the word “drug” often connotes a poison- ous substance, as in the following, from Macbeth, ii—2: The doors are open: and the surfeited grooms Do mock their charge with snores: I have drugged their possets. This is evidently because some drugs are strong poisons, as, for example, strychnine, aconite, morphine, cocaine. However, there are many others which are mild and pleasant, and have no poison- ous qualities, e.g. licorice, rosemary, lavender, sassafras. Some of these are valuable drugs, because their pleasant odor or taste is used in prescriptions to mask the disagreeable taste of other drugs. The layman would not think of calling rose petals a drug, and yet rose water, distilled from the fresh flowers of Rosa centifolia, is well recognized in medicine as a pleasant vehicle, masking the flavor and odor of unpleasant drugs. The Greek word for drug is pharmakon. Hence we have pharmacist and pharmacy (i.e. the art of preparing medicines ; also, a drug store); pharmacognosy (from pharmakon + gnosis, knowing), the science of the recognition of drugs; pharmaceutic or pharmaceutical (meaning pertaining to pharmacy, from. the Greek pharmakeus or pharmakeutes, druggist), and pharmacopoeia (Greek phariakon +- poiein, to make), a book, generally authori- tative, containing a collection of recipes or formulas for the prepa- ration of medicines. le3 A SwHort ResuME oF THE History oF PHARMACY The progress of pharmacy during recorded history 1s, like the history of religion, philosophy, sociology, etce., interwoven with the history of the human race itself, especially with deve — opments in the field of science; and thus very closely parallels the develop- ment and progress of civilization. In the space here available we ‘an only “touch the high spots” in the history of pharmacy. Pharmacy, as well as the art and profession of medicine itself, was practised by the ancient Egyptians; the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians probably also had developed a specialized practice of pharmacy. The Ebers Papyrus. One of the oldest and most important documents in pharmaceutical history is the Ebers papyrus, about 1550 B.C., said to have been found between the knees of a mummy in the ancient city of Luxor, the city of the dead, across the Nile, over against ancient Thebes. Other papyri antedate this some- what, but they do not contain such a large amount of information. Several medical prescriptions now in the British Museum are said to date from the time of Cheops, about 3700 B.C. The key to the translation of the Ebers papyrus was furnished by the Rosetta Stone, an ancient slab of basalt, found in the early part of the 19th century at Rosetta on the Nile delta. The writing on this stone was in 3 sets of characters, one being the Greek, another the writ- ing of the common people (demotic) and the third the hiero- elyphics or picture writing used by the priests. The [¢bers papy- rus was found to include among other material more than 700 prescriptions in which drugs of many sorts are mentioned, such as vinegar, turpentine, figs, castor oil, myrrh, frankincense, worm- wood, aloes, opium, cumin, peppermint, cassia, caraway, coriander, anise, fennel, saffron, lotus flowers, linseed, juniper berries, hen- bane, mandragora, poppy, gentian, colchicum, squill, cedar, elder- berries, honey, grapes, onion, and date blossoms. Pharmacy in other ancient countries and civilizations—in China, Japan, India, Persia, and among the Aztecs and Incas of America—if we can judge from the evidence at hand, goes back to forgotten ages. The Greek-Alexandrian Period. The early history of Greek pharmacy and medicine is rooted in Greek mythology. Aescu- 174 lapius, whose name has been immortalized by botanists in Ascle- pias, the botanical name of the milkweed, was the son of Apollo, and a pupil of Chiron, who has-been called the first teacher of pharmacy. “Then sucked the blood and sovereign balm infused Which Chiron gave, and Aesculapius used.” Homer's /liad Aesculapius carried his powers of healing so far as to raise the dead to life, thus incurring the displeasure of Jove, who finished him off with a thunderbolt. But Aesculapius is said to have had a large family, among whom were Hygeia, representing health, and Panacea, representing medicine. Hippocrates, born on the island of Cos, 460 B.C., is generally conceded to be the father of Greek medicine. One of his principal contributions was to divorce medicine from the superstition which had enveloped it up to that time. Even in his day, medicine was vided into 3 schools: 1. based on the action of medicine; 2, based lat — — on diet; and 3. on physical manipulations. Hippocrates was a keen observer, an accurate thinker, and a clear and concise writer. One of his wise sayings was, “Life is short, opportunity fleeting, judgment difficult, treatment easy, but treatment after thought is proper and profitable.” Aristotle, born in 384 B.C., a pupil of Plato (390 B.C.) and one of the most notable figures in ancient Greek philosophy, was a great student of natural science. His work and conclusions had a profound influence on the scientific world and his ideas on evolu- tion were about 2000 vears ahead of his time. Theophrastus (390-280 B.C.) was a disciple of Aristotle, and, if for no other reason, should be mentioned here because of his work in botany. In fact, he is generally known as the “Father of Botany.” Theo- phrastus’s “Enquiry into Plants,” in 9 books or sections, is a wonderful work, considering the period in which it was written, and is of importance chiefly because it contains a record of the knowledge gained up to that time, of plants and plant life. It discusses, among other things, morphology, physiology, ecology, horticulture, although not necessarily under those names, and in- «fet cludes woods and their uses, medicine, and various superstitions. 175 Sir Arthur Hort’s English translation, published in 1916, makes very interesting reading. The Rhizotomoi. In ancient Greece there was a special guild of men called IRhizotomoi, literally root cutters, whose business was to gather, prepare and sell the roots of medicinal plants. The botanists of ancient times, such as Theophrastus and Dioscorides, “do not conclude a description [of a plant] without telling us what the subterranean parts are like, whether fibrous or fleshy or tu- berous or bulbous, as well as the properties of them,” 1.e. their virtues or medicinal value.* Why this particular attention to roots? It is common knowledge that not only the roots but also 1e rhizomes or underground stems, and the tubers of many plants serve as repositories for the plant’s reserve food. Now, along with this food storage there seems to be deposited in these under- eround parts a large amount of certain organic substances or com- pounds characteristic of the plant species. For example, roots of sassafras and licorice yield the particular organic substances char- acteristic of those plants in greatest amount, although these sub- stances also occur in lesser degree in other parts of the plant. This concentration in the root of important organic substances ct — was recognized early in man’s history. Hence the formation of the guild of Rhigotomoi (Fig. 5). The royal Ptolemies of Alexandria (307-221 B.C.) did much to further the cause of medicine. For one thing, they encouraged the dissection of the human body, hitherto forbidden by law. Thus the bodies of condemned criminals were handed over to “surgeons,” and much was learned about the location and appear- ance of the internal organs. Unfortunately, however, their func- tions were not yet understood. With the annexation of Alexandria to the Roman Empire (30 B.C.) the Greek-Alexandrian period may be said to have ended, although, as we shall see, Alexandria continued to exert an influ- ence on the Roman period which followed. During this Greek- Alexandrian period the most notable advances were the gradual throwing off of the shackles of superstition and, through dissec- — * Greene, Edward Lee. Landmarks of botanical history. Part 1, p. 45. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Part of Vol. 54. 1909. 176 tion, the beginning of a real knowledge of the organs of the human body. Roman Period. While the Romans were expert in political or- ganization and in the arts of writing and speaking, scientific prog- AQP RO Py Be VaRe PAN 7p TARA ors «3 Rn a y / Ae 2 : hi . T we = ceed Fic. 5. A herbalist is climbing an oak to gather mistletoe. A rhizo- tomist is digging up roots. From a drawing traced from a facsimile on Plate XXII of the Atlas to Giacosa’s Magistri Salernatani, Turin, 1901. The 15th century Saroyan Ms., from which the drawing was traced, has since perished. Reproduced from Charles Singer, Studies in the History and Method of Science, Vol. II, p. 59. (10,106) — ress in medicine during the Roman period was about nil. This was the time of Galen (Claudius Galenus, 130 A.D.), another Alexandrian whose ideas about medicine were accepted for many hundreds of years. In fact, as late as 1560 a certain “Dr. Geynes was not admitted to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Ws London until he had signed a recantation of his error in having impugned the infallibility of Galen.” Human dissection being again forbidden, Galen had to form his opinions by dissecting ani- mals. One of his ideas was that health and disease are dependent upon the relative proportions of solids and liquids in the body. During this period the use of special earths or clays for pharma- ceutical purposes became popular. One of these was obtained from a pit in the island of Lemnos, which could be opened only on a certain hour of a special day of the year, and then only to the ac- companiment of certain religious rites. Other earths or clays came from Malta, Portugal, and Hungary. Clays are still official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, their value being due to their agglutinating effect on bacteria, which are attracted and adsorbed. Incidentally, the subject of cosmetics may properly be classified as a branch of pharmacy, and a branch of very great economic importance if we are to judge by the amount of money received from the public. Toward the end of the 5th century (476 A.D.) Rome fell com- pletely into the hands of the Germanic hordes—invading Gothic tribes from the north and east—and there ensued a long period, lasting nearly 1000 years, of general intellectual darkness and stagnation, which is called the Medieval Period, or Middle Ages. The Middle Ages. It is chiefly to the Arabs that we are in- debted for any advance in pharmacy and medicine during the early part of the medieval period. The Arabians were largely respon- sible for the development of alchemy, i.e. the search for a method of transmuting the baser metals into gold. It included also a search for an elixir of life and for a universal medicine—one which would cure any or all diseases. Investigations of this sort, to which some notable figures, such as Lully (1235-1315), devoted a large share of their lives, were chiefly of value because through them progress was made in chemistry. “The Arabian pharmacists were called ‘sandalini’; their stocks were regularly inspected and punishment was meted to those who were found guilty of selling spurious and deteriorated drugs. The effect of Arabian chemistry and pharmacy was felt for hundreds of years and influenced and stimulated the production of many pharmacopoeias of the Middle Ages.” (LaWall, p. 114.) The part played by the monasteries during this period was im- 178 portant. For one thing, the translation and in particular the copy- ing by the monks of manuscripts was the only way to increase the number of copies of books, printing being not yet invented. Also, the monastic gardens served to keep alive the herbs and simples used in medicine and pharmacy and also the knowledge of their “virtues.” Probably these same gardens were the sources of many of the botanical specimens figured and described in the wonderful herbals of the 16th and 17th centuries. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries there was a gradual intel- lectual awakening a foreshadowing of the Renaissance. An im- portant factor in this awakening was doubtless the founding of great universities—Paris, 1110; Bologna, 1113; Oxford, 1167; Cambridge, 1209; Padua, 1222; and Naples, 1224. In all these universities pharmacy was taught as a part of the course in medicine. Noteworthy in the history of pharmacy was the edict of Frederic IT of Sicily (1224) which regulated both the practice of medicine as well as that of pharmacy. It refers to the apotheca as a ware- house where drugs were stored (the term “apothecary” came into use at about this time), to the compounder of drugs as the con- fectionarius, reviving an old Roman term, and to the seller of drugs as the stationarius. There must be no collusion (it said) between physician and pharmacist, i.e., no sharing of profits from medicine prescribed by the former. Any inspector conniving at a violation of the law was punished by death. Following is one of the recommendations of that period for the behavior of the physician when in the bosom of the family. “When entertained by the family, his remarks at the table are to be punctuated by continued inquiries regarding the patient, whose condition he should always regard as grave in order that either a favorable or a fatal termination of the illness might redound to his credit. He should not impair his professional standing by flirting with his patient’s wife, his daughter, or his maid servants.” Fic. 6. A Pharmacy of the 15th Century, with three “savants,” sitting, and two attendants on either side. At the table in the rear an apprentice is pounding herbs with mortar and pestle. (After Gart der Gesundheit, Schonsperger, Augsburg, 1486. From Arnold C. Klebs, 4 catalog of carly herbals. L’Art Ancien, 1925.) (10,637) 179 ~ RAS QQ 180 The Renaissance, of the 14th and 15th centuries, as is generally known, marks the transition between the Middle Ages and modern history. Its beginning and duration (from about the Fall of Constantinople in 1452, to the Sack of Rome, in 1527) vary more or less with art, philosophy, science, and other branches of culture and learning. It was characterized by the ‘Revival of Learning,” the rediscovery of the Greek and Latin classics, and the develop- ment of “Humanism.” Pharmacy and medicine, originally practiced by the same per- sons, became well recognized during the Renaissance as separate professions, and were looked upon with increasing respect, one reason being that they were in demand because of the prevalence of epidemic diseases at this time. Leprosy, ergotism (caused by eat- ing rye bread in which the rye had been infected with the ergot fungus), and black death or oriental plague were common. It is recorded that there were 200 lazar houses (pesthouses) in Great 3ritain and over 2000 in France. The black death was responsible for the loss of 25% of the human race in the 13th and 14th cen- turies—an estimated total of 60 million people. The works of Chaucer (1340-1400), in which he takes several “cracks” at the physician and apothecary, reflect an intimate ac- quaintance with their callings. In his Canterbury Tales he says of the physician, ‘His studie was but litel on the Bible,” and, “He kepte that he wan in pestilence, For gold in physik is a cordia Therfore he lovede gold in ecu 4 During the 14th and 15th centuries the search for the philoso- pher’s stone and the elixir of life went on fast and furiously, as the lives of Alain of Lisle, Ferarius, Flamel, Peter Bono, Basil Valentine, Bernard Trevisan, and others emphatically attest. An innovation of tremendous importance, profoundly affecting every branch of learning, dates from about 1450, namely, the in- vention of printing by the use of movable type. By means of this invention, knowledge could be far more easily disseminated, for it must be remembered that up to that time all books had to be written by hand. The discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492, is related in a rather direct way to medicine, for many drugs and spices were ex- 181] pensive and hard to get because they were brought overland by caravan from the east, or long distances through pirate-infested waters. Hence Columbus’s quest for an easier route to India by sailing west. Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries. The works of Shakespeare (1564-1616) give evidence of an intimate knowl- edge of drugs and simples. During this period several famous botanic gardens were founded; Pisa, 1543; Padua, 1545; Florence, 1545; Bolonga, 1567; Montpellier, 1593; Paris, 1635; Edinburgh, 1670; and Chelsea, 1673. Several herbals, now classics, appeared : eg. Brunfels, 1530; Fuchs, 1542; Matthioli, 1544; Gerarde, 1597; Parkinson’s Paradisi in Sole, Paradisus Terrestris,| 1629, These were ponderous tomes which contained (usually) wood cuts of the common plants known at that time, botanical descriptions of them, and accounts of their “virtues” or uses. ——_.. | = -——— J S é SS CAS = ——F by —S— i = = : i ~~ ¥ Z rate SEI FL OE as Zig an2£<-< 0080; RAL eee Fic. 7. A “Drug store,” about 1536 A.D. From Pictorial history of ancient pharmacy, by Hermann Peters. English translation by William Netter. Chicago, 1889. (10,604) Some Superstitious Beliefs. We have said that in the beginning pharmacy and medicine were intermingled with religion and super- stition. Since the time of Hippocrates, physicians, pharmacists, and scientists endowed with independence and logic like his, have — ’ 1 The words “Paradisi in Sole” are a Latin pun of the author on his own name—‘Park-in-son.” 182 striven to rid the human race of the superstitions that encompass the whole art and practice of medicine. Even now these super- stitions have not been wholly eliminated. Does not your friend “touch wood” when he says he has “not had a cold for months’ ? Much of the advertising of nostrums depends for its success, if not on superstition, at least on credulity. In the 16th century the old “Doctrine of Signatures” which is said to be of very ancient Chinese ae still flourished, being brought into prominence by Paracelsus (1493-1541). The idea was based on the belief that the Creator, or some supernatural power, seeks to show to mankind, by the resemblance of a plant or a plant part to an organ of the human body, that that plant or plant part is intended to be used as a remedy = ra disease of the organ it resembles. Thus, a pomegranate ae when opened up, has seeds which might be said to resemble loose teeth. Hence it should be used for dental troubles. The hepatica or liverleaf, hav- ing a leaf said to resemble a human liver, should be pe in some way,—infusion, tincture, ete—for hepatic diseases. The doctrine was extended to include plants that resembled ce animals. Thus, a plant with a spotted stem or leaf like that of a poisonous snake would be a good antidote for a bite of that snake. Minerals were also included—thus, mercuric sulfide or cinnebar, of a blood red color, would be excellent for troubles of the blood. The superstitions associated with the mandrake are reminiscent of the ancient “Rhizotomoi,” and remind one of the doctrine of signatures. The European mandrake is Mandragora officinarum, an herb of the potato family, and indigenous in southern Europe and northern Africa. It has a long, thick, sometimes forked root and was supposed, when uprooted, to resemble, altogether, the human form—in fact there were said to be male and female plants. The root was accredited with great healing powers anc jar a very spe- cial manner of digging it up was advised, somewhat as follows: * the digging must be done at night when the plant “shines like a lamp.” Then, as soon as one sees it, he must strike it on the head with an iron lest it escape; then dig around it with an ivory imple- ment, without touching it. Pulling it from the ground was fraught * Arber, Agnes. Herbals, their origin and evolution. pp. 36, 37. Cam- bridge, England. 12 183 _ with great danger to the puller; therefore, the upper part should be tied to a dog which was then coaxed away, thus uprooting the mandrake (Fig. 8). Simon Forman, a member of Magdalen College, wrote of the mandrake, in 1603, “Also [ have knowen the old saying prove true, AIOCKO PIAHC on ee, Pic. 8. A mandrake (Mandragora) being presented by Discovery (Eure- sis) to the physician Dioscorides. The plant is still tied to the dog whose life was sacrificed in order to get the root. From Julia Anicia Ms., about A.D. 512. Reproduced from Charles Singer, Studies in history and method of science. Vol. I, p. 62. (10,631) that whosoever cdiggith up a mandrake shall die within a yeare, and som have said they have heard them eri or shrike when they have been pulled up. ao Our American mandrake is quite another plant—Podophylluim peltatum, of the Barberry Family (Berberidaceae), commonly * Gunther, Robert T. The herbal of Apuleius Barbarus from the early twelfth-century manuscript formerly in the abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. Oxford. 1925, 184 known as the May apple. It is interesting to note that the Euro- pean mandrake is not now in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, but the rootstock of the American mandrake yields an important drug, — podophyillin, in the form of a poisonous, resinous substance, called Resina Podophylli, employed as a cathartic. Porta’s Phytognomonica, a learned exposition, in Latin, of the doctrine of signatures with interesting and clear wood cuts of the plants, and nearby, the bodily members they resembled, was pub- lished in 1589. Among the illustrations is one of a youth with a luxuriant head of hair, and above, a hair-cap moss with its thick crop of hair-like stems, with recommendations for its use in cases of alopecia. But it is significant that a likeness of the author, pre- sumably, appears on the frontispiece, and it is quite evident that he has hardly a spear of hair on his head! Hair of the hare, swine, cattle, or other hairy beasts was also recommended for curing bald- ness, for animals too had a place in this fantastic doctrine. Another curious superstition was the idea of a sympathetic remedy. This was the notion that in the case of a wound the remedy was to be applied not to the wound itself but to the object that caused the wound. The wound was bandaged, it is true; but the axe, knife, or other instrument responsible for the cut was treated with salve or some curative ointment. Somewhat as we say to our little children, when they run against a post or are thrown from their sled, “Naughty post! Naughty sled!” ete. Paracelsus, who popularized the sympathetic remedy, believed “that the anointment of the weapon acted upon the wound by a magnetic current through the air.” A superstition, persisting to the present time in some parts of the country, was that if one is poisoned by a plant, for example poison ivy, another plant (in this case, Touch-me-not (/impatiens ) or Lobelia), a remedy for the poison, will be found growing in close proximity to the poisonous plant; docks will be found grow- ing near stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) for the poison of which they are said to be a cure. With the beginning of-the colonization of America (Jamestown, 1607; Plymouth, 1620) the practice of medicine and pharmacy commenced in this country. “There were some fine educated 185 physicians and apothecaries in each of these settlements, but for the most part the practice of medicine consisted of empiricism and the following of Indian folk lore. No encouragement or recog- nition of professional or other education was given by any of these local colonies. . . . In the colonies under Spanish and French in- fluence, the priests, and particularly the Jesuits, were the most im- portant factor in the development of pharmacy and medicine.” One authority says of this period, “Anyone who knew calomel from tartar emetic, and jalap from ipecac, and had the assurance to use them, who could make and apply oint- ments and plasters, dress wounds or splint a broken limb, was a welcome settler and received the title of Doc- tor without asking.” In 1765 the first medical school in the United States was established at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and pharmacy was taught there, ey prescription writing being thus Fic. 9. Adam Kuhn, the first pro- introduced into the United fessor of botany and materia medica States. It washerethat Adam ™ America, at the University of Penn- Kuhn, a pupil of Linnaeus, be- Sy ena : cou SUN: Bow ends . Some American medical botanists. cane, in 1768, the first pro- Troy 1914. (4026) fessor of materia medica and botany in the United States (Fig. 9). In 1790 the first medical journal was published, in New York. Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. The inventions, discover- ies, improvements, and new methods of this latest period are far too many even to enumerate here. By means of the improved com- pound microscope, the nature of protoplasm, that is, the living matter of the cells of plants and animals, was demonstrated during the first half of the nineteenth century by Von Mohl, Schleiden, and Max Schulze; and Pasteur (1822-1895) laid the foundations 186 of the science of bacteriology by his work with the bacteria—which include plants of the greatest importance in medicine. In this case, however, these plants were shown to be usually the cause rather than the cure, of disease. The present century has already witnessed a great increase in our knowledge of the nature and etiology of disease as well as of curative agents, including the use of serums and antitoxins, and the introduction of substitutes for remedies derived from plants, such, for example, as atabrine for quinine. Ephedrine (Ma Huang), an alkaloid derived from the Chinese plant, Ephedra equisetina and other species, has also come into general use follow- ing the studies of Dr. K. K. Chen and associates at the Peking Union Medical College in 1924. In all this nixture of fact and fancy, of superstition and good ung forward and sliding back, by the method of trial _— sense, of pus and error, one thing emerges crystal clear. Looking down the perspective of all these centuries of record, and before, there /as been a definite and sustained progress toward more, and more ac- curate, knowledge, and greater efficiency. Moreover, it seems to be a constantly accelerated progress, that is, faster and faster with each passing year. Obviously, man is still struggling. But if we are to judge by the past, he will some day come through to a clear understanding and perfect knowledge. 187 MEDICINAL USES OF DRUG REANTS CULTIVATED IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN By Proressor C. W. BALvLarp, Dean, College of Pharmacy, Columbia University. With the collaboration of Dr. Rarpn H. Cueney, Resident Investigator, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Chair- man, Biology Department, Long Island University ; and Prof. F. J. Poxorny, College of Pharmacy, Columbia University. Many of the vegetable drugs used in medicine are included in the United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, both of which references contain extensive descriptions of the part of the plant used medicinally together with the legal standards of purity and potency. The abbreviations U.S.P. and N.F. appearing after the several names of a drug plant indicate its recognition and inclu- sion in these official books of drug standards. The abbreviation N.O. indicates a drug plant which has no official recognition in these books. Aconite (Aconitum napellus), Monkshood, U.S.P. The poi- sonous nature of this plant has been known since the earliest times — and certain species native to China and India have long been in use for medicinal purposes in those countries. Present supplies are imported from the mountainous regions of Spain, France, Ger- many and Austria, although owing to present conditions the In- dian aconites are appearing upon the market. The active con- stituents are extremely poisonous alkaloids. The tuberous root is recognized in the official compendia of nearly all countries. The drug is administered internally and with caution as a heart seda- tive. Externally applied, usually in liniment form, it is anodyne. On the whole, aconite is not used extensively in medicine today. Many dentists use aconite plus iodine for painting the gums to numb the nerve endings before a hypodermic injection of procaine. Probably 20 to 30 acres of the proper cultivation of the Sparks variety, yielding 500 Ibs. per acre, would supply U. S. needs. Aconitum varieties vary in toxicity. Toxicity also varies with the chromosome number. Diploids are non-toxic usually. Triploids and tetraploids are extremely toxic, (See Bonisteel, Wm. Jour. Am, Pharm. Assoc. Sci. ed. 29, No. 9, Sept. 1940.) Fic. 10. Herb Garden of Brooklyn Botanic Gar O Lavender Cotton (Santolina), Germander (Teucrium Chamaedrys), and Thyme (Thymus nal and culinary plants. Cf. Fig. 1. (10,317) den. View facing west. Knot gardens bo Sia) fost f Sweet vulgaris, ) Violet (Viola odorata), 3 ; ie es ef see , surrounded by medici- 881 189 ALKANE? (Anchusa officinalis), Dyer’s bugloss, N.O. The al- kanna plant is a perennial herb of southwestern Europe and ad- jacent Asia. Before the days of coal-tar dyes, it was very largely cultivated as a dyestuff. It is rarely employed for any other pur- pose than imparting a red color to medicinal and cosmetic prepara- tions. AoE (Aloe vera), Aloes or Bitter aloes, U.S.P. The Pharma- copoeia recognizes several species of aloe as sources of medicinal aloes. The article used in medicine is the juice obtained from the cut surfaces of the leaves, thickened by evaporation. The biblical aloes used as a perfume material and in incense was probably the wood of Aquillaria agollocha and not related to the medicinal aloes of today. The dried juice prepared commercially is often a com- posite of the juices of separate species. The U. 5. imported 801,300 Ibs. in 1940. It was valued at $238,904. Aloe is the source of aloin and the juice has laxative properties. The yield of aloe juice increases with age up to four years and then declines for ten or more years. A one year old plantation produces 100 Ibs. of prepared aloes per acre in comparison with 500 to 1000 Ibs. per acre from a four year old acreage. Fresh leaves have been used very recently in the treatment of burns and are reported as being particularly effective in alleviating burns resulting from an over- exposure to X-ray. AttHea (Althea officinalis), Marshmallow root, U.S.P. The peeled root deprived of rootlets has long been used in domestic medicine. Owing to the large amount of gum and starch present it is demulcent. The powdered root is used in the preparation of marshmallow candy. Ancetica (Angelica Archangelica) N.O. This plant is a na- tive of northern Europe where it exists as a tall perennial and 1s extensively cultivated for the fruit and root. It is highly valued as a domestic drug and condiment by the natives of Lapland — where it is indigenous. The infusion is used medicinally as a carminative and expectorant. Anise (Pimpinella Anisum), Aniseed, N.F. The dry seedlike fruit is obtained from a perennial herb native to Egypt and Greece, now cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region, particularly in Spain. Long a popular herb and remedy of the Middle Ages, 190 it is much used to the present day. The carminative and corrective properties are due to the volatile oil. Birrerswerer (Solanum Dulcamara) N.O.. A_ soft woody climbing or reclining plant of Europe and North America grow- ing along the borders of streams. The stem of the plant has been used as a laxative, especially in rheumatism, and as an alterative in certain skin diseases. BouncinG Ber (Saponaria officinalis), Soapwort, N.O. Sapo- naria is widely distributed in Europe and the United States, grow- ing by roadsides and in waste places, flowering in July and August. The parts used medicinally are the roots and leaves, which contain the glucoside, saponin. In water the dried plant produces a foam or frothing similar to soapsuds and is much used as a detergent. It is also used as a tonic diaphoretic and alterative in the form of a decoction or tea. Boxwoop (Buxus sempervirens) N.O. A small, dense-leaved, hardwooded evergreen tree, native of dry, chalky hills in Europe and western Asia. The bark has been used as an adulterant of pomegranate and has the same medicinal properties, although to a lesser degree. It is a taenicide (vermifuge), astringent. Broom (Cytisus scoparius), Broom tops, N.O. The plant is a tall, gregarious, densely branching shrub, growing in Europe and introduced into this country. It has been used from antiquity in the treatment of dropsy, and is mentioned in the earliest Italian and German herbals. It has been used as a diuretic in certain cardiac disorders. Bryony (Bryonia dioica) N.F. The cucumber-like vines of this plant abound in central and southern Europe. The turnip shaped root is cut into slices and dried, and its medicinal virtues were well known to the ancients. It is used as a cathartic and diuretic to some extent in modern medicine. Bucxruorn Bark (Rhannus Frangula), Alder buckthorn, N.I*. Grows as a large shrub or small tree throughout Europe, Siberian Asia and the northern African coast. It is used for the same purposes on the continent as Cascara Sagrada bark is used in this country. It is a remedy for chronic constipation, but is more irritant than Cascara and apt to cause eriping. It has also been used as a dye for cotton, silk, and wool fabrics. — 19] BuTterFLY WEED (Asclepias tuberosa), Pleurisy root, N.O. Asclepias 1s a perennial plant, common and abundant in sandy soil in the eastern and central United States. The root was one of the favorite remedies of the North American Indians, being used as an expectorant, diaphoretic, and emetic. Thoroughly cooked it was also used as a food. It is now chiefly used as a ciaphoretic and diuretic. The root, however, contains two gluco- sides,—asclepiadin, an emetic; and asclepin, a mild sedative de- rived from asclepiadin. Milkweed floss is used in life-belts and floats to replace the now non-procurable kapok which was formerly imported from the Far Kast in amounts of 10,000 tons per annum. The U. S. government has taken every pound that can be sup- plied. Butterfly Weed floss is so similar to kapok that, in the New York area, several dealers have been fined for substitution. Buttrernut Bark (Juglans cinerea) N.O. The butternut is a good-sized tree of eastern and central North America. The inner bark of the root was used medicinally by the aborigines as a mild cathartic. Owing to its tannic content it was used in the treat- ment of dysentery and diarrhea by the soldiers during the Civil War. The kernel of the nut is oily, pleasantly flavored, and edible. he calamus CaLamMus (Acorus Calamus), Sweet flag, N.F. 7 of the scriptures is probably identical with this article, the market form of which is the peeled, dried rhizome freed from roots. A marsh plant probably originating in India and Central Asia, it has spread to all parts of the globe. Because of its volatile oil it has a limited use in medicine as a carminative in colic and stomach disorders. CARAWAY (Carum carvi) U.S.P. The caraway plant is a low biennial herb, native of western Asia and Europe and now widely cultivated. The use of this plant as a spice and condiment extends back to the XIT Century, yet it was among the last of the umbel- The volatile liferous fruits to be introduced into western Europe. oil is responsible for its carminative and stimulant properties. CARDAMON, Rounpd (Amomuin Cardamomum) N.O. A tall potas perennial herb growing in the East Indies and in Siam. The seeds resemble those of Malabar cardamon (Elettaria Cardamomumne), but with a more strongly aromatic, camphoraceous taste. They 192 are often substituted for the official seed and are considerably used in Europe as a carminative and condiment. CaScCARA SAGRADA (Rhamnus Purshiana) U.S.P. Found in the mountain ranges of the Pacific States and in southwestern Canada. The bark is stripped from the tree and aged for one year before use. The ageing process reduces the griping and irritation oftentimes produced by the green bark. Cascara is one of the best tonic laxatives and is so employed in every civilized country. Castor BEAN (ficinus communis) N.O. This large herba- ceous annual is a native of tropical Asia where it attains the size of a tree. The seeds are bean like and very attractive in appear- ance, no two being exactly alike in markings. Although the crude drug is not official, the oil (Oleum Ricini) is U.S.P. The castor oil of medicine and industry is obtained by expression of the seeds, the cold pressed oil being superior in quality and taste to the hot pressed article. Nevertheless it is quite unpalatable, very heavy and viscid, and generally difficult to administer. It 1s a prompt and efficient cathartic. The coats of the seed contain a deadly poison. Catnip (Nepeta Cataria), Catmint, N.F. Catnip is a tall per- ennial herb of Europe and Asia, now thoroughly naturalized in — the United States. The leaves and top are medicinal and have a strong characteristic odor. The infusion is used as a carminative for infants, and also as an aromatic bitter. CHAMOMILE (Anthemis nobilis), Roman chamomile, N.O. > jt ‘his plant has been cultivated for centuries in Europe, especially in england, and has been long used in domestic medicine. It is one of the best of the aromatic bitters and stomachics, similar to Matricaria in this respect. The dried flowers of this species of Anthemis, decorative with its finely divided leaves, are employed to brew an aromatic tea which is reputed to quiet the nerves. It is served “piping hot” to patrons in some of the exclusive Beauty Shops of New York City. CHAMOMILE, WiLp (Matricaria Chamomilla) N.I. Vhe flower heads of this perennial European weed have been used in decoc- tion form as a domestic remedy to abort colds since antiquity. It is one of the mildest aromatic bitters and is given in rather large 193 doses. In very large doses it is used as an anthelmintic and may be emetic or cathartic. Crover, Rep (Trifolium pratense) N.F. The crude drug con- sists of the dried inflorescences of this common plant of our way- sides and meadows. It is prepared as an infusion for use as an alterative to improve gradually the nutritive processes of the body. It has been reported to be beneficial in whooping cough. Dried red clover flowers are also employed separately and in combina- tion with other ingredients in the brewing of beverage teas. Such beverages have a local consumption throughout the United States. Red Clover Tea can be purchased on the New York market. Clover, YELLow Sweet (Melilotus officinalis), Yellow melilot, N.O. Melilot is a perennial herb, native of Europe and closely related to M. alba, a white flowered species. The whole plant is scented because of the presence of the aromatic coumarin. Its use is chiefly external as an emollient in combination with other herbs. Conosu, Brack (Cimicifuga racemosa), Black snakeroot, N.F. Cimicifuga is native to eastern and central North America, espe- cially abundant in the Allegheny region. The plant was highly valued by the Indians, who introduced the drug to the early Ameri- The natives used it especially for the can medical practitioners. It is also of some use as an anodyne, treatment of rheumatism. being similar to aconite in this action. CortANDER (Coriandrum sativum) N.F. Coriander is a low annual, native of southern Asia and extensively cultivated in all the warmer portions of Europe. Its small seed-like fruits were used by the Romans as a medicine and spice in very early days. The fresh plant when bruised emits a very unpleasant odor, but the fruit on drying acquires a very pleasant aromatic odor due to the volatile oil present. It is popularly used as a stimulant and carminative. Corn Sirk (Zea Mays) N.F. The fresh silk or styles and stigmas of the corn plant has been used in the form of a tea or decoction for acute affections of the bladder. It exerts a diuretic and slightly anodyne action upon the genito-urinary tract. Costmary (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) (Tanacetum balsami- tum) N.O. A southern European perennial which is found to 194 some extent in this country as an escape. The plant has a strong aromatic odor and a bitter taste. It has been used in medicine as a bitter tonic and diaphoretic, being simular to the related herb Tansy. In overdoses it may be extremely irritant. Corton (Gossypiuin herbaceum) N.F. The bark of the root of the common cotton plant has been used since the days of American slavery to induce abortion. The hairs of the seed yield the cotton fiber which is used for absorbent and textile purposes. The seeds yield the fixed oil of considerable importance for food and culinary uses as well as in industry. The residue after expression of the fixed oil is the cottonseed oil cake widely utilized as stock feed. Cramp Bark, Troe (Viburnum Opulus var. americanunc), High bush cranberry bark, N.F. A shrub or small tree native in northeastern North America flowering in June and presenting a very showy appearance. Its fruit is an excellent substitute for the Cranberry. The bark is used as an anti-spasmodic, and as a carminative and sedative for intestinal cramp. CUCUMBER, SQuIRTING (Ecballium Elateriwm) N.O. This plant is native to Mediterranean regions and its habit is similar to that of the cucumber. The juice of the fruit is the source of the cathartic principle elaterin, perhaps the most drastic of vegetable cathartics and therefore dangerous in use. Dock (Rumer crispus), Curly dock or yellow dock, N.O. A native of Europe, this plant has become so thoroughly naturalized in the U. S. that it is among the most abundant and pernicious weeds. The leaves were once esteemed as pot herbs, especially in the spring when green foods were not readily obtainable. ‘The dried root of the plant contains much tannin and is used as a mild astringent. ELDER (Sambucus canadensis), American elder, N.F. This plant furnishes the elder flowers used in medicine. The plant is a shrub growing in low damp grounds throughout the country. The stems are filled with a hght and porous pith, especially distinct when young. The flowers are white to pale yellow, numerous, oc- — cur in large flat-topped cymes and have a heavy odor. The fruit consists of numerous purplish black berries. The flowers are — mild used as an ingredient of expectorant teas and similar preparations. y stimulant and act as a diaphoretic and diuretic, and are much LOS The dried flowers are used separately and in combination with peppermint leaves to brew a pleasing beverage tea. ELecampane (Inula Helenium) N.O. This plant is a_ tall coarse perennial herb, native of Europe and widely naturalized in the U. S. The root is used in veterinary medicine. In human medication it has been employed for its expectorant, diuretic and diaphoretic properties. Epuepra (Ephedra ies Ma Huang, N.O. The shrub yields the alkaloid ephedrine, U.S.P. and is a native of northwestern China and Thibet where it has ae used since prehistoric times in the treatment of “disorders of the kidney.” It has been introduced into modern medicine in recent years and has proven a valuable remedy in respiratory conditions such as bronchial asthma, hay fever, catarrh, hemorrhage and in ophthalmic practice to produce dilation of the pupil. Ephedrine has valuable utilization as a sub- stitute for adrenalin (epinephrin). It has some advantages over adrenalin in certain instances because it is not limited to hypo- dermic administration. It is almost as effective orally in_ pill form as adrenalin is intravenously. In addition, the effect of ephedrine, if given intravenously, is more prolonged although less potent than adrenalin. The crude Ephedra has been imported from the Orient but the Bad Lands of the Dakotas are ecologically adapted to its culture and could supply all U.S. requirements. Economically, synthetic ephedrine can be produced at one-fiftieth of the cost of synthetic adrenalin. FENNEL (foeniculum vulgare), Fennel seed, N.F. The plant is a tall biennial, native of Europe and Asia but now cultivated in many countries. The leaf stalks are frequently eaten as a relish. The fruit or so-called seed has been used since the earliest times, in preparing an infusion for colic and griping. It is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon domestic medical recipes of the XI Century, and its cultivation was encouraged by Charlemagne. Feverrew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium) N.O. This is a per- ennial herbaceous plant, native of Europe and conmon to the United States. It has been used as a tonic, stimulant, and car- minative due to its volatile constituents. Fic (Ficus carica) N.O. Native to Persia and Asia Minor, its cultivation has been extended to mild climates of the entire world. 196 The fruit and its leaves are repeatedly mentioned in the Scriptures, in the Arabian Nights, and in the writings of Pliny. Dried figs were a regular article of trade during the Middle Ages, being used as a food and confection. The chief value of figs beside their laxative action, is as a palatable addition to more active drugs such as Senna and Cascara. FLAG, BLur (/ris versicolor) N.F. Blue flag is one of our most beautiful and interesting wild flowers, growing throughout the U. S. in wet, marshy localities, blooming in May and June. The plant was highly esteemed by the American Indians who used it in gastric affections. It is sometimes called “vegetable mer- cury’’ due to the salivation it produces. The rhizome is used as a cathartic, diuretic, and emetic in conjunction with other drugs. FLaGc, YELLow (/ris pseudacorus) N.O. A European species which is becoming naturalized in the East. The mec QQ, icinal_ prop- erties are similar to those of the native /. versicolor. q.v. LAXSEED (Linum usitatissimum), Linseed, U.S.P. The flax- plant, native to Central Asia, is cultivated in all temperate regions — for its linen-yielding fiber, as well as the seeds from which one of the most extensively used oils is obtained. The textile uses of flax fibers have been noted in the earliest records of civilization, and I¢gyptian tombs show paintings of the weaving of flax into cloth. Greek writers of the 7th century B.C. mention flax as a medicine. Charlemagne promoted the growth of flax in northern Hurope, and the plant reached Sweden and Norway before the 12th century. The ground seed is used as a poultice and demulcent while the residue after expression of the oil is valuable cattle feed. oxGLovE (Digitalis purpurca) U.S.P. Foxglove is a hand- some biennial plant, native to central and southern Europe. It has been introduced elsewhere as a garden plant and has escaped from cultivation, particularly in the northern Pacific Coast states. | — — It has been used in cardiac and dropsical conditions since the early days, and at present it is one of the major cardiac tonics and circu- latory stimulants in medicinal use. FRINGE TREE (Chionanthus virginica) N.F. This small tree is native to the southeastern United States, blossoming in May and June. It has long been used as a popular hepatic stimulant and 197 tonic laxative. The bark of the root contains the medicinal in- gredients. GINGER (Zingiber officinale) U.S.P. The dried peeled or par- tially peeled rhizome has been a spice and a domestic remedy from the earliest times. The plant is a reed-like perennial probably native to tropical Asia and now cultivated in the East and West Indies and in Africa. The rhizome contains a volatile oil and resin. It is used both externally as a rubefacient and internally as a carminative in abdominal cramp, diarrhea ee indigestion. Gum, Biue (Eucalyptus globulus) N.O. The blue-gum tree is a native of Australia where it forms ee It grows com- monly now in southern California. The young trees or young branches produce broad ornate leaves which are deficient in olatile oils, hence the scythe-shaped Jeaves of the mature plant are used as a source of the volatile oil. It was used by the natives of Australia as a remedy for intermittent fever. In modern medi- cine the volatile oil is used as a stimulating and antiseptic ex- pectorant. Haw, Brack (Viburnum prunifolium) N.F. A large shrub or small tree of eastern North America, growing abundantly in dry woods and thickets and on rocky hillsides in fertile soil. The stem and root bark is used medicinally as a uterine sedative and tonic. Hemtock, Poison (Conium maculatum) N.O. Conium is a biennial herb native to Asia Minor and the islands of the Mediter- ranean. It has been introduced into most temperate regions. It is one of the most ancient of medicines and poisoning agents. Tradition has it that a decoction of this plant was the poison used by Socrates. It has also been used to some extent as an anodyne and depressant. temp, InpIAN (Cannabis sativa) N.O. This plant was for- aewaks an official drug, but the sale of the crude drug has been prohibited. The plant is an herbaceous annual, indigenous to Persia and northern India, and cultivated in many other countries. It has been known as a fiber plant in the East from prehistoric times. It was widely used as an intoxicant and narcotic by the orientals very much as opium. The seeds of the plant are ex- pressed for the valuable fixed oil. In moderate amounts Cannabis — — 198 is an excellent carminative, stomachic and analgesic, but owing to its illegitimate use as a narcotic it has fallen into disuse and its commerce is rigidly controlled. This narcotic is known as mari- huana or hashish and is derived from the leaves, flowers, and resin of the hemp plant. It has been consumed extensively for about 3000 years in Far East, but has become a serious drug traffic problem in the U. S. only during the last fifteen years. In the U. S., the leaves, flowers, and resin are dried, mixed with tobacco and made into cigarettes. HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger) U.S.P. Tenbane is a poison- ous European herb, naturalized in this country and is extensively cultivated for the drug market, especially in Belgium. It has been employed in domestic medication since the remotest times and is mentioned in Anglo-Saxon works on medicine in the XI Century. Although the leaves are now specified as the part used in medicine, during the Middle Ages the roots and seeds were much used. Henbane is used as a carminative, cystic sedative and antispas- modic. Hop (Humulus Lupulus) N.F. The hop plant is a dioecious, perennial, herbaceous, twining vine, native of Europe and Asia and cultivated in all temperate regions. Hop gardens existed in I*rance and Germany in the VIII and IX centuries. It is said that William the Conqueror, 1069, granted the use of land for hop culture in England. It has always been used in decoction as a stomachic and diaphoretic. It has a peculiar diuretic action and is a distinct sedative nervine. Its use in the brewing industry to give a bitter flavor to beer and ale is well known. HorEnOUND (Marrubium vulgare), Hoarhound, N.O. Hore- hound is a perennial herb, indigenous to Europe, but is naturalized in this country where it is very common. The entire plant has a white hoary appearance. It has a peculiar, rather agreeable, vinous, balsamic odor and a very bitter, aromatic and persistent — taste. As a sweetened tea it has been long used in home medica- tion. [tis a stimulant tonic, expectorant and diuretic. Jimson Weep (Datura Stramonium), Jamestown weed, U.S.P. The stramonium plant is a tall, widely spreading, annual herb of unknown nativity, but now distributed abundantly in all temperate regions. Poisoning by stramonium is very common, either by 199 children eating the seeds or from the leaves being used as a pot- herb, usually with fatal results. It is used chiefly as a remedy in asthma, by burning and inhaling the smoke, and is often made into cigarettes for this purpose. The leaves contain the alkaloids daturine and hyoscyamine, some atropine and scopalamine. oE-PyE Weep (Eupatorimn purpurcum), Trumpet weed, N.O. This plant is an herbaceous perennial growing in low places, dry woods and meadows in the eastern and western U.S. The root is the medicinal part, and was named after an Indian who lived in New England and employed it as a diaphoretic in fevers. It has an odor resembling old hay, and a slightly bitter, not unpleasant, aromatic taste. In the form of the decoction it has diuretic, stimu- lant and tonic effects upon the renal tract. Junreer (Juniperus communis) N.F. The plant is a shrub common to the North Temperate Zone and the dried ripe berry- like fruit (galbulus) yields a volatile oil much used in medicine as a diuretic and carminative. The volatile oil is also a constituent of the popular spirit known as gin. Larkspur (Delphinium Ajacis) N.F. This species of larkspur is a native of southern Europe and is commonly cultivated as a garden flower. Because of the poisonous alkaloids present in the seed it is largely used externally as a parasiticide; especially for head lice. LaveNvER (Lavandula spica) N.O. Lavender is a low grow- ing shrub native in the Mediterranean countries but widely culti- vated especially in France and England. The whole plant is aro- — matic. The flowers have a rich peculiar fragrance which is re- tained long after drying, and a strong, bitter, aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous taste. Although the crude drug of Lavandula spica is not official, the oil distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Lavandula officinalis Chaix ex Villards (L. vera de Candolle) is official (Olewm lavandulae U.S.P.). The oil is largely used in pharmacy. It is an effective stimulant and carminative. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and its varieties U.S.P. The licorice plants are low, soft-wooded shrubs of southern [europe and southwestern Asia. It has been an article of domestic use since the earliest days, and was common in England during the Middle Ages. The ye — low wood of the rhizome and root is known 200 as “sweet-wood,” having a very fine flavor and agreeable taste. It is a distinct laxative, slightly diuretic and a useful expectorant. In licorice confections prepared from the extract, anise oil is so frequently used as an added flavor that it is often popularly con- fused with the taste of licorice. The powdered root is used as pill excipient. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY (Convallaria majalis) N.F. This is a perennial herb, native of Europe and a favorite garden flower everywhere. The plant has been used in domestic medicine for several hundred years, being mentioned in the early Materia Medica of Dioscorides. The action and uses are almost identical with ab] c those of Digitalis and other cardiac stimulant drugs. The rhizome and roots have also been used in exterminating rodents. The ac- tive principle is convallarin. It can be standardized and serves a useful purpose in the medication of certain cardiac patients who are under constant treatment and have developed a resistance to digitalin. Ma Huanc. See Epuepra. MANDRAKE (Podophylliin peltatum), May-Apple, N.F. The mandrake is a low perennial herb with long freely branching jointed rhizomes which root at the joints or nodes. Its therapeutic ac- tivity is due to a resinous principle found in the rhizome and roots. The rhizome was well known to the Indians as an active cathartic, both the Cherokees and the Wyandottes having usec jar it for this purpose. The leaves are reputed to be poisonous, the young shoots of the plant being used by the aborigines for suicidal purposes. Maricoitp (Calendula officinalis), N.F. This annual is a na- tive of southern Europe and adjacent Asia, and is commonly culti- vated both for the drug and as a decorative plant. The foliage has an aromatic, somewhat narcotic, not unpleasant odor and a salty, rather disagreeable taste. It has been in use since medieval days as a household remedy, mainly as a vulnerary, stomachic and diaphoretic. MoonseeD (Menispermum canadense), Canada moonseed, N.O. A herbaceous twiner, abundant in mountains and hilly forests throughout the eastern and central U.S. The rhizome and roots contain alkaloids and other bitter principles which give it medi- 201 cinal value. Formerly used as a bitter tonic, stomachic and diuretic. Mutuein (Verbascum Thapsus), Flannel leaf, N.O. The mul- lein plant is a perennial herb with a tall stout single stem and a rosette of large, thick woolly radical leaves. It is a native of Europe, naturalized in the U. S. as a common, abundant, and pernicious weed. The leaves of this plant and flowers of related — species contain small amounts of gum and oil and are used as poultices, demulcents and expectorants. = es Sy = : ex = We — Gigs RS 2: Aly sed tig me ae EN ieee SN DR ar te A LA Wie Uae \ ; . 3 JE Ein 7G Byer gs = EEN PO } é 5 Whewe fn 8. WO TS sate ae Febery rie : Bere MeL oes NUE Fic. 11. Herb garden of the middle 16th century. Allegorical. In lower left corner a male mandrake (Mandragora), at the right a female mandrake The brush-like plant near the upper right corner is probably a “Dragon-tree’ (Dracacna). (After Gart der Gesundheit, Antwerp, 1533, from Arnold C. Klebs, A catalog of carly herbals. L’Art Ancien, 1925, p. 31.) (10,634) 7 i ) pay Mustarp, BLack (Brassica nigra), Brown mustard, U.S.P. The mustard plants are annuals, native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia, and largely cultivated in most temperate re- gions. It was used in early times more as a medicine than as a condiment. It is one of the most efficient rubefacients, a carmina- tive and in slight overdoses a very prompt emetic. NicHuTsHabE, Deapty (Atropa Belladonna) U.S.P. The plant is a tall perennial herb, native of Europe and sparingly introduced 202 HH into many temperate regions. medicine at the beginning of t It was introduced into European re XVI Century and its use has continued up to the present day. The attractive black berries are extremely toxic and have caused fatal cases of poisoning when — eaten by children. It is used as an anodyne in lumbago and rheu- matism, also as a carminative and in abdominal colic. The alkaloid atropine is used by oculists for dilating the pupil in examinations of the eye. In 1940 the U. S. imported 125,394 Ibs. valued at $50,309. This plant is one of the drug sources reduced seriously by the war. One commercial drug firm increased their annual acreage immediately from 50 to over 500 acres of this plant with the cooperation of the U. S. government. Oat (Avena sativa) N.F. Oats have been noted by the an- cient Greek and Roman writers; at present they are cultivated in nearly all northern temperate latitudes. Medicinally, Oat is a nutrient and to some extent a demulcent. ORANGE (Citrus aurantium var. sinensis), Sweet orange, U.S.P. The sweet orange was introduced into Europe in the XV Century by the Portugese. The Arabs are credited with the introduction of the bitter orange long before, from its home in India where a wild orange still grows. The outer colored portion of the rind is used as a confection and flavoring agent due to the volatile oil present. The dried flowers are a source of a beverage tea. Orrts Roor (/ris florentina), White flag, N.F. The rhizomes of this plant are collected and yield the so-called Orris root of com- merce. The characteristic odor resembling violets is developed during the drying and curing process. The plant is widely culti- vated for its flowers throughout Europe, being propagated by rhizome cuttings. Orris root is rarely employed in medicine, but large amounts are used in sachet powders and tooth powders. Pawpaw (Carica papaya) N.O. The pawpaw tree is native to tropical America and is cultivated in other regions for its edible fruit. The fruit is large, melon-like and when incised exudes a milky juice. This juice is carefully dried and contains a pro- teolytic enzyme known as papain. This has digestant properties similar to those of the substance bromelin found in the pineapple and to pepsin. Pepper, BLack (Piper nigrum) N.O. Black pepper has been 203 used as a spice, condiment, and stomachic remedy since earliest times. It is native to Malabar and many Islands in the Indian Ocean and is now cultivated in many tropical countries. In many cases the commercial grades as Singapore, Penang, Malabar, Acheen and Sumatra are named after the localities of origin. Pepper is used chiefly as a flavoring agent: it is a stimulant to the mucous membranes and increases the secretions of the gastro- intestinal tract. Peppermint (Mentha piperita) U.S.P. This plant is indige- nous to England and has been extensively cultivated in various parts of Europe and throughout the United States. Known to the ancient herbalists as “Mentha palustris—Peper-Mint” it was early cultivated for the distillation of its volatile oil. The plant is used in decoction as a diffusive stimulant and flavor, the presence of menthol in the volatile oil imparting a cool sensation when air is drawn into the mouth. Peppermint culture began in the U.S. in Wayne County, N. Y. State in 1820. Today it is grown com- mercially in southern Michigan and Indiana; and to a lesser ex- tent in northern Ohio. Since 1936, experimental cultivation has been developed on the muck lands of Washington, Oregon, and California. Next to turpentine, peppermint oil is the largest es- sential oil produced in volume in the United States. Between 30,000 and 40,000 acres in the U. S. yield 350,000 to 400,000 pounds annually. PokeweEeED (Phytolacca decandra), Pigeonberry, N.F. Poke- weed is one of the largest perennial herbs of the United States, growing in rich soil along roadsides and woody pastures. It must not be confused with Indian Poke or Veratrum, The American Indians used the root pounded to a pulp as a poultice. The very young shoots of pokeweed are often used as a pot-herb, like ar asparagus. The saponin present gives the drug its alterative anc emetic properties. It was formerly used in obesity but such use is not without danger. The roots, fruits, and seeds are poisonous if taken internally. Pokeweed has been used to adulterate Atropa Belladonna, the source of atropine. POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum) N.O. One of the most an- cient of oriental cultivated fruits, it has been introduced into all tropical and warm temperate regions. The fruit was held sacred 204 by the Assyrians and the Egyptians, being used as a mystical emblem and appearing on coins and on columns. It is mentioned in the Bible as one of the fruits brought back to Moses by the men sent to spy out the land of promise. The ancient Greek and Ro- man authors describe the virtues of different parts of the plant. Decoctions of the bark have been used since time immemorial for the removal of tapeworm and other intestinal parasites. Poppy, Opium (Papaver somniferum), Opium, U.S.P. The the dried exuded latex Fs capsule a the poppy is carefully incised anc constitutes the opium of commerce. The plants are cultivated in the opium producing countries, among which are Turkey, Persia, India, China, and Egypt. Seed is sown in the fall, but growth of the plants is arrested by cold and snow so that they do not flower until the following season. Many alkaloids are present, the more important being morphine and codeine. The latter is used to allay pulmonary irritation and to check coughing. Morphine depresses the activity of the entire nervous system, especially the sensory centers, and is specific for the relief of pain. Its use as a narcotic is well known. PsyLLium SEED (Plantago Psyllium), Plantain seed, N.F. Sev- eral species of the genus Plantago yield the seed used in medicine. ‘The plants are cultivated in Europe especially in Spain and France. Large amounts of seed are imported from India which produces the blond or white psyllium seed from P. ovata. The seeds are very rich in gum which swells upon contact with liquids yielding a mucilage which because of its bulk and lubricating properties acts as a mild but efficient laxative. PUMPKIN (Cucurbita Pepo) N.O. The plant is reputed to be a native of the Levant from whence it has been introduced through- out the world. The seeds contain a principle which is very effec- tive against intestinal worms, and it has aa used for this purpose. Ruvupars (Rhewm palmatum) U.S.P. also known as Rhubarb root. It grows in China and Thibet from which countries it has been exported since the earliest times. It is mentioned in Chinese herbals dating from 2700 B.C. Highly valued in European coun- tries during the Middle Ages, it was one of the very costly drugs, worth 12 times the price of benzoin, 10 times as much as cinnamon, more costly than opium, and 6 times as dear as fine myrrh. The 205 common garden rhubarb or pie plant R. rhaponticum is a botanical relative. The medicinal rhubarb is one of the best bitter tonics and laxative drugs in materia medica. Rosemary (fosmarinus officinalis) N.O. Rosemary is a na- tive of the countries surrounding the Mediterranean, being exten- sively cultivated for its beauty and fragrance. The parts used in medicine are the flowering tops which have a powerful diffusive camphoraceous odor due to the volatile oil. It is a stimulant, carminative, and diaphoretic, and is much used in perfumery. Al- though the crude drug is not official, the oil, Olewm Rosmarini, U.S.P. is official. SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius), False saffron, N.OQ. An- nual, cultivated in India and Mexico for the drug market where it is known as American saffron. It is used as a coloring agent and also to some extent in dyeing and rouge-making. In domestic practice the hot infusion is often employed as a diaphoretic. nae eat) y 2 i aie ™ Wf Fr iT pe — Fic. 12. Ancient distillation, pictured (fancifully in all probability) as taking place in a garden where, besides the two apothecaries, two women are engaged in gathering medicinal plants. From Hermann Peters, Pictorial History of Ancient Pharmacy. English translation by William Netter. Chicago, 1889. (10,602) — 206 SAGE, GARDEN (Salvia officinalis) N.I. Sage has been used by the herbalists since ancient times. It is native to Southern Europe and is now cultivated in all temperate climates for use as a condi- ment or medicine. The ancients used a preparation of sage to darken the hair. Medicinally it has stomachic and tonic proper- ties, is distinctly anthelmintic and a mild diuretic. It makes an efficient gargle in mild cases of laryngitis. SAVIN (Juniperus Sabina) N.O. This plant is indigenous to middle and southern Europe, Siberia and the northern part of North America. It has been used in veterinary medicine since the Norman Conquest, and is also mentioned in the early domestic “leech books.” Charlemagne ordered that it should be planted on the imperial farm. It has been used as an emmenagogue, diuretic, diaphoretic, and anthelmintic; but in overdoses it is extremely irri- tant and has produced fatal results. Due to its action upon the uterus it has been used in illegal medicine to induce abortion. SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata) U.S.P. A common perennial of Europe, Asia, and North America and found in most of the tem- perate regions of the world. It has been cultivated since early medieval times and is included in the old “Herbals” under the title “Spere Mynte.” Mediecinally its use depends upon a volatile oil which is a popular flavor, and is also carminative and stimulant. Spearmint constitutes 10 per cent of the annual mint crop of the SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) N.O. This well known plant is a native of South America and is extensively cultivated in this country on account of its beautiful brilliant yellow flowers. The seeds are used because of the fixed oil present, and which may be obtained by expression. Preparations of the seed have diuretic and expectorant properties. Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) N.O. Tansy is a perennial herb of Europe and Asia, and thoroughly naturalized in the United States. The entire plant is medicinal. It has an unpleasant, aro- matic odor and a strong, pungent, and bitter taste, which is due to the volatile oil. ‘Tansy has been used as a stomachic, tonic, em- menagogue, and diaphoretic. The volatile oil has been used as a diuretic and also as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms, particularly in children. 20% TuoroucHwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum), Boneset, N.F. One of the commonest and most abundant perennial herbs of the eastern and central United States. It grows in low meadows but not where the ground is actually wet. In the form of the infusion of tea it was very popular with the early settlers as a diaphoretic and bitter tonic. The aborigines employed several species of Eu- patorium for the same purposes. THyME, GARDEN (Thymus vulgaris) N.F. The plant is a small perennial herb, native to southern Europe and is extensively cultivated both as a condiment and drug. It contains a volatile oil which yields thymol, a phenolic substance much used in the treatment of hookworm. The herb is used as a flavoring agent and condiment, as a carminative and antispasmodic, particularly in whooping cough. Torsacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) N.O. The tobacco plant is a tall annual, native to the warmer parts of North America. It is cultivated today in all parts of the world which have a suitable climate. The Spaniards carried it to Europe on their return from discovering America, and it was first brought to England in 1586 by Sir Walter Raleigh. The drug has been used as a sedative, di- uretic, and expectorant. The poisonous symptoms are frequently exhibited by those who smoke for the first time, the effects being not unlike those of seasickness. The alkaloid nicotine is much used as an insecticide in various plant sprays. VALERIAN (Jaleriana officinalis) N.¥. The dried rhizome and roots of this plant contain a strong smelling volatile oil which is developed during the drying and curing process. [formerly this odor was appreciated as a perfume but now is considered exceed- ingly unpleasant. It has been used as a stimulant and antispas- modic in nervous conditions, and also as a carminative. Wanoo (Enonymus atropurpureus), Burning Bush, N.F. A large shrub or a small tree growing abundantly throughout the eastern and central United States. The bark of the root was one of the staple remedies of the aborigines. Medicinally it acts much like podophyllum as a tonic laxative and is useful in overcoming chronic constipation. WorMSEED, AMERICAN (Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthel- minticum) N.O. The plant is an aromatic perennial herb growing 208 in waste places in almost all parts of the United States. The value of the drug as an anthelmintic was established many generations ago, and today the volatile oil of the plant is widely used for the expulsion of intestinal worms. It is particularly effective against roundworms and for hookworm. Wormwoop (Artemisia absinthium) N.O. The perennial herb is native of southern Europe and adjacent Asia and, through culti- vation, has become widely distributed. The plant has been used in domestic medicine as a stomachic and anthelmintic, similarly as in tansy and wormseed. It 1s diaphoretic and diuretic and in alco- holic beverages has pronounced narcotic properties. A Sort LIST OF WORKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE BROOKLYN BoTANic GARDEN DEALING WITH THE EARLY USE OF PLANTS IN MEDICINE 3y WILLIAM I, JorDAN, LIBRARIAN ARBER, AGNES. Herbals, their origin and evolution, a chapter in the history of botany, 1470-1670. Cambridge, University press, G THe BapIANUS MANUSCRIPT ... An Aztec herbal of 1552. In- troduction, translation and annotations by Emily Walcott /Em- mart... Baltimore, Johns Hopkins press, 1940. GREENE, EDWARD Lee. Landmarks of botanical history. Wash- ington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution, 1909. (Chapter I: The Rhizotomi, p. 45-51.) LAWALL, CHarLes Hersert. The curious lore of drugs anc —_ medicines; (four thousand years of pharmacy). Garden City, N. Y., Garden City Publishing Company, 1927. PETERS, HERMANN. Pictorial history of ancient pharmacy ; with sketches of early medical practice . . . translated from the Ger- man, and revised, with numerous additions by Dr. William Net- ter. Chicago, G. P. Engelhard, 1889. Rowve, ELEANOUR SINCLAIR. The old “nglish herbals. London, mH Longmans, Green and Co., 1922. ScHMIDT, ALFRED. Drogen und Drogenhandel im Altertum. 2d ed. Leipzig, J. A. Barth, 1927. 209 SINGER, CHARLES. From magic to science. New York, Boni and Liveright, 1928. (Chapter 4: Early English magic and medi- cine, Chapter 5: Early herbals, p. 133-198. ) SINGER, CHARLES. Studies in the history and method of science. Vol. 2. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1921. (Chapter 1: Greek biology and its relation to the rise of modern biology, p. 1-101.) Norte: In addition to the above listed works the library has a collection of early herbals and other works including those by Bock, Brunfels, Coles, Culpeper, Dodoens, Fuchs, Gerarde, Lobel, Mat- tioli, Porta, Theophrastus, and others. A description of these is contained in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 1935, “Books and manuscripts illustrating the history of botany.” The library also has the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary, as well as other modern works on medicinal plants. 7 _ a . § = a 7 a { 7 7 - : | 4 ‘- : 7 ar, , 4 e - * a Soe. : eae aa - : THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824. REINCORPORATED, 1890 Aprtan VAN SINDEREN, President. Evwarp C. Blum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE—MAin 2-4433 THE BROOKLYN gue digas CENTRAL MUSEUM—EASTERN PARKWAY—NEvins 8-500 CHILDREN’S MUSEU mie N ee AND PARK eTaG E Rospect 38-7117 MEMBERSHIP 1are ee invited to become a member of one or all of the qe Brook The annual fee in each oO al, — at) = 5 ~ — oO S bart wn o) rh i te 3 — aj n ct oO for twelve months from the time it is taken out THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free admis- sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion pictures, young people’s programs, field trips, etc. Also: reduced rates for special courses and programs ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Chairman, Governing Committee. Jutrus Broom, Director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. Also: docent services, privileges of library and herbarium, free publications, advice on all aspects of gardening, distribution of surplus plant material, and visiting membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. Miss Hitpa Lornes, Chairman, Governing Committee. Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Director. THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses, phonograph records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services. so: five ee eee free of charge and other Museum publications at reduced pr Water H. CRITTENDEN, Chairman, Governing Committee. LAURANCE P. Ropers, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, school ceremonies, dances, and other event Wittram T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. Hersert T. Swin, Building Superintendent. il PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages, and carrying on funds ern investigations. Members of the Garden have the. opportunity of furthering these aims. Special membership privileges are also offered as follows: — Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, involving methods of culture, and control of insect and fungous pests. The naming of botanical specimens submitted for determina- tl an ion. eae distribution of surplus ornamental plant material and seeds. fans for self and friends to the Annual Spring Inspec- pe and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of admission o all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the ee public, and to receptions; admission of member anc one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. Services of a guide (by appointment) for self and party, when visiting the Garden. Free tuition in all courses of instruction, except that in labora- tory courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, etc a => The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues pub- lications of general horticultur al interest, and technical papers vased upon the researches Fact on at the Garden. Special Guides to the plantations and collections, Leaflets of popular 1n- Seer je the quarterly Record, w hich includes the Annual Report 1e Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater Ney v York are offer ed to our members when they are te other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden membership card. ae oO — = iii CLUB MEMBERSHIPS For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the Garden in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follows: Annual Memberships——Garden Clubs or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to individual annual members and to represen the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days” and the annual Spring Inspection in May. ing privileges: Cle The Club may also have the follow1 a. The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. o parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club. One extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden supplies, on request, a list of staff members avail- able for outside lectures. Arrangements will be facilitated if the Club will, with each request, designate at least two names. One member of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-mem- bers. In Laboratory Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. Ss y Sustaining Memberships—Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars. Sustaining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mural lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. iv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. ‘T’his does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: jad} Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 3erkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass Boston Society of Natural History, fcc. Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. California Academy of Sciences, San F rancisco, Calif. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, — Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloommeld Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill. Los Angeles Museum, Los Ang eles. Calif. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, — Loui Newark Museum, Newark, New York State Museum, ieee No ox Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif pray Vv CEASSES* OF MEMBERS EER. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... Ze 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 4 elnite aby Ole payanentcOh = cai. oo ar - 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 6Donor by,oue payment of 2.22475 235 10,000 7 battons Dy.0ne payilent Ol qa he.anee 25,000 &. Benefactor, by-one payment of <2 4.25: 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. ‘Telephone, Main 2-4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. vi FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, ane same to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Se eee Brooklyn, Y 3, the: SUMO cas sos pdenenee Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be ee err ie for scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. panrr the eddeadonal anc Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship hereby give, peat and — to The nies: Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum © eh ahead tatetad Dagon Jollars, the income from which sum to be iieed in the payment of a ee ship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the eae or a tea eres eNa aden dh cctradoh Wh pte nde ealsant qetancuns fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used (or the income aks ae to be used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * 8 Ae AE ESE RRR 8 eRe OSB ay Bg ete, ww ay Be Rinses re Nea ease kere See gs Rien ap pawl wae we hie a Kerns ece pra ee ew nece * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: : Botanical research. fe eine the results of botanical research. 3. The endowment of special gardens and collections. 4. The Library. 5. The Herbarium 6. Extending and Spree our work of public education. he purchase and c eeue of plants, 8. Popular botanical publicati 9, Illustrations for ea aed lectures. 10. The beautifying of the grounds Vil THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY THe Brook_tyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It 1s supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, ights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. Certain salaries are paid, in whole or in part, from private funds. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase with private funds all publications for the library, all specimens for the her- barium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items. These collections, available without charge for public use, are the property of the Trustees. The interest on One Million Dollars at the rate of 3.5 per cent, added to the present private funds income, would restore that in- come to the 1930 figure. The director will be glad to give full information as to the uses for which such additional income is needed. — Vill REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on paths or walks. . Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (MAin 2-4433). The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT TuHirD VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON TREASURER CRETAR EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY porn GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Cheer PHILIP A. BENSON, Vice-Chmn. LTER HAMMITT eee a BLUM, Ee officio Ee T. HUNTER GR: WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD LEWIS L. FAWCET ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUD ANDREW J. GONNOU DONALD G. C. SINCLAIR ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Ex officto EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tue FoLLow1nG OFFICIALS OF THE CITY oF NEw YorK THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MemBERSHIP.—AIlI persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy spe- formation concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brook- lyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Pierre Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Main mee E BoraNic GARDEN is open free to mg eel daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Siac and Holidays it is open at 10 a Gr —On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard a near Mt. Prospect_ Park; on Washington eee south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Bui ain The street eneauce to the Lee Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite Crown ST Mises and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may tie obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. rrangements m be made y application to the Curator of Public Soe eate at least one ie ce advance. No parties of less ree six adults will be con H THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) onan to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush vem: trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, r s Avenue trolley to Flatbush Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Ster- ling Place and Wa ton Avenue; Union Street or McDonald-Vanderbilt Avenue trolley to Prospec rk Plaza and Union Street. By AutTomosiLe from pos on Long Island take Eastern Parkway west and turn left at Washington Aven from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension a Flatbush venus to Eastern Parkway, follow the Parkway to Washington Avenue, then turn right BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative Eeaesien) issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; bimont thly Oe 1932); quarterly (1933-). Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special saya educational Prospectus, sae, List, ee _Subseripton, $1.00 a mbers specially priced. Circulates in 59 co EMOI ee Established, ae 1918. Published i Not offered in exchange. Circulates in 48 cou Ss. Volume I. Dedication oe 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the nares building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk. By Norman Taylor. 1923. 108 pages. $1.00 Volume III. Nemereen of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60. Volume IV. y-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 years of progress in seen HRCA 5 papers on horticulture. 1936. 133 pages. $1. 35. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. Papers originally published in peri- odicals, reissued as “separates” without change of paging. mamaber® constitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 coun No. 95. Breeding work toward the development of a ae oe of blight- resistant chestnut: Report for 1940. By Arthur Harmount Graves. 8 pages. 1941. No. 96. Inheritance oor smut resistance in hybrids of Navarro oats. By George M. Reed. 7 page No. 97. Breeding oe toward the development of a timber type of blight- resistant chestnut: Report for 1941. By Arthur Harmount Graves. 5 page a EAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or ee during April, May, June, September, and October. Contain popular, elementary information about pant life for teachers and others; also announcements oer ing flowering and other be nt activities to be seen ve the selena near the date of issue. Free members the Garden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. euachintes in 28 countries. Teteeqsent since : DES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Recorp; see above. uide No. 10. Gardens within a garden: A general guide to the grounds gy ale Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Second Edition. 57 pages; 21 ef pustieHons Folded tuart Gager. Price. 25 cents; by mail, 30 cen Guide No. ee List of shrubs. Out of print. Guide No. Lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Classification, Cultiva- tion, aoc 34 pages; 14 illustrations. By Alfred ga Montague Free and George M. Reed. Price, 25 cents; by mail, 30 cen Guide No. 13. Trees in the Brooklyn Botanic en 53 pages; 9 sabes tions. By Alfred Gundersen and Arthur H. Graves. Price, by ma ail, 30 c Guide No. 14. The local flora section (native wild flower garden) oe a Brooklyn Botanic aaa 27 pages, 18 illustrations. By Henry K. Svenson. Price, by mail, 3 No. 15. ae Herb Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 42 p 2 illustrations and map. By an an Remsen Van Brunt and Virginia Riddle Svenson. Price, by mail, 30 cen SEED LIST (Delectus ee Established, December, 1914. Tempo- rarily suspended since 1940. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the Ecorocicat Society or America. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries. NETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in cooperation with GENETICS, INCORPORATED. Subscription; $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD No. OCTOBER 1943 a VoL. XXXII PROSPECTUS -1944 1943 VicTORY GARDEN COURSES INCLUDING PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Directo MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Garden s, Kew, THorncultunt ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator aE Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de Université (earthy Curator of Plants aE. JORDAN, B.S., Libra HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Curator of the Herbariu MARGARET M. DORWARD A. B., Assistant “Curator of ‘Blementiey: Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Oriental Gardening and aes Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Archite ELIZABETH REMSEN VAN BRUNT, Honorary Curator of Canary Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MICHALENA LEFRERE ee imeery Instructor ELSIE TWEMLOW HAM ; . Instructor ES M. MINER, M.A., In HESTER M. RUSK Instructor , AM.,, Instru MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistan L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., "Ph.D., Research outa LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant + EDNA PALMITIER SCHACHT , Acting Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistant oe anlee Cage HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer A. CLAY, Stenographer S Bot y¥oG@ Ry} LEY, Stenographer Published Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, tee by the Brooklyn enuute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Entered as second-class m er r Ap ut ne pies ee at “a post: office at ee ister, Pa:z; er a ugust 2 Absent on U. S. Government duty, from April 1, 1942. THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824. REINCORPORATED, 1890 ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, President. Epwarp C. BLum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE—MAin 24433 THE nei MUSEUM CENTRAL MUSEUM—EASTERN PARKWAY—NEvins 8-5000 CHILDREN’S MUSEUM—B BS oN Ee AND PARK PLACE —PRospect 3-711 MEMBERSHIP You are cordially invited to bec come a member of one or all of the our choice and partial privileges in the other two. Membership runs for twelve months from the time it is taken out THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members ee ee sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion pictures, ung people’s pr ee field trips, etc. Also: reduced rates for See nee and prograr ADRIAN VAN aoe Chairman, Governing Committee. Juttus Broom, Director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. lso membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. Miss Hitpa LoInes, Chairman, Governing Committee. Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Director. THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission o Museum courses, phonograph records and prints from its lending libraries, oe docent servi Also: five Museum publications free of charge and r Museum publications at reduced prices. WALTER H. CRITTENDEN, Chairman, Governing Committee. LauRANCE P. Roserts, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, school ceremonies, dances, and other events. Wittram T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. UERBERT T. Swin, Building Superintendent. il PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages, and carrying on fundamental investigations. Members or tt S — . N = he Garden have the opportunity of fur thering these aims. pecial membership privileges are also offered as follows: Advice on the choice and care of eee trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, involving methods of culture, id control of insect and fungous pests a naming of botanical specimens submitted for determina- tion. eee distribution of surplus ornamental plant material and s 4. Taniiatons for self and friends to the Annual Spring Inspec- SS 2 - —e S tion, and to spring and fall “Flower Days” ; cards of admission | exhibitions and openings preceding ae adinission of the general public, and to receptions ; gue sion of member and one guest to field trips and other cientific meetings under Gar den auspices, at the Garden or eee Services of a ae (by appointment) for self ‘and party, when visiting the 1 Free tuition in al courses of instruction, except that in labora- tory courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, etc. . The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time. As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical papers based upon the researches carried on at the Garden. Special Guides to the plantations and collections, Leaflets of ere in- formation, and the quarterly Record, ibis includes the Annual Report of the Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. Membership privileges in other oe a dens and museums outside of eee New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden membership card. iil CLUB MEMBERSHIPS For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has beeii adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the mee in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follo Annual Memberships.—Garden Clubs or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the oard of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden fu actions, including “Flower Days” ead pe annual Spring eee eee in he Club may also ae the following privileges : a. The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. No partie of less than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club. ne extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden supplies, on request, a list of staff members avail- able for outside lecture Arrangements will ie facilitated if the Club will, with each request, designate at least two names . One member of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-mem- bers. In Laboratory Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. cy Sustaining Memberships —Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- pe arcane fee of Twenty-five Dollars. istaining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual evbersbis; not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mural lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. iV OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, eae Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springnele, Mas Boston Society of Natural History, pouen Mass. Buffalo Museum of Iam Buffalo, N. Y ae Academy of Sciences, Sai Fea neanon Calif, Carnegie Museum, Cedene gh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C, Cranbrook Institute of Science, rit we Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Iairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Iield Museum of Natural History, Chichso. Tl. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Massachusetts Horticultural Socican Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical hoa , St. Louis, Mead Museum, Newa New York State ea. Albany, Ney. Peabody Museum of Archaeology aiid Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Vv CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1, Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 4: (Lite; by one payment ofew.-se «cota, 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 6. Donor, by one payment of ........... 10,000 7. Patron, by one payment of .......... 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, . Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Main 2-4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. V1 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN 30TANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and acre to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. the vsuit Ol eraat see eee Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used exclusively for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts ind Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of............-. Dollars, as an a ment for a curatorship in the eer Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the ests of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) ite ah Form of Bequest for a Fellowship [ hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn epewtate of Arts and Sciences, ee N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellowship oe advanced botanical ee in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the EWM Ea set ets RSI a DM a ANMEN caulycs aA lh sean eae Mie naan e ey fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............- Dollars, to be used (or the income from which iS be used) eae the Brooklyn oun Garden * ee GAGS aera Be Nae Be RSE ee 8 ie ie €- Silas eee Ree heise Mera. -ws 61007 e: Oe Sele Bp etece (eee 9 9918 8 els 102886 RE 8 ake FRR BR Ue Parr ae See Par ces Bet ae ae eee dee tt eee ee Se RC te ee oc eee Tg as tt fe Jae ee * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. ee research, 2) ke the results of botanical research. 3. The endowment of special gardens and collections. 4. a Libr 5. The ee 6. Extending and enriching our work of public education. 7. The purchase and oe of plants. 8. Popular clio nae publica 9. Illustrations for publications on lectures. 10. The eae of the grounds, Vil THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY Tue Brooktyn Boranic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks, The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. Certain salaries are paid, in whole or in part, from private funds. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase with private funds all publications for the library, all specimens for the her- barium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items. These collections, available without charge for public use, are the property of the Trustees. The interest on One Million Dollars at the rate of 3.5 per cent, added to the present private funds income, would restore that in- come to the 1930 figure. The director will be glad to give full information as to the uses for which such additional income is — needed. Vill REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. rtists, and the public in general, may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (MAin 2-4433). a ae ag - oe oe View in one of our Victory Gardens, showing beets, carrots, parsnips, and Swiss chard. (10711). BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXII OCTOBER, 1943 No. 4 PROSPECTUS: 1943-1944 COURSES - OF INSERUGHION Courses for adults and children are classified in the following pages as follows: lor members and the general public: Victory garden courses (‘‘V” courses, p. 213) Regular courses (““A” courses, p. 216) For teachers (“B” courses, p. 218) For children (“‘C” courses, p. 220) For special groups (“D” courses, p. 221) Investigation (“E” courses, p. 221) Any course may be withdrawn when less than ten persons apply for registration. Registration.—Because of the limited space available in the instructional greenhouses, and for other reasons, the number of persons that can be registered in many of the courses must be limited. Those who desire to attend any course are urged to send in their applications, with entrance fees, to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance of the first meeting. This — avoids delay at the beginning of the first session, ensures a place in the course, and enables the instructor to provide adequate mate- rial for the class. Persons are requested not to register in any course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend the sessions regularly and throughout. This is especially important where the number is limited; for it is obvious that those who register and do not attend may deprive someone else of the privilege of attending. V and A Courses.—Although these courses are designed primarily for Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (un- rata 212 less otherwise specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teachers are welcome. Starred courses (*) are open also for credit to students of Long Island University, and are de- scribed in the current Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agreement entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon recommendation of the Chairman of the Biology Department of Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one student of the University. A similar arrangement has been made with Brooklyn College. (Cf. p. 216, foot-note. ) INDEXED [List oF COURSES Date of aS as Meet Page Adults’ Courses Flowers, Wild Pull year, arternnOon. oh scc0iseas es ee Ree waseeemepie. 2e 10s 220 Silber Venn. oy cs ee heeee cede teem \pril 24 217 Spring, Saturday afternoon... ¢.iss vars ead April 29 217 Gardening Garden Practice, full year, afternoon, teachers ONY wots aes eee weeds oi ees sept. 21 219 Gardening for Food and Vitamins, spring, morn- ING 4s ohne areas AM eee eee Bee age eee March 2 216 Gardening: for Park Department Employ COS se ieee Ae ea! 221 Gardening for Victory, — morning......... March 3 216 Herbs, Culinary, spring, morning.............. March 7 215 Horticulture and Gardening, Elements of, teachers only, full year, afternoon. .......... 02200008 Se 22 219 Information Please, spring, Saturday afternoon. pein 4 215 The Small Vegetable and Flower Garden, spring, PA OLNING 6s deve hin ho ha ae eranes eee Feb. 23 215 Your Garden This Fall, morning............... Oct. 4 213 Gardens within a Garden, spring, afternoon.........: \pril 11 218 Greenhouse Courses Gardening for Food and Vitamins, spring, morn- MAG eo wkd co ana sos ees doe ee eee a a ee March 2 216 Greenhouse Work, teachers only, full year, after- MOONS ath pone cco en Ae fe eh nee eee Oct. 5 219 Herbs, Culinary, spring, morning .............. March 7 215 Horticulture and Gardening, EF cae of, teachers only, full year, afternoon. vo Mid’ spe eDepee 22 219 House Plants: fall aMOr nine cts ace ala ee aeINOV inet S 214 Plant Culture, teachers only, full year, afternoon.Oct, 21 220 The Small Vegetable and F (oaree Garden, spring, MLOLMIUG Shs Fotos so na eae aes feb. 23 215 7k) Date of First Meeting Page Adults’ Courses (continued) e ilinary, spring, morning.................. March 7 215 House Plants, fall, morning ..........0.0.......... Nov. 3 214 Investigation Xesearch in Mycology and Plant Pathology................. 222 Researehenulonest Patio acy 2. rieu weet eat arlene 222, esearch in the Systematic ee of the Flowering Plants... 222 Research in the Structure of Flowers.................2.04-. 222 Jellies, Jams, and Preserves...-...............005. Sept. 27 214 Lilacs in Flower, spring, afternoon................. May 2 218 MedicinalRlants for: Nurses-in=) raininos 2 eu oe woe ton ae ae Qt. Relations of Plants to Mankind, winter, morning....Feb. 14 214 Shrubs, Ornamental, fall, afternoon. .......0..0.... Oct. 18 217 Teachers’ Courses Garden Practice, full year, afternoon........... Sept. 21 219 Greenhouse Work, full year, afternoon.......... Oct. 5 219 Horticulture and Gardening, Bene of, full al ral LeGUOOMmemeera tA. acer nana t api eeenie Sept. 22 219 Plant Culture, full year, afternoon. ............ Oct. 211 220 Projects for the Activity Program, fall, afternoon. Oct. 7 219 Trees and Shrubs, full year, Saturday afternoon. Oct. 2 220 Wild Flowers and Ferns, Field and Laboratory Study, full year, afternoon,............... Sept. 23 216 Trees, spring, alternoonpeeeeee es. 2 April. 10 217 Trees and Shrubs Fall, or full year, Saturday afternoon........... Oct. 2 216, 220 Spring, or full year, Saturday afternoon.........April 15 217,220 For Park Department Employees.......................00. 221 Tropical Plants Important in the War Effort, winter, AlteKNOON se eh eee en eo re Re ee Jan. 12 214 d Flowers ug Ferns (see Flowers, Wild) Children’ s Cours Fall, ee or out, Saturday cece Ret hot 2 Oct. 16 220 Winter, indoors, Saturday morning................. Jan. 15 220 Spring, indoors, Saturday morning................. Feb. 26 221 Outdoor Gardenia, woken tee erent ee toe ot April 22 221 V. Victory Garden Courses For Members and the General Public FALu V1. Your Garden This Fall.—Five Mondays, 10:30 a.m., October 4 to November 1. Getting ready for next year’s Victory Garden. Soil improvement by means of cover crops; fall planting 214 for early vegetables; pruning; propagating; planting useful and ornamental trees and shrubs; dormant spraying; putting the garden to bed. No fee. Mr. Free. V4. House Plants.—/ive Wednesdays, 10:30 a.m., Novem- ouse plants for decoration and interest. —— ber 3 to December 1. | How to make them thrive. Raising new plants, which become the property of class members. Instruction in potting, making cut- tings, mixing soils, etc. On account of limited space in the green- houses, this class must be limited to 50 persons. Registration ac- cording to the order of application. Fee to non-members, $5 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. Mr. Free, V13. Jellies, Jams, and Preserves.—One demonstration, Monday, September 27, 10:30 aan. to 12 m. Actual processes shown. No fee. Mrs. H. K. Svenson. WINTER V7. Relations of Plants to Mankind.—Siv Mondays, 10:30 am., February 14 to March 20. A series of lectures on plants and plant uses of vital importance to human beings. No fee. February 14. Beverages around the World. Dr. Cheney. February 21. Poison Ivy and Other Skin-Irritating Plants. Miss Rusk. February 28. Wheat, Rice, and Corn. Dr. Reed. March 6. The Strange History of Quinine and Malaria. Dr. Svenson. March 13. Wood, the Modern Miracle Material. Dr. Graves. March 20. The History of Common Vegetables in the Vic- tory Garden. Miss Dorward. V22. Tropical Plants Important in the War Effort.—Svr Wednesdays, 3 pan. January 12 to february 16. Guided tours through the Conservatories of the Botanic Garden, with informal, non-technical talks on plants there which are important economi- cally or of especial interest at the present time. fee to non- gnembers, $1. 215 January 12. Rubber and Gum Plants. January 19. Beverage Plants. January 26 and February 2. Food Plants. February 9. Fiber Plants. February 16. Medicinal Plants, Dr. Graves, Miss Rusk. SPRING “Information Please.”—Oue session, Saturday, March 4, 2:30 pam. An hour of consultation for those who are planning their 1944 Victory Garden. Bring your garden problems. No fee. Mr. Free. V3. Herbs: How to Grow and Use Them.—Six Tuesdays, 10:30 aa., March 7 to April 11, Lectures and practical work in the greenhouses. Plants raised become the property of class mem- bers. Fee to non-members, $5 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. poe March 7. Planning the Herb Garden. Miss Van Brunt. Match 145. Jeecture: Herb Culture: Miss Van Brunt. Greenhouse Work: Starting Herbs from = Cut- tings. Miss Dorward. March 21. The Use of Herbs in Cooking. Practical Dem- onstrations. Mrs. H. K. Svenson. March 28. Lecture: The History of Herbs. Miss Van Brunt. sreenhouse Work: Starting Herbs from Seed. Miss Dorward. April 4. Harvesting and Drying Herbs. Miss Van Brunt. April 11. Lecture: Planting the Herb Garden. Miss Van Brunt. Greenhouse Work: Potting up Rooted Cuttings ; Pricking out Seedlings. Miss Dorward. V8. The Small Vegetable and Flower Garden.—live Wednesdays, 10:30 am., February 23 to March 22. The prepara- tion of soil, pruning of roses, raising of seedlings; greenhouse and practical work in pricking. Class limited to 45 persons. Fee to 216 non-members, $6 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 lab- oratory fee. Miss Shaw, Miss Dorward, Miss Clarke. V10. Gardening for Food and Vitamins.—Siv Thursdays, 10:30 am., March 2 to April 6. Getting the most from a small plot by companion and succession cropping. Soil improvement and maintenance of fertility. Seed sowing, indoors and out; thin- ning; cultivating; harvesting and storing. Vegetables which usu- ally are raised under glass are started by class members, who have the privilege of keeping the young plants thus raised. Largely seeing and doing. Limited to 50 Des Fee to non-members, $5 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. Mr. Free. Vil. Gardening for Victory.—/ive Iridays, 10:30) a.m., March 3 to 31. Wow to brighten your surroundings and_ raise food economically, The cultivation of easy-to-raise vegetables and flowers, especially in small gardens. Lectures and demonstrations. No fee. Mr. free, Miss Dorward, A. Regular Courses for Members and the General Public FALy *AS. Trees and Shrubs in Winter.—Ten Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 2 to December 4. Outdoor lessons, in the Botanic Garden and in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition. The habits, requirements as to soil, etc., and the use of various species in landscape art are also discussed. Fee to non- members, $3. The first session will be held at the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. Dr. Graves, *A18. Wild Flowers and Ferns: Field and Laboratory Study.—Vlurty Thursdays, 4 lo 6 p.m., beginning September 23. A series of two-hour sessions for those who wish to become better acquainted with wild flowers. Field and laboratory work are dis- tributed according to the weather, the season, and the needs of the class. The field work is done in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. * All starred courses are open for university or college credit to per ae f Long Island University and Brooklyn College. See pages 212 and 2 217 In the laboratory, plants are studied for flower structure and family relationships, compared and identified, and mounted as permanent specimens. Fresh plants are pressed during the growing season ; —_ dried and preserved plants are used in the winter. ee to noi- members, $8 (including laboratory fee) ; to members, $3 laboratory fee. Miss Rusk. A31. Ornamental Shrubs.—Five Mondays, 3:30 p.m., Octo- ber 18 to November 15. Outdoor trips in the Botanic Garden, to study the common species and varieties of cultivated shrubs, em- phasizing those desirable for planting on the home grounds. — Fall flowers and fruits of ornamental shrubs and small trees, also ever- green shrubs, are considered. Fee to non-members, $1.50. Mr. Doney. SPRING A8. Trees in the Botanic Garden.—Hight Mondays, 3:45 to 5 p.m., April 10 to May 29. Outdoor meetings in the Botanic Garden to study more than 100 species of trees, native and culti- vated, growing in the Garden, including their economic uses and value in landscape art. [ee to non-members, $2.50. Dr. Graves, Dr. Gundersen. *AQ. Trees and Shrubs in Spring and Summer.—TJen Sat- urdays, 2:30 pan., April 15 to June 17. Outdoor lessons in the Botanic Garden and in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. Similar to A5, except that the different species are studied in their spring and summer conditions. Fee to non-members, $3. Dr. Graves. All. Wild Flowers and Ferns: Field Course.—Siv Satir- days, 2:30 pan., April 29 to June 3. Trips in the Botanic Garden and in the woodlands near the City, for field identification of flowers and ferns of spring and early summer. Lee to non- — members, $2. First meeting at the Botanic Garden. Miss Rusk. Al12. Wild Flowers and Ferns in the Botanic Garden.— Eight Monday evenings, 6:30 to 8, April 24 to June 12. Visits to the Wild Flower Garden of the Botanic Garden, where a large proportion of our most attractive native plants are growing. No rough walking. Fee to non-members, $2.50. Miss Rusk. 218 A37. Lilacs in Flower.—lour Tuesdays, 4:45 to 6 pan., May 2,9, 16, and June 6, and one Thursday to be arranged. Five out- door lessons. The comprehensive collection of the Garden affords opportunity for the study of about twenty species and some two hundred of the finest varieties of lilacs. In the last lesson, culture and propagation are taken up; cuttings, which become the property of those taking the course, are prepared for rooting. Fee to ion- members, $2. Dr. Gundersen, Mr. Free, Miss Clarke. A44. Gardens within a Garden.—Seven Tuesdays, 4 p.m., April 11, 18, 25, May 2, 16, 23, and June 6. A series of trips in the Botanic Garden, designed especially for Members of the Gar- den and of the Institute, to enable them to become acquainted with the general plan of the Botanic Garden and the nature of the vari- ous special gardens, as well as to see the various floral displays when they are at their best. The schedule of individual trips will be announced later. No fee. Dr. Graves and others. FLOWER DAYS To afford an opportunity to members to see the various floral features of the Garden and the special outdoor collections when they are at their best, the following “Flower Days” have been observed, and will be held according to postcard announcements. Fach event will be in charge of a specialist on the particular flower concerned. Apple and Cherry Blossom Day. Dr. Reed, Lilac Day. Dr. Gundersen. Iris Day. Dr. Reed, Wild Flower Garden Day. Dr. Svenson. Annual Rose Garden Day. Mr. Free, Mr. Tilley. Tall Rose Garden Day. Mr. Free, Mr. Tilley. Herb Garden Day. Mr. Free. Chrysanthemum Day. Nit. Pree B. Courses for Teachers These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education of New York City for “in-service credit,” one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the exception of “B8, Plant Culture’). 219 Through an agreement with Long Island University, undergrad- uate credit for certain courses will be allowed toward fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the admission re- quirements at the University and the laboratory requirements at the Botanic Garden have been fulfilled. Such courses are starred (*). By special arrangement with the institution concerned, these credits have also been used as undergraduate credits in other col- leges and universities. Long Island University students desirous jos of electing any of these or of the other courses should notify Dean Tristram W. Metcalfe or Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, who will give the candidate a card entitling him to admission to the course. The student should present this card at the beginning of the first session of the course. B2. Projects for the Activity Program.—Fifteen Thursdays, 4 pan, beginning October 7. Nodal centers of interest in the field of plant life will be chosen to work out in the laboratories and greenhouses, such as can be carried out in the classroom with groups of students. Two credits. ee to non-members, $5; members, $2 laboratory fee. Miss Shaw, Miss Hammond, Miss Carroll. B3. Elements of Horticulture and Gardening.—7hirty Wednesdays, 4 pan., beginning September 22. For teachers only. This course is especially recommended by the Board of Education. Garden work outdoors and in the greenhouse. Taking up plants, making cuttings, propagation by different methods, study of. soils. How to plan the Victory garden; raising seedlings. Limited to 60. Two Goa (No students admitted for a half-year of work.) Fee to non-members, $8 (including laboratory fee); to members, $5 laboratory fee. Miss Shaw, Miss Dorward. B5. Garden Practice.—For teachers only. Offered as Na- ture-Garden Science, in conjunction with the Board of [Education. For details see Board of Education Announcement of Courses. Mr. Marvin M, Brooks, Miss Shaw, Miss Miner. B7. Greenhouse Work.—Turty Tuesdays, 4 p.mn., beginning October 5. Designed for those teachers who have completed B3 to continue study of indoor culture of plants. Lectures, demon- strations and practical greenhouse work on propagating and grow- ing many different types of flowering and foliage house plants. 220 Two credits. /ee to non-members, $8 (tucluding laboratory fee) ; to members, $5 laboratory fee. Miss Dorward, Bs. Plant Culture —7wenty Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 21. A course for those who have completed B3 and B/7. All work is « fda one in the greenhouses. No Board of Education credit. Fee to non-members, $8 (including laboratory fee); to members, $5 laboratory fee. Miss Shaw, Miss Dorward. *B10. Wild Flowers and Ferns: Field and Laboratory Study.—Thirty Thursdays, 4 to 6 p.m., beginning September 23. Same as course Al8. See p. 216. Four credits. Fee to non- members, $8 (including laboratory fee); to members, $3 labora- tory fee. Miss Rusk. *B13-14. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—J7weitly Saturdays, 2:30 p.an., October 2 to December 4; and April 15 to June 17, 1944. Two-hour sessions. A course of outdoor lessons in the Botanic Garden and in the par — ks and woodlands of Greater New York, the principal object being to learn to know the com- mon trees and shrubs, both native and naturalized, of the eastern United States, which are well represented in this region. The species are considered in systematic order, in both winter and summer conditions, and the outstanding features pointed out by which they may most easily be recognized. ‘wo credits. ee to non-members, $0. Dr. Graves. C. Children’s Courses More than thirty separate courses are given Saturday mornings for boys and girls from eight to nineteen years old in the spring, fall, and winter. Miss Shaw and Assistants. I. Fall Course—Ten Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, October 16 to December 18. Nature study on the grounds; plant propaga- tion in the greenhouse, using stem and leaf cuttings; bulbs and corms; making of terrariums and dish gardens. [Enrollment lim- ited to 175. Fee, fifteen cents for the course. II. Winter Course.—Siv Saturday mornings, 9Q-11:15, Janu- ary 15 to February 19. Children who have shown unusual ability are chosen from the fall group for early winter work. Group lim- ited to 50. No fee. * See p. 212. 221 III. Spring Course.—Seven Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, February 26 to April 8. Nature study and preparation for the outdoor garden, including studies of seed germination, seed sow- ing in the greenhouse, and the making of garden plans. Enroll- ment limited to 200. Fee, fifteen cents for the course. Outdoor Garden Course.—Begins April 22. The out- door garden is open throughout the summer season, and time is arranged to fit in with children’s vacation schedules. No child is assigned an outdoor garden who has not had the spring prepara- tory work. Group limited to 200 children. Fee, twenty-five or thirty-five cents, depending on the size of the garden. D. Courses for Special Groups D1. Medicinal Plants for Nurses-in-Training.—Hours to be arranged. A course given in both spring and fall, arranged in co- operation with various hospitals. Outdoor trips in the Botanic Garden and trips in the greenhouse to see officinal plants and tropi- cal food plants. Lectures on the care of flowers and plants in the sick room, and demonstrations of some of the major principles governing the life of plants. No fee. Dr. Graves. 2-3. Trees and Shrubs: Spring and Fall Courses for Em- ployees of the Park Department.—To be arranged on request. Dr. Graves, Mr. Doney. D4. Gardening: for Employees of the Park Department.— Mr. Free. To be arranged on request. K. Investigation 1. Graduate Work for University Credit By the terms of a cooperative agreement between New York University and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, properly qualified graduate students may arrange to carry on independent iInvestiga- tions in botany at the Garden under the direction of members of the Garden Staff, who are also officers of instruction in the Grad- uate’ School of the University. The advantages of the library, laboratories, herbarium, and collections of living plants at the Garden are freely at the disposal of students registered at New Zee York University for such work, Such properly enrolled graduate students are charged no additional fees by the Garden. Research work in botany presupposes a knowledge of plants ob- tained from a study in field and laboratory. Prerequisites include college courses along such lines as morphology, physiology, taxon- omy, and genetics. Bacteriology and mycology are special pre- requisites for E6. For E8, plant pathology and basic training in forestry are also required. E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology. Dr. Reed. E8. Research in Forest Pathology. Dr. Graves. E9. Research in the Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. Die-Svenson, E10. Research in the Structure of Flowers. Dr. Gundersen. 2. Independent Investigation The facilities of the laboratories, conservatories, library, and herbarium are available to qualified investigators who wish to carry on independent researches in their chosen field of botany. By “qualified investigators” is meant those who have obtained the doctor’s degree or have completed most of the requirements for the doctorate. The laboratories are open for such use only during the hours when the Laboratory Building is regularly open, viz. 9 am—5 p.m. Mondays to Fridays; 9-12 a.m. Saturdays, except on holidays, when the building is closed. There is a charge of $25 per year, payable to the Botanic Garden. COOPERATION WITH LOCAL’ sCHOQOLS anny The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every prac- ticable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely related subjects. Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, find the collection of useful plants in the Economic Plant House, the Local Flora Section, the Herb Garden, and also the Meridian Panel, the Armillary Sphere, and the Labeled Glacial Boulders, valuable adjuncts to their class work. Illustrated lectures at the — Garden for geography classes may be arranged. 223 To visiting college classes in geology and physiography the Bo- tanic Garden offers interesting material for a study of glaciation. Notable features are a portion of the Harbor Hill terminal moraine (Boulder Hill), the morainal pond (the “Lake’’), the labeled glacial boulders, and the Flatbush outwash plain. See Guide No. 7, “The Story of our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn bo- tanic Garden.” Talks at Secondary Schools and Colleges.—Informal illus- trated talks on various subjects of an advanced botanical nature are always gladly given at Secondary Schools and Colleges by members of the staff. Arrangements for such talks should he made with the Curator of Public Instruction. School Classes at the Garden.*—-Public or private schools, both elementary and secondary, may arrange for classes to come to the Botanic Garden for illustrated lectures by a member of the Garden staff, or for guided tours of instruction through the con- servatories and outdoor plantations. Visiting classes must be accompanied by their teachers, and notice of such visits should be sent at least one week in advance. Blank forms for this purpose are provided by the Garden. — Lists of talks and trips offered will be sent on request: for Junior High and Elementary Schools address the Curator of Elementary In- struction; for High Schools, the Curator of Public Instruction. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of flower and vegetable seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. * Visits to Botanic Gardens and Museums by Public School classes have been generally discontinued by the Board of Education for the duration of the war. Visits by classes from Private Schools and Colleges will be sched- uled in harmony with existing regulations. 224 Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these a responsible school messenger and _ re- sets must be called for by Address, by mail or tele- turned promptly in good condition, phone (Main 2-4433), Mr. Frank Stoll, Custodian. The subjects now available are as follows. Other sets are in preparation. 1. Plant Life 6. Spring Wild llowers 2. Common Trees 7. Summer Wild Flowers 8. Fall Wild Flowers 3. Forestry 4. Soil Conservation 5. Conservation of Native Plants 9, Ferns and Fern Allies Study and Loan Material for Elementary Schools.— To the extent of its facilities, the Botanic Garden will provide, on request, rarious plants and materials for nature study. Requests from Ilementary Schools should be made to Miss Elsie T. Hammond, and material should be called for at the Information Booth on the ground floor. Study and Loan Material for Colleges, High Schools, and Junior High Schools The Botanic Garden is able to supply botanical material for study. Geraniums, coleus, tradescantia, bryophyllum, sedum, mi- mosa, and various fungi, liverworts and ferns may be available. Some material illustrating genetics may be furnished, for example, sorghum seeds for growing I’, seedlings showing red and green seedling stem characters with three to one ratios; others giving normal green and albino seedlings; pea seeds of tall and dwarf strains. Sterilized agar in Petri dishes may be furnished. Cul- tures of molds and paramecia may be available. Specimens and mounts for exhibit are also available. A small charge for the material supplied or loaned is made. A Price List of the various materials furnished will be mailed on request. 225 BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the library and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following subjects : 1. The care of trees, shrubs, and lawns. 2. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors. 3. Determination (naming) of flowering plants. 4+, Plant diseases and determination of fungi. 5. Plant geography and ecology. Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruc- tion, preferably by letter. Determination of Specimens.—lf the identification of plants is desired, the material submitted should include flowers, and fruit when obtainable. Identification of a single leaf is often impos- sible. For identification of plant diseases, representative portions of the part diseased should be sent. Demonstration Victory Gardens, 20’ « 40’ and 10° * 20", in- stalled at the south end of the Esplanade, are designed to be help- ful to beginners in the planning and spacing of crops in their own — vegetable gardens. The plantings are arranged to get the greatest amount of vegetables from limited areas by means of “companion” and “succession” cropping. For example, lettuce and spinach are planted between tomato rows because they mature quickly and can be harvested before the tomatoes require the space—companion cropping; snap beans are planted to follow beets; carrots follow arly cabbage—succession cropping. The approximate dates of et planting are indicated on the labels, and a supplementary label, with date, is inserted when the crop is removed. The basic spac- ing of the rows in the larger garden is eighteen inches, and in the 1 garden fifteen inches. In addition to the above, a plot 22’ accommodates a collection of vegetables not included sma > — in the model gardens either because they demand too much space for the amount of food produced—e.g., corn, squash; because 226 they are difficult to grow in the city—cauliflower, eggplant; or because they are of lesser importance—mustard greens, okra, ete. DOCENTRY To assist members and others in visiting the plantations the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. This service is free of charge to members and accompanying friends; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information concerning membership in the Botanic Garden see pages of this PRospEcTUS. EXTRA-MURAL LECTURES With the exception of talks to schools, the Botanic Garden does not officially schedule members of its personnel for lectures or talks outside the Botanic Garden, except for lectures on the Garden itself or some aspect of its work. In such cases no fee is charged beyond traveling expenses. MEETINGS OF OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is glad to welcome outside or- ganizations wishing to hold meetings at the Garden, provided the general purpose of the organization is closely allied to that of the sotanic Garden (e.g., Botanical Groups, Garden Clubs, Nature Study Clubs, Conservation Organizations, etc.), or that the specific purpose of the meeting is of mutual interest and advantage to the organization and the Botanic Garden. Meetings must always be arranged for in advance. A folder giving full details, and an appheation blank may be had by addressing The Custodian. PLANTATIONS The horticultural diversity of the plantations has given them the appropriate name of “Gardens within a Garden.” In addition to some eight or ten special collections (e.g., Crocus, Daffodils, ME I‘lowering Cherries, I‘lowering Apples, Tulips, Peonies, Lilacs, Iris, Azaleas and Rhododendrons, Cannas, Hardy Chrysanthe- mums) the plantations comprise the following gardens: 1. General Systematic Section 13. Rose Garden 2. Wild Flower Garden (Lo- 14. Rose Arc cal Flora Section) 15. Iris Garden 3. Children’s Garden 16. Ivy Garden 4. Oriental Garden 17. Wall Garden 5. Rock Garden 18. Herb Garden 6. Water Gardens a. Culinary Herbs 7. Conservatory Garden b. Medicinal Herbs 8. Laboratory Plaza c. hzabethan Knot Gar- 9. Shakespeare Garden dens 10. Horticultural Section 19. [experimental Garden 11. Moss Garden 20. Nursery 12. Fern Garden The above collections, all carefully labeled, are, in effect, an out- door museum of plant life and gardening, and constitute an in- dispensable basis for our program of scientific work and public education. HERBARIA The Phanerogamic Herbarium consists of more than 215,000 specimens of flowering plants, chiefly from North America. The Cryptogaimic Herbarium contains approximately 81,000 specimens of fungi and myxomycetes. Vhese herbaria may be consulted daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m, until 5 p.m.; Saturdays from 9 a.m, to 12 m. Specimens may be submitted for identification. The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present about 23,000 volumes and about 21,000 pamphlets. This is not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to all per- sons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m, until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). More than 1,000 periodicals and_ serial 228 publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects are normally received. These include the transactions of scientific societies from all quarters of the globe; the bulletins, monographs, reports, and other publications of various departments of the United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- ments, and of all state agricultural experiment stations and agri- cultural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, uni- versities, botanic gardens, and other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is specially rich in pub- lications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnaean works, Lhe Library of the American Fern Society, deposited at the Garden as per an Agreement executed on April 21, 1930, is also open free daily to the general public for reference, under the same regulations as govern the main library. Bibhographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of the Library staff. An annotated list of the incunabula, pre-Linnaean works, old herbals, and other rare or historically important books in the Li- brary was published as the July, 1935, number of the Botanic Garden Recorp. Copies are for sale at 40 cents each, post free. INDEX TO VOLUME XXXII Aaronson, ate ks 64 Acanthopana: 108 A ee 14, = Addresses, and ae s Given by the nic Garden pacoeeel During 1943. 147 Addresses, Public Lectures and, 60 Air Raid P Scene re Raid Pro be Air Raid W eee American Fern Society Sune 116 Appetizers and Beverag Army Camps, Shrubs ae ‘Trees for, Attendance, 84 Attendance at Classes, Registration and, Attendance at the Garden During 1942, Attendance, General, 44 Auxiliary, Woman’s , 68, 151 Averill, Mary , 68 Ballard, C. W., 187 Benedict, Ralph ro 65, 83, 118 Bequest the fee Botanic Garden, ee of, vi Beverages, Appetizers and, 29 Blanton, Bonds i in fhe Garden, Sale of Defense OD Bouc iquet s peer 25 Broadcastin Saya eee Garden, 48 Bro Mary vin M., Bice ee Goalies and, 37 Camp Upton, 54, roll, Mica LaF ree 68, 71,95 Car C eee 11 Cheney Sitio H., 66, 83, 87, 118, 187 Cherry ne Bast, 8 Cherry La Vest, 58 Cherry 58 Chestnut Brceding Woe k in 1942, 78 Children’s Cour C uldren’s ore Piantiae the, 49, 61 Children’s Work, Special Gifts for, 12: mee The Botanic Garden and The, Civilian Defense Volunteer Office, The Civilian meee Volunteers, En- rolln eee Tesbe ath, oe cee Memberships, i i Coft Interes etae Example of aie I : Collections Fund, 122 Serna n Medicinal Plants, Advisory, 167 Co eee CEES 99 Cookies and Buns, en 37 Cooking with aie srbs, 25 ene: iculture, ca S. Department of, 64 Be ooklyn College, Education, Board of, 65 Board of Hi gher Exper aaeat sens State Agri- cultural, Flower Show, International, 66 Hospitals 67 in the W ar Effo1 Institute of Applied New York State, 6 Local eo, 222 land University, 66 67 45 Agriculture, ns, 110 otanical ee a Courses 0 nstruction, 2 t, 84 ene 220 for Members and Pt ae 213 Specia | Groups, 221 Victory Gan 48 Craig, Gerald, Cyperaceae, ane the General Clar 68, 87 ere aoe Structure and the Classification of, 8 Diree 1 ine port of the, 43 Distilling 03, 229 Zou Docentry, 226 Doney, Chi one F., Donnelly, Thomas re Dorward, vee ire t M., Drug P lants Cativated in aie Medic- inal Plant Garden the Brooklyn Boe nic eo. oe Uses of, 87 Ebers era The, 173 148 oar Eco c Plants, 83 duction. Adult, 59 Board of, 65 Board of Higher, 64 Public, 59 Eggs, Sauces and, 35 my eanoat! Instruction for Report of the Curator of, 91 1942, Elm, Red, 5 E ndow me and Endowment Income, E Plea ee 186 Ee ‘xhibits of the Week and Month, 89 Fern Garden, 5 Field Trips eee 1942, 146 Financial, Statement for 1942, 119 Finger sa iting, § a iremen, Auxiliary, 51 Flower "Day ys, 88, 218 F ree Bow, Exhi bit F i a ture and fe Classilica- { Dicotyedons, 81 F ms Gaile Fort Tilden, ae Fre e, Montague, 112 C. Stuart, 66, 68, 71, 74, 167 ae Club of Ameri age 67. Garden, Special Needs of, 123 ae ics, 83, 14 Gifts, 72 a oe ae Exar, 122 ooo Martha Le 67, 87 Graves, Arthur eeeednt 66, 78, OL, Guggenheim Foundation, ohn Simo Gundersen, Aitied, 81, 100 Memorial 82 Hammond, Tat Elsie Twemlow, 96 Harrison, Leonard, 107 New York Har vest Show, T iG tory » Herb cae vw i the, Brooklyn Botanic Garden Medict ink I and aapaee of a a ooklyn seal ah aie Herb List, Guilaees 5 Herba Hee bariun 63 ccessions and ee 104 Cr ryptogamic, 1 for 1942, Report the Curator of 102 Material Borrowed for Study, 104 Mat se Loaned, 103 Me ecice cal, 106, Ph ae imi Research cer F a Work, 82 Herbs, A Few Books About, 22 Co oking with, 25 Cileae Mee wks hei ‘Ir oe ‘Tradi- tions, el Use, Hippocrat ae 58 1942, Hoffman, dorticulturist for the, 107 Report of aa 84 ome, ae Allocation of, 73 Informacion Bureau of Public, 60, 225 Inspections, Inter- Departmental, 55 Instruction, - oe , 60 ee ee of the, 77 Iris Col ene 100 Jordan, Wilham E., 115, 208 els, Signs and, 100 eee n Slides, a oan Sets of, 224 LaRo ane oo aine, 72 L one Speci poet Garden, 48 ictory Garden, 48 Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1942, Talks, 1 Iextra-Mural, 226 Lectures and ‘dresses, ee 60 Library i: 62, for 1942 Xepo oe on t Statistic. : Report on ae 15 ‘The Service ae 54 users of the, = Lilacs, 99 L eestone pra oe Loan Material Colleges, High = hools, and ino High Schools, ee Elementary Schools, 224 115 Local Flora Section, 58, 101, 102, 107 i aie indra pee 182 a erento: aes 182 Materia Medica, Dane and, 169 McDonald, James G., 70 Medicinal Bienes on, 167 Advi isory Commit- ee Mecicing A Brief Histor PN Survey of e Use 1 ta eee with the Bay Us se ef ee , 208 Me edicine, How Old Is, pacers me igen izations at Brook- CO eden: 1942, 147 Club, i in the Brookly n Botanic Garden, Privileges of, Pr a Out- ae Town, tv Summary ch 164 Metal, Scr Metropolitan Museum of Art, 67 Metzner, Jer 94 Middle Ages, oT es Leh Miner, Frances M., 72, 96 Montreal Botanica Gard en, 95 Montross, Fay D., 72 National Youth PHO EA ON, 107 tio , 83 Nurses Training Classes, 67 Oat Smuts, Physiologic Races of the, Studies on Experimentally Pro- duced Physiologic Races of the, eee Institute of 150 Organizations, Neen of Outside, 226 Palmitier, Edna A., 121 Pathology, Plant, 75 Personn el, 70, 90. A Short Resumé of the eae of, 173 PR aoe aphic Work, Report of, 148 Photographing, Painting, and Sketch- a eae tions Concerning, Vill Senet The, 57, 226 Plat s, Depar tment of, ne Distrib ee Living for 1942, Report hi are out of, Half- Hees. Woody, 98 Sesleri aces Relating to Living, 99 Ee Podophl Pedophile Pee, 183 Pokorny, F. J., 187 Prospects (943-1944, 211 New, 59 Public ‘Instruction for 1942, Report of the Curator o Publication, Periodical, 60 Publications, 1942, I eport on Brook- n Botanic Garden, by ‘the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1942, : ublicity GN Naa H., 58 @ucene General Hospital, 67, 110 Radio Talks Given During 1942, 144 ee Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Mie page el J., 9 Red es s First Ald. Reed, oe Beers M., ea 55, 58, 75 bynes eon and ‘Attendance at Classes, 59 Re ae The, Report of the Br roo Sine Botanic Garden 1942, Thirty -Second An- nual, Research, 56 for 1942, Reports o eh nd, Plant "p nology: 122 Investigato (Economic 8 Rese nai Fu Resident | Resident Investigator pene) for 1942, Re eport ¢ of t ae 17 Rhizotomor, ist Rose Garder Rae Gz ae Rot Disease a he Ii Soft, 77 Rusk, Hester M., 9 — Salads, Salaries ue Wages, Improvement in, oe and Ee Schacht, E dan SPalmitic, o. chool Service , Statistics Sc hools, Cooperation nth. ae “i 222 Be eike rt, Normat ed E xchange, 1 See ts for = ae Children, 62 Sonne woe Shaw, Ellen E oe Oe Shaw Endowment Fund, Ellen Eddy, 123 Shrubs, Trees and, 98 Signs and oe 100 Smith, Floyc Smut oe Inheritance o Sté Canadienne 95 Studies on the Société d’Histoire Na- Soldiers, Books for, 5 Spring inspection, ana 68 75 ue Mrs. Tho 52 kes ts, Cookies and ans 37 enson, Hen 87, 107 aay via itidlle “35. 67, 87 Teachers, Courses for, 218 Theophrastus, 1 era - xperiments on the Control f Iris, 77 22 Trees and Shrubs, 98 Triboro Hospital, 67, 110 ‘Trustee Meeting at the Garden, 54 Ulmus serotina, 57 oh hee ie ,. Gor don, 50, 76, 77 V ictory ake Victory Book Campaign or Vi ctory Gare, 97, 110, 111, 113 Br esse Co hate Si 213 E xhibit, A Hi. arvest Show, The New York, 53 ea eis Model se lig ublic “Meeting, 47 Palks, Extra-Mural, 48 Vi irgini t Dare Extract Company, Inc., Van Brunt, Elizabeth Remsen, 1, 72, Van Sinderen, Adrian, 54, 70 War, The mae: of, 43 War Effor ooperation in ae War ae ng e Office a Warden r Rat 4 a WwW A itene hana, pearean 58 Wilds, George J., Yale School of Forestry, 91 Zinnia peruviana, 82 Zoological Park, New York, 67 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER AND THE SERVICE OF R THE ADVANGEM ENT . OF BOTANY THE CTY VOLUME XXXII 1943 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ROOKLYN, LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXII No. 1, JANUARY The Herb Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. .................. Culinary Herbs: Their Culture, Traditions aa US CR Sara aes Cooking with Heres Sr eso ct Beh en eee eR ane Oma: No. 2, APRIL Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences................ Preceding page — Privileges of Membership....................0.0.0005- Preceding page GlubsMemberships* ye2 0 sew ot et ee eee Preceding page Out-of-Town Membership................ 0.00000 e eee Preceding page GlassesvoleWemtbershipissits aac See a OS ee eee Preceding page Forms of Bequest to the Brookly n Botanic Garden...... Preceding page The Botanic Garden and the City..................... Preceding page es ae Concerning Photographing, Painting, ANGUS KeECHIN ogee acer ree a eee te as ae lve Preceding page Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1942... Ofst he wID Ine CUO Terman taste pen tiet St. kee. /aes Rieke taker ae a een Na Reportsion Research fon 1942. eee a oe ee ee OR Report of the Curator of Public Instruction............0..0 0.0... Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction................. IREPOLULOL LOC HO@ULATOm Olelalantares ire am, < fie aie Se Aenea Neate ten Report of the Curator of the Herbarium......................... IReponeoip thew GlOnticultunistyy sak. 2 arrose 2 canes Report on the Library... . i) A ER ar FORME eee gt Atria Statistical Report on ane ibs In NaS ECR TE fit clan er ee Report of the Resident Inv nice (Gist Sire = SR eae eee veer Report of the Resident ee itor (Economic Plants)........... MinancialeStatementston lod? ee te ae SI cn eee Mes Gifts Received During 1945 DT pa eter ee at th PORE R RE eRR ens Ae MRS ery? Publications by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1942. ‘alks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1942. ne Radio Talks Given ies TAN Src: tet inh er At Ar Ree raha nea neta mielcmlrips: Conducted slOA2 carrer so, Gant polity ra iaiite Cad cae SAMs Sa Meetings of Organizations at Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1942...... Reportiot- Photographic Worked. f2%. nat agltos ene ae ee em tet Officers of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Science............. Memberstotthes Board. i, ee 9.5.5 4. BAe ee ed ee ene eee WVOrniel Tie Spe AUR Teiiys Ax eee Oe eet 4 a Tee ten aM a he, See nei ad Rac ears NP SGrOle Vie mb esses foc ica Mek cclmice sins Sic 4 Gs Sieh Meteora a ie Summarnry.ob Memberships aa ste. is2 od ke on ey ee ee eee: > No. 3, JULY The Medicinal Plant Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar den hee a am 165 A Brief Historical Survey of the Use of Plants in Medicine........ 169 Medicinal Uses of Drug Plants Cultivated in the Medicinal Plant Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden... . 0.0.0... 000-0000 No. 4, OcroBerR Prospectus? L943=1944 40 eh cb G awdreuedy Hoge De ae: Rha ee Re Se eS 211 The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN = First VicE-PRESIDENT SEconD VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD =.- FRANCIS T. CHRISTY nore ee GOVERNING COMMITTEE S HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON: Sc WALTER HAMMITT ere e Ronee Be officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EO uo et ieere. ea LEWIS L. FA # officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE ANDREW J. GONNOUD DONALD G. C. SINCLAIR ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Ex officio Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tue FoLttow1nGc OFFICIALS OF THE ae or New THE MAYOR HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS ea INFORMATION MeEmBERSHIP.—AII p s who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn ‘Beanie Gada ae eligible tos members Members enjoy spe- cial privi ileges. Annual Membership, ae! rly; Sustaining Membership, $25 formation concerning membership may be fa by addressing The Director, Brook- ie gies Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Tue Botanic Garden is open free to oe public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sipaive and Holidays it is open at Prospect Park; on Washington AWE south of Eastern Parkway and a ee