VOL. XXXII BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD JANUARY, 1944 NO. 1 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1S — ZAG vm f yy (~( Z dD ») 5 NG et by KC ste Cae Dy ons in > MS SS oe) PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC ate EDUCATIONAL he Staff GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., bess, ting Director and Curator of Plant Pathology MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist UR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED BOE ENE eee de Université ani Curator of Plants WILLIAM E. JORDAN, B.S Berne pone SHAW, M.A., Curator of iementary pastaenon Y K. SVEN SON or of the Herbariu MARGARET Na DORWARD, A. B., weenie fares h of Bianca Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Oriental Gardening ang pacer? Art Consulting Landscape Arc HAROLD A. R ELIZABETH REMSEN VAN BRUNT, Honorary Curator in ‘Ciinars Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant ELIZABETH CLARKE, A.B., Curatorial Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, tant in Woody Plants ILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistan D, M.A. H RM. * MARGERY H. UD ELL, Curatorial Ass L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph.D., Res i: yeas LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, ceernary and Accountant 1 EDNA "PALMITIER SC , Acting Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, OF Assistant A HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to hed Director KeSTOLE, Registrar and Custodia mee M. BREWSTER, Stenographer INIA A. CLAY, Stenographer CONSTANCE: PURVES ELSON , B.A., Stenographer ae ROSS, Busine s Office Assistant as NoG. ie LEY, Si Pe oeath ee FF oe Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, hancneier Pa, he Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Bro oklyn "s Entered bs esers class matter April 10, 1933, at the poste SIE at Taceagied Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 1 Absent on U. S. Government duty, from April 1, 1942 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXIII JANUARY, 1944 No. 1 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1943 REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR ! To THE BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith the Thirty-third Annual Report. The death of Dr. C. Stuart Gager on August 9, 1943, the Di- rector of the Botanic Garden since its founding in 1910, was a very great loss to the institution. By his efforts for more than thirty-three years he shaped and guided its destinies and built up a Garden which has won world wide recognition for its re- search, contributions to botanical education, and the beauty of the grounds, combining a museum of living plants with special features such as the Children’s Garden, Oriental Landscape Garden, Rose Garden, Rock Garden, Herb Garden, Medicinal Plant Garden, and Local Flora. His achievements are a monu- ment to his vision of what a Botanic Garden should be. The Victory Garden Movement.—The Botanic Garden has taken an active part in furthering the planting of Victory Gardens. Special courses of instruction were given in the spring and in the fall. In the spring a course on Fundamentals of Gardening: The Flower Garden (V8) by Miss Shaw, Miss Dorward, and Miss ' The illustration on the front cover page shows the Tropical Lily Pool and its situation with reference to the Laboratory Building. Victoria regia, in bloom, is shown in the foreground. Z Clarke, had a registration of 28 students; a course on Gurdening for Food and Vitamins (V10) by Mr. Free, a registration of 30; and two courses on Lee one Victory (V11, V12), by Mr. Free and Miss Dorward, an enrollment of 53. One session was devoted to “Information Please,’ in which Mr. Free answered questions concerning gardening problems. ‘There was a series of six guided tours through the conservatories on Tropical Plants Important in the War Eifort (V22) by Dr. Graves, Dr. Gundersen, Miss Rusk, and Miss Ashwell; a series of four lectures on Useful Plants (V7) by Miss Dorward, Miss Rusk, Dr. Svenson, and Dr. Graves; a course of four lectures on Gardening for Beauty (V6) by Mr.H. R. Sebold, associate in Landscape Architecture, Columbia Uni- versity, Mr. Doney, Miss Carroll, and Miss Clarke; and a course on Spring Garden Work (V9) by Miss Dorward. In the fall a course on Your Garden This Fall (V1), and one on House Plants (V4) were given by Mr. Free. Mrs. H. Kk. Svenson gave one demonstration on Jellies, Jams, and Preserves (V13) assisted by Mrs. Martin Wifholm of Boston, an expert in home ay yy canning and preserving. A series of three lectures on timely subjects was given on Mondays in March. Mrs. Esther Robertson Hallock, Instructor in Home Economics at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, and at the Ballard School, Manhattan, gave a lecture-demonstration to an audience of about 150 on The Preservation of Wartime Foods. Mrs. Stella Blanche Brevoort, formerly Instructor 1n Home Economics in New York University, gave a discussion on ae history of weaving and making of textiles in a lecture From v lo Dupont. Miss Florence E,. Wall, Consulting Chemist, New York City, and Lecturer in Cosmetology, New York University, outlined the history of cosmetics from ancient times in a lecture Plants in Cosmetics—from Ancients to Moderns. About 100° people attended. Exhibits of material relating to each of these lectures were installed in the Rotunda. Cooperation with the New York Victory Garden Council and D.V.O.— From March 15 to September 7 Dr. L. Gordon Utter eave his full time to the Victory Garden Council, devoting most of it to garden activities in Brooklyn, in cooperating with the Garden Section of the C.D.V.O. under the direction of Mrs. John C. Parker. Dr. Utter visited various sections in Brooklyn, giving instruction and advice on the planting and care of the gardens. Considerable time was spent in the main office of the New York Victory Garden Council answering requests for in- formation by telephone. Forty talks were given before various organizations on timely garden subjects, the total attendance at these being approximately 5,600. In the Victory Garden course at Bloomingdale Bros. Inc. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward gave two series of lectures. Conservatory Exhibits.——A series of monthly exhibits was installed in the conservatories during the months of January, February, and March entitled Plants Important in the War — Program, as follows: January: Rubber-yielding plants. February: Fiber, resin, cork, and gum plants. March: Beverage plants. Demonstration Victory Gardens.— Two Victory Gardens were planted on the south end of the Esplanade, one 20 feet by 40 feet and the other 20 feet by 10 feet. In addition, a collection of vegetables was grown. In the Experimental Field 30 plots aver- aging about 450 square feet each were assigned to employees, who tended them after Garden hours and produced good crops of vegetables. On September 23 and 24 a Victory Garden Harvest Show of produce from the victory gardens, children’s gardens, and employees’ gardens was held in the rotunda of the Laboratory Building. Prizes of war stamps were awarded to Natalie Bowen, Alys Sutcliffe, Henry Funk and Anton Hubert. Motion Pictures of Victory Gardening..—_A showing of sound films on Victory Gardening, released by the British Informa- tion Services, was given on April 20 in the auditorium of the Laboratory Building, the films illustrating the following topics: 1. Dig for victory; 2. How to dig; 3. Sowing and _ planting; 4. Storing vegetables indoors. The attendance was about 500. Annual Spring Inspection and Flower Days.—-The Twenty- ninth Annual Spring Inspection of the Garden was held on May 4 11 and was attended by 450. The tour of the grounds included the Culinary Herb Garden, Cherry Walk, the Model Victory Gardens and the large planting of Poet’s narcissus. The exhibit in the building stressed the scientific basis of hybrid corn production, as well as the improvement in varieties of vegetables. Dr. George H. Shull, Professor Emeritus of Princeton University, who laid the scientific foundation for hybrid corn production in 1905-1909, honored us by his presence and courteously answered questions asked by those interested. It may be noted that it was approximately twenty years later before the practical application of the scientific data was made on a large scale. This is a fine illustration of the time lapse which may occur with important scientific discoveries and their final utilization in every-day life. Three Flower Days were observed. On Tuesday, June 22, the Sixteenth Annual Rose Garden Day was attended by about 100 members and guests. Mr. F. F. Rockwell, Garden Editor of the New York Times, spoke on Roses. The tour of ee 2 of the Rose Garden was conducted by Mr. Free and Mr. ° On Tuesday, October 5, Fall Rose Garden Day was rales Mr. S. R. Tilley speaking on Putting the Roses to Bed. About 50 persons were present at the lecture and inspection of the Garden. On Friday, November 5, Chrysanthemum Day was observed. For the benefit of those who attended there was a preview of a special display of greenhouse-grown chrysanthemumis, which was opened to the public on the following day. Members of 12 Brooklyn garden clubs received special invitations to participate and to meet the Botanic Garden staff. About 150 persons were present and listened to a talk on the Siiey of the Chrysanthemum by Mr. Montague Free. Miss Hilda Loines, Chairman of the Governing Board, presided. The social part of the Spring Inspection and Flower Days was in charge of the entertainment committee of the Woman’s Aux- iliary of the Garden, Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher, Chairman, and we are pleased to have the opportunity of acknowledging our indebtedness to this organization. War Bond Rally.—A rally to enlist volunteers to aid in the Third War Loan Drive was held in the auditorium of the Labora- tory Building on August 31. This meeting was conducted by the Women’s Division of the Kings County Welfare Committee of the War Savings Staff of the U.S. Treasury Department. The meeting was arranged for by Mrs. Thomas Sturgis, and was attended by over 400 people. Sale of Defense Stamps and Bonds in the Garden.—The Kings County War Savings Staff, as in 1942, sold Defense Stamps and Bonds in the Garden on Sundays throughout the summer, beginning on May 23 and ending on October 2. The sales totaled $958.65. Mrs. J. Shapiro, Chairman of Booths, Women’s Divi- sion, was in charge. Woman’s Auxiliary._-The Auxiliary gave to the Garden the sum of $500.00, $300.00 of which was applied to the new planting of 76 flowering cherry trees on the Esplanade. Cooperation with Other Institutions.—In the reports on Re- search, mention is made of cooperation with other institutions, including the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases and the Division of Forest Pathology of the United States Department of Agriculture. In the report of the Curator of the Herbarium the reciprocal loans of specimens for study are noted. From the Mycological collection two type specimens were loaned to Dr. Anna E. Jenkins, Division of Mycology and Disease Survey, Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md., and specimens orto Rican fungi to Prof. H. H. Whetzel, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University. The Garden is building up its collection of flowering crab apples and ornamental cherries. With this in view, cions have been obtained from the Arnold Arboretum, Mr. Richard E. Horsey of Highland Park, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md., N. Y. State Institute of Agriculture, Farmingdale, N. Y., and Mr. John C. Wister of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, Swarthmore, Pa. In connection with iris hybridization studies, Prof. Blakeslee, Smith College, Northampton, Mass., gave active cooperation. Contributions of Plants.About 100 surplus conservatory plants were supplied for a greenhouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Eighty-two trees and shrubs were given to beautify the 6 grounds of the Halloran General Hospital, Staten Island. | Nine trees, 4 vines and about 100 perennials were sent to the Navy Hospital on Staten Island. Flowers were provided for the recrea- tion hall of the U. S. Coast Guard. A demonstration of tree pruning for the purpose of providing practice in motion picture photography was given to members of the Signal Corps, U. S. Army. A considerable number of shrubs and trees and bearded iris was given to Queens College. Plant material was supplied to the Brooklyn Museum for a Chinese exhibit, and to the United China Relief, Inc., for the Chinese Pavilion at the Women’s International Exposition at ” Madison Square Garden. A model ‘ Doll’s Garden” was _ pre- pared for the Anniversary Celebration of the Children’s Museum. Seed Packets for School Children.—Over a million and a quarter packets of seed were distributed: a great help to children’s home Victory Gardens. Volunteer Workers..-The various activities of the Garden have been greatly aided by the voluntary services of a number of individuals. In the Department of Elementary Instruction the following rendered assistance: Mrs. B. Baigel; Mrs. I. O. Becher; Mrs. G. Bernstein; Miss Bertha Blau; Miss Elma Edson; Mrs. Benjamin Davidson; Mrs. George Gordon; Miss Ellen Gundersen ; Mrs. Oscar Kaye; Miss Ethel Hallaren; Miss Helen Mattin; Mrs. H. Nalib; Mrs. M. Oren; Mr. Harold Quoyoon; Miss Cora Reed; Mrs. Harry Schiff; Miss Charlotte Slawson; Miss Agnes M. Shaw; Mrs. N. T. Steeves; Mrs. I. Waldes; Mrs. E. H. Weissberger. During the summer five elementary school teachers each gave a week's service, authorized by the Board of Education. In the Department of Pathology, Mrs. M. Oren assisted in the field and laboratory work. Miss Zina WKiziuta, a student of Cornell University, spent the month of June attempting a large number of crosses between different iris species. In connection with the American Fern Society herbarium, Mrs. Herbert Lawrence again assisted. Mr. John Coates (assigned to the Department of Elementary Instruction) worked 84 days as a volunteer gardener. Publication. Two illustrated Guides to the Garden collec- tions have been published: Ji Guide No. 15. The Llerb Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, published in the January number of the Record. In Part 1 Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, Honorary Curator of Culinary Herbs, describes Culinary Herbs: Their Culture, Traditions, and Use. In Part 2 Mrs. Virginia Riddle Svenson, of the Department of Home Economics of New York University, in Cooking with flerbs, gives recipes for using forty-five of the culinary herbs growing in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Guide No. 16. The Medicinal Plant Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was published in the July number of the Record. There is a Foreword by Dr. C. Stuart Gager, A Brief Historical Survey of the Use of Plants in Medicine by Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves, Medicinal Uses of Drug Plants Cultivated in the Medicinal Plant Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden by Professor C. W Ballard, Dean, College of Pharmacy, Columbia University, with the collaboration of Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, Resident Investigator, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Chairman, Biology Department, Long Island University, and Prof. F. J. Pokorny, College of Pharmacy, Columbia University, and Mr. William E. Jordan, Librarian, gives A Short List of the Books in the Library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Dealing with the Early Use of Plants in Medicine. The Library.—The Librarian reports that 153 volumes were purchased, gifts during the year including 81 volumes, 372 pam- phlets, and 936 parts. Of periodicals and other serials, 488 were received as exchanges, 90 as gifts, 99 as purchases, and 5 through publication. Loans to other institutions totaled 32 items. erbarium.— There were added to the Phanerogamic Her- barium 1112 specimens by exchange, 875 by gift, 8 by collection, and 301 by purchase. One fern specimen was received as a gift. 2,105 specimens were added to the Mycological Herbarium. Personnel.—\/r. Andrew J. Gonnoud and Mr. Donald G. C. Sinclair were elected as new members of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee at the meeting of the Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on April 9. Dr. George M. Reed became Acting Director of the Botanic Garden as of September 24. Miss G. Elizabeth Ashwell resigned as Curatorial Assistant in the Department of Public Instruction as of July 31. 8 Miss Virginia A. Clay, previously stenographer in the Direc- tor’s office, was transferred to the Department of Public Instruc- tion as of November 15. Miss Jeanne Phyllis Walther, Research Assistant in Plant Pathology, resigned as of April 30. Attendance.— Due to war time restrictions, the attendance of visiting classes was greatly reduced during the spring months. In the fall, however, there was a return of classes for instruction. The accompanying table records the general attendance of classes during the vear. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DuRING 1943 Tae Feb, Mar. Apr. May June July: AGieoilan classes, 2 180211304. 5419 Sate. aepeetemnoo. a7 At visiting classes. 162 30 779 2,785 10,864 3,959 48 At lectures to children....... 88 20 579 1,594 3,330 938 14 At lectures to ACUULES SH siac ge oi 50 39 458 242 393 58 25, At conservatories. 6,033 8,128 9,495 24,038 28,921 10,094 9,908 At grounds. ..... 65,254 88,383 87,665 ae 258,358 155,114 133,398 Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Totals At regular classes... ... 19,250 2,569 2,137 2, 374 1,493 62,613 At visiting classes...... 316 81 820 2,582 411 22,837 At lectures to aTnidcen 42 0 620 1,464 188 8,877 At lectures to 0 129 843 2,345 At conservatories. ..... 10,513°. 13,633° 79,463 15,37 6,981" * 152348 At Rewpunase BiG Aiea sas, eras 126,598 131,095 96,945 100,325 44,943 1,465,790 For 1942 the figures for total attendance were 1,660,046, while for 1943 they were 1,465,790. Attendance in both visiting classes and regular classes showed an increase of 17,549 and 8,357 persons respectively. Financial.—A list of the gifts of funds, publications, plants, and other objects may be found on pages 33-38. These have all been acknowledged as received. 9 The total operating budget for the calendar year 1943 was as follows, with comparison for 1942 1943 1942 Change Tax Budget (47.20%)............ $ 96,324.66 $ 91,830.67 +$ 4,493.99 Private Funds (52.80%) .......... 107,581.85 94,099.09 + 13,482.76 BIO tall Seaways tre selene uamareeee $203, 906. 51 $185,929.76 +$17,976.75 The Tax Budget shows an increase of $4,493.99. This is due largely to the increase in salaries and wages of employees in the salary range $1,200 to $2,500. The Private Funds Budget shows an increase of $13,482.76. This is due largely to extra income from interest received on investments. Improvement in Salaries and Wages.—In consideration of the rising cost of living, the sum of $3,720.00 was appropriated by the City of New York on July 1, 1943, to provide for an in- crease of $120.00 a year for employees in the salary range of $1,200.00—-$1,800.00 and an increase of $180.00 a year for em- ployees in the salary range of $1,800.00—-$2,500.00. Also the wages of the per diem men were increased by $.50 per day, which made a total increase in wages of $2,496.00 The above increases for both salaries and wages were approved for the year 1943-1944 only. This Annual Report is briefer than those published in recent years but we believe that it includes an adequate summary of the Garden’s activities for 1943. It is planned to devote the April number of the Record as a special memorial to Dr. Gager. Respectfully submitted, GEORGE M. REED, Acting Director. REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1943 PLANT PATHOLOGY By GrEoRGE M. REED Physiologic Races of the Oat Smuts.—The problem of developing new resistant varieties of useful plants is complicated by the 10 existence of physiologic races of the pathogens. In recent vears the Victoria oat variety, introduced from South America, has been used extensively in oat-breeding work and has proved par- ticularly valuable because of its high degree of resistance to known races of both loose and covered smuts. Victoria has been crossed with other varieties and, from the hybrids, selections have been made, some of which are well adapted to the Northern oat-growing region, while others are suitable as winter oats in the South. However, new races of smut have been discovered which attack Victoria and many of the most desirable selections derived from the crosses in which it was one of the parents. In most of these cases both of the original varieties used in crossing were suscept- ible to the new races. In some cases, however, resistant selec- tions have been obtained from hybrids in which Victoria has been crossed with a variety resistant to the new races, and among the latter are some of the outstanding recently introduced varieties of oats for the North, such as Vicland in Wisconsin and adjacent States. Investigations on the resistance of newly developed varieties of oats and the discovery of new races of oat smuts have resulted from cooperation with Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Beltsville, Md., and oe George J. Wilds, Coker’s Pedigreed Seed Co., Hartsville, S. Studies on the ee of Oat Smut Reststance.—As reported last year, experiments were conducted with second generation plants of hvbrids involving Victoria and Monarch, inoculated with Race 1 of the covered smut, to which Victoria is resistant and Monarch is susceptible, the data secured indicating a single factor for,resistance. During the past year 200 third generation progenies were grown and the data obtained confirm the conclu- sion that one resistant factor differentiates the two parental varieties, The second generation plants of 32 additional crosses were tested with definite physiologic races of smut. The parental varieties of these hybrids varied in their reaction to the races used. In some cases the data indicate a single factor difference while in others two or more factors seem to be involved. 11 The first generation plants of 32 later crosses were grown. The original hybridizing had been done by Miss Jeanne P. Walther in 1942. The parental varieties used in these crosses differed in their reaction to known physiologic races, and the data on the behavior of the second generation of the hybrids will be obtained during the coming year. CHESTNUT BREEDING WoRK IN 1943 By ArTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES This project has been fully explained in previous reports, but for those who are unacquainted with it I might say briefly that by breeding and selection we are endeavoring to develop a new chestnut stock which shall be of tall timber type and at the same time immune (or as nearly so as can be) to the dread blight which has killed off practically all chestnut in its natural range in the eastern .U. S. Breeding Work in 1943—Since the report of this year’s work must be brief, | shall say only that the crossing of our hybrids with each other and back crossing of them with resistant Japanese and Chinese individuals has gone on as usual. In early October we gathered 365 nuts, presumably all of hybrid nature, from these crosses. Most of these have been planted in pots in cold frames at the Hamden plantation, but a few are in the Garden cold frames. Inarching of Basal Shoots of Hybrids —We have continued the practice, explained in my report for 1941, of keeping our F1 hybrids in a vigorous condition by inarching the basal shoots, thus bridging over lesions caused by the blight fungus. Nearly all of the grafts of this sort made this spring were successful, so that we have on hand a good supply of fine breeding stock. Hybrids of 1942.—This year the young trees resulting from the hybrid nuts of 1942 were set out according to pedigree in a special nursery: that is, the trees resulting from each particular cross (called, technically, ‘‘sibs’’) were planted in sequence in the rows in order that their behavior might be compared. Of these seedlings I selected at the end of the season, in mid-September, about 50 trees which had attained a growth of 2 feet or more, im IZ and the remainder, about 225, were shipped to the Division of Forest Pathology at Beltsville, Maryland, where they are to be set out in a good location. The 50 trees that | have kept will be tested for disease resistance by the inoculation method, and the most resistant will be used for further breeding. American Seedlings —About 300 one- and two-vear-old seed- lings of American chestnut were set out in another nursery. These were grown from nuts received from various places i in the Eastern States (see reports for 1941 and 1942). This winter these seedlings were covered with brush, an apparently effective way of preventing rabbits from shearing them off. The hybrid seedlings of 1942 were protected from rabbits by a fence of wire netting, and from pine mice by a border of wire netting sunk one foot deep in the ground. Inoculations for Testing Disease Reststance.—In cooperation with the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A., we started dur- ing the summer another series of inoculations—about 250 in all, to test the disease resistance of our hybrids. A detailed report of this work must be postponed for the present. Studies of Disease Resistance—The ultimate cause of blight resistance in some species and individuals and of susceptibility in others has never been determined. It appears quite likely that it is related to the relative degrees of sap concentrations in the cells of the host and parasite. This hypothesis is not new, but was put forward by Dr. A. P. Kelley, of Landenberg, Penna., in Science for March 22, 1940. With the cordial cooperation of Dr. EK. W. Sinnott and the staff members of the Osborne Botanical Laboratory at Yale University | spent some time at the laboratory during the summer in studying this problem. The work will be continued in 1944 Cooperative Plantations.—The plantation of Chinese and Chi- nese hybrids at Litchfield on land of the White Memorial Founda- tion was visited several times during the summer, and now, thanks to the interest and cooperation of Mr. Clifford Ongley, super- intendent, the plantation is in a thrifty condition. Our chief enemy has been the deer, but the details of the situation will be presented in a later report.—In the plantation of hybrids on land of Mr. Archer M. Huntington at Redding Ridge, Conn., which 1) has been started through the cooperation of Dr. D. F. Jones, Geneticist of the Conn. Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. Conn., there have been some fatalities due to the cold winter of 1942-3, but when these trees get established in their new locations they should contribute in many ways to the success of our project.—At the plantation of Dr. W. W. Herrick, of Sharon, Conn., a considerable number had died also from the effects of the cold winter. Acknowledgments.—Pollen of the American chestnut was re- ceived from Mr. E. J. Grassmann of Elizabeth, N. J., on July 3; and from Mr. John A. Colin, New York City, from Millhurst, N. J. We received in February, 6 trees of Castanea Laer variety Hobson, from Mr. James Hobson of Jasper, Florida; i March and April, 2 lots of C. alnzfolia seedlings from Mr. een C. MacDaniel, Monticello, Florida. Nuts for planting were received as follows: September. American chestnut from Mrs. Arthur Manzo, New York City, from Old Lyme, Conn.; Japanese chestnut from Mr. Oscar R. Wallace, New York City, from Sunken Meadow Park, Kings Park, L. I. October. Castanea pumila x C. crenata, hybrids of American chinquapin and Japanese chestnut, from Dr. A. S. Hitchcock, Boyce Thompson Institute, Yonkers, N. Y Ne eres chest- nut from Mr. F. Gregg Bemis, Boston, Mass., Mr. Wolcott, Kennett Square, Pa., and Mr. H. D. Roschen, Baltimore, Md. November. American SSIES from Mrs. F. M. Islieb, East Hampton, Conn.; Mr. W. F. Story, Dunlap, Tenn.; and Mr. C. Howard, Tae N. Ye — u : As in former years, we have enjoyed the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. To the many correspondents, visitors, and donors of nuts, pollen, seedlings and land for carrying on our experiments, we are pleased to have this opportunity of acknowl- edging our indebtedness for these substantial evidences of their interest in this undertaking. 14 FLOWER STRUCTURE AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDONS By ALFRED GUNDERSEN During the year studies were made in a number of families including Hamamelidaceae, Magnoliaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Miss Maud H. Purdy added details to a number of earlier drawings. In July through the favor of Dr. John T. Howell of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences we obtained a fresh plant of Frankenia grandiflora, of which we had had only dried material. A color study was completed and details of development show many resemblances with the Caryophyllaceae. In particular the bud stage of Caryophyllaceae suggests the adult stage of Frankenia. About sixty of Miss Purdy’s drawings, and some from pub- lished figures were combined into two charts to illustrate flower structures in seventy families; these were printed in the September Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. In the accompanving article a tentative arrangement of Dicotyledons, in part inter- mediate between the classic system of Engler and that of Bentham and Hooker is proposed. The nine groups adopted are repre- sented by the genera Magnolia, Betula, Cistus, Malva, Geranium, Myrtus, Dianthus, Fraxinus and Rubia. HERBARIUM RESEARCH AND FIELD WorRK By Henry Ik. SVENSON During the past year the extensive annotated catalogue of plants collected by me in Western Ecuador and Peru has been finished. A report, together with photographs of the region, description of floral areas, and line drawings by Miss Purdy, is ready for publication. The area varies from desert to tropical rain forest often within the distance of a few miles, and therefore represents one of the most remarkable climatic transitions to be found in the world. The cause seems to lie in the drying south- erly winds which blow off the cold Humboldt Current during the greater part of the year, and the precipitation of fogs on adjacent mountains lying almost directly on the equator. The region is covered mostly by thorn-bush and grasslands, strikingly similar In appearance to the thorn-bush plains of East Africa. 15 In collaboration with the Missouri Botanical Garden | com- pleted an extensive account of the Cyperaceae of Panama, pub- lished in September, and during the year determined North American and South American Cyperaceae for a number of institutions. I have nearly completed the Cyperaceae for the North American Flora in collaboration with the New York Botanical Garden. Due to travel difficulties no field work | been carried on during the past vear. 1as REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR 1943 Po tut AcTING DIRECTOR: Grounds.—The total attendance on the grounds was 1,465,790, less than last vear by 194,256. This drop is not surprising, considering the stringency in transportation facilities and the general changed conditions due to war activities. In his report of last year (B.B.G. Record 32: 45) Dr. Gage r showed that other public and semi-public institutions of N. City have reported a decrease in attendance—some of these to a much greater extent than at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. For one month only the attendance exceeded all past records, namely, February, with an attendance of 88,383. The nearest previous figure was in 1939—86,925. The reason for this record attendance was evidently the unusual warm weather of the Wash- ington’s Birthday week-end—the three day period including Monday, February 22. For this week-end the attendance was 37,683, not far from half of the whole February attendance. The thermometer hovered around 60°, and this and the blooming of the snowdrops and oriental witch hazels were the principal reasons for the throngs of visitors. Conservatories. The yearly attendance at the conservatories —152,.578—was much greater than for many years—in fact only once (in 1935, 154,659) has it been exceeded. The exhibits of rubber-vielding, beverage, and fiber plants early in the vear, the magnificent display of Chrysanthemums in November, and the blooming of more than 200 Poinsettias in December, as well as the generally improved arrangement of plants in all the ranges, no doubt account for a large part of the increase. 16 Classes and Lectures.—The combined attendance at classes and lectures for children and adults at the Garden was 96,672, a considerable increase over that of last year. Adult Courses and Lectures.— The total registration of adults in our courses for 1943 was 969, a somewhat lower figure than for several years past, due to several causes, but fundamentally, of course, to changes brought about by war conditions. A large factor was the drop in registration of student nurses, who have been coming by the hundreds in past years. The course for nurses, which has now been given for 16 years, has never been a part of the curriculum required by the State; and so, with the ever increasing demand for trained nurses and, therewith, the necessity for cutting down the training time to as short a period as possible, everything not absolutely essential is being omitted. Nevertheless, St. Johns Hospital sent us their class of 37 young women for 5 weeks in the fall (10 weeks is the usual length of the course), and the Staten Island, and the Methodist and Norwegian hospitals in Brooklyn sent us their students for at least one trip through the garden to see the important medicinal plants. But when the groups come only once or twice, according to our custom they are classified under the heading of visiting classes, and not as registered students. ourses Given by This Department.— The Conservatory course entitled ‘Plants of Tropical America’’ was fairly well attended, 24 people registering. This course consisted of 6 weekly tours through the conservatories Wednesdays at 3 p.m. to see the important economic plants. Informal talks were given by Dr. Gundersen, Miss Rusk, Miss Ashwell, and myself. In my course on Trees and Shrubs, 19 people registered in the spring and 20 in the fall. In the new course—‘ Trees in the Botanic Garden ’’— which Dr. Gundersen and I offered, 6 people registered. For the course A44, “Gardens within a Garden,” 52 people registered. This consists of weekly tours through the garden to see various floral displays and to get acquainted with the general plan of the Garden. ! saan eg 19 oe MrsseGharles-Hs: Princeton; Nv Jisct 3266 eee ee ee 6 Runyan, Hon. Robert, ete TO8aS.0.68 ek 2 ASE eh 53 U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D. Go... re tens wae 2 U.S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.............. 0.020000. 139 3,872 Respectfully submitted, ENRY K. SVENSON, Curator of the Herbarvum. REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST FOR 1943 To THE ACTING DIRECTOR: | submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 1943, Twelve men left the Garden in the course of the year—a greater labor turnover than we have had for many years. Three went into the Armed Forces; and several engaged in war industry. Their places were filled by women and older men. Good progress was made in the reorganization of the Conserva- tories in accordance with a plan proposed by a committee con- sisting of Dr. Reed, Dr. Gundersen, Miss Dorward and the Horticulturist. The winter of 1942-43 severely injured many deciduous shrubs and trees; the flowering cherries in particular suffering badly from frost cracks. “The Rose Garden was especially hard hit, necessi- je) tating 380 replacements. For these we are indebted to Bobbink & Atkins, 249; The Conard Pyle Company, 26; Jackson & Perkins Company, 55; and Traendly & Schenck, 50. The widespread interest in vegetable gardening resulted in a greatly increased number of requests for information which were answered by telephone, in person, and by mail. A section of a small vegetable garden demonstrating depth of planting, spacing, etc. was installed in the Ingersoll Memorial Library and was on exhibition from April 6th to April 18th. Part of a collection of fuchsias intended for exhibition at the International Flower Show (not held in 1943) was shown at an exhibition held for the benefit of the American Red Cross by the Horticultural Society of New York. The limestone fountain basin in the Horticultural Section showed signs of disintegration as a result of weathering. It was repaired and waterproofed by the Obelisk Waterproofing Com- pany. Asa further precaution against winter injury covers were made and installed by our men for this, the Conservatory foun- tain, and the well-head in the Medicinal Garden. Termites having attacked the Japanese Garden fence it became necessary to remove the posts from contact with the soil. To this end the laboring force made 37 concrete blocks and assisted outside carpenters in repairing and resetting the fence. Personal activities included service on the Editorial Board of The Home Garden; the Greater New York Victory Garden Council and on its Executive Committee; and judging vegetables at the Kings County Victory Fair. I gave 2 courses of lectures for Victory Garden Precinct Leaders of the C.D.V.O. and prepared material for a Victory Garden ” of which 250,000 copies were printed by the C.D.V.O. for distribution. In addition to the courses scheduled in the Prospectus, | gave 22 talks and demonstrations on vegetable erowing. vo work sheet Respectfully submitted, MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist. 26 REPORT ON THE LIBRARY FOR 1943 To THE ACTING DIRECTOR: The library added to its collection of Rafinesque’s works twelve originals, including his Alsographia Americana and his Autikon Botanikon. A most useful gift was the gift by the Woman’s Auxiliary of Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2d edition, 1943. From the Estate of Anna and Ixatherine Hollwegs, former members of the Garden, a gift Ninety-one books were col- of fourteen volumes was received. In lected and turned over to the 1943 Victory Book Campaign. connection with the Victory Garden Campaign the library had a display of catalogs of dealers in vegetable seeds. An exhibit of old herbals was displayed for the meeting of the Herb Society of America on May 4th. The collections at present comprise 45,016 pieces of which number 23,219 are volumes and 21,797 are pamphlets, an increase of 267 volumes and 565 pamphlets, or 832 pieces during 1943. Gifts during the year were 81 Volumes purchased totaled 153, The list of donors is volumes, 372 pamphlets, and 936 parts. included in Appendix I. Of periodicals and other serials the library received 488 as exchanges, 90 as gifts, 99 as purchases, and 5 through publication, making a total of 682 titles. Loans to other institutions totaled 32 items; 2 items were borrowed from other libraries for the use of our staff. Respectfully submitted, WILLIAM E. JorDAN, Librarian. STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY ACCESSIONS Parts Autograph (Including Letters — Portraits Volumes Pamphlets Pertodicals) BxGhanees wien 4s 0 0 33 97 3,149 Cl She ie em ah? 0 29 81 32 936 Publication... ....., 0 0 0 82 48 Bunghases ‘es 92 os i. 35 2 LSS 14 714 Ly, Books, pamphlets; and serials:catalogueds . 2... 4.25 eA ee ee tye sess 872 Total number of cards typewritten and filed... ..... 0.0.0.0 .0 200005 1,480 Torrey Botanical Club index cards filed durihg 1943................ 1,28: making a total of 63,857 Number, of usersiofithe Library i... 6.4 afc ee ees okey ns 3,230 Books ‘lent to-members"of ‘the staff.) 0.0.23. eee Abe 1,651 RefenenGesquestiOns 5.455 45-6 4. fete tee 6 ge eee epee ne meee ae aes 414 AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY COLLECTION Total Se of volumes in American Fern Society Collection, Decem- ber 943 Se oe Ne nee EGE OE SEE MP Mi TEA Ces Saar our 62 Total ae Olspalnphlelswen sh woak see vd «nets Sag ve eee eee 326 Number of parts “ldded caer OAS Fe ceiei hs cue nee & ues nu eae ee een eeeean 28 REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (FERNS) FOR 1943 To THE ACTING DIRECTOR: I submit herewith my report for the year ending Dec. 31, 1943. In genetic and botanical research, | have maintained the green- house collections of Nephrolepis species and varieties, and of a number of native fern species cared for under lath shelter in the Experimental Field. The scientific interest which attaches to the Nephrolepis variants has recently found expression in another text citation, a book by Julian Huxley in the field of evolution. | would note again that the general fern collection comprises a good selection of this group of the most primitive stem of the higher plants, those with vascular tissue. In addition to its botanical interest, it includes also most if not all of those fern species which have been and still are well adapted for house plant culture. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is one of the centers of fern study and interest both in this country, and internationally, through the fact that it is headquarters for many of the activities and collections of the American Fern Society. Dr. Svenson as Treasurer, Miss Rusk as Librarian, and Curator of the Fern Society Herbarium, my own association as one of the editorial staff of the American Fern Journal, and the Garden storage and management of all the back files of the Fern Journal’s nearly 28 thirty-five years of publication—all these combine with Dr. Svenson’s fern research and my own, to carry the Garden’s contributions to fern study widespread. I have taken an active part during the past summer in the establishment of an up-State work-study summer session for Brooklyn College students at the N. Y. Agricultural and Tech- nical Institute at Morrisville, N.Y. One hundred and fifty city students who had volunteered for service on the food production front, were quartered in the dormitories of the Morrisville Insti- tute. There they also met daily with a regular Brooklyn College staff of teachers, taking and completing a series of regular college courses most of which were specially correlated with the rural environment. From the Institute as headquarters they went forth daily to pick peas and beans for market and canning factory use. Their total production for the summer was 22,000 bushels of these essential foods. This project, which it is hoped may be an exemplar for an expanded and continued city-country educa- tional program, has had the enthusiastic support of state, and federal, as well as citv educational agencies. Respectfully submitted, RALPH C, BENEDICT, Resident Investigator (Ferns). REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (ECONOMIC PLANTS) FOR 1943 To THE ACTING DIRECTOR: | herewith submit a report for the year 1943. With the consent of the Garden, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—Long Island Uni- versity Course dealing with Economic Botany was omitted during the academic vear 1942-1943. Several student groups from Long Island University were instructed in the taxonomy of medicinal and other economic plants, by use of the Botanic Garden Con- servatories and Grounds. During the summer of 1943, a survey dealing with the avail- ability of drug plants in approximately 2,000 nurseries in the States of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massa- 29 chusetts was completed. The results of this survey as a contribu- tion to the War Effort in terms of specific information regarding medicinal plants will be published in the immediate future. My research this year involved a continuation of my investiga- tions to determine the physiological effects of the various substi- tute teas being used more widely during this current war period than under normal conditions. Several species of Rosa (Hips) and Rubus (leaves) were given special attention. During the Spring, the medicinal plants in the Botanic Garden were treated in a semi-popular fashion for publication in the July issue of the Garden Record. This work was organized by Dean C. W. Ballard of the College of Pharmacy, Columbia University, with the collaboration of the Resident Investigator (Econ. Plants) of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; and Professor F. J. Pokorny of Columbia University. Respectfully submitted, RALPH H. CHENEY Resident Investigator (Economic Plants). FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1943 Ia. Tax BupGer JANUARY 1, 1943-JUNE 30, 1943 Balances, December 31, 1942 of appropria riations for period Expenditures Balance Accounts 7/1/42-6/30/43 1/1/43-6/30/43 June 30, 1943 Personal Serv ~ ea erecta: Employees............ $31,352.50 $30; 494.15 $ 858.35 Ni —Temporary Employees.......... 11,069.50 659. one 1,409.94 Total Pe aioe path NGG a sees a an ES IN Mis emesee $42,422.00 $40,153.71 $2,268.29 ae than Personal Ser ple fees re ie Material er ANG“SELVACES: apt bene a Ek BS Soh aps el ee 4,879.02! 4,853.49 25:93 WPOtAG cc hie ae tends eto aad oedens som daeetede $47, 301. 02 $45,007, 007. 20 $2,293.82 Ib. Tax BupGer Jury 1, 1943-DECEMBER 31, 1943 es ati for period Expenditures Balance 7/1/43-6/30/44 7/1/43-12/31/43 December 31, 1943 Personal Servic Salaries— Resuiay Emplovees............ $65,325.00 $31,943.06 $33,381.94 Wa ages—Temporary Employees 23,696.00 12,982.50 10,713.50 [SRersona WOeCEVIGe sneiectstin. as ee ot Se Soon ake $89,021.00 $44,925.56 $44,095.44 ne an Personal Service Supplies, Equipment, eee Reps airs ral ServiCeSk, ccs barb o See RE eee Ae See, 6,568.97 4,098.08 2,470.89 LOtalSn2 te (oe OF ae ilo Ok Gh ent hg T et 3 $95,589.97 ee 023. 64 $46,5¢ 566.33 ' Includes transfer of $236.09 i eae cite Code ee 106 iy Supplies’? to Codes 5442-101 ‘Office SUT hee . 5442-104 ‘Printing, Binding and duction Sup ppl ae 5442- “Other Operating and Maintenance Supplies, 42-408 ‘Repairs to Buildings a este ures” ane 5442 Pe - “Repairs to Office and Other Operating Equipment,” in accordance with Board of Estimate of aac dated uly 153 Permanent Funds (Restricted') fe fe ek ee Nes Gens ae nea Endowment Fund........... Life Membership............ George C. Brackett.......... Sane! pee ay eae ECR ie enjamin Stuar eae Ww See ee Boe May Bates ppadine eae aE ae ed T. W auet ustus ely Ronen B. Wo odwi e Begaeet eee ae moat ment ie ement a und. . Whit i ee lyn ee titute Centennial John D. Rockefeller, Jr Citizens Endowmen Henry W. Healy eae ee tae Misaki @. Polgerbund’ Barisan) ae ; John W. : Sorina a WE ie F, Vis Eitan Cy ater, bs rors inert eah aR etre iw Endowment. TES nee ) Sha Herbarium E ndownr TUG bees See ae nn Special Accounts (Restricted) . Ella Reussner Trust Income Account... .. ship Principal fncome Expenditures Oh SRN Hs SPR $55,238.67 $ 2,208.78 2,208.78 deg Pit ita? 11,068.08 74 442.74 Ae eine 560.89 22.40 27.35 See iat pi 2,248.71 92 90.99 ny doer tne 15,180.91 2 607.22 447.80 Sy server 10,913.34 3.4 437.54 389.19 ea ee 2,974.64 82. 118.95 0 ns reed, ete 272,304.99 0. 10,892.16 10,892.16 10,809.60 0. 432.37 432, ea ets 27,030.73 0. 1,081.19 1,081.19 ene 65,013.32 0. 2,536.21 2,536.21 Meester 4,248.33 0. 169.8 169.88 ee erat 32,336.03 0. 1,293. 1,293.44 265,062.22 0. 10,602.47 10,602.47 191. 0. 10,767.63 10,767.63 54,608.53 171. 2,019.14 935.46 005.2 29, 40.23 35.00 10,000.00 0. 400.00 00 250,000.00 0. 10,000.00 10,000.00 24,472.67 Sige) 975.16 297.06 4,000.00 64 160.00 165.18 Re tere ee 2,234 89.37 25.00 TPOSESt: te. ee ee Bina ees Research). erate eee raopecial Contributions... «cece e ee Gross To Deduct inter- ret transactions. Grandiho tal Say ne ee ated hes To ae aia aIe anc $1,390,503.26 $1,390,503.26 $ 55,386.80 $ meer: 216.18 eunonae7 $166,471.37, 71,632.71 $ 94, 4,838.66 66 a eeieatine work of the Garden. $53,239.90 $ 2,037.60 1,326.14 6,500.00 60,242.42 $1 $101,667.37 Sue W1gO03 2271 $ 83,274. 76 ee December Jt, 1943 3 IT]. Summary or Toray MAINTENANCE BUDGET FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1943 Income Expenditures Other than Other than Personal Personal Personal Beet Service Service Total Service Servic Total Balance Balance on Dec. 31, 1942 of : Tax et Appropriations 7/1/42- “6/30, 0/4 $ 42,422.00 $ 4,879.02!2$ 47,301.02 $ 40,153.71 $ 4,853.49 $ 45,007.20 $ 2,293.82? Tax Bu dget ee 7/1/43-6/30/44........... 89,021.00 6,568.97 95,589.97 44,925.56 4,098.08 49,023.64 46,566.33 $131,443.00 $11,447.99 $142,890.99 § 85,079. 27 $ 8,951.57 $ 94,030.84 $48,860.15 Total Less Balance at 12/31/43 of d Tax Budget i aepaaeean or 7/1/43-6/30/44........ 44,095.44 oe 89 46,566.33 46,566.3 Tax Budget (47.20%)....... 87,347.56 8, 977.10 96,324.66 85,079.27 8,951.57 94,030.84 2,293.82? Private Funds (52.80%)..... 71,992.28 35,589.57 = 107,581.85 60,242.42 = 23,032.34 83,274.76 24,307.09 Votals= .i:F¢enuesee4 $159,339.84 $44,566.67 $203,906.51 $145,321.69 $31,983.91 $177,305.60 $26,600.91? ‘Includes transfer of $236.09 transferred from Code 5442-109 ‘‘Fuel st tae to Codes 5442-101 “Office ey i 5442-104 ‘Printing, Binding and Reproduction Supplies,’ 5442-149 ‘Oth One and Maintenance Sup ‘i 5442-408 “Repairs to Buildings and Structures’? and 5442-409 ‘‘ Repairs to Ofte and Other Operating ae up e nS accordance with Board of Estimate resolution dated July 15, 1943. fat > Balance of $2293.82 remaining from City Appropriation 1942-1943 reverted to City of New York—‘‘ General Accrual id. ” n Respectfully ta Ep of mie ee Secretary. : The above _ Binancial Statement” isa ee of eats eon Garden Accounts in the Bhs the Tr urer oe ‘the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences e Treasure are audited annually by a Diblic ne ountant, and a separate audit of this “Pinane ial Statement”’ is me cae in a eiees to save unnecessary expense Epwin P. Maynarp, "yeasurer. reas- ce 33 APPENDIX I GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1943 Collections Fund * Mrs. Helen K. Anderson Miss Hilda Loines Mrs. Frank L. Babbott Mrs. George Lyons Battle Pass a aa Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard Philip A. Ber Thomas Mehring Miss ean L Bet Mrs. Whitney Merrill Mrs. S. Parkes eine Mrs. Dean C. Osborne Mrs. Otis D. Carroll Dr. Mabel H. Otis Mrs. Franklin Chace Mrs. Charles E. Perkins Mrs. Walter V. Cranford Mrs. W. Sterling Peters Walter H. Crittenden Mrs. James H. Post Otto Ebel Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt Mrs. William W. Emerson Mrs. Benjamin Prince Mrs. Ida M. Faron Miss Mary S. Pullman Mrs. Lewis W. Francis _ Norman Roy Mrs. Ernest P. Goodrich Mrs. Frank E. Simmons Mrs. J. Morton Halstead Miss Elise W. Stutzer Anonymous William J. Wason, Jr. Anonymous Mrs. Walter F. Wells Mrs. Raymond V. Ingersoll Miss Harriet H. White William L. James Women of ie Chapter N.S.D.A.R. Mrs. Warren Kenny Frank Uth Dr. Laura A. Kolk ata Mrs. John E. Leech Rotaleamountcomtibutedia.,.2-.2,....-..+:5++.0 00 Ree $3,354.00 Plant Pathology Research Fund Na aYalhiina (LUCK, Sak COIs aA A a at $1,500.00 /S\CRCGSORATEVOLUG) 13 vic 6: ce eR ee 2 a 00 $4,000.00 Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund MirstaOSep nw Uganiwe sece. Stee eeeieie sa cv ss bie sts d Miss Sadie Hecht—4 Series F Bonds ($25.00 face value) 74.00 $ 76.00 * Note:—Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden constitute proper deductions under the Federal Income Tax Law Special Gifts for Children’s Work el OLR ORCUISE LSE ae pus ars wack ag tO AR a ee $ 10.00 MirswvAr oanderse. 2: Vt. Seda aes dhe eee 3.53 Mas (GharlecuPerkins=4, 39.2, 5 ooh san ake ae 25.00 $ 38.53 Special Needs of the Garden ATOR OUG wah 3.5 een aie ena diner. tueheva'a. ay? Sinica eae Wh ea eee ee $ 500.00 Special Purposes Designated by Donors WMreiDeansGs OSbOLNC coat tewih » sid aby Spee ee yeh $ 920.00 Anonymous Or RUS stan ee tee COM re ae end Sere 500.00 WGA Sear vient, ener ag ke aes tee eres ae 500.00 ANON VMOUS toate ankles ee oe hs aN eee Keele 250.00 Good mianeharnl Var ttN ising sc cc cont ern erty a oe 50.00 18.50 $2,238.50 Miss Sadie Hecht—1 Series F Bond ($25.00 face value) Library A total of 81 books, 372 pamphlets and 936 parts of publica- tions (exclusive of Government documents) in addition to 29 portraits and photographs, and 76 miscellaneous items were received as gifts. Agricultural Insecticide and Fungi- cide Association r. J. C. Ahumada American Association of ardens and Arboretums American Begonia Society American Fern Society American Forest Products Industries American Forestry catennee American Horticultural Socie American Museum of Natural pe ee Potash Institute Botanical ee Soybean Association -rof. Oakes Ames Dr. ee F. Asenjo Astronomical Society of the Pacific Miss Elizabeth M. Back Prof. L. H. Bailey Barelay Madison Corporation Dr. Thomas J. Barrett A list of donors follows. Miss Katharine Bartlett Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Mr. William J. Beeche Dr. Ba = ae a Mrs. E. sregstrom ee eae Cent nice P. Bishop ier Biccheniteal Research Foundation of the Franklin Institute Dr. P. Bohner a Anthony A. de Bo . Miriam L. ae ma es Bondar Botanical Society of Edinburgh Prof. Donald D. Brand I *. Lucy Braun British Columbia Provincial Museum British Museum (Natural History) Brooklyn Botanic Garden Woman's Auxiliary Mr. J. G. Brown Mr. S. C. Bullenkamp Dr. Stanley A. Cain Canadian Seed Growers Association Prof. Martin Cardenas Carnegie Institution of Washington Miss Gladys Carroll Charles Lathrop Dae Forestry Foundation Chilean Nitrate Educational Bureau Cincinnati. Board of Park Commis- sioners Mrs. Jay Clark, Jr. Mr. I. W. Clokey College of the City of New York Colorado State College Library Dr. W. S. Cooper Cranberry Canners, Inc. Mrs. Joseph M. Cudahy Mr. William T. Davis Davison Chemical Corporation tr. H Forest Difco Laboratories Prof, Erling Dorf Duke University DuPont de Nemours & Company, Inc Mr. aieodore P. Dykst Ecuador. genes eae Dr. W. mig Eugenics ee of Northern Cali- ornia Mrs. D. E. Eyles Dr. David Fairchild Dr. Oliver A. Farwell Prof. H. I. Featherly Rev. John Fernand _ Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria Filson Club Fisher Scientific Company Food Research Institute, Stanford Un Mr. Monaeue Free Dr. C. Stuart Gager Mrs. C. Stuart Gager Mr. A. O. Garrett George Washington Carver Founda- tion, Tuskegee Institute Mr. Tom Gill Mr. Harold S. Gladwin Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves Dr. Ernest Guenther . T. P. Haas Mr. Stuart K. Harris Mr. Stanley W. Hayes Miss Sadie Hecht Hon. James J. Heffernan Herb Society of America Miss Elizabeth Hes Mr. Henry Hicks vie of Anna ee Mr. R. E. Hor Huntington College Botanical Garden and Arbor Dr. Annie M. Hurd-Karrer Mr. Blythe Hurst Illinois Audubon Society Mr. Charles F. Jenkins John Innes Horticultural Institution Miss Edith D. Johnston Mr. Arthur Pierson Kelley Dr. Laura A. Koll Mr. L. F. Lambert Dr. Frederic T. Lewis Life Magazine Dr. Walter F. Loehwing Lombard, Illinois. Park District Prof. B. J. Luyet Mahogany ape Inc. Ir. David S. Mar Medical mociety . the County of Kings ee and saat Inc. Dr. E. D. Merri ee State College. Farm Crops Dept. of rom Middle America Information Bureau Montevideo. useo de Historia Me: Robert Mose Mr. R. National Conte of State Garden Clubs, Inc. National Cotton Council of America National Farm Chemurgic Council National Lumber Manufacturers’ As- National Peanut Council, Inc. National Research Council Nati onal Research Council of Canada R. A. Nemanick New Hampshire, University of. logical Institute New Jersey State Horticultural So- Bio- New York Assoc. of Biolony Teachers New York Historical Societ Northwest Cr ag ees Assoc. Dr. William er Pan pera Sanitary Bureau Pan American S. B. Penick & Company Mr. H. L. Penn Pennsylvania Gaiveniey Library Miss Emilie L. Pla M. René Pomerleau sil Mr. A. E. Por Pratt Institute rae Me Hugh M. Raup r.G : mts Public Library Rubber Manufacturers Assoc., Inc. Miss Hester M. Rusk Prof. ae Russell Prof. Br yan St: Dy aoe ave College Miss Claire Sanders Miss Ethel Sanders Dr. A. Scharf School Garden Association School Nature League J. F. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Dr. H. W. Shimer Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Na- ura Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales Southern Methodist University Stanford University Librar Stanford A Natural History Museu Dr. W. M. i Dr. W.C.S Prof. Robert sialon Dr. Vincente Suarez Soto Dr. Henry Kk. Svenson Tennessee University Library University of Texas Mrs. Elizabeth H. Thomson Prof. Henry W. Thurston, Jr. Timber Engineering Company Transylvania College S Assoc. Green Section Dr. Paul D. Voth Miss Florence E. Wall Wallerstein Pa aa Prof. John Wa West Virginia Ge Herbarium Dr. P. R. White Wilderness Society Mr. Stuart Winston University of Wisconsin, Manual Fund Mr. J. G. Wood Dr. Albert Hazen Wright Mr. L. C. Wyman Yale University School of Forestry Botany oie Department of Plants LIVING PLANTS Bernhardt, Capt. A. A., Port Eads, La. 25 miscellaneous plants. Bi r. Charles, eee a Y. clumps Dentaria laciniata, Bobbiak & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. 40 Sugar Maple seedlings, 2 Correa pulchella, 250 Rosa See te 12 Standard Roses, 244 Roses in 58 varieties Chace, Mr. Franklin, New York, N. Y. eee of - Oa tuberosa. Conard Pyle Co., West Grove, Pa. 26 R oses in 13 v de Bole, Mr. Anthony A., New York, N. Y., ee, ie: eae Artichoke r tubers. De Tomasi, Mrs. J., Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. 288 Orchids in 30 species, 4 Bromeliads. Flowerfield Bulb Farm, Flowerfield, L. I. 1 Peony. Jackson & Perkins, Newark, N. Y. 58 Roses in 15 varieties. Kittredge, Miss E. M., Vergennes, Vt. 26 miscellaneous eee in 18 genera. Lewis, Mr. Allen, Basking Ridge, N. J. 5 Cereus, 1 Opun Meerloo, Mrs. L. S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Pandan Miller Gardens, Orlando, Fla. 50 Caladiums in B varieties. Narodney, Lt. Leo. H., N. Y., N.Y. 6 Afyristica fragrans. Phillips, Dr. W., Great Neck, L. I. : Orchids in 6 species Platt, Mr. Ruthertond: INFeYe: BING, oY, ae Sabatia Kennedyana. Silvers, Mr. R., N. Y., N. Y.. 1 ae rutilan Thacher Mrs. A. B., South es N. J. 6 ce gractlistyla Miguel. ottv’s, ee N. J. 132 Greenhouse Chrysanthemums in 45 Yemones Traendly, Mr. F. H., Rowayton, Conn. 50 Roses “ Mrs. F. D. R.’ Tricker, Wm., soins River, N. J. 42 Tropical Waterlilies. Wayman, R., Bayside, L. I. 1 hardy Fig White, Mr. Alain, Summerville, S. C. 3 Petalostemum corymbosus. Winnefeld & Blume, Hackensack, N. J. 100 Poinsettia cuttings, Wollny, Mr. W., Brooklyn, N.Y. 20 Cz Sonne in 7 varieties, 40 Gloxinias in 3 aren les fu SEED PACKETS Bernhardt, Capt. A. A., Port Eads, La. (6) aoe Mire] ae aING Ys, Ney. (6) , Lt. D., Camp LeJeune, N.C. (1) Bes le Mr. €. ee Washington, D. C. (2) Jones, Mr. A. D. T. Secours R. I. (1) Jones, Dr. D. 5 New Haven, n. (1) Murrill, Dr. W. A. , Gainesville, ie (1) Senior, Mr. R. M., Cincinnati, Ohio. (1) 38 Phanerogamic Herbarium Demeritt, Prof. H. B., 4 Picea specimens collected in Maine. Ericson, Mr. Charles, 19 miscellaneous specimens collected in New York. Hastings, Mr ., 808 miscellaneous specimens collected in California. Hevle, Miss F. M., 3 eee ances specimens collected in New York. Holtzoff, Mrs vee , 39 miscellaneous specimens collected in New Yor O'Neill, Rev. Hugh, : 2 miscellaneous specimens collected in the Philippines. Cryptogamic Herbarium Diddell, Mrs. W. D., 1 specimen of Hypopterygium collected in Florida. For the Department of Elementary Instruction Coates, Mr. John C., Dahlias in different varieties for the children’s garden. Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart, Two gold medals as prizes for outdoor Bare work; e framed te te raph of Dr. Gager for the children’s clubroor ae Teac her ciation, One prize cup competed for by the ee at the outdoor garc ae Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Two gold honor pins for work in the children’s garden. Woman’s Auxiliary, One prize cup, in memory of Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler, competed for by the girls of the outdoor garden. Note: Gifts of money ($164.53) from various sources have been added to the Funds of the Department and are included in the financial report Miscellaneous Gibson, Miss Gertrude, Brooklyn, N. Y., 250 flower pots, one ladder, and one of wire mesh. Lawrence, Mrs. Herbert, Brooklyn, N. Y., 89 miscellaneous articles of labora- Nicene Museum of Art, New York City, about one-half ton of Tufa Rock. ee Coffee Department of Brazil, New York City, 1 book, ‘Travel in razil,’’ and one “Atlas Estatistico do Brasil. Nixon Ceo, Works, Nixon, N. J., 2 plastic plates, ee eee samples of »bjects made of cellulose acetate and cellulose nitra Peabo Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Conn., . Piactaty pe model ‘ycadeoidea fishert Pebeet Mrs, Charles E., ene lyn, N. Y., 2 metal flower holders. 39 APPENDIX 2 PUBLICATIONS BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL DURING 1943 Ashwell, G. Elizabeth. 9 abstracts for Biological Abstracts. Benedict, Ralph C. Genetics. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 83. April. Report of the Resident Investigator (Ferns) for 1942. Brook- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 117, 118. April. Dr. C. Stuart Gager. American Fern Jour. 33: 143, 144. December. Cheney, R. H. Economic Plants. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 83, 84. April. Report of the Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) for 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 118. April. Medical uses of drug plants cultivated in the Medicinal Plant Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (In collabora- tion with C. W. Ballard and F. J. Pokorny.) Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 187-208. July. Review of ‘The Green Earth” by Harold W. Rickett. Garden- ers’ Chronicle of America 47: 213. August. 3 interviews on Tea substitutes, Ersatz drinks, and Blossomades. Doney, Charles F. 4 articles on Shrubs and other woody plants, published in Horticulture, Bulletin of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and N. Y. Times. Dorward, Margaret M. Paper white narcissus. Gardeners’ Chronicle. November. Free, Montague. Pocket book of flower gardening. Pocket Books, Inc., New ork, N.Y. City slickers: roses can endure urban surroundings. Amer. Rose Ann. 1943; 55-58. 40 Report of the Horticulturist for 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 107-112. April. Twenty-two gardening articles in The ome Garden and 15 in the New York Sun. Gager, C. Stuart. Review of W. Stephen Thomas, ‘‘The amateur scientist.” Science 97: 44-45. January 8. Book notice of Selman A. Waksman, ‘‘The peats of New Jersey and their utilization.”’ Ecology 24: 134. January. Book notice of Bennett and Pryor, ‘‘This land we defend.” Ecology 24: 134. January. Thirty-second annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Report of the director. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 43-74 Review of Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming, ‘‘The oceans: their physics, chemistry, and general biology.” Ecology 24: 271. April. Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the schools. Chronica Botanica 7: 308. Spring, 1943. Graves, Arthur Harmount. Spruces of the eastern United States. School Nature League etin. Series 13. No.6. National Audubon Society, N2 Ye CC. February. Making new chestnut trees. Brooklyn Central 42: 4-16. February. Report of the Curator of Public Tastmietion for 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 84-91. April. Chestnut breeding work in 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 78-80. April. Botany. Revision service (for 1942). Colliers National En- cyclopedia. April. A brief historical survey of the use of plants in medicine. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 169-186. July. 5 articles on items of interest in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 4] 65 articles on events at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for metropolitan newspapers. 2 abstracts for Biological Abstracts. Gundersen, Alfred. Flower structure and the classification of dicotyledons. Brook- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 81-82. April. Report of the Curator of Plants for the Year 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 96-100. April. Flower forms and groups of dicotyledons. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 511-517. September. Jordan, William E. Report on the Library for 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 114-117. April. A short list of works in the Library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden dealing with the early use of plants in medicine. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 208-209. July. Reed, George M. Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 75-78. April. Melanopsichium on Polygonum aviculare. Mycologia 35: 654, . December. Phytopathology—1867-1942. Torreya 43: 155-169. December. Shaw, Ellen Eddy. Annual Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 91-96. April. 3 articles on children’s gardening, published in The Home rarden. Shaw, Ellen Eddy, Michalena LeFrere Carroll, and Elsie Twem- low Hammond. Our Boys and Girls Club. Educational series, Dept. of Ele- mentary Instruction. April. Shaw, Ellen Eddy and Margaret M. Dorward. Selection and care of plants in the classroom. School Nature League Bulletin. October. 42 Svenson, Henry K. Report of the Curator of the Herbarium for 1942. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 32: 102-107. April. Modern taxonomy and its relation to geography. 44-49, July. Flora of- Panama. Part II, Fascicle 2 (Cyperaceae). Mo. Bot. Gard. 30: 281-326. September. Torreya 43: Ann. Utter, L. Gordon. C. Stuart Gager. Gardeners Chronicle of America 47: Chronicle Insert—September. Gardening for Victory. Floral Park, N. Y. Victory Garden Tips. 30 weekly articles for The Gateway, 25 weekly articles (with C. F. Wedell). APPENDIX 3 TALKS, LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND PAPERS GIVEN BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL DURING 1943 By G. Elizabeth Ashwell: April 30. Our common trees. Garden Club of New Utrecht Reformed Church. July 17. Economic plants in wartime. New Canaan Garden 2 ee on Soil erosion, and Mountains, before biology class and nature club. By R. H. Cheney: February 8. Wartime flavors from United States plants. Il- lustrated by lantern slides i in color. East Orange, N. J. Garden Club. February 27. Thtrst quenchers for the duration. . Illustrated by lantern slides and demonstration material. New York Botanical Garden (Saturday Afternoon Lecture Series). 43 By Elizabeth Clarke: October 5. Bulbs for spring bloom. Garden Center of New Rochelle. November 8. House plants. Brooklyn Heights Garden Club. 12 talks on Victory Gardens. By Charles F. Doney: October 6. Flowering shrubs. Rockville Center Garden Club. December 3. Christmas evergreens. Brooklyn Heights Garden lub. 2 talks, one on Trees and Shrubs and one on the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By Margaret M. Dorward: 5 talks on Victory Gardens before various organizations. 2 lectures in the special Victory Garden Courses given at ‘Bloomingdale Bros., Inc., for the A.W.V.S. By Montague Free: 18 talks on Victory Gardens and 6 talks on various subjects to Garden Clubs and other organizations. By C. Stuart Gager: April 8. Larger aspects of the activities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, with statistics, during the first 32 years. Brook- lyn Institute Trustees. Academy of Music, Brooklyn. April 15. Accomplishments and needs of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1942-43. Woman’s Auxiliary of the Garden. At the Garden. By Arthur Harmount Graves: January 16. Breeding the chestnut. Class of Prof. Martin L. Robertson at N. Y. Univ. on Modern Advances in Science. March 8. Medicinal Plants. At the Garden. March 25. Food Plants of the World. I. Cereals. P.S. 42, Manhattan. April 27. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Bayside Garden Club. 44 May 18. Forestry. P.S. 42, Manhattan. May 26. Chestnut breeding. Stuyvesant H. S., Manhattan. October 19. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. South Strathmore Garden Club. At the Garden. October 27. Sotl conservation. Class in Hygiene and Public Health from Brooklyn College. At the Garden. December 11. Breeding chestnut trees. Saturday morning Children’s Class. At the Garden. December 18. low we are defeating the chestnut blight. Class in Modern Advances in Science. N.Y. Univ. By Alfred Gundersen: March 31. Classifying plants. N. J. State Teachers College. At the Garden. May 20. The history of food plants. Contemporary Club. At the Garden. By Frances M. Miner: 4 talks on Victory Gardens. 4 talks on Children’s Gardens. 3 talks on gardening subjects. 1 lecture before Bloomingdale Bros., Inc. employees at the Greater New York A.W.V.S. Headquarters. By George M. Reed: April 20. Disease resistance in plants, with particular reference to the genetical aspects. Federal Plant Quarantine Club of May 8. Genetics of oat smut inheritance. Biology Class in the Teaching of Biological Science, New York University. At the Garden. May 10 and 11. Oat smut experiments. Biology class, Brook- Ivn College. At the Garden. By Hester M. Rusk: July 14 and October 25. Edible wild plants. Flushing Gar- den Club and Three Village Garden Club. November 15. Plant ecology. Madison Garden Club, Madi- son, NN. 45 November 28. Wald flowers and their fruits. Barnard Club, New York. By Ellen Eddy Shaw: March 28. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn game Garden. St, Christopher’s School, Dobbs Ferry, | June 9. The garden check-up. Three Village Garden Cite. Syosset, L. I. October 2. The educational value of gardening for children. Decor seioyia Federation of Mothers’ Clubs, Inc., at the otel Pennsylvania. November 17. In memory of Dr. Gager. \Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. November 19. Thanksgiving. Girls’ High School. November 23. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Woman's Guild, Bedford Presbyterian Church. 4 Graduation addresses. 5 Victory Garden talks. 4 talks on Children’s gardens. 3 talks on the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 7 lectures in special Victory Garden Courses at Bloomingdale Bros., Inc. for the A.W.V.S., and the Board of Education and Boy Scouts at the Garden. By Henry K. Svenson: February 12. The species problem. Sigma Delta Epsilon Scientific Society. At the Cornell Club Rooms, Barbizon Hotel, New York, N. Y April 21. Plants of a Long Island pond. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Garden. 5 talks on Ecuador and Peru. Before various organizations. By S. R. Tilley: April 19. Rose growing. Strathmore Village Garden Club, Manhasset, L. |. By L. Gordon Utter: 40 talks on Victory Gardens before various organizations. 46 APPENDIX 4 RADIO TALKS GIVEN DURING 1943 From Station WNYC: January 8. The story of rubber. Dr. Graves January 22. The story of tea and coffee. Miss Ashwell February 5. Garden soil and its problems. Miss Shaw February 19. Sugar and sugar substitutes. Dr. Gundersen March ° 5. Planning the vegetable garde: Mr. Free March 19. Seeds to choose for the eae sgarden. Miss Miner April 2. Planting the vegetable garden. Miss Shaw April 16. Try growing herbs. Miss Van Brunt April 30. Flowers for victory. Miss Clarke Mav 14. Plant protection and = our | chemical supplies. Dr. Utter May 28. Substitutes for coffee and tea. Miss Rusk June 11. Summer care of the victory garden, Miss Shaw June 25. Spices and substitutes. Mr. Donev July 13. Keep your victory garden growing. Mr. Free October 15. Plants and people. Mr. Free October 29. How did your victory garden grow? Dr. Utter November 12. The long, long way from love apple to victory garden tomato. Mr. Doney November 26. “‘ Every herb bearing seed. . . to you it shall be fer meat.’ Miss Rusk December 10. Plants for Christmas. Miss Shaw From Station WOR: 20. An interview. Mr. Free October 12. Battle of the Boroughs Quiz Program. Miss Shaw From Station WEA F: Apri 7. Victory Garden Program from the Schwab Estate. Mr. Free From Station W75 NY: March 4. An interview. Mr. Free APPENDIX 5 FIELD TRIPS CONDUCTED, 1943 April 11. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden for important economic plants outdoors and in the conservatories. Dr. Graves and Dr. Gundersen 47 June 5. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to see rare and exotic trees. Miss Ashwell September 26. Torrey Botanical Club. Van Cortlandt Park. dr. Graves October 10. Torrey Botanical Club. Richmond, S. I. Miss Rusk October 17. Torrey Botanical Club. Gymnosperms at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Graves and Dr. Gundersen APPENDIX 6 MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1943 January 13. O.C.D. Leaders. January 20. O.C.D. Leaders. January 27. O.C.D. Leaders. February 3. O.C.D. Leaders. February 10. O.C.D. Leaders. April 11. Torrey Botanical Club. April 15. Woman’s Auxiliary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. April 21. Torrey Botanical Club. May 4. American Herb Society. May 4. Winters Night Club. May 4. Brooklyn Section, Public School Kindergarten As- sociation. May 5. N.S. D.A.R., ’76 Chapter. May 8. D.A.R., Battle Pass Chapter. May 8. Association of Kew Gardeners in America. May 12. North Country Garden Club. May 20. Contemporary Club. June 1. American Nature Study Club. June 11. N.S.D.A.R., Ellen Hardin Walworth Chapter. June 24. Brooklyn Nature Club. August 31. Kings County War Saving Staff. September 23. Conference on Fruit and Vegetable Storage. October 5. Torrey Botanical Club. 48 October 5. Department of Natural History, Brooklyn Institute. October 17. Torrey Botanical Club. October 19. Strathmore Garden Club. APPENDIX 7 STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE 1942 Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) ING WOfesGtsmGm tre < cabs ciel Vin, et. eased AoE ee I 26 ns of teachers. involved... . 0... 0.0 eee ee ee ee 72 ofpupils attending: 2.1... 2. cu eee eg 3,084 Material Supplied otal number of requests from schools........... 513 Number of different institutions...............-. 22 High Schools and High School Annexes Brooklyn (Total No. 38)............... 16 @ueens;s (otal Nor:27) sia ES ee ie 7 Manhattan (Total No. 53). ........5.6% 5 Other Boroughs (Total No. 32)......... 4 Junior High Schools (Total in Brooktyn 31)34 4 Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn 7) 12 Elementary Schools Brooklyn (Total INOR2 2h ee aoe eas 125 Queens (Total Now 14/55 ese es 2 8 Manhattan (Total No. 126)............ 9 Other Boroughs (Total No. 150)........ 12 Private and Parochial Schools........... 12 Other Institutions.....)..6.0.. 2.08 fee 12 Number of potted ae for nature study.... 2,371 Number of Petri dishes filled with ste aleede agar ¢ Total number of teachers supplied with material 5,518 Total number of pupils reached. ............ 256,586 Living Plants Placed in coe Rooms INO SOL SGHOOISH Mah eet ess eas ake ea ek ath a8 23 INOwORDIANtS 2 bite oF BER mya i o Vcved wane san wine dace 663 No. ofteachers involved)... 000. ee eae 451 No. pils OCIS eA Ati ot tole thas neces he can hewate 15,710 Plants Djetributed eed in rie BT wate ne 38,309 sonsstakine plants). .f)...45 aqarwincdaheals + 1,216 Total number of schools represented............. 210 Seed Packets for Children J faSChoolsiek Ait te ee, Oe ek Se ee 66 480 INOsofateaGhers (ae een 2 Sn are ee et 16,380 86,230 INoMmofspupilsiaats ot ate te ES wie pln 438,551 440,756 ING Zolepackets Pen kite ae OG ea oy OR 1,315,653 1,322,268 Exhibits Provided OMEXDIDNtSr pets. aN See wo eclties i e ( 19 119,665 151,250 APPENDIX 8 STATISTICS RELATING TO LIVING PLANT Species or Varieties Living Plants Received: Bvacolection testes eurcce ee eettcll

a 292 Biyepurchasererancy wears Tat Lt hans ler Sania 60 [ter Revere ea nearest ede Sues ot Bs sieht ee 322 SEED EXCHANGE Seed Packets Received: Mex Glan Seka tiga ert je Pi gar donk vet bo Deke ee eee 81 LONE (2g 18 Bit ieaiae at eae areal a pss RPE RAR Ea PRR ORR Da Nea, 19 Pap UL CHASE ae cs. o0 2 oa treet Sl | tit dna gitene oan a eee 137 |ECoytY Liv re ch arnt cin neon tt orc AAR Bet ue ea ean 237 Seed Packets Distributed: EXCH ANTS. g eh Un FRG cesnen lian tat uns Ly tannin 525 IS esa ihe eee Gn PA ok Paty NDE Ch nt uy, Soe ad ae a 3 PROTA leer ahi ers mea! oni tact «ya od oo 528 Plants and Cuttings Distributed: BNO ChAT Roser hei st dot a: una yao JES Sane ee ae 6,654 VOTRE an chin, kta ecto oe Me nts oh Bier EON ChE 5 1,022 7,676 S Plants 50 APPENDIX 9 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION PHANEROGAMIC HERBARIUM Accesstons: By Gift: Demeritt, Prof. H. B., University of ane, Orono, Maine 4 Ericson, Mr. ae Brooklyn, N. patie 9 Hastings, Mr. George T., Santa Monica: Cali es tebe 808, Hevle, Miss F. M., New ViorleesINee Vit. ae CSS ae eee ts 3 Holtzoff, Mrs. eee New YorksNe Ws oo ae eee 39 O'Neill, Rev. Hugh, The Catholic University of America, Washing tong 22 ise anevada BGG Aneie te gee te 2 875 By Exchange: Bazuin, Mr. C. W., Grand Rapids, Mich.............. 171 Beetle, Dr. Alan A. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Can Danis. Galift.! (oman pe 30 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IIl.. Bes 28 Gray aaron aR Cambridge, Mass:......5 2g. te BS 200 Hanes, Mr. C. -, Schoolcraft, Wii Ghixe ss 2. aan! demesne 2 Howell, Mr. J. T., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif LN TE rR aye y Astro oy Has hahah ost 1 Lundell, Dr. C. L., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mi ch Wanna ads Ag eh ee ne gay, iA mnen hee ne 3 Pennell, Dr. F. W., The Academy of Natural Sciences, PhiladelphiasSbay CHILDREN’S MUSEUM—BR aires AVENUE AND PARK PLACE —PRospect 38-7117 MEMBERSHIP You are cordially invited to become a member of one or all of the Departments of the Brooklyn Institute. The annual fee in each Department is $10, carrying full privileges in the division of your choice and partial privileges in the other two. Membership runs for ieee months from the time it is taken out THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free admis- sion to more than 250 events: lectures, concerts, motion pictures, young people’s programs, field trips, etc. ise: reduced rates for special courses and programs ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Chairman, Governing Committee. Jutius Broom, Director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction, Also: docent services, privileges of library and herbarium, free publications, advice on all aspects of gardening, distribution of surplus plant material, and visiting membership privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. Miss Hitpa Lornes, Chairman, Governing Committee. Dr. Grorce M. Reep, Acting Director. THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses, phonograph records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services. Also: five Pose Dae free of charge anc other Museum publications: at reduced p Water H. CrItTENDEN, Chairman, Governing Committee Mrs. LauRANCE P. Roperts, Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, SAAS, school ceremonies, dances, and other events. Wittiam T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. Hrersert T. Swin, Building Superintendent. aa iW PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN. THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Peinic Garden renders a public service in its- endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages, and carr wae on fundamental investigations. Members SSA 0007 eS ON On \o S arden have the opportunity of furthering these aims. Special membership prileges are also offered as follows: 1. Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, ively methods of culture, and control of insect and fungous pest : The naming Bt botanical specimens submitted for determina- tion. . Periodical distribution of surplus ornamental plant material nd seeds. . Invitations for self and friends to the Annual Spring Inspec- tion, and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of admission | exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions; admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. 5. Services of a Buide (by seo for self and party, when visiting the Gar . Free tuition in all courses of instruction, except that in labora- tory courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, etc. . The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. . Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from are to time. . As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical papers based upon the researches carried on at the Gar ae Special Guides to the plantations and collections, Leaflets opular in- formation, and the quarterly Record, which ae the Annual Report of the Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our mem er they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brookiea Botanic Garden membership card, ili CLUB MEMBERSHIPS For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the Fae in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follov Annual Memberships —Garden Clubs or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee o Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its % publications as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days” ad ae annual Spring Inspection in May. e Club may also have the following privileges: Nn ~ . The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic. Garden and the Club. ne extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. The Garden puppies, on request, a list of staff members avail- able for outside lec Arrangements will be facilitated if the Club will, with each request, designate at least two names One member of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in courses of pean for which tuition is charged to non-mem- atory Courses a nominal fee is charged to cover > = cost cay mater A Sustaining Memberships. —Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual large ae the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five ars. Sustaining eect ship clubs ie the full privileges of aus! membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two extra-mural lec- tures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. iv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, seh te Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Boston Society of Natural History, rN reek Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo California Academy of Sciences, on Reanoikeot Calif. Carnegie Museum, *Pitidourgh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Cranbrook Institute of Sie “Bloonaeld Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Tield Museum of Natural History, eee Ill. s Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Bost Mass. Missouri Botanical eee ee Louis, Mo. wark Museum, Newark, New York State Museum, ee ny, N. Y. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. a Horticultural Society, Philadelphia Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, ‘Pal ae Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Vv CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2.. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 25 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 A. sei fe spyeone payiient Of «0... 4s snes 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 6.. Donersby, one payment of : 2. 2 .nr 10,000 7. Patron, by one payment of .......... 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Main 2-4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. V1 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used Sete for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship 1ereby give, devise, us bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of. Arts and Sciences, Brookly1 ‘Y .. the- < oo IOP ETA bee okt. hg Peep 3 ve tei ), 1940. ay 3{ JO58 ) [ ( n, \ Garde Botanic view of Brooklyn ane Airpl ( Photo > nes)? Gl ‘airchild Aerial Surveys | by THe DIRECTOR The sticcess of the venture in founding the Garden depended greatly upon the wise selection of the Director, and the members of the Board of Trustees showed remarkable foresight in their choice of Dr. Charles Stuart Gager, at the time Professor of Botany in the University of Missouri. His educational and scientific training, and his experience in teaching and research, eminently fitted him for undertaking the development of the Botanic Garden. Following his graduation from Syracuse University, where he received the bachelor’s degree in 1895, Dr. Gager acquired, during the next fifteen years, a wealth of varied experiences in botanical teaching and research. The years 1895-1904 were spent in teach- ing and advanced studies, with emphasis on botany. During 1895-1896 he was Vice Principal of the Ives Seminary, Antwerp, N. Y. The next year, 1896-1897, he was a student at the New York State Normal College, Albany, N. Y., where he obtained the two degrees, Bachelor and Master of Pedagogy. In the fall of 1897 he became Professor of Biological Sciences and Physiography at that institution, holding the position until September, 1904. He attended the Harvard Summer School in 1898, and was at Cornell University during 1901-1902, for graduate study and as Assistant in Botany. He obtained his degree of Doctor of Philosophy in June, 1902, from Cornell, carrying on his research under the direc- tion of Professor George F. Atkinson. He returned to Cornell as Instructor in Botany during the summer of 1904. The years 1904-1910 were spent in research and the teaching of botany in several institutions. He was Laboratory Assistant at the New York Botanical Garden under Dr. Daniel Trembly MacDougal during 1904-1905. In the spring of 1905 he was Acting Professor of Botany at Rutgers College, N. J., and in the fall of 1905 he was teacher of botany at the Morris High School. New York. He also taught botany at the summer sessions of New. York University in 1905 and 1906. In February, 1906, he succeeded Dr. MacDougal as Director of the Labanteres at the New York Botanical Garden, holding this position until August, 1908, where he devoted himself largely to research, making a — r, April, 1930. (7700) inne 1 ganization c Or FTG: 3: ran fo special study of the effects of radium on plants, the results of his investigations being published in 1908 as Memoir 4 of the New York Botanical Garden. His interest in this subject continued throughout his life. In September, 1908, Dr. Gager was appointed Professor ol Botany at the University of Missouri. He was in charge of the general course in botany and also taught advanced courses in physiology and morphology. The general course had a large en- rollment, mostly freshmen or sophomores in the College of Agri- culture or the College of Arts and Science, and offered him an opportunity to round out his varied experience in botanical teaching. Thus, when the Director assumed his duties on July 1, 1910, he brought with him a rich background of interest and experience in the field of botany, particularly with regard to botanical educa- tion. He was well acquainted with varied types of institutions— normal schools, high schools, research laboratories, and private and state universities. Such were the resources of the man, not vet thirty-eight years of age, who was appointed to direct the great undertaking of build- ing a botanic garden in Brooklyn. These resources would have been of little value for this particular work had they not been coupled with Dr. Gager’s broad vision and purposeful plans. From the very beginning he was determined to build not merely a local botanic garden, but an institution which would be entitled to take a prominent place among the botanic gardens of the world. How great was his vision may best be understood by recalling what he saw on that July day when he first surveyed the land which had been assigned to botanic garden purposes. Standing on the southeast corner of the Prospect Hill Reservoir, now Mount Prospect Park Playground, he could overlook practically all the land that later became incorporated into the grounds. A few years before, the Park Department had made some improve- ments, throwing up a border mound along Flatbush and Washing- ton Avenues. A few trees were planted, and walks extended through the area. Towards the east was an uninviting-looking pond and, in the distance toward Malbone Street, now Empire — Fic. 4. Téa: ay yoratory Plaza with Magnolias in bloom. Daffodils on Boulder Hill, April 17, 1937. (9425) 77 Boulevard, the area was used as a dump ground by the Park De- partment where, almost daily, bonfires of rubbish were burning. The question of how best to utilize this not too attractive ex- panse of unimproved park land was, of course, uppermost in his mind. As he viewed the situation and drew upon his background and experience, he envisaged plantations containing trees, shrubs, and herbs of botanical interest, and groupings of horticultural varieties illustrating the progress in their development, as well as their utilization in beautifying the grounds. Interwoven with these plans was the idea of popular education in the field of botany and horticulture for the people of Brooklyn, and the need for contributions in botanical research fitting to an institution such as he wished to create. Most fortunate was the young Director of the Garden to have associated with him Mr. Alfred T. White, Chairman of the Botanic Garden Committee. On the one hand, the technical knowledge, training and experience in botanical science of the younger man, on the other, the generosity, interest, and kindly understanding of the older man, combined with the vision, enthusiasm, and ability of both, laid a perfect foundation for the harmonious building of an Institution—‘All that we have done at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden either could not have been done at all, or could not have been done so promptly and efficiently save, not only for the mate- rial contributions, but for the time and thought and sympathy which Mr. White put into it.” Such was the tribute of Dr. Gager to Mr. White after the latter’s death in 1921. Today that same land, with an additional eleven acres, presents a sharply contrasting picture—the fulfillment of the Director's vision—a Botanic Garden of great beauty which contributes to botanical science the world over through research and which offers, from the plantings, library, and herbaria, educational, recreational, and cultural opportunities to the people living in or near Greater New York. In his first Annual Report, Dr. Gager presented a list of types of plantations which might be established. These included sec- tions on the systematic arrangement of plants, a local flora (her- baceous and woody plants growing within a radius of one hundred miles of New York City); plantings illustrating the variations in 8508 ) a, September 28, 1933 i i ing northwe owing pool and sand area, September 28, 1933. Fic. 5. Local Flora Section view facing northwest, showing pool 79 morphology, and ecological requirements of plants, and areas devoted to economic and horticultural features. He also presented an outline of organization by departments, including staff members for administration, research, instruction, and other activities. As the years passed by and funds became available, many of his ideas were translated into actualities. With the gradual development of the Garden, changes in view-point occurred, and while some of his plans await the future, many of them were carried to fulfill- ment during his administration. torks and East Indian dist 925 and drum bridge at the left. antern iboratory le Stone Torii at the right. en. apanese Gard the in Lotus (Neliwmnbo) in the J Scene 0. ance. July 24, 1925, c middle y Building in the +c I ike, 8l Tue PLANTATIONS The proper development of the land set aside for Garden pur- poses presented many difficulties, since there were few natural features upon which to base any definite plans. As the first step, a topographic survey of the area was prepared by D. Barta & Company, previous to July 1, 1910. During the fall of 1910, the firm of Olmsted Brothers, of Brookline, Mass., was appointed landscape architects to lay out the grounds. The plan submitted by this firm was adopted in its broader outlines by both the Institute and the Commissioner of Parks of the Bor- ough of Brooklyn. Obviously, for the development of the Garden, it was necessary to provide for a staff of workers. Since the development of the plantations was the primary problem, the first Curatorship estab- lished was that of Curator of Plants. The duties were primarily concerned with the development and administration of the planta- tions, but included, also, the assembling and care of a herbarium. The first Curator of Plants was Mr. Norman Taylor, appointed on March 16, 1911. In December, 1914, Dr. Alfred Gundersen became Herbarium Assistant and, somewhat later, Assistant Cur- ator of the Herbarium. Finally, in 1924, he was appointed Cura- tor of Plants, taking over the botanical phases of the Department. From the first, horticultural activities constituted a large part of the work of the Department, but gradually became a much more prominent feature. Mr. Montague Free, in March, 1914, was appointed Head Gardener and in 1920 his title was changed to Horticulturist and Head Gardener and, later, to Horticulturist. Since January 1, 1927, the duties of administration and of develop- ing the plantations from the horticultural standpoint have been — carried on by him. “A botanic garden needs the cooperation of the botanist and the landscape architect, for it should be not only a place where different kinds of plants are exhibited, but where they are exhibited ef- fectively, and not only for their own sake (hotanically), but as materials for decorative planting and landscaping, 1. e. horti- culturally.” This quotation explains the idea which Dr. Gager had a = aS ae i : & : Wie ins Shao eS Fic. 7. Winter scene in the Japanese Garden, January 4, 1923. (4408) 83 in mind when he planned to have the Brooklyn Botanic Garden beautifully landscaped, as well as planted to botanical specimens. In order to carry out the general basic landscape plan of the Garden as developed by Olmsted Brothers, Mr. Harold A. Caparn was appointed Consulting Landscape Architect, January 1, 1912. As the result of his supervision through the years, the perfection of carefully planned vistas, the symmetry of formal design, the subtle balance of informal plantings, and the effective use of plant material, can not escape even the most unobserving visitor at the Botanic Garden. By enlisting “the aid of horticulture and landscape architecture to arouse and foster a wider botanical interest in plants,’ many persons must have added to their botanical knowledge because their interest was aroused by the beauty of the design. In this way, the Brooklyn Garden has become “the common meeting 3 ground of horticulture and of botany,” where the garden does not exist solely for the plants, nor the plants for the garden, but where the function of being “educational and otherwise serviceable from the standpoint of botany” is combined with that of beauty “as a garden.” During the early years, the grading and improvement of the soil was one of the chief problems. In this connection, one of the most interesting features was the construction of the brook. The original terminal moraine pond was enlarged to a lake and excavation, in some places to as much as seven feet, for the arti- ficial brook was made at the same time the slope of the meadow was changed. Dams of glacial boulders were constructed, and the entire course of the brook designed to look as natural as pos- sible. To prevent too much loss of water, the brook was lined with blue clay found when excavating for the Laboratory Building. The water was first turned into the brook in May, 1912. This feature of the Garden was the particular joy of the Director, who was wont to refer to it as “my brook,” since it was constructed upon his insistence, and against the advice and wishes of others. It has proven to be a most delightful addition to the Botanic Garden. The primary scheme for the arrangement of the planting was — developed along systematic lines. The scheme of classification fol- Fic. 8. Glacial boulders placed along the Brook under construction, 1912, (562 85 lowed was based on the Engler and Prantl system. An unusual feature in carrying out the plan was the inclusion of trees and shrubs together with the herbaceous plants in the families to which they belonged. Further, in certain families, the highly specialized horticultural groups are usually planted in the same general area. Thus, the display of chrysanthemums is nearby the family of the composites. At present, the Garden has a collection of more than 300 species of trees, representing about 100 genera. There is a total of 275 genera of shrubs, including about 1,000 species. There are also approximately 1,000 species of herbaceous plants. The horti- cultural varieties, however, of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. greatly increase the total number of different kinds found growing in the Garden and add very great interest to the plantations. — In the course of the season there are many special displays of ornamental plants. In the early spring, the daffodils, naturalized on Boulder Hill and elsewhere, make a fine display. About the same time the magnolias in the Plaza in front of the Laboratory Building, and the forsythia in various parts of the Garden, are in bloom. Late in April or early \ — ay come the flowering cherries and the crab apples. Doubtless, the most noted feature of the Garden is the floral display along Cherry Walk. There, well- grown and mature trees of the variety Kwanzan attract thousands of visitors for a week to ten days. Nearby are other varieties. Not far away are numerous crab apples, which add to the beauty of the scene. In the coming years, a new planting of seventy-six trees of the same variety, made in 1941, should make an attractive display. Then follow, in succession, the blooming periods of the lilacs and wisterias, the azaleas, peonies and iris, spireas and viburnums. In late May come the roses. In the summer, the most attractive displays are the waterlilies in the pools in front of the Conserva- tories. There are fine collections of both hardy and tropical va- rielies and, in the adjacent border, are plantings of many va- rieties of annuals. It may be mentioned that the water-lily pools were the last gift of Mr. Alfred T. White to the Garden. In late July and August, in the Garden lake, the East Indian lotus, with its huge flowers, makes a unique display. This plant- Fic. 9. Willows along the Brook. Planted October, 1912. September 4, 1940. (10111) 87 ing of lotus, reminiscent of oriental art and sacred religious asso- clations, and seldom found in this part of the country, is a close second to the flowering cherries as an attraction. In the fall, we look forward to the American asters and the display of chrysanthemums, which wind up the season. Among the other attractive features of the fall are the fruits of the crab apples, the rose hips, and the berries on the beauty bush and other shrubs. An exceptionally beautiful display in the late fall is the brilliant coloration of the leaves of Euonymus alatus com- pactus, which forms a unique hedge on the Plaza in front of the building. Many special features have been developed, and Dr. Gager quickly adopted the term, suggested by a friend of the Garden, of “Gardens within a Garden” — as a very apt description. One of the earliest special developments among the plantations was the Native Wild Flower Garden, or Local Flora Section. Because of Dr. Gager’s special interest in the plants growing within a hundred mile radius of New York, a section devoted to the local flora was begun in the spring of 1911. A valley 600 feet long, covering about two acres, was chosen as the site, and numerous —_— beds for native plants not requiring special habitats were prepared, woodland conditions being provided for others. 1931, reconstruction of the Local Flora Section was begun on an ecological basis and it was divided into sections, each pro- viding the very different conditions for growth which are found in the area surrounding New York City. The area was carefully land- scaped to present the characteristic plants in settings which are, on a small scale, as nearly like their original natural surroundings as possible. Conditions of full sunlight and deep woodland shade, dry sandy soil and moist rich forest humus, pond, bog, and wet meadows, limestone, serpentine and granite rock, are all found in this rela- tively small garden, each supporting the growth of characteristic native plants. These conditions not only provide differences in moisture, light and plant foods, but also reflect the geological areas found near New York—the sandy coastal plain, crystalline, limestone, and serpentine rock outcroppings, and mountain areas, from which the plants have been collected. ue od >. Fallen flowers on the ground. south from the north end. iew 89 The majority of the wild flowers bloom in May, but from late March or early April, when the hepaticas are the first to blossom, until fall, when the golden-rods and asters show their colorful blooms, there is something of interest to be seen in the Local Flora Section. The next special garden to be developed was the Japanese Gar- den, covering about an acre, a gift of Mr. Alfred T. White in 1914. It is an oriental garden in the true sense, having been designed by a Japanese architect, Mr. Takeo Shiota, and, since 1919, has been under the care of Miss Mary Averill, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art, who spent many years in Japan devoting herself to the study of these subjects. It is a garden embodying the oriental idea of a place for contem- plation, not for activity. Its beauty is maintained throughout the year by the use of rocks, which form a deep gorge in the hill bounding one side of the garden, by cascades of water flowing over these rocks into the lake, and by the use of artistically placed ever- greens, the latter meticulously pruned to keep them in scale. The significance of the design of the Japanese Garden, which illustrates certain oriental ideas, and of the architectural features, may be ob- tained from the Guide written by an oriental for occidental visitors to the garden. The beauty of the flowering cherry by the tea house and the wisteria blossoms gracefully drooping over the rocks near the waterfall are especially appreciated in the Japanese Garden because the blossoms are in contrast to the evergreens which make the back- ground. The restrained use of single clumps of Japanese iris near the water’s edge is equally enchanting. Even to those who make no attempt to understand its significance, the quiet charm of this bit of oriental landscape offers a welcome retreat from the city’s tempo and noise. In 1917, the Rock Garden was opened to the public. It contains many interesting alpine and saxatile plants. There, on a boulder- strewn slope, several hundred species of these plants, which require very specialized conditions for growth, are displayed. There is no month in the year when something of interest may not be found, but the most colorful masses of blossoms appear in May. The rocks which provide the background for this ecological exhibit 90 9827 ) ( Facing north. , May 9, 1939, Walk ll. Cherry Fic. eh are glacial boulders deposited during the Ice Age by one of the continental ice sheets which terminated on Long Island, and which were dug up during grading operations on the Botanie Garden grounds. They make up in authenticity and geological interest for what they may lack in value for plant culture. They vary in size from small cobblestones to boulders six feet or more in greatest dimension. Their story has been told in a Garden Guide and twenty-eight of them have been labeled with bronze tablets, provided by Mr. Edward C. Blum, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Institute, which give their composition and history. Some of the boulders came from nearby points, but one traveled with the glacial ice from the southeastern Adirondack Mountains, pany about two hundred and fifty miles. Probably there is no association of season and flowers so uni- rsal as that of June and roses. Because of this fact, the opening the Rose Garden in June, 1928, occupying an area of about an acre in the Botanic Garden, must have been as greatly appreciated by the general public as it was by rosarians. With his usua vision, Dr. Gager felt that since a rose garden would be of great heauty and educational value as a part of the Botanic Garden, it might be wise to publish in his annual report of the year 1926 a ve of — sketch of the proposed rose garden as designed by the consulting landscape architect. By unusual good fortune, the design and idea appealed to Mr. Walter V. Cranford, who happened to see the annual report, and shortly thereafter he and Mrs. Cranford gave the Garden a sum of $10,000, later increased to $15,000, to realize these plans. Work on the garden began in June, 1927. Every effort was made to plan carefully, so that a minimum of grading and moving of soil was required. It was disconcerting, however, to find two old roads just under the surface soil, which added to the diffi- culties of making the soil fit for rose culture. Many roses were generously donated by nurserymen and rose growers, and by the following spring the garden was well planted. In 1936, the Rose Arc, an extension of the Rose Garden, was given by Mrs. Cranford as a memorial to her husband. The roses in the arc are planted around a central pool. 92 —_ alolye C2ono, 26 hwest, October , facing nort Rock Garden 2h Since the Rose Garden was planned not only to be a place of beauty, but also an educationa — feature, an attempt has been made to grow practically every type of rose that is hardy in this climate, and to display the types in many different ways. Roses grow wild in the Northern Hemisphere and, because cultivated varieties are derived from these wild species, it was considered of educational value to frame the rose garden with a wide border of wild roses. There was no sacrifice of beauty in this procedure, since many of the wild forms are of horticultural value because of their abundance of blossoms, such as are produced by Rosa setigera, the prairie rose; their interesting foliage, such as the wrinkled leaves of the R. rugosa; or their attractive fruit, produced by forms like A. virguuana, IR. rugosa, and other species. The central panel of fifteen beds of roses from the groups Noisette, Bourbon, China, tea, hybrid tea, polyantha, and hybrid perpetual, the last three groups preponderating, offers a wealth of information to persons who wish to learn about roses. The mass of blossoms on the climbing roses, so well displayed on enclosing fences, pergolas, pavilion and pillars, impresses one upon entering the Rose Garden during the season of their bloom. There are nearly twenty groups of climbing roses in the garden, totaling about eighty varieties. Their flowers are single or double, and occur either singly or in clusters. Visitors who enjoy flowers of particular historical interest may observe a unique group of roses in one of the beds. The group includes a species mentioned by Pliny in his Natiural History, the cabbage rose, which has been grown in Europe for two thousand years, and the damask rose, which is the source of “attar of roses.” The most recent additions to the “Gardens within a Garden” are the Herb Garden, and the Medicinal Plant Garden, which contain about fifty culinary and nearly one hundred medicinal plants, attractively arranged around two central symmetrical pat- terns of “knots.” T —— 1 1e knot designs are adaptations from early sixteenth century gardens, when growing herbs was a popular pastime and their design an important feature. The beauty of these knots, where foliage color and texture are carefully combined to afford interest, may best be enjoyed from the Overlook above the garden. Today, because of their intrinsic value as interesting Fic. 13. Conservatory Garden. Hardy waterlilies in the near pool; tropica (4186) ary forms in the distant pool, July 10, 1922. v6 Q5 garden plants, and with importations of herbs limited at a time when foods require more careful seasoning, there has been a great revival in interest in herb gardens. Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt is Honorary Curator of Culinary Herbs. The Medicinal Plant Garden is a realization of plans made when the Garden was founded to include such plants. Their 1m- portance in modern medicine is still great in spite of encroachment by synthetic chemicals, and their display is of interest not only to the nurses who have formal class instruction at the Garden re- garding their appearance and use, but to all who seek to increase their botanical knowledge. In a secluded spot among the pines on the shore of the lake may be found the beautiful bronze tablet, designed by Daniel Chester French, and presented to the Garden in 1923 by a committee of citizens as a memorial in recognition of Mr. White’s outstanding public services, of which the Botanic Garden was only one example. One of the most formal plantations of the Garden is the recently established Horticultural Section, in which is featured the Dean Clay Osborne Memorial, which was presented in 1939 by Mrs. Sade Elisabeth Osborne in memory of her husband. The me- morial includes a fountain, water basin, seats and columns designed by the Garden’s consulting architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn, and placed in a setting of trees and shrubs of the more common horti- cultural varieties. Carved in the base of the Indiana limestone columns is a design of unusual beauty of ginkgo leaves and seeds. The arbors of this section of the Garden, on which vines are trained, afford a good example of Dr. Gager’s statement that at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden “‘an endeavor is made not only to exhibit plants as botanical specimens, but also to show how the plants... may be used in decorative planting.” In the spring, the Wall Garden, with its colorful rock plants, which marks one boundary of the horticultural plantation, is a feature, Adding to the interest of the trees at the Garden are those which have been planted by outstanding botanists or friends of the Gar- den. The first trees to be so honored were a sweet-gum plantec by the famous botanist Hugo deVries, September 12, 1912, and a tulip tree planted October 16, 1913, by Adolf Engler, world- renowned systematic botanist, while on visits to the Garden. At any 96 the Second Annual Spring Inspection of the Garden, on May 9, 1916, a white oak was planted by Mr. Alfred T. White, the Gar- den’s greatest benefactor: On the same date, a pin oak was _ planted by Miss Frances E. White, and a red oak by Miss Harriet H. White, sisters of Mr. White, and both generous contributors to the Botanic Garden. On the same oceasion, a black oak was planted by Mr. A. Augustus Healy, President of the Board of Trustees when the Garden was established and one of its chief benefactors. Since then, several other trees have been planted, or endowed, by individuals and organizations. Throughout the winter, the Garden’s conservatories attract many visitors and students. Several sections are given over to exhibits of cacti native to the deserts of the United States and suc- culent plants of Africa, to collections of orchids, cyeads, and va- rieties of Boston fern. Always of interest is the Economic House, in which are displayed tropical plants of utilitarian value, such as banana, coffee, and rubber, and which is extensively used by visit- ing school classes. The group of Australian cycads housed in the conservatories has an interesting story. In 1914, Dr. Gager arranged through the Curator of the Botanic Garden, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, for an expedition to collect these plants for the Brooklyn Garden, They were collected, packed in large cases, and shipped. Due to war conditions, they were landed and transferred at Sydney, Port Said, and London, as in each port their ship was taken over for carrying troops. After seven months of travel they arrived at the Garden and, because of excellent packing and their natural resistance to drought, they were still alive and, by excellent care, were established in the conservatories. Such may be the romance of collecting plants. O7 Tue LABORATORY BUILDING The center of the Garden activities and of their administration is the Laboratory Building. The original floor plans of the building were made by Dr. Gager before he left the University of Missourt. Ile spent many hours in working out preliminary arrangements for laboratories, classrooms, and offices. These were submitted to the architects, McKim, Mead & White, who designed the build- ing in 1910. Careful attention was paid to determining the architectural style of the building because of its relation to the Brooklyn Museum Building which was arranged, when completed, to open onto the Botanic Garden grounds. The Laboratory Building, with the greenhouses, then, had to be fitted in with this general plan. Con- sequently, it was located on Washington Avenue and a style of architecture was selected which provided for a low type of build- ing. Modified Italian Renaissance design was chosen, and the plan of a Greek cross with a cupola at the juncture of the cross, a motif common to Lombardy chapels, was employed. As viewed from various points in the Garden, it is a very attractive structure. Dr. Gager worked out a scheme for the treatment of the ex- terior of the Laboratory Building to include the placing of names of former botanists of note on the frieze and on panels under the windows. The selection of these names was the result of a vote — of prominent American botanists. For the chief place of honor, namely, the frieze, the names o twenty-two botanists were selected, Linnaeus and Darwin occupy- ing the principal positions on each side of the main entrance. The names of forty-seven botanists were placed in the panels under the windows, and included five American botanists. A vacancy under one window was left until 1937, when the name of deVries, who had recently died, was carved. The building houses the administrative offices, auditorium, laboratories, rooms for research, the herbaria, library, and class rooms for the work of instruction. The first section of the building was completed and occupied September 24-26, 1913, and officially opened on December 13, lic. 14. Laying the corner stone of the Laboratory Building, April 20, 1916. Left: Alfred T. White. Center: A. Augustus Healy. Right: C. Stuart Gager. (2036) 99 1913. The corner stone of the main part of the building was laid April 20, 1916, by Mr. Alfred T. White, whose contribution of $100,000 to match an equal appropriation by the City made pos- sible the completion of the second section of the building. The building was finished and the Dedication Ceremony was held April 19-21, 1917. At this first official gathering, members of the Board of Trustees of the Institute, municipal officers, and scientists, were present. Dedicatory addresses were made by Mr. A. Augustus Healy, Prof. John Merle Coulter, Hon. William A. Pendergast, Hon. Lewis H. Pounds, Hon. Raymond V. Ingersoll, and Dr. Gager. The large attendance by scientists was a compliment to the scientific standing of the new Director, and the three-day pro- gram of scientific papers made the occasion a memorable one. 100 PurcHasep WITH THE INCOME FROM TH =] BESOSMIN Sacer GAGER MEMORIAL FUND lig. 15. Special book plate of the library. 101] THe Lriprary VERUS BOTANICUS UBIQUE SCIENTIAM BOTANICES EXCOLIT OCULIS PROPRIIS QUAE SINGULARIA SUNT OBSERVAT NEC SUA SOLUM EX AUCTORIBUS COMPILAT. Linnaeus MDCCL Many, on entering the library for the first time, pause to read the above inscription which, in essence, is the dictum of Agassiz, “Study nature, not books.” Nature to Dr. Gager, how- ever, was not in itself sufficient ; books also were needed. Endless would be the task and hard the way of him who, in this day, would attempt to wrest a secret from plants without first searching out what had already been done in his field of endeavor. Here in the library is gathered together the accumulated and recorded knowledge of botanical workers of the past. The present col- lection of books and journals is a tribute to the skill with which Dr. Gager accomplished his object of assembling a well rounded botanical library, rich in early fundamental works, monographs books, and complete sets of highly technical botanical periodicals. The Librarian’s function was at first combined with that of Secretary by Miss Bertha M. Eves. In September, 1913, the h- brary growth necessitating full time attention, Miss Helen’ Virginia Stelle was appointed Librarian, followed by Miss Anna K. Fossler (Acting Librarian), Dr. Laura E. W. Benedict, Miss Ray Simpson, Mr, Calvin W. Foss, Mrs. Emilie Perpall Chichester (Acting Librarian), and Mr. William I. Jordan. During 1911, the first year of the library’s existence, subserip- tions were Bric for four periodicals, and as early as October, 1912, Dr. Gager wrote of the needs of the library, and listed ten of the periodicals most urgently desired. He suggested that don- ors, interested in the library, might by endowment secure for it a given periodical in perpetuity. During 1915, special stress was laid on enriching the files of current periodicals, and by the end of the year 224 titles were Hg received. Since the Botanic Garden issues several valuable * Dr. Gager made the following free translation of this quotation: “The true pee everywhere cultivates the science of botany. With his own y — eves he observes those things that are noteworthy, and he does not mere compile his own works from authors.’ ” e588 bi és «eH base + 6m was Fic. 16. The Rose Garden on Rose Garden Day, June 9, 1936. (9322) 103 publications of its own, an arrangement of mutual benefit was made with other institutions to exchange periodicals. As a result of exchanges, gifts, and subscriptions, the periodical and_ serial list doubled in the five years through 1920, increasing steadily to 1937, when it reached a peak of over 1000 titles received cur- rently. General economic conditions and the world war have enforced a temporary decrease to about 700 in 1943. In June, 1929, the librarian stated that: “In these thirteen years the aim of the director and the librarian has been to complete the files of periodicals, serials and society transactions. The library today is rich in these completed sets. e The value of current odie to the staff or to any reader engaged in a botanical research problem cannot be overestimated. It is in these current publications that the most recent discoveries, the complete observations and detailed results of experiments are to be found. Dr. Gager’s foresight in urging the addition of such a large number of them to the Botanic Garden library will be of lasting benefit to all who make use of the institution’s resources. The working collection of this, as of any library, is composed of the separately classified books. The story of the acquisition of this collection is, as with the periodicals, the story of the building of something of value out of nothing except an idea, a need, and the aid of interested friends. On January 1, 1911, when the first Librarian took up her duties at the Brook lyn Botanic Garden, she found herself at the head of a library which did not possess a single book, and which was temporarily housed in the Central Museum Building. If the library was, as the agreement between the City of New York and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences stated, “to be administered as a public, non-circulating library open without charge to all properly qualified citizens,” the first and obvious need was for books. The lack of books was immediately remedied oy Dr. Gager’s gift on that day of nine books, which formed the foundation for the present brary. Dur- ing 1911, over 250 books and several hundred pamphlets were —" received as gifts or by purchase. The purchases were limited mainly to the immediate needs of the staff for reference in laying out and planning the grounds, because of lack of space at the time to accommodate the volumes. In November of that year, the Com- 104 Fic. 17. Rose Garden Day, June, 1931. (7237) Left to right: Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Mrs. ec V. ae Mr. Walter V. See Miss Hilda PAs Mr. Edward C. . Edward C. Blum, Dr. Jea Hei Nicolas, Mr. Harold vores Mr. Montague Free 105 mittee on Botanic Garden of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences decided that, as far as practicable, all books purchased for the Botanic Garden library and binding of books should be paid for by private funds, and so become the property of the Institute. Since income from the original $50,000 endowment fund of the Garden was to be used for buying plants as well as books, the Director requested a special book fund of $5,000 to $10,000. The most pressing immediate needs of the library were met with a $1,000 gift in 1912 from Mr. Alfred T. White. During the period through 1915, the library, which had been moved in September, 1913, to a room in the first unit of the new Laboratory Building, acquired nearly 4,000 volumes. The library moved to its present quarters on completion of the Laboratory 3uilding in 1917. There it grew to 6,500 volumes in 1920, nearly 16,000 in 1930, and over 22,000 in 1940. The gifts of many friends aided materially in this growth. In 1913, the Index Kewensis was secured through the generosity of Mr. George D. Pratt. The gift of Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith of nearly 800 volumes added important works on Bryophytes. Other volumes were given by Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde, Mr. -Leonard Barron, Mr. Frank H. Ames, and Mr. William J. Studwell. Dr. Gager was a steady and frequent donor of books. The gift by Miss Harriet White of Mary Vaux Walcott’s North American Wild Flowers, and a gift by the Pierrepont family, should be mentioned. The value of many of the works on the shelves is enhanced by the previous ownership and signatures of such men as de Candolle, Pasteur, Darwin, and Asa Gray. Dr. Gager was ever eager to add to the collection of such association items. Several hundred pamphlets were received by the library during its first year, and by 1942 the pamphlet collection had increased to over 21,000. Probably no gift to the Botanic Garden library was more ap- preciated by the Director than the $10,000 Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Endowment Fund, presented anonymously in 1918. Largely by means of a portion of the income from this fund, as well as by a few gifts, a priceless collection including incunabula, pre-Linnaean, Linnaean, and post-Linnaean books of scientific in 107 historical interest has been made. The gift, in 1911, by Mr. Alfred T. White, of a first edition (London, 1862) of Darwin's Fertiliza- tion of Orchids, which laid the foundation for a collection of rare books at the Botanic Garden, must have pleased the Director, whose keen interest in the collecting of historically valuable botan- ical books dated back to his youth. This collection became one of great pride and satisfaction to him. Of special interest among these rarities are the incunabula, or fifteenth century books. Just before Columbus discovered Amer- ica, the Hortuli Commentarium of Columella, Rome, 1485, and the De Proprictibus Rerwm of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 1491, were being printed. The latter was the standard work on natural history throughout the Middle Ages, and the Botanic Garden h- brary is most fortunate in having these works, as well as six other incunabula, in its collection. Included among the more than 500 pre-Linnaean works are many herbals, “those naive, ponderous and cyclopedic works.” * They contain descriptions and illustrations by the collectors of herbs, and are well represented by the rare Adam in Eden of William Cole, 1657, and The Herball, cr Generall. Historie of Plantes, Gathered by John Gerarde of London, Master in Chirur- geric, 1597, which contains probably the first published illustration of the Virginia potato. Mattioli’s commentary on the Materia Medica of Dioscorides, which listed the medicinal properties of about six hundred plants and served as the basis for medical prac- tice for over fifteen centuries, is represented in the library by many editions. The pre-Linnaean group also contains interesting examples of anal works by botanists who pioneered in exact and discriminating 0 servation, and in experimentation. Such is The Anatomy of Veg- etables Begun, by Nehemiah Grew, 1672, which attempted to de- scribe anatomical features of parts of plants, Robert Hooke’s )- Micrographia, 1665, and Antony van Leeuwenhoek’s Opera Omnia, 1695-1719, which introduced a new world of microscopic “animalcules!’’ and made possible the science of plant anatomy soon to be introduced by Grew, and Malpighi, whose Anatome Plantarum, 1675-79, forms a valuable contribution in this collec- * Bailey, L. H. The Survival of the Unlike. 4th ed.-p. 139. Fic. 19. Portion of Wall Garden, June 16, 1937. The entire length is sol 109 tion. Simple, but most important, were the experiments by Francesco Redi which helped to disprove the theory of spontan- eous generation, the 1671 edition of his Eaperimenta Circa Genera- tionem Insectorum being in the library. The valuable Linnaean Collection, works by Linnaeus, 1707- 1778, or works based on his system of classification, contains several hundred volumes. The post-Linnaean classics contain several “foundation” books: The first edition of a work by Spallanzani, 1785, which helped to establish the doctrine of biogenesis, Humboldt’s Essai sur la Géo- graphie des Plantes, 1805, which laid the foundation of plant geog- raphy, papers by Schleiden and by Schwann, 1839, on which was based the modern cell-theory, Hofmeister’s work, 1851, on repro- duction in lower plants, and Gregor Mendel’s paper, 1866, de- scribing his experiment on peas which founded the scientific study of heredity. First editions of books by Charles Darwin comprise the Botanic Garden’s collection of Darwiniana, including his On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, as well as all Darwin's works relating to plant life. A gift of five hundred dollars was made by the Mrs. Field’s Literary Club of Brooklyn, in 1939, for the purchase of rare books to constitute a-‘memorial to Mrs. George White Field, the founder of the club. Purchases from this fund included works by Dillenius, 1741, Linnaeus, 1737, and Pasteur, 1862. These rare volumes in the Botanic Garden library have great value, not only because they are collector’s items but because they are original sources of information regarding the history and de- velopment of many phases of botany. It was a great pleasure to the Director to know that they were frequently consulted by students. Two other collections reflect Dr. Gager’s personal interest, one of autograph letters and the other of portraits of famous botanists, living and dead. The autographs include such well-known names as Francois André Michaux, Linnaeus, Robert Brown, Sir William Hooker, Thomas Huxley and John Torrey. A letter by Linnaeus, 1767, introducing a friend, and making a request for needed seeds, one by Charles Darwin, mentioning certain papers Fic. 20. Alfred T. White Memorial, Unveiled June 7, 1923. (5633) Mle soon to be published, and one by Robert Brown to Sir Charles Lyell, geologist, and presented to the Garden by Lord Lyell and Lady Longman, the previous owners, are treasures of this group. The portraits are not only interesting, but of value when illustra- tions for botanical publications are needed. The interest which Dr. Gager had in the history of botany was a stimulus to the fur- ther collection of these items. The library has been enriched not only by the gifts and dona- tions already mentioned but also by the George C. Brackett Fund, J. W. Frothingham Bequest, John D, Rockefeller, Jr. Fund, and the Martha Woodward Stutzer Memorial Fund, the income of which is set aside for the library. Since the library is specialized, those who use it generally have special problems, and their number is thus small 1f compared with more general public libraries. However, for the year 1943 the total number of persons recorded as using the library was over 3,200. Recent accessions are prominently displayed for those who wish to browse for a few minutes, while complete indices to vol- umes, pamphlets, and periodicals are available for those who must delve into an obscure research problem, Help is willingly given to the staff, to individual readers, and often to nationally known business firms in finding the answer to specialized botanical ques- tions. These questions may be for information regarding a prob- lem in horticulture, for early drawings of medicinal herbs, for photographs of plant parts, or for the most recent methods of plant propagation. Most projects planned by any department of the Garden require a certain amount of library research for their execution. To have available for use by interested persons a vast collec- tion of botanical information is a service which is enhanced only — ny special exhibits of material on a particular subject, which are presented with the thought and care necessary to arouse interest in that subject. Such exhibits by the library are regular features of Spring Inspection days. For the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Celebration of the Garden in 1935, an outstanding exhibit of books and manuscripts illustrating the history of botany was assembled. Among other exhibits were those for the Long Island ‘Tercenten- ary Celebration in 1936, the meeting of the American Rose Society 112 and the Conference on Medicinal Herbs, both held at the Garden in 1939, and the 75th Anniversary Meeting of the Torrey Botan- ical Club in 1942, each containing books and letters of particular interest for the occasion. Quite in keeping with Dr. cation of the children of the city, is the Children’s Library, a col- which is kept in an easily accessible Many of the books Thus the Botanic Gager’s interest in the scientific edu- lection of elementary books location in the Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room. have been given by the children themselves. Garden serves all ages, and offers a wealth of information on all phases of plant life, both theoretical and practical. ~ 1S Tire Herparia In addition to the collection of books and periodicals in the h- brary, and of labeled plants on the grounds and in the conserva- tories, the Botanic Garden also has another important reference collection—the dried plant specimens, carefully mounted and labeled, which are housed in fireproof steel cases. No botanic gar- aan" den is complete without these preserved plants, for it is with their aid that identification and comparison of plants is accurately ac- complished. They are essential to the proper installation and maintenance of plants in the gardens, and are frequently consulted by the staff members and visitors engaged in special investigations. Specimens are also loaned to botanists in other institutions for study, and similar courtesies of loan are extended to the investi- gators at the Botanic Garden. The Herbarium of the higher plants was administered by the staff of the Department of Plants until 1934, when a separate Department was organized, and Dr. H. K. Svenson appointed — Curator of the Herbarium. The care of the Herbarium of t lower plants was a part of the function of Dr. E. W. Olive, Curator of Public Instruction. Following the establishment of the De- 1€ Ls partment of Pathology in January, 1921, the Fungous Herbarium has been administered by Dr. George M. Reed, Curator of Pathology. The collection of flowering plants contains over 200,000 sheets, including a fine group of cultivated species and varieties. Speci- mens received from the Brooklyn Museum and from the Long Island Historical Society were the foundation for the collection, which has been constantly enriched by purchase, by exchange, and by gifts from universities and individuals. Stress has been laid on the collection of plants of Long Island, that is, the local flora, and many specimens have been added to the herbarium during the past thirty years. One of the early American collections, 1815-1840, of which the Garden 1s fortunate in possessing several, was made by Mr. Stephen Calverley, a former Brooklyn resident. A valuable collection of specimens from Manhattan, Long Island, and New Jersey, made by Professor John Torrey in 1816, 114 is in the herbarium. The Garden also possesses the herbarium of Wi. Cooper, one of Dr. Torrey’s associates, collections made by C. F. Austin, H. B. Croom, M. C. Leavenworth, R. D. Nevins, and other well known botanists of the nineteenth century. Important acquisitions to the phanerogamic herbarium were made by the purchase of the A. A. Heller herbarium, mostly from Western United States, and the Henry Dautun collection from New Jersey, France, and Spain. Outstanding among the gifts to the collection of higher plants were the specimens from the Whitney South Sea Island Expedition (1921-1927), presented to the Bo- tanic Garden by the American Museum of Natural History. Ex- peditions by staff members of the Garden to Bolivia and Ecuador yielded most valuable additions to the herbarium of plants endemic to those particular regions. In the cryptogamic group of algae, lichens, liverworts, mosses, and ferns, are some of the earliest collections which the Garden owns. In 1940, the Botanic Garden arranged with the American Fern Society to take over and administer its collection of ferns. The collection of fungi now totals more than 80,000 specimens. In the course of the years, many important exsiccati have been added, among them: I. Bartholomew, North American Uredin- ales; J. B. Ellis, North American Fungi; D. Griffiths, West American Fungi; Seymour & Earle, Economic Ligne. aA anid! Sydow, fungi exotici, and Mycotheca Germanica. The most im- portant addition was the purchase, in 1922, of the collection of Dr. Franz Bubak, for many years Director of the Botanical Garden, Labor, Bohemia, which contained more than 33,000 specimens, and included about 500 new species of fungi described by Dr. Bubak. Small collections of plant specimens for class use have also been secured, including flowering plants, ferns, and fungi. A special collection includes specimens of. trees, shrubs, and. herbaceous plants from the gardens and conservatories, which have been in constant use in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the living plant collections at the Garden, tele Pusiic INSTRUCTION The second Curatorship established at the Garden was that of Public Instruction, and the appointment of Dr. E. W. Olive to develop this field took effect September 1, 1912. The scope of the activities of the Department was outlined in great detail in the Record for April, 1913. The work rapidly expanded, and Miss Elen Eddy Shaw was added to the staff on September 1, 1913. On January 1, 1915, she was appointed Assistant Curator of Public Instruction, and one year later, Curator of Elementary Instruction, a separate Department being organized. Miss Shaw has devel- oped this phase of the educational work into one of the outstanding features, which has brought world-wide fame to the Garden. An Assistant Curatorship of Elementary Instruction was established on January 1, 1916, when Miss Jean A. Cross was appointed, serving until December 31, 1919. Miss Elsie T. Hammond filled the position from September 1, 1921 until March 31, 1930, and was succeeded by Miss Margaret M. Dorward. Dr. Olive resigned July 1, 1920. Since September 1, 1921, Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves has administered the activities of the Department of Public Instruction, developing and greatly expand- ing the work. In both Departments of Instruction, many indi- vidual instructors have had a prominent part in carrying on the classroom and laboratory studies, which deal with a wide range of botanical and horticultural subjects. Staff members of other de- partments have also aided in phases in which they were especially qualified. Guidance of the educational program of the Botanic Garden for the past thirty. years has been based on two fundamental prin- ciples. The first of these was the importance of public education and the dissemination of botanical knowledge. Upon one occasion Dr. Gager wrote: “Public education is the Pe important activity in which a botanic garden can engage.... ' what use to extend the borders of erie Ige if the new eee is not made avail- able to the public? Knowledge is power only when put into circulation, otherwise it is only potential energy, producing no results.” “Botanical knowledge, like all knowledge, is primarily for the public; otherwise it has no justification. This thought lent Nurses. Early blooming hardy Asters (7/322) n the Course for Stuc Fic. 21. Class from Kings County Hospital, enrolled i in foreground. November 4, 1931. 117 underlies our development of a strong program of public education for both adults and children.” The second principle was that of the value of obtaining botanical knowledge not from books alone, but from actual contact with liv- ing plants. The outdoor courses and those in which the students do actual gardening work, for which the Botanic Garden has be- come widely and favorably known, embody the idea of Agassiz, — “Study nature, not books,” which Dr. Gager was wont to modify to “Study nature and books.” “The educational program of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in- cludes anything scientific or educational based upon plant life.” There are but few plans so wisely laid that they will remain the euiding principles for over thirty years of progress. Such, how- ever, is the case with the tentative outline of educational activities of the Botanic Garden first presented in 1912 and, modified to meet present-day needs, is still being followed. The complete- ness of the plan is a credit to the far-sightedness of the Director. Throughout the plan of the Garden runs the idea of education— of presenting information to the public in an acceptable and easily intelligible way. In the Systematic Section, the plants are ar- ranged in a manner which illustrates their relation to each other and their place in the evolution of the plant world. The orna- mental plantings are educational in their presentation of the prin- ciples of landscape design, of the cultivation and use of ornamental plants. The plan of docentry by the Botanic Garden has greatly in- creased the value of the plantings and conservatories as educational features. Trips led by guides, whether for classes or for groups of interested individuals, result in a more complete understanding of the material presented. This is equally true of field trips held in connection with certain courses. Special attention is called to certain features of the Garden when ‘ ‘story labels” placed nearby. These are marked “Exhibit of the Week” and have explanatory notes attached. They have been a very successful means of sup- plying botanical information. they are of particular interest by — Plants in the conservatories must also be well arranged and labeled. Descriptive labels were introduced to explain the origin, Fic. 22. Class studying trees, November 6, 1931. (7308) STI PIR) distribution, and economic uses of plants, or to present some bio- logical principle such as evolution. By proper labeling and the service of instructors to explain special groups of plants, funda- mental concepts of biology rather than the mere observation or perception of individual plants would be grasped by visitors. Flower Days were initiated at the Garden in 1927. These have heen held when the floral display of a particular group was at its best. The Days have served to give the members of the Garden an opportunity to become better acquainted with the plantings. Special Days have been held for the daffodils, Japanese Garden, cherry blossoms, lilacs, iris, waterlilies, and for other displays. Rose Garden Day and Chrysanthemum Day have become fixed features for June and November. A short talk is usually made by a member of the staff, or someone especially invited for the oc- casion, and this is followed by a tour of inspection of the flowers on the grounds. Flower Days, as far as we know, are or- iginal with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A Prospectus of courses offered at the Botanic Garden is pub- lished each year. A great variety of topics is included; there are courses for the garden members and the general public. During the last few years these have been largely concerned with victory garden topics. Among the regular courses for members and the general public are those dealing with trees, shrubs, wild flowers, and ferns. Another group of courses is primarily intended for teachers, in which the elements of horticulture and gardening, greenhouse work, and plant culture, are taken up. Other courses are designed especially for the children and for special groups. There is an agreement between New York University and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden which enables properly qualified grad- uate students to carry on independent investigations in botany at the Garden under the direction of members of the Garden staff. Opportunities for research are available in mycology, plant path- ology, systematic botany, and morphology of the flowering plants. A special course in medicinal plants for nurses, inaugurated in 1927, is unique. Two courses have been given by special re- quest to employees of the Park Department. Following the war of 1917-1918, special training was given to soldiers in order to fit them for the particular vocation of gardening. The Garden is Fic. 23. Classes from Public School 44, Staten Island, visiting the Botanic Garden for outdoor study of plants, May 6, 1937. (9607) 12] looking ahead and expects to render a similar service to those returning from the present war. In every course, the attempt is made to obtain information directly from the living material wherever possible. “It cannot be over-emphasized,” said Dr. Gager, “that the study of botany is the study of plants, and not the study of what somebody says about plants.” One indication of the extent to which this is prac- ticed at the Garden is the fact that in 1936 it was estimated that 43,000 plants were grown in the educational greenhouses by adults and children. Although attendance records in no way show the value of the educational work of the Botanic Garden, they are an indication of the extent of the Garden’s influence in the community. In 1940, about 1,700,000 persons visited the grounds, 53,000 of these com- ing over the week-end of May 11th to 13th to view the cherry blossoms and flowering crab apples. In the same year, 146,000 visited the conservatories, 108,400 attended classes and lectures, and the total adult registration for courses was 1,359. In 1934, the registered attendance on the grounds of the Botanic Garden as shown by the turnstiles at the entrance gates was equal to nearly one-half the population of Brooklyn, and the actual edu- cational contacts reached a figure equal to more than one-third the Brooklyn population. In 1925, only a little over 500,000 persons visited the Garden (less than one-third as many as in 1940) and in 1922, total attendance at lectures and classes was only about 63,000 (a little more than half as many as in 1940). Adult education is not limited to the scheduled courses at the Garden, but includes public lectures either at the Garden, at schools, « r at meetings of teachers, parents, and garden clubs. In these ways the Garden reaches out to many people, giving in- formation and offering the opportunity to come to the Garden for further study. These lectures are given by many members of the staff, and often cover a branch of applied botany such as_horti- culture or pathology. Public demonstrations and exhibits have been part of the Botanic Garden’s program for stimulating interest in plant life. There have been exhibits at schools, at the Garden, and at places such as the American Museum of Natural History, the International lower Shows, the World’s Fairs, and elsewhere, which required the cooperative work of most of the staff members, the major part of the responsibility resting on the Horticulturist. These exhibits are designed primarily to be educational, and to interest the public in the opportunities for further botanical study offered by the Garden. The Bureau of Information, begun in 1911, is merely the com- bined knowledge of the staff utilized to the greatest advantage of the public by accurate scientific replies to their questions, This is detailed work which a a great deal of time of the Depart- ments of Instruction, the Curators of Plants, Herbaria, and Plant Pathology, the Horticulturist, the Librarian, and others. Information regarding the Garden and botanical matters is of- fered the public through various channels, and in this publicity for the Garden, Dr. Gager was especially interested. He realized very keenly how important it is from many points of view that the general public be kept informed of the Garden’s activities— lectures, courses, exhibits, flowers in bloom, new or rare plants, progress of research, etc. The method adopted of sending out news releases, every week or two, to the various metropolitan newspapers won his hearty approval. From time to time he him- self suggested topics for these news articles, and was pleased when releases were reprinted in newspapers in other parts of the country —once even by a newspaper in India. Radio ca a presented by the staff members have also been a regulat feature of the publicity program. The Botanic Garden was a co-sponsor, with the Extension Ser- vice of the New Jersey State College of Agriculture, of the Radio Garden Club which gave broadcasts on ornamental horticulture once or twice a week over WOR from March, 1932 until tel els 1941, when the Club’s affiliation with WOR and the Mutual Net- work was severed. During this entire period a member of the staff served on the committee which formulated the programs and was responsible, with other members of the staff, for an average of about one broadcast per month. Since 1933, weekly programs throughout the greater part of the year have been given over WNYC. Programs have also been given from time to time over other stations. poe bo ios) ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION “Tt was the wish of those who have been instrumental in securing the establishment of the Garden, that, in addition to research work, it should, to a greater degree that has hitherto been realized, or even attempted by botanical gardens, engage in the formal teach- ing of botany, and that it should become the means of encouraging and aiding the botanical work of local schools of all grades, elementary, secondary, and collegiate, both public and private.” This wish has been ever kept in mind. A plan for education was worked out and elaborated as time went on. The most obvious beginning was to encourage classes of children to come to the Gar- den in school time with their teachers. The first high school class of seventeen girls arrived for instruction on October 6, 1913. From this time on, class after class of elementary, junior and senior high school students has visited the Botanic Garden. Colorful posters are sent to the schools each spring and fall, listing the lectures, demonstrations, and walks that may be arranged for. Lectures are planned to supplement the city and state syllabi of nature study and geography. Such talks as Fall and Spring Wild lowers; Bulbs: How to Plant and Care for Them; Economic Botany; Food Plants of the World; How to Start and Maintain Your Garden; and many other subjects are given. These talks are usually illustrated by lantern slides and motion pictures. [éx- periments are set up to emphasize certain scientific truths. The Garden has always encouraged small groups of visiting classes; it has been stated that we are working “educationally and not numerically,” but of course there are various ways to reach larger numbers of children through special “days” like Rose Day and Lilac Day when many classes come by invitation, which em- phasizes the importance of the occasion. To overcome the disad- vantages of making contact with large numbers of children by lectures only, the plan was soon inaugurated of giving every pupil and teacher a syllabus containing important facts to serve as a basis for “follow-up” discussions in the classroom. A personal touch, characteristic of the relationship between the Botanic Gar- den and the schools, has been added by what is now a “tradition” of presenting to each visiting class some plants from the children’s ja 125 greenhouses for classroom decoration and use. This little act of interest has established a very friendly relation between the chil- dren, teachers, and the Garden itself. Dr. Gager, in analyzing his data on the botanic gardens of the world, stated that no other botanic garden had arranged so ex- tensive a program for adults and children as had the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. While stress may be laid sometimes on the educational importance of small numbers, still the following figures show that through our various methods we have been able to care for a goodly number of children. In 1913, 544 children visited the Garden for class lectures and demonstration; in 1920, nearly 23,000; in 1925, over 58,000; and in 1940, the number was over 67,000, about the maximum possible with the limited number of hours in the day, and the current staff and classroom facilities. In thirty years approximately 17,000 teachers have brought to the 3otanic Garden over 1,000,000 pupils. Surely this is serving the children of the City as Dr. Gager wished them served. Entirely separate from the lectures given to children from the schools are the lectures and courses for which children register voluntarily and which have no direct connection with the school. Dr. Gager felt very strongly that: “A lecture may serve a useful purpose as a means of stimulating a spirit of inquiry and in giving information not readily accessible in books and periodicals, but a program of education which includes only lectures to more or less passive listeners violates the fundamental principles of teaching and learning.” It must have been a great satisfaction to him that children of their own volition started the Saturday morning classes. In October, 1913, a little group from the neighborhood requested that they have a greenhouse class in the one greenhouse then set apart for children’s work. This was the beginning of our Sat- urday morning work for children and from then on this work has been entirely voluntary, requested by the children themselves, and also paid for in part by them. A small fee is given by each child for his classwork. About seventy-five children entered the first Saturday morning groups; in 1943, the registration for these asses was 683 for the year. Because of the limited facilities, this — c will necessarily remain about the same yearly. IG. 25. Products of the Children’s Garden: Main entrance to Children’s Building, July 8, 1922. (4219) 127 These Saturday morning classes are arranged in series of fall, spring, and summer or outdoor garden courses. The children’s year of Saturday work starts in the fall and interest at that time is centered about their greenhouse work. The instruction green- houses, three in number, are unique in their plan and their set-up. The spring course includes nature study and preparation for out- door gardens, with study of seed germination, sowing of seed, and making of garden plans. The summer work is in the outdoor garden. An outgrowth of the garden work was the establishment of < summer school for teachers of gardening. This lasted for air years. Those taking the year’s course formed themselves into an organization called the Garden Teachers Association. It has been a loyal and generous group contributing to funds for all appeals ever made by the Garden. This Children’s Garden project, a seasonal outgrowth of the Saturday morning classes, is an original pedagogical experiment which has been worked out with distinct success. In May, 1914, gardens in a temporary location were assigned to 125 out of the 180 children who applied. Today, in a permanent location in the southeast portion of the Garden, first utilized in 1916, there are 118 plots and two extensive flower borders. About 250 children register each spring for work in these plots. A most useful and attractive center for the work is provided by the Garden House, which was erected with City funds in 1916, and the main room furnished by Mrs. James H. Post. The formal Shakespeare Garden, presented and endowed by Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Folger, and other features in and around the House, are gifts of the children, teachers, parents, and friends who have taken a sincere interest or had an active share in the work. The pattern, as laid down by the Curator of Elementary In- struction in accordance with the wishes of the Director, includes “self-discipline, knowledge at first hand, dignity of labor, financial support of our own work, generosity, ability to take a command and follow it, and ability to size up ourselves and our endeavors.” The success of the gardens themselves, as measured by the crop, is relatively unimportant compared with the fulfillment of the above pattern. However, each year an attempt is made to show Fic. 26. A school garden club, June, 1940. (10088 ) 129 the greatest possible crop obtainable on three-quarters of an acre of city land when the allotted garden space per individual is con- stantly worked. An “Honor” day or Prize Day is held in October of each year when the awards are presented to those children who have cov- ered the work. Four years ago Dr. Gager desired to give some prize to a boy and girl for outstanding work in the Children’s Garden, and so the Director’s Medal was decided upon and given for the first time in 1940. It was a great pleasure to him to do this and an equal pleasure for Mrs. Gager to continue the custom. Prizes were originally awarded from a fund donated for the purpose by Mr. White, and the most important of these was the Alfred T. White Scholarship given for the first time in 1920, and continued through 1933. Dr, Gager attended all Honor or Prize Days held for the chil- dren; their Christmas Party was not complete without him. The familiar sight of the Director and the smallest girl walking down the main aisle of the auditorium lingers with us. His talks to children carried the same grace and charm of language as did all his addresses. Members of the Saturday morning classes call themselves the Boys and Girls Club. The Clubroom, where much of the indoor work centers, was made possible by a gift from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt, and opened in 1921. It offers to about 1,000 children yearly not only recreational and educational facilities, oride in the — but an opportunity to assume responsibility and take Garden. This short summary of the work gives little indication of the eager interest and spirit of the children who take part in this flexible program of study and pleasure carried out by the boys and girls of the Club. It is reassuring to know that the children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has been endowed to ensure its continuance. The fund, which now totals nearly $25,000, was ob- tained largely through the efforts of the Woman’s Auxihary of the Garden. The project has not been limited to the gardens on Botanic Gar- den grounds. Through lectures, conferences, and correspondence, help has been given in establishing similar projects in other cities. Fic. 27. Evolution of Plants Exhibit, Conservatory House No. 2. Center Bench: Liverworts and Mosses, Psilotum Group, Selaginella and iv Rare Ferns, Cycads and Conifers." Right Bench: Monocotyledons by Families. Left Bench: Dicotyledons by Families. The Algae and Fungi are in the foreground not included in the photograph. January 26, 1940. (99 131 School gardens in Brooklyn have been encouraged, and a chil- dren’s garden exhibit with about 2,000 exhibitors was held every year through 1925, with prizes awarded from funds donated for the purpose by Mr. White. These school exhibits were discon- tinued in 1925 because school and home gardening seemed to be 1 1930, a medal was awarded for well established. Beginning 1 several years to all schools having gardens up to a certain standard. It is impossible for the schools to teach all their botany or nature study through lectures, visits, or demonstrations at the Garden, or by lectures in the classroom given by Garden instructors. Hence plant material is needed by the classroom teachers for in- struction. The supply service, through which materials are given, lent, or sold to the school, greatly increases the opportunity of the Garden for school service. Assistance is given to nearly 7,000 teachers and over half a million children by means of living plants and plant parts and dried or preserved specimens for study. Every year one member of the staff presses, mounts, and labels hundreds of specimens of common flowers, weeds, and tree leaves and fruits for the schools. In the spring of 1914, school principals were notified that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden would supply penny packets of seeds to pupils for backyard gardens. The request for 26,000 penny packets which was received, although pleasing to the Garden staff, presented a serious problem, since only 1,000 envelopes of seed had been prepared. It was, however, successfully handled, and over 5,000 Brooklyn children planted their own gardens at home or in school in 1914. In 1941, distribution of the seed’ packets passed well over the million mark. The children’s work has had wide educational publicity not only in this country but in lands across the sea. It was presented to educators and scholars at London University in 1931. Since the Garden was established, its lectures and classes have been at- tended by over 2,500,000 pupils and teachers. The Botanic Garden now has contacts with ninety-eight per cent of the ele- mentary and all of the junior high schools in Brooklyn, as well as with many outside the Borough. Thus the correlation with the local schools functions through lectures and demonstrations to visiting classes and to classes at the schools; through the supply 132 of study material for classroom use; and through guidance in conferences with botany and nature study teachers; and is there- fore fulfilling the original plans for this part of the educational program, Dr. Gager’s last publication was an account of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the schools (Chronica Botanica 7: 308-310. 1943). In this, he summarized the educational program for both adults and children, and mentioned that to him one of the most gratifying aspects of the work was the fact that many boys and girls carried on over a number of years their interest in the work at the Botanic Garden. From among them have emerged a few who have made botany or some of its branches their life work; but there are many more who have found the joy of broadened ho- rizons and the pleasures of a lifetime hobby. It always pleased Dr. Gager to see the children of eight (when they entered classes) and later to shake hands with many of these same children when they were leaving for college, realizing that they had spent eight or nine years of their lives under this roof, coming Saturday after Saturday in their own leisure time. This in itself is a monument to his far-sighted vision, 133 RESEARCH According to Dr. Gager, ‘““The outstanding perennial need of botanic gardens . . . is more knowledge. And the necessary new knowledge is, of course, to be obtained only by research.” “The really indispensable condition for progress is the spirit of inquiry,’ wrote Dr. Gager in one of his annual reports, and it is appropriate that we pause and evaluate this privilege in terms of past accomplishment at the Botanic Garden, in order to ap- preciate its worth, and foster its continuance wherever and when- ever possible. “To the end of time, as we firmly believe, truth must be ascertained by the well-tested method of observation, in- ference and deductive verification,” he stated before a group of scientists in 1917, and toward an appreciation of this belief by J laymen he worked unceasingly during the entire period of his Directorship. He frequently requested funds to support research, for he felt that botanic gardens should not become mere “depos- . to a nation, ” “ec oe itories and purveyors” of botanical knowledge ; research is a moral obligation,’ he once wrote, and added: “It is the very life blood of... botanic gardens if they are to be more than mere show places and retailers of second-hand information.” He was fully aware, as most people are not, of the debt which all of us owe to scientific research, and he felt that it was the obligation of a botanic garden, which constantly used and benefited from the researches of others, to make its own original contributions to botanical knowledge. Research was one of the primary objects for which the Botanic Garden was founded and is one of its yotanic garden.” Dr. Gager favored the continuance of research in pure science, — “largest opportunities and obligations as a stating: “The surest way to make botany useful is to follow out ye N10 —y a program of research in pure science;... That there can applied science unless there is first something to apply, is a truism.” He once made the statement that “It would, no doubt, be mis- leading to say that the important thing about research is not the results, but the continuation of it; and yet there is an element of truth in that assertion.” The emphasis has not been laid on the immediate results, but on a continuation of the spirit of inquiry Although, according to him, ‘There is no place for the useless, 134 Poet 05 ea oe = oe ae? ate ee se aed 8g Re Whe rt be Bota WR, Nat kha, Vs, he Laboratory Building, aken from t arden, t a C anic June 19, 1918. Southern part of the Bot War Gardens, 1918. IG. 28, 4 I 135 usefulness may not always be at once apparent,” and thus if the results of research at the Botanic Garden have not always shown immediate practical applications, they were none the less com- mended by the Director. On the other hand, he was also of the opinion that the “practical ends of plant breeding, crop production, and disease control” should not “be minimized,” and thus he always appreciated scientific observations and discoveries which had im- mediate practical applications. It was his wish that the results of research at the Garden would constitute a service to the public; “The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is the daily beneficiary of research done elsewhere; it is highly fitting that we should also be making contributions to our knowledge of plant life as a service not to the _— few, but to the general public.” All of the members of the staff were afforded the opportunity to carry on investigations in phases of botany and horticulture in which they were interested, insofar as their administrative and teaching duties permitted. The members of two Departments— Plant Breeding, established in 1913, and Pathology, in 1921— devoted practically all of their time to research. The results ob- tained have been published as four Memoirs of the Botanic Garden, and ninety-nine Contributions, the latter being papers first pub- lished in botanical journals and issued as reprints. A few of the Contributions were of a general or educational nature, but by far the larger number were accounts of intensive studies on specific botanical problems. Because of the demands of administrative duties, Dr. Gager personally found but little time to carry on investigation. How- ever, he continued his interest in the influence of radium rays on plant life and, in cooperation with Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, published a paper in 1927 on their experiments, in which ovaries of Jimson Weed were treated with radium emanations to induce mutations. The treatments were successful, and several mutant types, never before observed, were obtained. Two other papers, one published in 1916 and the other in 1936, reviewed the studies on the prob- lem of the effect of radium rays on plant life. During his first summer at the Botanic Garden, Dr. Gager accompanied Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden, and Mrs. Britton, on a trip to Western Cuba anny 136 for the purpose of collecting plants. Approximately 3,500 living or preserved specimens of plants were obtained, along with more than 120 photographs of the vegetation of Cuba. This was the first of many expeditions which have been made by members of the staff, and the observations and botanical information obtained have not only been published, but have also served as the basis of lectures for the diffusion of botanical knowledge. Studies along ecological lines, dealing with the vegetation of the vicinity of New York, were undertaken by Mr. Norman Taylor, the Curator of Plants. Papers were published on the plant life of the pine barrens of New Jersey, the growth forms of the flora of the vicinity of New York, the significance of the White Cedar Swamp, Merrick, Long Island, and a longer Memoir on the vegetation of Montauk, Long Island. With Barrington Moore, a Memoir on the vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment, was published. Dr. Alfred Gundersen, Curator of Plants, has been especially interested in the classification of the flowering plants, and he has made extensive studies of the floral structure of members of several families with a view to determining their proper sequence in a system of classification. Botanists are fairly well agreed on the classification of most of the families of the dicotyledons, but the proper position in the scheme of classification of some of the smaller families is a matter of dispute. The studies on floral structure and placentation have been illustrated by excellent draw- ings made by Miss Maud H. Purdy, the Botanic Garden artist. Jr. Gundersen has also been interested in the lilacs, and has assembled a collection of species and many varieties of great orna- mental value to gardens. Dr. Henry K. Svenson, Curator of the Herbarium, has pub- lished an exhaustive study on Elocharis, a world-wide genus of sedges, with most of its species in the New World. The publica- tion included a résumé, indices, and maps, and illustrations of ap- proximately 150 species distributed over the whole world. An- other study has been made on the sedges of Panama. In 1930, Dr. Svenson went to the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island as botanist of the Astor expedition. Over 500 flowering plants and ferns were collected, chiefly on Indefatigable Island 137 in the Galapagos group, and Cocos Island, including over fifty species hitherto unreported from that region. Upon his return to Brooklyn, these plants were identified and, in 1933, the manu- script on the Galapagos Flora was completed, after he had made a trip to England to check the plants collected on expeditions of English botanists. In 1937, the study of the ferns of the Gala- pagos and Cocos Islands was published. A valuable opportunity came to him in 1941, as recipient of a John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, to spend three months in Ecuador for the purpose of studying the geographical distribution of plants, and specifically to compare the flora of that part of the coast of South America with the flora of the Galapagos Islands. Plants were collected in Ecuador, and a comparative study is being made with those collected on the Galapagos Islands. Investigations on the flora of Tennessee have involved trips to Middle Tennessee to study, with the cooperation of Prof. Jesse M. Shaver of Nashville and the Tennessee Academy of Science, the flora of a section in which the wild life is doomed, due to industrialization following the Tennessee Valley Authority project. Over 8,000 plant spec- imens have been collected and these, together with numerous photo- graphs, serve as the basis for a discussion of the Tennessee flora. Dr. Edgar W. Olive, the first Curator of Public Instruction, was especially interested in the cytology of the rusts. With Prof. Whetzel of Cornell University, an expedition was made in 1916 to Puerto Rico to collect and study fungi. They found the climate and other conditions unusually favorable for the growth of para- sitic fungi, and collections of more than 500 rusts and other para- sites, many of them new to science, were made, Studies on the life history of some of the common rusts of Puerto Rico were carried out. Duplicate type specimens of fungi collected on this trip are now in the fungous herbarium of the Garden, as well as in the Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University. Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves, in addition to his activities as Curator of Public Instruction, with the assistance of members of his staff, has carried on investigations on the breeding of chestnuts the purpose of obtaining trees which will be blight-resistant, combined with theupright, vigorous growth, which characterized the American chésthut and made it so excellent for timber. Native Fic, 29, Victory Garden, showing beets, carrots, parsnips, and Swiss c yard, June 23, 1943. iks}9) chestnuts which showed partial resistance to the bark blight were first successfully crossed in 1931 with resistant Japanese species, of stained were planted, and over a some of which were offered for the experiments by owners — private estates. The nuts so o period of about fifteen years some 1,000 hybrids from such crosses have been grown, together with a collection of nearly all species of Castanea in the world. The seedling trees have been set out at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, on private property at Hamden, Connecticut, and in other places which have been offered through the codperation of Prof. Ralph C. Hawley of the Yale School of Forestry, Dr. D. F. Jones of the Connecticut Agricultural Ex- periment Station at New Haven, Dr. W. W. Herrick, Sharon, Conn., The White Foundation, Litchfield, Conn., The Avon Old Farms School, Avon, Conn., and Mr. Archer M. Huntington, Redding Ridge, Conn., and others. In 1934, three of the Japanese-American hybrids bloomed, that a new generation could then be started for the first time. Beginning in 1934, crosses of American and Chinese species were made and, more recently, crosses of Japanese-American hybrids with Chinese trees. Records are kept of the rate of growth and disease resistance for each individual and the tallest and most resistant trees are selected for further breeding. The arm at pres- ent is to develop a race of chestnut trees of the desired character nuts which, by inter-pollination, will each year yield a quantity o for reforestation. In addition to breeding for a timber tree, the chestnut work has also for its purpose the breeding of a blight-resistant tree of robust growth and insect resistance, which bears’nuts of a high quality, and which exhibits resistance to cold and ‘drought. Not only by experimental breeding, but also by making use of the native chestnut trees or their sprouts, still found growing here and there throughout the natural range of the chestnut, is there a possibility of discovering a blight-resistant tree. In response to requests, nuts have been received from many of the States within this range and, as a result, more than 300 native chestnut trees are now growing at Hamden. The work has been conducted in codperation with the Division of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, Uuited States — Fic. 2 J 0. Exhibit of hou: > plants, International Flower Show, March 13, 1939. (9782) 141 Department of Agriculture, and some of the costs have been de- frayed by it. Special funds have been received from Mr. Godfrey L. Cabot of Boston, and also Grants-in-Aid from the American Academy of Arts and Science, the National Research Council, and the National Academy of Sciences. The North-Eastern Forest Experiment Station and the Connecticut Experiment Station at New Haven have coéperated by lending trained technical assistants during the flowering season for making pollinations. The members of the Department of Plant Breeding, organized in September, 1913, with the appointment of Dr. Orland FE. White, have devoted practically all of their time to investigation. The genetic studies on peas, which were the most extensive, were con- ducted in order to obtain information concerning the factors for characteristics such as height, color and shape of the pod, seed- coat color pattern, foliage and flower color and their interrelation- ship, as well as the influence of environmental differences on the expression of these factors, and the relation between these factors and the chromosomes. More than 200 varieties of peas, assembled in collaboration with the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, were used in these extensive experi- ments with a view to discovering the manner of inheritance of all the character differences of peas and, in large measure, this has been accomplished. The inheritance of endosperm color in maize, as well as various characters in castor beans, including stem color, bloom on the stems and fruit capsules, dehiscent and indehiscent seed pods, and seed coat colors, was investigated. Another line of investigation has been concerned with fasciation phenomena in plants, the study of certain floral abnormalities in Nicotiana having been made. Two papers have been published dealing with the cold resistance of certain plants, one dealing with the geographical distribution of some herbaceous, perennial, and woody plant groups, and the other with the mutation, adaptation to temperature differences, and geographical distribution in plants. Dr. White accompanied the Mulford Expedition for the Bio- logical Exploration of the Amazon Valley, June 1, 1921 to April 14, 1922. The collections of the botanical members of the ex- pedition numbered about 13,000 specimens, representing over 2,000 Fic. 31. (Teucrinm (10317) Knot Gardens in the Herb Garden: Chaimaedrys — Surrounding the Knots ale Culinary and Medicinal Sweet Violet (Viola odorata), Lavender Cotton (Santolina) Plants, segregated. , German September 12, der 941. ctl 143 species, many of which were native economic plants. Seeds of about 200 species of herbs, trees, and shrubs, were collected. The Curatorship of Plant Pathology was established on January 1, 1921, with the appointment of Dr. George M. Reed, by means of funds provided by Mr. Alfred T. White and two friends. The members of the Department have devoted their time almost ex- clusively to research. Specific problems have been investigated by assistants and graduate students, the results being embodied in theses for which they received advanced degrees at Columbia University or New York University. A definite program for the investigation of disease resistance in plants was developed, including such topics as: the determin- ation of the susceptibility of resistance of particular hosts, or va- rieties, to pathogens; the influence of environal factors upon the resistance and susceptibility of hosts; the existence of physiologic specialization of pathogens; and the inheritance of the disease- resistant quality. For the study of disease resistance along the proposed lines, diseases of cereals have proved to be especially adapted, and most investigations have been made with the cereal smuts, since they were particularly interesting for these studies. The smut path- ogen usually invades the host in the seedling stage, but shows no evidence of its presence until the heading, or flowering, time of the grain, weeks or even months later. Physiologic specialization of plant pathogens has been known for a long time, but it was not until 1921 that this phenomenon was observed in the smuts. The first evidence of physiologic specialization in cereal smuts was obtained in studies made at the Botanic Garden, and five specialized races of covered smut of barley, two of the loose smut of oats and two of the covered smut, and ten races of the two species of covered smut of wheat were demonstrated in 1924-1927. Most attention has been paid to the oat smuts, and at the present time more than thirty races of loose smut and fourteen of covered smut are known to occur. The characteristics of certain races of oat smuts were compared in their growth on artificial media in the laboratory, and new races have been originated by combining pure line cultures de- rived from two distinct races. 144 (8993) , May 15, 1935. } p at Brooklyn Botanic Garden Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Grou oe Fic. 145 Cytological studies on the relation of the oat plant to the loose smut of oats have been carried out. Along another line, the study of a possible correlation in the growth rates of oats and of the covered smut in regard to infection was made. The investigations with sorghum smuts necessitated a detailed study of the effect of nutrients, moisture, and other environal factors on the percentage of infection in susceptible varieties of sorghum, in order to find the best conditions for obtaining the highest percentage of infec- tion, and environal factors which retarded seedling growth seemed to increase the percentage of infection; resistant varieties, however, showed no change in their response. The discovery of varieties fully resistant or susceptible, the working out of environal factors necessary to obtain complete infection of all individuals of susceptible varieties, the knowledge of the existence of physiologic races and the necessity of taking them into account, have made it possible to make progress on the study of the genetics of resistance. Many crosses have been made between oat varieties differing in their behavior to specific races of smut, and the resistance or susceptibility of second, third, and ater generations has been determined. In most cases the resis- tant quality is inherited on a simple one-factor basis. In others, _— however, the relation is much more complicated. Extensive studies on the inheritance of smut resistance in sorghums have also been carried out. The investigations in pathology have been conducted in cooper- ation with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, United States Department of Agriculture, investigators in some of the State Experiment Stations, and practical breeders for the 1m- provement of cereal crops. In connection with the cultivation of the iris collection at the Garden, serious damage caused by the iris thrips was noted. Ex- tensive experiments were conducted in codperation with the Bu- reau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in Washington, and effective methods of control were discovered. The insect could be killed by dipping the rhizomes in hot water for a given length of time. More convenient methods, however, were found in the use of derris and nicotine sulphate sprays. It was further found that fumigation with methyl bromide could be safely used. Sixt ce ee. Fic. 33. Jenkins Fountain, Conservatory Plaza, September, 1930. (7030) OF | 147 The work with the iris project led to hybridization between different varieties and species. A particularly valuable discovery was made in the hybridization of iris which had been collected in Southern United States, particularly in Louisiana. Previous to 1920, only a few species of iris were known in the South. Soon after 1920, however, a large number of different kinds of iris of the Fulva-Foliosa group were discovered by botanists and recorded as species new to science. Hybridization experiments carried on at the Botanic Garden between the two species—/ris fulva and J. folicosa—led to the production, in the second and later generations, of a wide range of forms differing in vegetative and flower char- acters. The conclusion has been reached that probably most of the —" so-called “new species” described from Louisiana are merely hy- brids between two or three species, which have been known for a long time. An excellent set of watercolors of these has also been made by the artists already mentioned. The first Resident Investigator at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was Dr. Ralph E. Benedict, appointed in April, 1916. He was especially interested in the ferns, and undertook an investigation of the horticultural variations of the Boston fern, for which space was furnished in the Botanic Garden greenhouses. Grants from the American Association for the Advancement of Science made establishments, most of the new possible visits to the fern growers’ types having appeared in greenhouses around the larger eastern cities. Through correspondence, every reported new type was obtained, from as far south as Louisiana and as far west as Col- orado, and later from England and France, where similar series of new types had appeared. Later, the Garden’s own series of spore-produced variations were developed from a single Boston — fern type which was spore-fertile. This study was begun at an opportune time, since the first interest in the new Boston fern sports had arisen in the late nineties with the appearance of the Boston fern itself near Cam- bridge, Mass., and two or three other new forms near Boston and New York. By 1915, the search for new variations was at its height, because of the possible commercial value of the new types. The studies of the variations of the Boston fern, a most dis- tinctive phenomenon in the field of genetics, have been published in several papers. 148 Dr. Ralph H. Cheney was appointed Resident Investigator for Economic Plants in July, 1931. His research program was de- veloped around two major topics—the beverage plants, and the medicinal plants of the world. Taxonomic and geographic studies were made, followed by experimental investigations to extend the knowledge of the effects of the beverage and medicinal extracts, in comparison with the effects of the purified active principles derived from them, upon the normal physiological processes in man. Chief attention was devoted to the caffeine-yielding plants, and the results have been published in domestic and foreign sci- entific journals. After the beginning of the present war, a survey of the availability of essential drug and insecticide plants in the nurseries of the northeastern United States was completed, as a unit in the service record of the Botanic Garden to the national emergency. 149 CoOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS The Botanic Garden has co6perated with many organizations in carrying on activities in botany and horticulture. The Garden is one of the three divisions of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and has assisted the Department of Botany of the In- stitute in the arrangement of meetings, lectures, and demonstra- tions. The Garden has also codperated with the Brooklyn Mu- seum in furnishing material for various types of exhibits. Cooperation with the Board of Education and the New York public schools included work by the Department of [Elementary Instruction of the Garden and the Director of the City School Garden on various courses and projects. In addition, a repre- sentative of the Botanic Garden has served on committees of the Board of Education in planning courses in botany and nature “In service credit” for courses offered at the Garden is — Co. study. given by the Board. Dr. Gager took a prominent cultural Society of New York, serving as Vice Chairman of the Frequent exhibits have been part in the activities of the Horti- 3oard of Directors for several years. made by the Garden at the Horticultural Society’s shows, a gold medal being awarded for an exhibit of ornamental fruits at the Victory Garden Harvest Show (1942), and a silver medal for an exhibit of cereals, featuring hybrid corn (1944). The Garden has participated in the International Flower Shows since 1918, and for many years Dr. Gager was a member of the Flower Show Committee. For its exhibits, which have been under the direction of the Horticulturist, Mr. Montague Free, the Botanic Garden has received numerous awards, including gold medals for the demonstration of plant propagation (1933), meth- ods of pruning (1934), plants for rock gardens (1936), exhibit of xerophytes (1937), ivy garden of seventy-six species and forms (1941), for which it also received the Bulkley Gold Medal of the Garden Club of America, and methods of graftage (1942). Silver medals were received for a collection of crocus species (1933), an exhibit of garden operations (1935), a knot garden with herbs (1938), and an exhibit of carnivorous plants (1940). soulder Bridge—one use of the glacial boulders, September 12, — 929, (6811) el The Garden won its first gold medal in 1921, by an exhibit of ferns at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society Show at Boston. Dr. Gager took an active part in organizing Hortus, Inc., which sponsored “Gardens on Parade” at the World’s Fair in New York in 1939 and 1940. Herb and knot gardens were arranged in a section of the grounds, and a large number of Japanese iris were also exhibited in both years. In 1920, the American Iris Society arranged for the establish- ment of a test garden for Japanese varieties of iris. A very com- plete collection of varieties and species has been assembled. Not only have the American nurserymen contributed generously, but many varieties have been imported from abroad, especially from growers in England and France, as well as Japan, the native home —_ of the Japanese group. The studies involved the methods of cul- ture, the correct names of varieties, and possible methods of classi- fication for easy identification, A valuable contribution to the records of the Japanese iris is the fine collection of watercolors made by Miss Maud H. Purdy and Miss Louise B. Mansfield. A selection of these was exhibited at the Century of Progress [Ex- position in Chicago in 1933, and the New York World’s Fair in 1939 and 1940. In 1930, the Garden entered into an arrangement with the American Fern Society which provided for the care and adminis- tration of the society’s library; in 1940, the fern herbarium of this society was deposited with the Garden. The Garden has offered opportunities for advanced research in botany to students who wished to utilize its facilities. Many young men and women have carried on investigations in the Garden's laboratories. The results have been accepted as theses for ad- vanced degrees at both Columbia University and New York Uni- versity and, during the years, six young people have utilized the facilities of the Garden for their research, and obtained the doc- tor’s degree. In connection with the research work, mention has been made of the cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture in the study of cereal diseases, breeding for chestnut blight re- sistance, and the control of iris diseases and pests. During the first world war, Dr. Olive carried on a survey of fruit diseases in Fic. 35. The Richard Young Gate, May 12, 1937. (9434) 153 the Hudson River Valley region. Studies of onion smut condi- tions in the Wallkill Valley of Orange County, and a cereal disease survey through the Hudson River Valley were also made. Later, a new wheat disease caused by nematodes was investigated in West Virginia. Dr. Orland FE. White was granted a leave of absence for several months in 1918 in order to collaborate with the National Research Council in the study of problems connected with the growth and utilization of the castor bean, which had become of great im- portance for the purpose of securing oil for use as a lubricant for airplanes. Castor bean plantings in several Southern states were visited and studies were carried out on the value of different — — varieties for the production of oil. In 1917-1918, a model vegetable garden was exhibited on the grounds of the Botanic Garden, and many plots were devoted to ‘“Wwin-the-war gardens.” Members of the Garden staff worked with the Mayor’s Committee on Food Supply. Leaflets were prepared, lectures were given to various groups,’ and gardens in Brooklyn were inspected. In the present war, a similar program of public education on vegetable gardening has been conducted through courses, lectures, demonstrations, leaflets, newspaper articles, and radio broadcasts. One member of the staff has devoted a large amount of time with the Greater New York Victory Garden Council. Arrangements were made between the Botanical Society of America and the Botanic Garden for the publication of the Ameri- can Journal of Botany. The first volume of the journal appeared in 1914, twenty-two volumes being published through the co- operation of the Society and the Garden. In 1920, a similar ar- rangement was made with the Ecological Society of America for publishing Ecology and, in 1921, with the Editorial Board of Genetics for the publication of its journal. Dr. Gager acted as Business Manager for all three journals and, since they are widely circulated in foreign countries, this has been one of the important ways in which the Garden has aided in the advancement of botany. Fic. 36. Osborne Memorial, Horticultural Section. View looking South. x June 1, 1940. (10107) 9 ENDOWMENTS AND GIFTS By the terms of the original agreement between the City of New York and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the former has made annual appropriations for the maintenance of the Botanic Garden, and from time to time special funds for permanent im- provements have been supplied. In its relation to the City, the Garden has been affiliated with the Park Department, and the Park Commissioners have given effective support. The Botanic Garden, however, would not have accomplished its purposes if it had not been aided by large gifts from private in- dividuals. In order to establish the Garden, an endowment fund of $50,000 was offered by friends of the Institute, through Mr. Alfred T. White, in December, 1906. As the years passed by, many contributions for specific endowments have been received, and special funds for particular features also have been given. At present, there are twenty-two distinct endowment funds, the principal of which amounts to a total of about $1,389,325. Among the larger endowments may be mentioned the Alfred T. White Fund (1921), the Robert B. Woodward Bequest (1921), the Brooklyn Institute Centennial Fund (1924), the Henry W. Healy Trust (1930), the F. E. W. Fund (1937), and the Ellen Eddy Shaw Fund (1939). In 1926, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. offered $250,000, provided that an equal sum be obtained from other sources before December of that year. Under the chair- manship of Mr. Alexander M. White, the citizens of Brooklyn con- tributed a total of $256,000, thus fulfilling the terms. yroviding for additional permanent funds was the — A plan for | proposal of Dr. Gager that twenty per cent of the annual income from funds restricted by terms of gifts and otherwise to the educa- tional and scientific work of the Botanic Garden be set aside each year, and the interest compounded. The result of this proposal, which was adopted as of January 1, 1921, has been the building up of the Endowment Increment Fund, which has added more than $150,000 to the permanent funds. Financial contributions have been secured from many different sources and utilized for specific purposes. Special mention should 156 be made of the research funds. The contribution of $50,000 by Mr. Alfred T. White and friends resulted in the establishment of the Curatorship of Plant Pathology, in 1921, and annually since then additional amounts have been provided for carrying on this phase of the Garden’s activities. For special research purposes, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, The National Re- search Council, The American Philosophical Society, The Ameri- can Iris Society, as well as many individuals, have contributed. a PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FUNDS FOR BOTANIC GARDEN SUPPORT [926-1943 — N¥.CITY (TAX BUDGET ) FUNDS 40 --- ENDOWMENT A& SPECIAL GIFTS v La T UJ P v LJ q v UJ " qv qT T T q T T T v 1926 30 35 40 YEAR Cart 1. Comparison of Botanic Garden expenditures from public and private sources. In the course of the years, many gifts have been received. In 1915, Mr. Alfred T. White provided for the construction of the Japanese Garden, and anonymous friends have contributed an- nually for its upkeep. Mr. White also donated $100,000 for the completion of the Laboratory Building and conservatories in 1916. The construction of the Rose Garden was made possible by con- tributions of Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, and later, the Rose Are was presented by Mrs. Cranford in memory of her hus- band. Funds for providing bridges were made available by Mrs. John Hills and Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins; the gate on Flatbush Ave- nue was presented by Hon. Richard Young in 1929; a bequest of Mr. Sidney Maddock provided funds for the two gates on Wash- ington Avenue in 1937 and 1938. The Osborne Memorial in the Horticultural Section was given by Mrs. Dean C. Osborne in 1938 in memory of her husband. 157 Other significant gifts are the bronze statue “Roses of Yester- day” for the Rose Garden, by Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, in 1937, and the armillary sphere and fountain on the conservatory plaza by Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, in 1930 and 1933. Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler secured the funds for drinking fountains, Several donors contributed the garden seats, including Mr. and Mrs. Edward C. ENDOWMENT FUNDS 1910-1943 ~~ 3° ir 164] fo) 2 3° te) Fi r THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 8 oO ‘i910 '13.~—St«C«'16-—=s'IB ‘2021 '23'24 26 '30 '32 '36'37 ‘39 40 YEAR Cuart 2. Growth of Botanic Garden permanent resources for scientific and educational purposes. Blum, Dr. and Mrs. Charles G. Purdy, Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, and the Garden Teachers Association. The tablets for the glacial boulders were provided by Mr. Edward C. Blum and the Boys and Girls Club. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion, the Colonial Daughters of the Seventeenth Century, the 3rooklyn Civic Council, the Faculty and Students of the Girls 158 Commercial High School, the Girl Scouts of Flatbush, and others, have endowed trees in the Garden. Mrs. Edward C. Blum made a contribution for a planting of Forsythia. rh The Botanic Garden has been fortunate in having the support o many friends, As one of the three divisions of the Institute of Arts and Sciences, it has been under the administration of the SPECIAL GIFTS 1926-1943 B o @ THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS Nh 1926 ‘27 28 '29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 ‘37 38 39 40 4 42 43 YEAR “HART 3. Gifts to the Botanic Garden for special purposes—such as the Maddox and Young entrance gates, the Jenkins and Hills bridges, the borne Memorial, the Cranford Rose Garden. Board of Trustees of the Institute. Mr. A. Augustus Healy was President of the Board of Trustees from 1895 until 1920, during the period in which efforts were made to establish a garden, and the first ten years of its development. Mr. Frank L. Babbott was President from 1920 to 1928, and he was followed by Mr. Edward 159 C. Blum, who served as President from 1929 to 1938 and, since then, as Chairman of the Board. From 1939 to 1942 Dr. James G. McDonald was President of the Institute, being succeeded by Mr. Adrian Van Sinderen. The Botanic Garden Governing Committee of the Board of Trus- tees is the administrative group concerned with the management of the Garden, and a great debt is owed to the men and women who have served as members of this Committee. Mr. Lowell M. Palmer was appointed Chairman of the Committee when it was first organized in 1897. He was succeeded by Mr. Alfred 1 White in 1905, who continued to serve until his death in eee 1921. Mr. White was followed by Mr. Frank Bailey (1921- 1926). Miss Hilda Loines has been Chairman of the ean tee since 1926, and has taken a large part in the Garden’s develop- ment. In 1915, Dr. Gager suggested the organization of a Woman’s Auxiliary, which might aid in the development of the Garden and help to articulate it with the local public. The Auxiliary was formed at the home of Mrs. Alfred T. White on March 8, 1917, and has rendered valuable service in many ways. Mrs. H. B. Spelman was the first President and, in the course of the years, the following women have served as President: Miss Hilda Loines (1921-1925), Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler (1926-1932, Honorary President in 1932-1942), Mrs. Charles E. Perkins (1932-1934), Mrs. Irving L. Cabot (1935-1936), Mrs. Henry J. Davenport (1937-1940), and Miss Jessie H. Righter (1941-). The Woman’s Auxiliary has been an integral part of the Garden, and has been effective in raising funds, canvassing for increased membership in the Garden, and has contributed many valuable gifts. Funds were provided for the publication of Memoir 4 of the Garden series which contained the papers presented at the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Exercises. A contribution was made for the publication of a colored plate illustrating iris hybrids. The Plaza planting of magnolias, some of the shrubs and trees for the Horticultural Section, and the new planting of Japanese flowering cherries on the Esplanade, were furnished by this organization. The success of the Annual Spring Inspection, held in May, has depended in large part on the cooperation of the Woman's Aux- 160 iliary. The members of this organization have also acted as hos- tesses on Flower Days, such as Rose Garden Day and Chrysan- themum Day. In his address given at Swarthmore College on May 23, 1942, on the presentation of the 1941 Arthur Hoyt Scott Garden and Horticultural Award of a Gold Medal, Dr. Gager stated: “If any- thing has been accomplished at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden dur- ing the past thirty-two years worthy of such recognition as this, it is due to the support and encouragement of generous and philan- thropic trustees and other citizens and to the loyal cooperation of an able staff, which has made possible the development of an in- stitution after a pattern which, in its entirety, is essentially new for a botanic garden.” 161 PrersonaL Activities, Honors, AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE DIRECTOR ! A complete list of the published writings of Dr. Gager would contain more than three hundred titles. Some of these were tech- nical contributions to botany; others were concerned with botanical education ; and a very large number were short articles dealing with the Botanic Garden, and book reviews. Dr. Gager edited the publication of thirty-two annual volumes of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, which was founded in 1912, One number of each volume was devoted to the Annual Report of the Garden’s activities. Other numbers included the Prospectus of courses for the educational work, the publication of special fea- tures of the Garden, including the Guides to The Japanese Garden, Rock Garden, The Story of Our Boulders, The Story of Fossil Plants, The Rose Garden, Local Flora, Herb Garden, and the Medicinal Plant Garden. In the Annual Reports of the Director, Dr. Gager reviewed the activities and accomplishments of the Gar- den. Some of the special numbers were written by him, or with his active cooperation. In 1908, Dr. Gager published an extensive paper on the effect of radium rays on plants. His interest in the evolution of plants led him to translate and publish, in 1910, /ntracellular Pangenesis, by Hugo deVries. In 1916, he published his first text book Punda- mentals of Botany, and in 1926, another text, General Botany with Special Reference to its Economic Aspects. For many years Dr. Gager was engaged in compiling data for the publication of Botanic Gardens of the World: Materials for a His- tory. The first edition appeared in 1937 and a second in 1938, in the Botanic Garden Record. Data concerning more than 550 bo- tanic gardens in eighty countries were included. Dr. Gager had visited some of these gardens in 1927, when he made an inspection of gardens and botanical institutions in seven countries in Europe. Again, in 1930, when he attended the Ninth International Horti- cultural Congress in London, and the Fifth International Bo- tanical Congress in Cambridge, he spent some time visiting Euro- _ —e pean botanical gardens. 162 On many occasions, Dr. Gager was called upon for public ad- dresses. In these, he presented botanical and horticultural in- formation in an interesting way. Some of the most important ones include that on Botany, a non-technical address before the students and faculty of the University of Missouri, in 1909: the address of the retiring Vice President and Chairman of Section G, Botany, of the American Association for the Advancement. of science, The Near Future of Botany in America, on December 29, 1917; the address at the dedication of the Wellesley botany build- ing, November 1927, Wellesley College, and the Development of Botanical Education in America; The Founder's Day address, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa., Botanic Gardens in Science and Education, on October 31, 1936; the address of the retiring President of the Botanical Society of America at Indianapolis, December 29, 1937, on Pandemic Botany. His last important address was delivered at Swarthmore College, May 23, 1942, on Theatres, Gardens, and Horticulture, at the time of his acceptance of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Award and the dedica- tion of the new open-air theatre of the College. Dr. Gager’s breadth of interest was shown by his membershi and activities in many botanical, | ~~ FF p iorticultural, and other organiza- tions. He was a member of the following : American Association for the Advancement of Science: American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboretums (Member of the Board of Directors, 1940-) ; American Society of Biological Chemists; American Society of Naturalists ; dotanical Society of America (President 1936) : Fairchild Connecticut Garden (Member of the Board of Trus- tees and President pro tempore) ; Horticultural Society of New York (Member of the Board of Directors, 1928-; Vice-Chairman of the Board, 1938-) ; New York Academy of Sciences: Park Association of New York City: Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine: Socicté Linnéene de Lyon; Svenska Linné-Sallskapet ; . 163 Torrey Botanical Club (President 1942) ; Adelphi College (Trustee, 1932-1940) ; Brooklyn Civic Council ; Century Association ; Committee of One Hundred for the Completion of the Brooklyn Central Library ; National Institute of Social Sciences (Vice President, 1928- 1931; President, 1932-1935, and Vice President, 1935-) ; New York City Committee for Public Education ; Twentieth Century Club (President 1933-1935) ; Rembrandt Club. Dr. Gager served on many botanical and horticultural com- mittees, among others, the following: American Institute of Park Executives to consider affiliation of botanic gardens and arboretumis ; Botanical Exhibits for the World’s Fair (A Century of Prog- ress), Chicago, 1933; Education and public relations of Planning Committee on United States Botanic Gardens (Chairman 1934-) ; Merchants’ Association of New York City (1922-; Chairman 1933-) ; Sub-committee on Organization of Editors of Committee on Re- search Publications, National Research Council (1934) ; Plant Quarantines and their Administration ; Sub-committee on Scope and Function of Planning Committee on United States Botanic Gardens (1934) ; Sub-committee on Survey of Committee on [Effects of Radiation on Living Organisms, National Research Council (1931- So): Vice-President of Hortus, Inc., for the New York World’s Fair. — Dr. Gager served as Vice President and Chairman of Section G, American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1917; as President of the Botanical Society of America in 1936; as Vice President of the Torrey Botanical Club in 1917-1931, and Presi- dent in 1942. He was made an honorary member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society, India, the School Garden 164 Association of America, and the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture. The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society made him an honorary life member in 1934. In 1920, the honorary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred on him by Syracuse Univer- sity, from which he had graduated twenty-five years before. In 1921, the honorary degree of Doctor of Pedagogy was conferred by the New York State College for Teachers. An honor which Dr. Gager greatly appreciated was the Arthur Hoyt Seott Garden and Horticultural Award of a gold medal and cash for outstanding achievement in the field of horticulture and botany, in 1941, On the twelfth day of June, 1943, Dr. Gager was at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the last time. In July, 1910, when he first saw the original area of forty acres, then known as Institute Park, sub- ungton — stantial border mounds had been constructed along Was and Flatbush Avenues and planted with miscellaneous trees and shrubs. The land had been graded to provide a diversified topog- raphy, with a lake and hills, and walks had been laid out. “Such — was our inheritance,” he wrote. In contrast, a third of a century later, the Botanic Garden was well established. The grounds were planted with many herbs, shrubs, and trees, arranged in a manner to show their relationship. Many special features had been provided—the Japanese Garden, the Rose Garden, the Local Flora, flowering cherries and crab apples, daffodils, waterlilies, the Children’s Gardens, and “my brook,” running through the grounds from the lake. The Lab- oratory Building, with its classrooms, laboratories, library, and administrative offices, provided visible evidence of the accomplish- ment in the realm of education and research. The Garden had a host of friends whose interest and material support made possible the realization of Dr. Gager’s vision of a world-renowned institu- tion of botanical teaching and research, placed in a setting of great beauty. He might well have said “This is our bequest.” If, in reviewing this record of accomplishments at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, we have also kept in mind, as Dr. Gager admon- ished us to do in making a review of past accomplishments, that 165 “the present holds the promise of the future,” then this record will have its greatest value not only as a memorial to the man whose continuity of effort created the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, but also as a stimulus to those who, by their courage and vision, will carry on the ideals for which he labored, and continue to build for permanence, just as he would have wished it. 166 SELECTED WRITINGS OF CHARLES STUART GAGER Scientific papers The development of the pollinium and sperm-cells in Asclepias Cornutt Decaisne. Ann. Bot. 16: 123-148. 1902. Tuber-formation in Solanum tuberosum in daylight. Torreya 6: 181-186. 1906 le evaporating power of the air at the New York Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 269-274, 1907. The breathing of plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 143-156. 1907 Effects of the rays of radium on plants. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 1-278. 1908. Some physiological effects of radium rays. Amer. Nat. 42: 761- Vist a — The influence of radium rays on a few life processes of plants. Pop. Sci. Mo. 74: 222-232. 1909. Cryptomeric inheritance in Onagra. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 461-471. 1911 Ingrowing sprouts of Solanum tuberosum. Bot. Gaz. 54: 515- 524, 1912, The translocation of material in dying leaves. Science 41; 99- 104, 1915, Present status of the problem of the effect of radium rays on plant life. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 153-160. 1916. (With A. F. Blakeslee) Chromosome and gene mutations in Datura following exposure to radium rays. Proc. Nat. Acad. WB e7os/9-- 31927, The effects of radium rays on plants; a brief résumé of the more important papers from 1901 to 1932. /n: B. M. Duggar, Bio- logical effects of radiation 2: 987-1013. 1936. Books Translation: Hugo deVries. Intracellular pangenesis including a paper on fertilization and hybridization. 270 p. Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago. 1910. Fundamentals of botany. xx + 640 p. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia. 1916. 167 A laboratory guide for general botany. vill + 191 p. 1916; ed. x + 206 p. 1919; ed.3. x + 205 p..1926. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia. Heredity and evolution in plants. xv + 265 p. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia. 1920. The relation between science and theology. 87 p. The Open Court Publishing Co. 1925. General botany with special reference to its economic aspects. xvi + 1056 p. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia. 1926. The plant world. viii + 136 p. The University Society, Inc., New York. 1931 Published Addresses Botany. Non-technical Lecture, University of Missouri. 1909. invective: Bully Ser ser V4 /2) 73. 1913: The near future of botany in America. Address of the Vice- President and Chairman of Section G, Botany, of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science, Pittsburgh, December 29, 1917. Science 47: 101-115. 1918. Horticulture as a profession. Address to the graduating class of the School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa., De- cember 13, 1918. Science 49: 293-300. 1919, Wellesley College and the development of botanical education in America. Address delivered at the dedication of the new Botany Building, Wellesley College, November 4, 1927. Science 67: 171-178. 1928. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Read at the Ninth International Horticultural Congress, London, on August 13, 1930. Ninth Inter. Hort. Congress Proceedings 410-413. 1931. The school of horticulture in perspective. Address delivered at the twenty-fifth anniversary exercises of the School of Horti- culture for Women, Ambler, Pa., May 20, 1936. Science 84: 357-365. 1936. Pandemic botany. Address of the retiring president of the Bo- tanical Society of America, given at the “Dinner for all Botanists” at Indianapolis, on December 29, 1937. Science Bf 3200-292, 1938. _ 168 The New York State Museum. Address (for botanical science) delivered at the seventy-third convocation of the University of the State of New York, October 15, 1937. Sci. Monthly 46: 71-79, 1938. Popular and scientific horticulture in a botanic garden. Ad- dress delivered before the American Institute of Park Ex- ecutives, at Cleveland, Ohio, September 25, 1940. Parks & Reer. 24: 167-173. 1940. Theaters, gardens and horticulture. Given at Swarthmore Col- lege on the occasion of the presentation of the 1941 Arthur Hoyt Scott Garden and Horticultural Award, and the dedica- tion of a new open-air theatre on the campus, on May 23, 1942. Science 95: 635-639, 1942, ACKNOWLEDGMENT This account has been prepared by the Botanic Garden staff, with the assistance of Marie E. Conklin. 169 Tue THIRTIETH ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION Tuespay, May 9, 1944 The program was planned in honor of Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Director, July 1, 1910-August 9, 1943. It included an assembly in the Auditorium, a tour of inspection of the grounds to view interesting features of the Garden, and an exhibit, displayed in the rotunda, corridors, and exhibit room, of enlarged photographs of the Garden illustrating its development. Miss Hilda Loines, Chairman of the Governing Committee, pre- sided at the meeting in the Auditorium, and introduced Mr. John C. Wister as follows: “Tn welcoming you this afternoon it seems strange not to have with us Dr. Gager, who was always the centre of these occasions, and it is still stranger to realize that before Dr. Gager came to Brooklyn there was no Brooklyn Botanic Garden here. It was he who developed an unpromising area consisting chiefly of waste- land into this place of beauty which we are all enjoying today. But in the development of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Dr. Gager’s service to science and education was no less notable, and I should like to give you an estimate of his work in this field by the noted Russian botanist, Dr. N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, who came to this country for the Genetics Congress of 1932. After a visit to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, he wrote as follows : “*The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is a very young one; and it is astonishing to realize in how short a time Dr. Gager has succeeded ary in organizing such a rich and well-planned scientific and public institution. In many respects the best European botanical gar- dens are far behind the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, although they are much older, and have a long scientific and organizational tradi- tion and connections with celebrated old universities and scientific institutions. ““The second point concerns the research work that Dr. Gager and Dr. Reed have organized at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In most cases research is the weakest aspect of botanical gardens. In cases where some connection with science exists, it is usually dom does one see — only a connection with systematics. Very se 170 experimental research done in botanical gardens, in spite of the fact that they must offer especially good conditions and possibili- ties for this kind of modern scientific work. Therefore I consider aat Dr. Gager has emphasized the im- — it particularly significant t portance of experimental scientific work and has found some financial support for this work, that he has published (in excellent editions) the results of the work, and that in addition he has pro- vided opportunities for young scientists from the New York uni- versities to do their experimental work on the research grounds — of his Garden. “*The last point, and perhaps the most impressive, is the or- ganization of the pedagogical department of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. I think that in this respect the Garden surely occupies one of the first places, if not the first, in the whole world. Espe- an cially well planned and well organized are the rooms, greenhouses and gardens for children of different ages, and the collections of lantern slides, accompanied by short abstracts of papers to be read by teachers.’ “It was the happy suggestion of Dr. Reed that the Spring In- spection this year be made the occasion to honor the achievements of Dr. Gager, and we are especially fortunate in having with us as our speaker, Mr. John C. Wister, Director of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, who knew Dr. Gager intimately over a long period of years, and who is eminently qualified to speak of his life and work.” 7a ADDRESS OF APPRECIATION 3Y B Mr. Joun C. WISTER It is quite fitting that the Spring Inspection, which is the most important of the meetings during the year, should be devoted in part to a tribute to Dr. Gager and to his work, not only in building up the Brooklyn Botanic Garden but in botany and horticulture in general. Naturally I feel greatly honored to have been asked to speak here today. I first knew Dr. Gager about 1920 and was quickly impressed by the extraordinary breadth of his interests and his — deep knowledge of all subjects relating to botany and the growing of plants. I may add something else that will not surprise any of you because I am sure it has happened to you too:—I grew very fond of him and came to value him not merely as a learned man but as a true friend. In the past twenty-four years [ have come many times to this garden on many different errands, but hardly ever came without seeing him and without getting from him both help and inspiration. Many of you know that in the late 90’s and early 1900's there en. In time this de- fa arose in Brooklyn a desire for a botanic garc sire grew into a definite movement which reached fruition in 1910, largely through the active support of Mr. Alfred T. White. The site chosen for the garden was a thirty-nine acre tract of mostly undeveloped land on part of which the Park Department burned trash and rubbish. Eleven additional acres were acquired later. : Dr. Gager had been, among other things, Professor of Botany at the University of Missouri, and Director of the Laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden, where he had instituted one of the earliest investigations of the effect of radium on plants. In both positions he had made a good impression. Téven at an early age his great scientific knowledge made it possible for him to speak to scholars. He had with that the ability to make public addresses which interested his audiences, which frequently, was not the case with many botanists. The unfortunate inability of many scientific We men to make the general public understand what they were doing, has held back the appreciation of botany and other sciences for a long time in this country. Dr. Gager helped bring happier co- operation between the scientific botanist, the skillful horticulturist, and the large public that cares for gardening only in a very mild way. Dr. Gager came to Brooklyn on July 1, 1910. First he had a small office down town. Later he moved to the Brooklyn Mu- seum, for the Botanic Garden was chartered as a subdivision of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The development work in the garden began in April, 1911. The public was admitted in May 1911 when there was little to be seen in the way of accom- plishment except a few paths and trees. In September, 1913, the first part of this building was opened for use and Dr. Gager and staff moved in, although the building and conservatories were not completed until 1917. I give this brief introduction as a background against which to sketch the work of Dr. Gager, which I should like to consider under four different headings. 1. Development of the Garden. 2. Popular Education. 3. The Promotion of Research. 4, Cooperation with Botanical and Horticultural Organizations. (1) Development of the Garden. Many of us who love trees, shrubs, and flowers, wish to have them displayed in crowded cities for the inspiration and pleasure of the public. It is quite natural that, to us, Dr. Gager’s work in building up, on a piece of unde- veloped land, this beautiful 50 acre garden, should come first. He, of course, had the benefit of the experience that had been gained in the pioneer gardens of the country. It was early evident, however, that he brought here a new point of view. This was the desire to make the gardens popular with the general public and to have the plants seen by many thousands of people rather than by just a handful of students. Most of the botanical gardens in the old world were very small. They were primarily for the advanced student. The plants of the various botanical families were crowded closely together so that 173 they might be studied together. The beauty of plants did not seem important to the directors. Professor Sargent was perhaps the first to develop a public gar- den along natural lines for beauty as well as study, but even he paid scant attention to plants for the enjoyment of the general public. He was bringing together every woody plant that would stand the New England climate. It was enough for his purpose that one specimen of a species was present. Dr. Gager understood, more than any botanist before him, the need of interesting the general public in botany. He drew attention to his idea that if the sciences are to advance it can only be through popular support. Popular support in botany he believed could best come because people en- joyed visiting the garden and seeing the beautiful plants well grown, in well arranged groups. ; He was one of the first to give a section of a public garden to the local flora. He planted in this area as many as possible of the plants of Long Island and nearby mainland. When the green- houses were built he took care to have some of them filled with beautiful plants for the public to enjoy, in addition to those houses which were used for research. Through the years he developed the different plantations which now form such an important part of the garden: the flowering cherry, the crab apple and lilac col- lections; the water gardens, the Japanese garden, the rock garden, and finally the magnificent rose garden. Always he insisted on having the plants well grown. Other botanical garden directors do this today but they did not twenty or thirty years ago. The result has been that Brooklyn people come to this garden in tremendous numbers winter and summer to a total of over a million a year. Many people have gained inspiration for life work in botany or horticulture, because they first saw beautiful plants here. I hope persons inspecting the grounds today will remember that Dr. Gager believed, not only that this botanical garden should do useful scientific work, but that it should be a place where peo- ple could find repose from the crowded city. He believed very strongly that the future of botany depended upon interesting more people in botany through the beauty of the growing plants spread out before them at all seasons of the year. 174 (2) Popular Education, Dr. Gager was preéminently an edu- cator. His greatest success was in the dissemination of botanical knowledge. In 1912 Dr. E. W. Olive poke Curator of Pub Instruction. In 1913 Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw was appointed In- structor of Elementary Education. In 1916 she was appointed Curator and at that time this phase of education was definitely separated from public instruction. Miss Shaw has done much to =_— 1c interest the tens of thousands of children who for nearly thirty years have been coming here for various kinds of instruction. As far as | have any record this was the first time that a botanic garden gave elementary instruction to children. In addition to orc — inary teaching there was practice in planting seeds and in developing small garden plots, each one of which belonged to a particular child for the year. This does not seem particularly unusual today because it has become a popular thing all over this great land, but Dr. Gager was one of the first, if not the first, to recognize th value of such instruction. (3) The Promotion of Research. The work of a Director of a great garden leaves little time for extensive research work, = Therefore it is not surprising that Dr. Gager himself did not con- tribute greatly to the advance of science along some particular line alter he became Director. He wrote a good deal it is true, and many of his writings are of great value. One report that I re- member particularly dealt with the botanic gardens of the world, giving the inf ormation as to where each one was, when it was founded, how many acres it covered, who the directors had been and were, and what work it primarily stressed. The thing that seems to me important is that Dr. Gager realized the importance of research, and that he facilitated the researches of others. I remember a famous college president who was interested in His- tory, Government and Economics who during his term built up splendid staffs and courses in these fields, while neglecting the Fine Arts and the sciences. It seems to me that Dr. Gager was the exact opposite because he did not neglect any of the fields in which a botanical garden might function, and he was thoroughly sympathetic in building up departments which did not lie within the range of his own particular interests. It is also characteristic of him that he did not in any way “drive” his curators but rather WAS) that he developed a different relationship with them than is the case between the head and the subordinates in many other institu- tions. He depended on his curators to carry out their assignments and accepted suggestions or modifications of plans from time to time. Research was the primary feature of the departments of plant breeding and of pathology. Many investigations were conducted in the taxonomy of certain groups of plants and these investiga- tions included exploratory trips made to various parts of the United State, to Cuba, to Puerto Rico and other parts of the world. There were studies in flower structures, in genetics, in disease re- sistance, etc. The work in these fields shows again the broadness of his vision and of his sympathy in research in many widely dif- fering problems. (4) Coéperation with Botanical and Horticultural Organisa- tions. Botanical gardens have for a long time exchanged seeds, rare plants and herbarium specimens. It has been the custom for an institution to send one of its curators to visit other institutions to lecture or to study. I have no personal knowledge of how many different botanical gardens Dr. Gager and his curators may have visited in the past quarter century or to how many botanical societies they may have belonged. Dr. Gager had been president of both the Botanical Society of America and of the Torrey Bo- tanical Club, and Vice-President and Chairman of the Botanical Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He had been a member of the Botanical Committee of both the Chicago and the New York Worlds Fairs and and a member of several committees of the National Research Council, and of other important organizations too numerous to mention. I do have personal knowledge of the codperation which Dr. Gager gave to various horticultural societies, and I wish to go into more detail about this because I know of no other institution which has done so much in this field. I first met Dr. Gager because when I was t of the very new American Iris Society I came to Brooklyn to ask his help in establishing a test garden for Japanese Irises. Dr. Gager was most cordial and encouraging to me. He authorized the project. A collection of Japanese Irises was established. —_— 1e very new president 176 Nomenclature was studied; color classifications were worked out; soil, fertilizer and moisture requirements were studied in detail. Dr. Reed even made a trip to Japan to get first hand knowledge. Miss Maud H. Purdy and Miss Louise B. Mansfield made water color drawings which are the atthoritative record of the recognized varieties. Dr. Gager was willing to cooperate with a small new society which had not proved its worth. He made it possible for that society to publish the first authoritative information about. this beautiful and often difficult group of Irises. I think in contrast of a prominent engineer whom I have known over thirty years. His work for many civic projects both in his own state and in the nation at large have brought him public respect. My respect for him, however, was almost entirely destroyed, because I learned that some years ago when he was asked to help in a worthy public work, he declined because the organization involved was new and had not vet proved its ability. He did not know whether it could succeed. He said that he personally could not afford to be asso- ciated with any failure. This narrow and selfish point of view, is one shared by many otherwise fine people. It certainly was not the point of view of Dr. Gager. He never took time to think whether a new organization would succeed or fail, or whether failure in something with which he codperated would reflect on him personally. All he thought of was to help. What he did for the American Iris Society he did with many other similar horti- cultural societies. I mention it in detail because it was my first experience with him and with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Gager was a Director of the Horticultural Society of New York from 1928 to 1943, and a Vice-President from 1937 to 1943. Mis wise, kindly, guiding hand could be seen in much of the work of that society. In its great flower shows, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden staged some of the most effective educational exhibits. Perhaps the finest of these was the demonstration of the propaga- tion of plants by various methods. There were shown the seeds, the resulting young seedlings a few days and then a few weeks old, then finally a few months or a few years old. There were cuttings, rooted cuttings, young plants after they had been grown some months or years. There were cions, grafts and grafted plants, WG buds and budded plants, all in the various stages of their growth. Not only were the entire plants shown but plants were split and cut so that the union between the cion and the stock was demon- started in cross section. | It seems to me that one of Dr. Gager’s most important under- takings was his work in connection with the organization of The American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums. This association, by building more effective cooperation between existing botanic gardens and encouraging the establishment of new ones in cities and towns which do not now have them, may carry out on a national scale Dr. Gager’s belief in the importance of in- teresting the public if botanical science is to continue to progress. He saw, before many others did, that the day of the privately en- dowed institution is coming to a close. If the botanical institutions are to continue under private management rather than be govern- ment sponsored and subject to political influence, then great num- bers of people must become interested enough to demand this. At Cleveland where the new association was born, Dr. Gager 1 position he held until his death. He made — became a trustee, whic one of the most important addresses and inspired the entire meet- ing. He had that wonderful quality of carrying his audiences with him. It was not the first time that I had seen him do this. Just as he had helped me when the American Iris Society was new, he helped me again by coming to Swarthmore College when the Scott Horti- cultural Foundation was quite new. Before a great audience gathered on Founders Day he outlined the relationship of botany, the knowledge and love of plants, and of gardening, to other phases of education. He did it so happily and with so much humor that the President of the College and the professors as well as students came away with a totally new point of view about the importance of the planting of trees, shrubs and flowers on the college campus. This ability to tell about plant life in a way to interest all kinds of people, young and old, was one of Dr. Gager’s greatest gifts. I do not wish to give the impression that I believe everything that has’ been accomplished here in Brooklyn was done by Dr. Gager alone. No one person could have brought this institution in 4 this comparatively small number of years to its present condition. 178 Over the Director there was the governing committee headed for more than ten years by Mr. Alfred T. White, then for a shorter term by Mr. Frank Bailey, and for the last 18 years by Miss Hilda L.oines who is presiding at this meeting today. He had the help of this committee, the help of the trustees of the Institute, the help of the Woman’s Auxiliary. He had the devotion of the mem- bers of the staff and of all the workers of the Garden. T should like to quote from what Dr. Wm. J. Robbins of the New York Botanical Garden wrote of him: “Few men have been able to combine, as Dr. Gager did, horticulture and botany, education and research, the apphed and the scientific, civic interests and pro- fessional duties. A man of the highest ideals, Dr. Gager did not hesitate to oppose attitudes, ideas or trends which he considered unwise or ill considered or to correct errors in fact or statement in the helds with which he was familiar. Yet no worthy project re- lated to his fields of interest failed to receive quick and generous support. His career illustrates how much can be done by a man of ability who devotes himself consistently and conscientiously to a subject he considers worthy of his utmost effort.” I have tried to tell you some of the things I have known about Dr. Gager. When I first came here it was as a stranger for tech- nical horticultural help, but as I continued to come here par- ticularly in the later years, | came to look upon him as a friend with whom I could talk over many personal problems, and I often came very much more for such personal advice than for the direct business of the garden. Generous, kindly, humorous and tolerant he was a friend [ shall remember as long as I — ive. It seems to me that the quotation, fron) Wordsworth, which he had inscribed over the entrance to the Children’s Garden House, is peculiarly fitting to Dr. Gager: “THe is happiest who hath power To gather wisdom from a flower.” The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN First VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON, Vice-Chmn. WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C, BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER WILLIAM G. CREAMER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN Ee: MENARD LEWIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE ANDREW J. GONNOUD DONALD G. C. SINCLAIR ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Ex officio Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THe FoLtLowinc OFFICIALS OF THE City oF New York THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD No. JULY 1944 VoL. XXXII PROSPECTUS 1944-1945 ~ PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL Staff GEORGE 5S. AVERY; Jr.:Ph.D., Director ->- MONTAGE HREe. ween ce. Royal Botanic Gardens s, Kew, H orticulturist ARTHUR RMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED com DERSEN, Docteur de Universite (Paris), Curator of Plants nae Eee B.S., Librarian SHAW, M.A. Y K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Curator of the Herbarium MARGARET M. DORWARD, A. B., Assistant Cutie of Blonetteny Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Oriental Gardening ae. “ibe! Art A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Arc ELIZABETH REMSEN VAN BRUNT, Honorary Curator ie ‘Culinary Herbs RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor E nstruc Aer ae Jak, UDELL, Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant EDNA PALMITIER SCHACHT, Acting Secretary JULIA PIDERIT COSTELLO, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, M.A., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA i Kage ee Stenographer VIRGINIA A. CLAY, Steno grapher COS ae PURVES © ELSON, B.A., Stenographer Y D. MONTROSS, Business Office Assistant BETTY G. RILEY, Stenographer Published Onmniy at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, Pa. by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn eas Entered as second-class matter April 10, 1933, a ve post: senGeen at Lancaster, Pa., under act of "August 2 Absent on U. S. Government duty, from April 1, 1942. THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOUNDED, 1824. REINCORPORATED, 1890 ApRIAN VAN SINDEREN, President. Epwarp C. BLum, Chairman of the Board. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC—30 LAFAYETTE AVENUE—STerling 3-6700 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1000 WASHINGTON AVENUE—MAin 2-4433 THE BROOKLYN MUSEUMS CENTRAL MUSEUM—EASTERN PARK WAY—NEvins 8—5000 CHILDREN’S MUSEUM—BROOKLYN AVENUE AND PARK PLACE ee nt 4-2900 MEMBERSHIP You are cordially invited to become a member of one or all of the Departments of the rooklyn Institute. The annual fee in each Department is $10, carrying full privileges in the division of your choice and partial privileges in the other two. Membership runs or twelve months from the time it is taken out THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION offers its members free admis- sion to more than 300 events; lectures, concerts, motion pictures, young people’s programs, field trips, etc. Also: reduced rates for special courses and programs. Mr. Donatp G. C. SIncLaiR, Chairman, Governing Committee. Junius Broom, Director. HE BOTANIC GARDEN offers its members free admission to “Flower Days,” Spring Inspection, field trips, and most classes of instruction. Also: ave services, privileges of library and herbarium, free publications, advice aspects ei gardening, distribution of surplus plant material, ane visiting ica aN privileges in the botanic gardens and museums of other cities. Mr. Puirip A. Benson, Chairman, Governing Committee. Dr. GeorGE S. Avery, JR., Director. = we —_ THE MUSEUM offers its members private views of exhibitions, admission to Museum courses, phonograph records and prints from its lending libraries, and docent services. Also: five ee ee Peers free of charge and other Museum publications at reduced pr Sipney W. Davinson, Chairman, Governing Committee. Mrs. LAuRANCE P. Roserts, Director. ALBERT N, HENRICKSEN, Assistant Director. THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF ee is owned and operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Its Opera House, Music Hall, and Ballroom may be rented for concerts, plays, lectures, school ceremonies, dances, and other rents. Wittram T. Hunter, Chairman, Building Committee. Hersert T. Swin, Building Superintendent. il RIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN The Brooklyn Botanic Garden renders a public service in its endeavor to advance a knowledge of plants, affording educational advantages, and carrying on fundamental investigations. Members — -_ Ww bh Oo CON AO tn — Le of the Garden have the opportunity of furthering these aims. Special membership privileges are also offered as follows: . Advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, involving methods of culture, and control of insect and fungous pests The naming of botanical specimens submitted for determina- tion, . Per eae distribution of surplus ornamental plant material and s : Tey icueds for self and friends - the ae Spring Inspec- tion, and to spring and fall “Flower Days”; cards of admission to all exhibitions and openings pr re fie RR of the general public, and to receptions; admission of member and one guest to field trips and other cece) meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden o atone: ler . Services of a guide (by aS pontnent) for self ‘and party, when visiting the Garden. Free tuition in all courses of instruction, except that in green- house and se courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, . The Library and Herbar lum are available for consultation. Aig a oe cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time . As part of its services, the Broo klyn Botanic Garden issues ‘pub- lications of general horticultural inter est, and technical papers based upon the researches carried on at the ven Special Guides to the plantations and collections, Leaflets of popular in- formation, and the quarterly Record, which includes the Annual Report of the Garden’s activities, are sent free to members. ; Mecnbetship privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden membership car il CLUB MEMBERSHIPS For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways w uae Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of th etropolitan area, and a plan 1 has been adopted whereby such if TCO may become definitely identified with the work of the Garden in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follows Annual Memberships—Garden Cl ah or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of See as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden func ctions, including “Flower Days” au ie annual Spring Inspection in \ he Club may also have the following privileges: lat 7 The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea o parties of less than ten adults will be conducted. Sct redule for such Soe must be arranged in advance, at ae mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Clu one lecture a year by a member of the oa staff. This may be either (1) a lecture given to the Garden Club at the Botanic Garden or (2) a lecture given at a place specified by the Gar- den Club. A list of speakers and se available in these two categories will be mailed on reque Arrangements will be facilitated 1f tik Club will, with each ee cee nate at least two names. One ber of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in courses "of instruction for which tuition is charged to non- members. In greenhouse me laboratory courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. Sy Sustaining Memberships. —Any club or other Oe may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of ithe: sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars. ustaining membership clubs enjoy the full pr ivileges of annual membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- yn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. They are entitled each year to two lectures free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers. lv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. California Academy of Sciences, San Branciecs Calif. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Il. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles if, Massachusetts Horticultural poet Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, M Newark Museum, Newark, New York State Wk. Albans , N.Y. Peabody Museum of Reco. ana Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Vv CLASSES OF MEMBERSELULP. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual: payment of . 25 3. Contributing, by annual payment Ae 100 4 Wite, by one payinentlOl. sic) we ae 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,900 6. Donor, by one payment of ........... 10,000 7* Patron, by one payment of .......... 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had by ee the Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, . Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, M Ain 2 4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. V1 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and vac to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum a Co mH ee ee ee: ollars, the in- come from which said sum to be a exclusively for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be ee the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, ae and fama to The Brooklyn Institute of Art and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of Dollar rs s, the income from which sum to om sed in eae of a flere a advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Sale eve Eid ee ie BO Seed tal oat Sosvaaecne easiest oat aidaes tae mts fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, to be used r the income from which +s be used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is neede 1; Rotanical researc 2. Publishing the ee of botanical research. 3. The endow ment of special gardens and collections. 4, ar a. The Ait ak 6. = ee and enriching our work of public education. 7. The purchase and co aes of plant 8. Posular botanical publication, 9, Illustrations for publi ene and lectures. 10. The beautifying of the grounds. vil THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY Tue BrookLtyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. Certain salaries are paid, in whole or in part, from private funds. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase with private funds all publications for the library, all specimens for the her- barium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items. These collections, available without charge for public use, are the property of the Trustees. The interest on One Million Dollars at the rate of 3.5 per cent, added to the present private funds income, would restore that in- come to the 1930 figure. The Director will be glad to give full information as to the uses for which such additional income is needed. Vill REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. olders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on paths or walks. . Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 302, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn 25), or by telephone (MAin 2- 4433) ry Garden, along the brook. lowe he Wild ‘iew in t \ BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXIII JULY, 1944 NO. 3 PROSPECTUS: 1944-1945 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION Courses for adults and children are classified as follows: For members and the general public (‘‘A” courses, p. 180) For teachers (“B” courses, p. 186) For children (“C” courses, p. 188) For special groups (“D” courses, p. 188) Investigation (“E” courses, p. 189) Any course may be withdrawn if less than ten persons apply for registration. Registration. —Because of the limited space available in the instructional greenhouses, and for other reasons, the number of persons that can be registered in many of the courses must be limited. Those who desire to attend any course are urged to send in their applications, with entrance fees, to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance of the first meeting. This avoids delay at the beginning of the first session, ensures a place in the course, and enables the instructor to provide adequate mate- rial for the class. | Persons are requested not to register in any course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend the sessions regularly and throughout. This is especially important where the number 1s limited; for it is obvious that those who register and do not attend may deprive someone else of the privilege of attending. Greenhouse Courses.— Because of limited space in the green- houses it has become necessary to make the ruling that no person shall take more than two spring greenhouse courses in any one year. 179 180 A. Courses for Members and the General Public Although these courses are designed primarily for Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (unless otherwise specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teachers are wel- come. Starred courses (*) are open also, for credit, to students of Long Island University, and are described in the current Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agreement entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon recommenda- tion of the Chairman of the Biology Department of Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one student of the Uni- versity. A similar arrangement has been made with Brooklyn Wollege.. 3Cr peso.) PAL Al. House Plants.—/ive Wednesdays, 10:30 aam., Novem- ber I to 29, House plants for decoration and interest. How to make them thrive. Raising new plants, which become the prop- erty of class members. Instruction in potting, making cuttings. tan) dS Dd nuxing soils, ete. On account of limited space in the greenhouses, this class must be limited to 50 persons. Registration according to the order of application. Fee to non-members, $5 (including greenhouse fee) ; to members, $3 greenhouse fee. Mr. Free. A4. Your Garden This Fall—Five Mondays, 10:30 a.m., October 2 to 30. Getting ready for next year’s garden. Soil improvement by means of cover crops; fall planting for early vegetables ; pruning ; propagating; planting useful and ornamental trees and shrubs; dormant spraying; winter protection. No fee. Mr. Free. *A5. Trees and Shrubs in Winter.—7en Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., September 30 to December 2. Outdoor lessons, in the Bo- tanic Garden and in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs. both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition. The habits, requirements as to soil, etc., and * All starred courses are open for university or college credit to students 6 of Long Island University and Brooklyn College. See above, and p. 186. 1s] the use of various species in landscape art are also discussed. [ee to non-members, $3. The first session will be held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Graves. A6. Trees in Prospect Park.—Fight Tuesdays, 17 a.in. to 12:30, September 19 to November 14 (omitting November a Outdoor meetings to study the trees of Prospect Park. American and Old World trees will be considered, and particular attention given to large trees. [ee to non-members, $2503 Mr. Doney. A7. Relations of Plants to Mankind.—/ive Mondays, 11 a.m., November 6 to December 4. No fee. November 6. First Principles: Plant Products and How they are Formed. Miss Rusk. November 13. Plants and People. Mie ree: November 20. The World’s Cereal Crops. Dirsidkveed. November 27. The Pineapple Industry. Dr. Cheney. December 4. The Breeding of Trees. Dr. Graves. Al13. Fall Wild Flowers and Ferns: Field Course.—Siv Saturdays, 2:30 p.n., September 16 to October 21. Trips in the Botanic Garden and in the woodlands near the City, to learn to recognize the fall-blooming plants of woods and road-sides, and the fruits of wild plants. First meeting at the Botanic Garden. Fee to non-members, $2. Miss Rusk. Al5. Native Ferns in the Botanic Garden.—lour Mondays, 6 to 7 p.am., September 11 to October 2. Meetings in the Wild Flower Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where about twenty-five kinds of our native ferns are growing. Sure and easy ways of knowing these ferns are pointed out. No rough walking. (Spring course A16, page 184, is similar.) Fee to non-members, BL. Miss Rusk, *A18. Wild Flowers and Ferns: Field and Laboratory Study.—Thirty Thursdays, beginning September 21, Section 1, 10:30 aan. to 12:30; section 2, 4:30 to 6:30 pam. A series of two- hour sessions for those who wish to become better acquainted with wild flowers. Field and laboratory work are distributed according to the weather, t — ie season, and the needs of the class. The field * See pp. 180, 186. 182 work is done in the Broo — lyn Botanic Garden. In the laboratory, plants are studied for flower structure and family relationships, compared and identified, and mounted as permanent specimens. Fresh plants are pressed during the growing season; dried and preserved plants are used in the winter. Fee to non-members, $8 (including laboratory fee); to members, $3 laboratory fee. Miss Rusk. *A31. Ornamental Shrubs: Fall Course—Siv II cdiesdays, 11 a.an., September 20 to October 25. Outdoor sessions in the Botanic Garden, to study the common species and varieties of culti- vated shrubs, emphasizing those desirable for planting on the home grounds. Fall flowers and fruits of ornamental shrubs and small trees, also evergreen shrubs, are considered. This is a continua- tion of the spring course, A30. fee to non-members, $2. Mr. Doney. WINTER A22,. The World’s Food-producing Plants.—/ive Mondays, J p.m. January § to February 5. Non-technical talks, illustrated with lantern slides and specimens; followec a by tours in the con- servatories of the Botanic Garde ther any of the tropical servatories of the Botanic Garden, where many of the tropica plants are growing. [ee to non-members, $1. 1. January 8. American Plants. Corn, potato, tomato, squash, peanut, pineapple, cherimoya, papaya, ete. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. 2. January 15. Plants of the Far East and Africa. Rice, soybean, coconut, sugar, breadfruit, orange, banana, mango, etc. Dr. Gundersen and Miss Clarke. 3. January 22. Plants of Western Asia and Europe. Cereals, olive, date, fig, pomegranate, cabbage, carrot, peas, ete. Dr. Gundersen and Miss Clarke. 4. January 29. Beverage Plants. Chocolate. coffee, tea, mate, ete. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. D> ebnuaiy- 2-5 —— yices and Food Adjuncts. Cinnamon, vanilla, pepper, ginger, etc. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. NY ce pp. 180, 186. 183 SPRING A3. Herbs: How to Grow and Use Them.—Siv Tuesdays, 10:30 am., March 6 to April 10. Lectures and practical work in the greenhouses. Plants raised become the property of class mem- bers. Fee to non-members, $5 (including greenhouse fee); to members, $3 greenhouse fee. March 6. Herbs in History and Legend. Herbals. Mod- ern Books on Herbs and Herb Cookery. Miss Van Brunt. March 13. Lecture: Planning the Herb Garden. Miss Van Brunt. Greenhouse Work: Starting Herbs from Cut- tings. Miss Dorward. March 20. Lecture: Planting the Herb Garden. Miss Van Brunt. Greenhouse Work: Starting Herbs from Seed Miss Dorward. March 27. Cooking with Herbs. Practical Demonstrations with the Cooperation of the Brooklyn Union Gas Company. April 3. Other Household Uses of Herbs. Aromatic Herbs. Herbal Therapy in House and Garden. Miss Van Brunt. April 10. Lecture: Some American Herb Gardens. Miss Van Brunt. Greenhouse Work: Potting up Rooted Cuttings ; Pricking out Seedlings. Miss Dorward. A8. Trees in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park.— Eight Mondays, 10:45 aan. to 12, April 9 to May 28. Outdoor meetings to study more than 100 species of trees, native and culti- vated, including their economic uses and value in landscape art. to non-members, $2.50. Dr. Graves, Dr. Gundersen. A9. Trees and Shrubs in Spring and Summer.—Ten Sat- urdays, 2:30 pan. April 7 to June 9. Outdoor lessons in the Botanic Garden and in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. Similar to A5, except that the species are studied in their spring and summer conditions. First meeting at the Botanic Gar- lee *K en. fee to non-members, $3. Dr. Graves, Mr. Doney. — C tk See pp. 180, 186. 1S4 All. Wild Flowers and Ferns: Field Course.—Siv Satur- days, 2:30 p.m., April 28 to June 2. Trips in the Botanic Garden and in the woodlands near the City, for field identification of and ferns of spring and early summer. fee to non-mem- bers, $2. First meeting at the Botanic Garden. Miss Rusk. Al12. Wild Flowers in the Botanic Garden.—/Hight Monday evenings, 6:30 to 8, April 23 to June 11. Visits to the Wild Flower Garden of the Botanic Garden, where a large proportion No rough walk- Miss Rusk. {a flowers of our most attractive native plants are growing. ing. fee to non-members, $2.50. Al6. Native Ferns in the Botanic Garden.—/our Wednes- day evenings, 6:30 to 7:30, May 9 to June 6 (omitting May 30). Meetings in the Wild Flower Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where about twenty-five of our native ferns are growing. Sure and easy ways of knowing these ferns are pointed out. No (Similar to Fall Course A15, page 181.) Fee to non-members, $1. Miss Rusk. The Small Vegetable and Flower Garden.—live Wednesdays, 10:30 aan., February 28 to March 2S. The prepara- tion of soil, pruning of roses, raising of seedlings; greenhouse and practical work in pricking. Class limited to 45 persons. Fee to non-members, $6 (including greenhouse fee); to members, $3 Miss Shaw, Miss Dorward. rough walking. greenhouse fee. *A30. Ornamental Shrubs: Spring Course.—Ten |’cdnes- days, 11 am., April 11 to June 13. Outdoor meetings on the The principal flowering shrubs art grounds of the Botanic Garden. and small trees are considered at their times of flowering, emphasis being placed on their uses in plantings, their cultivation, and dis- tinguishing characters. ee to non-members, $3. Mr. Doney. A37. Lilacs in Flower.—Four Wednesdays, 4:15 to 5:30, May 2, 9, 16, and June 6, and one other day to be arranged. Five outdoor lessons. The comprehensive collection of the Garden affords opportunity for the study of more than 100 kinds of lilacs. In the last lesson, culture and propagation are taken up; cuttings, which become the property of those taking the course, are prepared for rooting. Fee to non-members, $2. Dr. Gundersen, Mr. Free, Miss Clarke. * See pp. 180, 186. 185 A39. Flowers for your Garden.—Six Mondays, 5:30 p.m., April 16 to May 21. Informal lectures and discussions on culture and the most suitable varieties of flowers for your garden, as fol- lows: 1. April 16. Spring-flowering Bulbs. 2. April 23. Rock Garden Flowers. 3. April 30. Woodland Flowers. 4 and 5. May 7 and 14. Perennials. 6. May 21. Annuals. Fee to non- members, $2. Miss Clarke. A44. Gardens within a Garden.—Seven Tuesdays, 4 p.m., April 10 to May 29 (omitting May §). WwW bd COON Oy. Gn =a (<=) Special membership privileges are also offered as follows: 1. Advice on the choice and care of ornamental ee shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways to grow plants success- fully, eee methods of culture, and coat as of insect and fungous pes : He naming Of botanical specimens submitted for determina- : Perio distribution of surplus ornamental plant material and se : Tavitalione for self and friends to the Annual Spring Inspec- tion, and to spring and fall “Flower Days” ; cards of admission to all exhibitions and openings preceding tite admission of the general ee and to receptions; te sion of member and one guest to field trips and other eens meetings under Garden ee at the Garden or ne ew . Services of a soe (by appointment) for self ‘and party, when visiting the . Free tuition in serie courses of instruction, except that in green- house and laboratory courses a small fee is charged to cover cost of materials, ete. . The Library and Herbarium are available for consultation. . Announcement cards concerning plants in bloom and the activi- ties of the Garden are sent to members from time to time. . As part of its services, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden issues pub- lications of general horticultural interest, and technical papers based upon the researches carried on at the Gard Guides to the eee and collections, Leaflets of popular in- formation, and the quarterly Record, which includes the Annual Report of the Gidea s activities, are sent free to members . Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York are offered to our members when they are visiting other cities and on presentation of Brooklyn Botanic Garden membership card. iil CLUB MEMBERSHIPS r many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co- operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other or ganizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has been adopted whereby such organizations may bec come definitely identified with ‘ie work of the Garden in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follov Annual Memberships —Garden Gute or other organizations may qualify as Annual eee of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each annual meme club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publications as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including “Flower Days” and the annual Spring Teens in May. The Club may also have the following privileges: > a. The services of a Botanic Garden docent or guide for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties of less than ten adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events must be arranged in advance, at dates mutually con- venient to the Botanic Garden and the Club. . One lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff. This may be either (1) a lecture given to the Garden Club at the Botanic Garden or (2) a lecture given at a place specified by the Gar- den Club. A list of speakers pe ues available in these two categories will be mailed on r rrangements will be facilitated: if rae Club will, with each request, designate at least two names. One member of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in ourses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non- members. In greenhouse and laboratory courses a nominal fee is charged to cover cost of material. Sy 2 Sustaining Memberships—Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member af the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars. taining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual membership, not only in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate three members who may receive free tuition in Bo- tanic Gar oe courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-member “hey are entitled each year to two lectures free, by a ene chosen from the Garden’s list of Tectirers lv OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, ne Pay Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mas Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, VG California Academy of Sciences, ena Francisco, Calif. arnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, III Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Massachusetts Horticultural ae Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Loui 0. Newark Museum, New coke : New York State Museum, A ipany, N. Y. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Vv CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 29 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 + Jette sy Ole payinlenltOte. ene aaone 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 O)-Doner by one payment-of 422." 56... 10,000 7. Patron, by one payment of .......... 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members also enjoy the special privileges indicated on a preceding page. Further information concerning membership may be had_ by addressing the Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, . Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, MAin 2-4433. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws. s Vi FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and peruse to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts al Sciences, Brooklyn, a spe CHO -S[IIIY OF faces aeese Santee Dollars, the in- e from which said sum to be used exclusively for the Ao tondl and ee work of the Boston Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute se Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, ne income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of rator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship hereby give, devise, and _— to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and ce Brooklyn, N. Y., the OLS iacesas cease acai Dollars, the income from which sum to be used in he panini of a fellowship ee advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the BY MU Seg? aha Va tevotea hay eta cd Se ctamegsva day has ete ok MOR 3 fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn oe a of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used (or the income from which ie be used) for the Brooklyn Ete Garden * a ay ed * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: — : peel research. Publishing the ae of botanical research. The endowment of special gardens and collections. The eae The ariu ee and enriching our work of public education. The purchase and seca = plants. Popular eee publicatio Illustrations for eS icitons: an lectures. The beautifying of the grounds. SC RON a tS —_ Vil THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY Tue Brooktyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. Certain salaries are paid, 1 whole or in part, from private funds. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase with private funds all publications for the library, all specimens for the her- barium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items. These collections, available without charge for public use, are the property of the Trustees The interest on One Million Dollars at the rate of 3.5 per cent, added to the present private funds income, would restore that in- come to the 1930 figure. The Director will be glad to give full information as to the uses for which such additional income is needed. Vill REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Oriental Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, koom 302, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn 25), or by telephone (MAin 2- 4433) BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXXIII OCTOBER, 1944 No. 4 SUPPLEMENT TO THE THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN January 1-June 30, 1944 NEE O Rat @ ine DR Or Ok To THE BotTANIc GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith a supplement to the thirty- third Annual Report. It covers the six months’ period beginning January 1, and ending June 30, 1944, except for the financial re- port; the latter covers the entire fiscal year 1943-44. It is my hope that the next several reports, at least, will cover the fiscal years. It is on these that our accounting to the City of New York is based. Ifurthermore, most of our educational and related activi- ties are on a fall-winter-spring schedule, all of which fit admirably into a July 1 to June 30 fiscal year report. Future numbers of the Recorp will contain articles covering the field of Horticulture as well as reporting significant developments in the Botanic Garden. The general program reported for the last half of 1943 was con- tinued in the first half of 1944, including all phases of Victory Garden activities (see under Grounds), and cooperation with the C-D.V.Q., radio talks, etc. 195 196 The following points are dealt with in the accompanying report: Attendance Work with Students Materials for Schools C. Stuart Gager Memorial Service and Special Days Library Herbarium Grounds Conservatories Financial Research and Related vestigators Activities of Curators and Resident In- Respectfully submitted, GEORGE S. AVERY, JR. Director Attendance. The ee on the grounds for the six months period, January 1 to July 1, 1944, was 687,791. Work with Students. In the peri aes courses, registra- meeting on regular Saturday morning schedules, was well over 200. Registration in teachers’ classes, on an advanced level, was 165. In addition, the visiting class at- tendance was over 24,000 and involved 550 special sessions.* Children’s Gardens are mentioned briefly under “Grounds. In eight different courses, ranging from “Relations of Plants to Mankind” to “Wild Flowers and Ferns,” the total registration was 171.? Materials for Schools. Irom the report of Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction. 90% of the Brooklyn schools availed themselves of the privilege of buying penny packets of seed; 60% of the Queens schools, and 50% of those in the Bronx. Brooklyn and Queens are the boroughs we concentrate on. The total number of packets distributed through the schools was 1,- 166,399. Fifty per cent of the filling of packets is done voluntarily by our children during the summer. tion in children’s classes, 1 From the report of Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction. °From the report of Arthur Harmount Graves, Curator of Public In- struction, 197 There were 91 requests for miscellaneous teaching materials, from 55 institutions, but the amount of material sent out tells little. It might be of interest to take one example. Two thousand three hundred thirty-six plants given away were used in classes totaling over 50,000 pupils, and more than that, the requests for this ma- terial sent the name and help of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from Benjamin Franklin High School in Manhattan, to Newtown High School in Queens, to the Red Hook Housing Project through the C.D.V.O., to the Coney Island and Shore Road Hospitals in Brooklyn, and from elementary schools in the Bronx and Queens back to Brooklyn. C. Stuart Gager Memorial Service and Special Days. The thirtieth annual Spring Inspection of the Garden was made the oc- casion of memorial exercises in honor of Dr, Gager, the Garden’s first Director. An address of appreciation was delivered by Mr. John C. Wister, Director of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation. Miss Hilda Loines, Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Garden, presided. About 250 members and guests were present, and many were later conducted on a tour of the Garden by members of the staff. This meeting is reported in full in an earlier issue (REcorp 33 (2): 169-178. 1944). The Seventeenth Annual Rose Garden Day occurred on June 6. Mr. Walter D. Brownell of Little Compton, R. I., spoke on “Gar- den rose betterment.’ This was followed by a tour of the Rose Garden led by Mr. Brownell, Mr. Free and Mr. Tilley. Tea was served in the Rotunda of the Laboratory Building, members of the Woman’s Auxiliary acting as hostesses. About 100 members and guests attended, among them Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, co-donor of the Rose Garden, and her daughter, Miss Margaret Cranford. Library. [rom the Report of William E. Jordan, Librarian. The collections at present comprise 45,425 pieces, of which num- ber 23,288 are volumes and 22,137 are pamphlets, an increase of 69 volumes and 340 pamphlets, or 409 pieces. Volumes purchased totaled 36. Gifts were 14 volumes, 275 pamphlets, and 406 parts. The list of donors is included in Appendix I. Loans to other institutions totaled 39 items; 1 item was bor- rowed for the use of our staff. FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1943-1944 I. Private Funps Accounts Unex pended Balance of Income Balance uly 1, Income Expenditures June 30, Permanent Funds (Restricted!) Principal 1943 1943-44 1943-44 1944 1. Endowment Fund..................... $ 55,238.67 $ 276.10 $ 1,932.68 $ 2,208.78 $ .00 2, ae mec Es SN De Sates gn ole ed ached ae 11,568.08 55.34 "387.40 442.7 .00 3. George C. Brackett.................... 560.89 7.56 19.60 24,2 2.93 4, ey NF PAI gs 5.5. a ae horas ain ES 2,248.71 39.4 78.68 113.8 4.30 5. Benjamin Stuart Gager................ 15,180.91 359 531.32 286.2 604.15 6. Martha Woodward ed ee yee 10,913.34 84.74 382.97 373.34 94.23 7. Mary Bates Spalding.................. 2,974.64 149.5¢ 104.0 0. 253.64 8S, alired T. Whiter 220+ of .40423 veh hawk 272,304.99 1,361.52 9,530.64 10,892.1¢ .00 9. A. Augustus Healy Bequest............. 10,809.60 54.05 378.32 432. 0.00 10. Robert B. Woodward Bequest.......... 27,030.73 135215 946.04 1,081.19 .00 11. Badocacnt Increment Fund........... 66,156.02 0. 2,265.67 2,265.¢ .00 12, A. T. White Memorial Fund............ 248.33 21.24 148.64 169.8 .00 13% pec Tete Centennial........... 2,336.03 161.68 1,131.76 1,293.44 .00 14. Joh ockefeller "itis. scan ea. Fare 265,062.22 1,325.31 9,277.16 056.2 946.20 15. Citizens Endowment................... 269,191.38 1,345.95 9,421.68 9,197.3 1,570.28 16. Henry-W., Healy Trust............ 002... 54,608.53 313.82 1,867.72 0. 2,181.54 17, Mas.. C, Poleer Pund,.. G..34 00. os 1,005.29 52.46 35. 35.00 52.6 sol I. Private Funps Accounts (Cowntinued) rey Ry ba O00 ~I ON Cn B Go a amho iter erin. a Lit avis «; . John W. prota eae ane Meer ene 10,000.00 50.00 350.0 400.00 oe i Rivistdhome nee rua o alcrn a 250,000.0 1,250.00 8,750.0 10,000.00 20. Ellen Eddy Shaw pie! ment. Ree 24,576.17 1,214.93 853.7 270.75 1, 197 89 Herbarium Endowment................ 4,000.00 34.83 140.00 47.75 . Public Instruction Eee betes ater tenn es 2,234.93 158, [2 78,2 ) 18.40 ie ‘5 Ot alS sae eh coe a henna wea ate $1,392 ,249.46 $ 8,450.85 $ 48,611.47 $ 48,609.37 $ 8,452.95 Special Accounts (Restricted) Ella Reussner Trust Income Account.... $ 0.00 $ 2,076.78 $ 1,564.31 $ o12:4 7 Sustaining Membership................ 116.62 1,241.17 1,241.17 116.62 l@lViem bership iraies yao sects verse tests 930.83 3,295.48 2,044.65 2,181.66 iritiontand: Sales. 2.8 sev k.s Bese. 6,130.26 13,389.65 16,784.82 2,735.09 Collections Bund EOS G Rey OF cee een EO eae Oe 2,427.49 1,684.27 3,785.76 326.00 Special@Rurposese.. 022 Jas se ee cio ms 4,823.33 1,521.93 1,759.60 4,585.66 . Plant Patholo ae Researches. ee ces 0.00 6,600.0 6,500.00 100.00 Special Contributions. .............040. 9,028.79 62,783.27 55,503.84 16,308.22 VG tall Spaaete eee eee ee rein eo Ne $23,457.32 $ 92,592.55 $ 89,184.15 $26,865.72 GrossmlotalSuene a tucee, ee $1,392,249.46 $31,908.17 $141,204.02 $137,793.52 $35,318.67 Deduct Inter-account Peper cricns Pee 65,233.27 65,233.27 Granceliotal’ 22s ee ee $1,392,249.46 $31,908.17 $ 75,970.75 $ 72,560.25 $35,318.67 To the educational and scientific work of the Garden. ley 200 Herbarium. From the Report of Henry K. Svenson, Curator. Loans and accessions of material are outlined in detail in Ap- pendix 6. Grounds. from the report of Montague Free, Horticulturist. The grounds have been maintained in reasonably good condition, thanks to the availability of a few women gardeners and high school boys during the summer months. The summer drought made it difficult to keep most things in good order, but tropical water lilies were the finest in many years. Il. Tax BuDGET FOR THE FiIscaAL YEAR 1943-1944 Balance Appropriation June 30, Account July 1, 1943 Expenditures 1944 Personal Service Salaries—Regular Employees....... $65,325.00 $63,784.90! $ 0.10 Wages—Temporary Employees...... 23,696.00! 25,236.00 00 Total Personal Service........... $89,021.00 $89,020.90 $ .10 Other than Personal Service Office Supplies...........0000000005 $ 100.00 $ 100.00 $ 0.00 Printed siationer ry and Forms....... 100.00 100.00 0.00 Departmental Reports a ‘Bulletins 200.00 200.00 0.00 Printing, Binding and Reproduction.. 10.00 10.00 0.0 Motor Voree DUD DNES resins hu ecw 100.00 71.96 28.04 Laundry and Cleaning Supplies...... 200.00 197.45 Zo Medical, ei and Co DUD Neshe rise ceed dees cprawas 100.00 100.00 0.00 oueetold and Refrigerating Supplies 50.00 50.00 0.00 | yi} bec)? 52) 2.16) ee Peg 1,703.97 1,703.97 0.00 Small Tools and Implements........ 50.00 50.0 0.00 areal t el ‘Botanical and Animal OT mn Ree ere ee ee 1,800.00 1,799.09 0.91 one ee and Maintenance S11) 0) 0) 1s: Onn ne ee nia a 50.00 50.0( 0.00 epusuuction Material. oo. ccs 4 ee 1,200.00 1,200.00 0.00 Lae et Se ee ere .00 35.00 0.00 LCi jo] 02 5s0( co eae Wie een ee Scar 425.00 423.3¢ .64 Expressaxe and Deliveries.......... 00 10.( .00 AIG ATCG! aig Are Sees SAM gfe cu, dy dye 10.00 10.0€ 0.00 Motor Agee Repairs. ..........5 25.00 25. 0.00 Repairs to pralings and Structur 350.00 350.00 ).00 Repairs to Office and Other Onacaae Benisment Se Ree Rea tira tte ge Beaten a path 50.00 49.70 0.30 Total Supplies and Equipment.... $ 6,568.97 $ 6,535.53 $33.44 Grand Vote: 62a aio Gee sasun $95,589.97 $95,556.43 $33.54 1 Does not include transfer of $1540.00 from Code 5442- ae Soren Service Salaries” to Code 5443-007—‘‘Personal Services—Wag 201 Ill. SUMMARY OF ee MAINTENANCE BUDGET FOR THE CAL YEAR 1943-1944 oe than Personal Personal servic aoe Income Tax Budge $ 89,021.00 $ 6,568.97 Private Bands sb an aN eet 8 8 hc: Ce MR 71,812.06 36,066.86 Expenditure AREY <1 BUD Ka lex <1 re iy eee peated CPs ces a ee eR mR Ren oem 89,020.90 G535.53 aTevete sEVUIT] CS ieee aa tte ieee rea eet cea 55,503.84 17,056.41 in GOi erm pen oe oe i St ep creer or tee 160,833.06 42,635.83 Total panetitire Pr ae OR Gren ea eee see 144, 524,74 23,591.94 JEST chy tccts Spt mn re oman eRe Let $ 16,3 308.32 Sy $19,043.89 Balance of $33.54 sence from City Appropriations as of June 30, 1944, severed to City of New York—‘‘General peal Fund.’ Respectfully sre es? Ep A, PAL Acting aoe Note: The above “Financial Statement” is a transcript of Brooklyn Botanic Arts and Sciences. The asurer’s accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a ane audit of this ‘Financial Statement” is not made in order to save unnecessary expense Epwin P. Mayn T reasurer From the report of Alfred Gundersen, Curator of Plants. About 40 new species or varieties of plants were added to the outdoor col- lection. Among these were Decumaria barbara, Danae racemosa, and varieties of /lex crenata and Buddleia. About 200 shrub labels were put out. Victory gardening continues to attract considerable public in- terest, and Mr. Free states that the Demonstration Victory Gar- dens at the south end of the Esplanade were maintained as during the previous year. Eighteen thousand square feet of ground were made available for vegetable culture in the Experimental Field. These were divided into 20 plots 20 x 30 ft. and 15 plots 20 x 20 It, which were tilled by 35 employees of the garden on their own es The Children’s Gardens, although not Victory Gardens in the special way we now understand the term, were productive and gave gardening training to about 200 eight to fourteen year olds. 202 Miss Shaw reports that the plants for the Children’s Gardens, as well as for many home Victory Gardens, were raised in connection with Saturday morning classes and adult classes. Thirty thousand plants were produced in these efforts. Conservatories. /’rom the report of Dr. Gundersen. During the winter a number of plants in the conservatories were identified and labeled and a new map was made of the plants in the large house. Small plants of the bread-fruit tree, durian, chaulmoogra tree and jute were added to our collections. The Araceae in the conservatories have been revised. — From the report of Mr. Free. Reorganization of conservatories started in 1943, and was continued during the first three months of 1944 by removal of the boulder “bridge” in the Economic House; also by building a stone wall and constructing planting space around the pool. Brick edging was constructed along the walks. House No. 1 was changed to include the Evolution exhibit, and its center bench was removed to accommodate tubbed plants used on oc- casion for decorating in the Laboratory Building. In House No. 2 the center bench was removed and the ground bed made to ac- commodate “planted out” aroids. f. The east bench was changed to more suitably display the Bromeliad collection on logs and tree stumps. Financial. The list of gifts of funds, etc., supplements that which appeared in the Recorp, Vol. XXXIIT, No. 1. Expendi- tures and income for the fiscal year 1943-44 may be found on pages 198 to 201.' See Appendix 1 for donors, ete. — Research and Related Activities of Curators and Resident Investigators. [EXCERPTS FROM ReEports RESEARCH ON DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CHESTNUTS (from the Report of Arthur Harmount Graves): About 150 of the 1943 pollinations produced good live seeds, and hybrid seedlings. Some of those from crosses of our best Japanese-American with native American stock, look very promising. On the three principal plantations—on land belonging to the White Memorial Foundation at Litchfield, Coni., on land of Mr. ! The irregular arrangement of the financial reports is due to the necessity of saving paper. 203 Archer Huntington at Redding Ridge, Conn., and on our Hamden plantation—there are in all about 1000 hybrids. At least a dozen of these have so far resisted inoculation tests with the blight fungus and seem, therefore, to be highly resistant; but only a few of them have the desired erect habit needed fot a timber tree. These 12 trees are mainly crosses of Japanese-American stock with the Chinese chestnut and back crosses of Japanese-American with resistant Japanese stock. We continue to enjoy the coopera- tion of the Division of Forest Pathology of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Department of Agriculture. RESEARCH ON DISEASE RESISTANCE IN OATS (from the Report of George M. Reed, Curator of Plant Pathology): A new race of loose smut of oats has been discovered this season. This race has the capacity of infecting the oats variety Victoria, which has proved highly resistant to most known races of loose and covered smut, and has been used extensively in hybridization for the improve- ment of oats. Some promising selections from oats crosses 1n- volving the variety Victoria, have proved to be resistant, and in these cases the other parental variety originally used in crossing was resistant to this new race. RESEARCH IN PLANT CLASSIFICATION (from the Report of Henry K. Svenson): During the spring of 1944 a monographic account was completed of the species of water fern (Agolla) in North and South America. The first part of this paper, illustrated by three plates of photographs and line drawings, is in press (see “publica- tions”). Azolla may be seen in the pool which terminates the Botanic Garden brook in late summer. These small aquatic ferns are so numerous as to completely cover the surface of the water, and for this reason have been important as a means of mosquito extermination. Five species are represented in North and South America, especially in the tropics. RESEARCH ON FERNS (Ralph C. Benedict, Resident Investi- gator): For Dr. Benedict’s research and related activities, see the thirty-third Annual Report issued in January 1944. RESEARCH ON DRUG PLANTS (Ralph H. Cheney, Resident In- vestigator): During the first six months of 1944, a survey was begun to determine the availability of drug plants in the nurseries 204 of Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. This investigation will complete the original problem of obtaining such information regarding the northeastern United States. A report on New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts was published in April 1944. APPENDIX I GIFTS RECEIVED JULY 1, 1943-JUNE 30, 1944 Collections Fund * Battle Pass Chapter—D.A.R Miss Mary S. Pullman Otto Ebel Bernard H. Smith Mrs. William Emerson Woman of ’76 Chapter N.S.D.A.R. Mrs. R. M. Gunnison Frank Uthoff Mrs. John FE. Leech Anonymous Mrs. Whitney Merrill Anonymous Vela PROUT CORE ed 2's iacee ddan ee pus Ben A ee $ 109.00 C. Stuart Gager Memorial Fund MAOS COR LILOKG a9 rueana seed sadyrseru'e adapadend cd $8,869.50 (Complete list of names and amounts will be listed in the 1944-1945 Annual Report) Plant Pathology Research Fund PANIORVANOU Se ee pets any ask ee ec tiae ob atch aah eR ane $1,500.00 VO OVANO USS Saute Iti ans ol oa ecgraksih hae ola ae 2,500.00 Coker’s Pedigreed Seed Co. ..... cece ccc ec cececceecees 100.00 $4,100.00 Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund Pes CCHGle Water h a Si nitics eur elas koran de $ 5.00 Wires ydetiian Bist. oti So di cpaweey eed a bean 5.00 Cisse UA. 2805 cide costa pied inuwaenex stab eaieate 10.00 Mrs. Miitiel A Davey 5 ic.ig od pdaeedeeesuanes sa Sacaatte 5.00 Wiissr earitae ESEAGISSEl: o-tccs-eaing'nca gnaw adn vaamawawene 20.00 (SOGC Re Tat AG LOCH ONG 3 i5-00bui + ve vara d aeadwoawar 5.00 te: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden constitute proper deductions under the Federal Income Tax Law. 205 Miss Sadie Hecht—2 series Bonds ($25.00 face value) 37.50 Mir She TIT1a ETO Theta seve yrs een or eat eenre ean g ! 00 MirsseNathanelalecpyaue sno mre erenoihtic ies uya es Mec aneln ts 25.00 Mins aes FiSIbe ese Cans Ancien ere sis Saye hie alee 2.50 eS Se 7 US —— BLOG Kyle eee ean eee cama osc ote Aes ee Ree eee en 10.00 INRS| KvaleyocsSyon tel Cengage Gateeteacns Aso ec a ee ere cc, 0c tg 5.00 EG Hite bore UN UIS rw lt marie aie,cas Rrreyi steiner re 10.00 $ 140.50 Special Award Horticultural Society of New RYO talc! reo cree ae Rice a $ 5.00 Special Gifts for Children’s Work Miises Gliarlecst@enkins, .suementat ite sath boon ERNE R enim re ty cae in, Sye25:00 Special Needs of the Garden PoN otOYa Nig BCG] ISI tees Gy Vat et ee eee ita Chey CR eRe ean ees ae Rae $ 500.00 Special Purposes Designated by Donors Mrs. Charles A. Boehrer in memory of Charles A. IBGehie teeny yer tes es eee he a es 0 ec hae $ 100.00 Good tate Matin veers te retry hea NS eels 50.00 FN aol apse tele, Sesh Gc a kyo ee mae SP 500.00 $ 650.00 GIFTS RECEIVED JANUARY 1-JUNE 30, 1944 Library A total of 14 books, 275 pamphlets and 406 parts of publications in addition to 1 portrait and 15 miscellaneous items were received as gifts. A list of donors follows. Prof, Delia Abbiatti LiGece)e Ws a ae Agricultural Research Institute Dr. cae O.B Prof. Harold ae Burr Dr. H. H. Allan California Academy of Sciences American Spice Trade Association Mr. Arturo Castiglioni Prof. Irving W. Bailey Dr. Ralph Holt Cheney Dr. Carleton R. Ball Mr. ae 1b; ke . R. H. Barnes Dr. I. E. Clements Mr. F. C. Bawden Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell Beechnut Packing Company Dr. W. R. I. Cook 206 Corn mice See Foundation Mr. Edward R. Dewey Mr. Richard Din Mr. Carl J. D Mr. Everett E ee iF (ae fda ave: ae Library Prof. W Fraser VAbbe Alexandre Gagnon Dr. T. H. Goodspeed a Richard H. Goodwin . Alfred eas nd a SG, Har Dr. Francis Ska Dr. Constance E. Hartt H. J. Heinz Company r. L. R. Hesler Mr. C. W. Hock Hoffmann- ey sei Tne. Dr. C seus Imperial ‘Chemie al Industries Dr. C. T. Ingold Institute a Me catia: (Anand) Instituto Botanico ie Universidad Central (Ecuac Inter-American ee of Agricul- tural Sciences . W. O. James Mr. Charles I. Jenkins Dr. O. E. Jennings d < H. Ketchum ae obert W. Lamson Asemitio Leén Mr. Burton FE. Livingston Dr. George L. McNew Prof. Rogers McVaugh Maine University. Library Prof. L. A. Maynard Metropolitan Museum of Art Middle American Research Institute Mr. R Moran Mutual Orange Distributors Dr. S. R. Narayana Rao National Audubon Societ New York State College of Forestry Miss Blanch Pennington Dr. Henri Pittier Dr. J. H. Priestley Mr. Kenneth B. Raper Resinous Products and Chemical Dr. William J. Robbins Dr. J. M. Roque Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Dr. George Sarto Dr. R. E. Saket Dr. Paul B, Sears Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw on Sociedad Mexicana “Amigos de las Or cate Spencer Lens Company E. R. Squibb & Sons Prof. C. N, Stark Dr. Morris Steggerda Dr. F. J. Stevenson Dr. Lewis H. Tiffany Toronto Oniversiey Department of Botan Dr. E. N. a ae Mr. Otto Tre United Fruit ee Middle America Information Bureau Prof, C. B. Van Niel r. S. A. Waksman Mr. David Wasserman Dr. Paul Weatherwax Dr. J. FE. Weaver Dr. E. T. Wherry oe Alfred F. Whiting r. L. R. Wilson . ine sg { . A. Winslow era Ceara Company, Inc. Wisconsin State Historical Society 207 Department of Plants Livinc PLants ses Mr. C., Brooklyn, N. Y. 9 Dentaria diphylla Doney, Mr. C. F., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Sophora Aiveecens Flowesfield Bulb Pach: Flowerfield, L. I. 420 Cann Jackson & Perkins Co., Newark, N. Y. 32 Roses, 10 Viola, ae Mrs. F., Hollis, L. I. 1 Jasminum grandiflor Mee, noe rum. Gs ye Brose * UY. 3 oeieds barbulata, 3 Epigaea repens. evi Mr. A., N. ¥., N. Y. 55 Dahlia t ; Slama, Mrs. M. ‘broktn, N. Nee ee Siliqua Tricker, Wm., Inc., Saddle River, N. J 44 J Tropical Waterlilies Wolfsohn, Sgt. C., Ft. Myers, Fla. 2 Cyrtopodium punctatum, 1 Incyclia tampense, 2 Epidendrum. Wollny, Mr. W., Brooklyn, N. Y. 2 Nerine flexuosa. Hardy Waterlilies in variety. SEED PACKETS Bernhardt, Capt. A. A., N. ¥., N.Y. (21) Birch, Mr. E. O., Short Hills, N. J. (1) Kittridge, Miss E. M., Vergennes, Vt. (2) Simmonds, Mr. D., Tthiaca soa: Lily Committee, eee Horticultural Society (6) Phanerogamic Herbarium Cornman, Mrs. M. Alice, 25 miscellaneous specimens collected in Florida. Kittredge, Miss E. M., 23 miscellaneous specimens collected in paren Runyon, Hon. Robert, 8 Eleocharis specimens collected in Tex Cryptogamic Herbarium Kittredge, Miss E. M., 47 miscellaneous specimens of Lichens and 6 miscel- laneous specimens of Mosses. For the Department of Elementary Instruction Dittman, Richard, One book for the Children’s Clubroom Libra Harmon Foundation, One Kodachrome motion picture reel on Victory Gar- ae Levine, Walter, Thirty-five ela of tropical and semi-tropical fruits and blossoms for the Clubroo Perkins, Mrs. Charles E., $25.00 Pee ea for work in the Children’s Garden. White, Miss Harriet H., Cotton bolls for use in classwork, Note: Gifts of money from various sources have been added to the Funds of the Department and are included in the financial report 208 APPENDIX 2 PUBLICATIONS BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL JANUARY 1-JUNE 30, 1944 Cheney, R. H. Variation in reproductive phenomena by caffeine. (Abstract.) Proceedings Federation of Amer. Soc. for Exper. Biology, VOl, 9, 102 1. March, 1944. Drug plant production in New York and adjacent states. Medi- cal Record 157: 218-220. April, 1944. Dorward, Margaret M. The children’s greenhouse. Educational series, Dept. of Ele- mentary Instruction. May. Free, Montague. Xeport of the Horticulturist for 1943. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 24-25. January. Grafting and making cuttings. Abstract of lecture. Horticul- tural Society of New York. Monthly Bulletin 15: 21-23. February. Four gardening articles in The Home Garden and 14 in the New York. Stn: Graves, Arthur Harmount. Children at work. Brooklyn Inst. Bull. 474: 32. January. Botany. Revision service (for 1943). Collier's National En- cyclopedia. New York. April. Chestnut breeding work in 1943. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 11-13. January. Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1943. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 15-19. January. The retirement of Austin Foster Hawes, State Forester of Con- necticut. Hartford Courant, Hartford, Conn. January. What is Botany? Brooklyn Inst. Bull. 47°: 32. February. Victory Garden Courses. Brooklyn Inst. Bull. 47°: 32. March. Spring at the Garden. Brooklyn Inst. Bull. 477: 32. April. 209 46 articles on events at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for metro- politan newspapers. 6 abstracts for Biological Abstracts. Graves, Arthur H. and George M. Reed. C. Stuart Gager. Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 71: 193-198. May. Gundersen, Alfred. Flower Structure and the Classification of Dicotyledons. brook- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 14. Jan. Report of the Curator of Plants for the Year 1943. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 21-22. Jan. Large Trees in Prospect Park. Brooklyn Eagle. April. More Trees in Prospect Park. Brooklyn Eagle. June 20. Review of Lilacs for America by John C. Wister. The Monthly Bulletin of the Horticultural Society of New York 15: 22. March-April, 1944. Jordan, William E. Report on the Library for 1943. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 26-27. January. Variety in garden books makes library opportunity. — [ Editorial. | Library Journal 69: 249. March 15. Reed, George M. Thirty-third annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Re- port of the acting director. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 1-9. January. Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 9-11.. Reed, George M. and Arthur H. Graves. C. Stuart Gager. Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 71: 193-198. May. Shaw, Ellen Eddy. Annual report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brook- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 19-21. January. Boys, girls and vegetables. Forecast LX: 24-27. March. Svenson, Henry K. Report of the Curator of the Herbarium for 1943. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 33: 23-24. January. 210 C. Stuart Gager. Ecology 25: 1-2. January. Review of “Shrubs of Michigan” by Cecil Billington. Am. Fern Journ. 34: 63-64. April-June. The New World Species of Azolla. Am. Fern Journ. 34: 69- 84 (in press). APPENDIX 3 TALKS, LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND PAPERS GIVEN BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN PERSONNEL, JANUARY 1-JUNE 30, 1944 By Elizabeth Clarke: Jan. 17. House Plants. Bay Ridge Garden Club. Jan. 18. House Plants. Garden Group of Manhasset Woman’s Club. March 9. Small Flower and Vegetable Garden. Rockville Cen- ter Garden Club. March 21. From Seed to Harvest. South Strathmore Garden Club. April 7. Victory Garden Forum. Abraham & Straus Dept. Store. April 11. Flowers for Spring. Castle Manor Garden Club. April 25. Summer Care of the Garden. Namm’s Dept. Store. By Charles F. Doney: April 3. Fertilizers. Brooklyn Heights Garden Club, June 27. Insect Pests of Woody Plants. Strathmore Garden Club, Manhasset, L. I. By Margaret M. Dorward: 6 talks on Victory Gardens before various organizations, at schools, and CDVO meetings. By Montague Free: January 19. Grafting and how to make cuttings. Horticul- tural Society of New York. Za February 16. Plant propagation. ‘Torrey Botanical Club meet- ing. At the Garden. March 17. Improving the soil in the victory garden. Mass meeting of Teachers and Superintendents. At the Junior dees. tore une. eat, March 20. Plant culture. Federated Garden Clubs of New York. Hotel Roosevelt. March 22. Herbaceous borders. New York Times and Fed- erated Garden Clubs of New Jersey and New York. At Times Hall. (Sponsored by the Times—proceeds for the benefit of the Red Cross.) March 28. Victory gardens. Kiwanis Club of Brooklyn. April 10 and 11. Demonstration planting of Victory Garden. At the Garden. April 11. Seed sowing and planting. Victory Garden Program at Namm’s Store. Demonstration and lecture. May 10. Plants and People. Advisory Council, Salvation Army. At the Garden. May 18. Victory Garden headaches. C.D.V.O. Pershing June 21. Flowers for your vegetable garden. Garden Club of Darien. June 26. Plant clinic. C.D.V.O. Pershing Square. By Arthur Harmount Graves: February 23. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Tri- boro Hospital. March 31. Geology with special reference to the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. Science Club of Erasmus High School. At the Garden. April 7. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. West- wood Garden Club. April 28. Plants for plastics. Stuyvesant High School Farm Club. May 3. Food plants of the world. P.S. 23, Bronx. May 10. Trees and Arbor Day. Brooklyn High School for Homemaking. Zé May 17. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Suwasset Garden Club of Port Jefferson, N. Y. At the Garden. May 18. The American chestnut tree. Fry’s Bird and Tree Group. Montclair, N. J. May 19. Grafting. Science Club of Erasmus High School. June 14. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Staten Island Garden Club. At the Garden. Mrs. Gladys Gordon By Alfred Gundersen: May 8. Lilacs. New Canaan Garden Club. By Elsie Hammond: June 7. Plants that have gone to war. Good Shepherd, Bellaire, N. Y. Lutheran Church of the By Frances M. Miner: The Children’s Garden at the Brooklyn Botanic January 14. National Victory Garden Institute, Savoy Plaza Garden. By George M. Reed: March 31. Cereals. At the Garden. Biology Class, Stuyvesant High School. By Hester M. Rusk: April 4. Edible wild plants. Garden Club of the Oranges. May 17. Conservation of Wild Flowers. Brooklyin High School for Homemaking, By Ellen Eddy Shaw: 5 talks on Victory Gardens. 3 talks on Children’s Gardens, 4 talks on The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 6 speeches for special occasions. By Alys Sutcliffe: March 21. Insect pests and diseases of the Victory Garden. Abraham & Straus Garden Center. fag) By Henry K. Svenson: January 11. Birds of Ecuador. Bird Club of Brooklyn. February 16. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in kodachrome. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Garden. April 26. South American markets, Class in Home Econom- ics, Pratt Institute. May 10. Ecuador and Peru. (kodachromes). Garden Club of Triboro Hospital. May 16. Northern New England (kodachromes). Wainter’s Night Club. At the Garden. By L. Gordon Utter: 10 talks on The Victory Garden Program before various organi- zations. APPENDIX 4 RADIO TALKS GIVEN JANUARY 1-JUNE 30, 1944 From Station WNYC: January 7. Native American Vegetables Miss Clarke January 21. Plants Serving Soldiers at War. Dr. Cheney February 4. New Uses for Herbs. Miss Van Brunt February 18. Brighten Your Gar eae with Shrubs. Mr. Doney February 21. “Victory Gardening’ on Mrs. Bus- Dr. Utter sing’s Program ‘“War-Time Living.” March 3. Victory Gardening: Getting Ready. [ March 17. Flower Garden Mustards. Miss Clarke March 31. Children’s Victory Gardens. Miss Miner April 14. Leaflets three, let it be. Miss Rusk April 28. The Flowers that Bloom in the Spring. Miss Shaw May 12. Plants for Plastics. Dr. Graves May 18. Victory Gardens. (Victory garden Mr. Free eee in connection with C. D. V.O. rshing Square.) May 26. Summer ie for the Victory Garden. Dr. Utter June 9. Rare Trees in the Brooklyn Botanic Dr. Gundersen Garden Victory Gardens. Miss Dorward onl a =) oa bo — 214 From Station WAPM: February 15. “Victory Gardening” on Mrs. Bus- Dr. Utter sing’s Program “War-Time Living.” IFrrom Station W75NY: April 4. Victory Gardens. Mr. Free APPENDIX 5 STATISTICS RELATING TO LIVING PLANTS JANUARY-JUNE, 1944 Species or Varieties Plants Living Plants Received: DOr OU ECOON arts re eugene tee ak oR ee et ae 4 293 Pete NS ie Siete sh rad eax winch ¢ Jie cee ae 18 27 Pein es see de cata teens alieceeectant Oh Acts Det de apansnan tee oe 3 Ree 132 655 YM PUE ase yah O48 pia vei Fadss occa tisinia ee eed 78 696 Adah pebandt ren 4 aa Gna eae ira nee a pee eee 232 1,671 SEED EXCILANGE Seed Packets Received: By collection Tey AO oe hy.4c sworn er di vadareweaa eheaw et ekG eee eee 65 hy I i erisea athe den de oa cea. Shee’ ee 30 Jo DURGNASE ato ns wea oe wee kaa eb ee ee 245 OU: ght eyed e Shit hyn ii a eg eee eae 340 Seed Packets Distributed: To members By exchange .............. RN NG a) em A Me ne, 15 BVA teu sde tee veakawneas uaa eee ee 14 Tilak «os Dertedy aden kauencr one Elma fare re 29 Plants and Cuttings Distributed: To members De SRChANeS sy neweiiecwncegne iene daegensieee eye ra) Dy Ee aunt otey dy ahado eres Deke veut oh el ee ee 178 215 APPENDIX 6 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION PHANEROGAMIC HERBARIUM Accessions: By Gift: Cornman, Mrs. M. Alice, Washington, D. C. Kittredge, Miss E. M., Rutland, Vt. ........ Runyon, Hon. Robert, en nsville, Texas By Exchange: Bazuin, Mr. C. W., Grand Rapids, Mich. .... Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ......... Leén, Brother Hermano, Havana, Cuba .... Lepage, Rev. E., Rimouski, Quebec, Canada O’Neill, Rev. H., The Catholic University Washington, D. C Rosengurtt, Dr. B., ae Juan Jackson, U U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D. ee U.S. National Herbarium, Washington, ‘D. & Warner, Dr. S. R., Sam Houston State Teacl Huntsville, Texas By Collection: Graves, Dr. A. H., Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Distribution: By Exchange: O'Neill, Rev. H., The Catholic University Washington, D. Ce 2 ed ruguay- .4.4; ayers College, Ce of America, Cty Ch Once Chia) eC) Ce en ait ee et Ree ee et a Yt eee a Ty C Rosengurtt, Dr. B., Estacion Juan Jackson, Uruguay .... CryproGAMiIc HERBARIUM Accessions: By Gift: Kittredge, Miss E. M., Rutland, Vt. ......... Sheets 25 23 8 56 77 58 1 17 2 103 2 25 354 eS mak 421 50 ~=—s«66 66 53), 53 216 By Exchange: McFarland, Dr. Frank T., University of ae aa Lex- Lut 91 Ka) BTR 5a ae ee a PO eNO oe SLO IV S. ech 51 fungi Herpartum MarertaL LoANED Sheets Shaver, Dr. J. M., George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Ter 5 ee ae el ek aes ok et a a ee ee a RT ee eS eee core ee een Smee 13 HersartumM Marertat Borrowep For Stupy Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill. ...................00- 3 Giray? lerbatiina), Cambridge: Mage: 55:5) one sacnvcna gee rare een ya ke 136 ae Mr. H. L., South Meriden, Cin Bid ABU? aces eR ee oe 24 , Dr. F. D. Per esivanis State College, State College, Pa......... 1 Mould, Mr. Ef I. Boo gy Ve aiw cpa ance Meas ee ee wee Z Murphy, Dr. R. C., American Museum of Natural History, New York, can Mratinaite rab onthe ca eiae dae casey eae anes Caren ory Meena ssa v York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. .......... 31 ee UE Gras ak L'a os kloye >, ae mee er me area re eC et? oe 3 . Forest Service, AoeNiaeton: DCs Bist is Ot wade, Reais Senne Lo 2 U. S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. 2... 2... eee eee 110 329 APPENDIX 7 STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY ALCESSIONS Parts Autograph (Including Letters Portraits Volhwnes Pamphlets Periodicals) Exchange ....... 2 0 19 56 534 ibaa te evtetd ote tad 0 1 14 2/9 Publication ...... 0 0 0 6 29 Purchase ....... 0) 0 36 3 418 NBOtALS 2. dsatecsaseuetd 2 1 69 340 2,387 Books, pamphlets, and serials catalogued ..................000-0- 857 Total number of cards typewritten and filed .................004. 1,024 Torrey Botanical Club index cards filed ......00... 0.00000. 0000, 889 making a total of 64746 Diiiiber Or tisers OI tie (abraty uses tony eg aye ope doe Bookslent to members ofthe stath 22222205 fence sss ene esis 854 Refer en CEXAUCS HONS wercay sek tees ecco tetas ates Peete ten etna eee 204 AMERICAN FERN Society COLLECTION Total number of volumes in American Fern Society Collection, seat 93 (TOA E eRe at cere sue Tre hace tage arare @anet ay Ue MM epee theta ce 62 Motalenumber on pamphlets pas nye rere erate tere tote st 327 Ntimber or pantssad ded Wasrse err iae reaeecee tet ara ere eaten eres 1 APPENDIX 8 REPORT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK Negatives on file December 31, 1943 ....... 0... ccc ee ee etn tenes 10,800 Negatives accessioned Jan. 1-June 30, 1944 ....................0005 100 Total negatives on file June oe | ee ee ern rs Seat 10,900 Lantern slides on file Dec. 31, 1943 .........0.........05. SERS ALB L225 Lantern slides accessioned Jan. 1- ee SON O44 ros ena nee 65 Total lantern slides on file June 30, 1944 2.0.02. ... 0.0... 02 0000. ee: Rrintsroneh lem Dec Sy 1943 sear cin seer arent stccs, «hy cueaeineatescc year 10,8¢ Prints made Jan. 1 Stine SOS O44 FA cee Mee Re mene antes neni: os 624 Prints eised Or distributed: ale i. 0. ocet cee Re ee Aout hme O24 Prints ‘filedejiansl=June. 30; 1944205 oh eee eerie cinidagoces ecieieie os 100 Total prints on file, June 30) 1944 eye. Soren. Aken aes 10,900 Enlareements made fan. I—Jtine'30; Ota og ele es 52 Kodachromes made Jan. 1-June 30, 1944 ...................0.00.00. 400 APPENDIX 9 SIGNS AND LABELS Signs and labels were made by Mr. John McCallum as follows: Small galvanized labels for herbaceous beds and for Rose Garden ..... 154 Large galvanized labels for herbaceous beds ...................0-05. 27 Lead labels for woody plants <7. ./28 Mae eee tics cette ote eee os 66 Tree labels: (lead) 1.44 shee feds he ee ci eee se teers 47 Wood labels for Roses, ieee CECA eee Se a nee he ee ee 164 Wroodenesigns oi ainate secre sc Core a ee Epon wee eae oe ee se ereoset gy fee 11 Gardboard: Signs sesen0\ ce vccieys fas Pee TR RT eet Sa Stes ha 59 Wooden hanging labels for trees and shrubs ...............0..002005. 137 Dos c:0 Rene trent earn RRR A G05 0 6 U's Sea 665 Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs. 218 OPPICERS (OP Ure BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES CHAIRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Frrst Vick-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT Tuirp Vice-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON ‘TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JAMES E. GIBBONS BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MR. PHILIP A. BENSON, Cuatrman MISS HILDA LOINES, Vicse-Cumn. WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER WILLIAM G. CREAMER EDWIN P. MAYNARD WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio LEWIS L. FAWCETT ALFRED E. MUDGE MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS JOHN C. PARKER ANDREW J. GONNOUD DONALD G. C. SINCLAIR ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Ex officio EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THe FoLLowiNG OFFICIALS OF THE City or NEw York THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (Trustees are Elected from Membership of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and es) Scienc Bachrach, Mrs. Clarence G. Christy, Francis T. Baxter, John FE. Clement, Arthur W. Bayes, Hon. ai R. Conway, Hon. Albert Benson, Philip A. Creamer, William G. Blum, Edw ee C. Crittenden, Walter H. Chace, Mrs. Franklin Davidson, Sidney W. Dillon, Miss Mary E. Dillon, Rt. Rev. Msgr. Wm. T. eee Mrs. Mary Childs Fawcett, Hon. Lewis L. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. Gibbons James E Gonnoud, Andrew J. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Mudge, Alfred E. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Parker, John C Potts, Charles FE. Pratt, Charles Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Roulston, Mrs. Thomas H. Hammitt, Walter Shaw, Robert Hunter, William T. Silleck, Herbert U. Jonas, Ralph Sinclair, Donald G. C. edoux, Louis V. Smith, Dr. Bernard H. Lewis, Hon. Harry E. Smith, James W. Lewisohn, Sam A, Thayer, Mrs. Hollis K Lockwood, Luke Vincent Van Sinderen, Adrian Loines, Miss Hilda Voorhees, Mrs. Tracy S. Mannix, Mrs. Henry J. Warner, Dr. Edwin G. ate Edwin P. Wason, vaiiam eae WOMAN’S AUXILIARY MISS JESSIE H. RIGHTER, Presipent Mrs. Walter F. Wells, Vice-President Mrs. Robert F. Walmsley, Secretary rs. Frank H. Parsons, Treasurer Arai, Mrs. Riochiro Babbott, Mrs. Frank L. Barton, Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L. Cranford, Mrs. Walter V Creamer, Mrs. William G. Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. Davidson, Mrs. Sidney W. Delafield, Mrs. a R Doscher, Mrs. Cha raper, Mrs. ae ae Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Duncan, Mrs. Cameron Eckhardt, Mrs. Remick C. Elliot, Mrs. Norman Feddersen, Mrs. George Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles Boardman, Mrs. George M. Braman, Miss Emily L. Braman, Miss Irene M. Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw ae ee Bruce B . George E. Cabot, tee Tae i Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan Carter, Mrs. Oliver Goldsmith Cary, Mrs. William H. Chace, Mrs. Franklin Childs, Mrs. William H. Christy, Mrs. Francis T. Ford, Mrs. Sumner Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. Frank, Mrs. George 5S. Frohne, Mrs. Theodore Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart Garvin, Mrs. Edwin L. Goetze, Miss Emily Goetze, Mrs. Otto Good, Mrs. William H. Goodrich, Mrs. Ernest P Greenman, Mrs. William B. Hammitt, Mrs. Walter Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M. Haynes, Miss Mabe Hill, Mrs. Robert C. Hills, Mrs. James M. Hume, Mrs. Henry M. Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V. Ingraham, Mrs. Henry A. Ireys, Mrs. Henry T. Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr. Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. King, Mrs. Warner Knox, Miss Maria Lafrentz, Miss Olga L. Lathrop, Mrs. John H. Lester, Mrs. Maxwell Lockwood, Mrs. William A. Lohman, Mrs. William H Loines, Miss Hilda Mark, Mrs. Henry Marshall, Mrs. Wi i {liam W. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. pone McCormack, Mrs. tinct Ds McMahon, Mrs. Edward W. Merrill, Mrs. Whitney Mudge, Mrs. Alfred E. , Mrs. Francis L. O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C, Otis, Mrs. Charles H., Parker, Mrs. John C, Parsons, Mrs. Frank H. Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. Perry, Mrs. John M. Peters, Mrs. Wm. Sterling Post, Miss Jessie W. Potts, Mrs. Charles E. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B Prince, Mrs. Benjamin Pullman, Miss Mary Ray, Miss Mabel Righter, Miss Jessie H. Roberts, Mrs. John S. Rogers, Mrs. Charles E., Jr. Roulston, Mrs. Thomas H, Rowe, Mrs. l*rederick W. Shaw, Mrs. Awbrey N. Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy Sherman, Mrs. Arnold W. Simmons, Mrs. Frank FE. Smith, Mrs. Bernard H. Stanton, Mrs. Otis C Sturgis, Mrs. Thomas Stutzer, Miss Elise Thatcher, Mrs. Edwin H. Thayer, Mrs. Hollis k. Thirkield, Mrs, Gilbert H. Truslow, Mrs. Walter Tuttle, Mrs. Winthrop M, Van Brunt, Miss Elizabeth R. Van Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R. Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Walmsley, Mrs. Robert F. Wells, Mrs. Walter F. White, Mrs. Alexander M. White, Miss Harriet H. 221 LIST OF MEMBERS (Revised to December 31, 1944) For information concerning the various classes of membership consult the pages preceding this Report BENEFACTORS By contribution of $100,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Samuel P. Ave *Alfred W. ee *hra eer eee *Dick S. Ran *George C. Brackett John D. Rockefel er, Jr. *Carll H. De Silver *Alfred T. White (G) 1 *Augustus Graham *Miss Frances E. White (G) *A, Augustus Healy Miss Harriet H. White (G) *Margaret I. Howe *Victor Wilbour *Robert B. Woodward PATRONS By contribution of $25,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Miss Mary Benson Mrs. Dean C. Osborne (G) Edward C. Blum *Alfred Duane Pell Miss Elisabeth W. Frrothingham *Mrs. Caroline H. Polhemus *Emil Fuchs *Alfred W. Proctor *Edwin Gould (G) *William A. Putnam *Edward L. Graef *Charles A. Schieren *Mrs. John Hills (G) *Herman Stutzer *Frank S. Jones *John T. Underwood Donors Contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Abraham Abraham Mrs. Walter V. Cranford (G) Dr. Frank L. Babbott Walter H. Crittenden *Henry Batterman *Mrs. Ella J. Filson *James A. H. Bell *John W. Frothingham *Mrs. Eugene G. Blackford *Miss Lina Y. Happel *William Calverly *Miss Mary ba gues *William H. Cary *George A. Mrs. William H. Childs Joseph C. oe *Walter V. Cranford (G) *Samuel N. Hoyt * Deceased 1 (G), through the Botanic Garden. For names not thus designated the gifts were to some other Department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Mrs. Mary Babbott Ladd Mrs. Ian MacDonald +Sidney Maddock *Henry P,,. Martin *Miss Matilda McLean *Joseph T. Perkins *Henry K. Sheldon Mrs. Lydia Babbott Stokes *Hon. Richard Young (G) PERMANENT MEMBERS By contribution of $2,500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Abraham, Mrs. Abraham Barclay, Mrs. Reginald Barnes, Mrs. Richard §S. *Beers, E. LeGrar Beers, Miss M. asa *Beers, Mrs. Mary L. Be . Nathan T. eee a "Henry Harper Blackford, Eugene G Blum, Edward C. Boocock, Murray eaten Hon. David A. *Brackett, Miss Mary A. Brown, Mrs. Lilla *Campbell, Miss Mary Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan *Coffin, Mrs. Sturgis *Cook, Henry F. Day, Prof. Cyrus Lawrence English, Mrs. J. Radford *Evans, Miss Mabel Louise +Freifeld, +Golenerver Francis Hagedorn, Mrs. Herman *Healy, Fran *Hern, Mrs. George A. *Hentz, Henr *Herriman, aa Helen iggins, Tra Hoagland, Mrs Raymond Hoagland, Miss S. W. Hodenpyl, Eugene, Jr. How, Miss Josephine W. I Hughes, Miss Celeste Hughes, Miss Mary *James, John S. *Jones, Mrs. Mary L. *Tones, Townsend Joost, Mrs. Martin Kelso, Mrs. Ruth C. *Lawrence, Henry C *Lawrence, Lysander W. Lawrence, Richard H. Lindgrove, Mrs. Marjorie S. *Lord, Mrs. John Bradley Low, A. Augustus *Maxwell, J. Rogers, Jr. McMahon, Joseph T, *Morse, Horace J *Olcott, George M. *Palmer, Lowell M. Payne, Mrs. Edward D. *Peabody, George Foster *Pell, Mrs. Cornelia L, *Post, James H. Powell, Mrs. Robert E. Sanger, William *Sanger, William Cary self, edgar *Sheldon, Mrs. Henry Kk. *Simonds, Mrs. William R. Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, How Pa Weyde, ites N. J. Wa Mrs. Anna F. Re Alexander M. *Woodward, Mrs. John B. a) Lire MEMBERS By contribution of $500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value Through the Botanic Garden Bailey, Frank Bobbink, Lambertus C. Cary, Mrs. William H. rm Hunter, William T. Jonas, LaFrentz, Miss Olga Loines, Miss Hilda Mudge, Alfred E. Osman, Fred D. Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. Potts, Maj. Charles E. Pratt, Mrs. Harold I Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy Smith, Mrs. Annie M. Thatcher, Edwin H. Through other Departments of the Institute Abraham, Lawrence E. ger, John inifred Albertson, Rey. Charles Carroll Allan, Mrs. Evelyn W. Allen, Miss Mary W *Batterman, Charles H. Batterman, Henry L. Batterman, Miss Minnie P, Baxter, F. W. Bayes, Honk William R. Baylis, A. B. Baylis, Wm., Jr. Benson, Philip A. Blumenthal, ee Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A. Boody, Alvin Brasher, Philip Brasher, ee Id I. Brockway, Miss Emma A. Boe Mrs. Wi Mitchell Chau , Rev. E. F. Ge Miss Alice H. Clarke, Rev. L. Mason Corlies, Howarc Cram, Mrs. Howard W. Crane, Judge Frederick FE. Dalby, Archibald B. Davis, William T. Dixon, Theodore P. Draper, Ernest G. Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Dreier, Theodore Elmhirst, Mrs. Dorothy P. Whitney English, George L. Evans, Mrs. Gertrude C. Fara Forni, Mme. / Farmer, Walter B. Farrier, Albert Moses Farrier, Frederick B. Fawcett, Hon. Lewis L. Ferrier, Miss Elizabeth / Fish, Mrs. L. W. Flagg, Mrs. Montague Flinsch, Rudolph E. F. Foote, Alfred Sherman Ford, ‘Sumne Francis, Mrs eae re SOI eye von Frank, Mrs Frazier, Kenneth Gardner, William Gibb, William T. Gifford, Ira L. Gilbert, William T. a Good, Mrs. John, Jr. Good, Mrs. William H. Goodnow, David F Goodnow, Weston W. Grace Church (Brooklyn) Hall, Charles Hester, Mrs. Aaa Gibb Hill, William B Hollenback, Miss Amelia B. Hooker, Dr. Davenport Huber, Joseph Husson, Miss C. Julie Hyde, Henry St. John Hyde, James H. ee George 5S Je , Dr. Stewart L. pee Miss Emily W. rs tto Kelekian, Dilan G. Kellogg, Dwight H. wang, Mrs. Robert Latimer, Miss Julia W. Lewisohn, Sam A Lincoln, Mrs. Dorothy Chapel Litchfield, E. Hubert ato Luke Vincent , Mrs. Henry D. ie. Ethelbert Ide Ludlum, Clinton W. Lynde, Mrs. Martha R. Mason, William P. axwell, Henry L. May, Joseph M. Melish,. Rey. fon H. Moffat, William L. Moore, Mrs. W. H. Morgan, John Hill Morse, Miss Alice L. forse, Charles L Mundhenk, Herman Murray, Thomas E., Jr. O’Connor, Mrs Ogilvie, Dome icon Packard, Miss Mary S. Paige, Clifford E. Palmer, Henry L. Parker, Asa W., Jr. Parker, John C. et, Mrs. Louis Harman Russell, James T., Jr. Sanbern, Mrs. Frank H. Schenck, Miss Eunice M. Schieren, Harrie Victor Shaw, Robert Alfred Sheldon, Mrs. Anna B. Sheldon, Henry Sinclair, Mr. Donald G. C. Smith, Mrs. Helen Ward Stevens, Shepherd Stewart, Douglas MacC. Stutzer, Miss Elise W. Taylor, Miss Bessie Taylor, Mrs. Helen S. Taylor, William H. Tucker, Mrs. George S., Jr. Turner, Mrs. Bertha C. — bo bo cn Tuthill, Miss Isabel H. Warner, Dr. Edwin G. Valentine, P. / Weber, Mrs. Herman C. Van eeeticier Nevo Webster, Mrs. Edward H. Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian White, Harold T Wagner, Miss Marie White, Walbridge, Robert R. Whitney, Sinden B. Warbasse, Mrs. James P. Wisner, Mrs. Horatio S. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS By Annual Contribution of $100.00 Babbott, Dr. ae es Leviton, Isidor Baxter, John Lewis, Hon. Harry E. Blum, Edward me Livesey, Mr, Edward J. Blum, Mrs. Edward C. Logan, Miss Anna A. Boyle, Wm. N. Mackey, John J. Brooklyn Daily Eagle Mannix, Mrs. Henry Cheshire, Mr. Austin C. Mehldau, Carl J. Cumbers, Richard C. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Draper, Mrs. Mary C-. Pratt, Charles Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward ae Frederic B. Drysdale, Robert A. att, Mrs. Frederic B. Fawcett, Hon. Lewis L. a eee Mr. L. M. Feil, Mrs. Helen R. Rothschild, Walter Good, Mrs. Wm. H. Roulston, Mrs. Thomas H. Hammitt, Walter Tabor, Albert I. Ingraham, Henry A. Turner, Henry C. Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. Whitlock, George SUSTAINING MEMBERS By payment of $25 annually Adams, Charles S. (M) Blaisdell, Mrs. Joseph F. (EF) Aibel, Irving J. (E) Boetticher, oe iss C. (G) Allen, Chester A. (EF) *Bowne, Lloyd F. (FE) Baar, Emil N. (CE) Brennan, ee C. ¢E) Bachrach, Mrs. Clarence G. (FE) Bromley, Mrs. Bruce (FE) Back, Miss Elizabeth M. (G) Brooklyn College (E) Baily; Mr: E. A. (E) Brooklyn High School for Home Barnewall, George A. (FE) Making (M) Barry, Bartholomew J. (FE) Brower, Mrs. George E. (G) Barton, Mrs. C. Vanderbilt (M) Brown, Samuel T. (E) Betts, Miss “‘Dovoth ry L. (E) Brukenfeld, Morris (G) Bishop McDonnell eee High Brykezynski, Chas. (E) School (M) Burger, Bernard A. (E) 226 Burns, Robert (E) Cabot, Dr, Irving L. (G) Cameron, Mrs. jase A. (G) Caplin, Miss May (E) Carpenter, Mrs. James Norman (G) Carr, Albert L. (E) Chace, Mrs. Franklin (1°) Christy, Francis T. (E) Cleaveland, Mrs. Edward L. (EF) Clement, Arthur W. (M) Colton, Gordon W. (E) Creamer, Wm. G. (E) Creamer, Mrs. William G. (EF) Crittenden, Walter H. (M) Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. (2) Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. (G) Davidson, Sidney W. (FE) Desmond, Hon. Thomas C. (G) Dillon, Miss Mary E. (E) Dillon, Rt. Rev. Msgr. Wm. T. (EF) Doscher, Mrs. Charles (M) Dreier, H. E. (EF) Ebinger, Arthur C. (E) Ebinger, Walter D. (E) Eckhardt, Mrs. Remick C. (M) Edwards, Mrs. Wm. Seymour (M) Ifackenthal, Joseph Diehl (EF) Felter, Mrs. Mary Bentley (FE) Ficks, Miss Edna (FE) Field, Dr. William H. (E) Foote, Mrs. Merrill N. (E) Francis, Hon. Lewis W. (EF) Irranklin, Mrs. Charles (I) Itrohne, Mrs. Theodore (G) Garvin, Mrs. Edwin L. (E) Gibbons, Mr. James FE. (EF) Globe, Mr. Jacob (FE) Gomory, Andrew L. (E) Gonnoud, A. J. (E Graves, Mrs. Arthur H. (E) Halsted, Mrs. J. Morton (M) Haynes, Mrs. Edward (M) Henning, Mrs. ee (E) Hincken, Miss Elsi ; Holenback, Miss Rae B. (1) Hume, Mrs. Henry M. (FE) Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V. (EF) Ingraham, E. A. (G Jadwin, Mrs. Ha P, (G) James, Halsted (M) James, John Wells (E) James, William L. (E) Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. (1) Judd, Mr. Orrin R. (E) Kennedy, Miss Mary A. (FE) Keough, Mrs. Austin C. (E) King, Mrs. Warner (M) *Klinck, Jacob C. (FE) sie | M. Herbert (FE) Langdon, Mrs. Palmer H. (G) I Ledoux, Louis V. (E) E Lieberman, Dr. Elias (EE) Logan, Miss Florence L. (E) *Loines, Mrs. Stephen (G) Lorence, Louis (E Lowenstein, Mr. Herman (G) Mackay, Mrs. ee D. (M) Martin, P, H. Max, Mrs. ia 1Be Maynard, Dr, Edwin es Jr. (FE) Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. (E) McCullough, I’. Herbert (E) McKeon, James C. (E) Mead, D. Irving (M) Michaels, Joseph, Jr. (E) Morton, Edward C. (M) Munsey Park Garden Group (G) Neilson, B. G. (E Parsons, Mrs. Frank H. (E) Pearsall, Samuel (M) Peck, Howard C. (M) Perkins, Mrs. Charles EF. (E) Petrocelli, Mrs. J ‘) Phillips, David (FE) “Porter, Charles H.- (i) es PLE Pullman, Miss Mary Stuart (E) *Smith, Dr. Wm. Sidney (EF) Ray, Miss Mabel (I) Sens William (E) Righter, Miss Jessie es (M) Starr, Russell T. (CE) Roberts, Mrs. John (E) Stoloff, Mrs. Bemonin (E) Be Mrs. eae E. wes (Ces) Straus, Hugh Grant (E) , Norman (FE) Swanson, Robert W. (FE) aa Alfred S. (M) Thayer, Mrs. Hollis K. (E) Russell, Miss Sarah B. (E) Thompson, John Fairfield (FE) Sartori, Joseph J. (G) Trommer, George (FE) Schaefer, R. J. (E) nenreae, Miss Marie E. (G) Schepmoes, Mrs. FF. R. (G) VanBrunt, Jeremiah R. (E) Schnibbe, Louis (E) VanVleck, Miss Jane (M) Schoubye, Dr. O. Robert (E) Voorhees, Mrs. John S. (EF) Silleck, Mr. Herbert U. (E) Voorhees, Mrs. Tracy S. (E) Simmons, Mrs. Frank E. (FE) Walmsley, Mrs. Clara FE. (EF) Slocum, Mr. Alvah H. (E) Ward, Mrs. Marie B. (E) Smith, Miss Arrietta (E) Wason, William J., Jr. (G) Smith, Mr. Bernard H. (E) Weitman, Mrs. Robert M. (E) Smith, Miss Bertha (G) White, Mrs. Grace (E) Sarin James W. (FE Wolff, Miss E. A. (E) ANNUAL MEMBERS By payment of $10 annually Abraham, Mrs. Sophie Berkeley Institute, The ffeld, Miss Caroline D. Biedermann, Arno Alport, Mrs. M. Bildersee, Miss Adele Amersfort Garden Club Blatchford, Miss Stella Andrews, Miss Grace lum, Mrs. Edward Charles bbott, Mrs. Frank L. Boardman, Mrs. George M Bahret, Miss Ruth A. Boehrer, Mrs. Minette P. Barber, Mrs. Robert F. Bonham, Frederick T. Barnes, Miss Caroline W. Bornmann, Dr. Alfred Barrett, Mrs. William I’. Braman, Miss Irene M. Bartlett, Mrs. L. T. Brandt, Mrs. Laura L. Bassett, Mrs. seni M. Brierley, John R Bayne, Mrs. Laura M. Bristol, Miss Frances L. Bechtel, Edwin De T. Brockaway, Mrs. Otilia A. Beck, Mrs. Anna W. Brooklyn Hets. Garden Club Becker, ree Johanna L. Brooklyn Plant, Flower and Fruit Begg, Mrs. J. W. Guild Behr, ee A. Brossard, Miss ate Belle Harbor Garden Club Brower, Frank Dar Benson ete Helen M. Brown, Mrs. Richard a 5 Alte: Berg, Mrs. J. Frederic Buck, Leonard J. Bush, Mrs. Robert W. Carter, Mrs. Oliver Goldsmith Cary, Mrs. William H. Casamajor, Miss Martha astle Manor Garden Club Cedarhurst Garden Study Group Central Garden Club Chace, Mrs. Franklin The Chapin School, Ltd. Christy, Mrs. Francis T. City Gardens Club Clark, Dr. Raymond *Coffin, Mrs. I. Sherwood Conkling, Miss Louella B Conley, Mrs. A. J. Cooperman, Jacob Coutts, Miss Frances H. Cranford, Miss Margaret Creem, Mrs. Daniel J. Dauernheim, A. M. Davidson, Mrs. John A. Decker, Mrs. Charles A. deComps, Miss Pauline L. deKrafft, William Delafield, Mrs. John R Dickey, Miss Annie Louise Digney, Miss Margaret A. Ditmas, Miss Caroline *Dodge, Mrs. ee D. se Mrs Doman, ie. aie i. Dene: Mrs. Harold Dudley, Miss Frances H. Duncan, Mrs. Cameron D : _ uVal, Mrs. Guy Edinburg, William G. Elbert, Mrs. William Ellisson, Miss Estelle J. Emerson, Mrs. William Ericson, Charles Freddersen, Mrs. George Iields, Miss Viola C. Flower Hill Garden Club Flushing Garden Club, Inc. Fortnightly Library Club Foshay, Mrs. Addison Y. Fouse, Mrs. Ralph W. France, Mrs. Melville J. I'ree, Mrs. Montague Friedman, Mrs. Morris Friou, Mrs. George D. Fritz, Mrs. Rose L. Gaillard, Mrs. William pay son Garden Club of Bay Ridge 5 Memberships Garden Club of Darien Garden Club of Madison Garden Club of Nyack Garden Club of Rockville Centre Garlichs, Mrs. Marie E. *Gibson, Miss Gertrude L. Gillis, Mrs. Alice M. Girls Commercial H. S., Brooklyn Goetze, Miss Emily H. Goldfarb, Mrs. Bernard M. Goodrich, Mrs. David M. Goodrich, Mrs. Ernest P. Gordon, Morris Grady, Mrs, John F, Gray, Mrs. Percy R. Great Neck Garden Club Griffin, George W. Griffiths, Mrs. Eben Griffiths, Mrs. Nellie G. Halpin, Mrs. Ella T Hamilton, Mrs. George S. Hargitt, Dr. Charles A. Harper, Mrs. Augustus Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M. Haynes, Miss Mabel Hearns, Mrs. Frank T. Hecht, Miss Sadie Hegeman, Mrs. Frank V. Heidenreich, Mr. Carl S. 229 eine, Mrs. M. Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Henry C. Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Wm. F. Henjes, Mrs. Gerd H. Hill, Mrs. Robert C. Hills, Mrs. James M. Hitchcock, George P. Holl, Mrs. Marie Holme, A. L. Hooker, Mrs. Elon H. Hope, Miss Mary Hume, Mrs. Kenneth W. Hurwitz, Mrs. M. Ingraham, Miss Grace Ingraham, Dr. Ruth Jacobs, Harry James, Mrs. John Wells James, Mrs. Warner Johnston, Mrs. F. Cliffe Jones, Miss Helen Swift Kahl, Miss Mar Keating, Miss ae R. Keil, Mrs. Frieda M. Kelley, Mrs. Herman A. Kindergarten Mother’s Club, P. S. 241 24 Knox, Miss Maria Lack, Mrs. Frederick R. Laing, Mrs. M. Robertson Lane, Miss, Ella M. Lawrence, Mrs. Herbert Lester, Mrs. Maxwell Lethbridge, Miss Ethel M. Levingson, Isaac Lienau, Mrs. Rudolph S. Lilienthal, Mrs. Ruth S. Little Gardens Club of New York Cit Lockwood, Mrs. William A. Lohman, Mrs. W. H. Loines, Miss Elma Mackey, Mrs. Malcolm S., MacLean, Mrs. Donald Marine Park Garden Club Markell, Maurice J. Marks, E. etait Mis, William W. Matinecock Garden Club Maxwell, Amos P. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. McCarthy, Miss Mildred H. McCormack, Mrs. Emmett McGahen, Mrs. Rufus E. McGill, Mrs. Margaret McLaren, James R. Mellen, Mrs. Graham K. Melville, Miss Belle J. Meserole, Mrs. Walter M. Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A. Miller, Mrs. Charles Coleman Moorehead, Mrs. Wm. H. Morgan, Miss Charlotte E. Alfred E, Mutchler, Miss Marjorie Namm, Major Benjamin H. New Canaan Garden Club New Utrecht Garden Club Nexsen, Mrs. Randolph H. Nitardy, F. W. Oak, Miss Dorothy Oakes, Miss Fannie O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A. Ohly, Dr. John H. O’Malley, Mes Walter F. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Otis, Mrs. Charles H. Paffard, Mrs. Frederic C. Parent Teachers’ Association, P. S. 2, Parker, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Parshelsky, Moses L. Pashley, Mrs. Charles L. Peck, Mrs. Bayard | Peloubet, Mrs. S. W. Penny, Mrs. Perkins, Mrs. Gnaties E, Perry, Mrs, John M, =a adiertond Plumb, Mrs. E. T. Pond, W ‘lia no H. Poppy a Club of Brooklyn *Post, Mrs. James H. Post, Miss Jessie W. *Pratt, Abram J. Pratt, Frederic B. Price, Fra Prince, Me Benjamin Provost, Miss Eva M. Public School 105, Brooklyn Public School 158, Brooklyn Putnam, Mrs. Howard L. Recknagel, Miss Alice Reed, Mrs. George M. Reilly, Miss Elizabeth M. Reinhar Mrs. Charles Richardson, William C. Rinschede, Miss Ida FE. nton T. Roghé, Miss Hedwig Romer, Miss Caroline S. Rothberg, Mrs. Mina Rothmaler, Miss Ernita Rowe, Mrs. Frederick W. St. Joseph’s College for Women Scheele, Mrs. William Schenk, Mrs. Donald G. chenk, Donald G. Schilback, Mrs. Harold F. Shaw, Miss Agnes M. Shaw, Mrs. Awbrey N. Sherman, Mrs. Arnold W. Siebert, Mrs. William Simpson, Miss [Etta Smith, Mrs. Bernard H. Smith, Miss Leone South Strathmore @adei Club Spiewak, Henry E Staber, Miss Maud 2 Stanton, Mrs. Otis Stellwagen, Fred iy Sterling, Mrs. Robert D. Stone, Alex M. Strathmore Village Garden Club Sturgis, Mrs. Thomas Sullivan, Miss Be Sulzberger, Mrs. a H. Swan, Joseph R Swarzman, Mrs. Mollie Tainter, Miss Thacher, Mrs. Alfred B. Thirkield, Mrs. G. H. Thornton, Mrs. Wm. R. Three Village Garden Club Tiktin, Mrs. Zosia Tilley, Dr. R. McFarlane Tompkins, Miss Elizabeth M. Tousey, Miss Elizabeth Towl, Mrs. F. M, Troeck, Miss M. Dorothy Vail, Harry Valentine, Stephen Van Brunt, Miss Elizabeth R. Van Brunt, Jeremiah Van Hoesen, Ae Stephen G., Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Vietor, Mrs. Ernest G. vomLehn, Mrs. Richard vonCampe, Mrs. Edward Wallace, Mrs. sak F, Wandel, Carlet Ward, Mrs. Rodney e Warner, Miss Elma White, Mrs. Alexander M. White Plains Garden Club Whittier, Mrs. Thomas T. Willard, George N. Williams, Mrs. Frances R. Williamson, Miss M. M. Wills, Louis Charles Wilson, Mrs. Francis A. Wilson, Prof. Margaret B. Windels, Mrs. Paul Wise, Mrs. Alfred F. Bol Woll, Mrs. Matthew Young, Miss Abigail Wood, Mrs. Willis D. Zimmele, Charles F Woolley, George I. Zimmer, Mrs. Wilson Briggs SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP Ben etactOrsta cn pegs cect cass es epee ear ros etn oe ce gE NOR Oe Sek EPA ETOTIS er esa ee Seay ops Rd ae eater ey iy ener COIR erin) Net veer ea rarest greta keel! Ws Sea eo} TOMO RS Gee ee esr SIN Meee ne ogee epee ek Rew Ney Real GME He on he RAT Aa, Perinanente Mien DenS mace rs tec ecco ecu ce aetna kai ceeteehan esac ey wee Life Members Through the Botanic Garden ................. SecRasine es et occ 17 ‘(Rhroush Other DepartimentSyec:s vane tenet ea eh ations 162 GontributingeWMiembersmes sere esc cta Mee kee EN et vote a) ce tee ey enuanrs Sustaining Members Mhinoughathe, Botanic Gardeny i264 c.02. ee ee eee ZS Throughs@ther Wepartments’. 22. os eee a Se eee 130 Ammnualeem berSasctvcrcin testy tke ccc to cee eee BPR ar eine On he ene Aotalssaseot Wecemben Sie OAs eae, eee en er eee pee INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIII Abraham Lincoln High School Field a American Fern Societ ety, 151 American Fern So oe Collection, 27 merican Iris Soci 151 American Journal of eee 153 Anniversary Exercises, Twenty-fifth, Ashwell, G. pores 7 Astor Expe dit oe Attendance, 8, 15 196 lve nee during 943, Autograph Collection, 109 Auxiliary, as sen Do wloo. 219 Averill, Mar Avery, reece ce ‘Jt. pe Cc. W., 7 rta & Company, D., 81 Benedict, Ralph C., 28. 147, 2 Beqt to the Brooklyn eee 1 Botanical ap! of America, 153 rls Club, Booklets, va Britton, De Bed Mrs. N. lem 135 Brownell, Walter D., 197 Calverley, Se phea, ae Caparn, Harold A 95 Cheney, Ralph H., " “59 148, 203 Chestnut Beene 137, 139, 202 aa stnut Breeding Work in 1943, 11 hildren’s Courses, 188 Children’s Garden, 127, 201 Children’s Work, Special Gifts for, City, The Botanic Garden and The, vii Clarke, Elizabeth, 19, 22 Classes and Lectures, 16 Children’s Saturday Morning, 19, Teachers, 19 A., 8 Club Member ships, iii Cocos Island, 136 Committee, cae Poe Garden, 71 Conducted Tours, 192 amet Mage ca Acknowledgment 168 Conservatories 15, 202 Cons vator ries, Committee on Reor- nes n of the, 24 eee ae Exhibits, 3 Contributions, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 135 Gs of Plants, 5 Cooperation wit eee Schools, 190 Miscellaneous, 139 other Institutions and Organiza- tions, 5, 10, 12, 13, 149 U epartment of Agriculture, 151, 203 u Children’s, 18 for Members and the General Pub- lic, 180 for S pecial Groups, 188 for Teac he 86 of ipeencion 179 Cranford, Mr. and Mrs. Walter V., 9 Cr oss, Jean A., 115 Cuba, Trip to ‘Western, 135 Cycads, ee) ian, 96 Dean Clay Osborne Memorial, 95 Dedication Ceremony, 99 deVries, Hugo, 95 me aioe Flower Structure and 5 ees of, 14 Director aS Repor ios? Director, ee nal Activities, Hon- ors, and Achievements of The, 161 Dire ctr’ Medal, 129 tion of Material, 19 Doar Charles F., 22 Dorward, Margaret M., 115 Ecology, 52, 153 Ecuador, 13 Elementar y Instr poien of, 38, 115, 123, eons y eee for 1943, Re- t of the Curator of, 19 Department 232 . ndowments and Gifts, 155 Engler, Ado 5 Exhibits, 25, 149 Conservatory, 3 Expeditions, 135, 136, 137, 141 Field Trips Conducted, 1943, 46 Field, rik George White, Memorial to Fi Os Literary Club, Mrs., 109 Financial, 8, 202 Statement for 1943, 30, 198 Days, 3, Flower 119, 185, 197 Flower Gio Inter ‘national, 149 rards, , 151 Come 149 Mr. and Mrs. Henry C., 127 F candi a es Garden, Events eadin ee Mee 98 81, 149, 197, 200, 2 French, Daniel Chester, 95 Fungous Herbarium, 113 Gager, C. Stuart, 1, 7, 69 Memor ial Service, i97 Mem Semett nd, 204 ay Writing of, 166 Benjamin Stuart, Memorial i sae Fund, 105 ee Islan ae 13 ecial Needs of the, 34, 205 Garden, Garden House, Garden Teachers Association, 127 Gardens on Parade, 151 ifts, Reewinenis and, 155 Gifts Received During 1943, 33; d Gonnoud, Andrew J pale Bernard, det Al Governing Committee of the Board sed Memorial Gar- Genes Arthur Harmount, 7, 11, 19, 115, 137, 202 Gundersen, Alfred, 14, 22, 81, 136, 201, 202 sae Elsi 5 mon "Foundation 21 Hoa sees 96, 99 Heth, Gar 93 oe eae of the Brooklyn Bo- nic Garden, Guide to, 193 Herbari tase 13: The, Herbarium, 7, 197 i and Distribution, 50, ccessions 2, Collections for the, 113, 114 Cryptogamic, 38 2 for 1943, Report of the Curator of the, 23 une ous Material Ween : ic, 38, 207 search and Field Work, 14 eee Seca sR for 1943, Report of eee bere, IGE epee 105 efatigable Island, 136 Tae en Bureau of, 18, 122, 192 Beran Spring, 3 9 Ins Department of Elemen- “tis Blane 123 Investigati ion, 189 Iris Test Garden, 151 Japanese Garden, 8 Jordan, William E 7, 26, 197 i idee Signs and, 22, 217 = nate Slides Leaflets, Boscia Botanic Garden, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given by the Botanic Garden Per- nnel ioyereine 1943, Talks, 42; 4, 210 Librarians, Names of, 101 Library, The, 7, 34, 101, 151, 194, 197, 205 for 1943, Report on the, 26 Statistical Reon on the, 26, 216 thee "Colle 109 Loan Materi Ak Colleges, High Schools eae: High Schools, 1 for Elementary Schools, 191 Local Flora Section, 23, 87, 89 Loines, Hilda, 169, 197 McKim, Mead & White, 97 Mansfield, Louise B., 15 Medicinal Plant Garden, 93, 95 234 Medicinal Plar Gard of the Brook yn pee ee Guide Meetings of Organizations at Brook- anic Garden 47 enh Listeol, 57, 221 Membe She Cae. of, v ub, in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, mee of, Out of- Town, tv 67, 231 Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 53, 135, 136, 159 Dean Clay Osborne, 95 foore, Barrington, 1 Motion Pictures of Victory Garden- = = oO 4 =] ° ary _ a ing, 3 Mulford Expedition, 141 Oat Smuts, Physiologic Races of the, oaees of the aaa ty Institute of a and ne 54 Oliv E. N., 113, 11, 137, 141 Ofc Brothers Organizations, Ne ads of Outside, 192 Osborne, Sade Elisabeth, 95 Osborne Memorial, Dean Clay, 95 Palmitier, Edna A., 32 Fatiology, Plant, 9, 3s "143 Personnel, 7, 17 Photographic Work, Report of, 51, 217 photographing, peas a Sketch- g, Regulations Concerning, viii Plat er eae oe fet 135 Plantations, 81, 193 P ae Contr tions a 5 ent of, for 1043, Report of ie Curator of, 2 3 ; 2 Statistics Relating to Living, 49, aa ee, 18 Poko F. ears Collection, ?ost, Mrs. James H., Pratt, Mrs. He i en Sherman, re- Linnean Works, 107 109 127 129 U pats = = tH — = n = St Vo Q cr co 4 r 1943, Report of i Curator of, i Publication, 6, 153 ee itions, i643 Report on Brook- yn Bo tanic Gar den, ! by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1943, 39; 1944, 208 Publicity, 17 Ease Rico, 137 urdy, Maud If, 14, 136, 151 Radio Programs, Radio Talks Given Dating 1943, 46; pony Garden, ae Beane ~ Brooklyn Botanic 53 Reed, George M., 113, 143, Report of the eee Botanic Gs den 1943, Thirty-Third renee Supplement to, 195 Research, 133, eh 202 and Field Work, 1 for 1943 Roa on, 9 Fund, Plant pees 33 Resident Investig ( Economic Plants) for 1543, ee of the, eens) for 1943, Report of the, 27 Rock Garden, os Garden, 24, 91, 93, 156 eae “Hest ter M., 17 Salaries and Wages, Saturday Morning ’s Cac Chil- l Scholar ie Alfred T. au Aue 129 Se co wae Statisti lees on ath eet 190 ec Seed Paces ee School Children, 6, , 196 Seed Work. 19 ig eare rai den, 127 , Ellen Eddy, 21 shaw Endowment Fund, Ellen Ieddy, Annie Mor t Resist tance, oie on the In- he ce of, 10 Spring Inspection, 3, 159 Thirtieth Sage 169 Svenson, Hen , 14, 24, 113, 136, 2 197, Svenson, Val reinia Riddle, 7 Systematic Section, 117 Taylor, Norman, 81 at: eachers, -OUTSES for, 186 Tennessee, Flora of, 137 Trustees, Presidents of the Board of, 158 Van Brunt, Elizabeth Remsen, 7, 95 Vegetable Garden, Mee) 1562200 BES Book Campaign, 26 Victory Gardens, 1-3 vale: Workers, 6 Wall Garden, 95 Walther, Jeanne Phyllis, 8, 11 War Activities, 1-5, 20, 21, 25, 153 ae Bond Rally I, 5 71, 77, 85, 89, 96, 105, 107, 145, 99, 155, 1 159 W ‘hite, Alfred T., 5c holarship, 129 White, Orlat 153 Wild Fiowes Garden, Wister, Jone C., 169, 197 Address of aaeetncae by, 171 Wont Auxiliary, 5, 55, 159, 219 Workers, Volunteer, 6 World’s Fair, New York, 151 Native, 87 Yale School of Forestry, 18 — a , aoe. al vee: mv BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD AND THE SERVICE OF THE CIIY VOLUME XXxXIII 1944 LISHED QUARTE PRINCE AND LEMON STR ae LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF TS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, ¥ oy “LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIII No. 1, JANUARY Thirty-Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1943 ... Report-of the Acting Directo oss cgacce ss eee tare ie Reponts On Wesear ch TOT O43 eee tet were eren keh aya ty iebeee ey ome Report of the Curator of Public Instruction ................-.0--. Report of the Curator of need Instruct Onuce ees: teers Report ot the: Curator of Plantes aceite forte ict eRe nee Report of the Curator of the eae Sa erg Gaiters Seer tene ne tA REpOnEeOh thembloitGuUltunistee waco usd scree akin cate caren tare sats Repontsone thee bra tye aceeater tree euscre hae Snes pene es eer are Reporte omthne Resident Investigator (Herns)) 23... 6 x... ee ne Report of the Resident Investigator Beoname Plants) *sseapeees Financial: Statement for 1943) 3, 4 eee meric eettsenal ace ch ates Gifts: Received: During 1943 2. 00.0... eee epcree eres os cele oss eae, by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1943 ....... ralks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1943 ....... me Talks Given During: 1943) 5... Gaerne eet cin. + sis Pueldiirips: Conducted, 194332220... .. cane Ngee Spear ass 14 Meetings of Snes at Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1943 ...... Statisticstol School: Service; 1943 “ise epernpeeers anbetalcriisre colette’ Statistics Relating to ie Platits; O49 Se eectens sch sciehe ees Herbarium Accessions and Distribution, 1943 ............... 00.04. Report of Photographic Work, 1043" 5 we oes ere Md se Report on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Publications, 1943 ............ Officers of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences ............ Members of the Board: 222. 4.5 Sac eee a ee eerie acts Woman's Alix ilia tyne 4.0.22 mtn ica coor ee ence nen eee reer ee couaee ist offs Members: ce. 2s ete ie. ke ee Ee ce toca Summary ot Membership ao2. wetter eee eieleiiet crane nate No, 2, APRIL G. Stuart’Gager and the Brooklyn BotanicsGardenger.. 5... .<.-.-. Events rene to the Founding of the Garden .................5. Phe? Director pc coke ha cee aa e osha lhe Seo oe Ear aioe rains Semana ak > The She ee err A Sh on bch oe Oo eee The eee Building 52.2 oo. ee ee ee eee ae The: Library) sack (ea ee eis as ok Se eee eis eee ae Tehe HICr Daria. sieve. esvche he aeaee ck ae aie eeerc ns Prospectus: 1944-1945 Public Instruction Elementary Instruction ARRAY ESV Cl meee tp pathos Rav inne An ne, = At ae Cooperation with Other Organizations .........00...00 eee eee Endowments and Gifts Personal howe Honors, and soarain sa of the Director .... Selected Writings of Charles Stuar No. 3, JuLy No. 4, Ocroser Supplement to the Thirty-Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Ga 94 rden, January 1—June 30, eee 809 9 86 4 wes ees ee ee ts 8 © 8 88 2 8 ons nw Sek 6 sis 8 se St gl ew wise se eg oe eens eS ace hea ae a 8a aw aa (8 cee ag The Thirtieth Annual Spring ae Tce May 9, 1944 .... The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, BoarD oF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN First VicE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN CHARLES PRATT THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY W. DAVIDSON URER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JAMES E. GIBBONS BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MR. PHILIP A. BENSON, Chairman uae HILDA LOINES, Vice-Chmn. WALTER HAMMITT D C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER WILLIAM G. CREAMER EDWIN P. MAYNARD R H. CRITTENDEN ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio LEWIS L. FAWCETT LFRED ah MUDGE MRS. LEWIS ae FRANCIS JOHN C. KER NDREW J. GONNOUD DONALD G C. SINCLAIR ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN, Ex officio EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FoLLowING OFFICIALS OF THE City oF NEw Yor THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—AIl persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining leben ships $25 yearly; Conteiburing Membership, $100 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full in- formation concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brook- lyn Botanic Grin 1000 Ween Avenue, BESeh Ii *5, N. y. Telephone, Main 2—443 THE Botanic GARDEN is open free to ne buble daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on caadays and Holidays it is open at 10 a Entrances.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect Park; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near a ae panciabe on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin reet entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Winenineren Avenue, epee Crown ST MEMBERS and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may oe obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Beane Garden. Arrangements must be made by application to the Curator of Public In- struction at least one week in advance. No parties of less than ten adults will be conducted. H THE GARDEN take B.M.T. Subway to Prospect Park Station; Inter- borough Suicey to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Muse seum Station; Flatbush h Avenue Parkway, follow the Parkway to Washington Avenue, then turn right BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly ecicies ee bimo nthly (1929-1932); quarterly (1933-). Contains, among other thin , the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, 2a reports, eine ional Prospectus, Seed oi Guides peace tion, $1.00 a . Guide nu ee Benay priced. Circulates in 59 co MEMOIRS. Established, ae 1918. pale chant ee Not offered in exchange. Circulates in 48 cou Volume I. Dedication eee 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the SORE building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Mon- tauk. se No rman Taylor. 1923. 108 pages. $1.00. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment. By Barsaet Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927, 51 pages. Vol IV. Twenty- ve Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 y of poor in ee (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on horticulture. 1936. 133 sie “SL. Sb. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. aoe car! Pubyshed in peri- ee reissued as “separates” without change of p 25% ers constitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Crees. a 34 eee . 96. Inheritance of smut resistance in hybrids of Navarro oats. By oie MRL 7 pages. 1942. No. 97. Bre ee toward the development of a las type of blight- resistant issn Report for 1941. By Arthur Harmount Grav 5 pages. 1942. No. 98. Flower forms and groups of Dicotyledones. By ee se eee 7 pages. 1943, No. 99. sc hte 1867-1942. By George M. Reed. 15 pages. 1943. No. 100. 1. The ee) world beg of ec 18 pages. Il. A new Isoetes from Ecuador. Ms pag By Henry K. Sve 944, 101. Interdependence m pont and eee evolution. By Alfred Gunder- sen and George T. Hastings. 10 p 1944 EAFLETS. ae reel 10, 1913 Published weekly or biweekly fae April, May, June, Septem er, and tober. Contain popular, elementary pena On about plant life for teachers and Sues: also announcements concern- ing flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue. ae to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circulates in 28 countries. Tigreqdent since GUI to the collections, pees and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as number e Record; see above. d . 12. Lilacs in the ae lyn Botanic Garden: Classification, Cultiva- tion, Pathology. 34 pages; 14 illlustrations. By Alfred SORES Montague Free, and ao M. Reed. Price, 25 cents; by mail, 30 ce Guide No. 13. Trees in the Brooklyn Botanic ae 53 pages; 9 illustra- tions. By Alfred Cates and Arthur H. Graves. Price, by mail, 30 cents . 14. The local flora section (native wild flower gOrCer) of be Byopelh Botanic Garden. 27 pages; 18 illustrations. By Henry K. Svenson. Price, by mail, 30 cents Guid Ese Phe Herb Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 42 pages 2 pus atons and map. By aes Remsen Van Brunt and Virginia Riddle Sven Price, by “mail 30 ¢ Gee. No. 16. The M ae Plant Corae® eh the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 45 pages; 12 illustrations. By Arthur H. Sa ere rles W. Ballard, Ralph H. Cheney, and F. J. Pokorny. Price, fei ee, SHE Dede J ee Seminum). ee December, 1914. Tempo- rarily suspended since 1940. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published races ga cooperation par, the Bet aes Society or America. Subscription, $5.00 a r. Circulates in 48 coun arenes Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in codperation with GENETICS, INCORPORATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries.