BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVIII JANUARY, 1939 NO. 1 CONTENTS DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN 1938 FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF BOTANY BLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, P BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF TS atte) SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanie Catan, ese Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUN DERSEN, Docteur de “Université ca at of Plants WILLIAM M E. JORDAN, B.S., Librar MARGARET M. DORW , A.B., Assitony ee of Elemen oF e nstruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Eenoreey Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art AROLD A, CAPARN, Coisuliig Landscape Architec RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic eae MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL,* Instructor EMILIE PERPALL Scie era Library Assistant — CHARLES F. DONEY, M.S., Assistant in Woody Plants WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant ELSIE TWEMLOW. HAMMO .A,, Ins D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A. a Ph. Di Research itis FR M. MINE ne Inst MVE Crea PIE RCE,+ M , Herbarium Assistant RGARET BURDICK P PUTZ, as atorial Roni nt HE % M. RUSK, A.M.,, Instruct MARGER reat ratori L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph.D., Research Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, "AM, Cubarorel Assistant setae BUHLE, Photographer AUD H. PURDY, Artist _ ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Account RIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant ° MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to a Director § FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodia HELEN E. BENNETT, Stenographer RA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer CON STANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., pee ad * Beginning January 1, 1939. + Beginning October 1, 1938. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD JANUARY, 1939 VOL. XXVIII NO. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN 1938 List or SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1938, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited quantities, to members of the B rooklyn Botanic Garden. They are not offered for sale. Please note that applications for seeds must be received during January or February. Seeds are mailed early in March. No seeds are Cee dt other times of the year SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS (GY MNOSPERMAE Ginkgoaceae 4 Pinaceae 6 Suse: ba | Pinus NOLO I eee excelsa Wall. Taxaceae 5 = Cupressaceae 7 Taxus *canadensis Marsh. cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc Juniperus virgimiana LL. * Collected from Wild Plants. DICOTYLEDONES Myricaceae 57 Myrica *asplenifolia 1. *Gale Leitneriaceae 59 LLeitneria floridana Chapm. Fagaceae 62 Quercus palustris 1. Ulmaceae 63 Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. & Zuce. Moraceae 64 Maclura pomifera Schneid., Ranunculaceae 91 Clematis virginiana L. Lardizabalaceae 92 Akebia quinata Decne. Berberidaceae 93 Berberis chinensis Poir, Dielsiana ledde Lauraceae 102 Benzoim aestivale Nees Saxifragaceae 117 Deutzia discolor Tlemstl. gracilis Sieb. & Zucc. longifolia Franch. magnifica kehd. * Collected from Wild Plants, Hy drange: Bretschnei dle 1 1 Dipp. cinerea Sma paniculata Sieh. radiata Walt. Itea virginica 1. Philadelphus cymosus var. Atlas Rehd, Faleoneri Sarg. grandiflorus Willd. mexicanus Schlecht. Grossulariaceae 117b Ribes fasciculatum Sieb. & Zuce. var. chinense Maxim. Hamamelidaceae 123 tlamamelhs virginiana L. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Eucommiaceae 123b Eucommia ulmoides Oli Platanaceae 124 Platanus orientalis 1. (true) Rosaceae 126 Ie eer -aldi Hesse ae olkow1 Lay. racemosa Rehd. Physocarpus elabratus Rehd. intermedius pened, monogynus Coult. opulifolius Maxim, Rhodotypos scandens Mak. alifornica Cham. & Schlecht *carolina [ multiflora cathayensis Rehd Rubus allegheniensis Porter odoratus L. Sorbaria sorbifolia A. Br Spiraea Douglasi Hook. Margaritae Zabel trichocarpa Naka Veitchit Hemsl. Wilsonii Duthie Pomoideae 126a Aronia arbutifolia El. *melanocarpa El. Chaenomeles Maulei Schneid. Cotoneaster divaricata Rehd. & Wils. foveolata Rehd. & Wils. lucida ce’ shite montana [Lg Zabeli Scheid. Crataegus aavallet Herineq. phaenopyrum Med. Wendlandit Hort. Malus Scheideckeri Zabel * Collected from Wild Plants. Mespilus germanica L. Pyracantha Gibbsii A. B. Jacks Sorbus americana Marsh. Aucuparia L, commixta Hedl. latifolha Pers. Prunoideae 126b Prunus americana Marsh. hortulana Bailey — pennsylvanica L. serotina Ehrh. tomentosa Thunb. *virginiana Leguminosae 128 Cercis canadensis L. Colutea media Willd Cladrastis lutea K. Koch Cytisu nigricans L. praecox Bean scoparius Lk. supinus L. Gleditsia tiiacanenios sk. Indigofera Potaninii Craib. Laburnum anagyroides \ eee var. A Ischingeri Schneic kobinia fertilis Ashe Kelseyi (hybrid) neo-mexicana Gray viscosa Vent. Sophora japonica L., Spartium junceum L., Wisteria floribunda DC. Rutaceae 137 L. P| 1] ] PICT IVOICLE TICLE OT amurense Rupr. japonicum Maxim. Poncirus trifohata Raf. Ptelea serrata Small tritolata. lL. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Bungei Planch. schinifolium Sieb. & Zuce. Euphorbiaceae 147 Securinega ramifilora Muell. Coriariaceae 150 Coriatia japonica Gray Anacardiaceae 153 thus Cotinus |. glabra L. *typhina L. * Collected from Wild Plants. Cyrillaceae 154 Cyrilla racemiflora LL. Aquifoliaceae 157 Ilex glabra Gray serrata Thunb. serrata xanthocarpa Rehd, Nemopanthus mucronata Trel. Celastraceae 158 Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Ivonymus sungeana Maxim. europaea L. patens Kehd. yedoensis Koehne Staphyleaceae 161 Staphylea Jumalda DC. colchica Stev colchica Coulombieri Zabel pinnata L, trifolia L, Aceraceae 163 cer pseudoplatanus LL. Sapindaceae 165 fC oelreuteria paniculata Laxim. Rhamnaceae 169 hamnus davurica Pall. Frangula L. Vitaceae 170 \mpelopsis brevipedunculata Koehne Parthenocissus quinquefolia Planch. Theaceae 186 Stewartia pentagyna L’Herit. Guttiferae 187 Hypericum densiflorum Pursh patulum Thunb. Tamaricaceae 191 Tamarix pentandra Pall. Stachyuraceae 200 Stachyurus praecox Sieb. & Zucc. Cactaceae 210 Opuntia tortispina [ngelm. Elaeagnaceae 215 laeagnus multiflora Vhunb. umbellata Thunb. Araliaceae 227 Acanthopanax ivaricatus Seem. setchuenensis Harms Simoni Schneid. Aralia spinosa. L, Cornaceae 229 Cornus alba al * Collected from Wild Plants. *alternifolia L. Amomum Mill. arnoldiana Rehd. *canadensis L. florida xanthocarpa lkehd, obliqua Raf. racemosa Lam. sanguinea L. Clethraceae 230 Clethra alnitolasle Ericaceae 233 Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Spreng. Enkianthus campanulatus Nichols. cernuus Mak. perulatus Schneid. Erica carnea L. Kalmia angustifolia L. Lyonia *ligustrina Britt. mariana Rehd. Oxydendron arboreum DC. Rhododendron *canadense Torr. maximum L. Vacciniaceae 233a Vaccinium atrococcum Heller canadense Kalm pennsylvanicum Lam. Symplocaceae 241 Symplocos paniculata Wall. Styracaceae 242 Flalesia carolina 1. Styrax japonica Sieb. & Zucc. Oleaceae 243 lfontanesia yhillyreoides Labuill. Iraxinus longicuspis Sieb. & Zuce. Ligustrum peace Koehne lacrocarpum Schneid, sitasitolian Sieb sinense [our. Syringa japonica Decne. Josikaea Jacq. pekinensis apr. reflexa Schneid. tomentella Bur. & TF Loganiaceae 245 Buddleia japonica Hemsl. Verbenaceae 253 Callicarpa nraldiana Hesse japonica Thunb. longifolia Lam, _~ Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb. Solanaceae 256 yerum hahniufolium Mail pallidum Miers * Collected from Wild Plants. Var. & Zuce. ranch. Rubiaceae 270 Cephalanthus occidentalis LL. Caprifoliaceae 271 Diervilla rivularis Gatt. Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. Lonicera denussa Rehd. dioeca L.. Ferdinandi F1 — Maackit Maxin muscaviensis Rel rd. prolifera Rehd. quinquelocularis Hardy syringantha Maxim, Webbiana Wall. xvlosteum L. Sambucus canadensis [L. pubens Michx. Symphoricarpus albus (1..) Blake mosus Michx. ) Chenaultii: Rehd. Tace- Viburnum *acerifolum L. alnifolium Marsh. burejaeticum Reg. & Herd. cassinoides cotinifolium D. Don dasyanthum Rehd. *dentatum L. dilatatum_ ~ Thunb. lobophyiam Graebn. molle Mic Opulus i” Opulus xanthocarpum Indl. yubescens var rhytidophyllum Hemsl. scabrellum Chapm. Sieboldi Mig. Wrighti Maiq. . affine Rehd. Weigela oe ida Sieb variegata japonica DC. SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS Aralia *hispida Vent. Arenaria caroliniana Walt. Arisae ‘riphylium (1:)) Schott Aster patens Ait. spectabilis Ait. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Bi Cassia Chamaecrista L. Chelone glabra L. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell, Gicuta maculata L. Cirsium “lanceolatuna (le) Elilk. Clintonia *borealis (Ait.) Raf. _optis *trifolia (L.) Salisb Dodecatheon Me: udia LL. * Collected from Wild Plants. Eupatorium perfohatum L. purpureum L. Geranium maculatum L. Ge lvale Heleniun Saeeate Te Helianthus decapatalus L. Hibisct Ree ae Is Hypericum canadense L. Tis *versicolor L, Tiatris scariosa Willd. Lobelia siphilitica L. Lysimachia terrestris--Gix) vee tS a Kcanadense Desf Medeola *virginiana L, m canadense Jacq. ICG nyt. Vat. ESIiica Boe Mitchella ‘Tre peris’ ls Monarda hstilosa L. Oenothera fruticosa [.. Potentilla tridentata Ait. Prunella vulgaris 1. Pyrola *rotundifolia Man. Rhexia eee [os Sagittai e latifoli . Willd. Sanguisorba canadensis [. Scrophularia marilandica L. Sericocarpus linaritfolus ( Silene stellata L.) BSP Cli ett, Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mull, Snulacina *racemosa (L.) Desf. — ciliatum (1.) laf. ee virginiana (L.) Pers. Vhalictrum *dioicum LL. VTrillit seer eee Willd. RS Vernonia novebo aCCHSsIS Willd. Zizia aurea (LL.) Noch. cordata (Walt.) DC. Address requests for | * Collected from Wild Plants. seeds Pa n 10 before March 1, 1939 to SEED EXCHANGE, Jotanic Garden, ) W ashington Avenue, U.S — =) ) Brookty n, The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES CHAIRMAN -EDWARD C. BLUM First Vice-PRresipENt SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT CHARLES PRATT TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY JAMES G. McDONALD, Ex officio WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE PRESIDENT, THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES MES G. McDONALD, LL.D THE FoLttowinc OFFICIALS OF THE CITY OF New York THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS ~ GENER IN FORMATION u yey, Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Gabler. 1000 Washington pe dee Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. T NIc GARDEN is open free to ue pees daily from § a.m. until dusk; on Sundays aid Holidays it is open a ces.—On Flatbush Avenue re Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect Ree on Washington Aeere south of Eastern Far vay and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum he street: cou ante to the Laboratory Bee is at 1000 Weshineion Avenue, opposite Crown docent may be obtai ned. This service is free ue chara: to members of the Bota We arden; to others ers is a charge of 50 cents per person. rrangements must be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one day in advance. No parties o i than six adults will be conducted. E EN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Seuboay to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn tion Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, or Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Sterlin la Washington Avenue; Union eet or Vanderbilt Avenue trolley to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. By Auromosite from points on Long Is take Eastern y t and turn left at Washington Avenue; Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. POR LAN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS Hae papers, and notes saiceming Cauca progress and e vents. as to m bers of the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. — Circulates in 39 countri MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Behe in 47 countries. Vo . Dedication Papers: 33 scientific papers oe at the dedication of the eestor, building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50, plus Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part t Th vegetation of Montauk: ‘A study of Brissland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. $1.00, plus p Volum ot “Vestn o aout Desert Island, Mae and its environ- ment. ce pare gton Moo d Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60. ee RU ORS Established 1911, eae originally published in periodicals, reissued as “ separates ” without change of pa ing. 25 numbers con- stitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.0 oluiee ” Cregened in 34 countries. No. 80. a eS ot resistance to He and covered smuts in Markton oat hybrids. 17 pages. 1938 No. 8&1. fides: a resistance to loose and covered smuts in oat hybrids. 10 a ae 0. es ae imoculation studies on races of the loose and covered cots of Ook 13 p 1938. No. 83. te of the Galapagos and Gains Islands. 31 pages. 1938. No, 84, Influence of the growth of the host on oat smut development. 24 pages. ae N, The ener gence of smut-inoculated oat seedlings ee sand and loam i ° pages. 1938. PILES: Established, April 10, 1913. Published ea or biweekly during Papi May, June, Septembe er, and October. The pur of the Leaflets is primari ily. to give announcements Sree flowering and ther plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers an others. Free to members of the arden, To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 countries. Temporarily discontinued since 1936. IDES to the oe gee and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issue numbers of the Recorp; see above. : ae No. 5. The ae oe 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 c a - No. 6. lapaiase pete trees .(Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. = sae 4 Gui Ont. ) of our boulders: ee geology Bh, ue Brooklyn Bhiaue Gopi 22 eee Price, 35 cen ail, 40 c Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. 8 eae oe a cents. By mail, 40 cents. . SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminuwm) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Recorp. Cir culation includes 1 botanic gardens and institutions located in 40 countrie LOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in 1 codperation with the pea SociETY oF AMERICA. up CaO $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 cou : GE nee Established, poenuaty, 1916. Bimonthly: Sup crite: $6.00 a year, "Creilates in 37 countrie BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVIII APRIL, 1939 NO. 2 CONTAINING THE TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1938 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE O S AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de TUniversité eta Curator of Plants WILLIAM E. JORD B.S., Libraria EORGE M. REED, Ph.D., ae of Plant Pal thology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D, Curator of the Herbarium MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Assistant Curator of Elementary apron Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and a Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, ae Landscape Archite RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Int restigator (Economic Plants MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instr uctor t 7 1 0 lants WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant LSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor MARY-ELIZABETH PIERCE, M.A., Ber barium Assistant G ant L. GORDON UTTE : |. HILDA VII aero A. M., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant RIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOF FEL BANTA, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian HELEN E. BENNETT, Stenographer URA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY THE BRooKkLYN BoTANIc GARDEN, established in 1910, isa De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about $253,000) has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. The needs of the Garden for private funds for all purposes, are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of [ducation. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1, Annual member saci ecavecacsusdesds $ 10 pe SUSAN Member os 54x snow vee was : 20 Orel AIOE Yo wien od aadad Seen exes 500 4. Permanent member ................. 2,500 © GNU sotcttoyeceniacvnscecwes ee 10,000 Or, PANO a f Fic. 4. Japanese-American (Castanea crenata * C. dentata) chestnut hybrid (H86-31). This tree was a nut in 1931 and is, therefore, now (October 2, 1938) at the end of its 7th season of growth. Height 24 feet; diameter at 5p the emergence of smut-inoculated oat seedlings through sand and loam soil has been published. Mr. Bernard A. Friedman, a graduate student in New York University, has enrolled for the research course in plant pathology. He has undertaken a study of the soft rot of Witloof chicory. This plant product is imported in considerable quantities from Belgium and, frequently, parts of the shipments are more or less injured by a soft rot. The bacterial organism causing it is closely related, at least, to the one which causes the soft rot of the iris. CHESTNUT BREEDING WorK IN 1938 By ArtHUR HAaRMOUNT GRAVES The aim of this project is to develop, by breeding, a type of chestnut tree suitable for replacing the now practically extinct American chestnut, Castanea dentata. Since this species has been virtually wiped out through the attack of the parasitic fungus, Endothia parasitica, the new chestnut must be resistant to the at- tacks of this fungus; and since the American chestnut was a timber tree, the new chestnut must also be of a type suitable for timber. In 1930 we began crossing the American species with the Japanese, the latter being more or less resistant to the fungus, but unfortunately a comparatively low-growing tree and therefore not suitable for timber. Since then we have also made many hybrids of the American and the Chinese species, the latter being the most resistant of all the species that are growing on our planta- tions; but, again, a tree of small stature. As fast as we can we are continuing the breeding of all our types in successive genera- tions. There are at least three main specifications indicated for the new chestnut type: (1) Disease resistance; (2) Tall, erect form: (3) Vigorous (rapid) growth. I am pleased to be able to report that we already have the second and third characters and part of the first (see fig. 4). To develop a type of greater blight re- sistance, two or three more generations (perhaps 10 years) may base, 6.5 inches. The man is 6 feet tall. This hybrid shows the form suitable for producing timber. It has been little pruned; the habit is therefore natural. Being somewhat susceptible to the blight (as shown i inoculation tests) it is being crossed with very resistant Chinese individual 56 be required. This year we have made a special effort to increase yy crossing — the blight resistance of our Japanese-American hybrids our most resistant Japanese and Chinese indi- — them again with viduals. We have continued our method of testing each indi- vidual by inoculating it with the blight. Assistance and Cooperation of Institutions and Individuals.— The cordial interest and real assistance offered by many individuals and institutions have been indeed encouraging. For the third year im succession we were awarded a grant-in-aid from the National Academy of Sciences, through the National Research Council at Washington, D.C. In addition, the Division of Forest Pathology of the U. S. D. A. helped us financially during the summer. Through the continued cooperation of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station at New Haven, Conn., Mr. C. Edward Behre, Director, we were given the services of a young forester, Mr. Ed Mish, of the Yale School of Forestry, during the flowering season of the chestnuts, in June and July. On December 30, 1938, we were awarded a grant-in-aid by the vancement of Science to assist in a ery American Association for the Ac our work for 1939, Pollen of the chestnut was received from the following insti- tutions or persons, whose cooperation we take pleasure in acknowl- edging : June 22. From Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C., through Mr. R. B. Clapper. Pollen of Castanea ozarkensis, Ashei, alabaimensis, imargaretta, and dentata (F.P. 555) June 23. From T. V. A., Norris, Tenn., through Mr. J. McDaniel. Pollen of C. dentata “* Seymour ”’ - P55 - C. dentata “Tait,” La Sueur hybrid (C. pumila x C. den- fata), and C. crenata (S.P. 541). June 24. From Division of Forest Pathology, U. 5S. D. A., Washington, D. C., through Mr. R. B. Clapper, pollen of C. dentata (F.P. 555), Boone (C. crenata x C. dentata) and Marron (C. sativa)—the last two from Arlington, Va. From Dr. W. C. Deming, Litchfield, Conn. Pollen of a valuable individual of Castanea mollissima, — par ar i < (o,2) oy, July 11. From Mr. Alfred J. Frueh, West Cornwall, Conn. Pollen of C. dentata. July 18. From T. V. A., Norris, Tenn., through Mr. J. C. Mc- Daniel. Pollen of C. mollissima (S.P. 686). Besides the above sources of C. dentata pollen, I bagged some roadside shoots in the town of North Haven, Conn. (as I had done for the past two years) and also, on July 10, secured a good quantity from roadside shoots on the property of Mrs. J. A. Burden, Jr., Syosset, Long Island. Some of our trees raised from nuts from Portland, Maine, and planted in the spring of 1926, were yielding pollen, and this also was used. Summary of New Hybrids —During 1938, 11 new hybrid types resulted from our pollination work. Since many of our earlier hybrids were new, any crosses made with them are necessarily themselves new. We have now made, in all, 43 new combinations of Castanea. We are not, however, striving to make as many new combinations as possible ; we are only trying to reach our goal through several different routes. During 1938 we secured 936 nuts (that is, 930 potential hybrid trees) from the different crosses made at Hamden in 1938. Following is a table (p. 58) showing the growth, in recent years, of a few of our best hybrids. Cooperative Plantings —The number of hybrids is growing at such a rapid rate (704 hybrid nuts last year and 930 this year) that there is no longer room to set out all of the young trees on our own plantations at Hamden. Therefore, in 1938, we entered on a system of cooperative plantings, and in accordance with this plan sent 276 of our 1938 hybrid nuts to Dr. W. W. Herrick, who has a large farm at Sharon, Conn. The trees on Dr. Herrick’s land will be in charge of his gardener, Mr. Adolph Anderson, and will be inspected by us occasionally and used for further breeding or for propagation whenever we think it is advisable. A similar arrangement was made with the New Haven Water Company, through Prof. Ralph C. Hawley of the Yale School of Forestry. 323 of our 1938 hybrid nuts were given to Mr. Frank Stowe, foreman in charge of the grounds at the Maltby Lakes region. The remainder of the hybrids were planted in our cold frames at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 58 TABLE SHOWING GROWTH OF A FEW Best HyBRIDS Number, Height and year Name when nut was 1936 1937 1938 produced ft. in, t. in. | ft. in, Hammond—er re eae ce gs ane ena eS 77, (C. crenata XC. dentata) XC. dentata.. 0. oe eee 4 (C. crenata X C. dentata) XC. mollissima.. 0.0.0 ee 5 (Grerenata ><. dentata) XCesatuG.. 2. h.cccek pe ee 1 (C. crenata XC, dentata) XC. Segutnit. 00 ne I (C. crenata X C. dentata) X(C. crenata KC. dentata).............. 100 (C. crenata XC. dentata) X (C. mollissimaX C, Seoul) eiksn ue ees 1 C. Genial KC. GPONGIO sci ken arch anus ey ee oe ke Ga PER A 1 C. dentata XC. mollisstma. o.oo eee nee 14 Co dentaia x “SB ab bie bok weed hg abe ee dae OG Ge wa ce BG a a 13 C. mollissima & Cy crendt@. 0 ee 4 C. mollissima XC. dentatd. oe 41 C. mollissima var. Mammoth XC, dentata... 0.0000 ee 11 C. mollissima XC. Seguinti 0 eee 4 Comollassimd <"S8 s 4.6 6 haoheies 34 irk Lo eee eee rears 3 C. mollissima X (C, crenata X C. dentata) . 87 (C. mollissima& C. pumila) X C. dentata . 9 (C. mollissimaX C, crenata) XC. sattva oe 3 (C. mollissima XC. Seguintt) XC, — god duh SAUER ated Garten 8 (C. mollissima XC. Seguinit) XC. sativa... ee I (C. mollissima X C. Seguinii) X (C. ee XC. Seguinit).. 0... 2 PO oe Ce CRONOL Od 2 oo hte pee Sok aha Pee. erin ee BO yee Fo hh ogres 13 “S8°XC. cme Behe BG es he ae Pan es ea gee ek ae ae 17 MESS TORS GON Aas 26 din ad oe a Ie ee ee EE pe ae 16 “SBC ike La Gee e Meena Eh ee eee us eae aes 9 olliss “S8"X< (CL crenata moe dentata) a in kk aa ernie atta enn da hae 6 Seedlings from “open pollinations” ...........0.. 00.000 eee 213 Chinese and Japanese seedlings (approximately)............... 500 TOtAl ss hawasy ah Mase dane eee bates ee eee teen pe 1850 Respectfully submitted, ArTHUR H. GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY The Classification of Dicotyledons ALFRED GUNDERSEN Additional color studies of floral development 11 x 16 inches were completed by Miss Maud H. Purdy, so that we now have ten, representing the genera Wagnolia, Nyinphaca, Helianthemum, Gordonia, Lagerstroemia, Portulaca, Primula, Campsis, Cam- panula and Iris. Studies of flower structures and placentation have been continued. In large part these have been made with a fourteen power lens in the Garden during the spring months; in special cases higher powers have been used. 61 Placentae : Separate Upper part of Ovary: Lower part of Ovary: SHORTIA Dictamnus Feigoa Placentae united 4 < > MM Bup: carpels Separate CENTRADENIA PR y <= nm Tt -> Carpels more STELLARIA Fic. 5. Structure of ovaries in flower-buds and flowers, with special reference to the attachment of the ovules (placentation), For explanation 62 The general subject is illustrated on the preceding page. In the upper figure we see the upper and lower parts of the ovary of Shortia galacifolia (Diapensiaceae) and Feijoa Sellowiana (Myr- faceaec). In each case the upper part shows parietal, the lower part axile placentation. This is analogous to the situation in syinpetaly, where the separate tips of the corolla represent the primitive condition. The middle figure illustrates Dictammnus albus and Centradenia floribunda, We see the carpels are more nearly separate in the bud, more or less fused in the adult. In the lower figure the development of placentation in Stellaria media is shown, essentially parietal at first, gradually fusing to central placentation. Finally, after fertilization, the upper part of the axis disappears. In October, 1923, in a Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflet, I stated, “ With the carpels closed to form a compound pistil, the ordinary axile placentation results. Parietal placentation as in rockrose, violet and poppy, and central placentation as in pink and primrose, are probably derived forms,” again in October, 1925, “The probable direction of evolution in flowering plants may be briefly summarized: axile placentation to parietal or central.” Some time later a discussion with Dr. P. A. Rydberg caused me to doubt the above conclusions and to begin a study of the subject of placentation. Gradually it became clear that prevailing views had been mistaken, and also that application of placentation to the classification of dicotyledons in various respects simplifies the system. Hutchinson stated in 1926, * The parietal type of placen- tation generally preceded the axile, basal or apical types, the axile being the final and most efficient condition.” But little application of this principle appears to have been made in Hutchinson's book on Dicotyledons, as when he derives Liythrales, Geraniales, and Gentianales from Caryophyllales. The Caryophyllaceae appear to have had a better position in the old systems, namely near Mrank- eniaceae. In the Hutchinson system, however, numerous groups with parietal placentation just follow A/agnoliales. With these groups might well be joined IRhoeadales, Violales, and other orders from the herbaceous side of his system of classification ; and similarly in other cases, by uniting along various lines Hutchin- ’ son's groups “ arborescent ” and * herbaceous,” we believe a more 63 natural classification results, and one much less different from other systems. The following summary is from an article soon to appear: 1—In many characters, such as sympetaly, zygomorphy, and epigyny, the study of floral deve elopment confirms accepted views of phylogeny. 2—Flowers with parietal placentation are similar in the bud and in the adult form, but those with axile placenta- tion usually have a beginning of parietal placentation in the bud. —In the classification of dicotyledons, groups with parietal placentation, such as Cacti (Opuntiales), Violets and their rela- tives (Parietales), Poppies and their relatives (Papaverales), should be placed together early in the system as relatively primi- tives groups. Eleocharis and Field Work By Henry K. Svenson The extensive work on Eleocharis, which I began about ten years ago, has now been completed. This group of sedges com- prises about 150 species. These are of world-wide occurrence (chiefly in the tropics, but about 80 species are known in the United States and Mexico), among them being such important economic species as the Chinese water-chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis). A number of tropical species are useful to primitive people in making mats, raincoats, and other clothing. In the course of this work I have consulted (often at great length) the important botanical publications of practically every country in the world, have borrowed or seen material from virtually every large herbarium collection in this country, and have personally seen many of the prominent collections in Europe. This problem has brought the Brooklyn Botanic Garden into direct mutual rela- tionship with botanists and museum directors in Australia, Japan, India, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greenland, Uruguay, and the larger countries of Europe and South America; I doubt if con- tacts of a permanent nature could be established more readily than through the study of a single group of plants of world-wide dis- tribution. A general biological paper on geographic distribution and the problem of species (as shown by Eleocharis) I expect to complete during 1939. 64 The summer of 1938 was spent in field-work in Tennessee and adjoming states, large collections being made on the Cumberland Plateau and in the oak barrens of Middle Tennessee, chiefly in Coffee and Franklin Counties. The collection of material for our herbarium (about S000 specimens) will serve as the basis (in ad- dition to previous work) for an annotated discussion of the plants of Tennessee, an area now undergoing extensive changes owing to the building of great dams in the valley of the Tennessee River by the Tennessee Valley Authority (the so-called T. V. A.) of the Federal Government. In addition to herbarium material assem- bled for permanent records a large number of photographs were taken in natural color. For help during this field work I have been especially indebted to Dr. H. M. Jennison, of the University of Tennessee and Botanist for the Great Smoky Mountains Na- tional Park; to Dr. J. M. Shaver, of Peabody College, an authority on the vegetation of the Nashville area; and to Dr. Roland M Harper, of the State Geological Survey of Alabama. In addition to routine work, I am engaged in a survey of the vegetation of the valley of the Batavia Kall in the northern Cat- skill Mountains; in identification of sedges from temperate and tropical America; and in the preparation of a flora of Cocos Island. GENETICS Eeavpertmental Variation in Nephrole pis By Ratpi C. BENEDICT The Nephrolepis collections have been maintained, both as a record of research carried on and published here at the Garden, and as a basis for further research. Early in 1938, Dr. A. F. Blakeslee suggested the institution of experimental work on ferns — with colchicine. Dr. Blakeslee and associates at Cold Spring Harbor have been obtaining some significant results with this chemical on flowering plants, liverworts, and other groups. of plants. The use of colchicine as a means of artificially inducing varia- tion in plants has opened up a very pronusing line of investigation which holds considerable possibilities of practical value as well as scientific interest. This chemical has been shown to have the 65 effect of causing doubling of the number of chromosomes, thus resulting in what are called tetraploid varieties. The Boston Fern group of variant forms or “ sports” holds unusual possibilities for this line of experimentation, both because of their known extra- ordinary capacity for vegetative variation, and because positive results with colchicine may be expected to lead to the formation of spore-fertile types from varieties which now can be reproduced only from runners. The preliminary experiments carried on during 1938, both at the Botanic Garden, and at Brooklyn College, seem already to have shown positive results. During 1939, the writer hopes to be able to complete one or two extensive series of colchicine tests as a basis for publication. If possible, arrangements will be made for a leave of absence from college teaching during the latter half of the year, for this purpose, both in the investigation of the effect of colchicine on ferns in general, and in the further study of the behavior of any new varieties which may result. A program of research in the fundamentals of variation and heredity lasting years 1s here indicated. Economic PLANTS By Ratepu H. CHENEY 1. As a part of the general investigation of the taxonomy and flavor qualities of beverage plants, a collection of herbarium speci- mens was made of the species and varieties of the Mints which are grown and used in eastern Massachusetts. Photographs were made of the living plants. 2. A study of the microstructural changes caused by the plant purine, caffeine, was made during the summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 3. The variation in the blood sugar in man was determined after the consumption of caffeine per se and of the coffee beverage. 66 REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR 1938 To THE DIRECTOR: T submit herewith my report of the work of this department for the year 1938. GARDEN ATTENDANCE A slight increase in general attendance at the Garden during the year 1938 1s shown in the subjoined table. During the week-end April 30-May 1, more than 56,000 people (56,145) visited the Garden. The attendance at the week-end just previous, April 23-24, was more than 51,000 (51,641). Even this latter figure was considerably in excess of the largest week-end attendance in 1937, which was approximately 48,000. The total attendance for these two week-ends (April 23-24 and April 30-May 1) was therefore more than 107,000 people. The marvelously beautiful display of Japanese cherry blossoms along ‘* Cherry Walk” was doubtless the chief occasion of these record attendances. These flowers, by-the-way, arrived this year at least a week earlier than their usual time. Conservatories —The attendance at the conservatories, 145,015, showed a slight increase over that of 1936 (140,011), but was not as large as that of 1935 (154,659). (In 1937, attendance records at the conservatories were deficient because extensive repairs necessitated closing them to the public much of the time.) How- ever, for the month of April the total conservatory attendance was 30,572, which is, I believe, the highest monthly figure ever re- corded. The previous high record of 30,262, for April, 1934, was thus bettered. Attendance at Classes and Lectures——The combined attendance at classes and lectures held at the Garden was 72,294. This total is smaller than last year for several reasons. The attendance at classes for adults has hitherto been notably increased by teachers taking work for professional advancement to meet the require- ments of the Board of Education. At present fewer new teachers are being taken into the school system, and, therefore, there are fewer enrollments in professional advancement courses. Also, more professional advancement courses are being given by the regular personnel of the schools. 67 There is every evidence that more school classes visited the Garden in 1938 than in previous years, but the registered attend- ance has been less because many of these classes have been brought by WPA guides, and no plan had been worked out in advance, nor during the year, for securing the attendance figures of these classes. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DuRING 1938 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July At regular classes... 634 1,179 3,710 3,311 2,419 2,923 4,180 At visiting classes... 450 430 2,171 5,760 14,882 3,740 46 At lectures to children......... 180 180 1,295 3,069 5,612 1,366 23 Atlecturestoadults. 412 25 120 166 576 0 55 At conservatories...10,150 5,929 12,502 30,572 23,384 10,324 9,931 At grounds.... 65,659 64,831 135,088 331,095 240,781 184,869 162,589 Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. © Dec. Totals At regular classes......... 4,200 2,669 1,875 3,011 2,551 32,662 At visiting classes........ 102 239 5,759 4,016 2,037 39,632 At lectures to children... .. 16 66 2,854 2,137 1,037 17,835 At lectures to adults...... 86 450 15 6,000 0 7,905 At conservatories......... 8,802 9,169 10,176 6,566 7,510 145,015 ATCCOUDGS mayan arena a ee 159,043 138,651 64,016 112,589 66,908 1,726,119 ADULT COURSES New Courses Offered in 1938—* Planning and Planting the Small Place” was the title of a course of five lectures on Wed- nesdays at 11, Jan. 12 to Feb. 9, conducted by Mr. Montague Free. Miss Helen Swift Jones, member of the American Society of Landscape Architects, was the guest speaker. Dr. Gundersen gave a course of 3 lectures in March on the general subject of the interdependence of plants and animals in evolution. About 70 people elected the course. I conducted a new course entitled “Walks and Talks in the Botanic Garden,” consisting of trips about the Garden to see its plan and the various special gardens when the latter were at their most attractive phase. An advanced course in ‘‘ Spring Garden Work,” consisting of six demonstration- 68 lectures, accompanied by practical work in the greenhouses, was offered on Fridays, Feb. 18 to March 25, with Miss Margaret M. Dorward the instructor. At the request of several teachers and — others interested in the taxonomy of seed plants, Miss Rusk or- ganized a course of 15 weeks duration, mecting at the Garden Saturday mornings, commencing November 5. Other Courses Conducted by Members of this Department—In addition to those already noted under “ new courses ” the following courses, announced in the Prospectus, were conducted by members of this department : 1. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Given, as usual, on Saturday afternoons in the spring and fall by Miss Vilkomerson and myself, 2. Medicinal Plants and General Botany in Relation to Medi- cine—This course, for student nurses, was conducted for the 12th consecutive year, the enrollment being, Kings County Hospital (spring) 56, (fall) 103; Prospect Heights Hospital (fall) 11; and St. Johns Hospital (fall) 32, making a total for the year of 202. Kings County is the only one of these three hospitals which admits students in the spring as well as in the fall, so that the spring class consists of Kings County Hospital students only. The fall students, 146 in all, were divided into 3 groups of about 50 each, which met at the Garden on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday mornings through October, November, and part of De- — cember. 3. Beginning with the new school year in the fall, Miss Rusk conducted her course in General Botany from the standpoint of “adult education,” rather than that of a college course, and from a cultural rather than technical point of view. 4. Flowering Plants: Field and Laboratory Study.—During the first half of the year, Miss Rusk continued with this course which rad commenced the previous fall. 5 & 6. During the spring Miss Rusk conducted a Field Class in Native Wild Flowers for seven weeks, and in the fall, a similar class for six weeks. Total Adult Registration —The total number of adults regis- tered in our courses in 1938 was 761, a five per cent. decrease from the registration in 1937, which was 802. A possible explanation 69 of this decrease may be found in the increasing variety of subjects now being offered throughout the city, for adult education. This rapidly expanding field results, naturally, in greater competition with our own activities. — LEcTURES AND Trips ror HicH ScHOOL SCIENCE CLUBS OR CLASSES On January 17 we mailed out to the high schools of Greater New York the following announcement : BrooKkityn Botanic GARDEN Offers to High School Science Clubs or Classes 1. Lectures illustrated with Lantern Slides 2. Conservatory Trips with Explanatory Talks 3. Outdoor Trips in the Garden, with Explanatory Talks 1, Lectures (to be given either at the Garden or at the School) Wild flowers (spring, early summer, fall) Wild berries and other fruits Famihar ferns Our common broad-leaved trees Our common evergreen trees Garden flowers Showy fruits of garden plants Seaweeds (for small classes: illustrated by specimens only ; no slides Common food plants Useful plants other than food plants Mushrooms and toadstools Control of plant diseases Plant propagation Reproduction in plants Variation and evolution in plants Plant breeding Breeding disease-resistant chestnut trees Conservation of plants—including forestr Plant SenEIEEGA in relation to habitat (ecology ) = 5 tab) — (S) Coats It is suggested that, when lectures are given at the Botanic Garden, they be combined with trips that cover a related field. 70 2. Conservatory Trips Economic plants Plant propagation Variation and evolution Plant specialization in relation to habitat 3. Outdoor Trips in the Botanic Garden (May through November only ) Spring wild flowers fall wild flowers and fruits Common broad-leaved trees Common evergreen trees Garden flowers or frt Gardens within a gar ree the plan of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Story of ee plant development (trip through the Systematic Section ) Plant societies (tri » through Local Flora Area) a in the ee lyn Botanic Garden (Glacial history e Long eres region). This trip is offered for any er of the All classes must : accompanied by their own teachers. As a result of this circular, classes from eleven different high schools, totalling nearly 1000 pupils (956), visited the Garden for lectures and trips—this in spite of the facts that the time schedules for high school work and the distance of many of the schools from the Garden make planned group visits a very difficult prob- The following High Schools sent groups to the Garden for — lem. instruction! Abraham Lincoln Erasmus Hall Alexander Hamilton Franklin kK. Lane Bayside Girls Commercial Bishop Loughlin Memorial Haaren Brooklyn High School for Homemaking High School of Music and Art Curtis (Staten Island) The trip of the Abraham Lincoln High School pupils (Dr. Lloyd A. Rider, Chairman, Biology Department) might serve as a model for that kind of work. The staff of the biology depart- ment visited the Garden about two weeks before the trip was to be held, and after a conference with me, made a tour of the 71 Garden, going over every detail of the proposed trip. This included the Japanese Garden, Rose Garden, Wild Flower Garden, Systematic Section, Rock Garden and Boulders, Children’s Garden, Experimental Garden, Water Gardens and Laboratory Plaza. As a result of this preliminary visit, a mimeographed questionnaire was prepared by the school. Each pupil, on entering the Garden, was handed this sheet and was required to answer the questions. On arrival at the Garden, on Saturday morning, May 7, the pupils, 300 in all, were divided into 10 groups, ee in charge of one of their own instructors. Members of our department were stationed at important points to explain special features. At the close of their trip through the Garden they assembled in our auditorium, where I gave an illustrated lecture on the topic “Conservation of Plants,” and “ Forestry.” As an illustration of the popularity of the Garden at this period of the year (May), I enumerate here the different groups that were being conducted on this particular morning: Class from Brooklyn College, Class from the City College, Girl Scouts, Class of Biology Teachers, Abraham Lincoln High School (Biology Department), 300 pupils d —_— STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE 1938 Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) OMe Oats Com Clits canst scot Soa el Gh oh Se wt aon eet oe ee ed 24 Not Oteteachenrstinvolvedieac: Ahh tn doce ni nl ee ae 5) OlasPupils sattencl 1 See, eee sae: cis, n cs see erates cae Te 5,249 Material Supplied Total number of requests from schools ........ 02... ccc eee eee 540 Number of different institutions ........... 0.0.00 0c eee eee 168 High Schools and High School Annexes Broolklyiie (@hotalt@Nion 39) ost... 2 scia ake tee eee 23 @ueens= @Lotal NOs) s 2 n5.:3- csc ee ee 9 Manhattan @hotal@Nioeg3)o 6.55... fate ne aay eee 13 Other Boroughs (Total No. 24) .................... 8 Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn 25) ............ 8 Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn 7) ......... 8 Elementary Schools Brooklyn otal uNio; 240) tice. dente euhinn eee 61 Oireeiss CUotaleNo, 149) 2. wi be ee ae re ee 1 Manhattan @hotales Nor 27) 4; «cts ston tcaes ecco nes 1 Other Boroughs (Total No. 149) ...............00e: 5 72 Private and Parochial Schools ......... 0.0... 0.00000 ee 16 Other InstitutiOns: sis05 5234 dno e ss wusdeste oleae oGl90 Ge eee ares 15 Number of potted plants for nature study ................005. 2,259 Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar ............ 1,599 Total number of teachers supplied with material .............. 2,888 Total number of pupils reached ............0..0 0000. c eee eee 159,441 Living Plants Placed in School Rooms ING: Of SChOOIS: 4 Se aio. katie Raed de HE Oe ETA eRe Nea 28 NG: OF Plant? secipieuds Sh wa ewes sean eee Shad Meta wae eae 334 No. of teachers involved ........... 00000. ee eee eee 567 No. of pupils reached ......... 00000000 cece cece eens 24,171 Plants Distributed (Raised in Classes) 2.0.0.0... 0.0 ccc cece eee 41,846 o. of persons taking plants 22. ... 0.0... c cee ce ee ee eens 1,643 Total number of schools represented ...........00 0000 e eee eee 142 Seed Packets for Children NOs OL SCMOOIS os i retaact tue Acie antet teh a tee ao eal eee ane cece 513 ING: OT TEACHERS: 2i5532t58 dace civag Sein ness pene maaan ss 7,705 NOs SOL OUPIIS) cites cop ected a ecapaeicen tee o oudae a bes See eee 310,662 PGE UE OG as a yer e ye MEd wh Mca eee ene ee es 931,724 Exhibits Provided NiO, OF CRDIDINS. ‘pase ceyenda aamcaeies oeeedanis ase saddetae eta bene as 4 IE Te ec eoe a canes ade hac eaenie pucee en ondw anes 130,400 FLower Days The following Flower Days were held in 1938: — Tuesday, June 7. Eleventh Annual Rose Garden Day. Speaker: Mrs. Frederick Love Keays, author of “ Old Roses.” Topic: Old Fashioned Garden Roses. Tuesday, September 27. Herb Garden Day. Formal exercises to celebrate the opening of the new Herb Garden. Speakers and topics: Mrs. Hollis Webster, Lexington, Mass. Director, Herb Society of America. “ Culinary Herbs.” Frederick Schroeder, Ph.G., M.D., FLALC.P., Brooklyn. Long Island College of Medi- Medicinal Herbs in Modern Medi- _. cine, “* The [importance of cine.” Because of the rather disastrous effects of the heavy rains in late September, it was decided to omit the usual Fall Rose Garden — Day. ve Witp FLower Trip FoR NATURE LOVERS On Friday, May 20, a delightful sail up the Hudson River to Indian Point, near Peekskill, on the steamer “ Peter Stuyvesant ” was taken by members of garden clubs and their friends, and by nature lovers in general. The trip was organized by the Hudson River Day Line. During the sail up the river, Dr. R. C. Benedict, Resident Investigator at the Garden, gave a talk on native wild flowers and ferns, and exhibits of living and dried plant. speci- mens were available for inspection. On arrival at Indian Point, after an interval allowed for luncheon, various groups were or- ganized for the study of wild flowers, ferns, trees and shrubs, and birds. About 150 persons took the trip. The following guides were present from the Garden: Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Dr. Arthur H. Graves, Dr. Alfred Gundersen, Miss Hester M. Rusk, Miss Hilda Vilkomerson. Pusiicity AND EprrortAL Work As usual, we have continued to send, at intervals of one or two weeks, items for release to the Associated Press, metropolitan newspapers, and horticultural journals. Such items are for the purpose of keeping the public informed about flower displays, rare plants in bloom, forthcoming lectures, classes, exhibits, field trips, activities of staff members, etc. As evidence of the publicity thus obtained, we received 1079 clippings from various sources, as against 1082 in 1937. Schedules of broadcasts over various stations by our personnel, from January to June inclusive and from July to December, were prepared, printed, and issued to members of the Garden and others Programs of our adult classes offered to the public and to Garden members were prepared, printed, and issued in April and Sep- tember. Schedules of regular and visiting classes, and other ap- pointments, were mimeographed each week throughout the school year, and distributed to members of the staff. The annual Pros- pectus of classes, lectures, and other educational advantages of- fered to members and to the general public, was prepared and issued as the October number of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp. I continued to serve as Editor of the Plant Section of 3 M, As 7 a Fa ie SF os A Sad ed lants. p Garden for outdoor study of Classes from Public School 44, Richmond (Staten Island), visiting the Botanic 75 General Biology for Biological Abstracts and, as usual, have had general editorial supervision of the Contributions of the Garden. I have also continued to serve (since 1933) as a member of the Council of the Torrey Botanical Club. OruerR ActTIvVITIES oF DEPARTMENT MEMBERS ce In May Miss Rusk spent four days at the “wild garden” of the Litchfield Garden Club, making a partial list of the plants there. In June she attended the summer meeting of the Botanical Society of America at Ottawa, Ontario, and collected plants there for the Garden herbarium. Throughout the year she served on the Local Flora Committee of the Torrey Botanical Club, attending monthly meetings for the study and mapping of certain groups of plants. She also served as librarian of the American Fern Society, whose library is deposited here at the Botanic Garden. Throughout the year much of my spare time has been spent in furthering the work on our chestnut project, namely the develop- ment of a disease-resistant chestnut of a type suitable for timber. In this work I have had the able assistance of Miss Rusk and Miss Vilkomerson. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS The “ Exhibit of the Week” feature was continued through the year, and was in charge of Miss Vilkomerson. in 1817 (R. chinensis * dama- scena var. Four Seasons) has already been dealt with under Climbers (p. 178). So far, we have been able to obtain only a The probable origin of this grou — few varieties of Bourbon roses. They are, in the main, weak shrubs, or pillar roses. Zephirine Drouhin is one of the best i _" 1 this class. CHINA Rosks Following the Bourbons, there is a planting of a few rows of China or Bengal roses. These are probably hybrids of Rosa 189 chinensis, the Chinese Rose, and R. chinensis var. semperflorens, the Chinese Monthly Rose. The first Chinese Rose was intro- duced in England in 1789. Among the beautiful or interesting varieties of this group planted here are the following: Fabvier (1832) with semi-double, bright crimson flowers, with white markings on the petals, very cheerful, and floriferous. Hermosa (1840) double flowers of soft pink, constantly in bloom. Comtesse du Cayla (1902) is unlike any other rose. It has distinctive, beautiful foliage, and flowers of reddish orange and yellow. It sometimes dies without apparent reason. Hofgartner Kalb (1914) is almost constantly in bloom. It has deep pink flowers on a strong-growing, bushy plant, and is one of the showiest roses in the garden. Gloire des Rosomanes (1825) which has long, flexible stems, suitable for training on a pillar, is of interest as being the “‘ Ragged obin’’ much used as an understock for H. T. and Pernetiana varieties, especially in California. The Green Rose, Rosa chinensis var. viridiflora, has ugly but interesting flowers about the size of a fifty-cent piece. The petals appear as small green leaves. — TEA ROSES Following the China roses there are about fifteen rows of Tea roses. These are forms of Rosa odorata, introduced to England from China in 1810 and 1824. The first one to arrive had pink, double flowers and was followed by the double yellow. These varieties were exported to France and, as a result of cross- breeding, mainly by French growers, the race of Tea-scented roses was developed. Nicolas records that at the Roseraie de Hay, “in 1902 the class was ene by the respectable number of 1050 named varieties. . . ye history of these double flowered forms of Rosa odorata, prior to their introduction to Europe, remains obscure. ‘Tea roses, mainly because of their lack of hardiness, are not largely grown in the North. They are free bloomers but the flowers are not well displayed, as most varieties have weak pedicels which gives them a drooping appear- ance. Varieties which grow well here are: Duchesse de Brabant, Madame Antoine Mari, Harry Kirk, and Lady Hillingdon. Fic. 8. Rose Soleil d’Or. The forerunner of the Pernetianas. (6963) 191 Hysrip TEA Roses Following the Tea roses, the remaining beds on both sides of the central panel (nine in all) are planted with Hybrid Tea roses, by far the most popular group at the present time. The ancestry of this class is illustrated in the north east bed by a plant of Madame Victor Verdier (1863), representing the Hybrid Per- petuals; by a Tea rose; and by a plant of Soleil d’Or, which, crossed with Hybrid Tea varieties, gave rise to a new race, the Pernetianas, of which more will be said later. The first Hybrid Tea rose to be introduced is the variety La France (1867), originated by Guillot fils, of Lyons, France, the parentage of which was Mme. Victor Verdier (H. P.) and Mme. Bravy (T.). It has been estimated that the number of named varieties of Hybrid Tea roses at the present time is around ten — thousand. Originally the H. T.’s in this garden were planted in a chrono- logical order according to the date of their introduction. This method of planting was designed to illustrate the progress of the rose, but it is doubtful if the purpose was fully accomplished. It cannot be said that the introductions represented of any one year were a fair cross section of the roses of that year, and, more particularly, when earlier years are in question. The less de- sirable varieties pass out of commerce and out of cultivation, and the condition arises of the best varieties of earlier years coming into comparison with ‘run of the mill” varieties of recent times. As an illustration of the tendency of poor varieties to pass out of commerce, it may be mentioned that recently, in several instances, when replacements were necessary due to death of some varieties planted in 1927-28, we were unable to obtain them as they were no longer being grown commercially. Be- cause of this we no longer attempt to maintain a chronological sequence, except in the north east bed. Among the outstanding varieties as we proceed towards the pavilion are the following: Mme. Caroline Testout (1890), a pink rose used largely in street plantings in Portland, Oregon. Chateau de Clos Vougeot (1908), of peculiar, almost horizontal 192 habit of growth, whose fragrant flowers of velvety dark crimson redeem it from oblivion. Radiance (1908), whic can Rose Society a few years ago are any criterion, used to be ae 1, if symposia conducted by the Ameri- America’s favorite H. T. rose. Duchess of Wellington (1909), still one of the best of the yellow roses, in spite of its being thirty years since it was introduced. Los Angeles (1916), which Nicolas says should be pulled out of every garden and burned because it is the ‘ varieties as an uncontrollable source of “black spot’’ infection, ‘worst of all” is, strangely enough, one of our best roses, which has grown well for the past ten years. Mrs. Charles Bell (1917), a sport of Red Radiance, with globu- ar blooms of shell pink. Etoile de Hollande (1919), by many considered the best red eee Rev. F. Page-Roberts (1921), a low, spreading bush, with roses of glorious form and color (golden yellow, flushed with red) but too few of them. Mme. Léon Pain (1904), very floriferous, with fragrant, flesh- pink flowers of good form. Mrs. Lovell Swisher (1926), so far as color is concerned is just another pink rose, but its flowers are large, of good form, and — freely produced on long stems. It is a vigorous and healthy erower. Mrs. Erskine Pembroke Thom (1926) is by many considered the best yellow rose. It has done well with us. Margaret McGredy (1927) is remarkable for its gorgeous color- ing of orange vermillion, especially when it first opens. The flowers are large, the plant vigorous and almost constantly in bloom. Among the comparatively new roses, the following stand out as being thoroughly worth while, in this garden, at any rate. Leonard Barron (1931) has large, double flowers with coppery salmon centers surrounded by a collarette of shell-pink petals. Apart from being a good garden rose, it is of great interest be- cause of its ancestry. The Rev. G. M. A. Schoener, by crossing R. nutkana, a wild rose, whose range extends from Alaska to 193 Wyoming and California, with a H. P. (Paul Neyron), produced Schoener’s Nutkana. This variety was combine : Nicolas with Souvenir de Mme. Boullet, a Hybrid Tea, from which cross the rose called Leonard Barron originated. This may perhaps be considered the forerunner of a new strain of Hybrid Tea roses. Condesa de Sastago (1933). Coppery-red petals with golden- yellow reverse, fragrant and a good grower. Eclipse (1936). Slender yellow buds which have been de- scribed as ‘‘streamlined.’’ The opened flowers hold their color well. Hinrich Gaede (1931). Flowers of orange-yellow flushed with nasturtium-red. McGredy’s Yellow (1933). One of the best of the new roses, with color described as canary yellow. Signora (1934). A tall plant with long buds of burnt sienna, paling as the flower opens. Texas Centennial (1935). A sport of President Herbert Hoover, with flowers of bright red changing to deep pink. Will Rogers (1936). A man’s rose. Flowers fragrant, of rich, dark, velvety crimson. Anyone studying this group of Hybrid Teas—there are about two hundred varieties planted here—will notice several interest- ing things about them. One is the scarcity of good red and good white H. T. roses. Asa matter of fact, there is no really satisfac- tory white H. T. rose in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria (1891) has a good reputation as a white rose, but is more or less a failure with us; Mme. Jules Bouche (1911) is perhaps the best here. Another point of interest is that roses with glowing yellow and orange coloring do not appear until after the advent of the first Pernetianas in 1900. Previous to this, all the yellow coloring in H. T. varieties came, apparently, from Rosa odorata var. ochro- leuca, whose flowers are soft, pale yellow. It will be noticed that some varieties, notably Gruss an Teplitz (1897) and Ecarlate (1907), look quite different from the general run of H. T. varieties, which, although varied in size, form, and color, do have a general family resemblance. We have followed — 194 “Standardized Plant Names” in including these varieties among ‘tT ? - be the H. T.’s, although, on the basis of appearance, they should be included with either the Bourbon or China group. PERNETIANAS This strain was originated by M. Pernet-Ducher by crossing Antoine Ducher, a Hybrid Perpetual rose, with Persian Yellow, a variety of Rosa foetida. As we have not been able to find a source for Antoine Ducher, General Jacqueminot has been planted with Persian Yellow to indicate that a Hybrid Perpetual played a part in the ancestry of the Pernetianas. A result of this cross was Soleil d’Or (1900), a rose marvelous in color but of can- tankerous temperament, which amazes us by growing fairly well here. Combination of this variety and its progeny with Hybrid Tea roses gave us the Pernetianas, some of which, by reason of frequent intercrossing, are practically indistinguishable from Hybrid Teas. Because of this only the earlier introductions— Beauté de Lyon (1910) (unnamed seedling & Soleil d’Or), and Juliet (1909) (Captain Hayward X Soleil d’Or) are included in this group- the remainder of the Pernetianas being planted among the Hybrid Teas. The amalgamation of Rosa foetida with H. T. roses greatly in- creased their color range and, unfortunately, their susceptibility to leaf diseases. — DwarRF POLYANTHAS The center row of beds contains Hybrid Perpetual roses with a border of Dwarf Polyanthas. Beginning at t a" ve north end, we have R. multiflora var. and Fabvier (representing chinensis) to suggest the probable parentage of the Dwarf Polyanthas. Just how this group originated is not very clear. The probabilities are that some of them were = he result of crosses between chinensis and its varieties with multiflora forms; some are probably seed- lings of multiflora and Wichuraiana climbers (with possibly chinen- sts in their make-up), which developed a dwarf habit; and some are bud sports or mutations of climbing roses. An example of the latter mode of origin is Echo, which is a bud sport of the climbing rose Tausendschén. It is recorded that Paquerette, t — — 1e€ Fic. 9. Rose Dr. Huey on pillar. June 11. (8203) 196 first Dwarf Polyantha, was the result of a cross between R. multiflora and a double-flowered garden rose. The progeny con- tained tall and dwarf varieties—PAquerette being among the latter. Rosa foetida has been combined with the Dwarf Polyanthas in Tip Top whose parentage is Trier X Austrian Copper. Noisette influence is represented by William Allen Richardson, one of the parents of Eugenie Lamesch; and the Hybrid Teas have not been entirely left out, for Salmon Spray acknowledges a Hybrid Tea (Midnight Sun) as one parent, and Richmond, another H. T., enters into the make-up of Joseph Guy, better known in this country as Lafayette. The Dwarf Polyanthas are constantly in bloom from June until frost and in some gardens are being used to replace geraniums in bedding schemes. Their hardiness, free blossoming qualities, and the fact that they do not have to be replanted every year commend them for this purpose. Outstanding varieties are the following: Cecile Brunner, sometimes called Mignon and Sweetheart, with pale pink flowers with yellowish centers, which, in bud, are per- fect replicas in miniature of typical Tea roses. Unfortunately, it does not survive our winters any too well. Eugenie Lamesch and Leonie Lamesch, both introduced by Peter Lambert in 1899, are charming varieties with unusual and changeable coloring. The former has orange-yellow buds tinged with red. They open out to flat, double flowers, yellow in color, changing to pink with age. About 2 ft. high. Leonie Lamesch has bright coppery red flowers with golden centers. About 1 iN ee 6 in. high. Clotilde Soupert is a quaint, old-fashioned-looking rose, with very double, white flowers that have a tendency to “ball.” It is a free bloomer and we'l worth growing. About 2 ft., 6 in. high. Aennchen Miiller is one of the best of the pink Polyanthas. It has fairly large flowers produced in large clusters. About 2 ft. high. Yvonne Rabier is perhaps the best of the white Polyanthas. Its glossy, bright green foliage and compact bushy habit of growth further commend it. 197 Miss Edith Cavell has quantities of small, dark scarlet-red flowers produced over a long season. A similar variety is Ideal which has flowers that are darker and inclined to blacken in hot weather. Both varieties are strong growers—about 2 ft. high. Miss Edith Cavell is a sport of Orleans and Ideal is a sport of Miss Edith Cavell. Eblouissant is one of the dwarfest of the Polyanthas. It has dark red flowers shaded with velvety crimson, with the petals quilled like those of cactus dahlias—a fine variety. Joseph Guy (Lafayette) is noteworthy for the large size of its freely produced light crimson flowers. Many consider this the best Dwarf Polyantha. It is a strong grower. Chatillon is one of the showiest of all. It has bright pink flowers with white centers, produced in large clusters. ‘““FLORIBUNDA’’ ROSES ’ During recent years the name ‘“‘Floribunda”’ has unofficially been applied to a group of roses whose limits are somewhat nebulous. In general they are large-flowered clustered roses par- taking of the characteristics of Polyanthas and Hybrid Teas. Representatives of this group including Salmon Spray, Joseph Guy, World’s Fair, and Holstein are to be found in this garden among the Polyanthas. HyBrRiIp PERPETUALS Most rose authorities seem fairly well agreed that four roses enter into the make-up of the Hybrid Perpetuals, namely, chinen- sis, gallica, damascena, and possibly centifolia. Some rosarians believe that the last two named are derivatives of R. gallica. Representatives of these four roses are planted at the north end of the line of Hybrid Perpetual beds to indicate the ancestry of the group. The line of development, as suggested by Rehder, was probably somewhat as follows: chinensis X damascena var. (or, possibly, gallica) produced the Bourbon rose. This variety < gallica, damascena, and centifolia (all belonging in the Gallicae group) resulted in the Hybrid Bourbons, which, crossed with chinensts and its varieties, produced the Hybrid Perpetuals. During recent years the Hybrid Perpetuals, except in regions 198 having severe winters, have been almost entirely over-shadowed by the rise of the Hybrid Tea group. The result of this is that the number of H. P. varieties offered by commercial growers is greatly reduced and critical rosarians are inclined to be skeptical of the authenticity of the names of many of those that are offered. Hybrid Perpetuals are capable of giving another crop of blooms in the autumn in addition to their main display in June. Some of the newer Hybrid Perpetuals, due to admixture of Hybrid Tea blood, have everblooming tendencies. The following is a selection of H. P. roses that have done well with us. General Jacqueminot. This is a good rose, but it is doubtful if our plants, received from several sources, are true to name. Old time rosarians say it is not the General Jacqueminot they knew in their young days, and the color of the flowers of our plants does not fit the published description of “brilliant velvety crimson, with darker shadings.”’ Prince Camille de Rohan, sometimes called The Black Rose. Its dar — xk red flowers shaded with blackish maroon are of good form and are fragrant. Paul Neyron has large, rose-pink, fragrant blooms. Flowers sometimes ball in wet weather. Its neighbor Baroness Roth- schild has pale pink, well-formed blooms, but lacks fragrance. Magna Charta has large, carmine pink, very double flowers, which are heavily perfumed. Usually blooms in June only. Gloire Lyonnaise, with white, very double flowers of large size, yellowish towards the center, is faintly tea scented. Captain Hayward, scarlet-crimson, fragrant flowers, large, not fully double. Frau Karl Druschki is mentioned here, not that it does well with us, but because, when it is well-grown, it is the handsomest white rose in existence. Not fragrant. Gloire de Chedane-Guinoisseau has deep crimson flowers, well- formed and of large size. Candeur Lyonnaise is a seedling of Frau Karl Druschki. Its flowers are white tinted with creamy yellow. Madame Albert Barbier introduces a yellow tone, rare in the 199 H. P. group. It is more or less everblooming. The bases of the petals are tawny yellow with creamy tips. CULTIVATION OF ROSES It is axiomatic that garden roses do not like wet feet—there- fore, the beds where they are to be grown should be well-drained. If the sub-soil is of such a nature that surplus water does not naturally drain away, artificial drainage must be provided. This may be accomplished by laying tile drains with a slight but uniform slope so that the water may drain into a sewer, open ditch, or ‘‘sink away,” or the bed may be excavated two or three feet deep, and six inches of broken stone, bricks, clinkers or eo coarse ashes placed in the excavation before returning the soil. Sods placed grass side downwards immediately over the drainage will prevent it from clogging. Soil. Roses may be made to grow in almost any kind of soil provided it is suitably enriched with manure, but most varieties prefer a rather heavy loam. The soil should be prepared by double digging, preferably eighteen inches or two feet deep, al- though, if the soil is naturally rich, it is possible to get by with only a foot of prepared soil. When making the beds, take advantage of the opportunity to mix plenty (up to one-fourth of the bulk of soil) of decayed manure with the lower nine inches of soil. If the lower level is taken care of when the beds are made, it is easy to fertilize the upper nine inches at any con- venient time in the future. Preferably, the ground should be prepared a month or two ahead of planting time to give it an opportunity to settle. Planting. Roses may be planted either in fall or spring. Both seasons have their advocates. Our experience at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden indicates that it is six of one and half-a-dozen of the other, but if spring planting is adopted it must be done as early as it is possible to work the soil. Dig a hole large enough — to accommodate the roots without crowding, spread them out, scatter fine soil in amongst and over them and pack firmly by trampling. Mrs. B. A. Jackson, writing in ‘‘The American Rose Magazine,” a publication of the American Rose Society, suggests filling a flower pot with earth and then turning it out in the center 200 Fic. 10. Rose Climbing Los Angeles on pillar. June 11. (8202) ZO of the hole. This provides a little mound that, to those un- accustomed to plant, greatly facilitates the proper spacing of the roots. Do not set the plants too deeply. The “elbow” or point of union between stock and scion should be about one inch below the surface. If planted in the fall, about one half of the top growth should be cut off and the bushes protected against the winter (see Winter Protection). If planted in the spring, remove all weak shoots and cut the remainder to within about six inches of the ground level. It is a good plan to mound newly set roses with earth which should be removed when growth starts. It is the general opinion that field grown, budded roses are to be preferred as planting material. Summer Care. (Weep the surface soil cultivated to maintain a dust mulch through the summer and early fall; or mulch the beds with peat moss, or with buckwheat hulls. A few years ago, we compared the results obtained from the use of the above three methods. It was almost impossible to see any difference in the three beds selected for experimentation—if any, it was in favor of the one mulched with peat moss. Fertilizing. Our general practice (subject to occasional varia- tions) is to apply a heavy dressing of cow manure in the fall (to be described later); plus a complete commercial fertilizer (about 4-8-6) in the spring at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 sq. ft., plus superphosphate at the end of July at the rate of about 5 Ibs. to 400 sq. ft. Many rose growers however, especially if their aim is to produce extra large, or exhibition blooms, prefer to give supplementary feedings throughout the growing season. Liquid manure may be applied to the soil when the first flower buds show and again a few weeks later. Or, a quick acting “‘com- 7 plete’? commercial fertilizer may be substituted, using a heaping tablespoonful to each plant. The soil should be well soaked with water before applying liquid manure or commercial fertilizers. Do not attempt to force your bushes to grow by fertilizing them during very hot weather. Do not give any quick-acting ferti- lizer after mid-August or it may result in the production of sappy growth unfitted to survive the winter. Bonemeal, as it is slow acting, may be applied in October. It will be available for the roses the following year. Use 3-4 Ibs. to 100 sq. ft. If the 202 soil was properly prepared newly planted roses should not need additional fertilizer the first year. Watering. Roses like plenty of water at the roots so long as it is not stagnant. Whenever the soil shows signs of becoming dry, water thoroughly so that the soil is wet to the depth of at least one foot. Apply the water to the soil and not to the foliage. Wet foliage allows the spores of ‘black spot" to ger- minate. Pests. Perhaps the most dreaded pest of the rose grower in these parts is “black spot,’’ a fungus disease which produces unsightly black and yellow areas on the leaves and subsequent defoliation. We are satisfied that the Massey dust, if faithfully used, affords an adequate measure of protection against this pest. This dust was devised by Dr. L. M. Massey, of Cornell Univer- sity, and consists of 90 parts of dusting sulphur and 10 parts of arsenate of lead. We use a commercial preparation of this, con- taining colloidal sulphur, and a green dye which makes it less conspicuous on the foliage. It is applied preferably when the air is still and when the foliage is dry. We endeavor to coat both sides of the leaves with a fine film of the dust, which is not difficult when a duster of the ‘ type is used. The fre- quency of application is dependent upon the number of rainy days—during dry periods less dusting is necessary. The first protective coating 1s applied as soon as leaves are formed and we try to give the bushes a coating before every rainy period. Mas- sey dust, when properly applied, does not disfigure the foliage to any great extent. It does sometimes cause discoloration of yy blower blossoms, but it is usually possible to avoid dusting while the roses are at the height of their bloom; and we accept the draw- back of a few injured flowers as being infinitely preferable to defoliated and weakened bushes. Massey dust also controls to a large extent stem cankers, mildew, and leaf-eating insects. Those insects that feed within the flower, such as Rose Chafers and Japanese Beetles, are best dealt with by hand picking and by grub-proofing with lead arsenate the lawns and grassy areas in the vicinity of the rose garden. Aphids are extraordinarily fond of the young succulent growth 203 of roses. They are sucking insects and must be sprayed with a contact insecticide. We use nicotine-soap solution— 4% pint 40% nicotine, 2 lbs. soap, 50 gallons water (1 teaspoonful nicotine, 34 oz. soap powder, 1 gallon water). This must be sprayed on so that it comes in contact with the insects. Massey dust may be obtained with a nicotine content sufficient to kill aphids. It is thus possible to kill several “birds”? with one stone! Oyster-shell scales and San José scales sometimes attack the stems and branches of roses when cultural treatment necessitates a more or less permanent top growth. Rugosa hybrids seem to be especially susceptible. The remedy for scale insects is to cut out the branches most affected, if it does not spoil the shape of the bush, and thoroughly spray with lime-sulphur (winter strength), or a miscible oil, used according to directions of the manufacturer, just before growth starts in the spring. When the bushes are badly infested it may be necessary to spray again with nicotine-soap solution in early June when the young scales have just emerged from the eggs. Winter Protection When the foliage has been killed by frost the bush roses likely to be injured (Teas and Hybrid Teas) by the winters that we experience here are hilled up with soil taken from between the rows. The trenches thus made are filled with partly decayed cow manure, taking care to prevent it from coming in contact with the rose stems. This serves to protect the roots and to maintain fertility. The day after Christmas our truck visits neighborhood stores that deal in Christmas trees and collects the left-over trees (firs only). The branches are stripped from these and placed among the roses so that the tops of the latter are sheltered from wind and shaded from the sun. If, as sometimes happens, there is no glut of Christmas trees, we make use of salt hay and various ornamental grasses (Fulalia, etc.). The Tea roses being slightly more tender have a board fence two feet high built around them and an overhead covering of lath screens which shelter the roses but permit a free circulation of air. Tender climbing roses—Climbing Hybrid Teas, Gloire de Dijon, Emily Gray, Jacotte, etc—receive a protective covering 204 of manure on the soil over their roots. If growing on a pillar, the canes are tied closely and covered with cornstalks. If trained on a fence, the canes are taken down, tied together and wrapped in cornstalks or similar material; or they may be covered with earth. Pruning ! In Spring. The art of rose pruning can be learned quite readily by anyone of average intelligence. All that is needed is a good grasp of the principles underlying pruning, upon which to proceed thoughtfully, with the unc aan erstanding that although rules are helpful, each plant must be considered as an individual and pruned accordingly It may be accepted without question that pruning is necessary if best results are to be obtained. When there is a difference of opinion, it usually relates to the extent and severity of the pruning. Pruning, as defined by Dr. L. H. Bailey, is ‘“‘the removal of a part of the plant for the purpose of bettering the remaining part or its products.”” Thus, by pruning, we lessen the struggle for existence between the branches of the individual rose plant, and, as a consequence, improve the quality of the flowers. Pruning is a very important factor of aid in the control of plant diseases. The youth of the rose bush ae be renewed by pruning; it is necessary to prevent the bushes from attaining an unwieldy size, and likewise to maintain a shapely plant free from the legginess that is natural to most unpruned rose varieties ae It has been said that one of the reasons for pruning is to lessen the struggle for existence between the branches that are pro- duced by the rose. As an illustration of this we will assume that in the spring the average rose bush has 100 or more growth buds, all of which are capable of producing branches. As a matter of fact, not every one of these buds will develop, because those toward the top of the bush will “hog” the supply of sap with the result that some of the buds lower down will fail to grow. But ‘The remarks on pruning, so far as they apply to spring work, are an adaptation of an address, given by the writer under the auspices of the Ameri- can Rose Society, broadcast on March 15, 1932, through the WJZ studio of the Sito Broadcasting Company. ric. 11. Rose Miss Flora Mitten. Trained asa standard. June 10. (9084) 206 even allowing for this, too many of the buds will develop, result- 1e branches are weak, and the peed ing in so much competition that t flowers are small and wanting in quality. Many of the branches will fail to produce flowers at all, and some will start to grow only to be crowded out and killed by the remainder. Now sup- posing, in the spring, instead of leaving this rose bush unpruned, we thin out enough of the weak branches and old branches, and prune back the stronger canes, so that about twenty growth buds are left on the plant, the whole vigor of the root will then be con- centrated on these buds instead of being dissipated over a large number of buds. Furthermore, the buds that are left are not too crowded, and, hence, have the opportunity to develop into strong shoots bearing ‘arge blossoms. The second point is that pruning may be used as a help toward the control of disease. A great deal can be done to lessen the dangers of further infection by cutting out and burning those parts of the plant that are already suffering from disease. The various stem-cankers, if left without attention, are a source of infection for the healthy canes and for neighboring bushes and should be removed. Many rosarians believe that a rose bush that is properly pruned, with all weak branches removed and its center open to light and air, is better equipped to resist disease than one that contains a tangled mass of dead and dying wood. The third point is taat pruning may be carried out in such a way that the rose bush perennially renews its youth. All ro- sarians know that the finest roses are produced on maiden plants. (For the benefit of the uninitiated, it may be well to explain that the term ‘‘maiden”’ is applied to the rose making its first year’s growth from the bud or graft inserted upon the supporting onl stock: in other words, a rose bush one year old, or less. The term is much more frequently used in England than in America.) In the case of Tea, Hybrid Tea, and Hybrid Perpetual roses, with which we are mostly concerned at this time, the flowers are produced on shoots which arise from canes or branches of the preceding year, hence the importance of so pruning that there is no lack of strong, vigorous one-year-old wood. This is an essen- tial point to keep in mind when pruning roses of this type. By cutting out the aged wood every spring, and leaving only the 207 strong, vigorous canes of the preceding year, we are enabled in a large measure to renew this quality of youthfulness in our roses. Another principle that should be followed in rose pruning ts that weak growers should be pruned severely in order to stimu- late the production of vegetative growth, and thus provide a strong framework for another year, while strong-growing vari- partly because heavy pruning is eties should be pruned lightly unnecessary, and partly to avoid the possibility of stimulating too much vegetative growth. The cutting may be done with pruning shears or a pruning knife. There is little doubt that a better job can be done with a knife than with shears. The cut made by a sharp knife is smooth and clean, the bark is not bruised, and the wound more readily heals. However, the work may be carried out more ex- peditiously by the use of pruning shears, and if they are kept sharp, so that the branches are cleanly cut off and not mangled, a good enough job can be done. Heavy leather gloves, preferably with gauntlets, are indispensable except to those who accept a few scratches in preference to the heat, discomfort, and clumsi- ness of heavy gloves. A narrow blade pruning saw is desirable, for one is almost always sure to come upon thick old snags at the base of some of the bushes that need to be cut out, but which are too big to be handled with shears. If your gardening equip- ment does not run to a pruning saw, a keyhole saw is an effective substitute. A kneeling pad is an advantage, especially for those to whom long-continued stooping means a pain in the back. If you want the full complement of equipment, you may add a pot of paint and a rather stiff paint brush, so that any large wounds may be covered with paint. A container with a 10% solution of formaldehyde, in which the pruning tool may be dipped after pruning a diseased plant, and before tackling a healthy one, is desirable. This, of course, is to disinfect the tools and thus prevent the spread of disease by them. Time of Pruning—Teas and Ilybrid Teas In a normal season, get busy just as soon as the buds have started to grow. But such advice does not always apply; for in Brooklyn in some years many of the Hybrid Teas have as much Fic. 12, West Walk, looking north through pergola. June 27. (8821) 802 Z02 as an inch or more of new growth in early February, which is far too early to prune roses in this neighborhood. In abnormal years many inquiries are received in February or early March from amateurs who ask if they ought not to prune their roses right away because they have started to grow. My advice is, wait! For this reason: The buds toward the top of the bush are usually the first to start into growth. If these are killed or injured by freezing, it does not matter much, for this part of the bush will be cut away anyhow. But pruning stimulates the lower buds into growth—the ones that you are relying on to provide your summer bloom—and if this is done too early in the year, a few mild days, followed by a freezing spell, may injure your rose bushes severely. Defer pruning until it is reasonably certain that the weather is settled and no more hard freezes are to be expected. ick out a nice warm day when it is comfortable to work out of doors, because you are not likely to bring to the job the leisurely consideration that is so desirable, should your nose be nipped by a howling wind and your fingers numb from cold. The poor professional, who has his thousands of roses to prune, and who has to get them all done within a specified time cannot, of course, be so choosey about the weather. The first thing to do is to cut out all dead wood, and any weak and spindling branches arising from the base of the plant. Do not leave any stubs—always cut close to a main branch and cut clean. Next, look over the bush carefully and remove any diseased branches, cutting them out completely. Most canes that are more than one year old also should be cut out. When this has been done, the chances are that the remaining canes will not be too thickly placed for best results. Now we come to the operation of pruning the canes that are left. If the object is to obtain a few blooms of the finest or exhibition” quality, the plants should be cut back severely, so that only three eyes are left on each cane, and not more than three ae - four canes to each bush. If the preference is to produce a — a YL = arger number of good flowers suitable for cutting, the pruning should be moderate, and the canes cut back to six or eight buds. But if a large number of flowers for garden display is desired prune lightly, removing only the tips of the canes. 210 When making the cuts, have in mind the future shape of the bush and cut to a bud pointing in the direction that you wish it to develop. In general, cut to a bud pointing outwards, for it is desirable to keep the center of the bush open. If the cut is made too far from the bud an unsightly stub is left. If too close, the bud may die. Make the cut about one-eighth of an inch above the bud. Ilybrid Perpetuals With Hybrid Perpectuals, pruning procedure is much the same as that outlined above, except that, because they are in general much more vigorous, Hybrid Perpetuals, when pruned, would appear to have twice as much growth left as Hybrid Teas pruned on the same principle. In some cases, it may be desirable, in- stead of pruning back so severely, to adopt a method that is so commonly used in England—that of pegging down to the ground (so as to form an arch) the long canes of the preceding year, thus forcing into growth the buds along the whole length of the cane. This practice is usually productive of an enormous quantity of flowers, but not much in the way of quality. Polyanthas, Bourbons, Chinas, and Others — Roses belonging in the Polyantha, Bourbon, and China groups need very little pruning beyond the removal of dead and worn- out wood. The same is true of climbing, rambler, and_ pillar roses im the spring. ‘The climbing roses of the large-flowered type, such as Dr. Van Fleet and Breeze Hill, may, if necessary, be pruned to keep them within bounds and to remove old worn- out wood. Rambler roses—the small bunch-flowered type—of ill have to be pruned during the summer immediately after flowering and any pruning in spring is restricted to cutting back, very lightly, the unripe tips of the canes. Pillar roses and climbing Hybrid Teas as a rule need but little pruning other — course will than the removal of old worn-out wood and spindling branches. Walk warily when pruning such roses as Soleil d’Or, Juliet, the Austrian Briers, and “species” roses, such as R. I/ugonis. These need very little pruning other than removal of branches that cross and rub, and perhaps occasionally some slight thinning. ray 214 Much harm can result from the too free use of knife or pruning shears on roses in these classes. Rosa rugosa and its ITybrids. In this group it is better, on the whole, to restrict pruning to removal of dead, and insect-infested branches, and to the maintenance of a shapely bush. Occasion- ally, it may be necessary, especially in those varieties where rugosa characteristics are dominant, to rejuvenate the bush by cutting it to the ground in the spring. It is desirable to emphasize once more the necessity of severely pruning newly planted roses. It is hard to convince novices that they must cut back their newly spring-planted roses to within six or eight inches of the ground. They seem to take the attitude: “Well, I've paid good money for this rose bush, and why should I cut off the major part of it and throw it on the trash pile.” Perhaps one way of handling this problem would be to persuade the nurserymen to prune their roses ready for planting before shipping. There would be a saving on carrying charges and much less mortality amongst rose bushes. But, of course, and naturally, the nurseryman wants you to see what a fine rose bush he is sending you, and so, as a rule, he does not cut in back. Fall-planted roses should have the tops shortened only one-half, and be protected by mounding them as high as possible with soil, but do not fail to cut them back still more in the spring. It will assure a much better bush in the long run. Don’t be afraid of pruning too severely Hybrid Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals. Carry out your pruning thoughtfully and with observation. Watch the results of your pruning. We have to deal with hundreds of varieties and no general advice and no set of rules will apply equally well to all. — Summer Pruning Summer pruning of roses is secondary in importance only to spring pruning. Certain types of roses, such as the Ramblers, can only be pruned to advantage during the summer. Among the varieties belonging in this group, which is sometimes called the ‘‘small bunch-flowered type,”’ are Dorothy Perkins, Hiawatha and Excelsa. They may be distinguished from other climbing roses by the numerous new shoots arising from the base of the 212 plant about the time they are in bloom. They differ also in having canes that are relatively impermanent, and strong new shoots are not abundantly produced from canes that have blos- somed but rather from the base of the plant as previously noted. Such roses should be pruned immediately they have finished blossoming, or as soon thereafter as is practicable. Pruning consists of the ruthless removal of all canes that have blossomed, which should be cut off as near the ground line as possible. Enough of the strongest young shoots should be left to fill the allotted space. The remaining weaker shoots may be cut off. Those that are left will grow vigorously throughout the summer and fall and from them will arise the following spring the laterals that will produce an abundant crop of blooms. If for any reason increased height is required in roses of this class, it may often be gained by cutting back only to the strong shoots that occasionally arise on the canes from which the flower- ing shoots were produced. The group of roses to which the term “large-flowered Climbers” has been applied, and examples of which are Dr. Van Fleet, Silver Moon, and Albertine, produce larger blooms with fewer in a cluster and are characterized by more permanent stems. They do not, as a rule, produce their young shoots from the base of the plant but from the canes of previous years. Pruning in roses of this class should not be so severe as in the case of the ramblers. Because of their vigorous growth, they should never be planted except in positions where there is plenty of room for them to grow and spread themselves. Many vari- eties in this class produce their flower-bearing shoots in greatest profusion from the older wood. If limitations of space necessi- tate frequent severe pruning, too much unripened wood is pro- duced which does not provide the greatest quantity of flower- bearing shoots. Summer pruning of this class consists in keeping the plants within bounds. Pruning for the removal of old worn-out wood should be done in early spring before growth starts. There is still another group of roses that makes rather long flexible canes to which the term Pillar Rose is applied. In this class, we find plants having the characteristics of both the afore- PAKS) mentioned types, differing in that growth is not nearly so ram- pant. As the name implies, they are suitable for training on posts or pillars and usually they do not attain a height of more than six or eight feet. In this group, we have such roses as Paul’s Scarlet Climber, The Beacon, and various climbing Hy- brid Teas. The kind of pruning required by these roses depends, of course, on whether they are of the rambler type, or whether they make more or less permanent woody canes. Those of the rambler type should be pruned as described in the first section above. Those that make permanent woody stems need, as a rule, very little pruning. Old, worn-out wood may be removed— preferably in the spring. Summer pruning of Hybrid Tea roses is perhaps best accom- plished by cutting the blossoms rather freely and using them for indoor decoration as cut flowers. When this is done, the flowers should be cut with a long stem, making the cut two or three leaves from the point of origin of the shoot. When the roses are cut in this manner you may expect the buds in the axils of the leaves, on the portion of the shoot remaining, to grow and pro- duce flowers later in the season. Another form of summer pruning that is very necessary 1s concerned with the removal of suckers that may spring up from the understock on which the garden rose is budded. If these suckers are not promptly removed, the chances are that by the end of the season, 1, instead of having a Ville de Paris, Margaret McGredy, Mrs. E. P. Thom, or whatever variety you happen to have mlancds you will have nothing but the wild rose on which the garden variety was budded. Any shoots originating from below the ground line should be viewed with suspicion and if the leaves that they produce appear different from those of the flowering rose, such shoots should be removed, if possible, by breaking them off below the ground line. The objective in view is the complete removal of the sucker so as to leave behind no dormant buds that will spring into growth later and cause further — annoyance. Autumn Pruning Except for newly planted roses, little pruning is necessary in the fall. Hybrid Teas that have made exceptionally vigorous 214 growth may have the unripe tips of the canes cut off mainly for the purpose of facilitating winter covering. Hybrid Perpetuals that have produced such long canes that there is danger of winter winds whipping them to an extent that the bush may be injured of even twisted off at ground level, should have the top growth reduced or the canes tied to a stout stake driven in the ground. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are greatly indebted to those named below for generous donations of the plants required for the initial and supplementary plantings and for replacements: Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. The Brownell Rose Research Gardens, Litthke Compton, R. I. The Conard-Pyle Co., West Grove, Pa. Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia, Pa. Jackson & Perkins Co., Newark, N. Y. New Brunswick Nurseries, New Brunswick, N. J. The Rose Farm, succeeded by Kovac’s Nursery, Purchase, N. Y. Roseraie de L’Hay, through the late J. H. Nicolas. Charles A. Traendly and John H. Traendly. Joseph W. Vestal & Son, Little Rock, Ark. A Sevectep List oF Books ON Roses The number of books devoted to roses and rose growing Is legion. A selection is listed below. Anyone wishing to keep up-to-date in rose lore should join the American Rose Society, if only for the sake of receiving its publications. Those marked with * are in the library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Those marked with + are in the loan library of the American Rose Society. American Rose Annual. tv. 1, 1916. *}v. 2-24, 1917-1939, * American Rose Society. What every rose grower should know. Harrisburg, 1931. * Bunyard, E. A. Old garden roses. N. Y., Scribner, 1936. Darlington, H.R. | Roses, J.C. & E. C. Jack, 1911, ** Ellwanger, H. B. The Rose. N. Y., Dodd, Mead & Co. [c1882]. *+ Hole, S. R. A book about roses. N. Y., Dutton, 1933. ZA *t Holmes, Eber. Commercial rose culture. N.Y., De La Mare, 1911-26. *+ Jekyll, Gertrude and Mawley, Edward. Roses for English gardens. N. Y., Scribner’s Sons, 1902. {| Keays, Mrs. F. L. Old roses. N.Y., Macmillan, 1935. *+ Melliar, A. Foster-. The book of the rose. 2nd ed. Lond., Macmillan, 1902. ** McFarland, H.H. Modern roses. N. Y., Macmillan, 1930. *+ —__. The rosein America. N. Y., Macmillan [c1923]. *+ —__. Roses of the world in color. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1936 * National Rose Society (England) Rose annual. 1912-1939 * Nicolas, H.H. The rose manual. N. Y., Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1930. * Paul, William. Therose garden. 9thed. Lond., Kent & Co. [1888]. *+ Pemberton, J]. H. Roses. N. Y., Longmans, Green, 1908. * Pyle, Robert and others. J/ow to grow roses. 16th ed. N. Y., Macmillan, 1930. * Stevens, G. A. Climbing roses. N.Y., Macmillan, 1933. + ——. Roses in the little garden. Boston, Little, Brown, 1926. *+ Thomas, G. C., Jr. Practical book of outdoor rose growing. [Phila.]| Lippincott, 1917. *+—_. Roses for all American climates. N. Y., Macmillan [c1924]. + Thomas, H. H. and Easlea Walter. The rose book. N. Y., Funk & Wagnalls, 1914. * Willmott, Ellen. The genus Rosa. WLond., Murray, 1914. 2 vols. * Wright, W. P. Roses and rose gardens. WLond., Headley [1914]. BRCOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN a ( (Rar gr er nr A my) SS a8 Failte Wis M2 cn ran Tate? Kia Z Te. a Oe PVA een vad T ott 6 SS a mcs! pet ct? Ss Se ( 9° . . e 5 ° o 2 4 4 Th a Ne oo on PPO Oe ean De en ee SA kaw = > a : + or ee + a al Fr E N LC E WALK PLANTING KEY Rose GARDEN 1. Climbing Roses on Fences, Arches, Festoon 11a. Pemberton Roses Posts and Chains, Pergolas, and Pavilion 12. Tea Roses 2. Species Roses and Varieties 13. China Roses 3. Hybrid Tea Roses 14. Bourbon Roses 3a. Ancestors of Hybrid Tea Roses 15. Noisette Roses 4, Polyantha Roses 15a. Ancestors of Noisette Roses 5. Hybrid Perpetual Roses 16. Trailing Rugosa Rose Max Graf 5a. Ancestors of Hybrid Perpetual and Polyantha 17. Unsupported Climbing Roses Roses 18. Historical Roses 6. Rugosa Roses 19. Sweetbrier Roses 7. Scotch or Burnet Roses 20. Miscellaneous Planting 8. Lambertiana Roses 21. Rhododendrons 9. Boursault Roses 22. Umbrella Roses 10. Prairie Roses 23. Pillar Roses 11. Moss Roses Rose Arc 1. Rosa Wichuratana on Banks 4. Trailing Rose Max Graf on Banks 2. Climbing Roses on Arches 5. Display Hybrid Tea Roses 3. Pemberton Rose, Clytemnestra Note: The scale, for both the Rose Garden and the Rose Arc, is 32 feet to the inch. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, BoarpD OF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT JAMES G. McDONALD, LL.D. First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT CHARLES PRATT TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA Sa ae ee PHILIP A. BENSON WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C. BLUM, Er soto? ARROW T. HUNTER MRS. WILLIAM H. CA JAMES G. McDONALD, Ex officio WALTE . CRIT SF SMDRENN EDWIN YNARD WIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FoLLoWING OFFICIALS OF THE oe oF NEw York THE MAYOR E COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER ont PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—AIl ons who are realness in the objects and maintenance of the rool Botanic Gane ate aie membership. embers enjoy spe- Gals Dy vileges. Annual Member $10 Nee Sustaining Membership, $25 Contr EbHEnS Member anes ‘Sibo'y early; Life Membership, $500. Full in- sats ee co ning membership m Bape had by addressing The Director, Brook- lyn Botanic Menies 1000 I acran On Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Prospect 9 NIc GARDEN is open free to ue gute daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Genie. ee Holidays it is open at EntraAnces.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard enc near Mt. Prospect Park; on Washington fener south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Building. The eee entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite ee be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one day in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be con THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Si way to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn useum Station ; Flatbush hag trolley to pire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, r Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Avenue; St. John’s ere trolley to Sterlite Pla an ington nue; Union Street or Van i v trolley to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. BI = from points Lon land take Eastern est and turn left at Washington Avenue from Meanatant take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative peli issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; bime cae (1929-1932) ; quarterly (1933-). Con ntains, among other things, the eport of the director and heads oT departments, special reports, edicational ecabedus Seed List, Guides. Free to mem the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Guide numbers Specially priced. Circulates in 59 countries. MOIRS. Established, sae 1918. Published irregularly. Not offered in exchange. Circulates in 48 coun Volume I. Dedication Papers: 33 scientific panels presented at the dedication of the (anoraies building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50, plus postage. e II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: A study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927, 151 pages. $1.60. Volume IV. Twenty-fifih Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 years of progress in pee (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on Hore ttre 1936. 133 pages. $1, 35. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. Papers orlgiontly published in periodicals, reissued as “ separates” without change of pagi ng. numbers con- stitute one volume. 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circuit in 34 countries. No. 83. Pteridophyta of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. 31 pages. 1938. No. 84. Influence of the growth of the host on oat smut development. 24 pages. 1938. No. The haath ae of smut-inoculated oat seedlings through sand and loam ik * pages. 1938, No. &7. Flower buds and phylogeny of Dicotyledons. 9 pages. 1939. AFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and Oc ober. Contain popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others; also announcemen r ing flowering and other plant activities to be s a th arden near the date of issue. Free to members of the arden. To oth fiity nts a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circulates in 28 pete Ui reaiiear since GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. see based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the REcorp; see abov iad No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 ¢ Guide No. 6. Epes potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 ce Guide No. 7. The story of our boulders: Glacial geology ads ie Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 Guide No. 8. The story of fossil Nee 8 illustrations. aoe ze cents. By mail, 40 cents. SEED LIST. (Delectus saensniies mie December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January num the cee Circulation includes 160 botanic gardens and institutions ieee PS 40 countri ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the a ae Society OF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countri GENETICS. Establishec, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in cooperation with GENETICS, INCORPORATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVIII OCTOBER, 1939 NO. 4 PROSPECTUS OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1939-1940 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROO N. Y. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL e C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director gens FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens s, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT | (GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l'Université Char: Curator of Plants AN. 1 Jos ORDAN, B.S., Libraria : e Herbarium MARGARET M. DORWAR D, A.B., Assistant Curator of : Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY eve Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and plore! Art AROLD A. CAPARN, Consul Landscape Architec RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor EMILIE PERPA)L CHICHESTER, Library Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, M.S., Assistant in Woody Plants 1 t ‘[. sistan ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor D. ELIZABETH Seat A.M., Ph.D., Resear Assistant ES M. MINER, ey "Instruc MARY-ELIZABETH PIE ERCE, M.A., "Her porte fashion t MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial Assistant RUSK, M., tree MARGERY H UDELL, Curatorial Ass L. GORDON UT TER M.S., Ph.D., Res soeche Me crent HILDA VILKOMERSON, "AM,, Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, BRU Mal ie MAUD H. PURDY, ‘A ADMINISTRATIVE THOS i Poe NELLY,! Secretary and eens E ALMITI ER? Assistant Secr N ORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office prcaes Mee oe HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to ee Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodi HELEN E. BENNETT, Stenographer LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A,, SPeHOGTO RIE 1 Beginning August 1, 1939, 2 Beginning July 1, 1939, Fu aed Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, as ‘a. rooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y. Entered as ae lass matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 4 INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: Le Atinual, by annual payment Ofte. 4 sa. $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 25 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 Celle aby ONeupayIMent: Olen%. wee et wn 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,900 GeDonomiby Onespaymient Of ...0.. 0). eae 10,000 (Patron, by One payinent Of. ss8845 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, . Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal Income Tax Law. — N a as Sal On ot ioe) — ee is Le Le — = il PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of not less than six), when visiting the Garden. . Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower Days,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection. Copies of Garden publications, as follows: Recorp (including the ANNUAL Report). Guipes (to the Plantations and Collections). c. LEAFLets (of popular information). d: CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. Technical papers). Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants ower and other items of interest. Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium. Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant- ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. Determination of botanical specimens. Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- ments sent to members from time to time. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities, and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. (See the following page.) ili OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. / The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buralo: N. Y. Califo Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. rnegie Museum, Pittsb es - a. Lene Museum, Charleston, Everhart Museum of Natural History, aoe and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Field Museum of Natural History, coe Il Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, bee Louis, Mo. Newark Museum, Newark, N. J. New York State eee Nig uny, N. Y. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania ireraeetale 1 Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, a ae Pa, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California. REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera with tripod are not allowed in the Japanese Garden, the Rose Gar- den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor No permits are the Conservatories at any time without a permit. given for use after 12 o’clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit 1n or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to cause ar obstruction to traffic on congested paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (PRospect 9-6173). BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVIII OCTOBER, 1939 PROSPECTUS: 1939-1940 Si OR COURSES“OFEE RED Date of First Meeting Page 16 220 Fall Courses, 1939 Me ild Flowers and Ferns of the New York INCCION eee Sept. HiLeES eActotind fhe Won distaste tn enn eee Sept: Ons Shrubs ool COURSE)» Sistema clesens is Sept. Nature Study (Fall BS G3 teeta ev ei ieee no Sept. Herbaceous Plants Fa i (Course) tet een ei nee Seae Walks and Talks in the Potaic Gardéne aot ere Oct. MiteceSeands suiUbs: tile VV IN Cha eG oe thrones bona ak Oct. ee Nous Study and Canny ee ica ieee. Oct. Plar 1thevlome:-How to sGrow, Chem 2. neue Nov. Winter Courses 19 spi Trips to theeMnopics: waeeecre sere. Ss... 20) ce eee Jan. Winter aes se Gor Sli GReEM Ps was earner aes Jan. Spring Cou 19: Nat ature ‘Study (Spring eeuis®) Be a ee Bath aba of eee ea Feb. PINCaAmMentaleeOt Ga RC etIn oe he hen 5 clare co eae ee eee Feb. Plant-Animal ce in the Chain ot Wire ise 2a eee Feb. spring Nature Study and Gardening ee Children) ....March SPUN O Ga GCenV Of eee sos a ei eee nee March Walks and Talks in the Eogic ACen 20 33.3 o ee April Onneael Sor bse Qopriig Course )) 4) Sear April Herbaceous Plants (Spring COUGSS))) i: Stee Ane ota: April Trees and Shrubs in Spring and: Suminetincon an eee April Gules Garden Course > (for Ch ay god eee nee April ild Flowers and eee of the New York Region ...... April Ditacs ee LOC lagers ce etre ene Meares a Ses a Ht Meee cha Wott May Full Year Courses, 1939-1940 Flowering Plants and Bens: (laboratory Study) .ise%:. Sept. General Bot LSD aly ince eey A ya eh erect aa . Sept. Greenhouse oe Bes Bl OSS Oe ieee ee re eC Oct. El CRG ip OMMCH Iter MMi a gs inal g Warnes ace ees Oct Trees and Shrubs of Ge INCL. Gisle ex Apa i cn, ee ate Oct Ga Pett PA GtCe fm ate see tars ha a St, a eat kee eae ae ani LEASES. CORY et ee ee I PORE SEER RTT orc CO Oct. Plant acre ao Student Nur eral Botany wth iSeea Reference to Medicinal Pi Beene A aint Es Re at icdt.c5 tot 1 Aa Cen ee eae! Re ee in Mycology tie ey Pathology ............. Roe ch in ONeSte ba thOlO ly i ccs a aon wegen eee _ Research in the See re of los a dungheaneees el gee wae Research in the Systematic ieee ‘of the Flowering Plants 20 20 221 226 218 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION The Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers courses of instruction in botany, gardening, hort culture, and nature study, and also oppor- tunity for research; as follows: A. For members and the general public (“ A” courses, p. 219) B. For teachers (“ B” courses, p. 223) C. For children (“ C” courses, p. 226) I). Other courses of a special nature (“ D IX. Investigation (p. 227) — ” courses, Dp. 227 ) Any course may be withdrawn when less than ten persons apply for registration and no course will be given for less than six per- sons. Since registration in many of the courses is restricted to a fixed number on account of the limited space available in the green- houses, and for other reasons, those desiring to attend are urged to send in their application for enrollment, with entrance fee, to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance of the first exercise. This avoids delay at the beginning of the first exercise, ensures a place in the course, and enables t structor to provide adequate material for the class. Enrollment.—lersons are requested not to register in any course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend the sessions of the class regularly and throughout. This is espe- cially important where the number to be enrolled is limited. To register and not attend may deprive someone else of the privilege — 1e In- of attending. With the exceptions noted below, no registrations will be accepted for separate class exercises. Equipment available for the courses: Three classrooms, two laboratory rooms, and three /nstructional Greenhouses; the Children’s Garden, occupying about 34 of an acre and divided into 150 plots for instruction in gardening; at the north end of the Children’s Garden, the Children’s Building, for conferences, an fe for the storage of tools, seeds, special collections, ete.; the Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture machine and_ stere- opticon, and electric current, gas, and running water for experi- ments connected with lectures. Z19 In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories and planta- 1e various types of gardens, are readily accessible ; — tions, and t while the main library and children’s library, which contain a comprehensive collection of publications on every phase of garden- ing and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. A. Courses for Members and the General Public Although the following courses are designed especially for Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (unless otherwise specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teach- ers are welcome. Starred courses (*) are open also for credit to students of Long Island University, and are described in the cur- rent Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agree- ment entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon recommendation of the Chairman of the Biology Department of Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one student of the University. Unless otherwise specified, all “ A” courses are free to mem- bers,¢ but the individual class exercises are open only to those who register for the entire course. Of others a fee is required, as in- dicated. In courses where plants are raised or collected, these become the property of the class members. Fatt CourRSES Al. Plants in the Home: How to Grow Them.—Five talks with demonstrations. This course deals with the principles to be followed in raising plants, and in maintaining them in a healthy, vigorous condition in the home. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making cuttings, etc. The members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40 persons. Registration according to the order of application. Fee to non- members, $6 (including laboratory fee); to members, $1 labora- tory fee. Wednesdays, 11 a.m., November 1 to November 29. Mr. Free. + For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ‘consult pages iii. 220 *A5. Trees and Shrubs in Winter.—Ten outdoor lessons, in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, on the character- istics Of Our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated. — emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition. The habits, requirements as to soil, ete., and the use of various species in landscape art are also discussed. Fee to non-members, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 7 to December 9. The first session will be held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. Al0. Conifers Around the World—Ten outdoor meetings for a study of the Garden collection of Conifers, their character- istics, uses, and cultivation. 1 and 2—Conifers of Northeastern America. 3—Southeastern North America. 4—Western Amer- ica. 5—Eastern Asia. 6—Northern and Western Asia. 7— Europe and North Africa. 8—The Southern Hemisphere. 9— The Classification of Conifers. 10—The Cultivation of Conifers. Class members are given small specimens for identification, anc seeds of a few species. Fee to non-members, $5. Tuesdays, 10:30 am. to 12 noon, September 19 to November 28. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Doney. EF Al13. Wild Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region.— Seven sessions. How to know the common plants of woods and roadsides, including identification of fruits and seeds. It is rec- ommended, but not required, that all or part of Course B10 (see p. 225) be taken with this course. Fee to non-members, $3.50. Saturdays, 2:30 p.im., September 16 to October 28. First meet- en. Miss Rusk. jenny ing at the Botanic Garc *A31. Ornamental Shrubs.—Eight sessions, held outdoors in the Botanic Garden, to study the common species and varieties of cultivated shrubs, emphasizing those desirable for planting out on the home grounds. Fall flowers and fruits of ornamental shrubs and small trees, also evergreen shrubs, are considered. This is a continuation of the spring course A30. Fee to non- members, $4. Wednesdays, 11 aan., September 20 to November 8. Mr. Doney. 22) A40. Botany for Gardeners.—Fight lectures and discussions on fundamental processes in plant life as applied to gardening and horticulture. Designed especially for those interested in amateur gardening. (Not offered in 1939-40.) Dr. Svenson. A42. General Botany.—Same as course Bl. Fee to mem- bers, $5; to non-members, $10. Miss Rusk. A44. Walks and Talks in the Botanic Garden—A course designed especially for Members of the Garden and their friends, to enable them to become acquainted with the general plan of the Garden and the nature of the various special gardens, as well as other features of general interest. No fee. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., October 3 and 17, 1939, and April 9, 23, May 14, and June 4, 1940. Dr. Graves. A45. Herbaceous Plants (Fall Course).—Five outdoor meet- ings, for the study of fall-flowering herbaceous plants. This is a continuation of the spring course, A39. Some seeds are available, and one lesson early in October is given on vegetative propagation, with some material for class members. Fee to non-members, $2.50. Wednesdays, 10:30 ain. to 12 noon, September 27 to October 25. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Free. WINTER COURSE A22. Trips to the Tropics.—Four guided tours through the Conservatories of the Botanic Garden, with informal, non-techni- cal talks on interesting plants. 1. Foods from far-off lands. 2. Desert gardens. 3. Orchids and pond weeds. 4, Plants of prey. vase? Class limited to twenty. Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. No fee. Saturdays, 2 p.m., January 20, 27, February 3, 17. SPRING COURSES *AQ. Trees and Shrubs in Spring and Summer.—vTen out- door lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. Zee Similar to AS, except that the different species are studied in their spring and summer conditions. /*ee to non-members, $5. Satur- days, 2:30 pan., April 13 to June 15. . Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. All. Wild Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region.— Fight sessions, in the Prooklyn Botanic Garden and in the wood- lands near the City, for field identification of flowers and ferns of spring and early summer. [t 1s recommended, but not required, that all or part of Course B10 (see p. 225) be taken with this course. fee to non-members, $4. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., April 27 to June 15. First meeting at the Botanic Garden. Miss Rusk. — A25. Fundamentals of Gardening.—Four greenhouse lessons and one outdoors, as follows: making cuttings of herbaceous perennials ; sowing seed, and pricking out seedlings ; demonstration of spring garden work. Lectures will include planning and care of the herbaceous border, and soils. Class limited to 45 persons. Fee to non-members, $7 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. Wednesdays, 10:30 ain., February 14 to March 20 (omitting March 13). Date of outdoor lesson to be announced, Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. A26. Spring Garden Work.—Six lecture and practical work periods designed to interest those who have taken A25. Besides starting the newer annuals and perennials from seed, lectures on be given. “* Planning the Garden” will be the subject of a lecture the herbaceous border, trees and shrubs, and the lawn wil given by Miss Alice Recknagel, landscape architect. Class limited to 45 persons. Fee to non-members, $7 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. Tuesdays, 10:30 aam., March 5 to April 16 (omitting Mareh 12). Miss Dorward. *A30. Ornamental Shrubs (Spring Course).—Ten outdoor meetings on the grounds of the Botanic Garden. The principal flowering shrubs and small trees are considered at their times of flowering, emphasis being placed on their uses in landscape work, their cultivation, and distinguishing characters. /’ee lo non-meim- bers, $5. Wednesdays, 11 aan., April 10 to June 72. Mr. Doney. 225 A37. Lilacs in Flower.—Five outdoor lessons. The com- prehensive collection of the Garden affords opportunity for the study of about twenty species and a large number of the finest varieties of lilacs. In the last lessons, culture and propagation are taken up; and cuttings, which become the property of those taking the course, are prepared for rooting. [ee to non-members, $2.50. Four Wednesdays and one Monday, 10:45 aan. to 12 noon, May 1, 8, 13, 15, and June 5. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Free. A38. Plant-Animal Links in the Chain of Life.—Three il- lustrated lectures on the divergent but interdependent evolution of the two great lines of life: (1) Water plants and water animals. (2) Land plants and cold-blooded animals. (3) Flowering plants and warm-blooded animals. No fee. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., Feb. 28, March 14, 28. Dr. Gundersen. — A39. Herbaceous Plants (Spring Course).—Ten outdoor meetings. Several hundred species of herbaceous plants, includ- ing bulbs and rock garden plants, are observed at time of flowering. Small specimens for pressing are given to the class members. Fee to non-members, $5. Thursdays 4-5:30 p.an., April 11 to June 20, omitting May 30. Dr. Gundersen, B. Courses for Teachers These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education of New York City for “in-service credit,” one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the exception of “ B8, Plant Culture’’). Through an agreement with Long Island University, undergradu- iw — ate credit for certain courses will be allowed toward fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the admission re- quirements at the University and the laboratory requirements have been fulfilled. Such courses are starred (*). By special arrange- ment with the institution concerned, these credits have also been used as undergraduate credits in other colleges and universities. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised become the property of the student. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount from the regular fee for all “B” courses; from other persons 224 the indicated fee is required. Long Island University students desirous of electing anv of these or of the “ A” courses should notify Dean Tristram W. Metcalfe or Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, who will give the candidate a card entitling him to admission to the course. ‘The student should present this card at the beginning of the first session of the course. Bl. General Botany.—Thirty two-hour sessions on the life activities of plants, and the structures that make these activities possible. Giving a survey of the plant kingdom as a matter of gen- eral information and culture, the course is not organized like an undergraduate college course in preparation for advanced courses. Discussions are supplemented by individual study of plants and plant parts—living, whenever possible. In addition to the higher (seed) plants, representatives of the main groups of lower plants are studied: bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, and ferns. Pour grecdite,, ee, 5170. ‘ednesdays, 4-0 pan, beginning Sep- tember 20, Miss Rusk. — yy B2. Laboratory Courses in Nature Study. (a) Fall Course—lI*ifteen two-hour sessions in which the students will have the opportunity of becoming familiar with some of the living material in the world about them, the chance to handle — and collect specimens which may be used in the classroom, and to -_— plan projects and discuss problems. Mr. Cornelius Denslow, 0 the Brooklyn Children’s Museum, will conduct one session on na- ture craft. Two credits. fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4-6 p.an., begin- ning September 20. Miss Hammond. eae, (b) Spring Course.-—lifteen two-hour sessions on the spring phases of trees, wild flowers, ferns, insects, and birds. Miss farida Wiley, of the American Museum of Natural History, will conduct a bird field trip during the migration period. Two credits. Free, $10. Tuesdays, 1-6 p.am., beginning February 6. Nature material will be distributed to students whenever possible. Miss Hammond. B3. Elements of Horticulture —Thirty sessions. For teach- ers only. Lessons in potting and general care of house plants ; methods of plant propagation, including the planting of bulbs; 225 making cuttings (soft wood, and leaf); sowing seeds; preparing for the outdoor garden. Most of this work is carried on in the greenhouses.