BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIX JANUARY, 1940 “ape No. 1 CONTENTS Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn, 1939 been eee ee penne e cence terse teen eeenees 1 Some Interesting Woody Plants in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ........... 10 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y. ; 43 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Direct MONTAGUE FREE, cee) Royal Botanic ’ Gardens, Hoey Hovtieuliueit ARTHUR HARMOUN T GRAVES Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de Université EoD Curator of Plants WILLIAM E. JORDAN, B.S. ORGE M. ology ies: Instruction ae Ee of t. MARGARET M. DORWAR Herbarium A.B., Assistant Curator of Elementary "ion aion Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor Cee PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, M.S., Assi | oody Plants AWIELTAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assist ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMON structor D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., lnsiva MARY-ELIZABETH PIERCE, M.A. ’ Herbar Ns ett MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curis deaal Assist ESTER M. RUSK, AM, Instructor MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., ’Ph.D., Research Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, "AM, Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Ene uorap her MAUD H. PURDY, Artis ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. D ELLY, Secretary and secant EDNA A. PALMITIER, Ree Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANT B® JANE E. COFFIN,? Office A oitan Mee Cue HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to whe Director ANK STOLL, eee and Custedia HELEN E. BENNETT, AIR LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographe CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., S po srabher 1 Resigned as of December 31, 1939. | 2 Beginning January 1, 1940. Publ ened Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster. ie by the Broo! ooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act oe: August 24, 1912 BRO Onc iE aeN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD | VOL. XXIX JANUARY, 1940 NO. | DELEC DUS SEMEINUM, BROOKMEYN 1039 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1939, are offered to botanic eardens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited quantities, to members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. They are not offered for sale. Please note that applications for seeds must be received during January or February. Seeds are mailed early in March. No seeds are available at other times of the year. SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS FERNS Onoclea Osmunda sensibilis L. Claytoniana L. regalis | i DicoTyLEDONES Aristolochiaceae 74 Polygonaceae 77 Asarum Polygonum canadense L. Sieboldit DeVriese Chenopodiaceae 78 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthel- minticum 3onus-Henricus L. B otry r oe ee iT, Eurotia ceratoides Kochia trichophylla Stapf CAM. Amarantaceae 79 Amarantus caudatus L. caudatus var. albiflorus Hort caudatus var. atropurpureus Hort. artes L. var. sangui- tr eecre Hort: Celosia cristata L. plumosa pyramidalis plumosa superba (scarlet) plumosa superba (yellow) plumosa Thompsoni — Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. globosa I Nyctaginaceae 80 Mirabilis Froebelii Gr. Jalapa L. (white) Jalapa L. (red & yellow) Jalapa L. (yellow Jalapa var. dichelidomorpha Jalapa var. tricolor untflora Schrank Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Phytolaccaceae 83 Phytolacca decandra L. Aizoaceae 84 Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L. Tetragonia expansa Thunb. Portulacaceae 85 Portulaca grandiflora Hook. — Talinum patens Willd. teretifolium Pursh. Basellaceae 86 Basella rubra L. Caryophyllaceae 87 Arenaria caroliniana Walt Cerastium arvense |... Holl. & Britt. siebersteinit DC. tomentosa L. villosum Dianthus arenarius L. Armeria L. barbatus LL. deltoides L. lannosus var. magnificus sylvestris Wulf. var. pyg- macus Lychnis alba Mill. chalcedonica | Bes Flos-cuculi Coronaria Desr. Saponaria caespitosa DC. ocymoides L. Silene alpestris Jacq. Armeria conical: japonica Rohrb. latifolia Britt. & Rendle a alee Michx. Zawadskii Herb. Spergularia Puna cles) cus Gwsleanes| Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. Tunica prolifera (L.) Scop: Saxifraga Scop. Ranunculaceae 91 Anemone canadensis L. pemerrreea Walt. japonica S. & Z Aquilegia canadensis L. vulgaris L. Clematis recta Delphinium Ai ACIS ees. Helleborus orientalis Lam. Nigella damascena L. Ranunculus ‘epens Thalictrum glaucum Desf. Tins Le Trollius europaeus L. Papaveraceae 104 Dicentra eximia Torr. Eschscholtzia californica Cham. Glaucium flavum Crantz Papav nee Ball. orientale L. Ithoeas Shirley Poppy Sanguinaria canadensis L. Cruciferae 105 Aethionema gerandiflorum Boiss. & ( Alyssum argenteum Vitm. 3arbarea vulgaris R. Br. Iberis sc mperviret Is Is. Tenoreana DC. Leavenworthia stylosa A. Gray torulosa A. Gray Capparidaceae 107 Benge eee 128 Cleome Baptis lutea Hooker pee alis (L.) R. Bi spinosa Jacq. tinctoria R. Br. Cassia Resedaceae 108 marilandica I Astrocarpus Cues sesamoides Duby sagittalis L. ndigoterz Crassulaceae 115 Indigofera decora Lindl. Sedum Aizoon L.. Geraniaceae 129 Elacombianum Pr, : : en Gaeranmium pulchellum Michx, dissectum LL. Saxifragaceae 117 Linaceae 132 Astilbe Linum grandis Stapf. perenne L. eee ee usitatissimum L., saxitraga sarimentosa L. sarinentosa | Putdeese 197 Rosaceae 126 Dictamnus albus L. var. ruber Acaena Hieronymi O. Ktze. Sapindaceae 165 Alchemilla Cardiospermum vulgaris L. Haheacabum L, Geum . Balsaminaceae 168 molle Vise. & Panc. rivale [.. Impatiens Jalsamina LL. Potentilla atrosaneuinea W all. var. Malvaceae 175 Gelson’s Scarlet Buccoana Althaea ; montenegrina Pantoc. Faurinensis DC, nepalensis Hook. Il Anoda recta I. var. sulphurea lavateroides Medic. i rupestris L. Callirhoe tridentata Ait. involucrata A. Gray Hibiscus militaris Cav. Moscheutos Moscheutos Hybrids ‘onium Cistaceae 193 Helianthemum Chamaecistus Mull. Cactaceae 210 Opuntia tortispina Engelm. vulgaris 1 ill. — Lythraceae 216 Lythrum Salicatia virgatum Rose Queen Onagraceae 224 Epilobium angustifolium pararele voli R. Cunn. Lopezia coronata Andr. Oenothera biennis L. fidticosa™ pumila L. Umbelliferae 228 Anethum -aveolens L. Cicuta maculata L. Conium maculatum L. Eryngium amethystinum L. var. multi- fidum planum L planum var. roseum Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Pimpinella aromaticum Bieb. Trin ie BOS Primulaceae 237 Dodecatheon Meadia L. Lysimachia mauritiana Lam. punctata L. Plumbaginaceae 238 Armeria vulgaris Willd. var. Lau- cheana Voss Goniolimon serbicum Vis. Limonium yinervosum C. E. Salmon lychnidifolium Kuntze Gentianaceae 246 Gentian eee si Griseb. Gruciata L. Apocynaceae 247 Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Asclepiadaceae 248 Asclepias rakersheiarenmsis bey tuberosa L. Cynanchum mignumy (Glens bers: Vincetoxicum medium Decne. Polemoniaceae 250 Gilia aggregata, Spr eng. tricolor Benth. Hydrophyllaceae 251 Hydr ophyllum virgnuanum L. Borraginaceae 252 Anchusa Barrelit, Vitm. Myosotis scorpioides L. Verbenaceae 253 Verbena venosa Gill. & Hook Labiatae 254 Calamintha chinensis Benth. Ilyssopus officinalis L. Lamium iio) boa aaa Oe Leonurus Cardiaca: LL. Lycopus europaeus L. Mentha Cardiaca Baker pratensis Sole sylvestris Sole Monarda fistulosa Hook. punctata L. Russelhana Nutt. stricta Wooton Nepeta camphorata Boiss. & Heldr. eee Spreng. Ocimum Basineuny (2. canum Sims Origanum vulgare L. vulgare var. prismaticum Perilla frutescens Britt. var. nan- kinensis Bat. Phlomis alpina Pall. tuberosa L. Prunella grandiflora Jacq. grandiflora var. rosea vulg yaris L. var. laciniata Salvia farinacea Benth. Jurisici Kosan pratensis pratensis var. alba splendens Ker-Gawl sylvestris L. verticillata L. Satureia Acinos Scheele Scutellaria alpina L. canescens Nutt. peregrina L. Sideritis hyssopifolia L. Stachys iberica Bieb. officinalis Franch. Nolanaceae 255 Nolana prostrata L. Solanaceae 256 Atropa Hetadones le Datura Stramonium L. Hyoscyamus niger le: Nicotiana anderae Sander Tabacun - Solanum citrullifolium A. Br. Dulcamara Ly nigrum L. var. guineense Scrophulariaceae 257 Digitalis ferruginea L. Linaria canadensis Dum.-Cours. Mimulus rive ee Dougl. Pentstemon diphyllus Rydb. Scrophularia marilandica LL Verbascum Lychnites L. Veronica latifolia L. longifolia L. spicata L. Martyniaceae 260 Martynia louisiana Mill. lutea Lindl. Globulariaceae 265 Globulari eae lex Acanthaceae 266 Acanthus mollis L. spinosus L, Plantaginaceae 269 Plantago Cynops L. Psyllium L. ramosa Aschers. Valerianaceae 273 Valeriana officinalis L. Dipsacaceae 274 Scabiosa caucasica Bieb. Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck Cucurbitaceae 275 Momordica Charantian |e Campanulaceae 276 Campanula latifolia L. eriocarpa DC. latifolia L. macrantha Lobelia syphilitica L. Phyteuma Coreopsis Scheuchzert All. Drummondii T. & G. Platycodon Dysodia grandiflorum DC. aurea A. Nels. Specularia Ienuthia . perfoliata DC. flamimea Cass. . Erigeron Compositae 280 coryinbosus Nutt. Howell A. Gray Achillea Ichellus DC flipendulina Lam. pulchellus DC, filipendulina var. Golden [upatorium Cloth coelestinum | -t1ieqer ; > aIp Ageratum urticaefolium Reich. Floustonianum Mill. Gaillardia Houstonianum var. Little aristata Pursh Dorrit Helenium Anthemis _ Hoopesi A. Gray tinctoria L. Hehanthus Arctotis orgyahis DC. stoechadifolia Berg. a - Inula Artemisia grandiflora Willd. sacrorum Ledeb. salicina Aster Laatris alpinus L. var. ruber scariosa Willd. Amellus L. var. elegans cordifolius L. ericoides L. Matricaria inodora LL. Sober: mee Rudbeckia linarit 'L = laciniata L. pumiceus 1. speciosa Wend. a] i aa ~ . Boltonia . Senecio latisquama A. Gray anes | x Biebersteinii Grec. Clivorum Maxim. 1 11 2 Macropnyvilus Bieb. Centaurea orientalis Willd. | une Macroceplhiata Puschkk. Cacalia suaveolens L. Solidago Cirsium latifolia L. tuberosum (L.) All. speciosa Nutt. Stokesia Hieracium laevis Hill aurantiacum Tey, Tagetes Bombycinum Boiss. et poeee Reut. Baru evets: speciosum Hornem. Zinnia ae elegans Jacq. Krigia pe ee pauciflora L. amplexicaulis Nutt. Picris Cichoriaceae 281 _ echioides L. Crepis lycopifolium ee Sonchus montana Reic palustris L. MoNOcCOTYLEDONES Gramineae 319 Liliaceae 338 Alliut TAC eles O1X Lachryma-Jobi L. z Stic Tes SET tanguticum Regel virgatum L. Hosta lancifolia Tratt. Setaria undulata Hort. viridis (L.) Beauv. (alia regale Wils. Cyperaceae 320 Iridaceae 344 Cyperus Sisyrinchium filiculmis A. Rich angustifolum Mull. SEEDS FROM NATIVE PLANTS Actaea alba (L.) Mill. Cornus paniculata L’Her. Aralia nudicaulis L. Cypripedium acaule Ait. Amelanchier oligocarpa Hamamelis virginiana L. ichx.) Roem. Ilex verticillata (is) sGray, Caulophythom thalictroides Leavenworthia ab-< stylosa A. Gray Chimaphita umbellata Ge.) torulosa A. Gray Nu Lilium tigrinum Ker. Clintonia ee ealis (Ait.) Raf. Lobelia inflata L. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. _ Cornus canadensis L. Maianthemum canadense Desf Medeo — a virginiana | Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) rel. Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC. Ls Rosa carolina Sambucus canadensis L. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Spiraea latifolia Borkh. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh Trilium undulatum Willd. Viburnum acerifolium I Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Viburnum Opulus L. Be aa - canum (Mill.) / Address requests for seeds to reach us before March 1, 1940 to SEED EXCHANGE, 3rooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A. SOME INTERESTING WOODY PLANTS IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN he following plants are noteworthy because of their scarcity in cultivation or their ability to survive in this climate. In most cases they are growing in protected situations and many of them are given a light covering of burlap over winter. The majority of the plants are on their limit of hardiness and it is doubtful whether they could survive farther north. BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREENS Bupleurum fruticosum (Umbelliferae). A sparsely-branched shrub with gray-green leaves and glaucous branches. Of special interest in that it is the only woody member of the Parsley Family that will grow this far north. Plants four years old average three to four feet in height. Elaeagnus pungens (llaeagnaceae). A shrub from Japan with handsome foliage that is dull white on the undersurface. The abundant white flowers are produced in October and November and are delightfully fragrant. Plant about twenty years old, seven feet high. 11 Ilex dipyrena (Aquifoliaceae). An Himalayan Holly of com- pact habit, with spiny, glossy leaves about two inches long and with short-stemmed, grooved fruit. About four feet high, planted 1933. Ilex Fargesti. The specimen in the Botanic Garden is about twenty years old and four feet high. Remarkable because of its long, narrow leaves which are suggestive of Oleander. Ilex pedunculosa. A distinct and interesting species from Japan where it is said to attain twenty or thirty feet in height. The oval leaves are unusual in being entire—completely devoid of spiny ay teeth. The red berries are borne on slender, nodding stems often one and three-quarters inches long. Planted in 1932, it is now about six feet high, thin and open in habit and evidently perfectly hardy. Kadsura japonica (Magnoliaceae). A climbing shrub in the Magnolia Family with attractive glossy foliage and small, incon- spicuous creamy-white flowers. Planted 1925 south of a wooden Lence: Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae). Laurel, Sweet Bay. The laurel used by the ancients in crowning their heroes. In the Mediter- ranean region it forms a large tree, but in Brooklyn it is a shrub five feet tall. The fragrant foliage and rank growth are usually injured during the winter but the roots seem hardy. Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae). Bull Bay. Small tree with beautiful large leaves. Winter injury is frequent and the fragrant white flowers are only rarely produced. The several plants here vary in height from six to nine feet. Osmarea Burkwoodii (Oleaceae). A slow-growing shrub with toothed, ovate leaves about one and one-half inches long. It 1s supposedly a hybrid of Osmanthus and Phillyrea. Planted 1934, now about 2 feet high. Photinia serrulata (Rosaceae). A Chinese shrub with hand- some large leaves that are red or coppery when developing ; the cur- rent year’s growth remains red all season. Plants five years old are now five feet tall and come through the winter in a protected place almost unharmed. Quercus myrsinaefolia (Fagaceae). In its native habitat, Japan, this oak forms a large tree, but with us it is a shrub four or five IZ feet tall. The leaves are from two to four inches long and are not particularly oak-like. There has been no injury in the past two winters. Viburnwn utile (Caprifoliaceae). A shrub with slender stems and small, glossy leaves, interesting as being one of the few ever- green Viburnums that will come through our winters. Planted 1925, now about three feet. Decipuous PLANTS Alangium platanifolium (Alangiaceae). An odd, slow-growing shrub with broad, lobed leaves and inconspicuous white flowers. Planted 1933, now about 4 feet high and seems to be hardy. Dipteronia sinensis (Aceraceae). A small tree from central China with ornamental pinnate leaves. It is of particular interest in belonging to the only other genus besides leer in the Maple Family. Planted 1933, now about 6 feet tall; for the past 4+ years it has been growing without protection, and winter injury has been neghegible. Firmiana simplex (Sterculiaceae). Chinese Parasol Tree. A tree from the warmer parts of China and Japan that has been grow- ing outdoors in the Botanic Garden for over 20 years. The bark of the branches and trunk, even to the base, is green and smooth and the palmately-lobed leaves are often over one foot long. Now about 18 feet tall. poe — Jasminum Beesianum (Oleaceae). A slender shrub with green stems ; it differs from the other Jasmines in having red flowers and simple leaves. Picrasina quassioides (Simarubaceae). A small Asiatic tree with slender trunk and branches, closely related to Ailanthus. — It has no particular ornamental value, but is interesting because of its scarcity in cultivation. Now about 18 feet high; seems perfectly hardy. Pistacia. chinensis (Anacardiaceae). The Chinese Pistachio with us forms a bush about 6 feet high with ornamental pinnate leaves. It 1s used as grafting stock for the pistachio-nut tree lanted 1934. — (P. vera) of commerce. Ik) Platanus orientalis (Platanaceae). Oriental Plane. ‘This tree is rarely seen in America and the specimen in the Botanic Garden, about 40 ft. tall, is perhaps one of the largest in this region. The tree generally sold by nurserymen under this name is London Plane, P. acerifolia, a hybrid form. Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae). Chinese Tallow Tree. An interesting small tree with attractive foliage. It has flowered here but has not set fruit. In China the waxy covering of the berries is used in making candles and soap. Planted 1934, now about 8 feet high. Vitex trifoliata var. unifoliolata (Verbenaceae). A low, sprawl- ing shrub with simple leaves and blue flowers. Though found in southern Asia and Polynesia it has come through several winters here with little or no protection. Cares F. DoNEY The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, Boarp OF TRUSTEES EDWARD C. BLUM PRESIDENT JAMES G. McDONALD, LL.D. First VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN TuHirp VICE-PRESIDENT CHARLES PRATT TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA ed Chairma PHILIP A. BENSON TER HAMMITT EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officto WILLIAM T. HUNTER MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY JAMES G. McDONALD, Ez officio WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD LEWIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, ae officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUD Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE RES Tue FoLtowinc OFFICIALS oF THE City oF NEw York THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION EMBERSHIP.—AIll s who are interested in the objects and maintenance : pe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly ; eon puting Membership, #100 yearly Life Nene $500. Full in- fa mation concerning membership may be y addressing The Director, Brook- Botanic Garden, 1000 Wisiindton “Aveiaee Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, oc 9 Tue Botanic GARDEN is open free to he = oublie daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Siieavs and Holidays it is open at 10 a EntrANnces.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect Park; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard ; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Building. The street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite ae 7 MEMBERS and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may ae obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botte Garden; to others ete is a charge of 50 cents per person rrangements mus be made by application to the cite! of Public Instruction at least one day in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be con To H THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) sie ay to Prospect Park Station ; Interbor ough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Feb oe trailer to Empire Boulevard; Franklin PERU Lorimer Street, or Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Sreciie Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street or Vande rbilt Avenue trolley to Broshett Park Plaza and Union Street. By AuTomosiILeE from points on Long Island take Eastern Darlana west and turn left at Washington Avenue; from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue te Paster Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN : PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; -bimo nthly (1929-1932) ; cuales (1933—). Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, — special reports, educational Deichetts Seed List Cu ae Free to members of ae oa arden. Wore thers $1.00 a year. Gee mumbers specially priced. Circulates in 59 countrie EMOIRS. Established, Ju 1918. Published Jeena Not offered in exchange. Circulates i ‘in 48 countries. Volum ‘Dedication Papers: 33 scientific papers pied a = the dedication ee the a building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50, plu Volum The vegetation of Long Island. Part . ae vegetation of Montauk : us lay of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation’ of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. ise Ba noice Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60. e IV. Twent ti) ff th Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 years of progress in Hien) (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on horticulture. 1936. 133 pages. $1. 39. CONTRIBUTION Sh Established, 1911. Papers ore published 4 in. peri- odicals, reissued as “separates” without change of p ing. HDs constitute one volume. 25 cents. each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 sou ntri No. 85. Monographic studies in the Genus Eleocharis. V. 110 pages. 1939. No. The penne, of smut-inoculated oat seedlings through sand and loam ae 7. pages. 1938. No. 87. Se ‘buds aid phylogeny of Dicotyledons. 9 pages. 1939. No. 88. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of ae PTE Academy of Sciences, 1932. No. 37.*The Cyperaceae. 7 pages. 1939 JEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. popes weekly or biweekly Hine April, May, June, September, and October. Cont eB pepdiar, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others; also ait ouncements concern- wering and other. plant activities to be seen in the ae ae the date of issue. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers. 5 cents each. Circulates in 28 countries. Tarreqtent since 1936. GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Oe based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the REcorD; see abov Guide No. 6. Japanese potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 dustin Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cen Guide No. 7. The story of our boulders: heed geology gf ue Brooklyn Botanic Cari: 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cen Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. 8 Tsuna nee as cents. By mail, 40 cents Guide No. 9. The Rose Sager: oF the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 12 illus- eaten folded map. Price, 50 cen SEED LIST Peers ... Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 160 botanic ae and institutions located in 40 countries. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation a ae Peo een Society oF AmeERicA. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates n 48 co GENETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in cooperation with ees INCORPORATED. Subseri ription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIX APRIL, 1940 No. 2 CONTAINING THE TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1989 cs Gs ee Hr cat MARR SHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff Co STUART GAGE Pibi seb, Fd, Director MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic "Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist HUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALBRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l'Université (Paris), Curator of Plants AM ie9] he © on ee GEORGE M. Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, ’B. S., Curator of ayaa tae Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON PhD , Curato e Herbariu MARGARET M. DORWARD, A. Pe Agta Curator of Elementary eae uction Other a MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of J se Gardening ae ie Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, en oe inde Archit RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALEE TL CHENEY. oc: Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) ICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor EMILIE PERPALL Cae eae re ‘br rary Assistant CEA Se Pe EY oni Assistant in Woo ody Plants LIAM H DUR KIN, Curatorial Assistant ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMM OND, M.A., Instructor D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., Research Assistant RANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instruc Ne ELIZABETH PIERCE, M.A., ete mmm n Assistant RGARET ; H A D astant L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph.D., Research Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.M., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, eI ude MAUD H. PURDY, Art ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant EDNA PALMITIER SCHACHT, Assistant Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistant pice HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to ie Director ANK STOLL, Registr ar and Custodia a E. BENNETT, Ses A M. BREWSTER, Stenographe CONSTANCE PURVES FLSOn, BA, eee Published Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, ea by the Brooklyn Tnsditute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act ea August 24, 1912 THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY THE BROOKLYN BoTANIC GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about $253,000) has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. The needs of the Garden for private funds for all purposes, are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. il INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... Zo 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 iy ALE, DY ONE Payne OL oe eidwxwadary 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 6. Donor, by one payment of ........... 10,000 7. Patron, by one payment of .......... 25,000 8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under the Federal Income Tax Law. Nu er a ON Sal NI ie) —s 2 10 ie . Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant 12 lil PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of not less than six), when visiting the Garden. . Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. . Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower ays,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection. . Copies of Garden publications, as follows: a. Recorp (including the ANNUAL Report). b. Guiwes (to the Plantations and Collections). c. LearLets (of popular information). d. CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. Technical papers). . Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants in flower and other items of interest. Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium. . Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant- ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. Determination of botanical specimens. material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- ments sent to members from time to time. . Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities, and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. 1V FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used for the educationa of the Brooklyn Botanic Garc — and scientific work joe en. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and anes Brooklyn, N. V4 the sum Of. sce ees sidwaes Dollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary f a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income from which sum to pe used in the payment of a fellowship for advanced botanical en ere in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Sih i Gee el BA eae gse ahd ast icti: ede eee pea Sedan wlan, aaaeen fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devi bie — bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts ae Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. llars, to be used the income from Ww hoe 6 5 be used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * Go eo tao waa sa alee as, Se ae a a aa kB te oR eps eee SES! Ger Te Se) eine 0) fen ile er ere ae we Se eh ee See we le a Dey a. es BR Oe he ae a IOS 8 Sie LEB) ee teins ea wate Sa a) Sa a a kc ares fe ce ene: We: ee Re eB ee orcs) Lee 6 6 aR Oe a a ae ew 0 * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the results of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical publication. 4, The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. 5. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures. 6. The purchase and collecting of plants. 7. The beautifying of the grounds 8. The purchase of publications for the library. 9, Extending and enriching our work of public education. 10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for botanical research, or 55 os rior excellence of botanical workin the High Schools of the City of New % av 6-7 len M Gar« at the Registered attendance Facing north. a 1939. 8, (Cherry B J Mav Cherry Walk, Monday, 1. Fic. lossom Sunday) was 43,581. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIX APRIL, 1940 TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT Ol awake BiIN@ GIG YN 3 © les 3G AR BN 1939. REPORM Of Hit, DIRBCLOR: To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith the Twenty-Ninth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the calendar year 1939 It would seem as though every scientific and educational insti- tution in the United States of America should begin its annual report for 1939 with a prayer of thanksgiving that it is located where it is. In contrast to the conditions in some other lands, we have been free to pursue a program of scientific investigation and education without interference from governmental ignorance or bigotry, while we have witnessed elsewhere the appearance of such irrelevant classifications as “ Soviet ecology,” “ German math- ematics,” “ Aryan physics,” and other misleading designations for the different branches of science. In the Journal for Ecology and Biocenology, published by the Leningrad State University, we read that, “ The Revolution has reconstructed our science in general and biology in particular.” “Soviet ecology,’ we are told, “ ” is of increasing importance for Socialist Construction.” In Germany a new mathematical journal named Deutsche Mathematik, is devoted to nationalism, versus internationalism, in mathematics. ‘‘ German physics?,” asks Le- nard, a Nobel Prize laureate, in the first volume of a great work i) 16 called “Deutsche Physik”; “I might rather have said Aryan yhysics of the Nordic species [sic] of man physics, or the According to the physics of the very founders of the science.” a recent news item, German investigators, by a governmental de- cree, are required in their bibliographies to list the cited authors — separately according to race. In the United States, scientific investigators, no matter in what subject, have been free to pursue the truth as it is, and to proclaim laving to try to bring it into conformity it without the necessity of | No. inves- with any political or sociological or racial ideology. tigator or teacher of science has suffered in loss of position, social status, or otherwise for proclaiming the results of his research and his interpretation of them arrived at with entire freedom of thought and work. Science in this country is reconstructed solely on the basis of new facts and principles revealed by research, and not arbitrarily, with an attempt to bring it into harmony with any current propaganda of political revolution. No scientific books have been burned in this country because of the race or religion of their authors, or because their contents or their authors were not in agreement with some prevailing conception of the state. In other words, we have not, in this country, reverted to the Middle Ages in the administration of our science and education. It is true that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, together with prac- tically every other institution dependent on either public or private support, has operated with diminishing resources during the past This is due, in large part, to the failure of men to ten years. apply the method and spirit as well as the results of science to the practical affairs of life. And no problem that confronts the human race, outside the realm of religion and morals, 1s of more urgent importance than to provide continuing adequate support for institutions of science and education. Such institutions cannot remain static; they must either go backward or forward. Hith- erto, they have been able to depend, in large part, on private benefactions. Private benefactions are derived from surplus of income or capital, but in these days it seems to be the deliberate — intention of government to abolish surplus by excessive taxation. It is like planning to get water for irrigation, or power to generate electricity, by draining the great federal dams. 17 The resultant problem for scientific and educational institutions is to adjust themselves for the time being as best they can, in the hope that support which has hitherto been available in the form of generous annual gifts, and which has been gradually fading away chiefly because of taxation, may in some measure, at least, be replaced by bequests, and by a substantial increase in the num- ber of smaller contributions. And while gifts of private funds have been falling off because of the mounting burden of taxation, governmental agencies, fed- eral, state, and municipal, have been reducing their annual tax- budget appropriations for scientific and educational institutions. All this is now a truism, but it needs to be clearly in mind when estimating the present status and current accomplishments of these institutions. WHAT IS A BoTANIC GARDEN ? There is an old story of an evangelical preacher who based his sermons all one winter on the same text because, he said, he had never found any gospel messages so much needed as those which grew out of that text. An experience of more than thirty years in botanic garden administration has emphasized to the writer the perennial necessity of interpreting to the public just what a botanic garden is. One never thinks of a museum as a place to do something; he goes primarily to see something; it is the constant hope of the director and staff that he comes to learn something. Of course, if he does not derive pleasure from his visit the museum will have measurably failed in its purpose as a museum. It is essentially for education. So also with the plantations of a botanic garden. They may, superficially, look like a park. Within certain limitations the “garden” may be used as a park—as a place for passive recrea- tion. But that is not primarily its purpose. If it were, the whole plan and planting would be different than they are. The planta- tions of a botanic garden are essentially an outdoor museum. a? They are intended primarily to serve an educational end. They are laid out with that object in view, and must be so administered if the garden is to justify its name and its very existence. Of 18 course, many visitors come to a botanic garden, just as they go to a museum, primarily for passive recreation—to enjoy its beauty, to withdraw from the noise and confusion of the city. No ex- perienced botanic garden administrator could ever harbor any il- lusions about that. Nor would he wish to. It is a laudable aim, and the Botanic Gare fy en here serves a very useful purpose. But, as with a museum, recreation is not the primary aim of the botanic garden, and experience shows that multitudes do come for a pur- pose that rarely takes them to a park, namely, to learn something about plants and horticulture ; and, like a museum, a botanic garden should be planned and administered chiefly with a view to serving the latter group. But when we are less largely pedagogues and more largely human beings, we recognize the fact a it is as important to be happy as to be learned. In The Hianan Situation, which one reviewer has called “perhaps the most important book of its kind which the twentieth century has yet produced,” the author, W. MacNeil Dixon, says: “I am less enamored of truth than of beauty. If I could spend the course of everlasting time in a paradise of varied loveliness, I do not fancy my felicity would be greatly impaired if the last secret of the universe were withheld from me.” And so, while the primary aim of a botanic garden is educa- tional, we should minister not only to those who come to learn the Latin name of the Lilac, or what plant family comes between the suttercups and the Roses, or the latest variety of Iris, but also to those who come to seek only happiness amidst beauty. And thus becomes a fundamental aim to make the Botanic Garden as beautiful as possible. The gift recorded below is a major con- tribution to the beauty of the grounds. an S. THe DEAN CLAY OsBOoRNE MEMORIAL The preceding Annual Report recorded the generous gift of Mrs. Sade Elisabeth Osborne, [¢xecutrix, a member of our Board of Trustees, of the architectural features (fountain, water basins, seats, and columns) at the north and south ends of the Long Green, in the Horticultural Section of the Garden, lying between the Brooklyn Museum site on the cast and Mt. Prospect Park on Fic. 2, The Dean Clay Osborne Memorial: Columns, Water Basin, and Seats at the north end of the Long Green, near Eastern Parkway Entrance. See Fig. 3. (9910) ‘2 20 the west. The gift, reported to the Board at its meeting on October 13, 1938, was made in memory of Mrs. Osborne’s hus- band, Dean Clay Osborne, deceased January 23, 1937. Work on the memorial, designed by our landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn, began in August 1938; it was suspended on December 15 on account of winter weather. Work was resumed on Feb- ruary 3, and was completed, except for the flagstone paving, on March 9, 1939. It was formally presented on the afternoon of April 19, 1939, the wedding anniversary date of Mr. and Mrs. Osborne. 7 et — —) ‘he exercises were held in the Botanic Garden Audi- torium with the following program: 1. Presiding, Mr. James G. McDonald, President of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci- ences; 2. Brief address, “ The Significance of the Memorial,’ Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Director of the Botanic Garden; 3. Presentation of the Memorial, Mrs. Dean C. Osborne; 4. Acceptance of the Memorial on behalf of the Board of Trustees, Mr. Edward C. Blum, Chairman of the Board; 5. Acceptance on behalf of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, Miss Hilda Loines, Chair- man of the Committee. A sudden downpour of rain just at the close of the exercises in the Auditorium interfered with the inspection of the Memorial. Tea was served in the Rotunda of the building by the Woman’s Auxiliary. About 250 persons were present. THE PLANTATIONS The Hurricane of September 21, 1958, recorded in the preced- ing Report, necessitated a great deal of replacement during the first half of the year. About 55 trees were felled by the wind, including most of the hedge of Lombardy Poplars (Populus nigra var. italica) planted nineteen years ago along the Washington Avenue border of the Garden. The work occasioned by the hurricane is recorded in the appended report of the Horticulturist (pp. 88-95). The Drought—A severe drought of twelve weeks duration in the spring and summer of 1923 (April, May, and June) is re- corded in the Botanic Garden Recorp for October of that year. The precipitation for the three months was 4.24 inches below the 21 normal of 9.74 inches for the preceding 58 years. The drought was broken on July 4-6, but drought conditions continued through- out most of August and September. The brown lawns showed almost no trace of green color, leaves dropped from some of the trees, and xerophytic plants like Pachysandra terminalis wilted to the ground. The damage to conifers was very great. The drought of 1939-was the most severe since 1923. A spring excess of rainfall of approximately 5.0 inches was eliminated on May 21, after which the deficiency continued to pile up, reaching one inch on June 2 and 1.84 inches on the 12th. Slight rains during the second ten days of June reduced the deficiency mate- rially, but they were so distributed as to be of ‘little avail for vegetation. By June 29 the shortage had again increased to 2.00 inches. The rain of June 30 (1.80 inches) was not sufficient to wipe out the deficiency, which again increased to about 3.0 inches by the end of July, and to 5.18 inches by the 18th of August. A rain of 3.00 inches on the 19th of August cut the deficiency nearly in half, but by the close of the month it rose again to 3.00 inches. The rains of September (1.21 inches vs. 3.39 inches nor- mal) were of little consequence, and by. September 30 the dry period left a total deficiency of about 5.00 inches.» This was reduced by October rains to an accumulated deficiency of 3.41 inches ; but the October precipitation, like that of the:other months, and so was of little adantage to ’ was distributed ‘Sin driblets,’ plant life. The precipitation for November (1.47 inches vs. 2.96 inches normal) left an accumulated deficiency of 4.90 inches from Jan- uary 1. In December the precipitation of 1.22 inches was 2.40 inches below normal, making an accumulated deficiency for the year of 7.30 inches. Combined with the deficiency of rainfall, abnormally high tem- peratures prevailed throughout the summer with an accumulated excess of 521.0° as of October 31. These high temperatures, of course, tended to increase the loss of water by transpiration from the leaves and other exposed surfaces of the plants. This was counteracted in part by the excessive humidity which prevailed during the summer, but the net result was a condition of severe drought for the plants, necessitating almost continuous irrigation a9 from May to the middle of October. This saved the plants from suffering as severely as they did in 1923. In fact, one would hardly have been able to infer a drought from the fall appearance of the plants and lawns. I) MEMORIAM - DEAN- CLAY: OSBORME BY: HIS-WIFE SADE: ELISABETH OSBORME si sacra wi oe rake 3. The 1 Clay Osborne Or ial. Detail of Panel at the of one ol the F ee Columns oe min Fig. 2, showing Design of Ginkgo Leay and Fru See Fig (9 The excessively low temperature of 27° F., recorded on April 13, was reported as the lowest for that date in 65 years, but the *. on the 25th. There was a spring de- Such wide and mercury went to 83° ficiency (March 21 to April 30) of 26 degrees. sudden fluctuations above and below the freezing point, especially in late spring, are quite detrimental to plant life. Ze The Eastern Parkway Gate—lIn the preceding report we re- corded the setting of the Eastern Parkway fence back about 44 feet from its original location at the sidewalk. During the year the areas on each side of this fence were paved with hexagonal blocks by WPA workmen under the supervision of the Depart- ment of Parks, but the grading and restoration of walks on the Garden side of the fence were not completed by the end of the year. A new portal at this entrance, for which plans have been made by the architects, McKim, Mead and White, is one of the urgent needs of the Garden. Mt. Prospect Park, on the site of the old Mt. Prospect Reservoir, adjacent to the Garden, was opened to the public on Saturday, May 27, with formal exercises at which the Garden was officially represented by Chairman Edward C. Blum of the Board of Trus- tees, President James G. McDonald of the Brooklyn Institute Miss Hilda Loines, Chairman of the Botanic Garc Committee, and the director of the Garden. A fire on the border mound just inside the north Flatbush Avenue gate was discovered in the leaves and grass in the late afternoon of June 7. A policeman turned in an alarm, and the fire company extinguished the blaze. This is the third fire that has occurred on the Flatbush Avenue border mound, and the second in this identical location. Apparently, these fires result from the careless discarding of lhghted matches and cigarettes. This is only one of the innumerable occurrences which emphasize each year the importance of having guards at our gates. If there had been a guard at the gate this fire would have been promptly detected before it had done much damage and would have been extinguished without having to call out a fire company. The condition of the paved walks has been growing worse for several years. — — en Governing ion Qu An appropriation for resut facing a portion of the walks was granted in 1932. Subsequent requests for appropria- tions to complete the work of resurfacing have not been granted. The walks have now become really dangerous in places. During the vear the ambulance was called to the Garden three times on account of turned ankles suffered by visitors. In one case the Garden was obliged to pay, out of private funds, a claim for 24 damages. The walks are really beyond the stage where patching will suffice. What is needed is a reconstruction of the surface throughout most of the Garden. ATTENDANCE The total attendance for the year of 1,798,029 is nearly 72,000 more than for 1938, and is the largest in the history of the Garden. For the four months of June, July, August, and September the attendance was 689,498, or more than 80,000 in excess of the attendance for the corresponding months of last vear. Whether, or to what extent, the World’s Fair may have been a factor in this increase it is difficult to say. The lack of rain was favorable for attendance, but the heat was excessive and this usually sends peo- ple to the seashore or out of the city and so makes for a smaller attendance. The increase in general attendance may be attributed in part to the attendance of 80,270 in classes from the schools, an increase of more than 41,000 over 1938. Week-end attendances (Saturday, 12-6 p.m. and Sunday, 10 a.m.—O p.m.) were as follows: April 29-30, 38,866; May 6-7, 43,581; May 13-14, 36,369. The attendance for April 30-May 1, 1938, was 56,145 or 12,564 more than the highest for 1939. It is the general impression that the chief factor in this falling off was the World's Fair, which opened April 30. Further data are given in the appended report of the curator of public instruction. Botany ror Every MAN Last year the Brooklyn Botanic Garden published statistics con- cerning the history, organization, and work of more than 550 bo- tanic gardens located in 80 countries.'. An analysis of these data shows that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden apparently has the most extensive program of popular education, for adults and children, of any botanic garden in the world. The year’s educational work is fo, summarized in the appended reports of the curators of public anc of elementary instruction. Of a scientific and educational per- sonnel of twenty-five, ten persons devote part of their time and fifteen persons, or 60 per cent. of the total, devote all of their time jan 1 Gager, C. Stuart. Botanic Gardens of the World. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 27: 151-400. July, 1938. 25 to educational work or to curatorial care of collections (planta- tions, library, et cetera) required for the proper conduct of this work; this includes formal courses of instruction; lectures and addresses at the Garden and elsewhere; docentry for visitors to the plantations and conservatories; a bureau of free public informa- tion on all aspects of plant life and gardening; popular publica- tions; advisory service and other cooperation with the Department of Parks, the Board of Health (City hospitals and other institu- tions), the Board of Higher Education (City colleges), and the Board of Education, with extensive service to the public, ele- mentary, and high schools of the City (including the supply of large quantities of plant material for study and for the beautifica- tion of classrooms), and the formal teaching of some 80,000 pupils in the City schools who came to the Botanic Garden with their teachers for instruction. Of those devoting all their time to education (services to City departments and to the general public), nearly 63 per cent. of the total salaries is provided from Private Funds; of those devoting half time or less to education, more than 65 per cent. of the total salaries is derived from Private Funds, the remainder, in each case, from the City Tax Budget. Science 1s for the Public “To the flourishing of science. To that science which does not fence itself off from the people, which does not keep itself at a distance from the people, but is ready to serve the people, is ready to pass on all the conquests of science to the people, which serves the people not from compulsion but voluntarily, readily.” This quotation, from Joseph Stalin, is taken from one of the wall panels in the U.S.S.R. Building at the New York World’s Fair, The quotation is given here not because it states anything new, but because it states so concisely and with emphasis that which has always been the aim and the contribution of science and of scien- tists themselves in all lands and at all times, especially in democra- cies— to serve “the people not from compulsion but voluntarily, readily.” During the past decade we have witnessed the strange anachronism of a national government giving and withholding Gate at South Washington mm iOYo OM Fall Avenue Entrance. Maddock Bequest. One of se (9815) + | | | tii t onenal a4 ISERL ai ece ‘veral Features made possible by the ta recognition of scientific workers and their contributions on the basis of national and racial origins; but with this, almost if not quite, unique exception, it has been the universal practice of na- tional governments to promote chiefly the advancement and dis- semination of “that science which does not fence itself off from the people . . . but is ready to serve the people.” This has been specially true of the modern democracies, as witness the support of Pasteur’s work by Government in France; the governmental support of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and Edinburgh, the Rothamstead Agricultural [experiment Station, and the National Astronomical Observatory at Greenwich by England; the National 3ureau of Standards, the Department of Agriculture, the Geo- ogical and Geodetic Survey, the Health Service, the Bureau of Iorestry, and other official scientific departments and bureaus of the United States Government and the Governments of the various — states of the Union, and other instances too numerous to mention. It was in harmony with this normal point of view of science that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, in the first year of its existence, stated its aim as “for the advancement of botany and the service of the city,’ and parallel with a plan of scientific research de- veloped a program of public education, and organized its planta- tions with that aim chiefly in view. It is specially pertinent for a botanic garden to recall that one of the first opportunities in America for teachers to study science was given by a botanist when Asa Gray, professor of botany in Harvard University, an- nounced sixty-eight years ago (in 1871) that teachers who could not take his courses during term time would be given an oppor- tunity to attend during the summer vacation. This was not only the beginning of the “summer session,” now common in most of our universities; it was a pioneer step in adult education. Exlubits and Formal Instruction The feature that most distinguishes museums and botanic gar- dens from other types of educational institutions is the mainte- nance of labeled collections of objects for observation and study. 3ut it is the common tendency for visitors to gain from the ex- hibits only individual notions, or percepts, and to be satisfied with percepts, rather than to gain general notions, or concepts, or voluntarily seek to gain concepts. For example, in our Conserva- tory exhibit installed to illustrate the concept of “the evolution of the Plant Kingdom,” most unconducted visitors appear to be interested chiefly or wholly in the individual plants and not in the evolutionary sequence of the different types of plants. This, not- withstanding the labels and diagrams displayed with the plants, and a special method of installation, all intended to call attention to and to teach the probable sequence of types in the development of the plant kingdom through the ages. Practically all comments overheard from casual visitors are about individual plants; rarely, if ever, are there comments about the sequence of forms or the oe of the eee to illustrate the evolutionary se- quence. (See Fig. . 85.) And so it Is a for museums and botanic gardens to provide teaching guides, lectures, and courses of instruction to supplement the labeled collections and increase their educational effectiveness. Our exhibit on “Evolution of the Plant Kingdom” is educationally most effective when visited by a class under the ance of its teacher or of a Botanic Garden instructor. a gui Broadcasting.—During 1939 thirty-four broadcasts were given on the Botanic Garden and various aspects of plant life and gar- dening. ‘Twelve of these were over WOR in cooperation with the Radio Garden Club, conducted by the [extension Service of Rutgers University. A list of subjects and stations is given in Appendix 4+ (page 133). According to WOR officials, the Bo- tanic Garden is given $240 worth of time for each broadcast. Extra-Mural and Intra-Mural lectures, to the number of 123, have been given by various members of the Garden personnel in — cooperation with other organizations and institutions, including 35 lectures to schools, with a total attendance of 21,380. These are listed in Appendix 3 (page 125). Publicity and Publication —As noted later, much licity resulted from our five exhibits at the World’s Fair. Some 950 clippings have been received, based on the official news releases sent out by the Department of Public Instruction, and also of > 1 additional pub- independent origin. 1A similar experience in - behavior or reaction of visitors to a museum is discussed by Mauldred C. Porter in Publications of the American As- 38. sociation of eee oc 16. Washington, 193 29 Popular and semi-popular articles and reviews by members of the Garden personnel have been published during the year to the number of 77, in addition to 17 technical publications. All of these are listed in Appendix 2 (p. 120). Thirty-eight news releases have been prepared for the press. RESEARCH One of the popular fallacies about scientific research is the im- pression that its results benefit only a small portion of the public. To hold that conception is to lose sight of the fact that the entire body of human knowledge has resulted from research—from thoughtful, unprejudiced, persistent inquiry concerning the world about us. It is a truism to remark that without research our entire program of public education would be impossible. And we should not depend merely on knowledge that became available centuries or decades ago and which has become general public information. If our teaching is to be reliable and vital we must take account of the results of current research as they become known. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is the daily beneficiary of research done elsewhere; it is highly fitting that we should also be making contributions to our knowledge of plant life as a service, not to the few, but to the general public. Reports of progress on research under way during the year are given on pages 51 to 69. The subjects include the fundamental problem of disease resistance in plants and the Japanese Iris proj- ect (Dr. Reed and collaborators); the breeding of a chestnut tree resistant or immune to the disease that has destroyed nearly all the American chestnuts (Dr. Graves and assistants) ; systematic 1e local flora (Dr. Svenson and assistants) ; —_— botany and studies of t flower structure and ontogeny, and its bearing on the phylogeny and classification of the Dicotyledons (Dr. Gundersen) ; experi- mental genetics of the Boston Fern—Nephrolepis (Dr. Benedict) ; economic plants (Dr. Cheney). 3otanical research by our own staff, as we have often stated before, is important for the proper administration of our collec- tions and the enrichment of our educational work; it is of the very essence of the advancement of botanical science which is one of the purposes for which this botanic garden was established, as 30 stated in the original Act of 1897, of the State Legislature: for “the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, the prosecu- tion of original researches there and in kindred subjects.” The — advancement of knowledge, like its dissemination, requires funds. The total results of botanical research—economically, socially, aesthetically, educationally—are large out of all proportion to the amounts that have been and are being expended for its promotion. During the twenty-nine years of the Garden's existence it has had one large gift ($50,000) exclusively for the purpose of research; t annual contributions for this work; but the total amount available — ree friends have for the past nineteen years made generous during these years has been meager in proportion to its require- ments and importance. The results have more than justified the modest sums that have been expended. An analysis of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden budget for 1927 showed that approximately 24 per cent. of the total was for re- search. An analysis of the 1938 budget showed that only 9.15 per cent. was applied to research—a falling off of nearly 15 per cent. in eleven years. The figures for 1939 are substantially the same as for 1938. Endowment for research is one of our most urgent needs. THE LIBRARY Co, The library not only serves the needs of our own staff, but is open free daily (except Sundays and holidays) to the general public, and its use by the public tends to increase each year. The librarian (pp. 100-104) reports a total attendance of 5,627 (as against 4,595 in 1938), accessions of 244 books, 689 pamphlets, and 5,865 parts of publications; books — oaned to other institutions 69, and books borrowed from other libraries 20. It may be noted again that publications are not loaned to individuals but only to other libraries. The Mrs. George White Field Memorial— Mrs. Field’s Lit- erary Club,” a woman’s club of Brooklyn, was organized in 1884 by Mary Jones Field (Mrs. George White Field), whose death oc- curred in February 1934. At its meeting on April 20, 1939, the Club voted to contribute $500 to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the purchase of rare and important books as a memorial to Mrs. Sil Field, each book to bear a special bookplate. A full report of this valued and highly appreciated gift may be found in the Report of the Librarian. The books, on special shelves in one of the locked cases in the library, constitute a lasting memorial to one who was formerly important in the cultural life of Brooklyn; at the same time they meet a real need and serve a very useful purpose. The hope is again expressed that in the not too distant future the library may come into a substantial endowment fund, and also — a fund so urgently needed for the accumulated binding. THe HERBARIA Accessions to the Phanerogamic Herbarium total 4,524 speci- mens. We have sent 540 specimens in exchange to other insti- xy gift to individual collectors. By — tutions, and 555 duplicates exchange and purchase 314 specimens have been added to the Mycological Herbarium. It is hoped that the maintenance of the herbaria may be ultimately provided for by endowment, on a scale commensurate with their importance. During the year $150.00 was added to this new endowment fund, bringing the total to $2,345.04. PUBLICATIONS A report on publications issued by the Garden, either indepen- dently or cooperatively, may be found on page 138. Genetics, Incorporated In December, 1921, we entered into an “ Agreement” with the Editorial Board of Genetics for cooperation in the publication of that bimonthly journal. By the “ Agreement” the editing was in charge of the Editorial Board and the business management was in charge of the Garden. By good fortune, the journal gradually acquired a small margin for investment, and this necessitated the formation of a Corpora- tion for investing and administering these and any subsequent funds. Through the generous assistance of the law firm (Mudge, Stern, Williams and Tucker) of Mr. Alfred E. Mudge, of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, a Corporation was formed as of May 10, 1939, under the laws of the State of New York, 32 known as “ Genetics, Incorporated.” officers of the corporation for the first year are as follows: President, Prof. Leshe C. Dunn, Columbia University ; Vice-Presi- dent, Prof. George H. Shull, Princeton University; Secretary- Treasurer, Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The other incorporators were Dr. Charles B. Davenport, Station for Experimental Evolution of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, old Spring Harbor, Long Island, and Dr. Donald F. Jones, geneticist, State Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, its The incorporators and the Connecticut. At its first meeting, on June 2, 1939, the Board of Directors passed a vote of appreciation and thanks for the services of the law firm of Mudge, Stern, Williams and Tucker, and, in particular, to Mr. Harlowe I. Bowes, of that firm, for the legal services and advice so generously rendered in connection with all the steps and work required to bring about the incorporation of “ Genetics, In- corporated,” including the preparation of the Certificate of Incor- poration, the first draft of the By-Laws and other legal papers; for the filing of the Certificate of Incorporation, for the drawing up of a new “ Agreement” with the Corporation, for the carrying on of necessary correspondence, for stenographic services, for con- ferences and consultations, and for the use of its conference room for the two required meetings of the members of the Board. Tt is a pleasure to make acknowledgment here of these generous services with the thanks and appreciation of the Governing Com- mittee and the director of the Botanic Garden. Incorporation made it necessary for the Garden to enter into an “ Agreement” with ‘Genetics, Incorporated,” to take the place of the old “ Agreement” with the Editorial Board of Genetics. In the new “ Agreement,” as in the old, the business management of Geuetics is vested in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, which appoints the business manager, who is an officer of the Garden and not of Genetics, Incorporated. The present director of the Garden, now serving as business manager of Genetics, was also elected secretary-treasurer of the Corporation. The full text of the new “ Agreement”? may be found as Appendix 9, beginning on page 139, 33 THE Wortp’s Farr, 1939 Our two preceding reports contain summaries of the steps, in- itiated by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in 1937, leading to the organization of “ Hortus, Incorporated,” fate the installation under its supervision of “Gardens on Parade,” the horticultural exhibit at the New York World’s Fair, 1939. As previously reported, friends of the Brooklyn Garden underwrote $10,000 of the total of $235,000 for financing this project. The Fair authorities as- signed to Hortus, Incorporated, a tract of a little more than five acres for the exhibit, and the “cornerstone” of the pavilion on this site was laid on Friday afternoon, October 21, representatives of the Botanic Garden being present, as noted in our preceding annual report. The “ Sponsoring Societies”? of Hortus, Incorporated, in addi- tion to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, are: The Horticultural So- ciety of New York, New York Florists Club, Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, and the New York Botanical Garden. Early in May invitations were issued by “ The President and Officers of Hortus, Incorporated ” to the formal opening of “ Gar- dens on Parade,” on Thursday morning, May 18, at eleven-thirty. Mrs. Harold Irving Pratt, president, presided, and brief remarks were made by Hon. Grover A. Whalen, president of the Fair; Mr. Stephen F. Voorhees, chief designer; Mr. William Adams Delano, architect (whose firm designed the pavilion) ; Major Gil- more D,. Clarke, consulting landscape architect of the Department of Parks of New York City; and Col. John P. Hogan, vice- president and chief engineer of the New York World’s Fair. The admission price to “ Gardens on Parade” was at first 40 cents (in addition to the general admission to the Fair of 75 cents) ; later it was reduced to 25 cents. ” Exhibits at the Fair Knot Gardens and Herb Garden.—Two Elizabethan Knot Gar- dens and a Culinary Herb Garden, designed and laid out by our horticulturist, Mr. Free, were maintained as permanent exhibits throughout the period of the Fair, which closed on Tuesday, 34 October 31. A fuller account is given in the appended report of the horticulturist (p. 88). A large colored illustration, in perspective, of the Knot an Herb Gardens, 40 by 90 inches, done in water colors by Miss Michalena La Frere Carroll, of our personnel, was exhibited on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Day and for a few days thereafter. Japanese fris.—In cooperation with the State Institute of Ap- ee, plied Agriculture, Farmingdale, Long Island, an exhibit of grow- ing plants of Japanese iris varieties was made at the World's Fair. The plants selected were from the collection which the Botanic Garden has built up in the course of several years, in- cluding the material secured by Dr. and Mrs. George M. Reed on their trip to Japan in 1930. They were grown at Farmingdale in cooperation with the Institute. One hundred nineteen varieties, each represented by three plants, were installed in “ Nyssa,” the World’s Fair garden of the Institute. The plants were on display from June 16th until July 7th. From June 17th to July 17th, 60 watercolors of Japanese iris done by Miss Louise Mansfield and Miss Maud H. Purdy, were exhibited in the Exhibition Hall of “Gardens on Parade.” These illustrated four of the wild types and 56 garden varieties, showing the range of variation in color, size, and shape. From July 17th to July 27th, 45 watercolors of iris species, varieties, and hybrids, by the same artists, were exhibited. About — ors illustrated the iris of the Southern United States, mostly our own hybrids. The parents and _ first two-thirds of the waterco hybrid generation plants of /ris virginica X I. laevigata, as well as a few species from various parts of the world, were on display. In the New York City Building we installed a general exhibit comprising a collection of rare and unusual growing plants; a 2 feet by 5 feet model of our Children’s Garden; photographic prints, 32 by 42 inches, enlarged from negatives by our photog- ae Mr. Louis Buhle, showing views in the Garden; and, printed on the wall, a brief outline of the features of the Garden considered as “Gardens within a Garden.” This entire exhibit was installed by Mr. Free, following a layout by Skidmore and Owings, architects, New York City. In the New York State Building, Long Island Section, there Se were exhibited several views of our grounds and our educational work. These views were enlarged from negatives by Mr. Buhle. The Garden had, altogether, a total of seven exhibits at the Fair. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Day at “Gardens on Parade” was held on Monday, July 17, from 2 to 6 p.m., in conjunction with New York Botanical Garden Day. The guest of honor was Captain F. Kingdon Ward, F.R.G.S., the well known plant ex- plorer. Members of our personnel and of the Woman’s Auxiliary were in attendance to answer questions about the Garden and its work, Attendance.—It is estimated that the Knot and Herb Gardens had approximately 735,000 visitors, according to attendance figures given out by the “Gardens on Parade” authorities. In addition, many thousands viewed the exhibits in the New York State and New York City Buildings, the Iris Exhibits, and the exhibits in the Exhibition Hall of “ Gardens on Parade.” Special Publicity—Announcements concerning the exhibits at Gardens on Parade” were sent by the Director of Publicity of Hortus, Incorporated, Mr. Bernard H. Goldenson, to more than 600 newspapers, magazines, trade publications, and photograph syndicates in the United States, and also to selected publications in Canada, Mexico, and other countries. We have received scores of clippings about the Brooklyn Botanic Garden exhibit from publications throughout the country, and also requests for infor- mation about the Garden and its work. oe MEETING OF AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY Fall Rose Garden Day was held on October 5 in connection with the forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Rose Society, which met on the fifth and sixth of October as a guest of the Botanic Garden. The forenoon meeting of the Society was held at the Hotel St. George, which was headquarters for the conven- tion. After luncheon at the hotel the members of the Society joined the members and staff of the Botanic Garden for inspection of the Rose Garden from 2:00 to 3:30 o'clock. Exercises in the Garden auditorium, at 3:30 p.m., comprised a brief address of welcome by the director, a response on behalf of the Rose Society by its President Emeritus, J. Horace McFarland, 36 of Harrisburg, Pa., and an illustrated talk on “ Making the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden Rose Garden,” by Montague Free. Mr. T. Allen Kirk, M.D., of Roanoke, Va., President of the Society, presided. Tea was served in the main floor rotunda of the Lab- oratory Building at 4:00 o’clock by the Woman’s Auxiliary, Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher being chairman of the committee on arrange- nr" ments. There was an exhibit of cut roses by members of the Society. The sessions of the Society on Wednesday morning, October 5, were held in the Garden auditorium, and were followed by a buffet luncheon in the rotunda, with exhibit of cut roses and rare books on roses, and a series of illustrations in color of patented roses, including the first plant ever patented, which was a rose. — This exhibit was installed in the hbrary by the library staff. On Wednesday afternoon the members of the Society visited rose gardens in private estates on Long Island. CONFERENCE ON MeEpDICINAL HERBS A conference on medicinal herbs was held in the Laboratory Building on Thursday evening, October 18, based on the recent evelopment of a Medicinal Plant Garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, which appears to be the first garden of medicinal plants in New York City since the Elgin Botanic Garden, which was established by Dr. David Hosack in 1801, on land now occupied by Rockefeller Center, and discontinued about 1815. That garden gave special attention to plants that “ possess medicinal properties.” The program was as follows: 1. History of the use of plants in medicine. Dr. Howard W. Haggard, Director, Laboratory of Applhe« J versity. 2. Modern use of plants in medicine. Dr. Ernest Fullerton Cook, Professor of Operative Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and C macopoeia, 1930. ry ¢ tty Physiology, Yale Uni- ay — qairman of the Revision Committee, U. S. Phar- The auditorium meeting was followed by a reception and an exhibit of Rare Old Herbals in the Botanic Garden library. The program was arranged by a Committee on Arrangements representing the cooperation of other institutions as follows: oF Walter A. Bastedo, M.D., representing The New York Academy of Medicine. Dean Jean A. Curran, M.D., representing The Long Island College of Medicine. Frederick Schroeder, M.D., representing Kings County Medical Society. William H. Weygandt, D.Phar., representing Brooklyn College of Pharmacy. Ralph H. Cheney, Se.D., Chairman, representing Brooklyn Botanic Garden. About 250 persons attended, including students from the Long Island College of Medicine and the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy. CooPERATION Works Progress Administration Our cooperation with the various Relief Administrations, which began in 1931 with the Emergency Unemployment Relief Com- mittees, has continued without interruption with various City and Federal Relief “ Committees’ and “ Administrations” through to the close of 1939. The various units are recorded in the eight preceding Annual Reports. Our present project began in 1933 under CWA (Civil Works Administration) and ERB (Emergency Relief Bureau). On August 1, 1935, it was changed to WPA (Works Progress Ad- ministration), Service or Job Number 465—97—-3-69, and_ this continued through June, 1939. On July 1 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Public Works Administration (PWA) were consolidated under one head, with the name “ Works Projects Administration,” thus retaining the abbreviation, ‘““ WPA,” with a new connotation. Under this set-up our Official Project Number is 65-1-97, and the Service or Job Number is 23. In July there began a nation-wide layoff of the WPA workers who had been enrolled for eighteen months or longer. During the first six months of 1939 the Botanic Garden had 17 WPA workers —imen and women, in various kinds of work. A few of these had been at the Garden continuously for some six or seven years. 38 By July 25, these persons (except one gardener who left August 31) toget a with all those of more recent assignment had all been 1 Miss Sadie M. Hiller, who began under the laid off, including mo came to us EWB in March, 1932, and Mr. Emil Barens, w under EWB in 1932. During the past seven years Miss Hille has had charge of our extensive collection of photographic nega- antern slides, under the general supervision sarens was assigned to the Depart- a" — A tives and prints, and of Mr. Stoll, custodian. Mr. ment of Plants, under the supervision of Dr. Gundersen, curator. The work of both these departments became adjusted to the serv- ices rendered by these two WPA assistants and their loss is keenly felt. Somewhat similar conditions resulted in other departments through the loss of WPA assistants of shorter periods of assign- ment. Unfortunately, the Botanic Garden has no funds available for retaining any of these workers on our regular payroll. At the close of 1939 we had eleven WPA workers. Their services included bookbinding, stenographic, clerical, and typing assistance ; recording of lantern slides and negatives; translating ; greenhouse work; and messenger service. Board of Education Our work in cooperation with the elementary and high schools of the City is recorded in the appended reports of the curators of ic Instruction (High Schools) and Elementary Instruction = Pub (Junior High and Elementary Schools). Special attention is called to the fact that the number of pupils brought in classes was more than double the number brought in 1938—80,270 vs. 39,632. Part of this increase was merely recov- ery of the normal number, which has averaged about 50,000 year, previous to 1938. The falling off in 1938 was due to a combination of circumstances. Part of the 1939 increase was due to the fact that the WPA supplied a number of teacher-guides who brought many classes in addition to those brought by regular class teachers. Study Material (living plants and plant parts, Petri dishes, ete.) was supplied to 4,742 teachers in 202 different schools for the instruction of 281,729 pupils. For 1938 the figures were 2,888 teachers in 168 schools, and 159,441 pupils. 39 Penny Packets of Seeds were supplied in a total number of 958,028 to pupils in 531 schools of all Boroughs of the City. Potted Plants, to the number of 1,065, were placed in classrooms of 64 schools with 83,915 pupils in attendance. Loan Lectures (lantern slides with lecture text) were supplied to 169 teachers for the instruction of 12,647 pupils. Board of Higher Education The annual scholarship assigned each year to a student in the Department of Biology of Brooklyn College for superior work in biology was awarded on September 29 to Miss Flora Green, who was nominated by the Committee on Scholarships and Prizes of the Department. Miss Gace registered in course B14, “ Trees and Shrubs of New York.’ Some of the study material reported above under Board of Education was supplied to instructors in eleven colleges and uni- versities. Brooklyn College was, on May 11, given a quantity of aquatic plants for the water garden on the College campus. On June 7 we gave the College, for its new library, complete files, so far as available, of our Record, Contributions, and Leaflets. Science Council and Science Teachers Clubs.—In connection with our service to high school biology teachers, Dr. D. Elizabeth Marcy, research assistant, set up an exhibit at the Annual Luncheon of the Science Council and Science Teachers’ Clubs of New York City, held at the Hotel Astor on February 25th. The exhibit was entitled “ Methods of Plant Propagation,” and illustrated propa- gation by cuttings, offsets, runners, rhizomes, bulbs, grafting, and poe budding. Great interest was shown, and requests from teachers for this sort of material from the Botanic Garden have increased. Miscellaneous Cooperation World’s Fair Commission of the City of New York.—On May 3 we supplied to this Commission one truck load of palms and other plants to be used for decorative purposes in the New York City Building at the Fair. Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia is Chairman of this Commission, the Park Commissioner, Robert 40 Moses, Executive Officer, and Mr. Harry Sweeny, Jr., Park Di- rector-in-Charge. Department of Parks —In April the arboriculturist, the district foreman, and two gardeners of the Prospect Park Personnel ac- cepted our invitation to join one of our regular classes in its field trip to Prospect Park for the study of trees and shrubs. On August 31 we supplied 100 cuttings of Prinsepia sinensis and 100 of P. uniflora to the Department of Parks. Long Island Horticultural Society —On January 17 this society held one of its regular meetings at the Garden. A talk on House Plants, illustrated by living plants, was given by Mr. Free. Tea was served by the ladies of the Garden personnel. After the lecture there was a tour of t tories. — ve Laboratory Building and Conserva- International Flower Show —TVhe thirteenth consecutive exhibit of the Garden was installed at the Flower Show in Grand Central Palace, March 13-18. The exhibit consisted of a collection of house plants, selected because they have been proved able to with- stand, better than other plants, dry air and other unfavorable pat — conditions of city apartments. The exhibit received a “ Special Award.” The Garden Club of America, through its Library Committee, gave an exhibit from January 9 to February 14 of books, scrolls, paintings, and photographs relating to * “ Chinese Gardens and their Influence.” The exhibits included a collection of “ cut plant mate- rial of Chinese origin,” supplied by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The City Gardens Club, on January 10, held a special conference on “* Smoke Abatement ” in cities, Dr. Graves attended the meeting aeary as a representative from the Botanic Garden, taking part in the discussion and answering questions concerning the effect of air pollution on trees and other vegetation in the city. Columbia University —As for several years past, classes in plant materials and horticulture of the School of Architecture made several visits to the Botanic Gar« — en for the purpose of studying plant materials and types of gardens. The instructor is Mr. Howard R. Sebold. Long Island University—The scholarship in Botanic Garden classes, awarded annually, for superior work in biology to a stu- 4] dent of Long Island University, was awarded in 1939 to Miss Rose Auerbach, who enrolled in course B14, “ Trees and Shrubs.” On April 20 a letter was received from the University ex- pressing appreciation of numerous courtesies extended to the University by the Garden, and mentioning in particular the facili- ties of our library and conservatories, specimens supplied for ex- hibition and research purposes, the loan of lantern slides, and our course on tree identification. Municipality of York, Western Australia—In connection with plans of the Town Council for establishing an arboretum in York, and for developing it with reference to the needs of the education of children as well as adults, a request was received by us through the Department of Parks, New York City, for seeds of a selected list of trees. The intention of the authorities of the new arboretum is that trees from different parts of the country will serve in con- nection with the educational work for children in geography as well as in plant life. Seeds from ten species of trees growing in the Botanic Garden were sent to Mr. A. E. White, Town Clerk, in January. ‘he Atlanta (Georgia) Botanic Garden is now in the early stages of planning. In September Miss Adrienne Morris, of Atlanta, who is taking a leading part in this movement visited the Brooklyn Garden to learn of our plantations and activities. After returning to Atlanta she wrote: “I am sure I shall never again see space used to such advantage, and everything so beautifully planned. ... 1 have talked so much of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden since I got back to Georgia that people are beginning to wonder 1f I actually saw any others.” California Spring Garden Show.—As reported by Mr. Free (p. 92), a portion of the exhibit of House Plants, which we installed at the International Flower Show in New York in March, was sent, by request, to the Tenth Annual Spring Garden Show, Oak- land, California, in April, where it received a first award (Blue Ribbon). We also received a letter commending the fine condition of the plants on arrival, and mentioning our inclusion of “new” house plants. At the close of the show the plants were distributed to California dealers. The American Institute Science and Engineering Clubs offered 42 a series of sixteen “ Workshop Courses” during the spring of 1939. Two of these courses were given at the Botanic Garden by members of the teaching staff of the Garden, as follows: Course X, Nature study for camp counselors, by Miss [lsie Ham- mond; Course XI, Garden work for camp counselors, by Miss Frances Miner. The American Museum of Natural History, through its Lab- oratory of Experimental Biology, has been checking up on frog colonies in New York City and vicinity, and a special permit was issued in May to their curator, Dr. G. K. Noble, to enter the Bo- tanic Garden grounds after dark for the purpose of making ob- servations on the amphibian colony in the Botanic Garden Lake, which includes the bull frog (Rana catesbiana) and Fowler’s toad (Bufo fowlert). The VY. W.C. A. sponsored “ The World in Flower Arrange- ment ” in their Central Branch Building on May 2. The Woman's Auxihary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was one of several cooperating organizations. The purpose of the Flower Show was not to raise money but to promote an interest in flowers. The Garden supphed forty living plants to be used for an Italian decorated pushcart. TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION The annual Spring Inspection for officials, members, and their friends was held, as always, on the second Tuesday in May, which fell on the ninth. The weather was favorable, and the Japanese flowering cherries were at their height of bloom. The following exhibits were on view in the Laboratory Building: 1. Thirty paint- ings in tempora colors, by Mrs. Amelia Johnson, of Plainfield, New Jersey; 2. Thirty paintings of garden flowers and wild flow- ers, by Mrs. J. Ralston Cargill, of Columbus, Georgia; 3. Provost- fleurage, ten designs in color, made of pressed Larkspurs, by Miss Eva Marian Provost, of Winter Park, Florida; 4. Full size plaster model from which the carved panels of the columns at the North Terminal of the Horticultural Section were made, showing foliation and fruits of the Ginkgo; 5. Proposed Gate at Eastern Parkway: Perspective in color by the architects, McKim, Mead st 43 and White. Tea was served as usual in the Laboratory Building by the Woman’s Auxiliary. WomaANn’s AUXILIARY Again the Woman’s Auxiliary, under the presidency of Mrs. Henry Joralemon Davenport, has proved itself an indispensable part of the Botanic Garden organization. The Social Committee, with Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher as chairman, had charge of tl serving of tea at the Spring Inspection on May 9, the Twelfth Annual Rose Garden Day on June 13, and Fall Rose Garden Day on October 5. A major service was rendered by the Auxiliary in connection with our spring canvass for new members of the Garden. More than 1,000 invitations to join the Garden were sent out by the members of the Auxiliary in the form of personal letters, enclos- ing printed matter supplied by the Garden. Each member supplied the postage for her own letters, and many members supplied names of prospective members. In addition to this a letter over Mrs. Davenport’s signature, with folder enclosed, was sent to several hundred other names of the list supplied by the Garden. Many new members were enrolled as a result of this canvass. At a meeting of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, on June 16, the Director was requested to convey to Mrs. Davenport and the Secretary of the Auxiliary an expression of appreciation and the thanks of the Committee for this substantial service o the Auxiliary and its President. MEMBERSHIP Whatever may be the advantages of the steadily mounting burden of taxation, there is no question but that it operates to reduce the financial support of our museums, botanic gardens, et cetera from private individuals. Our enrollment of members is barely holding its own, and increase of taxes is the reason most frequently given for resignations. Membership data, as of the date of publication of this report, may be found on page 155. Members enjoy numerous privileges in consideration of the payment of their membership dues. On May 26 we distributed 44 3,390 plants (mainly hardy chrysanthemums and cannas) to 226 members who called for them in response to our postcard notice. Club Memberships For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of cooperating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs, and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely identified with the work of the Garden in promoting an interest in plant life and horticulture, as follows: Annual Memberships —Garden Clubs or other organizations may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of Ten Dollars. Each member club may designate one of its officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and publica- tions as go to individual annual members and to represent the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including flower days and annual Spring Inspection in May. The club may also have, without charge, the services of a Garden docent for a tour of the plantations or conservatories, followed by tea. One member of the club is entitled to free tuition in most ETS, (Bay pel courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-mem Sustaining Memberships—Any club or other organization may become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the soard of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus- taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars Sustaining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual membership, not ea in the Botanic Garden but also in the Brook- lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They may designate ne members who may receive free tuition in most 3otanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-members. Volunteer Services —Through the Central Volunteer Bureau of the Junior League of Brooklyn (Mrs. Robert Ross Parker in charge) we obtained the volunteer services of Miss Ernita Roth- maler to organize our canvassing list in card catalog form, and give general supervision of the work over a period of several weeks. In addition to contributing her time, Miss Rothmaler too > ry 45 out an annual membership in the Garden. The Governing Com- mittee of the Garden, on June 16, adopted a resolution of thanks to Miss Rothmaler for her very helpful and substantial services, and to the Service Bureau of the Junior League of Brooklyn for their greatly appreciated cooperation. PERSONNEL Mr. Daniel C. Downs, who became Secretary and Accountant on January 19, 1925, resigned as of July 31, 1939, after fourteen years and six months of service. During his incumbency the work of the office greatly increased in amount and diversity, and the work was facilitated by modern methods of office practice introduced from time to time by Mr. Downs. Miss Maude E. Voris, Assistant Secretary in the Business Of- fice since July 2, 1923, resigned as of June 31, 1939. Her inti- mate acquaintance with the history of persons and events during all these sixteen years made her services of special value. The hearty good wishes of the Governing Committee and of the Botanic Garden Personnel go with both Mr. Downs and Miss Voris as they retire after these long years of service. At a meeting of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee on June 16 the Director was requested to convey to Mr. Downs and Miss Voris the appreciation of the Committee for their long and faithful service and their devotion to the best interests of the Garden during a little over 14 years and six months, and 16 years of service respectively. Mr. Thomas A. Donnelly succeeded Mr. Downs as Secretary and Accountant, beginning as of August 1, 1939. From April 17 to June 30, he served as Business Office Assistant, and during the month of July as Assistant Secretary, becoming Secretary and Accountant, in charge of the Business Office as of August 1, 1939. Mr. Donnelly came to us after thirteen years experience in the National City Bank of New York and its predecessors (Nassau National Bank and Bank of America, National Association), being head of the bookkeeping department for the past three years. Miss Edna A, Palnutier succeeded Miss Voris as Assistant Secretary, in the Business Office, beginning as of July 1, 1939. She was previously in different departments of the National City Bank. 46 Mrs. Norma Stoffel Banta, who came to the Garden on Feb- ruary 28, 1928, as Business Office Assistant and Telephone Op- erator, resigned as of December 31, after eleven years and ten months of service. Miss Jane E. Coffin was appointed Business Office Assistant and Telephone Operator, to become effective January 1, 1940, in place of Mrs. Banta, resigned. Miss Coffin volunteered her serv- ices without salary from December 11 to 31 in order to become familiar with the duties of the position. Fic. 5. Gold Medal of the Horticultural Society of New York awarded to Montague Free at the Annual Flower Show Dinner, March 14, 1939- (9789) Mr. Montague Free was awarded the Gold Medal of Achieve- ment of the Horticultural Society of New York at the Annual Flower Show Dinner at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on March 14, in recognition of his twenty-five years of outstanding services to horticulture while at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw was awarded the Silver Medal of the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, March 14, at their Annual Luncheon at the Hotel Roosevelt, in appreciation of her twenty-five years of service in horticultural work with children at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. At the annual meeting of the American Nature Study Society in Columbus, Ohio, in December, Miss Shaw, who has served as president of the Society during 1939, was re-elected for another — year, 47 Fic. 6. Silver Medal of The Federated Garden Clubs of New York State awarded to Ellen Eddy Shaw at their Annual Luncheon, March 14, 1939, 807) FINANCIAL Change of Fiscal Year for New York City—Beginning as of July 1, 1939, the Fiscal Year of the City of New York, which had previously coincided with the calendar year, was changed to begin as of July 1 and terminate as of June 30. In connection with this change, the Tax Budget appropriation for the first half of 1939 was determined in November 1937 with the adoption of the Budget for 1938, and was made almost exactly one-half the 1938 appro- priation. The budget request for 1938 and the first half of 1939 was submitted in July 1937. Of course, it was difficult to an- ticipate requirements nearly eighteen months in advance, but the inconvenience was comparatively slight. In the appended financial statement the appropriations and ex- penditures for the first half of 1939 are given separately (p. 108), followed by a similar report for the last half of the calendar year, which now becomes the first half of the fiscal year. As shown on page 111 of the financial statement, the total of available funds for the calendar year 1939 (and, for comparison, 1938) are as follows: —_— 1938 1939 Change CTper xe BAG re beg ear terme neers ate nes $ 96,125.20 $ 93,597.28 $ 2,527.92 Dec. PrivatesFunds® ss.42ei 0082325 123,694.89 100,664.14 23,030.75 Dec. MOtal esse aeitan epee $219,820.09 $194,261.42 $25,558.67 Dec. 48 The percentages of the two budgets for the past eight years have been as follows: 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Tax Budget....50% 42.2% 49.2% 48.7% 49.1% 49.8% 43.73% 48.18% Private Funds. .50% 52.8% 50.8% 51.3% 50.9% 50.2% 56.27% 51.82% The decrease in the Tax Budget represents decrease in appro- priation ; the decrease in Private Funds budget is chiefly accounted for by the contribution of $35,000.00 for the Dean C. Osborne Memorial in 1938. The Tax Budget appropriation for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1939, was $96,450.00, as follows: — Requested Granted Difference Personal Service... .............000-. $ 93,089.20 $82,100.00 $10,989.20 65) n'ch og Glele\:|: -a aa anes eo oe eee even eeED 19,412.05 14,350.00 5,062.05 OLAS seep Potosi Sith at tate aig Gu dea Ae toes $112,501.25 $96,450.00 $16,051.25 In the Tax Budget appropriation there was a decrease of any $275.20 in salaries, and an increase in men-days for wages of $1,250.00, making a net increase in Personal Service of $974.80. In the codes for Other than Personal Service there was a total decrease of $650.00. For the entire budget there was a net increase of $324.80. The increase for Wages enabled us to increase the rate for our per diem men by fifty cents a day. Even with this increase, the rate is still less than the rate prevailing in the Department of Parks and other City departments and, in all justice, should be brought up to the latter rate. Capital Outlay Budget Alterations, additions, and replacements to the heating system Laboratory Building was under (aly throughout the conservatories anc way from September 25, but the work had not been completed at the end of the year (Park Department contract number, 132,- 460). The contractor for this work was the Jacobs Engineering Corporation, 103 Park Avenue, New York City, who was the lowest bidder. The amount of the appropriation was $8,280. 49 Replacement of the water supply system and plumbing repairs in the Conservatories and Laboratory Building (Park Department contract number, 132,292) was under way from July 31, and was completed November 22. The official contract time did not begin until August 31. The contractor for this work was Albert Miller, 62 Blake Avenue, Brooklyn, who was the lowest bidder. The amount of the appropriation was $5,222. The old iron water pipes were almost completely clogged up by deposits from the water. To avoid a repetition of this, they were replaced with brass pipes. Both of the above contracts were under the general supervision of the Department of Parks. Private Funds In the preceding report I stressed the fact that during 1938 private citizens of Brooklyn contributed a total of more than $54,000 toward the work of the Garden, an amount equal to nearly 57 per cent. of the Tax Budget appropriation—a testimony to public interest in the Garden and confidence in its administration. During 1939 Private Funds income, exclusive of interest on endowment, was $52,279.28—a total almost equal to that of 1938, and 54 per cent. of the 1939 Tax Budget appropriation. This is a substantial sum, considering the times—mounting taxes, myriads of good causes annually soliciting and meriting contributions, and diminished income, especially on invested funds. But we must not lose sight of the fact that, while annual at- tendance and the demand of the public for service increase, our Private Funds Budget for 1939 ($100,664.14) is still $28,658 less than the Private Funds Budget of $129,322 just ten years ago (1929). It does not need any statement beyond the figures to emphasize what this falling off of more than 22 per cent. means in curtailment of activities, and how far we have to go on the road to recovery. Endowment The total amount of the principal of all endowment funds as of December 31, 1939, was $1,374,388.35, which represents an increase of $5,996.65 over the preceding year. The increases were 50 as follows: Endowment Increment Account, $3,206.15; Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund, $2,140.50; Herbarium Endowment Fund, $150.00; Life Membership Fund, $500. To restore the loss of $28,658 in annual private funds income, ay indicated above, it would require the addition to our endowment of approximately $818,800.00 at 3.5 per cent. (the present average rate on invested funds). If the endowment principal were in- creased by one million dollars we should have only the modest additional annual income of $6,342 ($181,200 @ 3.5%) to pro- vide for the enrichment and expansion of our services in harmony with the increased public demand and normal healthy expansion since 1929, Bequests Some of the readers of this Report may be contributors to the work of the Botanic Garden. Your contribution may be insured in perpetuity by making suitable provision in your will. By such a plan the work of the Garden is not crippled by the loss of its contributors. Forms of bequest are given on page iv preceding the main body of this report. I cannot do better than close with the last paragraph from my preceding report : “Said Professor William Graham Sumner, of Yale University, one of the founders of Sociology in America, ‘ Discontent . . . is an agency which produces achievement and drives on what we call progress.’ We are appropriately discontented.” I cherish the fervent hope that this motivating discontent 1s felt, as it should be, by the trustees as well as by the executive. Respectfully submitted, C. Sruart GAGER, Director. 51 REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1939 PLANT PATHOLOGY By Georce M. REEpD Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Hybrids to Loose and Covered Smuts Studies on the inheritance of smut resistance of oat hybrids were continued, many third generation progenies of different crosses being grown. Duplicate sets of seed for growing 145 third generation progenies of Green Mountain X Monarch were inoculated, one with Race 1 of the loose smut and the other with Race 3 of the covered smut, the latter originally obtained from France. The data indicate that inheritance of resistance to both of these smuts depends upon a single factor difference and, further, resistance to each smut is inherited independently. The variety Green Mountain is susceptible to the race of loose smut, while Monarch is resistant; in contrast, Green Mountain is resistant to the race of covered smut, while Monarch is susceptible. In the same way, duplicate sets of seed for growing 265 third generation progenies of Navarro X Hull-less were inoculated with Races 1 of loose and covered smuts. Navarro is resistant to both races of smut, while Hull-less is susceptible. In this hybrid, the data indicate that the inheritance of resistance to loose smut depends upon two independent factors, while inheritance to the covered smut depends upon three such factors. There were 165 third generation progenies of Navarro X Goth- land inoculated with Race 1 of the loose smut. Gothland is sus- ceptible to this smut, while Navarro is resistant. In this hybrid, the data indicate that the inheritance of resistance is dependent upon two independent factors, the results corresponding with the hybrid Navarro X Hull-less inoculated with the same race of loose smut. | Altogether, there were grown 151 third generation progenies of Navarro X Black Mesdag which had been inoculated with a highly specialized race of covered smut, to which Black Mesdag is susceptible and Navarro resistant. The data indicate that sev- eral factors for resistance are involved. 52 Physiologic Races of the Oat Smuts The extensive data obtained over a period of several years were assembled in order to determine the possible number of physiologic races differentiated. In the course of the experiments, approximately 200 species and varieties of oats have been inocu- lated with many of the smut collections which were secured from widely separated regions. We are especially indebted to Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Dis- eases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., who has supplied collections of smut from the important oat-growing re- gions of the United States. The problem has been to sift out the varieties of oats which were useful in separating possible races of smut. As the result of all the experiments, 29 distinct special- ized races of —" oose smut have been demonstrated on the basis of their reaction on 17 varieties of oats. In the same way, 14 special- ized races of covered smut of oats have been differentiated on 10 varieties. Most of these specialized races are based on a single collection. In a few cases, however, several collections of smut seem to be identical. It 1s possible that further tests with addi- tional oat varieties might reveal one which would separate some of these other collections. A few races are capable of attacking a large number of oat varieties, while others appear to be quite narrowly limited in their capacity for infection. Of all the varie- ties of oats tested in the course of these experiments, only three have proved to be resistant to all of the races—Markton, Navarro and Victoria. Studies on the Methods of Inoculation of Oat Smuts Early in our studies on the inheritance of smut resistance in oats, special methods for the successful infection of susceptible varieties were worked out. The method as finally used over a period of years consisted of (@) removing the hulls from the grain, (b) inoculating the kernels with dry smut spores, and (c) germinating the seed in sand with a low moisture content, at a temperature of approximately 20° C. This procedure, using a variety of oat susceptible to the particular strain of smut, has regularly given very high percentages of infection, in many ex- Portion of Experimental Greenhouse. Right Bench, Back Row, Pedigreed Seedlings for Disease Resistance e Fic. 7. Studies; Other Rows, Paper Cups and Pedigreed Seedlings. Bench, Hybrids and Parents of Southern United States Iris, Center Bench, Oat Hybrids for Disease Resistance Studies; Left (9950) 54 periments all of the inoculated plants having been smutted. The method has proved particularly valuable in connection with the studies on inheritance of smut resistance, since it was necessary to make as certain as possible that all susceptible individuals were infected. In oat smut investigations, other methods have been developed and, during the past year, comparative experiments have been carried out on some of these. In these experiments we have used several different races of smut, as well as a number of oat varieties resistant or susceptible to them. Our method, in prac- tically every case, has given much better results than any other. Studies on Experimentally Produced Physiologic Races of the Oat Smuts Dr. L. Gordon Utter has continued his infection studies with collections of oat smut which resulted from hybridization between the loose and covered smuts of oats. In the previous report, a brief account of several selections, some of which may be new, distinct races of each smut, was given. The covered smut selec- tions were characterized by their infection of Gothland, a variety normally resistant to this smut but susceptible to the loose smut. Similarly, the loose smut selectious attacked Monarch, which or- dinarily is only susceptible to the covered smut. Additional ex- periments were carried out with 34 collections of smut, obtained from various oat varieties, which had been infected with the different selections. The reaction of these collections on several varieties of oats was determined and, on the basis of their behavior, at least eight distinct races of covered smut and seven of the loose smut were differentiated. Gothland continued to be susceptible to the covered smut collections, whereas Monarch showed a range from full resistance to susceptibility. The loose smut collections gave high infections on Monarch but Gothland was resistant to some and susceptible to the others. In both smuts, certain col- lections showed identical behavior and, therefore, were considered as a single race, while other collections were so striking in their reactions that they were tentatively classed as distinct races. Sev- eral collections from three new races of each smut, when tested on various oat varieties, were generally found to give infections so have a characteristic of the respective race. Several of the races a So shown a remarkable uniformity in their capacity for infecting oat varieties over a period of years. Sorghum Smut Investigations Dr. D. Elizabeth Marcy continued investigations on the infec- tion of sorghum varieties with the covered and loose kernel smuts. Studies were made comparing the growth rates of uninoculated sorghum varieties before emergence from the sand. The suscepti- ble varieties were Dakota Amber Sorgo, Dawn Kafir, and Shallu, and the resistant varieties Feterita, Dwarf Yellow Milo and Darso. Marked differences were observed in the growth rate of the seed- lings. These varieties also varied in height at maturity, and the rate of growth of the seedlings corresponded to their relative heights. There was no indication of a correlation between sus- ceptibility and rate of growth of the seedlings. The influence of several different environal factors was studied. Experiments were carried out on the effect of the size of sand particles, the amount of moisture, the influence of sucrose dis- solved in water, and temperature. Seedling growth was found to be retarded by (1) maintenance of a low soil moisture (10 per cent. of the water-holding capacity) ; (2) moisture supplied as a 2 per cent. sucrose solution; (3) low temperature; (4) very fine sand; and (5) heavy tamping of the sand in which the seeds were germinated. The combination of these conditions which retarded seedling growth proved very favorable to high percentages of in- fection in susceptible varieties. In other experiments, plants were stunted by removing part of the endosperm, with the purpose of determining whether this stunting would influence infection. In the series inoculated with the covered smut, a large number of the seedlings of the highly susceptible variety, Dakota Amber Sorgo, failed to survive. The amount of smut among those that did survive was less than for the non-stunted series. Since it is probable that those which died off were infected, no conclusions can be reached. Most of the — — plants of the somewhat less susceptible variety, Red Amber Sorgo, reached maturity, and the percentage of smutted plants was some- what greater in the endosperm-deficient series. The experiment was repeated, inoculating the seeds with the loose smut. Again, 56 a large number of seedlings failed to survive and results from both these experiments must be considered inconclusive. These various treatments influenced the percentage of infection in susceptible varieties, but had no effect whatever in bringing about the infection of resistant varieties, such as Dwarf Yellow Milo, Field Assistants——Miss Eleanor Shasken, who had completed her Jumor year in Brooklyn College, and Mr. Benjamin Wein- stock, who had completed his Junior year in Cornell University, spent part of their time in July and August in assisting in various phases of the experimental work. THe Irts By Grorce M. REED Studies on the hybridization of the iris which have been found in Florida and Louisiana have been continued. Several first gen- eration plants of crosses have flowered, and their characteristics have been recorded. These plants have been self-pollinated in order to obtain a second generation series. A few second genera- tion plants of certain crosses have flowered and shown various combinations of the characters of the two parental varieties. Many more may be expected to bloom during the coming year, thus ~—t giving a much larger number of plants for the study of range of variation. Miss Louise Mansfield made watercolors of the flowers of a few of the first and second generation plants, as well as the parental types. Tris Thrips and Aphids In cooperation with the Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine, Washington, D. C., further tests for the control of iris thrips were carried out by Dr. L. Gordon Utter and Dr. Floyd F. Smith. Derris powder (.02 per cent. rotenone) with sulphonated castor oil (1-400) as spreader, and 40 per cent. nicotine sulphate (1-450) with Grasselli-spreader-sticker, gave approximately 99 ee cent. control when applied 8 times at weekly intervals during Ma y and June, thus confirming previous results. Bi-weekly applications of 57 these sprays also proved highly effective. When the same sprays were applied 4 times at weekly intervals during the early part of the season, the control of thrips was not entirely satisfactory Four applications of the same materials during June, however, gave excellent results. Sprays with reduced derris and nicotine content also gave promising control. Liquid extracts of pyre- thrum (Pyrethrol 20), with the Grasselli-spreader-sticker, and derris (5 per cent. rotenone) were first tested during the year. The former gave good control, but below that of the standard derris and nicotine sprays, while the latter proved equally effec- tive. It is proposed to carry out tests with nicotine, pyrethrum, and derris dusts during the coming year. The southern United States iris plants growing in the green- house during the winter were heavily infested with the tulip aphids, and experiments were carried out in order to control them. Fumigations for one hour with calcium cyanide, used at the rate of 3 ounces to 1,500 cubic feet, gave fairly complete control. This concentration, however, 1s too high for some kinds of plants, al- though the iris seemed to be uninjured. Frequent spraying with 40 per cent. nicotine sulphate (1-400) and Grasselli-spreader- sticker (1-1,000) also gave marked reduction in the number of the aphids. Soft Rot of the Iris Rhizome Soft rot of the bearded iris continued to be destructive. The damage appeared somewhat later than last year, but toward the end of the summer large numbers of plants and some varieties had been completely destroyed. ‘Treating the soil with bichloride of mercury, formalin, semesan, and ethyl mercury iodide during the preceding fall did not prevent the infection of the iris. Dip- ping the iris rhizomes in solutions of bichloride of mercury, forma- lin, potassium permanganate, carbolic acid, copper sulphate and semesan, or dusting with cupro jabonite, copper carbonate, and sulphur, before planting, proved ineffective. No difference in control was noted between such treated iris when planted in treated or non-treated soil. 58 GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS ENROLLED DurineG 1939 Mr. Paul F. Brandwein has completed his studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at New York University. He presented as his thesis “‘ Infection studies on the covered smut of oats with special reference to the effective period of infection.” Tlis ex- periments were carried out over a period of years, and involved the detailed study of the behavior of large numbers of individual seedlings under the varied conditions of the experiments. A. Friedman has continued his studies on the Mr. Bernard Ife has isolated many cultures from soft rot of Witloof chicory. diseased plants and made a careful comparison of their char- acteristics. Some Witloof chicory plants were grown during the past year for infection experiments. Mr. Arthur Davidoff and Miss Jean P. Walther, graduate stu- dents in New York University, have enrolled for research in mycology and pathology. Prof. Laura A. Kolk, Biology Department, aboratory facilities for studies on the germi- ected in the vicinity of New York srooklyn College, has used some of our | nation of several grass smuts col City. Dr. Sylvia Colla, a graduate of the University of Turin, for cen engaged in the investigation of the value Some of her in- — — several years has of chemicals in stimulating root production. vestigations were carried on in Italy and others in the Argentine. During the past year she spent some time in our laboratory, carry- ing on further experiments along these lines. CHESTNUT BREEDING Work IN 1939 * By ArtrHur HARMOUNT GRAVES The object of this work is to develop, by breeding, a new chest- nut tree of a type suitable for timber, which, at the same time, shall be practically immune to the blight caused by the fungus, Hidothia parasitica. The reason for, and methods of this breeding have * A more detailed account will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 59 been rather fully explained in my previous reports (e.g. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 28: 55-56. 1939). Assistance and Cooperation of Institutions and Individuals. — Popular interest in this problem increases each year. The Garden Club of America and the Connecticut Forest and Park Association, to mention only two of many organizations and individuals, have been particularly helpful with arrangements for securing addi- tional land, on a cooperative basis. We acknowledge with pleas- ure the continued cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology, S. Department of Agriculture, in sending us pollen and in giving us financial assistance for a part of the year. As already noted in our report of last year’s work, the American Association for the Advancement of Science awarded us a grant-in-aid to be applied to the work in 1939, On account of my absence in Europe during the flowering sea- — us de- partment, was given entire charge of the hybridization work. Summary of Hybridization Work in 1939—During the sum- mer, Miss Rusk, with the help of her assistants, made more than son of the chestnut, Miss Hester M. Rusk, Instructor in t 60 different crosses on several hundred flowering branches of chestnut species, varieties, and hybrids. Resulting from this work, 767 hybrid nuts were harvested in October. All these nuts were planted in our cold frames at the Garden, and at Hamden. Ten new crosses were successfully made, bringing the total of new hybrid combinations of Castanea produced by the Garden to 30: Pollen of the Chestnut was received toward the end of June and in early July from the following institutions or persons, and we take eae in making acknowledgment here. June 18. From Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A. Cas- tanea poe Jute wow Eront slays Noris. ‘lenn., thrush Mia) C. Me Daniel. C. Henin, une; sehrom evince. Wouise Naylor, hittle: “silver Nien ji Cc. [ibtat ona & (afi Mr. H. F. Stoke, Mountain Nut Co., Roanoke, Va. C. dentata. 60 June 26. From T.Y.A,, Norris, Tenn., through Mr. J. C. Me Daniel. C. neglecta ( =. pumila x C. dentata). July 1.) From Division of aire Pathology, U.S.D.A., through Mr. R. B. Clapper. C. dentata. July 12.) From Mr. Alfred J. Frueh, West Cornwall, Conn. C. dentata, Stoke Hybrids—On March 3 we received scions of valuable hybrid chestnut stock from Mr. H. F. Stoke, of the Mountain Nut Company, Roanoke, Va. These were grafted on some of our Chinese and Japanese seedlings on April 15, with the result that we now have 12 trees of these hybrids. Cooperative Plantings —In 1939 we continued to extend our cooperative plantations (explained in my ee Por 1958) pi; of, and accordingly supplied seedlings to Dr. D. F. Jones of a Con- necticut Agricultural Experiment Station at oe Haven, Conn., for planting out on the experimental farm of the Station, located at Mt. Carmel (Hamden), Conn. The trees now growing in the three cooperative plantations are as follows: Cooperative Plantation No. 1 On Farm of Dr. W. W. Herrick, Sharon, Conn. Seedlings in first year of growth: from nuts harvested in 1938 Cu CPONGED Cp GONTOLe: 3.4 ds 55 O08 AGA BG tat ik wd oye yada Bow Re ae Z C. crenata X (C. crenata X C. dentatd) .eoccc ccc ccc ccc cc ee cee en eens 10 (C. crenata X C. dentata) Cre SCH ONONG: soe ge altos sph a i Gah eden eR Ge 3 (C. crenata X C. dentata) X (C. crenata X C, dentata) vi... cee ee 8 C. mollissima : Cs CVU GEG gh doe thease tyre py Wah wale Aa oR AAR OS RR 2 C. mollissima X (C. crenata X C. dentatay occ cee eee 14 I are Tg I nh i aca ete ye vane eile eee ek aes ] DO ON Ce COMO: acco ha chao hideous Shane wud wile eae hates 4 DO Oe an, WOES ING irae nae Rant aha neue oak ao nee eee eons ees 6 S8 (from open pollination) 2 years old 2.2.0... 0.0... cece ee eee 75 61 Cooperative Plantation No. 2 On Grounds of New Haven Water Company, Orange, Conn. All seedlings in first year of growth: from nuts harvested in 1938 Seedlings from open pollinations CEA GrenatO oN 1 CCHLOEO: te wer TNS Biot aic otacs Sere ee eta ea eae 119 Seedlings from controlled pollinations G; crenata x (GREG EN EC Xa CRC CHLLAL GD) caer ee he Weir tec Mea erento 3 6 as LEX Oe SMOLIS SUING Lara ee ee irae ea cae eens 3 G. Sane DO COM ael at Sa Ta eh (OS a0 4117097170 Damen teeren tne faeeey Air pereoe a eens toa 1 ART ay ecg en octeeahahn mn ony nan oe Nea L77 Nae Oe PRR eR Nae ere Oe We nacre tart 129 Cooperative Plantation No. 3 On Farm of Connecticut ae Experiment Station; Mt. Carmel mden), Conn 1 seedlings in first year of growth: from nuts harvested in 1938 @.Mollas svn OX CP CVENGEG pine Bee Orcs i een Nearness aerate 3 C. mollissima X (C. crenata X C. dentata) 2.0... ccc ne eee s C. crenata X C. es APC Pa mial arank ss eg te heler nh nema eo Cahn a eag toy? 3 GRCLENOLA XO CRRA CHET See ee ee Ree te ree na 7 STO tall ener reer eee ey a ee oases reee otra oat eer ccrres mente has 16 Nuts Received in 1939, With a List of Donors _ The following people sent us nuts in the fall of 1939, which have all been planted (except in a few cases, where they contained no embryos) in our coid frames at the Garden. Sept. 23. Castanea dentata from Dr. W. W. Herrick, Sharon, Conn. Sept. 23. C. dentata from Mr. Emanuel Gerstein, Elmont, Long Islands NY Sept. 26. C. dentata from Dr. W. C. Deming, Litchfield, Conn. 7. C. dentata from Dr. W. W. Herrick, Sharon, Conn. Oct. 3. C. dentata from Mr. and Mrs. K. F. Milde, Litchfield, Conn. Oct. 3. C. dentata from Mr. Edward T. Mish, from Green Haven, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Serer Nov. Dec. a 14. coe Ae Ae 62 C. mollissima from Dr. George I. Buist, Brooklyn dD 3 ’ from trees growing at Sparta, N. . C. dentata from Mr. John Colin, Millhurst, N. J., through Mr. J. H. Schmidt, New York, N. Y. C. dentata from Mr. Joseph Zuccaro, Staten Island, a" Gs eer from farm of Mr. M. J. Stowell, North Coventry, Conn., through Mr. Floyd M. Callward, Storrs, Conn. C. dentata from Miss Madeline Haenny, Washington, D. C., from trees growing at Shenandoah National Pk., Virginia. C. dentata from Taylor Brothers & Cox, through Mr. I. A. Taylor, from trees of Mrs. J. A. Nichols, Old Conn. Path, W ayland, Mass. C. mollissima from Dr. W. C. Deming, from trees growing at Litchfield Center, Conn. C. dentata from Dr. W. C. Deming, from wild trees in Conn. C. dentata from Mr. W. I. Benua, Columbus, Ohio. C. dentata from Mr. H. D. Tiemann, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, from trees grow- ing at Wisconsin Dells, Adams County, Wis. C. dentata from Miss Ruth Erickson, New Milford, Conn, C. dentata from Mr. P. H. Smith, Pawling, N. Y., from trees growing at Sherman, Conn. C. dentata from Mr. Howard Babyok, Holyoke, Mass. C. crenata from Dr. John Brinkmann, Echo Farm, Greenlawn, Suffolk Co., L. 1., through Mr. Harold Willmott, Huntington, L. i? om rae from Dr. Charles J. Schlesinger, Monroe, N. C. dentata from Mr. H, Mason, Farmingdale, L. I. Inventory of Trees on the Hamden Plantation —We now have 729 seedling hybrids resulting from controlled pollinations and having 39 different pedigrees; also 12 grafted hybrids, and 384 63 other trees distributed among eleven species of chestnut, all these growing on our plantations at Hamden, Conn. These, together with the seedlings from open pollinations, make a total of 1,930 trees. If those of the cooperative plantations are added, the total number is approximately 2,200. SysSTEMATIC BoTANY The Classification of Dicotyledons By ALFRED GUNDERSEN Studies of flower structures, with drawings by Miss Maud H. Purdy, have been continued. An article on “ Flower Buds and Phylogeny of Dicotyledons,”’ published in the spring, summarizes these studies. Afterwards a brief outline of applications to classi- fication was published, together with the diagram which is repro- duced on the opposite page. This arrangement may be briefly compared with earlier systems of dicotyledons : (1) It agrees with the Hallier, the Bessey, and the Hutchinson systems in beginning with dicotyledons having separate carpels, in this respect differing from the Engler and the Wettstein systems. (2) Catkin-bearing groups are placed not at the beginning, but near the beginning, as suggested by their abundance among cre- taceous fossils. It agrees with the Bentham-Hooker, Bessey, Hutchinson, Warming, Wettstein, and Rendle systems in placing the Papaver and Cistus groups of families (/thoecadales and Parietales) near each other. In the separation of these groups the Engler system stands alone, and this separation must be considered a mistake. (4) It agrees with the Wettstein and the Warming systems, and with the suggestions by Schumann and by Engler, that Cactus and Mesembryanthemum are related. (5) It adopts the principle that parietal placentation in phylo- geny, as in ontogeny, precedes axile placentation. These facts of development were shown by Payer in his illustrations eighty years ago, though not explained in his text. (6) It agrees with the Bentham-Hooker and earlier systems in placing Caryophyllaceae near [rankeniaceae. Thereby a natural SEEDCOaT LIGUSTRUM Sing GROUP Compositae RUBIA 3 / Polemonium GROUP ant 1 7 Sola A Diospyros 1. “Plumb LO prica Viburnum / ago . = (cucurditt (Cucurbita\i / / Primula ee Bo i \ "i Polygonum Palos | ne | \ i Chenopodium} | ; RANI Gosnue o | it | DIANTHUS a Dee Aralia an { | i ‘eR OUP i Juglans | \ | Thea Acer 3 | | ! \ Portulaca Tilia + t | f \ eel | y l \ a8 | i eee en 7 Eo ' Mesembryanthemum oo ‘ e = 4 ankenia Datisca \ - 7 Tamarix io \ a \ \ cIstTus GrouP\ ; \ 7 A “ 3 Dillenia Cactus 7 » 1 ff a 1 7 AS Pad Nymphaea (Hamamelis) © : o Ranunculus Rosa H Cinnamomum o Platanus o oa MAGNOLIA GROUP GROUPS OF DICOTYLEDONS Fie. 8. (Gundersen 1939) Placentation and Classification in the Dicotyledons. (9984) +9 65 connection is suggested for Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae and other herbaceous apetalous dicotyledons. (7) While Hutchinson’s separation of Dicotyledons into two groups, woody and herbaceous, is not followed, in a number of other respects the Hutchinson system is accepted. (8) A large part of the Sympetalae are maintained as in the Engler system, but their multiple origin is indicated, approxi- mately as suggested by Wernham. Systematic botanists for practical purposes favor the mainte- nance of classification of large groups to which they are accus- tomed. “‘ Most systematists who are occupied with plant species, genera or families, floristically or by monographs, are also today in the first place diagnosticians,” writes Hubert Winkler in a ogenetic problems either not at — recent article, “ they encounter phy v7 all or only within the groups under consideration.” Herbarium Research and Field Work By Henry K. SVENSSON Eleocharis The extensive paper on the sedge genus Eleocharis which was completed in 1939 and published as Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions No. 85 included a resumé, indexes, and maps and illustrations by Miss Purdy for approximately 150 species dis- tributed throughout the world, and it is particularly interesting as being one of the few botanical treatments of world-wide scope carried out in this country. Since the great concentration of this group of sedges is 1n the tropical and temperate regions of America, such a work could probably not have been carried out to approxt- mate completion by a worker in the Old World, where only small representations of American plants are available; on the other hand, since the majority of American species were described on the basis of fragments received in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, recourse has been necessary to nearly all of the large European institutions where specimens are preserved which are the foundation of present-day names. Interest in the world-wide distribution of Eleocharis, as men- 66 tioned in my annual report of 1938, has brought the Brooklyn Botanic Garden into close contact with practically all the universi- ties and other botanical institutions in this country and with nearly all the large museums of Europe and even of the Orient; the group is of some economic importance, and material is constantly being sent in for identification. In this relationship we are especially indebted to Dr. S. T. Blake, of the University of Brisbane, Aus- tralia, for his generous contribution of specimens and_ notes. Eleocharis, curiously enough, outside of the American continent 1s best developed in Australia. During the past year the research program has consisted of two large projects: (1) a continuation of the study of the sedges, including the smaller genera Bulbostylis, Pimbristylis, and uirena, groups which have been puzzling to all workers on the flora of temperate and especially tropical America. These sedges differ from fleocharis in being leafy-stemmed. It 1s expected that the treatments of these genera (now approaching completion) will bring about simplification of the present-day chaos as regards the identity of species. Flora of Tennessee (2) Work was continued on the plants of Middle Tennessee, an area which is undergoing very rapid changes, since it is now the center of TVA activities. It is also a center of dispersal of the flora of the Appalachian highlands and contains a surprisingly large percentage of the species which are found in the New Jersey pine barrens, some of the species, for example /ris prismatica, being of very rare occurrence in the territory between the New Jersey pine barrens and the oak barrens of Middle Tennessee. During the month of April extensive material was collected for study and for exchange with other botanical centers, chiefly in the area lying just to the westward of the Cumberland Plateau and extending north from the Alabama line. These collections include plants of early spring and an adequate representation of the native early azalea or honeysuckle, Rhododendron canescens. Headquar- ters were ee ished at Huntland, Tennessee, through the kindness of Mr. L. L. Gore of Nashville. It is expected that a detailed report - the vegetation will be published sometime during the coming year in cooperation with Prof. Jesse M. Shaver of Nash- 67 ville and the Tennessee Academy of Science. Cooperation with Dr. H. M. Jennison, botanist for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, is unfortunately over; the sad news of his sudden death was received in the early days of 1940, and the South loses in him one of its most inspiring leaders in natural history. Part of the month of July and the month of August were spent in the vicinity of Nashville, where collections were made in the rugged areas between Nashville and the Tennessee River. GENETICS Experimental Variation in Nephrole pis By Rarpw C. BENEDICT In the field of plant and animal variation, the fern genus Nephro- lepis is conspicuous as an example of rapid and extensive evolution of new types for which exact observational data are available. Noted first about forty years ago in the greenhouses of commercial growers, hundreds of horticultural varieties came into being through a period of about twenty years both in this country and in Europe. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden’s study of these variations was begun toward the end of the period of the greatest horticultural interest in these plants. During the prosecution of research over four hundred accessions were brought to the Botanic Garden for cultural study from various parts of this country and from Europe, and numerous visits were made to florist establishments in this country with the aid of grants from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. As a result of these studies, a number of research papers were published, which were issued as Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contri- butions, and other papers were published in connection with the horticultural journals. In the second phase of this study of Nephrolepis variation, a large number of new types were obtained in connection with the Botanic Garden cultural work. The study of these formed the basis of further research reports. When these studies were going on, from time to time, requests came in for representative collec- tions. These forms were for college teaching purposes. Similar use has been made in connection with high school biology here in New York City. 68 The collection has been maintained in much diminished size during recent years. It is still, however, well representative of 1 — the variation of this fern genus, and constitutes a collection whic could not be duplicated in any institution. Colchicine Experiments These Nephrolepis variations present many unsolved researeh problems, in comparative anatomy and cytology, for example. Dur- ing the past two years one specific line of research was prosecuted at the suggestion of and with the help of Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, of the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island; namely, the possibility of inducing variation through colchicine treatment. Two lines of experiment with colchicine were carried on here at the Botanic Garden. Vegetative parts of the plants, particularly the stolons, were immersed in colchicine solutions of different strength, following the procedure successfully carried out at Cold Spring Harbor with flowering plants. The results, at first promising of positive variation, were finally nega- tive. The fern tissues became considerably swollen but did not reproduce new plants, and histological examination by Dr. Satina, at Cold Spring Harbor, indicated that the swelling was pathologi- cal. In a second series of experiments, carried on at Brooklyn College with the help of Miss Theresa Rosenberg, fern spores were treated with colchicine and their germination watched. Ger- mination of the spores was obtained, and prothallia consisting of a very few large cells resulted, but no later stages developed. The chicine results, — ay enlarged cell size is one of the indicia of positive co but, so far, none of the treated material has lived long enough for any certain determination, Fern Familics and Species The fern collections of the Botanic Garden over a period of twenty-five years have been given some recognition not only for special study in variation in Nephrolepis, but also as a general rep- resentative collection of significant fern families and species, and in relation to the horticultural use of ferns. At the present time, the general fern collection, small as it is in comparison with some of the earlier greenhouse collections in this country and Europe, 69 is probably one of the most representative collections of living fern plants. This is due to the fact that efforts have been made con- stantly to obtain as large a selection of different fern families and ecological types as possible, and to maintain these collections for their general botanical and special research value. At the present time, the collection includes most of the very diverse, but interesting, aquatic fern families and genera. Among the species of ordinary soil culture type, we still have a wide range of the forms which are used, or have been used, in the horticultural trade. For these and other reasons, the contribution which the Botanic Garden can make in maintaining the general collection of living ferns is emphasized. There is no other like it in New York City. Economic PLANTS By Ratpo H. CHENEY 1. Further study of the taxonomy and flavor qualities of the Mints was continued. Additional herbarium specimens and photo- graphs were obtained. 2. Histo-physiological studies of the effects of the plant purines, especially caffeine, upon the microstructure of striated muscle under excitation, were extended during the summer at the Marine Bio- logical Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. — REPORMOnH Wet CURATOR OE PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR 1939 To THE Drrecror: I present herewith the report of the work of this department for thesyear 1939, ATTENDANCE Grounds.—The total attendance on the grounds was the largest in the Garden’s history—1,798,029, as against 1,726,119 of last year. This, in spite of the prophecy, voiced by certain experts in the early part of the year, that the competitive influence of the World’s Fair, in the Flushing Meadows, would reduce the attend- ance at metropolitan institutions. [Towever, such cause and effect may have actually been the case, for our annual increase has often been more than the 4 per cent. (approximately) shown this year. 70 Monthly Attendance —lour individual months showed record attendances, as follows: Largest oe 1939 Attendance Attendance Year Jaiarys scp odes Meese 91,019 72,370 1933 GDIMALY (ox -eiiau save 24 86,925 79,825 1937 TUT G cise hao eee ate ee 193,902 184,869 1938 WNT a 2p seraeswet alc deseere ane oe 195,838 169,147 1935 Conservatorics.—lor the last quarter of the year the conserva- tories were closed to the public because of necessary repairs in the heating system. [Even so, the attendance for the nine months (122,942) is creditable—an average of more than 13,000 for each of the nine months. The attendance for the month of April (35,394) was a record, the largest previous figure being that of April, 1938—30,572. The present record averages considerably more than 1,000 people a day. Classes and Lectures—The combined attendance at classes and ectures was 104,312, a considerable increase over that of last year — —72,294, Other attendance data may be seen in the subjoined table. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DuRING 1939 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July At regular classes.... 1,332 1,256 2,481 2,183 2,620 2,251 2,216 At visiting classes.... 2,131 2,149 5404 5,029 21,784 9188 637 At lectures to children. 2.2.20... 1,131 882 1,620 2,953 13,782 4,405 24 At lectures to adults. 18 654 0 453 290 0 36 At conservatories.... 7,089 9,178 6,906 35,394 24190 9,982 11,417 At grounds......... 91,019 86,925 97,243 211,770 336,290 193,902 195,838 Annual Aug. — Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Totals At regular classes........ 2,216 195 1,541 2,722 3,029 24,042 At visiting classes. ...... 400 40 6,883 24,488 2,137 80,270 At lectures to children.... 30 QO 5,866 10,609 1,765 43,067 At lectures to adults... .. 0 35 705 0 75 2,266 At conservatories........ 9,222 9,564 0) 0) QO 122,9 At grounds............. 149,006 150,752 131,359 109,197 44,728 1,798,029 Al STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) Nowotisersilent= pete un etc eae ee te eas ke ce hare No. of teachers involved... 0.0... 0. ccc cee NOB OL MI pilsrAGbeMdiile pee reece ce crea ee Material Supplied Total number of requests from schools. ............. Number of different institutions.................... High Schools and High School Annexes 41) Other Boroughs (Total No. 25)............ Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn 25)...... Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn 7).. Elementary Schools Brooklyn rota Noy 240). i303 Heke eine Queens (otal Nowl45) 12 224 ok uae eu eanars Manhattan (Total No. 127). Other Boroughs (Total No. 149). Private and Parochial Schools.............. Number of potted plants for nature study....... Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar. . Total number of teachers supplied with material. Total number of pupils reached................ Living Plants Placed in School Rooms INO wots pupilsineacheds strc ae Gos a apew een ald ae dee Plants Distributed (Raised in Classes). ..........00-2005. No. of persons taking plants.............. 0.000000 Total number of schools represented................ Seed Packets for Children INO OLESCHOO] Sipe an cesta eee ee ae tee ras sane eek ee ees INOMoleteacherse 2. 2 actrees en eee te IN Oise RUD See oe here eve se hase Se Sea INOMOlspACK ELS ersten cetyl s ahd de eae Exhibits Provided OlFEXD IDI Spay te: pare ett arescces 2 kath el NS ean ey Re aie AVA Clay pete Meee tweets bv nals ona gcee 1938 7,765 310,662 931,724 130,400 1939 319, 343 958,028 9 110,620 72 ADULT COURSES “Trips to the Tropics” is the title of a new course that was given for the first time in January, 1939. It consisted of four guided tours through the conservatories on Saturday afternoons, with special emphasis on some particular subject; as, food and beverage plants; desert plants; orchids, ete. “Twenty-four people registered for these trips, which were conducted by Miss Vilkomer- son and myself. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Given, as usual, on twenty Saturday afternoons in the spring and fall, by Miss Vil- komerson and myself, with a total registration of 48—23 in the spring and 25 in the fall. Medicinal Plants and General Botany in Relation to Medicine.— 220 young women, 70 in the spring and 150 in the fall, came for en course from three Sh Kings County, Prospect Heights, and St. Johns. The 150 in the fall were divided into three sec- tions of 50 each, coming on Tuesday and Wednesday morning's and Thursday afternoons. [ach division of 50 was again divided into two parts of 25 each. One part studied the plants on the grounds and was in charge of Miss Rusk or myself, while the other part was busy in the Laboratory Building working with microscopes, under the direction of Miss Vilkomerson. ‘The spring class of 70 [ divided into two sections of 35 each, both of which I taught alone. These courses are given for the hospitals entirely without charge. (ab EF Walks and Talks.—lorty-four persons registered for this course, which 1s deseribed in my report of ree ast year. But the attendance varied from 4 to 30, dependent, apparently, on weather conditions. No fee was charged for the course. General Botany (b1).—Begun in the previous fall (1938) Miss Rusk, this course was continued until June. Flowermg Plants: Field and Laboratory Studies —Miss Rusk continued, during the first half of the year, with the laboratory class in flowering plants begun the previous year (B10). pa the spring she conducted field and laboratory classes (A11 and B10) on flowering plants (all day Saturdays), and in the fall commenced another laboratory course (B10) on flowering plants, as well as a field class (A13) on fall wild flowers and ferns. 73 Lotal Adult Registration—The total number of persons reg- istered in adult courses at the Garden during the year 1939 was 725, as against 761 in 1938. Frower Days Two Flower Days were observed in 1939, as follows: Tuesday, June 13. Twelfth Annual Rose Garden Day. Speaker: Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist. Topic: Modern Trends in Rose Growing. Thursday, October 5. Fall Rose Garden Day. Speaker: Mr. Montague Free. Topic: Making the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden Rose Garden. The latter event was held in conjunction with the annual meet- ing of the American Rose Society, which occurred on October 5 and 6. Members of the Garden and their friends were invited to join the members of the Society for events occurring Thursday morning at the St. George Hotel. Mr. S. R. Tilley, Rosarian of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, was one of the speakers at this morning program. In the afternoon, members of the Society at- tended the Rose Garden Day exercises at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. An exhibit of cut roses, named varieties, under the auspices of the Rose Society, was shown at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ‘Tea was served in the Rotunda by the Woman’s Aux- — iliary of the Garden. PUBLICITY As usual, at intervals of from one to three weeks, we mailed to the principal metropolitan dailies, horticultural magazines, and other publications, news releases telling of events at the Garden. These releases contained 38 articles, totalling 59 pages of folio letterhead size. A total of 954 clippings was received from vari- ous sources, as against 1,079 in 1938. We prepared and mailed to members of the Garden two schedules of broadcasts given by members of the Garden person- nel; the first, listing those from January to June, and the second, from July to December. Copies of these schedules were enclosed, for the purpose of publicity, in many of the ordinary routine letters mailed by members of the staff. Circulars describing our courses were prepared, printed and 74 mailed in the spring, and again in the early fall. These circulars were also enclosed in routine correspondence. Other courses, oc- curring at extra-seasonal times, were announced through news releases, post cards, or special printed circulars. The annual Prospectus, containing an account of all our courses, lectures, and other educational features, was prepared and issued in early Peon as number 3 of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record. Schedules of regular and of visiting classes, and other appoint- ments, were mimeographed each week throughout the school year, and distributed to members of the staff. Appropriate material was placed on the bulletin boards on the — grounds, and changed from time to time. I prepared and mailed copy tor an advertisement of our spring courses, featuring a certain course, to one of our metropolitan newspapers for insertion in its special “ Flower Show” issue. trom subsequent inquiry I found that the unusually large registra- tion in the course featured, more than defrayed the cost of the advertisement. And many people who did not register for the course must have seen the ad. Among the responses, we received a request for the circular from a person in Rio de Janeiro! PERSONAL ACTIVITIES OF MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT From June 24 to August 3, while | was absent in England, Miss Rusk had charge of the summer work on our chestnut plantation, at Hamden, Conn, During this time, however, she spent a week at Rogers Rock, Lake George, N. Y., where she was chief lecturer and field trip leader at the Vhird Annual Summer Garden In- stitute. During that week she gave 4 lectures, illustrated by fresh and dried plants, and led 5 field trips in neighboring woods, fields, and bog. During the year, as usual, at the Garden, Miss Rusk had charge of the preparation of monthly, quarterly, and annual statistical reports of this department, as well as the combination of these reports with those of other departments. Until about the middle of July she was assisted by Miss Rae Vogel of the W.P.A. lor a few weeks at the end of the year she was assisted by Miss Frieda Taub of the W.P.A. For about two months at the end of the year she had the voluntary assistance of Mrs. Herbert Law- rence for several days a week. 75 Miss Rusk continued to serve on the Local Flora Committee of the Torrey Botanical Club, and also as Librarian of the American Fern Society. On June 24 I sailed for England, in order to visit again the principal botanic gardens there and in Scotland, and at the same time to study specimens of the chestnut (Castanea) in various herbaria. I wanted to see also the living specimens of this genus, in the botanic gardens and elsewhere. Several days were spent at the herbaria of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington, London, of the Oxford Botanic Garden, and of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. The botanic gardens of Chelsea (London), Kew, Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, and Edinburgh were visited. On August 23 I returned to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. On January 3 I was elected president of the Torrey Botanical Hi Club, the oldest botanical society in America, an organization of more than 500 members, who represent most of the states of the Union and many foreign countries. I have presided at most of the meetings of the Club and its Council, throughout the year. I continued to serve as Editor of the Plant Section of General Biology for Biological Abstracts, and, as usual, had general super- vision of the publishing of the Contributions of the Garden. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS The School Art League of New York City, Miss Margaret L. Murphy, Teacher-in-Charge, met in the auditorium of the Labo- ratory Building on February 25. The attendance was 606. Twelve “Exhibit of the Week” Bulletins were installed at various points in the plantations during 1939. This feature was, as usual, in charge of Miss Hilda Vilkomerson. It is described in detail in my report for 1937. Woods for Yale Collection—Two comparatively rare kinds of wood—that of Smoke Tree (Rhus Cotinus) and of the Persian Lilac (Syringa persica )—were sent to Professor Samuel J. Record of the Yale School of Forestry, to add to the collection there. Branchville Nature Conference —On May 19-21, I attended the Branchville Nature Conference at the “ Pines,’ Branchville, N. J. I attended some of the field trips and led one, besides, as President of the Torrey Botanical Club, addressing one of the evening meet- ings. 70 Bureau of Inforimation—With the hearty cooperation of other members of the Garden personnel, particularly of the Library staff, we have answered a large number of letters and telephone in- quiries, requesting information on a great variety of subjects. Post cards to Members were sent on March 30 telling about the crocuses in bloom at the Garden; on May 23 announcing the distribution of propagative material of chrysanthemums; and on November 3, telling of the beautiful coloring of the uonymus hedge in the Laboratory Plaza and of the Chrysanthemums in bloom. Bird Lists.—\With the continued cooperation of Mr. Bernard P. —_ 3rennan, and others, of the Brooklyn Bird Lovers Club, we have posted lists of birds seen in the Garden from week to week, be- ginning January 1, and ending in October. These lists have been posted on the bulletin boards of the Garden and have aroused much interest. Jemonstration of Grafting—On May 8 the teachers in the 3iology Department of Grover Cleveland High School came to the Garden for a lecture on and a demonstration of various methods of grafting. The demonstration was made by Mr. Joe Bass, one of our gardeners. lisits of High School Classes—Classes from various high schools visited the Garden during the year in charge of members of this «¢ — epartment. One of them, consisting of the biology de- partment and classes of the Abraham Lincoln High Sel about 300 persons in all—visited the Garden on Saturday morning, May 27. Each pupil was handed a question sheet to be answered during his trip around the Garden. “Toward the end of the morn- ing the classes assembled in the auditorium of the Laboratory Suilding, where they were given a talk on forestry and plant conservation. Leaflets—We still receive many requests for the Leaflets that have been issued in past vears, beginning in 1913, but now, for financial reasons, discontinued, except for three or four numbers a year in connection with the International Flower Show and other special occasions. Their regular publication should be resumed as soon as funds become available for that purpose. Docentry.—The guidance of individuals, garden clubs, and other 7/7 parties around the grounds and conservatories, with a peripatetic lecture about the various plants and features, is a function of this department which consumes a large amount of time, especially during the busy months of April, May, June, September, and October. It would help a great deal if we had a person on part time to whom this work could be delegated. Research—As much time as could be spared from my other work was devoted to research, a brief report of which will be found on pages 58-63. Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION POR 1939 To THE DIRECTOR: I hereby present my annual report for the Department of Ele- mentary Instruction for the year 1939. In my vacation period I visited gardens in Great Britain and continued a piece of educational work started some years ago. I inspected gardens in London and vicinity, such as those at the School of Horticulture at Swanley, Lord Northbourne’s, and many smaller ones; also the Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh and Dublin, besides private gardens in Devon and Cornwall. One lecture was given at Swanley to a group of teachers from Kent. It was one of a series called the “ Refresher Lectures ” for teachers to inspire and refresh their minds. These were all elementary teachers, mostly men, who were concerned with the school gardens of Kent. Each year some lectures of far-reaching importance are given by this Department. In 1939 Miss Miner spoke before the Garden Club Federation of Maine, at Portland; to the Garden Club of Ohio, at Cleveland; and at the Sixth Annual Outdoor Recreation Congress, at Massachusetts State College in Amherst. Such lec- tures as these are on the subject of “ Children’s Gardening ”’ based on our work here at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and have become the basis for work in many places throughout the country. 78 The high spots of the year are as follows: The work for visiting classes showed a large increase, the at- tendance for 1939 being over 80,000, against approximately 40,000 for 1938. This increase may be accounted for largely through the work of the W.P.A. Excursion Teachers. The Department of Elementary Instruction, during the months of March and April, met this group of teachers-in-training and prepared them for their work with visiting classes at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Dur- ing the month of December also, a similar piece of work was carried on in cooperation with the Brooklyn Museum’s Depart- ment of Education. Nine \W.P.A. teachers of college standing were trained to assist with classes sent by the schools to both the r She work will be carried on Museum and the Botanic Garden. with the same group during the spring of 1940. This adds con- enc siderable to the work of the Department, but in figures, at least, it justifies the time spent. Other branches of our work show figures similar to those of last year, and appear in the tables and figures of the report of the Curator of Public Instruction. Our instruction greenhouses, which showed an attendance of about 5,000 people for work, have been much overcrowded for many years, and in 1939 a much-needed addition was built be- tween the greenhouses. The roof is made of slatted wood sashes which in the spring will be replaced by glass sashes. These make it of value through the year. The bulbs through the winter find their home under the benches. In this addition, in the spring, seedlings have a proper place for hardening off; in the summer, house plants may be taken from the instruction greenhouses and stored there. The need of this structure is evident from these figures. During the past year, the number of plants raised in our classes (both those for adults and for children) was 36,000. Attendance in Children’s Saturday Classes was over 17,000. During the months of January and February high school students by Miss Dorward. The —l had a special course in hydroponics given experiment really covered a period of six months, allowing time for observation of the plants raised in nutrient solutions. During these winter months Miss Carroll gave special instructions in art in its relation to botany. 79 The Children’s Garden carried on its usual summer program much interfered with by drought. Registration for the summer was 277. An astonishingly fine crop was raised in spite of the dry weather. Certain figures may here be of interest, such as 1 ton of tomatoes (nearly twice the crop of the past few years) ; 15,000 radishes ; 8,000 carrots ; 6,000 beets. While these are mere figures, they do tell something of the work done by these boys and girls. The Children’s Garden was used more this year for outside groups than has been done for a great many years. The Girl Scouts received instruction once a week and had a demonstration plot in the area. The Garden Club of Public School 9, which worked here once a week in after-school time throughout the school year, learned to plant an annual border, had lessons in cultivation in the perennial border, and in how to cut grass and take weeds from the lawn. This group contributed a great deal to the work of the garden. Public School 183 sent a class for practical lessons in soil preparation and planting. They also helped in the planting of the border and had practice in the use of tools and the planting of seed. This group demonstrated in their own garden the lessons they had learned at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Our Children’s Garden was visited by the Ridge- field Park (N. J.) Girl Scouts to see the work of the Brooklyn Girl Scouts. Miss Mackey, of the Brooklyn, Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, asked the children to donate bouquets for school lunch- rooms that were to be open in the summer under the W.P.A. supervision. For five weeks bouquets were presented for this purpose. A small waterproof label for the Shakespeare Garden was tried out this summer with considerable success. It was lettered and prepared by Miss Carroll In September winter rye was planted in the Children’s Garden, to be plowed in this next spring. This was planted in the hope that not only will some food content be added to the soil, but also that the water-holding capacity may be increased. At Christmas time the boys and girls presented from their pennies saved last summer, the sum of $50 to defray the expenses of publishing the Children’s Map of the Garden which was finished in December, 1938 80 As usual, material for plant study and general nature study was distributed to the schools by request. In this way nearly 200,000 children benefitted, and some 4,000 teachers. Much of this mate- rial is planned for and collected during the summer by Miss —_— a) ii Hammond who has a month given her for the purpose of gather- ing, mounting, and arranging material for this part of the work, During the spring of 1939 Miss Hammond gave a course in Nature Study for Camp Counselors at the request of the American Institute of the City of New York, as part of their Workshop Courses. Seventeen young people registered for the course, some of whom came from New Jersey and as far out on Long Island as Rockville Centre. In March, a course on School and Home Gardening was planned and inaugurated for teachers of the City by Mr. Marvin M. Brooks, Director of School Garden and Nature Work for the Board of Education, and given by him and Miss Miner at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Department and the Botanic Garden are both indebted to Miss Carroll, Instructor in this Department, for work done in her own time, such as the design for the cover of the folder of Spring Courses; for assistance to Dr. Gager on the brochure issued by the Garden in the spring; for the special paintings of our display at the World’s Fair, and the design for a Japanese frame to hold a painting used at the iris display at the Fair. Legends for the film of the Garden and the Children’s Work were also designed and lettered by Miss Carroll. During the last summer Miss Carroll gave a course at Blue Ridge College, N. C., under the heading of “The Relation of Plant Life to Art,” as she has done for the past two years. She has also been made a member of the Committee of Directors of the Conference. In the fall Mrs. Adelaide Derringer was sent by the new De- partment of Public Recreation of the City of Baltimore (which began functioning January 1, 1939) to study our methods in children’s gardening, and spent six weeks with us. A number of gifts have been added to the Endowment Fund for Children’s Work. This Fund is still open and frequently sums are sent in, a number in memory of friends. The most 81 gratifying of all these gifts was made by the recipients of the Alfred T. White Scholarship, which, for lack of funds, has lapsed in recent years. This group sent a delegation to my office in March and presented a book of letters of appreciation for what the Garden had done for them, and a check for $130 for the Endowment Fund. All these young people have been doing out- standing work in their professions, and last year Dr. Alfred Marshak received the Guggenheim Prize for Research, a compli- ment both to him and to us. Miss Elma Edson assisted for about three months in the spring with our children’s classes, and for extra help in the Children’s Garden, Mr. Edward Johnson, a former Alfred T. White Scholar- ship recipient, and Miss Beatrice Clark were assigned for the summer, During 1939 I acted as Secretary of the National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, one of the Directors of the School Garden As- sociation of New York, a Vice-President of the School Garden Association of America, Consultant of the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, and President of the American Nature Study DOcichy: Respectfully submitted, ELLEN Eppy SHaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction. REPORT @ bh sce ACURATORG OF el wnNs FOR s1939 To THE DIRECTOR. Herewith I submit my report for the year 1939: Woopy PLANTS Mr. Charles F. Doney, assistant in woody plants, reports that a number of new species were planted on the grounds during 1939. Among them may be mentioned Rhammnella franguloides, Jasnunum humile, Buddleia japomca, Styrax dasyantha, Abelia chinensis, Numerous trees and shrubs were moved from the nursery to er mound along Flatbush Avenue. — the grounds or to the borc Nearly 400 labels were placed on trees and shrubs; approximately 82 half of these were replacements. Four groups with which | have for some time been occupied are lilacs, conifers, maples, and —" rerbaceous plants; these have been planted near the south end of the nursery. Seventy-five plants from the nursery were given to the Dutch Garden, New City (Rockland County, N. Y.), through Mrs. Mowbray Clark. HERBACEOUS PLANTS The herbaceous beds are now approximately filled, but much improvement is possible in the way of greater diversity or to get species or varieties more desirable than those we now have. As an example, we now have about twenty species of Dianthus, and about forty species of Sedim. Several of these are closely alike and of doubtful identity. Something like 250 species of Dianthus, nearly 300 species of Seduim have been described. Which ones ought we to grow? We would prefer those that are attractive and at the same time definitely distinct. We can get many through the Seed Exchange. But it takes time to know what we want, and afterwards to get them, to say nothing of the difficulties of getting some of the rare plants established. Greater diversity as to moisture, shade, or soil conditions would enable us to —_— qave greater variety. The Rock Garden and the Local Flora, with conditions so different from those in the beds, form valuable supplements in this respect. In the latter part of May a visit was made to the Cronamere Nurseries at Greens Ifarms, near Greenwich, Connecticut, to in- spect their very fine rock garden and to add material to our own collection. HERBARIUM OF CULTIVATED PLANTS During the past year much of my time has been given, with the assistance of Mrs. Margaret Putz, to determinations and improve- ment of the herbarium of cu oe tivated herbaceous plants. Our use of half-size sheets followed an excellent suggestion made nearly twenty-five years ago by Dr. EF. B. Southwick of the New York Botanical Garden. It has greatly simplified the study and expansion of our various collections; woody plants, herbaceous beds, rock garden, and conservatories. So many species come into 83 flower about the same time out-doors, that time does not always suffice for their determination. Winter, with herbarium speci- mens all “in flower,” with library facilities and ample time, is more suitable for study In this connection a number of keys have been prepared for the larger genera. These include not just what we now have, but also what we would like to have. Gradually as we get the new plants, through the Seed Exchange or otherwise, we discard the less desirable species. In several botanic gardens attempts have been made to keep card catalogs of cultivated plants. We tried it here, initially. As years pass a constantly increasing proportion of a cards refer to dead plants, and the cards become cumbersome for information about the living plants. [*or many years instead of cards we have used plant lists and maps of the various areas, which make effec- tive plant records. ‘Together with the annotated specimens, they enable us quickly to replace either labels or plants which may be lost. Whether the plant represented by the specimen is still living is not important, so long as we have a good herbarium of verified specimens. LILaAcs During lilac flowering-time, about two weeks in May, nearly all my time was given to study of the varieties in our collection, with the assistance of Mr. Emil Barens. GRASS PLANTATION The grass collection in the Garden was completely overhauled, under the supervision of Dr. George M. Reed. During the past few years a great many species had disappeared. Changes were made in the arrangement of the planting, and many new species were added to the collection. In most cases, only one species of a genus was planted; thus, there are almost as many genera repre- sented as there are species. At the present time the collection in- cludes approximately 35 perennial grasses. Some of these flower in June and early July; most of them, however, are late summer and fall blooming types. In addition, there are about 10 annuals, including plants of economic importance, such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn, and sorghum. 84 MAP OF THE GARDEN A map of part of the Garden was printed twelve years ago. For some time W.P.A, assistants were at work preparing a new map of the whole Garden. Last year arrangements were made to have the new map re-drawn by Mr. E. D. Weldon, of the American Geographic Society. This map is now (December) being printed in two colors, and should be ready for distribution early in 1940. EvoLuTIoN GROUP A number of improvements, including the installment of new labels, were made in House No. 2 of the Conservatories, relating to Plant Classification and Evolution, illustrated on the opposite page, The general label for the house now reads as follows: The Principal Groups of Plants — o In this house plants are arranged to suggest relationship. How do we find out these relationships ? (1) By comparing the different kinds of living plants with each other. (Morphology. (2) By comparing stages in the development of the individual plant. (Ontogeny. ) (3) By the study of plant fossils. (Paleontology.) From such studies it is concluded: That Algae represent the earliest or water stage of plant life. That Lichens, Liverworts and Psilotwm represent various early stages of plant life on land. That Ferns are a middle stage of land life. That Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) are the typical modern plants. Included in this collection are a few models, made by Miss Purdy, namely: bread-mold (Rhizopus), Pesiza, Collybia, Boletus, Anthoceros, Rhynia, and fern-prothallia with young sporophytes— plants not easily maintained in living and fruiting condition. CLASSES In the spring I gave ten outdoor lessons on Herbaceous Plants. Small specimens were given to members of the class and some Se Fic. 9. Evolution of Plants Exhibit, Conservatory House No. 2. Center Bench: Liverworts and Mosses, Psilotum Group, I aginella and Equisetum, Ferns, Cycads and Conifers. Right Bench: Monocotyledons by Families. Left Bench: Dicotyle- 913 dons by Families. The Algae and Fungi are in the foreground not included in the photograph. (9913) 86 propagating material. Tive lessons on “ Lilacs in Flower” were given. A new feature was culture and propagation, taken up at the last meeting by Mr. Montague Free. Cuttings of selected varieties were rooted, and in September distributed to class mem- bers. In the fall five lessons were given on the late flowering her- haceous plants; the last lesson, by Mr. Free, was on methods of propagation and division of roots. A generous quantity of roots of various species was distributed to members of the class. Mr. Charles I*. Doney, Assistant in Woody Plants, gave a course of ten lessons on Or namental Shrubs in the spring. In order to make these courses available to various groups I think it is desirable that they be given alternate years in the fore- noon and in the afternoon. SEED EXCHANGE AND ACCESSIONS During the year seeds were collected as usual for the Interna- tional Seed Exchange, and printer’s copy was prepared for the annual Seed Exchange List. In exchange for 1,797 packets sent to our foreign exchanges, we received 1,422 packets of seeds of woody and herbaceous plants for the plantations and conserva- tories. Also 140 packets were accessioned by collection and by eg1ft, and 377 packets were supplied to Botanic Garden members. STATISTICS RELATING TO LIVING PLANTS Species 0 or Varteties Plants Living Plants Recetved: By collection... 2.2.0.0... 0000000 ccc cece nae 5 12 DY CXCNANGC 56 ete see eae eee eek as a 117 364 WO ae ha hae hay Ho a Paes eee aes Gas 318 8,743 By Purchase. cy. puree sen wis Sen Powe dadaes oes 126 Plants grown from seed.... 0.0.0... .00 00000 cee eee 190 190 87 SEED EXCHANGE Seed Packets Received: By, COMES CHIO Ie 4.85 tte tice eee i an oh a GB oa a Bysexchan gery asyincs ace een eet th oto ein SAN 1,282 Gil (gt ee Roamer snalge en peepee Anne hear eisie Ar ee, By; DULCH ASE eaten tela Aas unig meee teie ey a atre a Cou Renn enw 47 TOE a ee re a AUR OU Ns 68 do NaNO 1,422 Seed Packets Distributed: “ROSMEMbETS G2 4 Am kt CN En ay AE ar Tle Bt, 377 IBVrexGhan gel Say perce e ot whet ate ee cen een tt Att Af Pha a tie 1,797 eROCA Ae atten may ar ane teen Ne Pet ak Ot Ma 2,174 Irts COLLECTIONS (Reported by Dr. George M. Reed) Bearded Tris Received by Exchange: Mrs. Thomas Nesmith, Fairmount Gardens, Lowell, Set a agra NON Mee eRe eg OA es, Arie i ah 11 varieties Mr. hee Wayman, Bayside, L. I................ 21 bs ATC Call wot gp she orate ay ale Rete te cap se enh! 32 varieties Miscellaneous Iris Received by Exchange: Mrs. J. H. Arbuckle, Columbus, Ohio.............. 1 species Mr. W. H. Dole, West Orange, N, J................ 1 Dr. R. A. Harper, Ridgewood, N. J................ 1 “ Mr. J. A. Kemp, Little Silver, N. J................ 2 “(6 var.) Miss Hilda Loines, Brooklyn, N. Y.. 1 a rs. Thomas Nesmith, Baemoune Guides L Bsa IVI ISS idee ean eset ram trntn mai eel oer amy sane ae ie Dr. H. IX. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden....... 1 ne Morea spectes By Purchase: Orpet Nursery, Santa Barbara, Cal................. 11 species 88 LABELS AND SIGNS Labels and signs were made by Mr. John McCallum as follows: Small galvanized labels for Herbaceous Beds and Rose Garden fence... 470 Large galvanized labels for the Herbaceous Beds.................... 2 Lead labels for the woody plants........... 0.0000 0c cece eee eee 152 Lead labels for the Rock Garden and Greenhouses. ...........0.0005 151 Wood labels for lis, Roses elec nj ice tinned ekad ca eres ered 348 NGGde Stee. sen adeaceeene coesed pene dad acad ead uered seers peers 40 (ard beaed Signs: pap aecae ances sac he ke eiwte eda poses tebe eees 112 Twelve inch wood labels for special plantings.................02000- 89 Wooden hanging labels for trees and shrubs............ 04.0000 5 0 eee 211 Painted zine labels for Greenhouses... 2.0.0 0.00 000 ee 125 FORA lease -eecece ta eae a eae ae ansehen eens arate ee Gn ee ea Oe 1,770 l Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs. Respectfully submitted, ALFRED (GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants. REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST POR 1939 To THE DiRECTOR: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 1929 PERSONNEL The number of gardeners and laborers has remained the same for the past four years in spite of increased work as noted in my report of last year. Three additional trained gardeners are urgently needed. Student Observers Three young men worked as student observers for a total of 191 days without pay (287 days less than in 1938). LABOR PAID FOR BY GOVERNMENT RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS Works Progress Admintstration unior agronomist.. 0.0.0... ee ees 160 days J 8 = - 1,488 hours* La bOPers (Qs ede nogt ies gun kas neler adel eda wees 88 * 2,622 hours less than in 1938. National Youth Administration B34 VOUtHS en cac Sos ead dae hace S ees 480 6-hour days aia AY5 44 400 hours* 1,440 8-hour days * 4.428 hours more than in 1938. 89 HorTICULTURAL SECTION Two thousand eight hundred plants, raised here, including 800 Phlox subulata varieties, were added to the wall garden. New planting north of the Osborne Memorial included: 42 rho- dodendrons, and 34 evergreen and deciduous trees, all in large S1Zzes. At the south end of the ‘ Long Green” two Box bushes 8 X 6 s 5 feet each, and four bushes each about 3 feet in diameter were planted. The heath (Erica) and heather (Calluna) bed on the reservoir bank was extended 540 square feet and 1,200 new plants added. Three thousand cubic feet of soil was removed from beneath the flagstone paving and transferred to the Local Flora Section. It was replaced by cinders and sand to provide a better founda- tion for the flagging, which was relaid and the crevices between the stones pointed with a mixture of sand and bituminous emul- sion. A flight of five concrete steps leading from the Horticultural Section to the Overlook was constructed by our own men. Rose GARDEN Twenty-four new varieties of Hybrid Tea roses (6 of each), 3 Polyantha varieties (38 in all), and 3 Climbers (2 of each) were planted to replace discarded varieties. Dead and unthrifty specimens in various groups were removed to make room for 318 new bushes. For the above roses we are indebted to Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J., for 264 plants; Brownell Rose Re- search Gardens, Little Compton, R. I., 10 plants; The Conard- Pyle Co., West Grove, Pa., 92 plants; Henry A. Dreer, Philadel- phia, Pa., 6 plants; Jackson & Perkins, Newark, N. Y., 128 plants; Vestal & Son, Little Rock, Ark., 6 plants. Rectification of the lines of the terrace banks and change of — grade required the addition of 30 cubic yards of soil to the Rose Are. A concrete curb 158 ft. & 12 in. & 31% in. was constructed along the main walk. Garden of Mec | icinal and Culinary Herbs. Facing East. (9883) Ak 3ULB PLANTING The Holland Bulb Industry presented 5,000 May-flowering tulip bulbs (planted in the borders along the west and north west sides of the experimental plot), and 1,000 hyacinths (planted in the two central beds of the Canna area). The hyacinths will blossom and can be removed before the time comes to set out the cannas, The soil was thoroughly prepared to a depth of 11% feet before planting. Two thousand corms of Gladiolus in 6 varieties, the gift of the Flowerfield Bulb Farm, Flowerfield, L. I., were planted in what was formerly the Ecological Section. BorpeER Mounp In pursuance of our policy of replacing commonplace material with more interesting plants, 59 duplicate trees and shrubs from the nursery were planted on the Border Mound. Owing to the dry season and the impossibility of watering these plants we ex- pect to lose many of them. The poplars along Washington Avenue were so badly damaged by the 1938 hurricane that it was decided to remove them and replant with young trees. The original planting was on a “ hog- back”? which was partly responsible for the severe loss in this section (only a few of the trees were uprooted in the section south of the entrance gate where they were planted on level ground) so before setting out 81 trees in the spring this mound was considerably flattened. — Museum BANK The bank immediately west of the Medicinal and Culinary Herb Garden was planted with 77 flowering cherries and crabapples raised here by budding or grafting on seedling understocks. Pests — Japanese beetles were less bothersome than in 1938; and sucking insects were fewer than usual. Summer sprays applied in 1939 amounted to 1,800 gallons as compared with 5,400 gallons in 1938. Additional grass areas to the extent of 274,000 square feet — were treated with lead arsenate against beetle larvae. 92 The dreaded black spot disease of roses was practically absent during 1939, but mildew was very prevalent towards the end of the growing season, MISCELLANEOUS z were installed in the experimental plot. In the propagating houses 124 feet of iron pipe shelving and &4 — aree hundred and sixty feet of irrigation pipe and 5 faucets feet of wood shelving were constructed. A small, curved bridge of concrete was made and set to provide for foot traffic across the brook south of the Hill’s Bridge. In connection with the All-America Selections 84 different varie- ties of flower seeds were planted in the experimental plot, in rows allowing about 20 feet to each variety. EXHIBITS At the International Flower Show we installed an exhibit of house plants which was awarded a silver medal and a special prize. The display occupied 444 square feet and nearly 300 plotted plants were grouped according to their cultural requirements (sun, shade, moisture, etc.); and displayed on tables, flower stands, wall brackets, window shelves, and in window boxes, hanging pots, and terrariums. [or a background “ property’ walls and windows were used. In this connection we had the helpful cooperation of the display department of the Abraham and Straus Store, of which Mr. Edward C. Blum, Chairman of our Board, is Chairman. lower Show visitors. For this — The exhibit was popular with occasion | prepared an eight-page “ Leaflet’ on house plants.! In response to repeated requests from the California Horti- cultural Society during the past few years for an entry from the Garden in the California Spring Garden Show, we sent a small consignment of unusual house plants which was exhibited at the tenth Annual Show. [or this we were given a First Award Blue Ribbon. The exhibit of the Botanic Garden in Gardens on Parade, at the New York World’s Fair, consists of two knot gardens and a 17, faa 1e Brooklyn Botanic Garden = of house plants. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets. Ser. 20. no. 1-2. March, 1939. Fic. 11. World’s Fair Exhibit: Knot Gardens and Culinary Herbs. Square, Sweet Violet (V. odorata); Circle, Germander (Teucrium Chamedrys); Left and Right Semi-circles, Lavender Cotton (Santolina incana); Front and Back Semi-circles, Common Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). A second Knot Garden of different design is at the far end, with the Culinary Herbs between (9889) 04 large bed devoted to culinary herbs. One of the knot gardens is copied from a design in the “ Gardener’s Labyrinth” by Dydymus Mountain (Thomas Hill), published in 1577. The other is an adaptation of a design from the same source. About 340 running feet of thyme, germander, lavender-cotton, etc., with the individual plants set 6 inches apart, were used in making the lines of the knots. Interspaces were surfaced with coal, yellow sand and flower-pot chips. More than 80 different herbs were planted in the large central bed. The entire planting space is about 70 « 15 teen. In the New York City building at the World’s Fair we installed and maintained an exhibit consisting of photographs, a model of t si) 1¢ children’s garden, and living plants (xerophytes) to fill a space of approximately 75 square feet. SEED AND PLANT DIsTRIBUTION In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 1,797 packets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic gardens and other institutions. We distributed 377 packets of seeds to members of the Botanic Garden. Living Plants Distributed: ie A SMCS as oars paca pada Gas clea uw pene a ee ees 3,396 Py re Ge a ie MS Oe: pc ehee eect ea v i anewasewens 25 ee ee args pane aan setae cia Oe an eee Sun 1,711 NOUN, cuitad ew Gictg gp dled eee Aen eae eee eee 5,232 COOPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS One truck load of palms and other decorative potted material from the Conservatories was given to the Department of Parks for use in the New York City Building at the New York World's Fair. We supplied about 60 rock plants to help furnish the rock gar- den sponsored by the American Rock Garden Society in Gardens on Parade at the New York World’s Fair. Plants or propagating material were given to other institutions including : Barnard College and Brooklyn College, New York City ; 95 Connecticut State College, Storrs, Conn.; New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse; St. Luke’s esi and New York State Psychiatric Institute aA Hospital (Occupational Therapy Depart- ment), New York City; The House of St. Giles the Cripple, Con- valescent Home and School, Garden City, Long Island. CouRSES OF INSTRUCTION I conducted the following “ Courses for Members and the Gen- eral Public” at the Botanic Garden: Garden Plants and Flowers. One lecture in a course consisting of six lectures, by various members of the staff. Lilacs in Flower. One lecture in a series of five outdoor lessons in the Garden. Plants in the Home: How to grow them. Five talks with dem- onstrations. PERSONAL ACTIVITIES I continued to serve on the Lily Committee of the American Horticultural Society; on the Program Committee of the Radio Garden Club; on the Board of Directors of the American Rock Garden Society; on the Advisory Council for the course in Orna- mental Horticulture at the State Institute of Applied Agriculture, Farmingdale, L. I.; and I again acted as Consultant for the Fed- erated Garden Clubs of New York State, Inc. I acted as Chairman of the Committee on Arrangements for the Annual Meeting of the American Rose Society which was held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, October 5 and 6. I acted as a judge at the following flower shows: March 13. Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, Inter- national Flower Show, New York City August 29. Flower Show of the Dutchess County Fair, Rhine- beck, New York. September 11. Flower Show of the Consolidated Edison Com- pany, New York. Kespectfully submitted, MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist and Head Gardener. 96 REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM FOR 1939 To THE DIRECTOR: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 139 Tue PHANEROGAMIC HERBARIUM Reorganization of the herbarium collections is constantly going ou: much time has been expended during the past year in identi- fying local collections. — For exchanges with other botanic gardens and gifts from uni- versities and individuals, see the list of herbarium accessions, page 98. Tue LocaLt Firora SECTION As to the Local Flora section (native plants), the need was mentioned last year of a limestone ledge to occupy the southwest corner of the Local Flora valley. A few limestone blocks were received in 1937 through the much appreciated cooperation of Mr. Jernhard Hoffman, of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, but many more are needed to complete the treatment as planned. This develop- ment will be the last one necessary to be carried out, all the other plant habitats having been provided for. [ach year sees some changes in the Local Flora area. Many of these changes come about gradually through the natural growth of trees and shrubs and herbaceous plants which have supplanted the privets, willows, and weigela bushes which occupied such a large part of the area when it was remodeled in 1931. It is hoped that the three or four remaining privet bushes will disappear during the coming year. In this area devoted to naturalistic plantings the changes in topography are made correspondingly inobtrusive, yet a visitor should note that during the past season (1939) the peat area at the southern end of the meadow has been extended to provide bog conditions for some plants which cannot stand the crowded com- petition of our present bog. The slope adjacent to the rocky embankment along the bog has also been treated with peat to OF, provide a better habitat for northern plants. In the sand area adjacent to the pond the last representative of the big willow trees was partially blown down during the 1938 hurricane. The entire trunk was subsequently removed and for it was substituted a sour gum, Nyssa sylvatica, which should in a few years give just the right ecological accent to the borders of the pond. The inner slope of the border-mound parallel to Flatbush Avenue and near the Adolph Engler tulip tree has been reconstructed with peat and sand to provide a moraine-type of habitat for plants of northern mountain exposures, and, backed with rhododendrons, this area will become the source of the brook which now parallels the lower margin of the border-mound. The little ravine in the present rhododendron thicket has been deepened and the excavated mate- rial added partly to the border-mound and partly to the knoll, which is now growing up in hemlocks and white oaks. As each year goes by, the natural fall of leaves and the growth of roots lead to a betterment of forest conditions and a corresponding decrease in weeds. Our success in growing native plants in this area is, I believe, due in large part to the exclusion of fertilizers, which increase the growth of foreign weeds and which seem to be detrimental to most native plants. To increase the display of early spring flowers two hundred trilliums were planted during 1939. A number of white pines were planted on the border-mound near the bog. During the coming year a fairly large planting of native rhododendrons and some hemlocks should be added to the slopes of the border-mound. HERBARIUM MATERIAL LOANED Sheets Charette, Mr. [eer AC eB Urpin eLOl g Vibe ce. e a cys Whe Neusicre to ee wesley aS rs 1 Core, Dr. E. L., W es Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va. .... 112 an Me . S., Botanical Museum, Harvard University ......... 2 Grant, Dr. M. i Towa State Teachers College, Cedar Falls, Ta. .... 480 erimnann, ie. |e 0 oe Weptcor Meoricultanes Washington, D. C. 9 yron, Dr. J. H., Duke Uae, Burham= Ne Curis. tae onal ereres: 137 Strickland, Mr. J. C., Jr., University of Virginia, Charlottesville .... 51 Wilt. WoO). 5. B.,5C. Bemnnd College, St. Bernard, Alabama ....... 5 98 HERBARIUM MATERIAL BORROWED FOR STUDY Jeetle, Mr. A. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif. ......... 85 Cory, Mr. V. L., Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Sonora .... 5 Gates, Dr. I. C. ik Xansas State College, Manhattan, Kans. ............ 251 Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts .............0000 eee eee 67 Greenman, Dr. J. M., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. ..... 79 Jennison, ie ie Sa University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. ...... 1 Merrill, Dr. E , Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. 42 Missouri onic Garden, St. Louis, Missouri ................... 4 Moldenke, Dr. H. N., New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. 1 Morton, ie C. V., U. S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. ... 4 New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N.Y. ......... 000. e eee 1,557 Pyron, Dr, Janis, Doke University, Durham, Ni Co iii excess cows 37 Standley, Dr. P. C., se Museum, Chicago, Hl... 2. ee. 79 Underwood, Mr. J. K., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. ... 50 L rest ee Weashtaston. Dies ailecee arte edie de ans 70 ae of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. ..........cccceecuenes ] 2,349 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION Phane) oganii¢ Flerbarium /lccessions: By Gift: Cooke, Mr. His i by Poster; Warren (6G, OHO. cic. 456 ey 2 Deam, Mr. eek Vis - 4 aed bein s-ntnad- ates tare 16 Drushel, ie 7. 74 Westfield, No Jo 00... 0 eee eee. 104 Gomez e Sousa, Mr. A. de I°., Portuguese East Africa .... 2 Kezer, Mr. James, Ithaca, N. No. HiRes Re ee 2] Kittredge, Miss FE. M., Vergennes, Vt. ............0 000. 67 staal ae Dr, P:, co of Allahabad, India ...... 1 Merrill, *. D., Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ] Purer, ae A., San Dieto, Calit.. si.nacassnncvbouess-owe 247 Richards, Mrs. E. H., South 8 ,0ro, - 1 ee ee 1 Topping, Mr. D. LeR., Honolulu, T. H. wo... 22.2... 2 Wolf, W., OSB. St. Bernard ce Bernard, Ala. .. 6 470 By Exchange: Clokey, Mr. L. W., ea Pasadena, Calif. ......00..00... 2 Cooke, Mr. W. B., Foster, Warren Co., Ohio ........... 4 Fassett, Dr. N. C., . of Wisconsin, Madison ..... 58 Gilbert, Dr. I. A., Marshall College, Huntington, W. Va. 100 Godfrey, Dr. R. BF ( ray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass 8 99 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass... 101 Greenman, Dr. J. M., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis 48 Planes Vir Gecko schoolctart MiIGhie anaes. crue ete ee 7 Hermann, Dr. poe U. S. Department of Agriculture, cee DD) Go ic ACEI hace Alyy Sy at MARS eee 35 Howell, . J. T., California Academy of Sciences, San ees Cal Lege ree eee ae Airy A 72 Jennison, Dr. H. M., University of Tennessee, Knoxville .. 131 McCart, Mr. W. L., North Texas State Teachers College, IDENT OTN exccS haan ea cE ee muy eee et at ce Rema eee: 102 Maguire, Dr. B., Utah State Agricultural College, Logan. 16 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. ............. 34 Moldenke, Dr. H. N., New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park Penfound, Dr. W. T., Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 6 Pennell, Dr. F. W., Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- Fee ei rr eT een To tr tent ON Bike cnc Ltd eee ee 206 Sace Dr. H. A., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Gamadan’ ska atte con we eel ).c eu eee hee ane ee 39 Sharp, Dr. A. J., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. 2 Smith, te A. C., New York Botanical Garden, Bronx ae NPV erry Soe fa ik ee pe endl An ec oe ee Mee 3 Underw ay Mr. J. K., University of Tennessee, Knoxville 3 Wolf, W., O.S.B., St. Bernard College, St. Bernard, Ala.. 1 if Woodson, Dr. R. E., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis 61 1,040 By Collection: Pierce, Miss M. E., Brooklyn Botanic Garden ........... 35 Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn Botanic Garden ........ 2,652 Vilkomerson, Miss Hilda, Brooklyn Botanic Garden ..... 4 2,691 By Purchase: Kittredge Miss..H Ma Veroennes,«V tf oe. eet ee 60 Loof, Mrs. H. B., Oak Harbor, Wiecraeion ee Ser ee 263 = 323 4,524 Distribution: By Exchange: Camp, Dr. W. H., New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park i F Je Hermann, Dr. F. 1. S. Department of Agriculture, AVVAWlathaten doy shia 0 haa Oise gartar area Sonn ami a mRNA Ror ee ulatr mer 170 Jansson wit, Kee Pa Groton, @ Onnecticht seus ok 150 Pyron, Dr. J. H., Duke University, Durham, N. C. 29 Underwood, Mr. J. K., University of Tennessee, Reoiile 184 = 540 100 By Gift: Blaser, Mr. H. W., Ithaca, N. Y. wo... 0... ee eee Pennell, Dr. FF. W., Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- CNCCS arb fate woticea a aye euie asi ae ah a Te ee es 1 Polunin, Dr. i Oxford University, England ........... 1 Shaver, Dr. J. M., Peabody College, Nashville, Tenn. ..... 3 Sherff, Dr. E. - Field Museum, Chicago, Ill. wo... 3 ae Dr. E. T., University of Pennsylvania, Phila- uaa sea oda neta ee sy Aceagieats 2 ae on S.B., St. Bernard College, St. Bernard, Ala.. 3 15 555 AMyeological Herbariuin Accessions: By Eachange: Dr. F. L. Tai, National Tsing Hua University, Kunming, GOR: Mea cew etree ee es ce ewn eee es 2 2 By Purchase: Supplement a la revue de Mycologie .................0.. 12 r. H. Sydow, Berlin, Germany Iungi Fxotici Exsiceati, Fase. 20, 21 ....00..0.0..... 100 Mycotheca Germanica, Fasc. 61-64 ................. 200 = 312 314 Respectfully submitted, Henry K. Svenson, Curator of the Herbariuin. REPORT ON THE LIBRARY FOR 1939 To Tue Drrecror: — I submit herewith my report for 1939 the year ending December 31, ACCESSIONS The collections at present comprise 38,625 pieces, of which number 20,787 are volumes and 17,838 are pamphlets, an increase of 244 volumes and 689 pamphlets, or 933 pieces during 1939, Volumes purchased totaled 81. Gifts during the year were 131 101 volumes, 352 pamphlets, and 825 parts. The list of donors is included in Appendix I Of periodicals and other serials the library received 770 exchanges, 103 as gifts, 145 as purchases, and 6 through publi- cation by the Garden, making a total of 1,024 titles. List of some important accessions Through the generosity of Mrs. Field’s Literary Club, of Brook- lyn, the library received a gift of $500 for the purchase of rare books, the collection to constitute a memorial to the club’s founder, Mrs. George White Field. Following is a list of the items secured : [Bobart, Jacob]. Catalogus plantarum horti medici Oxoniensis Se. Latino Anglicus, & Anglico Latinus. [Oxonii], nas Bretschneider, Emil. Botanicon Sinicum. Notes on Chinese botany from native and western sources. Shanghai, oe 895. 3 parts in 3 vols. —. Early European see into the flora of China. Shanghai, 1880. (Journal of the North-China branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 80 s ) ) Perens . ) Brongniart, A. T. Prodrome d’une histoire des végétaux fossiles. Paris, 1828, Dillenius, J. J. Historia muscorum in qua circiter sexcentae species veteres novae ad sua genera relatae describuntur et iconibus genuinis illustrantu Cum appendice et indice synonymorum. Oxford, 1741. Duppa, Se Illustrations of the lotus of the ancients, and tamara of India, London, 1816. Ellis, ee cubes: for bringing over seeds and plants from the East- ndi thich is added, the figure and botanical naan of a new sensitive plant, called Dionaea muscipula: or, fl trap. London Helmont, J. B. van. com medicinae ... Amsterodami, 16 Hofmeister, W1 n. ergleichende Untersuchungen der eemine Ent- faltung und a ances ee Kryptogamen ... Leipzig, 1851. Knight, T. A. A Selection from the physiological and horticultural li published in the Transactions of the Royal and Horticultural Soc his li ties ... to which is prefixed, a sketch of fe. London, 1841. Ledebour, C. F. von. Icones plantarum novarum vel imperfecti cognitarum rossicam, imprimis, altaicam, illustrantis. Rigae, 1829-1834. 5 ae Linné, Carl von. Genera plantarum. [lst edition] Lugduni Batavorum, Moricand, NE E. Plantes nouvelles d’Amérique. Genéve, 1833-1846. Pasteur, Louis. Le Budget de la science. Paris, 1868. 102 Pasteur, Louis. Examen critique d'un écrit posthume de Claude Bernard sur la fermentation. Paris, 1879. ——, Memoire sur les corpuscles organisés qui existent dans l’atmosphére, examen de la doctrine des générations spontanées. (Annales de chimie et de physique. ser. 3, v. 64, 1862. p. 5-110.) Plinius Secundus, Cajus. The Natural history of Pliny. Translated... by ... John Bostock and H. T. Riley... London, 1855-1857, 6 vols. Walter, Thomas. Flora Caroliniana. Londini, 1788. — From the income of other funds the following items were secured : Cordus, Valerius... . Annotationes in Pedacij Dioscoridis Anazarbeide Medica materia libros V ... Argentorati, 1561. Helmont, J. B. van. Oriatrike, or, Physick refined ... London, 1662. Rafinesque, C. S. 5S. Principes fondamentaux de somiologie ou les loix de _— a nomenclature et de la classification de l’empire organique... Palerme, 4 Vaillant, Sebastien. Discours sur la structure des fleurs .. . Leide, 1718. Liprary Work Reel vl ification of the library collections has proceeded during the year so that completion of this project is in sight. Classes S00 and 900, the Pre-Linnean collection, and the Children’s Club Room Library remain to be done. Exhibits of books were arranged for the meeting at the Garden of the American Rose Society on October 5th, and for the Con- ference on medicinal herbs held October 26th. All the books on roses, together with runs of serials dealing especially with roses, were placed out for the inspection of members of the Society. [specially commented on was a display of plant patents for new roses issued by the United States Patent Office. For the Con- ference on medicinal herbs a display of early herbals was arranged in cases in the rotunda and in the library. INTERLIBRARY [LOANS Books were loaned to: Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, srooklyn ; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Dept. of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.; Columbia University, New York; Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington; Long Is- 103 land College of Medicine, Brooklyn; Mountain Lake Biological Station, Va.; New York Botanical Garden; New York State Col- lege of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.; Newark Public Library; Pratt Institute Free Library, Brooklyn; Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.; Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York and Princeton, N. J.; St. Joseph’s Convent, Brentwood, N. Y. Books were borrowed from: American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York; Brooklyn Public Library; Columbia University, New York; Kings County Medical Society, Brooklyn; New York Botanical Garden; New York Horticultural Society; New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.; Yale University, New Haven, Conn. The statistical report follows. Respectfully submitted, WILLIAM E. JorDAN, Librarian. STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY ACCESSIONS Parts Autograph (Including Letters Portraits Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals) Exchange.......... 0 0 2 144 : Gift oho ae arene 12 26 131 352 825 Publication......... 0 0 0 192 53 Purchase) jee 0 2 81 1 996 By binding......... 0 0 4 0 0 ePOta lene 12 28 244 689 5,865 Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1938............. 20,543 Number of volumes added during 1939.20.00... 2.20... eee Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1939............. 20,787 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1938........... 17,149 Number of pamphlets added during 1939 10.2. uteasis ore ee 689 Total number of pap pleee in library, December 31, 1939... 17,838 Total number of volumes and pamp hlets in librar y, Deceniven 31, 1938 37,692 Net a of volumes and pamphlets during 1939................ Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1939 38,625 104 American Fern Soctety Collection Number of volumes, December 31, 1938. .....00..0.0000000 000.00... 44 Number of volumes added during 1939.0 ....0.0.0. 0.0.0.0. .00.00000. 3 Total number of volumes, December 31, 1939. .............0..0.... 47 Number of pamphlets, December 31, 1938...........000.0..0.00.... 282 Number of pamphlets added during 1939.00.00... 0.00.00... .0.00.0.. 8 Total number of pamphlets, December 31, 1939........0........00... 290 Number of parts added during 1939.0... 00.00.00. ccc cee 8 Serials and Pertodicals (Including only those of which numbers were received in 1939) SUDSCHI DELON 24.5 iia etaureseies okies oas ace Sea hace para. dam 145 BV ccgop. grasntar gop qrenh ip Gah Gant srach ip 4 a) a ain Payee edd eee 4 Ge dey conden cece Pas 103 PER CNAICC 95 garg edragea orks acun pinanye eae a toda den anh: ook ean ivesane muy anean ee 770 PUDMCAUION .5.4.4.55-44 bape dee ws oo eee do eae 6 he R Sh Sh 58 6 Otel se fa ete oe cee aids tue Seaam sh ete < os ae Baas fare 1,024 CATALOGING Books, Pamphlets, and Serials catalogued. .....0.0.00.0000 0000. eee 1,301 Total number of cards typewritten and filed...................004. 2,041 Printed Cards Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1938....... 55,021 Biled-qurine 1939): ket a's og chiewidis Warsanse yale boats Ka ee ee A 2,028 Total, December 31, 1939.........0.0...0...0.0............. 57,049 MISCELLANEOUS Miuniber ol Wiser Ol The iar. ti 5et ey desk eccbw eae es eaess 4,956 Books lent to members of the staff... 0.000000 ee 1,222 Books lent to other institutions... 2.00.0... 000.00. 69 Books borrowed from other institutions......0..0. 0000.00. c eee eee 26 REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (FERNS) FOR 1939 To THE DIRECTOR: — I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31, SCHOOL SERVICE At the January mecting of the New York Association of Biology Teachers, the program consisted of a series of papers under the auspices of the “ Benedict Seminar Committee.” 105 EprirorriAL WorxK During 1939 the 29th year of my connection with the editorial staff of the American Fern Journal was completed. During most of that period the Botanic Garden has served as a basis for this editorial work, and during the latter years the back files of the Journal have been housed and serviced here at the Garden. In February a special meeting of the American Fern Society was held at the Botanic Garden, with an exhibit of a large number of fern photographs. The meeting included a conference of editors of the Journal, of the officers of the Fern Society, and a general business meeting, as well as an inspection of the Botanic Garden Collection of ferns. During the year a number of reviews were prepared and pub- lished—chiefly in Science and in Torreya, the latter at the request of the Editor, Mr. George T. Hastings. PLANT CONSERVATION Plant conservation continues as a subject of widespread interest, and during the summer the writer was called upon to speak at a general conservation meeting held at Bolton, Lake George, New York. At that time, it was a matter of great interest to learn of a definite gain in the field of native plant conservation, which has been the result of the amendment to the New York State Con- servation Law, sponsored in Brooklyn Botanic Garden publica- tions some fifteen years ago. That amendment consisted in the listing of a number of rare plant species (see “ The Plant Wards of New York State,” Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series 18, No. 5) as protected forms not to be picked and collected on public lands. Some people in plant conservation at that time were disposed to belittle the value of such laws in a campaign horsthe protection of native species. However, a concrete gain may be cited in a resolution adopted by the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, Inc., forwarded by Mrs. John W. Draper, State Chairman of Conservation, by which the use in garden shows of member-clubs of any of the plant species protected by New York State law is banned. These protected species are admissible, ac- 106 cording to the resolution, only when presented as part of scientific exhibits. The resolution reads as follows: “Since the State of New York has seen fit to place under the protection of State Law those wild flowers which are facing utter extermination, [ move that this Board of Directors shall uphold the State in its efforts to conserve these plants; also that it shall said plants be not included in the lower Shows of the — ask that al member clubs in this organization.” verimental culture of native species has been continued, and Ex] provisions for the better growth of hardy ferns were provided by a lath shelter in the experimental grounds. Here a number of interesting species are being tested under our weather conditions. These include two or three northern species, and also types from southern states which are being tested for hardiness. A con- siderable culture of a Florida species, Dryopteris Iudoviciana, has heen raised from spores. Some plants were distributed for out- The experimental culture of a number of Florida side testing. The conservation of native fern species has also been instituted. plants of Mlorida is a serious present problem through the exten- From sion of agricultural and industrial activity in that State. Mrs. W. D. Diddell, Jacksonville, Florida, the Botanic Garden has of lime-sink species. It is hoped recently received a collection grown and multiplied under green- that these may be successfully house conditions. Respectfully submitted, RAtpH C. BENEDICT, Resident Investigator (ferns). REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (ECONOMIC PLANTS) FOR 1939 To THe Direcror: I herewith submit a report of the activities of the Resident In- vestigator for Economic Plants during 1939, With the consent of the Garden, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—Long Island Uni- versity Course (B-15, 16) in -conomic Plants, was omitted during 107 the 1939-1940 academic year. The development of the Herb and Medicinal Garden, which was formally opened on September 27, 1938, made it possible for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to hold a successful “Conference on Medicinal Herbs” on October 26, 1939. It was the privilege and pleasure of the Resident Investiga- tor for Economic Plants to serve as Chairman of the Committee on Arrangements. It was our good fortune, with the aid of the Director of the Garden, to obtain two nationally prominent speak- ers. Dr. Howard W. Haggard, of Yale University, addressed the meeting on the “ History of the Use of Plants in Medicine,” and Dr. Ernest Fullerton Cook, of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, spoke upon “ Modern Use of Plants in Medicine.” At the Reception in the Rotunda, an Exhibit of Rare Old Herbals was shown in the adjacent reading room of the library. I believe the Conference did much to introduce favorably to the physicians and pharmacists of Brooklyn, this new phase of the program of public service conducted by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Reports on research, lectures, and publications are given else- where in the Annual Report under their respective headings. Respectfully submitted, RatpoH H. CHENEY, Resident Investigator (Economic Plants). — FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1939 IT a. Tax BupGet Accounts JANUARY 1, 1939-JuNrE 30, 1939* Balance Code No. Account A ppropriated Expended June 30, 1939 Personal Service 1530 Regular Employees $31,812.60 $31,812.60 $ 0.00 1531 Temporary Employees 8,750.00 8,750.00 0.00 Total Personal Servi 40,562.60 40,562.60 0.00 Other Than a al Servi ice 1532 Fu sca aoe 2,000.00! 1,999.11 89 1533 O 338. 338. 0. 1534 L Ae Bes sce & Dis. Sup. 100. 100. 0.00 1535 Bot. & Agric. Supplies 1,400. 1,399.99 1536 Motor Vehicle Supplies 38.00? i) 1537 eneral Plant Supplies 100 100. 1538 Office of Sener Te 0 1539 General Plant Equipment 1,150. 1,150. 1540 neon er Materials 700. 700. 1541 nd Replacements 1,000. 1,000. } 1542 Telephone Service 250.00 239.9 1 1543 Carfare 205: 5.00 1544 Expressage and Deliveries 100. 1 1545 General Plant Service 200. 200.00 1546 Contingencies 28 5.0 Total Other on Personal Service $ 7,501.00 $ 7,490. 05 $10.95 Vetal Pxpended 2).2...3 so.ee082 050044 ides 48, 052. 65 Balancer | umess0: TOS Oe ice olay sass stores eeu eh atae ests Sale aes stun ines eln Mix Bhar SEE Bains ace $10.95 95 * The change in the fiscal period of the City of New York from the calendar year to the period beginning July 1 and e aed on June 30 of the following year makes it necessary to show the results of operations in two separate statements, i.e covering the period from January 1, 1939 to June 30, 1939, the other covering the period from July 1, 1939 to Dee ae 31, 1939, i Tra nsferred to Department of Purchase General Purchase Fund—$2000.00 2 Transferred to Department of Purchase General Purchase Fund—$ 38.00 I b. Tax Bupcret Accounts JuLy 1, 1939-DECEMBER 31, 1939 Code No. Account A ppropriated for perto 7 [1/39—-6/30/40 Expended 7(1/39—-12/31/39 Balance Dec. 31, 1939 Personal Serv 1530 Regular ae eee $63,350.00 $31,524.56 $31,825.44 1531 Temporary Employees 18,750.00 9,593.00 9,157.00 Total Personal Sery 82,100.00 “Ad, 1,117.56 56 40, 0,982.44 44 Other than Personal See 1532 Fuel Suppli 4,000.00! 1,634.12 2,365. 1533 Office Supplies 675.00 182.7 492. 1534 ia Clean. & Dis. Sup. 200.00 91.68 108.3: 1535 Bot. & Agric. Supplies 2,500.00 252.69 2,247, 1536 van Ve sie i Supplies 5.00? 45.98 29. 1537 General Plant Supplies 200.00 30.€ 169.39 1538 Office Set 150.00 ay 144.75 1539 General Plant Equipment 2,000.00 292.4 1,707.5 1540 seneral Plant Materials 1,400.00 609.2 790.7 1541 Repairs and Replacements 2,000.00 1,060.24 939.76 1542 Heras Service 450.00 164.41 285.59 1543 Carfar OO 0.00 50. 1544 Expres ssage & Deliveries 200.00 46.73 153.27 1545 General Plant Service 400.00 0.06 400. 1546 Contingencies 50.00 0.00 50. Total Other Than Personal Service $14,350.00 $ 4,416.12 § 9,9: 9, 933.88 88 BIR eal Soya sai eae ea ene pad tine ey nora $96,450.00 $45.533.68 $50, 916.32 1 Transferred to Department of Purchase General Purchase Fund—$4000.00 2 Transferred to Department of Purchase General Purchase Fund—$ 75.00 601 Il. Private Funps Account Balance Balance Permanent Funds (Restricted!) Principal Jan, 1, 1939 — Income Available Expended Dec. 31, 1939 1. Endowment Fund $ 50,500 $ 0.C $ 1,767.48 $ 1, 767. 48 $ 1,767.48 $ 0.0 2. Life pig eee 7,600. 0. 266.00 266.06 266.00 0.0 J: 2 ackett 500. 4.37 13.11 17.48 16.99 49 4, een Stuart Gag 13,417. 28.0 469.6 497.62 382.92 114.71 5. Martha Woodward eee 10,000. 2 350.0 350.: 342.27 7.93 6. Mary Bates oo 1g 2,697. 263.4 94.3€ 357.84 238.37 119.47 7. Alfred T. Whit 243,149.27 8,510.24 8,510.24 8,510.24 0 8. A. Augustus nee Bequest 9,798. . 342.9% 342. 342.92 9. Robert B. Wooc sels 25,000. d 875.0 875, 875. . Endow ene Increment 146,234. 431. 5,044. 5,476. 5,476. _ A. T. te Memoria Tablet 3,889.8: : 136.1: 136. 136. 2. Brookivn Thetit e Cente an 30,000. A 1,050. 1,050. 1,050.0 : . John D. Rocke - ier, i bea 250,000. : 8,750. 8,750. 8,750. : 4, ei ons’ eek ment 253,929 .2€ ; 8,887. 8,887.5 8,887. : 5. Henry W. Hea aly ae 53,660.92 36.4 1,425.36 1,461.76 1,435.7¢ 26. 6. Mice H. C. Fo ibe 1,000. 32.¢ 35.00 67.62 49, 18. 7. Jona W. Frothingham 10,000. aA 363.61 363.61 346.59 17, 8. F. W nd 250,000. 125.8 8,750.00 8,875.81 8,875.81 0. 19, Ellen Eddy ee Endowment 10,667.3 51 264.51 0.00 264. 20, Herbarium Endowment 2,345.04 6.62 66.62 63.30 3 $1,374,388.35 $ 922.77 $47,462.09 $ 48,384.86 $47,813.37 $ 571.49 Special een es cela d) 1. Ella Reu r Tr. Income Account 0 2,155.18 2,155.18 1,315.¢ 839.58 2 Sictaanie iierbents 49.98 483.14 33.12 391.51 141.61 A | Membershiy 93.29 3,989.82 4,083.1 3,777. 305.59 4. Tuition & 3,559.51 12,149.81 15,709.3 14,389.4 1,319.9 5. Collections Fund 462.91 3,997.79 460.7 42 218.18 26. Library oo 8.63 70. 78.6 76.21 42 OTe Spec ial Purpos 8,056.70 11,979.32 20,036.02 17,837.21% 2,198.81 8. Plant Paholoey Research 0) 4,000.002 4,000.002 4,000.00# ).0 d pecial Contributi ions 917.27 305.93 1,223.2 194.79 1,028.41 Total $13,148.2 $39,130.99 §$ 52,279.28 $46,224.78 $6,054.50 Grand Total $1,374,388.35 $14,071.06 $86,593.08 $100,664.14 $94,038.15 $6,625.99 1To the educational and scientific work of the Garden 2 Includes $1,140.50 transferred t o Principal, we 19, mn $150.00 transferred to Principal, line 20. 3 Not ecg $2000.00 eae ae from line OT III. Summary or ToraL MAINTENANCE BUDGET FOR 1939 Income Expended Other than Other than Personal Personal Personal Personal Service Service Total Service Service Total Balance Tax Budget Appropriation _ 1/1 /39- 6/30/39 $ 40,562.60 $ 7,501.00 $ 48,063.60 Tax Budget Appropriation 7/1/39-6/30/40 82,100.00 14,350.00 96,450.00 Total $122,662.60 $21,851.00 $144,513.60 es Benes at 12/31/ udget ie iation ie 7/1/39 6/30/40 $ 40,982.44 9,933.88 50,916.32 Tax Budget (48.18%) $ 81,680.16 11,917.12 93,597.28 $ 81,680.16 $11,906.17 $ 93,586.33 $ 10.95! Private Funds (51.82%) dget 60,539.57 40,124.57 100,664.14 59,511.16 34,526.99 94,038.15 6,625.99 Totals $142,219.73 $52,041.69 $194,261.42 $141,191.32 $46,433.16 $187,624.48 $6,625.99 1 Balance reverted to City. a Respectfully submitted, THoMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant. Note: The above ‘Financial ee ae is a notes of Brookly n Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the acne of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Th e Treasurer’s accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a separate audit a che? Tease Statement” is not made in or =e to save unnecessary expense EpwIn P. vice Treasurer. 112 APPENDIX I GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1939 Collections Fund * Mrs. J. D. Allen Edward A. Ingraham Mrs. Frank L. Babbott Miss Frances T. Ingraham Battle Pass Chapter D. A. R. Mrs. Palmer H. Jadwin Philip A. Benson William L. James Miss Dorothy L. Betts Miss Jeannetta C. Jameson Frank D. Brower Mrs. P. Chalmers Jameson Mrs. Grace L. Brunn Miss Hilda Loines Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler Mrs. George Lyons & Family Miss Mary FE. Butterick Mrs. WW. W. Marshall Mrs. S. Parkes Cadman George V. McLaughlin Miss Mary Campbell Mrs. Frank Melville Mary D. Carroll Mrs. Charles E. Perkins W. R. Coe Mrs. James H. Post Mrs. W. V. Crantord Charles Pratt Walter H. Crittenden Mrs. Frederick B. Pratt Mr. & Mrs. Sidney W. Davidson Mrs. Benjamin Prince Mrs. John R. Delafield Mrs. William A. Putnam Miss Elizabeth H. Dutcher Alonzo B. See Walter D. Ebing Mrs. John J. Sheridan Otto [bel Miss else W. Stutze Walter Ebel Mrs. Trae S. Voorhees Mrs. Frances W. Emerson “CLOW? Lewis L. Fawcett Edwin G. Warner Mrs. Lewis W. Frances Mrs. Walter FF. Wells _ Wilham H. Good Mrs. Alexander M. White s. J. Morton Halstead Miss Harriett H. White on M. Higgins & Co., Inc. Women of °76 Chapter N.S. D. ALR. William T. Hunter Miss Frances Ie. Woodward Miss C. Julie M. Husson Peter Piper Wright Mrs. Raymond V. Ingersoll Abigail Young Architectural Features of the Long Green Mrs. Dean C. Osborne, Executrix, For Completion of Architec- tural Features, Horticultural Section .............. 000 c eee $7,208.44 Flower Show Exhibit International Exposition Company ............. cece ee eee eee 500.00 Special Gifts for Children’s Work PUORUIOUS Sokveth gels cadet catieesaded $hiee ie ae ees 25.00 Boys-and (Girls: GMb: 2 bs enerten Gide hence des tee etes Seles 55.00 * Note.—Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden constitute proper deduetions under the I’ederal Income Tax its Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund Through the Woman’s Auxiliary (from fifty-eight contributors). $1,140.50 Mrs. Fields Memorial Fund Mrs. Field’s Literary Club (for rare publications for the Library) Japanese Gardening and Floral Art AXTIONY 111 OLS mete eee) a ae ies, Hy PT eg en a aan Library Books ANIME LICAIIROSesSOGICty7 silat S Dunes wads er ee epee ee ae ee Brooklyn Botanic Garden Woman’s Auxiliary, Library Committee .... Butler, Mrs. Glentworth Reeve, New Haven, Conn. ................ Cabo tae Mingveiravil poles ROOK yl, “INE Ves nee tare aol Oe Rene enn eee iron Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. ........... Chilean Nitrate Educational Bureau, Inc., New York, N. Y. ...... Cleveland, O., meu FSO lige cc Meee oe oe, i ee re gee Ne : aT Derringer, Mrs. ee B Eaih sies Mad. VoL A ea eM ET Ne a POs eee Dittman, Mr. Richard, Brooklyn, N. Y. wo... ccc eee eee Dorward, Miss Margaret M., Brooklyn, N. Y. ......... 0.000.000. Felter, Mrs. Mary Benton, B Feanker INS Yee lees te SR era een ETL MinediseansHeebecalViia diSOmeaVVASCe tcvcls f castacce aya yet ene Gaerne re Ge Stark eo roo mdytalNa even spt ce Abt meee eee. GarenreMinse Goo tani roolshyilasNg Wein cae: ae mene ean eee 500.00 220.00 Ole Oe Ss Japanese Government Railways, Board of Tourist Industry, Tokyo ... Keitel WVits Stelisabeliacls LOO kelivstlemI Ni Vee Acer cer sit oe kat ene eee res Sena Maxwell Annex, Class 1937, Girls’ Commercial High School, Brooklyn. Morrison, Mr..Gordon, Rochester, Mich. ............. 0.0. cee eee cee Mrs. Field’s Literary Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. ........ 0... cece eee New York University Class in Teaching of Elementary Science ... Palmitier, Miss Edna A., Brooklyn, N. Y. ....................0.. Porterfield, Mr. W. M., Jr., INE We VO GOT Rae ea aur eee a ene . S. 233, Parent Teachers’ Association, Brooklyn, N. Y. ......... ama levee Die etrancisec BOUlGMeG eC Olt sn aki eigen ieee te aetna Sherman, Mr. Julius, 3rooklyn, IN Fy VES Ori Peer neti net RES Sherwin, Miss Gladys, eee INANE tee reir eae cee ene apt tee Shenwine Miss: leant. Broolklyie ONG AN sein... a citer as Be, hie ene Sutcliffe, Miss Alys, res IN Ghose Seen tet oder tn ds ee a 8 eel ert A Vestal oVirerbail An wGambridoe. Wiaiss.: acca), vig er a onan epee Weissberg, Mr. Joseph, Brooklyn, N. Y. .................02-00 08: ieee MissoMvlary Bab nooklym, ING Yin ats ote nee ee ae PTR tral hate ea ion pa ere pent ARES SAY ccc Ale reap ae og ena er ere ion) PS a IS a ak 9 ey ae a ea me ig ed 114 PAMPHLETS American Potash Institute, Inc., W ashington, DY OG ete iinet eh ecey wat 12 Benedict, Dr. Ralph Curtiss, Be nokion. INigs NesPenaaiatare cate bata atures aco ue 3 3rooks;, Dr, Matilda M., Berkeley, Cale .o.0ntacnshdcase eae daa tes 2 Brools:. Prots 5. °C.. Berkeley, Calo yejjajeaa sunbecnian Ripe Soa seater wee 4 Charles I. Kettering Foundation, Yellow Springs, O. ....... 0.000000 9 Cheney, Dr. Ralph Holt, Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 0.0... cee eee eee 2 Chiarugi, Prof. Alberto, Pisa, Ttaly se ciseen sais Se a eas os 6 Corning Glass Works, Corinne: N.Y) i. ecctauct cetetaws censenad eons Fischer, Prof. Hans, Munich, Germany ......... 0.00000: eee c eee nee 26 Ifosberg, Mr. If. Raymond, Philadelphia, Pa. ............0..... 02.05. 6 ree, Mr. Montague, Brooklyn, N.Y. oo... ec cc ee ee eee 4 Gaeer.. Dr. -C. Stuart, Brooklyn,Nw Y. sacc hen tees Gee neerdewe’ 160 Gilmer, Mrs. Knox, Wellington, New Zealand ........... 0.0.0... 000005 2 Graves, i Arthur Harmount, Brooklyn; Ne Ye ise sccs ews eee eeeeen 15 Greenfield, Mr. Sidney S., Brooklyn, N.Y. ...... 0.0... eee ] sae Dr, ree arose, Wi Ns cee eaestte paoee ede ds Gerad 3 Haskins, Dr C: P., Schenectady, N.Y... occ aescean tes Pah waelee eG aoe ] Hotel Times Square, New York, N.Y. oo... ccc cee cece eee en cene ] Kelley, Dr. ae Pierson). andenbere;: Pas succes cccciheghasteaeore es 2 Kilner Mir SFR. “Chicago: Wily g.sncaacdepatd bettie tet a bee ] Klauber, — To Meg wea (1680, Calls va oa backed aid bd eit he es 1 Knowles, Mr. John H., London, Eng. 2.0.2.0. eee ] Kolk, Dr. Laura A., Brooklyn, N.Y. wo... ccc cece teens ] Leonard, Mr. Parsee Cos. WAS StON Te CL analy crannt, 4b hegtaraaa sone 14 Lovell, Mrs. ae Hi irvey, Waldoboro, Me. ......... 0.0 ccc cece eee 15 Lumsden, Dr. D. V., Beltsville Gs ara ak Steere ale Be alee Weenies 1 Marie Therese, sa BS canend, Ne YG. oaeaiaaserda daeeadena nee 2 Martin, Mrs. Everett P., Flushing, L. To 00... ee eee ] Miki, Prof. Shigeru, cone MADAM. 2c) oi.c2d Saeed hae ntateas ane auce haa 3 Morrison, Mr. Gordon, Rochester, Mich. ............ 0.000. e eee eee ] Musée Colonial de Marseille, Marseille, France ................00 0005 ] Pierce, Miss Mary Elizabeth, Brooklyn, N.Y. ............ccesenceeus 5 Porsild, Mr, A» Ei, Ottawa, Catiadaocve ccc cnacs adie ee eh oc aee eae 2 St. John, Mr. Harold, Honolulu, Hawaii ........ 0.000. e cece 3 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, Cal. oo... . cc eee 1 Shaw, Mr. 7 Ge Broold vine Ns Sox wince yaar abe wees eta ene ] Solis, Dr. MM: Acosta: Quito; Meuadot oii ciewaaayted ows eepes eee 3 Stanley, a . endell Meredith, ey IN ac sdlics "ares oid trae sata a wk eas 16 Syenson, Dr. Henry Kk., Brookly1 ae x Hing SeAe ee tebe ort Sea ess 1 Swan, Mr. Walter A., Rochester, ay sec d eaacg tenis eye valet Aes te ote oats 1 Triebold, Mr. K., 1] plead. Germany oes d ace saad Aeneas ] United Brewers’ Industrial nau New York, N.Y. ......0.00.. Zz Van Klooster, Prof. H. S., Troy, N.Y. ... cc cece eee es 1 Van Sinderen, Mr. Adrian, Eee ren - Ny aie cis eats eeie tn wea eeteanr eee | 115 Veterinary and Agricultural College, Library, Copenhagen, Denmark . Vilkomerson, Miss Hilda, Brooklyn, N. Y Washington State Apple Advertising Commission, Wenatchee, Wash... Eta eee ries see Ieee Ger eMipr ants Brag Me Sci cet IA! TD be he alm tee ba Panna Parts OF PUBLICATIONS (exclusive of Government Documents) Allan Hancock Foundations, Los Angeles, Cal. .................0.--. American City, Publicity Division, ee Wore NEY American Fern Lay i siete 270i ene eae er ene ae nie NOUR Ren eT eh PE American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C. .................. American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. American Potash Institute, Inc., SWachincion DS) (Cee eee eee American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, New Vor Ne Ye. Mess erore Oakess Gambridgor Mass. 1 ee ee Association Canadienne Francaise pour I’ Avancement des Se chee: Mon- EGA fe Walia Cire ee ened cntan te Diet e, oer haan RE peda A A. toe Atle VreleLO La seller thACa Monat Vicuatene Are iat inee kame ale lune hal aes Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Taipei etn es RON Rats hate det 3: Cambridge Botanic Garden Syndicate, Cambridge, Eng. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washingto n, C Chanousia, Giardino Botanico Alpino, Bae Italy Clarksote Mis aseti aed eMaltordsn Onin ftv tr, eee ene te ee Danmarks Naturfrednings-forening, Capen, Denmark Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, SEES Neat tine ony ares: Meter O00 DuPont de Nemours & Company, Inc., W inet, Del. Eastern Shade Tree Conference, Bronx Park, Y Fisher Scientific Secmney, ESEPCS Dyittecilan cbr ai atte nate Ae nen a Iosberg, Mr. F. Raymond, POS Pa. Francis, Mrs. ews 1B, Soci Y Free, Mr. Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. Carer rc mo tuan tt TOOk lynne Ni abt Marla aie Ret OOS nO Gilmer, ae Knox, Wellington, New Zealand Graves, eo thute lat motinty bs rOolsl yi Ne eve, Meee me eee dot Ae Gray emda Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Haskins, Dr. C. P., Schenectady, N. Y Hawaii, University of, Honolulu, Hawaii Hawaiian Academy of Science, Honolulu, Hawaii Herb Society of America, Boston, Mass. Diinois Auduponesociety Chicago) lek. wrap seen coc atel 8, (ees Japanese Government Railways, Board of Tourist Industry, Tokyo Jenkins, Mr. Charles F., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. John Innes Horticultural Institution, London, Le a foie Bed dire cist Dik wie Gates Josselyn Botanical Society, Orono, M uy WM ‘e) °, enNr BRO oo ry NI me BWM DM HHT BE Or ATH HD b —_ Re BR HH Re NDT DD 116 Plauier. i GM San Deed. Cah. ohiviebsi hacia teclacseaiyeegs Lemmon, Mr. Re hect SS. New Canaan, Conty nsstanclit nib enetaue oe Lewis, Mr. es Meck: New Works. No Yes ceiesteseh alowed een eds Loew: Mr; Fred A.,. Huntitigton; [adi cunjawtenas coe Beir es eee eee Mck ee J. Hoiae e Co., Harrisburg, santa ba urgent tets ea aaa ste ue as Marie Therese, coe Seantwaed: Dh Vg, Bat yan eee se anes ee Medical Society of the County of Ele Brooklyn; Ne Ye syis2e09408% Missourt Resources Museum, Jefferson City, Mo. ......... 0.000.020.0805 Montana State University Library, Missoula, Mont. .................. Werrsen, Wie. Gomem Rochester, MiCh. sc csess setae ies tinge eed Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Mt. om Mies eee 25 tara ee tees National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. ..... 22... eee eee National Research Council, Division of Biology ee Agriculture, Wash- National Research Coane of Canada. Ottawa, Cail. aneci pease New York Association of Biology Teachers, New York, N.Y. ....... Reed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. Y. 2.0.2... ee eee Rhode Island Horticultural Society, Providence, R. 1. .........0...0.. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Library, New York, N. \ Rothamsted [experiment Station, Hary eae! Eng. Ee ee ree School Garden Association, New York, N. Y. ..........-5 52 essa eeee School Nature League, Wew York IN Ys ssuiwatseatiaipat.2tia aie? ed Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Brooklyn, N. Y. ...... 0... cece cee ee Société Francaise des Chrysanthemistes, Lyon, France ............... Solis: Dir. -M. Acosta, “Owito, Beuador 20.2404 datas eee rae Pees Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex. 2.2.0.0... 0.000 eee Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cal. 2.0.0.0... cee eee eee ee Towson Nurseries, Inc., Towson, Md. .......... 0.0... c cee eee Upsala, Sweden, Botamicé Le: PASTICULE:. cnet. akan eden Ate eee alas Van Sinderen, Mr. Ac Brooklyn, Ns. M.. shetweiwe kis fees an Be ce = Bs ens O Virginia Academy of West Virginia University, Herbarium, Morgantown, W. Va. .......... White, Dr. Orland E Ch elotteswille= Vay. auainieete Siew PEL eee awe 4 Wilderness Society, W BS aMPtONs Os Cy bean c Daatasn earnest. ees Yale University, School of Forestry, New. Haven ..................- CT APA re actindee Chet. Wataes gcnan'gs aie aan ac ok Fa A tee Ee Beas PORTRAITS AND PHOTOGRAPHS Barbey, Mr. A., Lasagne, Switzerland, oc sc BROOKLYN BOTANI SECOND EDITION — Se ee “GUIDE NO. 10. RSEY “NEW JE! “PRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS A 7, ND SCIENCES — N.Y. BROOKLYN, PUBLISHED BROOKLYN. Bore GaRDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff = we C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director — MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ~~ ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Gun r of. Public Instruction. ALFRED Sa aa Docteur = Université “(Patie), Curator of Plants’ i REED, Na AN, B.S., Librarian rba: MARGARET M. DORWAR A.B., Assistant Curator Elementary Theos = Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Florat Art HAR ROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architec RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH 8H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instruc E D, M.A., Instructor D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph. Di paar hele Assistant FRANCES M MINER, AB., Instruc MARY-ELIZABETH | F ea Tag Ain Assistant ARGARET B Assis ‘ant L. , Ph. esearch Assistan HILDA VILKOMERSON, 1 "A. M., Cc uratorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE THOMAS A. DONNELLY, meray and Accountant oaine PALMITIER SCHACH Saree Rene Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assist - MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director - FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian HELEN E. BENNETT, Stenographer LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A,, Stenographer 1 Resigned as of May 31, 1940. blished. Quarterly at Prince and Lemon: Streets, ent ee a, te the: Brooklyn’ Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brook} g Entered aS second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act Mi August 24, 1912 _ 7 = a. s, BAHe ri = Power af Aerial Surveys, Inc.) (10058) hic. 1. Airplane view of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (Photo by Fairchild BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIX JULY, 1940 No. 3 GARDENS WITHIN A GARDEN* A GENERALSGUID Ee iO ish, GROUNDS @) ied bis A BROOKE VONE BOT ANIC GARDEN: SrEconp EpITIon By C. Stuart GaAGER, Director? INTRODUCTION “ Gardens within a Garden” tersely and appropriately describes the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and in fact many botanic gardens, for such institutions commonly comprise, not one planting unit, but several. Possibly it is the realization of this which makes it (apparently) so natural for people to refer to a botanic garden as “botanic gardens.” It has always seemed natural for people to use the plural form, ‘ gardens,” when referring to a public garden, even though it has unity of design (e.g., Magnolia Gardens). When the garden of Epicurus became a public garden in Athens (270 1B C.), it was popularly known as the “Gardens of Epi- curus ” (Kfmoe Emcxobpov). In the case of the Royal Botanic Gar- dens at Kew, near London, the plantations comprise two distinct 1 This title was the happy suggestion of Mrs. Franklin Jones for a talk to be given by the writer before the Garden Club of New Rochelle, in October, 1928. 2 Docentry. To assist members and others in studying the collections the services of a docent (teaching guide) may be obtained. free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements may be made in advance by application to the Curator of Public Instruction. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Application may be made by mail or by tele- phone (Main 2-4433). 8 With the collaboration of members of the Botanic Garden staff. 157 158 gardens which were united to form the grounds of the present institution, hence the plural form is both official and actual. The use of “ botanic” or “ botanical” is a matter of arbitrary choice on the part of the institution. Boranic GARDEN VERSUS PARK The term “ botanic garden” has been used for centuries, and is still used to designate a garden area planted in accordance with botanical considerations. Such botanic gardens are not uncom- mon as adjuncts of the botanical departments of colleges anc — uni- versities, or as special features in a public park. A modern botanic garden, however, considered as a separate organization, is more than a garden or gardens. It is a scientific and ec — ucational institution which usually comprises two or more of the following features: Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium, Library, Laboratories, Class Rooms and Lecture Rooms, and an indoor Botanical Museum. We specially say “indoor” museum, because the plantations of a botanic garden are to be considered as an outdoor museum, the exhibits in which are living plants, ar- ranged on some botanical basis, and labelled. It is this which fundamentally differentiates a botanic garden from a park, in which plants are arranged for landscape effect, with little or no regard for their botanical relationship. Another distinction be- tween a botanic garden and a park is that a park is intended pri- marily for recreation, whereas, if the grounds of a botanic garden are large enough to possess park features, they are nevertheless not intended primarily for recreation but for education, and all regulations and restrictions governing their use by the public are based on that fact. AUTOMOBILES As a rule, automobiles are not admitted to the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Their exclusion adds materially to the charm of the Garden, and contributes to the safety and comfort of visitors. — Special permits admitting automobiles are issued fo members and contributors only for the purpose of enabling aged or infirm persons or convalescents to enjoy the grounds. /n each case a 159 LOCATION OF BROOKLYN-BOTANIC:GARDEN I TATIONS -1.RT. BMT PACIFIC ST. ATLANT/C AVE SUBWAY S STATION 8.M T. & \ Oe | L.LR.R. STATION Dy w SF NUMBERS /to6 SHOW es ENTRANCES TOMP [N PROSPECT PARK IN s747/0Nn PROSPECT PARK B.M.T. SUBWAY Fic. 2. Location of Brooklyn Botanic Garden with reference to streets and transit lines. 160 botanic garden guide iitst accompany the automobile to imsure freedom from police interference, and also to act as a guide to the driver. The guide will also serve as docent. For such services there is no charge. Arrangements must be made in advance, preferably a day or two before the contemplated visit. LEAVING AND RETURNING TO AUTOMOBILES Visitors coming by motor car for a walk about the grounds may arrange to return to the car at the same gate by which they enter; or, arrangements may be made to meet the driver at any other gate agreed upon, thus avoiding a long walk across the Garden after the object of the visit has been accomplished. The various pos- sibilities as to entrance and exit will become evident on consulting the folded map. MAP OF THE GROUNDS Visitors coming to view some special exhibit or section of the grounds should consult the folded map at the back of this Guide to ascertain the nearest entrance. Separate copies of the map are for sale at the Information desk at five cents each. —= IENTRANCES AND [Exits There are six public entrances and exits to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden as follows: On the North 1. Eastern Parkway Between Brooklyn Museum and Mt. Prospect Park On the East 2. Washington Ave., North Gate South of Eastern Parkway and north of the Laboratory 3, Laboratory Building 1000 Washington Ave., south of entrance No, 2 4. Washington Ave., South Gate North of IEempire Boulevard On the West 5. Flatbush Ave., South Gate Near Empire Boulevard 6. Flatbush Ave., North Gate South of Grand Army Plaza, the new Brooklyn Public Library suilding and Mt. Prospect Park 161 The most direct way to reach any given entrance is indicated on the diagram on page 159, showing the location of the Botanic Garden with reference to streets and transit lines. Consult also the directions for reaching the Garden, as given on the third cover page. PLANTATIONS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden grounds comprise the following sections or gardens. The numbers in parentheses, following the name of the section or garden, indicate the number of the nearest or most convenient entrance or entrances, as given on page 159. Gardens within a Garden * 1. General Systematic Section (4, 5) 2. Native Wild Flower Garden (Local Flora Section) (1, 6) (In this Garden the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants are arranged on an Ecological basis. ) Children’s Garden (4, 5) Japanese Garden (2) Rock Garden (5) Water Gardens (2, 3) Conservatory Garden (2-5) Laboratory Plaza (2, 3, 4) Iris Garden (3, 5) Shakespeare Garden (4, 5) Rose Garden (1, 6, 2) » ase Are -(1,:6, 2) Moss and Liverwort Garden (2) Horticultural Section (1, 6) Wall Garden (1, 6) Herb -Garden(2) a. Culinary Herbs b. Medicinal Herbs c. Elizabethan Knot Gardens .o) oN Oath ats ahs | eee coon peel ee oon oe ed ON A ear ch aed a a 1An Economic Garden to illustrate economic or “useful” plants, and a Morphological Garden to illustrate facts of the external form or morphology of plants are a part of the complete plan of the Botanic Garden, and have once been installed but, for certain reasons, have been tenons discon- tinued. Fic. 3. The Dear 1 Clay Osborne Memorial: Columns, Water Green, near Eastern Parkway 3asin, and Seats at the north end of the Long Entrance. (9910) col 163 Florticultural Collections Listed ae in their order of flowering. 1. Crocus (4, 5 (fe Daffodils C2633) 3. Flowering Cherries, Apples, etc. (1, 2) 4, Poet’s Narcissus (2, 3) 5. Tulips (4, 6. Peonies (2) a. Herbaceous Glee Fer detlacg (claw, 30 8. Azaleas and Rhododendrons (5) 9. Iris, Bearded and Japanese (2, 3, 4, 5) 10. Cannas (3, 5) 11. Hardy Chrysanthemums (4, 5) 12. Asters (Michaelmas Daisies). Varieties of New York and New England Asters (4, 5) Miscellaneous 1. Decorative and Screen plantings, Hedges, etc. (1-6) 2. Nursery (not open to the public) 3. Experimental Garden (not open to the public) HorTICULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE PLANTINGS The Border Mound —With the exception of the Eastern Park- way frontage and the site of the buildings on Washington Ave the Botanic Garden property is surrounded by a “ Border Mound ” of earth, planted with trees and shrubs. This feature was devised by Olmstead and Vaux, the landscape architects of Central Park, New York, and of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, for the purpose of shutting out from the parks the confusion and noise of adjacent streets, thereby giving greater privacy and quiet within the parks. The plan was an inspiration of genius, and is a larger factor than most people realize in giving the Botanic Garden the seclusion and rural character which visitors feel within the grounds. The Border Mound is planted without reference to the botanical relationships of the plants, but the screen planting, in places, af- 164 fords a protection which is taken advantage of for certain doubt- fully hardy species, which are thus found outside the Garden area where they belong botanically. Bulbs in the Lawn.—In the fall of 1921, 25,000 bulbs of Crocus were planted naturalistically on the slope of the Border Mound in the southwest portion of the Garden. This was one of the first (if not the first) naturalistic plantings of bulbs in a public park in America. This planting was increased in 1923-25 to about 54,000 bulbs. Other areas have been planted with several varieties of yellow Daffodils (about 27,000), Poet’s Narcissus (15,000), Snow- drops (Galanthus), Winter-aconite (franthis hyemalis), Grape hyacinth (Muscari botryoides), Dwarf Blue Hyacinth (Hyacin- thus asureus, often mistaken for a Grape-hyacinth), and others. A WALK THROUGH THE GARDEN Point of Beginning + An itinerary through the Botanic Garden plantations may, of course, begin at any one of the six entrances. Time Required It is physically possible to walk around the periphery of the Garden, from any given gate and back, in about one half hour, but such a walk would not allow for giving more than passing attention to the plantations. Not less than one hour should be al and for obtaining a conspectus of plants in bloom or other features. lowed for a leisurely walk, SUGGESTED ITINERARY HorvTIcuLTURAL SECTION Entering the Eastern Parkway gate (number 1),' the visitor finds himself at once in what has been somewhat arbitrarily called the “ Horticultural Section,” comprising both natural species and varieties of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants derived by plant breeding from wild or natural species. It also contains species ! By consulting the folded map, it will be found easy to begin the walk at point. anv entrance and follow the suggested itinerary from that Fic. 4. Portion of Wal l Garden, June 16. The entire length plants in a I yout 30 species and varieties. is about 385 feet. Initial planting in 1935 with some 2000 (9422) ry 166 plants, whether trees, shrubs, or herbs, that are of value in decora- tive planting. This Section occupies what was, at first, known to the Garden authorities as the ‘* North Addition,’ since it was not in the original tract assigned by the City for botanic garden purposes. The original surface, from the street line to the south border of Mic. 5. Giant Waterlily, Victoria cruziana. Conservatory Pool. October 30. (3769) Mt. Prospect Park, and from the Park east to the Museum prop- erty, was 23 feet above the sidewalk. During 1914 the grade was brought down to the level of the sidewall, the excavated ma- terial being deposited in Prospeet Park along Flatbush Avenue. The present plan of the Section was designed by Mr. Harold A. Caparn, consulting landscape architect of the Botanic Garden. The final grading, topsoiling, and construction work was begun 1e office of the Borough — on February 5, 1934, under supervision of t 167 engineer, Mr. Frank J. Lynch. It was completed during 1935 by laborers under the Civil Works Administration (CWA), suc- ceeded by Works Progress Administration (WPA). The founda- tional planting was done during the spring of 1935 by our own men under Mr. Caparn’s supervision. The central feature of the Horticultural Section is the Long Green, 60 feet wide and more than 400 feet long from north to south. At each end of the Long Green are structures which constitute The Dean Clay Osborne Memorial This Memorial was made possible by a gift of $30,000 from Mrs. Sade Elizabeth one to provide a memorial to her late husband, Dean Clay Osborne. The gift, reported to the Trustees at their meeting on October 13, 1938, was subsequently increased to $32,208.44. The memorial, designed by Mr. Caparn (John Theodore Haneman, architect, associate), was formally presented on the afternoon of April 19, 1939, the wedding anniversary date of Mr. and Mrs. Osborne. It consists of two sets of features, as follows: Those at the south end include a semicircular plaza paved with bluestone flagging. At the south periphery of this plaza are two curved seats, with “coupled” columns at their inner or adjacent ends. These columns, 14 feet high, are similar to those in the Boboli Gardens, Florence. Near the north edge of the plaza is a water basin 17 feet 6 inches in diameter, containing a fountain with pedestal and bowl. The contractor is authority for the state- ment that the stone (measuring 11 feet 3 inches by 8 feet 10 inches ) was carved was the widest piece — from which the fountain bow of Indiana limestone ever brought to New York City. The features at the north end also comprise a plaza, similar to that at the south end, with curved seats at the north edge. The monolithic dies at the inner ends of the seats carry beautifully carved urns. At the outer end of each seat is a fluted column 35 feet high. At the base of the fluted shafts are panels with carved leaves of the Ginkgo or “ Maidenhair” tree, designed by Mr. Caparn. So far as we can ascertain, this is the first time the Ginkgo has been employed as a motif in this position, so commonly — 168 occupied in Koman architecture by the fasces or bundles of rod: enclosing an axe—symbols of imperial authority. It was thought that for a botanic garden a design more symbolic of peace and Near the the beauty of the plant world would be more suitable. but south edge of the plaza is a water basin 16 feet in diameter, containing no fountain. The designs, after acceptance by the donor and by our Governing Committee, were approved by The Art Commission of the City. \s stated above, the plants in the Horticultural Section are horticultural varieties and species that have horticultural value. What are Horticultural Varieties? It may be noted here that the particular kinds of wild plants are called species. Under cultivation new forms often arise not found growing wild; they may arise from wild species or from other cultivated forms. These are called “garden forms” or ‘horticultural varieties,” and may arise in at least three ways: 1. Seed variation; 2. Bud variation; 3. Crossing or hybridizing. 1. Seed variation: One of the best known horticultural varieties resulting from seed variation is the famous original Concord Grape, which was pro- duced by a seed of the wild grape (Vitis Labrusca) planted at Concord, Tass., in the fall of 1843 by Ephraim W. Bull. This plant fruited for the Concord Grape vines in the world have been = first time in 1849, and all other either directly or indirectly, from this one by propagation from derived, “was derived by seed variation, as was cuttings. The famous * Golden Glow the Burbank potato . Bud variation: Occasionally one or more of the buds on a plant will differing characteristically from the typical branches. It is believed to have been the origin of the most famous bud Rite branches This is called bud sporting. Washington or California Navel Orange. Among. the sports of flowering plants are the Moss Roses, of which there are many varieties of potato arose by bud sporting, the varieties. Some horticultural “mixing in the hill.’ Among houseplants process being called by farmers, the Boston Fern (and other varieties of Nephrolepis exaltata) arose by bud sporting. 3. Crossing or hybridizing : the flowers of one to the stigmas of the flowers of another. and other fruits, and i Plants are crossed by transferring pollen from In this manner have arisen numerous varieties of apples, pears, i numerable varieties of such plants as Iris, Orchid, Peony, oe many Rois y., Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals), the Lilac, and othe Crocus vernus, “naturalized” in the lawn. March 28. (6781) 69T 170 Bordering the west walk of the Horticultural Section is THe Watt GARDEN The Wall Garden was completed, ready for planting, during 1934 by the CWA (Civil Works Administration), one of the numerous predecessors of the present WPA (Works Progress Administration). Back of the surface wall is a reinforced con- crete wall that serves to hold the embankment. Between the two walls is a layer of topsoil, and the stones of the surface wall are laid with topsoil between, as in all wall gardens. A concealed irrigation pipe runs along the top of the wall. Small glacial boul- ders were used (with other stones) because they happened to be uncovered in plentiful quantity during grading operations. The total length of the Wall Garden is about 380 feet. Planting was begun in 1934. So far as we can ascertain, this was the first ex- ample of a wall garden in a public park or garden in the United States. It was designed by our landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn, and constructed under his general supervision. It was planted by our own men under the supervision of our horti- culturist, Mr. Montague Free. Southwest of the Horticultural Section is the Native Witp FLower GARDEN (LocaL Frora SEcTION) The entrance to the Native Wild Flower Garden or Local Flora Section is west of Lilac Triangle. When this area was first being cultivated for planting (in 1911), the plow ran into an old curb- stone; this, and other evidences, revealed that a street had pre- viously crossed at this point in a general east-west direction. This section occupies about two acres on the slopes of the termi- nal moraine which runs the length of Long Island. It is devoted to plants growing wild within a hundred miles of New York, the “ Local Flora Range” of the Torrey Botanical Club. On a small scale various environments are represented illustrating soil differ- entiation and geographic restriction of species in the area, i.e. the plants are arranged on an ecological basis. Perhaps of most in- terest in the bog—with cranberries, pitcher-plants, sundews, bog orchids, and a border of white cedar (Chamaecyparis), larch, and spruce. It is a large, irregular, concrete basin filled with peat, a which keeps constant the necessary acid conditions required for bog plants. Such bogs are abundant in the New Jersey pine barrens and are occasional in the mountainous wooded country to the north- ward. Our restricted space has made it necessary to combine plants of both regions. On the cool banks adjoining the bog are plants of northern mountain slopes (such as the Catskills) : bunch- berry (Cornus canadensis), twin-flower (Linnaea), creeping snow- berry (Chiogenes), hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium). On the opposite side of the broad grass pathway a sand-rimmed pond, similar to those found in the glacial moraine of Long Island, is edged with thickets of bayberry (Mvyrica carolinensis), chinquapin oak (Quercus prinoides), and beach plum (Prunus maritima). In the water itself the golden club (Orontiuim), pickerel-weed (Pon- tederia), dwarf pond-lily (Nymphaea odorata var. minor), arrow- head (Sagittaria), and other species characteristic of the coastal plain are found. North of the pond is a replica of the New Jersey or Long Island pine barrens, a sandy area covered with pitch pine and clumps of Hudsonia, Arenaria squarrosa, and Corema. Op- posite the sand barren the brook flows into a wet meadow which is filled with marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) and globeflower (Trollius laxus), followed in the fall by native asters and golden- rods. The brook, following the inside margin of the west border mound, is lined by ferns, skunk cabbage, and Mertensia. It has its source in a £hododendron thicket in the wooded northwestern part of the area. This woodland, occupying approximately an acre, 1s carpeted in spring with familiar plants—bloodroot (Sanguinaria), dog’s-tooth violet (Erythronium), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum), tril- liums, May apple (Podophyllum), and various species of violets. It may be stated that, with the exception of some native orchids, woodland species of Lycopodium, some species of Polygala, and a few others, a large majority of the interesting native plants of the environs of New York City are being successfully grown here. East of the Local Flora section is the —, Litac CoLcLEecrion This collection was at first confined to the * Lilac Triangle,” but has since been extended northward and to the west. The collec- pe Fic. 7, Daffodils (Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus ) variety “ Emperor,” naturalized in the lawn. April 29. (3929) 1S tion comprises both species and varieties. Lilac species (the genus Syringa) may also be found with their botanical relatives in the Olive Family, in the southwest part of the General Systematic Section. —_— As the number of varieties of lilac is so great, an attempt has been made to place together those that resemble each other. In the south part, toward the point of the lilac triangle, are about twenty lilac species. These are followed by varieties and hybrids of spe- cies other than Syringa vulgaris. Along the Rose Garden fence are a number of the tall early lilacs called the “ Giraldit hybrids,” including Lamartine and Mirabeau. The main part of the collection consists of the horticultural va- rieties of Syringa vulgaris. As outstanding varieties may be men- tioned : Single White: Vestale, Mont Blanc Single Pink: Macrostachya, Lucie Baltet, Mme. F. Morel Single Reddish: Reamur, Rochambeau, l’Oncle Tom, J. de Mes- semaker Single Bluish: Boule Azurée, Saturnale (light bluish), Cavour (dark violet) Double White: Edith Cavell, Mme. K. Bruchet Double Pink; Mme. Antoine Buchner (cluster open), Duc de Massa and William Robinson (flowers globular), Hippolyte Maringer (cluster extra large), Waldeck-Rousseau (cluster open), Charles Sargent (cluster dense) Double Reddish: Paul Thirion Double Bluish: mile Gentile There are altogether about 20 species and 180 varieties in the collection, making it one of the most comprehensive Lil in America. ac collections West of the Lilacs, and within a separate enclosure, is THE Rose GARDEN The Rose Garden was made possible through the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, former residents of Brooklyn. The design was prepared by Mr. Caparn. Construction work started in June, 1927, and by the spring of 1928 nearly three thou- “Exhibit of the Week” label at the Smoke Tree (Cotinus coggyuria). June 16. (9436) / pose oa eal sand bushes in about six hundred species and varieties were grow- ing. The Rose Arc, a nearby extension of the Rose Garden, was constructed in the fall of 1935—a gift from Mrs. Cranford as a memorial to her late husband. With the plants in the Rose Arc the collection includes more than four thousand roses in over seven hundred species and varieties. [examples of almost every type of rose capable of surviving in our climate are represented in the garden. Some of the varieties are rather rare in general cultivation, as, for example, the climbing roses Félicité et Perpétue, a derivative of Rosa sempervirens; Ruga, one of the Ayrshire roses; and Mermaid, derived from Rosa bracteata, an evergreen species native to China and naturalized in our southern states. Other interesting varieties include: the first of the Pernetiana roses, Soleil d'Or, which was the result of a cross by M. Pernet-Ducher between a variety of Rosa foctida and a Hybrid Perpetual; the parti-colored Fair Rosamond’s Rose (fosa damascena var. versicolor) ; and the Green Rose, Rosa chinensis var. wiridiflora, which is unattractive but intriguing. The bulk of the plantings is made up of the popular Hybrid Teas, with ade- quate representation of the Hybrid Perpetual, Tea, Polyantha, Climber, Rambler, Moss, Pemberton, China, and minor groups. Originally the varieties in the Tea, Hybrid Tea, Hybrid Per- petual, and Polyantha groups were planted in chronological se- —_— quence of their order of introduction with a view to giving a pic- ture of rose progress. Practical considerations necessitated the partial abandonment of this scheme. Some of the older varieties are no longer propagated by the growers. It is, therefore, difficult and ofttimes impossible to replace ailing plants of those varieties. Now, 1f a variety has to be discarded because of ill-health or lack of beauty, we usually substitute one of the newer introductions. This helps to keep the garden up-to-date in the matter of varieties. Rose ARC Leaving the Rose Garden at the south gate, one comes to the Rose Are. As its name implies, the area is roughly semi-circular in form, bounded on the curved side by a series of 27 arches fur- nished with rambler roses. The curved embankment back of the arches is covered with the Memorial Rose (Rosa Wichuraiana). 176 In front of the arches are three beds containing more than 600 Hybrid Tea Roses. Surrounding the pool, which is the central feature, is a wide planting of the rose Clytemnestra. The two level plateaus, one at each end of the arc, are for Standard Roses, not yet (1940) planted. The bronze statuette in the pool, “ The Call of the Sea,” is by Harriet Frishmuth; this, and the two Stone Urns, designed by Mr. Caparn, were also given by Mrs. Cranford. The illustrated guide to the Rose Garden (Guide No. 9), by Montague Free, is a treatise on rose species and varieties, with seventeen pages devoted to the cultivation and care of roses. This is on sale at the Information Booth in the Laboratory Building at 50 cents a copy. — THE EsSpLANADE North of the Rose Are the Hsplanade extends to the Museum embankment, at the top of which, toward the west, is located the Overlook from which may be obtained an excellent view of the Rose Garden and the Lilac Triangle. The Esplanade is intended to serve as an approach to the Brooklyn Museum when that build- ing is completed. The double rows of trees on each side are Schwedler’s variety of the Norway maple (Acer platanoides Schwedlert). Plans have been made for a row of flowering cherries extending up each side of the lésplanade, with a path between the cherry rows and the maples. A Crock or Rourrs a. To Wiute Oak Circle From the Rose Are one may continue south (see map of grounds) to the Ihite Oak Circle, containing a White Oak (Quercus alba) planted in 1916 by the late Mr. Alfred T. White, a Benefactor and Patron, and * father”’ of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The bronze ta ne wee pees jet marking this oak reads as follows: “A fresh memorial as, each year, New Hite and buds and leaves appear; A living, monumental tree, True type of immortality.” Fic. 9, Local Flora Section, View facing northwest, showing pool and sand area. September 28. (8508) FTeliops Seis 9 s heltanthotdes rere at the right. 178 About 200 feet south of White Oak Circle one comes to the Rock Garden on the right (west) side of the walk. b. To Ginkgo Triangle Or, from the Rose Arc, one may turn abruptly to the left (east) and walk along the southern end of the Esplanade to the Ginkgo Triangle, named from the specimen of the Maidenhair-Tree (Ginkgo biloba) in the center of the triangle. Other Ginkgos are near by. CireERRY WALK From the Ginkgo Triangle, one may pass to the left (north) along the Brook to the point where it flows out of the Lake. From = here, Cherry Halk leads off to the left, with the plateau of flower- ing cherries, crabapples, ete., also on the left. The trees along each side of Cherry Walk are of the double-flowered pink variety known as “ Kwanzan” (the name of a mountain in Japan). They are usually in bloom during the first week in May. The collection includes about 15 varieties of cherries and 5 varieties of crabs. FLOWERING CRAB-APPLES On the embankment at and near the north end of Cherry Walk are several kinds of Flowering Crab-apples (e.g., Malus atro- sanguinea, M. floribunda, M. micromalus, and M. Sargentii). To- ward the east these trees are arranged so as to provide two bays occupied by a collection of Herbaceous Peonies. Other flowering apples will readily be located in other parts of the Botanic Garden during their period of bloom (the fore part of May). Herp GARDEN Further east, in the extreme northeast corner of the Botanic Garden, ts the Garden of Medicinal and Culinary [erbs. A flight of steps leads down into this garden from the top of the Museum embankment at its east end. In the center of the garden are two Elizabethan Knot Gardens, the “thrids” being formed of culinary and strewing herbs. The west and south beds contain ae the main planting of herbs used in the kitchen and for perfumery. The Rose Garden on Rose Garden Day. June 9, (9322) 180 The Medicinal Plants and the Poisonous Plants occupy the re- mainder of the garden. There are approximately 56 culinary plants in the garden, 87 medicinal herbs, 15 medicinal trees and shrubs, and 10 poisonous plants, in addition to some of the medici- nal plants which are also poisonous. The Medicinal Plants were chosen by a national committee of physicians and pharmacists, and the culinary plants by a national committee representing the Horticultural Society of New York, The Garden Club of America, the Herb Society of America, the Woman's National Farm and Garden Association, and the Fed- erated Garden Clubs of New York State. ‘he Italian Wellhead, at the east end of the Garden, was pre- viously on the private place of Mr. A. Augustus Healy, former It has been placed in the r —_ president of the Board of Trustees. Jotanic Garden on indefinite loan from the Brooklyn Museum. A full account of this Herb Garden may be found in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XXV, No. 2-4. This Leaflet is on sale at the Laboratory Building for five cents a copy. JAPANESE GARDEN This garden is a Niwa or landscape garden, and was made pos- sible in 1914 bya generous gift from Mr. Alfred T. White. — It was designed by Mr. T. Shiota, a Japanese landscape architect, and constructed largely by Japanese workmen, under his super- vision. It has since been maintained, in part, by Japanese gar- deners and at private expense, under the general supervision of Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japanese gardening and floral art. Constructed in 1915, this was, so far as can be ascertained, the first Japanese garden in a public park east of San Francisco, where there is a Japanese Garden, in Golden Gate Park, that antedates the one in Brooklyn. There is not space here to explain the Garden, except to em- phasize the fact that a Japanese Niwa Garden is not a flower gar- den, but an attempt to represent, on a small scale, a landscape. The plants are not confined to Japanese species, but the Japanese gardener uses any material that will insure the best results in the given locality. The structure standing in the water isa Tori (pro- nounced toreé), serving as a gateway to the /nari “Shrine, which 181 stood on the hill beyond.t Inari, the cult of the fox, is a very primitive Shinto sect. The shrine was of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Across the lake is a Tea House, and the structure facing the island is the Waiting Pavilion. About the only flowers allowable in a Japanese landscape garden are the Azalea, Flower- ing Cherry (or other flowering tree), Iris, Wisteria, and Lotus. The best view of the Japanese Garden is obtained from the Tea House, nearly opposite which is Ewit No. 2 (Washington Ave eNOntoe Gate): Or the east side of the Botanic Garden, north of the Labora- tory Building, is the Nursery, surrounded by a mixed hedge. In the protection of the Nursery several plants, doubtfully hardy im this climate, have remained alive for several years. From the Tea House, turning right (south), and taking the next right turn at the Austrian Pines, one finds himself on the flagstone path leading over Boulder Hill and past the rf; ALFRED WHITE MEMORIAL The bronze tablet was designed by Daniel Chester French, among whose numerous works is the statue in the Lincoln Me- morial, at Washington, D.C. The mounting of the tablet and the seat were designed by Henry Bacon, who was the architect of the Lincoln Memorial. The tablet was presented in 1923 by a committee of citizens, with Mr. Frederick B. Pratt, as Chairman, in recognition of Mr. White’s outstanding public services and benefactions in Brooklyn, of which his initiation of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and his generous gifts thereto were by no means least. Boulder Hill is so named from the large glacial boulder on its summit. (See Brooklyn Botanic Garden Guide No. 7, The Story of Our Boulders.) 1 This shine was burned to the ground on January 25, 1938, by vandals, probably as an anti-Japanese demonstration in connection with the Japanese war on China. It will not be rebuilt for as present 2 illustrated guide book (Guide No. , The ore Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, by Bunkio Verena is now out of print. Guide No. 6, Japanese Potted Trees (Hachinoki), also by Bunkio Matsuki, 11 pages, 11 illustrations, is on sale at the Laboratory Building. Price 40 cents. Seer ev Saat oo “ Cherry rarden on tanic ( > 28) R ce at the attendan The registered north. cing a lossom Sunc 183 Aero AV ATR: The path along the south shore of the Lake is called the Lake Walk. Near the east end of this walk is a Japanese Lantern on a small island in the Lake. Near the west end of ie walk, on an island at te outlet of the lake, is a bronze statue, “/ndian Maid and Fawn,’ by Phimister Proctor, presented to the Garden on May 8, 1928, by the late Mr. George D. Pratt, of Brooklyn, formerly a member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. The aquatic plant in the Lake, with some of the leaves floating and other leaves, together with the waterlily-like flowers, raised well above the surface of (Nelumbo nucifera). the water, is the East Indian Lotus Moss RAVINE Few botanic gardens have included the mosses, and plants below the mosses, in their plantations; and yet these plants are of popu- lar interest, and the maintenance of such a collection of living plants is an advantage for school and college classes and others specially interested in those groups. With this thought in mind a reentrant was excavated in the north facing slope of Boulder Hill during the winter of 1936-37. This excavation was lined with glacial boulders (the only “ native” rock on Long Island), “cc , and furnished with a “ weeping” pipe for irrigation to keep moist the surfaces of the rocks and the soil between the rocks. In the spring of 1937 about 25 species of mosses, liverworts, and lichens were gradually “ planted ”’ and labeled. Some of these succeed much better than others in the dust-, soot-, and gas-laden air of the: citys Some of the Green Algae have also become established on the surface of the soil and rocks. LABORATORY PLAZA -assing around Boulder Hill to the left, on the asphalt walk and over the boulder bridge, one comes to the Magnolia Triangle and then to the Laboratory Plaza. The collection of Magnolias is — argely within this Plaza. The central motif of the Plaza is The Garden of Medicinal and Culinary Herbs. Facing east. (9893) 185 Compass, a circle 18 feet in diameter. The rays of the compass are paved with yellow, red, and black marble terrazzo. At the center of the compass is a bronze Armillary Sphere, serving as a sundial, and designed by Mr. Caparn. It bears the old classical sundial motto: Serene I stand amyddst ye flowres To tell ye passing of ye howres. East of the compass, in front of the main entrance to the Lab- oratory Building, is a Meridian Panel, or panel of terrestrial posi- tion. This was laid out with the cooperation of Mr. Weld Arnold, then of the School of Surveying, American Geographical Society, but now of Harvard University. The panel itself, of black Bel- gian marble terrazzo, has imbedded in it the geographical and magnetic meridians, and the following data: At the North End: Magnetic north Variation, 11° 11’ west Cin 1931) Annual increase, 4’ Aft the South Enc Ititu eave mean sea level, 115 feet ean latitude, 40° 40’ 06” Longitude west of Greenwich, 73° 57’ 48” To the North Pole, 3416.7 statute miles To the Equator, 2798.2 statute miles CONSERVATORY GARDEN A short side trip to the south, past the Laboratory Building, will take one down the steps to the Conservatory Garden, containing two Waterlily Pools. The northern one is piped for heating water when necessary, and contains only tropical forms, including the Giant Waterlily (Victoria). The southern pool contains the hardy sorts that do not require heated water. These two pools were the gift of Mr. Alfred T. White. The flower borders, approximately 100’ * 30° on the east side and 100’ « 10’ on the west, are gay from June till frost with flowering annuals and bedding plants. The water basin and fountain, designed by Mr. Caparn, are due to a bequest of Alfred W. Jenkins, 1930. The four bronze heads 186 at the outlets of the bowl were designed by Isabel M. Kimball, of Brooklyn, the design being based on the head of a Catfish or Bull- head, whose body is imagined to extend back into the water in the bowl. From the Conservatory Garden one may retrace his steps to the main entrance of the Laboratory Building and proceed westward through the magnolias to the SYSTEMATIC SECTION Hhat the Systematic Section Aims to Show 1. Different kinds of seed bearing plants. 2. The relationship of plants. 3. How the plants of a given group may be used in decorative planting (e.g., for hedges, massing, herbaceous borders, ground cover, etc.). 4. Horticultural varieties derived from wild species by plant breeding. Most of the plants in the Systematic Section are not included in the Local Flora area, as defined on page 170, but a few Local Flora plants are included in groups not otherwise represented, PLANTING PLAN In the Systematic Section plants are grouped according to families. For example, the various plants of the buttercup family are in one place. The plan is approximately that of the Engler system. It is believed that plant groups are related to each other like the branches of a tree, but the exact relation of families and orders is often debatable. A botanic garden, once planted, can- not easily be changed; trees and shrubs, in particular, cannot be moved with constantly changing ideas as to classification. The planting of the Systematic Section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was begun in 1914, The seed-bearing plants that have no “ flowers” (Gymno- sperms) are found north of the wall which leads fron. Magnolia Triangle to the Ginkgo Triangle, and are chiefly east of the Brook in the area which includes Boulder Hill, and beyond. Fic. 13. Japanese Garden. The Island (Yami-Jima), showing Drum Bridge, Stepping Stones, Storks, Cave, Stone Lantern (Yukimt), Pebble Beach, and, beyond the Drum Bridge, the Waiting Pavilion (or Moon View House). In ae the lower left-hand corner are the Idling Stones (Tobi-ishi). 446) —~ t 188 The plants that bear flowers (Angiosperms), in the Systematic Section, are arranged with a wide grass aisle (approximately 30 feet) between the Plant Orders, and a narrow aisle (about 10 feet wide) between the Plant Families. As one looks over this Section from any elevated point the planting plan stands out very distinctly. The arrangement of the Systematic Section is indicated on the ear fo, folded map at the end of this Guide. Boundaries of Orders and Families The boundaries of the various Orders and Families that con- tain shrubs are, in many cases, planted with hedges formed of plants that belong to the given Order or Family, or with plants of the given group that have special ornamental value. Herbaceous and Woody Plants Together Many botanic gardens comprise at least three sections, as follows: 1. Arboretum (Latin, arbor, a tree) comprising only trees. 2. Fruticetum (Latin, frute.x, a shrub) comprising only shrubs and vines. Vines are not recognized separately from shrubs in the manuals of botany, a vine being technically considered as a climbing or trailing shrub. 3. Herbaceous Garden, comprising only herbaceous (i.e., non- woody) plants. These three divisions classify plants according to their form and 1erbaceous oo habit of growth, and the possession of woody versus stems, not according to their botanical relationship. In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, educational (and, to a sub- ordinate degree, landscape and spatial) considerations led to group- ing the woody and herbaceous plants together in the Systematic and the Local Flora Sections. This plan was suggested by Mr. Caparn, and is worthy of special note because it not only pro- es areas of lawn and secures pleasing landscape effects not vid otherwise possible in the limited space at our disposal, but also be- cause it gives added educational features by showing the botanical affinities of trees and shrubs with herbaceous plants, and the rela- Alfred T. White Memorial, Unveiled June 7, 1923. (5633) 190 pRere woody and herbaceous plants (within the limits tive percentages o : of hardiness at Brooklyn) in the various families, orders, and larger subdivisions of the Plant Kingdom. Thus, for example, it will be seen that im the group of the Poppies and their relatives (Papa- verales) there are no trees or shrubs hardy in Brooklyn; in the group of the Roses and their relatives (Rosales) there is a gen- crous proportion of both woody and herbaceous plants ; while in the Horsechestnut and Willow groups (Sapindales and Salicales ) there are few if any herbaceous plants hardy here. Among the Gymnosperms there are no herbaceous plants. The following great groups of plants are represented in the Systematic Section. Thallophytes Algae, About fifty genera of Algae are found in the Botanic Garden, mostly in the Lake and Brook. These include Blue Green Algae, such as Glococapsa, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria ; and Green Algae, such as Pleurococcus (on surface of rocks, tree trunks, ete.), Vlothrix, Oedogoniuim, Vaucheria, Spirogyra (Pond scum), and /fydrodictyon (Water Net), common in our Brook. Lichens and Fungi. From time to time Lichens and Fungi are on exhibit in the Moss Ravine. Bryophytes Liverworts and Mosses are grown in the Moss Ravine. Fern Allies In the Moss Ravine are also a few species of Clubmosses and Horsetails. Prerns West of t of plant evolution. Fern fronds are flattened and fused branch ie Moss Ravine are Ferns, representing a middle stage systems, the primitive form of leaves. Seed-bearing fossil plants related to the Ferns are known. They were at first called Pteridosperms (ferns that bear seeds ). From the fact that they are related to both the cycads and the ferns they have been called Cycadofilicales. 19] Gymnosperims The essential part of a seed is the embryo, or very young plant, which consists of a young stem (caulicle), one or more seed-leaves (cotyledons), and a terminal bud (plumule). When the seed be- comes ripe the embryo usually ceases to grow. When the seed is planted the embryo resumes its growth and becomes established in the soil as a new plant. Gymnosperms are so called because their seeds are “ Cycads (Cycadales) are represented in our collection by all nine living genera. Because they are not hardy in the New York “naked,” i.e., not enclosed in an ovary. region they are housed in the Conservatories, in House No. 11. The Old World Cycads are Cycas, Bowenia, Macrozamia, En- cephalartos, and Stangeria. The American Cycads are Micro- cycas, Zamia, Ceratozamia, and Dioon. Ginkgo, or Maidenhair-Tree (Ginkgo biloba), forms a link be- tween Cycads and Conifers, the Cycads and Ginkgo being the only seed-bearing plants with motile sperms. Ginkgo has never, with certainty, been found growing wild; so far as definite evidence goes, it is a cultivated plant, and has been preserved by being grown in temple gardens of China and Japan. It is the only living species of the order, Ginkgoales. Conifers (Coniferac) are planted south and east of the Lake. They include five families, as follows: 1. In the Yew Family (Taxaceae) we have four species and about 23 varieties of Yews; also the Japanese Torreya (Torreya nucifera), the “ Plum-Yew” (Cephalotarus drupacea), and its variety, C. drupacea var. sinensis. 2. The Araucaria Family (Araucariaceae) is represented by the Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria excelsa) in the Conservatories, and by the Monkey Puzzle Tree, A. auraucana (A. imbricata), a small specimen of which has survived outdoors (in the sheltered nursery) for sixteen years. 3. In the Pine Family (Pinaceae) we have about twenty species of Pine; Cedars, such as Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libant), the Atlas Cedar (C. aflantica), and the Deodar Cedar (C. deodara) ; also larches, hemlocks, spruces, and firs. 4. In the Bald Cypress Family (Taxodiaceae) we have Bald Laboratory Plaza. Inner hedge from the roof « Ss ) of Euonyimus alata var. compacta; outer | (92 f the Laboraory Building, November 4. 1edge, California Privet. View 264) col 193 Cypress (Tavodinm distichuin), Sequoia, Cryptomeria, and the Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys verticillata). 5. The Cypress Family (Cupressaceae) includes Arborvitae (Thuja), Japanese Cypress (Chamaecyparis), and Juniper. Juni- per (Juniperus) has fleshy cone-scales, fused to appear like a berry. The Gnetales have rudimentary floral envelopes, and the group is somewhat intermediate between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Two of the three genera are in the Botanic Garden: The tropical Gnetum gnemon in the Conservatories; and the Asiatic Ephedra distachya in the Japanese Garden. In all the Gnetales the embryo has two cotyledons. Angiosperms (Plants with Flowers) Flowering plants are called “ Angiosperms ” from the fact that their seeds are enclosed (in an ovary). ‘There are two great groups of Flowering Plants, namely, those, like the bean, whose embryo has two seed-leaves or cotyledons (Dicotyledons) ; and those, like the corn, whose embryo has only one seed-leaf (Zonocotyledons). By far the larger part of the Systematic Section is occupied by the Angiosperms. Dicotyledons without Petals (Apetalous ) Southwestward from the Gymnosperms, on the west side of the Brook, are Angiospermous trees having flowers without floral en- velopes (calyx and corolla), and usually borne in cone-like catkins or aments (the so-called ament-bearers or Amentiferac). In the Hickory, Oak, Chestnut, and others only the staminate flowers are in catkins. Most of these forms are wind-pollinated, including the Birches, Alders, and others, of the Birch Family (Betulaceae). Here, also, are the Beeches, Oaks, and Chestnuts, of the Beech Family (Fagaceae); the Walnuts and Hickories, of the Walnut Family (Juglandaceae) ; and the Elms (Elm Family, Ulmaceae). South of the east-west walk, leading to the White Oak Circle, are the Mulberries and Paper-Mulberry, wind-pollinated trees of the Mulberry Family (J/oraceac), and the insect-pollinated Fig of — the same Family. ~ The Willows and Poplars (Willow Family, Salicaceae) are Tic. 16. Laboratory Building anc ary north Waterlily Pool of the Conservatory Plaza, facing north. September 14. (8392 ) tol 195 planted along the Brook (toward the south) in order to secure the streamside conditions of a natural habitat. Dicotyledons with Separate Petals (Polypetalous) The plants in all the Orders on the east side of the Brook, be- ginning with the Magnolias (Magnoliaceae) and proceeding down through the Garden to the Dogwoods (Cornaceae), have flowers with separate petals, usually in 5’s, less commonly in 4’s. From north to south one passes, in succession, important groups such as the Buttercups and their relatives, Poppy, Mustard, Hy- drangea, Rose, Pea, Maple, Linden, Aralia, Dogwood, and others. Dicotyledons with Petals More or Less United (Sympetalous) After the Dogwoods (noted above), the plants of the remaining Orders of Dicotyledons—Heath Order (Fricales) to Bellflower Order (Campanulales)—have flowers whose petals are more or less united. The Heath Order, including Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Mountain Laurel, Heather (Calluna), Heath (Erica), and others, is on Azalea Knoll and Azalea Bank, at the extreme south end of the Systematic Section. After the Heaths, the Orders of the Dicotyledons follow up the west side of the Brook, terminating with the plants whose flowers have petals united to form a bell-shaped floral envelope—the Campanulales, named from the Bellflower (Campanula). The chief family of this order is the Compositae, the most highly de- veloped of all the dicotyledonous plant famulies, including such forms as the Daisy, Burdock, Dandelion, and their relatives and, among cultivated plants, the numerous horticultural varieties of Chrysanthemum, Hardy Aster, Dahlhas, and others. : There are only a few woody genera of Composites with species hardy in this climate. A woody Chrysanthemum (C. nipponicune ) may be seen in the Rock Garden. Artemisia austriaca and A. procera, and the Groundsel Tree (Saccharis halimifolia) form hedges at the north edge of the Compositae area. The Dicotyledons terminate opposite the Rock Garden, and are separated from the Monocotyledons (on the north) by an area re- served for special plantings. 196 J/onocotyledons All of the plants having embryos with one seed-leaf (Mono- cotyledons), and with petals (when present) in 3’s, are north of the Rock Garden and west of the Brook. * | ‘hey comprise the Lily, Iris, Canna, Grass, Orchid, and other Families. Note that there are no monocotyledons trees hardy in this cli- mate, and only a few shrubs, such, for example, as Smilax rotundi- folia, which forms a clipped hedge along a portion of the north boundary of this group. The hedges of ornamental grasses at the south end of the Mono- cotyledons include Blue Fescue (Festuca ovina glauca), Nar- row-Leaved Eulalia (A/iscanthus sinensis gracillimus ), Awnless EFulaha (Af. saccharifer), and Banded Eulalia (17. sinensis zeb- rinus). The hedge on the east side of the paved walk partly sur- a rounds a collection of grasses of economic and horticultural interest. Lhe Bamboos are represented in the collection by Arundinaria japonica (also known as Sasa japonica, and formerly as Bambusa metake, and by other names). Also by Sasa chrysantha, Sasa pygmaca, and Arundinaria fastuosa, all four of which are fairly hardy in this climate.! Lhe fris—Bearded, Siberian, and Southern United States species —are in beds north of the Cannas. The Japanese Tris are along the entire length of the Brook and on the shore of the Lake, in the Japanese Garden. — In passing south, through the Systematic Section, one passes the following six features on the left: I’X PERIMENTAL GARDEN At the left (east), as one passes down through the Garden from the Polygonales toward the Heaths (Ericales), is the Eaperimental Garden, located south of the Conservatories and devoted to work in Plant Pathology, P — ant Breeding (Genetics), and other experi- mental work. This garden is not open to the public. It is en- closed by a fence covered with Japanese Honeysuckle, and between the paved walk and this fence is a border planting of horticul- tural varieties of Tulips. The plants in the border are changed from time to time. amie i Cr a hoe Jenkins Fountain, Conservatory Plaza, September. (7030) Z61 198 ACTINIDIA PERGOLA On the west side of the walk, opposite the bulb border and ex- er tending across the walk at each end, is a structure of concrete and wood designed for species of the Asiatic vine, Actinidia, including the “ Silver-vine”” (A. polygama), and others. LINDEN TRIANGLE Between the Experimental and Children’s Gardens is the Linden Triangle, containing a specimen of the Silver Linden (Tilia ar- gentea), planted on October 25, 1923, by Ellen Eddy Shaw, curator of elementary instruction. CHILDREN’S GARDEN AND BUILDING South of the Linden Triangle is the Children’s Garden, with the Children’s Building near the north end. This Garden com- prises individual garden plots sufficient for the accommodation of about 200 boys and girls. At the south end is the Shakespeare Garden, a gift, in 1925, from Mr. Henry C. Folger, the well known Brooklyn collector of Shakespeareana, Surrounding the Children’s Building is a horticultural planting of herbaceous plants, trees, and shrubs, laid out as an adjunct to the educational work with children. Over the entrance to the Children’s Building is a quotation from the poet Wordsworth : He is happiest who hath power To gather wisdom from a flower ELM TRIANGLE West of the service gate of the Children’s Garden and south of Azalea Knoll is the Elm Triangle containing a specimen of the American Elm (Udmus americana), presented and planted on Arbor Day, April 24, 1925, by the Girl Scouts of Flatbush. South of the Elm Triangle, and just inside the Richard Young Gate, is a horticultural planting of conifers and broad-leaved evergreens (Pierts, Azalea, Arctostaphylos, Heather, Yueca, and others ). On the west side of the paved walk, opposite the area between the Compositae and the Monocotyledons, is 199 Tue Rock GARDEN The Rock Garden was constructed in the spring of 1916 of glacial boulders uncovered in the course of grading operations on other parts of the grounds. These boulders were deposited by one of the continental ice sheets during the Ice Age and formed the terminal moraine known locally as “the backbone of Long Island.” One would not select rocks of this nature for rock- garden construction if other kinds were available, because their rounded contours do not permit them to be built into picturesque effects; and their hard, impervious surfaces are far-from ideal for the cultural requirements of most rock plants which revel in rocks of a rough porous nature. But they are the only rocks available locally and it was thought logical and appropriate to use them. In its early stages the Rock Garden was often contemptuously referred to as a “rock pile” due to the temporary and unavoidable obtrusiveness of the boulders; but it did provide fairly satisfactory conditions for the growth of alpine and saxatile plants—which, after all, is its raison d’étre. In the course of time a certain amount of weathering has taken place, and evergreens set out as plants in 1916 have grown to such an extent that they now rey were planted—that (Bey — smal adequately serve the purpose for which t of toning down and partially masking obtrusive rocks. There are about 500 species of plants in the Rock Garden. Alpine plants in general are notoriously intractable in a climate like that of New York City, but the careless feet of visitors are perhaps equally responsible for the loss of many of our cherished alpines and rock plants. [Even with all these handicaps we have had a fair measure of success, and such well-known alpines as Rock-Jasmine (Androsace) ; Lewisias (from the Rockies and the mountains of the Pacific states); Dianthus alpinus; Asperula nitida; Edelweiss; Draba aizoides and many others tolerate our rather adverse conditions. Although it is gay in April with alpine crocuses, glory-of-the- snow, squills, and other dwarf bulbous plants, the Rock Garden is perhaps at its best throughout the month of May, for at that time, in addition to a lavish display of bloom, the foliage is more ample, and the Rock Garden seems better furnished than early in the year when growth is just beginning. — 4 nye A RY ¢ bites wits (8883 ) Za west. June facing ind Willows, c Vitis BOL The Rock Garden is fully described in Guide No. 5, The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. THe MERCHILD Opposite the Rock Garden the Brook widens into a fresh-water Swamp. The Bronze Statue, Merchild, on the boulder just below the outlet of the Swamp, is the work of Isabel M. Kimball, of Brook- lyn, and was presented to the Botanic Garden in 1928 by the late Mr. R. R. Bowker, a member of the Board of Trustees. The Monocotyledons If the visitor has not already done so, he may now pass north to that part of the General Systematic Section that contains the Monocotyledons, de- scribed on page 190. THe RETURN JOURNEY From the Monocotyledons one may now proceed northward past the Rose Arc and the Rose Garden to the Eastern Parkway Gate (Gate No. 1), or the north Flatbush Ave. Gate (Gate No. 6). CONSERVATORIES If one has time for more than the tour of the grounds, he may find the Conservatories of interest. They are located on the east- ern (Washington Ave.) side of the Garden, and are open free to the public daily from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.; on Sundays from 2 p.m. to 4pm. In summer they are open until 4:30 p.m. The hours of closing are fixed so as to give the gardeners time to wet down the plants before they leave for the day. There are ten houses open to the public, containing a collection of tender and tropical plants. The large central house (No. 5) is devoted to plants of economic importance, and of interest to classes in nature study, geography, and botany, as well as to the general public, including the following: Palms: Date palm, coconut palm, sago palm, oil palm. Citrus Fruits: Grapefruit, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat. 202 Other Food Plants: Rice, sugarcane, banana, fig, pineapple, olive, pomegrante, arrowroot, tamarind, mango, avocado, durian, soursop. Beverage Plants: Coffee, tea, chocolate tree,-maté. Condiments: Vanilla, pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamon. Medicinal Plants: Quinine, cocaine, logwood, camphor. Fiber Plants: Cotton, sisal, pandanus, manila hemp, jute. Hoods: Bamboo, mahogany, balsa. Rubber: Para rubber, Nicaragua rubber, gutta-percha. LIBRARY The reference library, containing at present (1940) about 21,000 volumes and 18,000 bound pamphlets, and having on file the cur- rent numbers of over 1000 periodicals on plant life, gardening, and closely related subjects, is in the Laboratory Building, and 1s ally, except Sunday, trom 9 am. to 3 coy open free to the public « p.m. (Saturdays, 9 a.m. to 12 m.). BUREAU OF INFORMATION Inquiries concerning A/embership in the Botanic Garden, or concerning any aspect of plant life and gardening, or the classes, lectures, and other activities of the Botanic Garden may be made at the Information Booth on the first floor of the Laboratory Build- ing, or by writing or telephoning (Telephone: Main 2-44353). SOUVENIR PostcARDS AND PUBLICATIONS Posteard views of the Botanic Garden and of interesting plants, popular Leaflets, and such Guide Books as have been published may be purchased for nominal sums at the Information Booth in the Laboratory Building. GUIDES 1. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By C. Stuart Gager. 8 aces 1S AONE 44 oo a eek iea eae aes Queer pine 2. Gardens within a Garden: A general guide to the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 36 pages, 16 illustrations, ole ee LO) aetna wadtpemane sarge ae Rares Out of print. Ftc. 19. Children’s Garden. June 1. £07 204 — 3. The Story of Our Metate: A chronicle of corn. By Dr. F. W. Hodge, Curator, Museum of the American Indian. 25 pages, a es eaten aes eee toe wee eeene™ 20 cents. 4. The Japanese Garden. By Bunkio Matsuki. 38 pages, 20 NE Oe de. pane nee a oulaere eee mete aeenears Out of print. 5. The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By Montague Free. 55 pages, 28 illustrations ............ 35 cents. 6. Japanese Potted Trees (Hachinoki). By Bunkio Matsuki. Pb Paes WS CPA ONS so ap hn eo dk EE OS PARR eee 40 cents. 7. The Story of Our Boulders (Glacial Geology). 43 pages, 22 illustrations. By C. Stuart Gager and Ernst Antevs. . .40 cents. 8. The Story of Fossil Plants. By Prof. E. W. Berry, Johns Hopkins University. 29 pages, 8 illustrations .......... 40 cents. 9. The Rose Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 1] Montague Free. 57 pages, 12 illustrations, folded map ..50 cents. 5 UGGESTIONS WELCOM ID The management of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden will be glad to receive any suggestions or constructive criticisms as to how the collections or grounds may be made more attractive or education- ally more effective. Suggestions should be addressed to the director, APPROXIMATE DATES OF FLOWERING AT THE BrookLyn BoTANIC GARDEN To assist those who may visit the Garden from time to time, the following list has been prepared, giving the dates when some of the floral displays are at their best. JANUARY to DECEMBER Conservatory plants. JANUARY to early Marcu Chinese Witch Hazel (Hamamelis mollis ) Japanese Witch Hazel (/7. japonica) Vernal Witch Hazel (H. vernalis) Fic. 20. Rock Garden, facing northwest. Flagstone trail interplanted with Mazus reptans. (2585 ) 200 Marcit Snowdrops (about March 1) Spring Crocuses (15-30) Winter Aconite (15-30) Amur Adonis (15-30) APRIL | Cornelian Cherry Coltsfoot Squills Bulbocodium Japanese Andromeda eee Tris reticulata APRIL 8 Magnolia stellata APRIL Daffodils Magnolia soulangeana, and other magnolias Dwarf Blue Hyacinth White Rock Cress Evergreen Candytuft Bleeding Heart Globe Flower The Rock Garden is at its best May 1 Japanese Cherries Hinodogiri and other Japanese Azaleas Korean Azalea Flowering Crab Flowering Peach Poet’s Narcissus May 1-21 Tulips May 15-31 Native Wild Flower Garden Ghent Azaleas Lilacs May 24 Bearded Iris June 1-15 Rhododendrons Peony June 10 Mountain Laurel Sheep Laurel JuNE 10 to SEPTEMBER 30 Hardy Waterliles June 10 to OcToBER 31 Rose Garden and Rose Arc June 15 to Jury 10 Japanese Iris Juty 1 to Ocroper 15 Tropical Waterlilies Aucust | to SEPTEMBER | East Indian Lotus (Neluinbo speciosa) in the Lake Aucust 1 to SEPTEMBER 15 Gladiolus Aucust to OcroBer 15 Cannas SEPTEMBER to NOVEMBER Native Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virgiuana) Ocrosper 1-15 Early Chrysanthemums Michaelmas Daisies (Hardy Asters) OcToBER 15 to NOVEMBER 15 Chrysanthemums DECEMBER 15-30 Christmas Rose (/Helleborus niger), in Rock Garden Fire. 21. tuca ovina glauca), narrow leaved Eulalia (A/iscanthus sinensis charifer ) Grass Hedges. September 17. On the left the species (from left to ; on the right the tall grasses are the banded Eu matic exhibit of Gramineae is shown at the extreme left. (5618) gracillimus), and right) are: Blue Fescue (Fes- Awnless Eulalia (MM. sac- laha (MV. sinensis sebrina). A portion of the syste- 209 THE BOTANTC- GARDEN AND THE ClTY THe Brooktyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (total cost, about $300,000), and other permanent improvements to a total of more than $281,000, has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay cer- tain salaries, with private funds. The needs of the Garden for private funds for all purposes are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. 210 INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... S 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of 20 3. Contributing, by annual payment of 100 4. Life, by one payment of ........00055 500 5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500 6. Donor, by one payment Of * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the ae of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical publication 4. The endowment of a fee riieehip: or a lecture course. 5. Botanical illustrations for ea and lectures. 6. The purchase and ane of ae as The beautifying of the gro 8. The purchase of Shou is: the library. 9, Extending and enriching our work of public education 10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical workin the High Schools of the City of New York. a ee on ae yr Care cae ee re eee La ool il ee So $ : - + ; ce - 7 a 7 - ‘ ; a - é a a a 7 7 + - = a - ig ; - +. - ia . - ae 7 7 - S¥STEMAEIC SECTION ny eh ¢ ‘ HDA WA NZ | aN ‘LD Ay 4 e Be DHT YY Hat RAY /) /o ‘ a a, at KI he the §roups of the Systematic Section (approximately System of Fngler)ah are as follows: on CRYPTOGAMS |GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS Bava eceln GARDENS WITHIN A GARDEN DICOTYLEDONS Eastern Parkway 4} Thalloph tes E ows oales 4 Piperales a Magnoliales 3 Unies ryo oni ales averales es 1940 3 Cioopnytes 8 Gnetales . | Myricales 22 Sap eaeeniaies 33 Eridsles 4 Horsetails 2 Leitneriales 23 Rosales Beles 5 | 3 Juglandales 24 Geraniales . 35 clgapinales | 4 Fabales 25 Sapindales 36 Eben 5 Urticales Rhamnales = 3/ Cora sles 6 Santalales Malvales 38 Polfgeeniales 7 Ariecoleshicles 5 Cistales 39 Rubia 8 Polygonales 29 Cactales 40 Auaere tales 9 Caryophyllales 30 Myrtales 4| Campanulales MONOCOTYLEDONS 42 Alismatales 43 Graminales rales 45 pais 46 Lilia 4] Gataniesles 48 Orchidales 100 200 FEET Bs aH : “Baburnum se QArre mi ‘eins Pellodende DXB Ele, ace ka Whe SiN ei b , pe we'd I OyEv Fen gees omeria »~ Oe aa PINE Foc fis ON FE ag es ENTS Aut Zaye RCUP: oe & . MT. NCEE “MUSTAR DF Deutzis H pM Oe ce Ces ia oe : ep pais. AA. y “ie igs £@ ognku ; op a?: SUV ine © Ny | i) PARK BP oe egg. ies 3) NAST HRgUM ROLLE F@5)s Se NGinkgo Cai Gu FAldERe: Me) p phiraea "8, FV ELAXF. (HORSE. “ARR (9) GRA Pee ma as, WO TaN ay Deeps PP. ge RV ETE TF UE ‘iN w ELLFLOWER P= e aS Ds tw. DS), age igo Fast ee mess NS SAE sDahtia lia “CHICORY r ee “Forsy thig” 3 ee Rony fa Se pH ae Zinnia SB (7 Loe piss % a a} BS yA oN 2 Ul +e & ae AG a : See iC; St: etiekeries a a Sochrysanthemum_ ao AN : cium ee OOS HEAT PD ycon i es z = Utes <7 MPa one Sh hesinuts BS WAIN 3 5 ac amen 228 aN Jai "PERSIMMON F> KG) 0 Saas RP pees MS ‘Ss zr = RAEN | Zaye : ‘ Ae ie SOAS Sannce e@ snowbenry aS yD Ee wbaurel Gy; Brn Badleaved ‘ es 6 Ps Ne “ 2h ach Cas NS =e ee ay o ne AN: ; El Vey & oo. 1S se : aay ver Preens G . soe) ae aaa SC” ‘grog py, BA OOS AY GS SEP ay e) aaa la Cet: oe i ten ie od eh i, Ge ‘ a aa “¥ ye: ae, OS ee ely ee ae aes eee i =) SRD” fon NOD, ee Wen ae : a AE ah | CERES SSeS gS : Bsr See Se) wy | Re ROE DORN GANS ? ee eee Sy ER ae REA eh Nag Ay + : we ay Cae AS os a i seine Theo e av Bs ae | FLATBUSH AVENUE . | B. M. 7. Subway Pe oact Pary y ES tetion al FE OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHaiRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES _ WARD C. BLUM PRE a es G. McDONALD, LLD. _). First Vice-Prest D VICE-PRESIDENT SS WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN. VAN SINDEREN is Turrp Vicrk-PRESIDENT ! aeios CHARLES PRATT EDWIN P “MAYNARD FRANCIS 7. CHRISTY BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA ee Chairman ~L _ PHILIP A ee EWIS W. FRANCIS 20K, RD UM, Ex oe I ROBERT MOSES, Ex “officio : ALFRED E, MUDGE Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF’ THE a THe Fottowinc OFFICcIALs OF THE or NEw THE MAYOR HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER oe hibtaee NS WALTER ae W1S L, FAWCE GENERAL INFORMATION M : the ci ‘al I yearly; lyr Bo ARDEN is open free ees the ble daily from 8: am. until ehisles ; Bora on n Satay and Holidays it is open at 1 : -—-On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard _ fand ne. ar Mi Co) ani take y (B.M,T,). Subway to ee Park Ans Eastern. ie ene oe Sh ha PUBLICATIONS ORD ese shed, Jj anuary, 1912. bee Lceiaiene ae issued rly (191 zi 28) ; “bimo nthly (1929-1932); sae ce (1933—). ‘Contains, other things, the Annual Report of nee direc and heads aw departments, 1 nea he eiational Prise Seed List ides: Free 2 Garden rs $1.00 a year. Guide numbers specially priced. Cireulates patie : EMOIRS.. Established, pe 1918. Published irregularly. Not offered in Sc exchange, Circulates in 48 co *s Volume I. Dedication Paper: 33 scientific papers Pas at the dedication a he sab ialory building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50, plus ~- Volume II, The vegetation of Long Island. Par oF - vegetation = of oe. A study oF ee and forest. By Notnan Taylor, sae 11, 1923. pages. $1.00, p Oe lume IIT. ne ation a Mount Deset Island, Maine, and ie environ- °By. ‘Barri ee Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60. oe enty-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 paper on 25 year rog ess in Say Hoy. 5 papers on horicaitire. 1936, 133 pages. $1. $ oes es eee 1911. Fe. originally published in peri- “s without change of paging. 25 numbers constitute > volume. 25 cents ae ". 00 a ears Cpcniates | in 34 countries. No. 87. Flower buds and phylogeny of Dicotyledons. 9 pages. 1939. _ No. 88. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of Lee ee Academy of rciences, 1932. No. 37. The Cyperaceae. 7 pages s No. s of Southern United States: I. es: dnahin L. i. Satu- ae oa dlabeia Te) Briquet. III, Woody Species of Hypericum. 19 pages. : No 0. 90. Physiologic Races of Oat Smuts. 9 pages. 1940. FLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Robles weekly oh biweekly. un other members of the To others, fifty cents a series. Single ers 5 cents each. Circulates i 28 ‘countries. Vatrequent since 1936. GUIDES t to the collections, buildings, and grounds. ae based “upon cost fe. publication. Issued a s numbers of the Recorp; see abov Guide No. 6. Jopanese potted trees (Hachinokt). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 ents. By mail, 40 c me Guide No. 7. The story of our boulders: Glacial geology of led hee . jtanic Garden. 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 c Guide a s 8. The story of fossil plants. 8 illustrations. Price, a cents. By de The Rose Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic career 12 illus- rations, folded a Price, 50 cents. ae SEED L LS (Delectus = used wees Devsrnber 1914. Since 1925 : e January numbe the Re cain Circulation ee ae 160. anic gar etlens asd ecawon located i ih "40° countrie: : ECOLOGY. Pee. January, 1920: Pu ae quarterly in cooperation eee e EcotocicaL Society or America. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates - __, GENETICS. Established, J anuary, 1916. Bimonthly, in codperation will BNETICS, Incorror ATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries: OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE CHAIRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES ee LUM es Dare G. ‘McDONALD, LL.D, e+ : S - Frest Vice- - PRESIDEN SECOND Vice-Paesmenr = WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN ~Turrp Vick-PRESIDENT. CHARLES PRATT si <> TReAsvner : SEC EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T CHRISTY - BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE Sete es MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman ~ PHILIP A. BENSON M ~ EDWAR . BLUM, Ex officio ~- MRS: WIL LIA aes ‘CARY “WILLIAM o CREAMER ie ALTER. H fee Tenens if eet i ZEWIS | [: FAWCE ETT RO BERT MOSES, ‘Ex ee a ' ALFRED E, MUDGE ce EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE ROME THE FoLLowinc OFFICIALS OF THE Sd oF New THE MAYOR E COMPTROLLER: THE COMMISSIONER on loioae GENERAL INFORMATION : : M 1p.—All persons who are interested in the See and | maintenat ce of the Broo slelyii Weenie ( Garden are eligible to m ember. Mem! cial privileges, ull ein by. a eine, The Duin Bro Bro seat 6 ie 1000 Washoigion Aine. Hr ooksy SON oye Telephoi — Boranic GARpEN is open free to. a aaa daily from 8 am, until dusk; on. Sundays and "Holidays it is open at 10a _ SENTRA —On Flatbush rts near Boe Boulevard and near Mt > Penspect ask. on Washington Aven eee m Parkway an Epes Eases on Eastern Datvay “wes = The street entrance to the Laboratory Bulldig is at 1000 Washington Avent _ oposite aes Str oe will be c re Br pe ay’ y (BMT) se to Pros spect Pa to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn M and turn left SMe Bridge, aie ‘llow Plat bus. ene to aster ae turn leit es RD. blished, Ja anuary, 1912. "he sdeaaleaye periodical issued 191 2-19 028) . ; bimonthly (1929-1932) ; Spear (1933—). Contains, ther things, the Annual Report of wee direc and heads’ a See Mae reports, eiuational Ces ebectis. Seed List, ides: Free e “59 ee. ai hers $1.00 a year. Guide numbers specially priced. Gireulates coun ae RS. Established, ie 1918. Published irregularly. Not offered i in ce exchange. Circulates in 48 coun Ae “Vo olume I. Dedication Paper: 33 scientific papers ee oe at the dedication ys the Mbseatory building. 1917. 521 pages. $3.50, plu AS cs Tepe -Volume IJ, The vegetation of Long Island. Par ae e vegetation of Sele ‘A study ee and treat By worinan Tage Loe 11, 1923, oe 08 pages. $1.00, p a Volume III. ee tation Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- © nent. M By Bar rrington Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60. oe Vo lum Ive Twenty-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 paper on 25 yea rogress in ees (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on Rorieatce 1936. 133 pages. $1 $ = UTIONS. Established, oe Papers esis published in per ae “ separates ” without c ange of paging. 25 numbers constitute um -25 cents each, $5.00 a ee Circulates in 34 countries. “No. 87. Flower buds and. phylogeny of Dicotyledons. 9 pages. 1939. ee No. 88. The Templeton Crocker ee ot He esesiers Academy of ‘ciences, 1932. No. 37. The Cyperaceae. 7 p No. 's of Southern United States: my eS dentatum L. Il. Satu ‘bell ‘Mine Briquet. III. Woody Species of Hyperic 19 pages. — : No. 90. Physiologic Races of Oat Smuts. 9 pages. 1940. . = ae ETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or uaa see ee May, June, September, and October. Contain popula ar, elementary == rae nc ers, fifty cent imbers a cents each. Circulates in 28 countries. Infrequent since 1 oe GUIDES t to the collections, buildings, and iui Pics based aie cost £ publication. Issued as numbers of the REcorp abov ee Guide No. 6. pan ese pale’ trees (ackénobi). 11 on Price, 35 ents. By mail, 40 c ee : ‘Guide N | 0. 7. The story of our boulders: Glacial geology - ee Brooklyn : nic Ciena 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cent . | or No. 8 The story of fossil plants. 8 illustrations. Price, e cents. By : ae ~40 cents. A ee ce Guide No. 9. The Rose Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic oo hee 12 illus- i “ve folded map. Price, 50 cents. ree SEED L HIST (Delectus Seminum). Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 each y n the January number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 160. ~ gar’ pies oud institutions located in 40 countries. - ECOLOGY. gaa January, 1920. Published quarterly in cooperation 48 he Ecorocicat Society or America. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Cireulat tes ! countries. NETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in coéperation with ee BNETICS, INCORPORA RATED. Subscription; $6.00 a a year. Circulates in 37 countries. . BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIX OCTOBER, 1940 NO. 4 PROSPECTUS OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1940-1941 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKL ¥. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Direct MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, een, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAV VES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de ‘Université (Paris), Curator of Plants M ee JORDAN, B.S., rari , Assistant Curator of Elmina Tagen Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) ICHALENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor n CHARLES F. , M.S., Assistant in LLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistan EMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor ELSIE TW D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., R bee Assistant FRA S M. MINER, | oat Instruc on ee aan PIERCE, M . He hare: Assistant A RET DICE PUTS Curatorial Assistant . RUSK, A. M., Instructor MARGERY at UDELL, Curatorial Assistan L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph.D., Research Asi LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ee S A. ELLY, Secretary and Accountant THOMA DON EDNA PALMER SCHACHT, SSS Secretary JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assista Eee HUBBARD, AM, Secretary to the Director NK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian HELEN E. BENNETT, Stenographer LAURA M. BREWSTER, S enOOPEMIEE CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer eeu ished Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster ae by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of Banat 24, 1912 INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10 2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 25 3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100 A Lite iby Olle pay iment Ot eae een sae. 500 2D) Permanent iby, onespayileniiOl: onc. a. 2,500 6. Donor by One payment: Ol as osa Ace we 10,000 fe Walrous by One pay mentsOr [ to Grow Tce ohh eee ee Ge en Nov. 9 217 W inter Courses - ae mio utOattems nO nies, meat oi. ne). On senate d hee ees au. 11 219 Win F Course ie Childe) Bara aN ee a ay Ra RP Jan. 18 223 Spring Cou Fundamental of So nie ey aia Wc a en anaes eee Feb. 19 220 S PLING Ga cceleVWORKe weteed s ettat cir’ Wy eee eum zeae. 6 Feb. 25 220 Spring r Nature Siade and Gardening (for Children) . March 1 223 Conifers Around us WO rd desea ait ee ee eee Dae March 12 221 WwW es and Talks in the Botanic Garden ................4 April 8 218 Ornamental Shr ne _ (Spring oe Sy aero an ance anaes hen! April 9 220 amilles sot milo wenn cele lantG nts. foe eee Oth tee eo April 9 220 Trees Sal Shrubs in Spring ai Summetsete ee eres) April 12 219 Trees and Shrubs, for Park Deeeee Employees .... / April 17 224 Outdoor Garden Course (for Children) ................ April 26 223 Le Powers aed Ferns of the Nees aver Region ......4 \pril 26 218 JESU Veta tet ail lohs (se erent cect see, at Gene Ace ee le od crs bene May 5 220 ull vee Cones "1940 1941 Pelermeme soto Oiti Cie tn teenies ae eter eae eee 221 Flowering Plants oy Ferns (lield and Laboratory Study). Rae 26 222 Cee heh CS VIO Telrad hea 2 ata Oct. 222 Trees Sond ‘shrubs of Greater New York ............... Oct. 5222 Pela intap Ut EU meena ene eck ace 2k ce Pees Sa ei nat pea Neh hak ie Oct 17 222 Course for Student Nurses seneral eae with Special Reference to Medicinal | CAEN SURG see ta ee Mae rn ee eee eae eR t ee Ana Nee te ee 224 Inv estigatic on Research in Mycology ane ee Pathologie er oue ae he eee ae OOO, neers h in Forest Patho web Seas say alah Phe was ee ne ay Ber ante ee 2G) Res ae a the Sy Sette ue inv of the Flowering BS oy ho este iN Nee ae ate ne PLE eT Te miter py gat 225 nae intnerStouctire or Plowerss0,u- ce eek ee eS 215 216 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION of instruction in The Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers courses | also oppor- botany, gardening, horticulture, and nature study, anc tunity for research; as follows: A. For members and the general public (“ A” courses, p. 217) B. For teachers (“B” courses, p. 221) Cs Por-ehildren (°C courses, p, 223) D. Courses for special groups (“ D” courses, p. 224) I. Investigation (p. 225) Any course may be withdrawn when less than ten persons apply for registration and no course will be given for less than six per- sons. Since registration in many of the courses is restricted to a ixed number on account of the limited space available in the green- reasons, those desiring to attend are urged — * houses, and for othe to send in their applications for enrollment, with entrance fees, to 3rooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance This avoids delay at the beginning of the the in- the Secretary, of the first exercise. first exercise, ensures structor to provide adequat Enrollment.—lersons are requested not to register in any course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend the sessions of the class regularly and throughout. This is espe- cially important where the number to be enrolled is limited. To register and not attend may deprive someone else of the privilege No registrations will be accepted for separate class a place in the course, and enables e material for the class. of attending. exercises. Equipment available for the courses: Three classrooms, two laboratory rooms, and three lah uctional Greenhouses; the Children’s Garden, occupying about *4 of an acre and divided into 150 plots for instruction in gardening; at the north end of the Children’s Garden, the Childr en's Building, for conferences, and for the storage of tools, seeds, a collections, etc.; the Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture machine and _stere- opticon, and electric current, gas, and running water for experi- ments connected with lectures. ZAG In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories and planta- tions, and the various types of gardens, are readily accessible. The main library and children’s library, which contain a compre- hensive collection of publications on every phase of gardening and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. A. Courses for Members and the General Public Although the following courses are designed especially for Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (unless otherwise specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teach- ers are welcome. Starred courses (*) are open also for credit to students of Long Island University, and are described in the cur- rent Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agree- ment entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon recommendation of the Chairman of ie Biology Department of Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one student of the University. Unless otherwise specified, all “ A’ courses are free to mem- bers,¢ but the individual class exercises are open only to those who register for the entire course. Of others a fee is required, as in- dicated. In courses where plants are raised or collected, these become the property of the class members. FALL Courses Al. Plants in the Home: How to Grow Them.— Five talks with demonstrations. This course deals with the principles to be followed in raising plants, and in maintaining them in a healthy, vigorous condition in the home. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making cuttings, etc. The members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40 persons. Registration according to the order of application. Fee to non- members, $6 (including laboratory fee); to members, $1 labora- tory fee. Wednesdays, 11 a.m., November 6 to December 4. EGE tee: + For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Bs ae pages 1-ill, 218 *A5,. Trees and Shrubs in Winter.— Ten outdoor lessons, in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, on the character- istics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition. The habits, requirements as to soil, etc., and the use of various species in landscape art are also discussed. lee to non-members, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.an., October 5 to December 14 (omitting October 12). The first session will be held at the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. Dr. Graves. Al0. Evergreens: How to Know Them and How to Grow Them.—Ten outdoor meetings for a study of the Garden col- lection of conifers and other evergreens, their characteristics, uses and cultivation. 1 & 2—Conifers of Northeastern America. 3— Southeastern North America. 4+—Western North America. 5— Eastern Asia. 6—Northern and Western Asia. 7—Europe and North Africa. 8—Broad leaved vergreens. 9—The Cultivation of Evergreens. 10—Review. Class members are given small specimens for identification, and seeds of some species. Ice to non-members, $5. Tuesdays, 10:30 aan. to 12 noon, September 1/7 to November 19. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Doney. A13. Wild Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region.— live field trips. How to know the common plants of woods and roadsides, including identification of wild fruits. See to non- members, $2.50. Saturdays, 2:30 pan., September 21 to October 26 (omitting October 12), First meeting at the Botanic Garden. Miss Rusk. *A31. Ornamental Shrubs.—light sessions, held outdoors in the Botanic Garden, to study the common species and varieties of cultivated shrubs, emphasizing those desirable for planting on the home grounds. Fall flowers and fruits of ornamental shrubs and small trees, also evergreen shrubs, are considered. This is a continuation of the spring course A30. lee to non-members, $4. Wednesdays, 11 aam., September 18 to November 6. Mr. Doney. A44. Walks and Talks in the Botanic Garden.—.A course designed especially for Members of the Garden and their friends, to enable them to become acquainted with the general plan of the Ze Garden and the nature of the various special gardens, as well as other features of general interest. No fee. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., October I and 15, 1940, and April 8, 22, May 20, and June 3, 1941, Dr. Graves. A45. Herbaceous Plants: Fall Course. Five outdoor meet- ings, for the study of fall-flowering herbaceous plants. This is a continuation of Course A39, giving special attention to plants of the Composite Family. One lesson will be given on vegetative propagation, with material for class members; some seeds will also be available. Fee to non-members, $2.50. Wednesdays, 4. to 5:15 p.m., September 25 to October 23. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Free. WINTER COURSE A22. Trips to the Tropics——Six guided tours through the Conservatories of the Botanic Garden, with informal, non-techni- cal talks on interesting plants. 1 and 2. Foods from far-off lands. 3. Desert gardens. 4, Air plants and water plants. 5 and 6, Plants of prey. No fee. Saturdays, 2 p.m., January 11, 18, 25, February 1, 8, 15. Class limited to twenty. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. SPRING COURSES *A9. Trees and Shrubs in Spring and Summer.—Ten out- door lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. Similar to A5, except that the different species are studied in their spring and summer conditions. Fee to non-members, $5. Satur- days, 2:30 p.m., April 12 to June 14. Dr. Graves. All. Wild Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region.— Seven sessions, in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and in the wood- lands near the City, for field identification of flowers and ferns of spring and early summer. Fee to non-members, $3.50. Satur- days, 2:30 pn. April 26 to June 14 (omitting May 31). First meeting at the Botanic Garden. Miss Rusk. 220 A25. Fundamentals of Gardening.—l ive lessons—green- house and lecture periods—and one outdoor demonstration, as follows: making cuttings of herbaceous perennials; sowing seed, and pricking out seedlings. Class limited to 45 persons. /*ee to non-members, $8.00 (including laboratory fee) ; to members, $3.00 laboratory fee. Wednesdays, 10:30 aam., February 19 to March 26 (omitting March 19). Date of outdoor lesson, tentatively April 30. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. A26. Spring Garden Work.—Six lecture and practical work periods limited to those who have taken A25. Besides starting the newer annuals and perennials from seed, lectures on the herba- ceous border, trees and shrubs, and the lawn will be given. “Color in the Garden” will be the subject of a lecture given by Miss Michalena L. Carroll. Class limited to 45 persons. Ice to non-members, $7 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 lab- oratory fee. Tuesdays, 10:30 am., February 25 to April § (omit- ting March 18). Miss Dorward. *A30. Ornamental Shrubs (Spring Course).—Ten outdoor meetings on the grounds of the Botanic Garden. The principal flowering shrubs and small trees are considered at their times of flowering, emphasis being placed on their uses in landscape work, their cultivation, and distinguishing characters. /*ee to non-mem- bers, $5. Wednesdays, 11 a.m., April 9 to June 11. Mr. Doney. A32. Families of Flowering Plants—Ten outdoor meetings in the Garden. Flower structures and other characteristics are observed with a hand lens, emphasizing family resemblances and differences rather than those of species. /*ce to non-members, $5. Wednesdays, 10:45 am., April 9 to June 11, Dr. Gundersen. A37. Lilacs in Flower.—l*ive outdoor lessons. The com- prehensive collection of the Garden affords opportunity for the study of about twenty species and a large number of the finest varieties of lilacs. In the last lessons, culture and propagation are taken up; cuttings, which become the property of those tak- ing the course, are prepared for rooting. Fee to non-members, $2.50. Four Mondays and one Thursday, 4 to 5:15 p.m., May 5, 12, 15, 19, and June Y. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Free. Ze A39. Herbaceous Plants (Spring Course).—(Not offered in 1941.) A46. Conifers Around the World.—Three lectures illus- trated with specimens and lantern slides. 1—American conifers. 2—FEuropean and African conifers. 3—Asiatic and Australian conifers. No fee. Wednesdays, 11 a.m., March 12, 19, and 26. Dr. Gundersen. B. Courses for Teachers These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education of New York City for “in-service credit,” one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the exception of “ B8, Plant Culture’). Through an agreement with Long Island University, undergradu- ate credit for certain courses will be allowed toward fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the admission re- quirements at the University and the laboratory requirements at the Botanic Garden have been fulfilled. Such courses are starred (*). By special arrangement with the institution concerned, these credits have also been used as undergraduate credits in other colleges and universities. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised, become the property of the student. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount from the regular fee for all “B” courses; of other persons the indicated fee is required. [Long Island University students desirous of electing any of these or of the “A” courses should notify Dean Tristram W. Metcalfe or Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, who will give the candidate a card entitling him to admission to the course. The student should present this card at the beginning of the first session of the course. Bl. General Botany.—(Not offered in 1940-41.) B2. Nature Study.—(Not offered in 1940-41.) B3. Elements of Horticulture—Thirty sessions. [For teach- ers only. Lessons in potting and general care of house plants; methods of plant propagation, including the planting of bulbs; making cuttings (soft wood, and leaf) ; sowing seeds; preparing for the outdoor garden. Most of this work is carried on in the Zee greenhouses. All plants raised become the property of the stu- dent. Two credits. (No credit allowed for a half-year of work.) Fee, $10. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 25, Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. BS. Garden Practice.—( Not offered in 1940-41.) B7. Greenhouse Work.—Thirty sessions. For teachers only. Open to students who have completed Elements of Horti- culture (B3),. Further study of plant propagation; culture of a great variety of house plants and spring-flowering greenhouse plants; arrangements in hanging baskets, dishes, and terraria. Two credits. Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4 p.n., beginning October 1. Miss Dorward. B8. Plant Culture—A course of twenty weeks’ duration for those who have completed Elements of Horticulture (B3) and —~ rreenhouse Work (B7). All work is done in the greenhouses. No Board of Education credits are given for this course. lee, $10. Thursdays, 4 p.n., beginning October 17. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. *B10. Flowering Plants and Ferns: Field and Laboratory Study.—Thirty sessions. The object of this course is to be- come acquainted with species of wild flowering plants, including weeds. Field and laboratory work are distributed according to the weather, the season, and the needs of the class. The field work en. The laboratory work (4 is done at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar¢ consists of examining flowers and learning how to distinguish them; and of pressing and mounting plants to serve as permanent specimens. Four credits. /ee, $10. Thursdays, 4-6 pan., be- ginmming September 20. Miss Rusk. *B13-14. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—T wenty two-hour sessions. A course of outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, the principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the common trees and shrubs of the eastern United States, which are well represented in this re- gion. The species are considered in systematic order, in both winter and summer conditions, and the features pointed out by Pyas) which they may most easily be recognized. Two credits. Fee, $10. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 5 to December 14 (omitting October 12); and April 12 to June 14, 1941. Dr. Graves. C. Children’s Courses More than thirty separate courses are given Saturday mornings for boys and girls from eight to nineteen years old in the spring, fall, and winter. The children are grouped according to age and experience. For example, under I (below), twelve separate courses are given; under II, four separate courses; under IIT, fourteen. Under IV, the Outdoor Garden, 200 children are working from late April to mid-September. T — us does not represent one course, but many courses combined under one heading, “ The Outdoor Garden.” Miss Shaw and Assistants. I. The Fall Course takes up nature study on the grounds; plant propagation in the greenhouses, using stem and leaf cuttings ; bulbs and corms; making of terrariums and dish gardens. [n- rollment limited to 175 children. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, October 19 to December 21. — II. Winter Course—Children who have shown unusual ability are chosen from the fall group for early winter work. Group limited to 50. No fee. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, Jan- uary 18 to February 15. ITI. Spring Course.—Nature study and preparation for the oute jan oor garden, including studies of seed germination, seed sowing in the greenhouse, and the making of garden plans. All candidates for the outdoor garden must be in spring classes. Enrollment limited to 200. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday mornings, 9—11:15, March 1 to April 12. IV. Outdoor Garden Course.—The outdoor garden is open throughout the summer season, and time is arranged to fit in with children’s vacation schedules. No child is assigned an outdoor garden who has not had the spring preparatory work. Group lim- ited to 200 children. ee, twenty-five or thirty-five cents depend- ing on the sige of the garden. The garden session begins April 206. 224 D. Courses for Special Groups D1. General Botany with Special Reference to Medicinal Plants.—A course of 10 spring or 10 fall lectures, demonstra- tions, and field trips for student nurses. Arranged in cooperation with various hospitals. The general principles governing the life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers and potted plants in the sick room, are considered. Special attention is paid to the outdoor identification of officinal plants. Hours to be arranged. No fee. Dy. (staves: D2. Trees and Shrubs: Spring Course for Employees of the Park Department and Others.—Ten trips in the parks and woodlands of New York to become acquainted with the com- mon kinds of woody plants, both native and cultivated. The hab- its, rate of growth, economic value, and importance in forestry, horticulture, and landscape art are discussed. Ice to non-members, $5, free to members of the Garden. Thursdays, 2:30 p.m. April 17 to June 19, First meeting at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. For park employees the necessary time for attending will be arranged. Dr. Graves and Mr. Doney. D3. Trees and Shrubs: Fall Course for Employees of the Park Department and Others.—Ten trips in parks and wood- lands of New York to become acquainted with the common kinds of woody plants, both native and cultivated. The habits, rate of growth, economic value, and importance in forestry, horticulture, and landscape art are discussed. Fee to non-members, $5; free to members of the Garden. Thursdays, 2:30 p.m., October 10 to De- cember 19 (omitting Thanksgiving Day). First meeting at Brook- lyn Botanic Garden. For park employees the necessary time for attending will be arranged. Dr. Graves and Mr. Doney. D4. Gardening: for Employees of the Park Department and Others.—Twelve periods. Soils and fertilizers; planting and transplanting (trees, shrubs, bulbs, perennials, etc.) ; lawn-making and maintenance; herbaceous perennials, including bulbs; annuals and biennials; rose growing; rock and water gardens; insect and fungous pests; pruning; plant propagation; principles of green- house management. f*ee to non-members, $6; free to members of 225 the Garden. Wednesdays, 3:30 p.m., September 25 to December 18 (omitting the day before Thanksgiving Day). For park em- ployees the necessary time for attending will be arranged. Vit SE ree: E. Investigation 1. Graduate Work for University Credit By the terms of a cooperative agreement between New York University and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, properly qualified graduate students may arrange to carry on independent investiga- tions in botany at the Garden under the direction of members of the Garden Staff, who are also officers of instruction in the Grad- uate School of the University. The advantages of the library, laboratories, herbarium, and collections of living plants at the — — Garden are freely at the disposal of students registered at New York University for such work. Such properly enrolled graduate students are charged no additional fees by the Garden, The research courses in botany presuppose a knowledge of plants obtained from a study in field and laboratory. Prerequi- sites include college courses along such lines as oe Gey physiology, taxonomy, and genetics. Bacteriology and mycology are special prerequisites for E6. lor 8, plant pathology ne basic training in forestry are also required. E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology. Dr. Reed E8. Research in Forest Pathology. Dre Graves: E9. Research in the Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. Dr Svenson. E10. Research in the Structure of Flowers. Dr. Gundersen. 2. Independent Investigation The facilities of the laboratories, conservatories, library, and herbarium are available to qualified investigators who wish to carry on independent researches in their chosen field of botany. By “ qualified investigators ” is meant those who have obtained the doctor’s degree or have completed most of the requirements for 226 the doctorate. The laboratories are open for such use only during — the hours when the Labor; atory Building is regularly open, viz. 9 am—5 p.m. Mondays to Fridays; 9-12 a.m. Saturdays, except on holidays, when the building is closed. There is a charge of $25 per year, payable to the Botanic Garden. COOPERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOLS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every prac- ticable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely related subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruc- tion, demonstration methods, study material, ete., which otherwise would not be available. Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, find the collection of useful plants in the Economic Plant House, the Local Flora Section, the Japanese Garden, and also the Merid- ian Panel, the Armillary Sphere, and the Labeled Glacial Boulders, valuable adjuncts to their class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their classes study these features under guidance. Ilustrated lectures at the Garden for geography classes may also be arranged. To visiting college classes in geology and physiography the Bo- tame Garden offers interesting material for a study of glaciation, Notable features are a portion of the Harbor Hill terminal moraine (Boulder Hill), the morainal pond (the “ Lake ”), the labelled glacial boulders, and the Flatbush outwash plain. See Guide No. 7, The Story of our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn Botante Garden.” _ Talks at Elementary Schools.—The principals of public or private elementary schools may arrange to have talks given at the schools on various topics related to plant life, such as school gar- dens and garden work with children, tree planting, the conservation of wild flowers, Arbor Day, etc. If an illustrated lecture is de- sired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the a7, Curator of Elementary Instruction for a list of talks and for ap- pointments. Talks at Secondary Schools and Colleges.—Informal illus- trated talks on various subjects of an advanced botanical nature are always gladly given at Secondary Schools and Colleges by members of the staff. Arrangements for such talks should be made with the Curator of Public Instruction. School Classes at the Garden.—Public or private schools, both elementary and secondary, may arrange for classes to come to the Botanic Garden for illustrated lectures by a member of the Garden staff, or for guided tours of instruction through the conservatories and outdoor plantations. Such lectures, conserva- tory trips, and outdoor trips are planned for correlation with the New York City school syllabi in nature study, biology, and geography. Visiting classes must be accompanied by their teachers, and notice of such visits should be sent at least one week in advance. Blank forms for this purpose are provided by the Garden. Lists of talks and trips offered will be sent on request: for Junior High and Elementary Schools address the Curator of Elementary In- struction; for High Schools, the Curator of Public Instruction. The Garden equipment, including plant material, lecture rooms, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrangements must be made in advance, so that such work will not conflict with other classes and lectures. For High School and College classes address the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and I£le- mentary School classes address the Curator of Elementary Ju- —_— struction, The principal of any Elementary or High School in Brooklyn imay arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be given to a class during the fall or spring. A small fee is charged to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become the property of the pupils. The lessons are adapted for pupils above the third grade. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of flower and vegetable seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for 228 children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may he secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets must be called for by a responsible school messenger and _re- turned promptly in good condition. Address, by mail or tele- phone, Mr. Frank Stoll, custodian. The subjects now available are as follows. Other sets are in preparation. 1. Plant Life 5. Fall Wild Flowers 2. Spring Wild Flowers . Forestry 3. Common Trees . Conservation of Native Plants 4. Summer Wild Flowers STD Study and Loan Material for Elementary Schools.—To the extent of its facilities, the Botanic Garden will provide, on request, various plants and materials for nature study. As far as pos- sible this material will continue to be supplied gratis to elementary schools. Requests from Elementary Schools should be made. to Miss [Elsie T. Hammond, and material should be called for at the Information Booth on the ground floor, Special Work for the Blind.—Short courses of two or three lessons will be given to blind children of elementary and junior high school age. The work will be both in the greenhouses and on the grounds, supplemented by special opportunities for handling living materials in order to acquaint the children with the world about them. This series will be given free of charge to classes of not more than 15 children and not less than 7. The work will be offered on schooldays to supplement and enrich regular class- work. 229 Study and Loan Material for Colleges, High Schools, and Junior High Schools Available at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1940-1941 The Botanic Garden is able to supply various plants and plant parts for study; certain protozoa; sterilized nutrient agar; and also material and mounts for exhibit purposes. When containers are necessary, as in the case of agar, algae, and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. In the past, the Garden has offered this service gratis, but both on account of the increasing demand and because of the decrease in appropriations, it has become necessary to make a small charge for the material supplied or loaned. A Price List of the various materials furnished will be mailed on request. Requests should be made by mail or telephone (Main 2-4433), at least one day in advance, to Dr. Elizabeth Marcy, and the mate- rial should be called for at Room 204. All exhibit material will be mailed if the school pays postage. LIVING MATERIAL—PLANTS Algae: Fresh material: Desmids, Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, Oscillatoria, Pleurococcus, Scenedesmus, Spirogyra, Vaucheria. Preserved material; Spirogyra conjugating. Bacteria: Cultures of B. coli, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas radicicola, Sarcina flava. Fungi: Plus and minus strains of bread mold (Rhizopus nigri- cans), Spores or cultures. Liverworts: Conocephalum, Lunularia, Marchantia. Mosses: Protonema, Felt, Felt with capsules. Ferns: Prothallia, Fronds with spores. Gymnosperms: Cones, Twigs. Angiosperms: Plants: For photosynthesis experiments—Green geranium, Sil- ver geranium, Tradescantia; With fleshy leaves— Bryophyllum, Sedum; Water Plants—Elodea, Duck- weed; Sensitive Plants—Mimosa pudica. 230 Leaves: Sedum, Sansevieria, Coffee, Lilac, and others. Stems: Twigs to show buds, leaf scars, ete.; Corn stems. Seeds: For study of root hairs and germination—Castor bean, Garden bean, Lupine, Peas, Oats, Corn, Sorghum, Wheat. Material illustrating methods of Plant Propagation: Stem cuttings: (rooted or unrooted) Tradescantia, Begonia, Coleus, Geranium, English ivy, Willow; Leaf cuttings: (rooted or unrooted) Bryophyllum, Sansevieria, Kalanchoe ; Riuamers: Strawberry, Saxifrage; Offsets: Sempervivum; Grafts: Geranium; Corms: Gladiolus. Material for the study of Genetics: Sorghum seeds for growing F, seedlings showing Mendelian ratios: Red and green seedling color (3:1); Normal and al- bino seedlings (3:1); Dihybrid ratio—red, green, normal, albino. Pea seeds of tall and dwarf strains. Seedlings of any of the above. Drosophila—-wild type, white, sepia, vestigial. LIVING MATERIAL—ANIMALS Protozoa: Cultures of Amoeba, Blepharisma, Paramecia, [uglena. Drosophila: Wild type, white, sepia, vestigial. STERILIZED AGAR Petri dishes, test tubes, or flasks, sent in clean and dry, one week in advance, will be filled with sterile nutrient agar, or with potato dextrose agar for the study of bacteria and molds. SPECIMENS AND MOUNTS FOR EXHIBIT Mosses: Mounts covered with cellophane. Life history of a moss plant—Polvirichiim commune. Fungi and plant diseases: Bracket fungi. Leaves showing leaf spot diseases (rusts, mildews, and others). Smut of oats, or wheat, or ergot of rye displayed in test tubes. Angiosperms: Riker mounts—lLeaf modifications, Seed dispersal. lruits of trees, flowering plants, weeds, lotus pods, ete. 231) Economic plants: Bundles of barley, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, wheat. Test tubes of grain threshed. Types of grains—Riker mount. fllustrating the principles of genetics: Pea seeds illustrating a dihybrid ratio (wrinkled, smooth, yel- ow, green )——Riker mounts or vials. Jimson weed (Datura )—Mount to show I’, segregation of spiny and smooth pods. Corn showing monohybrid and dihybrid ratios: Unmounted, in glass tubes, or in display cases. Sorghum—H ybrid vigor—Riker mount. Sorghum—Inheritance of seed color—Riker mount. Oats—Inheritance of hull color—Riker mount. Snapdragon—Inheritance of flower color-—Riker mount. — Te eas NY, The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present about 21,000 volumes and about 18,000 pamphlets. This is not per- — a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to al sons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). More than 1,000 periodicals and seria publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects are regularly received. These include the transactions of scientific societies from all quarters of the globe; the bulletins, monographs, reports, and other publications of various departments of the United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- ments, and of all state agricultural experiment stations and agri- cultural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, uni- versities, botanic gardens, and other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is specially rich in pub- lications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of — incunabula and other pre-Linnaean works. Bibhographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of the Library staff. An annotated list of the incunabula, pre-Linnaean works, old herbals and other rare or historically important books in the Li- Zoe brary was published as the July, 1935, number of the Botanic Garden Recorp. Copies are for sale at 40 cents each, HERBARIA The Phanerogamic Herbarium consists of more than 210,000 specimens of flowering plants, chiefly from North America. Among the important collections represented is the herbarium of A. A. Heller, containing many of his type specimens, chiefly from the western States and especially rich in Lupinus. There are also large collections from Suksdorf, Sandberg, Bolander, Hall and Harbour, Nevious, Howell, and others. From the eastern States are the large New Jersey collections of Henry Dautun and C. I Austin, the herbarium of E. L. Morris, primarily from the Dis- trict of Columbia, and the miscellaneous collections of Stephen Calverley. There is a large representation of the Long Island flora including the herbarium of IE. S. Miller and selected spect- mens from William C. Ferguson. In addition, the herbarium con- tains several collections of very old specimens presumably from the Brooklyn Lyceum of Natural History, apparently the herba- rium of William Cooper, and early collections of Torrey, Leaven- worth, Croom, and Gates. The Cryptogamic Herbarium contains a large collection of ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae. It also contains the myco- logical collection consisting of approximately 79,000 specimens of fungi and myxomycetes, including the mycological collection of Dr. Franz Bubak, of Prague, for many years director of the Tabor 30tanical Garden. This collection, of 33,779 specimens, includes type specimens of more than 500 species new to science, described by Dr. Bubak. Other exsiccati represented in the Garden herbarium are those of KE. Bartholomew; Ellis & liverhart; Jaczewski, Komarow and Tranzschel; W. A. Kellerman; Raciborski; Seymour & Earle; C. L. Shear; H. & P. Sydow; David Griffiths ; and others. These herbaria may be consulted daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.; Saturdays from 9 a.m, to Lei, Specimens may be submitted for identification. 230 CONSERVATORIES The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics and subtropics : Palms: Date palm, coconut palm, sago palm, oil palm. Citrus Fruits: Grapefruit, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat. Other Food Plants: Rice, sugarcane, banana, fig, pineapple, olive, pomegranate, arrowroot, tamarind, mango, avocado, durian, soursop. Beverage Plants: Coffee, tea, chocolate tree, mateé. Condiments: Vanilla, pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamon. Medicinal Plants: Quinine, cocaine, logwood, camphor, aloe. fiber Plants: Cotton, sisal, pandanus, manila hemp, jute. IVoods: Bamboo, mahogany, balsa, Rubber: Para rubber, Nicaragua rubber, gutta-percha. It may be of interest to teachers of botany that the nine extant genera of cycads are represented in House 12. The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m— 4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2—4:30) ; November 1 to March 31, 10 am — 4 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4). BUREAU OR ePU BIC INEORMVAT IGN Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the library and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following subjects: 1. The care of trees, shrubs, and lawns, and general gardening problems. tw — The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; a their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors. Determination (naming) of flowering plants. SO Plant diseases and determination of fungi. wm & Ww Plant geography and ecology. 234 Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruc- tion, preferably by letter. Determination of Specimens.—If the identification of plants is desired, the material submitted should include flowers, and fruit when obtainable. Identification of a single leaf is often impos- sible. [for identification of plant diseases, representative portions of the part diseased should be sent. DOCENTRY To assist members and others in studying the collections, the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. This service is free of charge to members and accompanying friends; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information concerning membership in the Botanic Garden see pages 1-111 of this PROSPECTUS. EXTRA-MURAL LECTURES With the exception of talks to schools, the Botanic Garden does not officially schedule members of its personnel for lectures or talks outside the Botanic Garden, except for lectures on the Garden itself or some aspect of its work. In such cases no fee is charged beyond traveling expenses. Several members of the personnel are available for lectures to garden clubs and other organizations on topics of general horti- cultural or botanical interest. A list of lecturers, with lecture topics and the fee charged, may be had by addressing the Curator of Public Instruction. Arrangements are to be made directly with the lecturer concerned. MEETINGS OF OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is glad to welcome outside or- 2 o en, provided the an ganizations wishing to hold meetings at the Garc general purpose of the organization is closely allied to that of the Botanic Garden (e.g., Botanical Groups, Garden Clubs, Nature 5B" ) : Zo9 Study Clubs, Conservation organizations, etc.), or that the specific purpose of the meeting is of mutual interest and advantage to the organization and the Botanic Garden. Meetings must always be arranged for in advance. A folder giving full details, and an application blank may be had by addressing The Custodian. BROADCASTING For the past ten years members of the Garden staff have given broadcasts from various stations, on subjects related to plant sci- ence. With a few exceptions these broadcasts have been made either independently, over WNYC, as a regular feature of the Garden’s educational work, or they have been given over WOR, in cooperation with the Radio Garden Club, an organization con- nected with the Agricultural Extension Work of Rutgers Uni- versity, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Beginning in 1936, regular schedules of broadcasts have been issued twice yearly by the Garden, covering six-month periods ; 1e., January to June, and July to December. The current sched- ule, listing forthcoming broadcasts over WNYC, and for the Radio Garden Club, over WOR, will be mailed on request. INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX Abraham and Straus Store, 92 Accessions, Seed Exchange and, 86 Actinidia Perg ola, | Addresses aire during 1939, 125 n Agreement Bet Genetics, In- corporated, a Brooklyn Botanic Garden Concerning "ie ae blica- tion of the Journal Genet 139 eee ue yy of Brooklyn eee rardet Alanginn Ba cijiatins 12 Algae, eee Fern Journal, 105 American Fern Society Collection, American Institute Science and En- gineering Clubs American Varo of Natural His- ory, 4 American Rock Garden Society, 94, American aoe Society, 95 giosper Aphids. ae Thrips and, 56 _ Araucaria lamily (Araucariaceae), Atlanta (Georgia) Botanic Garden, 1 Attendance, 24, 35 utomobiles, 158 Averill, Mary, 180 Bacon, Henry, 181 — Aa Family (Tasrodiaceac), Bai iaee ~ ity 80 Banta, Norma eet 46 Jarens, Emil. Bastedo, W alter / Benedict, ae co PA 106, 120 eq ; 0 Bird 76 Bishop, George R., 121 Blake, T., . Blake cm A. 68 Blind, Special Work for the, 228 Blum, Palward ( Board of H oS Faueation, 39 3obbink & Atkins Bo rder Mound, OL, 163 Botanic Garden, E What is a?, 17 24 sotany for Every Mat ntany, Systematic, 63 3oulder Hill, 181 Sranchville Nature Conference, 75 3randwein, Paul F., 58 3roadeasting, 28, 235 Brooklyn Bota Rags Day at rardens on Pat E335 Brooklyn aa a Brooks, Marvin M., 80 caer oe Research Gardens, 89 ar a 190 ulb Pl ting as Bulbs in th m, 164 Bupleurum a. 10 California Spring Garden Show, 41 Caparn, Harold A., 20, 121, 170 Capital Outlay Budget, ee oe gill, Mrs Vi Ralst 42 roll, Michalena eee 80 see Ralph he a bee 107 Cherry Walk, 1 Chestnut Dreeding ee in 1939, 58 Ree Co ourses, 2 81 Sees Moa bray, 82 Coffin, eu 46 Colchicine E ae 68 Colla, Sylvia, 5 Collections, Hor ticultural, 163 Collections Fund, 112 eges, Talks at Secondary Schools and, 227 olumbia oe 40 Conrad- Pyl e Co., *(Coniiers), mM ervatories, ae Cx ‘ratory Gar ( encole: ited aie a 95 i. ontributions and Memoirs, 139 ook, Ernest Fullerton, 36 a Zoi Cooperation with Other Institutions, 9 with Local Schools, 226 Miscellaneous, 39 Cotinus coggygria, 174 Courses, Z p — tt List 0 71'S of Instruction, 216 Crab-Apples, Flowering, 178 Cranford, Mr. and Mrs. Walter V., 173 Crocus vernus, 169 ing or Pepe 168 Crossi Culinary Herbs, Garden of Medi- cinal and, Cupressaceae PS Family), 193 Curran, Jean Cypress erie pe essaceae), 193 Daffodils Cissus Dave enport, Mrs. Davidoff, Arthur, 58 Delectus Sener Brooklyn 1939, 1 Derringer, Adelaide, Dicotyledons, the Classification of, (Narcissus Pseudo-Nar- Henry Joralemon, with Petals More or Less United, 195 without Petals, 193 with Separate Petals , 195 Di aS sinensis, ort of the, 15 nnelly, Downs, Danie Draper, Mrs. John, W., 105 D Henry A. Dunn, Leslie C., 141 Dutchess County Fair, 95 Eastern Parkway Gate, The, 23 Ecology (the journal), 138 Edson, Elma, 81 Education, Board Be 38 sda es punger ‘71 Petra Ea for ae Re- f the Curator, epartment o Elementary Scho ols, Study and Loa ee for, 228 Talks 226 Elm Taree 198 Endowment, 49 Entrances and Exits, 160 [i phedra, 1 Esplanade, “he, 176 Snes Gan 84 Exhibit 2. and Formal Instruction, 27 t the Fair, 33 “Exhibit of the Week” Bulletins, 75, 174 Exits, Entrances and, 160 E ee at the, 33 i Aik Cours Federated eticn Clubs York State, 9 of New 0 Families and Species, Field, Mrs. George W hite, Field piensa, The ee ce Field’s Senora Fund, Mrs., 113 Sone Literary Club, Mrs., 101 Field Trips Conducted, 1939, 135 Financi a Statement for 1939, 108 Fire on Sor Fun 23 Firmiana ae Fiscal Year for New York City, 47 ras Sho International, 40 Bio eeee Id Bulb Farm, 91 Flowering at the Boon Botanic Garden, Approximate Dates of, 204 —_ Free, Montague, 46, he OF bl 2a lee French, Daniel Chest 181 Friedman, nee rd A 5 fungi, Lichens and, 190 Gager, C. Stuart, 50, He 141,.2157, Garden Club of ‘Ameri , 40 Garden, Economic, 161 Experimental, 196 Map of, versus Park, Botanic, 158 e Gardens on Parade,” Ate Bo- 35 Gate at Eastern Parkw ay, Proposed, Genetics (research in), 67 (the journal), 138 Incorporated, 31 238 and Brooklyn Botanic Garder Concer ning the el ena oe of Journal ee cs, Agree- nt Be ea 139 oe R eocuad Duane 1939, 112 Ginkgo Triangle, 78 Greta les ore, L. , 66 Caine Demonstration of, 76 Grass Plantation, 83 Graves, Arthur Harmount, 58, 77, 123 Green, Flora, 39 Guide to the’ Grounds of the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden, A General, {5 Guides 202 aces eae 63, 88, 123 Gymnosperms, Haggard, Howard W., 36 Hamden pay a Inventory of Trees on the, 6 a Elsie Twemlow, 80 Haneman, John o oe 167 Hastings, Georg 105 Hesine ‘Syste n, re itions, Addi- tions, and Replacements to, 48 Hedges, Grass, 2 Herb se oe 178 Oo 4 inn i) Qs o ° = wn =e Herbaria, The, 31. 232 ariut Herbarium Accessions and Distribution, 98 of Cultivated Plants, § for 1939, Report of the Curator of th Material Loaned, 97 Borrowed ae Study, 98 Macias fob 100 the Phanerogamic, 96, 118 Research and Iield Work, 65 High School Classes, Visits of, 76 9, 1 Horticulturist for 1939, "Report of, 8 Hurricane of September 21, The, 20 Hybridizing, Crossing or, 168 llex nial 11 Ilex farge 11 lex Vel lott 11 1938, In formation, Sti hoe Me 76, 202, 233 Instruction, Cours International Forti Company, 1 International Flower Show, 92 ris, The, 56 Collec tions, 87 anrerr or fo 225 x Jackson & Perkins, 89 Jacobs Engi neering Corporation, 48 ae inese ely, 180, 187 Japanese Iri 34 Jasmin Wil oe stan, 1 enkins Fountain, 197 Tena son, , 67 Johnson, Am alia , 42 Jordan, William con 103, 123 Junior League of Brooklyn, 44 a nda ies 11 Kirk, T. 36 not Cirdens aA Herb Garden, 33 Kolk, A., 58 =~ Labels and Signs, 88 ths Plaza, 183, 192 e Walk eee Sides, Loan Sets of, 228 Laurus ‘abl | Lawn, Bulbs j in the, 164 Lectures, ett Mural and Intra- Mural 8, 234 1, 39 Cacee Lectures ae during 1939, 125 Library, The, 30, 202, 231 y ( for 1939, Report of the, 100 Statistical Report on the, 103 L rit and [ungi, 190 Lilac , 83 of the American “Teriiedliiral Society 95 oe Je setiel 198 loan Material for Colleges, High Schools au Fao ch Schools, Study ees Walerl pose: 102 ocal Flora Section, 96, 170, 177 oat Schools, Cooperation with, 226 gee i Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den with reference to streets and haneie fied 159 239 Lombardy Poplars (Populus nigra var. italica Long Island Peco ea Society, University, 40 Magnoha Da 11 eee IE: ouise, Pe McFarland, J. Horace, 35 Medicinal Herbs, Garon on, 36 and Culinary Herbs, Garden of, Members and the General Public, ourses for, 217 List of, 144 Membership, 43 Annual, 44 Club, 44 Sustaining, 44 =) Q a nm iner Strate 196, 201 oss Ravine, 183 Mt Prospect Park, 23 Murphy, Margaret L., 75 Museum Bank, 91 Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus (Daffo- dils), 172 National aes Administration, 88 Nephrolepts, 68 ee Variation in, 67 New City, 82 Noble, G. K., 42 Nurses, Courses for Student, 224 era a the Bree Institute rts and Sciences, 14 Orne Pa ice See aries of, Organizations Meeting at the Gar- 112 Osborne Mean The Dean Clay, 18, 162, 167 Osborne, Mrs. Sade Elisabeth, 18, 167 Palmitier, Edna A., 45 Park Department and Others, 224 Fall Course for Employees of Spring Course for Employees Dee apeeene of, 40, 94 Pathology, Plant, Penny Packets of Seeds, 3 ae eae Serials and, 104 Bevecanel Tests, Photinia serrulata, 11 Photographic W os Report of, 137 Picrasma quasstot 12 Pinaceae (Pine Pansy. 191 Pine Family Cet ac), 191 Pistacta chinensis ant Distribution, "Seed and, 94 Pathology, 5 Plantations, The, 20, 161 Planting Plan Plantings Horticultural and Land- ge) Plants see 1939, Report of the Cura- of, 81 Departmen Ol wll? Econo 9 Po fed "30 Statistics Relating to Living, 86 Platanus or riontais ers, 76 eae 202 1 eae ost, Eva Marian, Pubcitca Publicity. and, 28 Publications, 31 ny the Botanic ones Personnel During 1939, 120 1939, Report on Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 138 Souvenir Postcards and, 202 ae eee es 1939, Report 1940-1941, 215 Mar 42 Publicity ae Publication, 28, 73 Purdy, id H. Putz, Margaret, 82 Ouercus myrsinaefolia, 11 Radio Gar on Club, ¢ Talks by eee Garden Per- ere. ae 1939, 133 240 Record, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Record, Samuel J., ar George M., ie 51,56; -83) 87, Pee Organizations, Labor Paid for by Revi: Be the ae 1939, Brooklyn Botanic Twenty-Ninth An- eens 29, 69 for 1939, Report on, 51 Resident Investigator (Economic co nts) for 1939, Report of (Ferns) for 1939, Report of Rock Garden The, 199, 205 Rose , 175 Garden, 89, 173, 179 Society, Meeting of American, 35 Rot the Iris Rhizome , Soft, 57 Rothmaler, Ernit Rusk, Hester ML 59, 74 Sapium sebiferim, 13 School Art League of New York City, Classes at the Gar den, 227 ublic, 25 Council, Annual iar of the, en ca Plant Distribution, 94 Exchange and Accessions, 86, aa for School and Home Plant- ng, 227 Offered in ee List of, 1 y Pack eae ae ey 104 Shakespeare na Sha sken, Elea Pe esse XM. |, Ellen Eddy, 46, 81, 124 , -T., 180 Sea Labels and, 88 Smith, Floyd F., 56 Smut Ih westigations, pelea 55 S _ Physiologic Rac of the Studies. on Experimentally Pro- duced Physiologic Races of the 54 at, Studies on the Inheritance of Re- Si panes ot me Hybrids to Loose and Cov Studies on the Methods of Inocu- Oat Seem Siti a eae 55 ie oe Twenty-Fifth Stanto T. R., 52 State Tactiate of Applied Agricul- , 95 tur an it Observers, 88 Students, and Independent Investi- ” gators Enrolled During — 1939, aduate, ae Material, ¢ Svenson, Henry 65,100, 122, 124 Surin ie Section, 186 Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Pa- pers Given byt the Botanic Garden rsonn 9, 125 Taxaceae (Yew Family), Taxodiaceae ate Fam- ily), 191 el Courses for, 221 Thallova se 190 Tha rel ve Edwin H., 36 Thrips and ee Tris, 56 Tilley, S. R., 125 Utter, L. Gordon, 54, 56 oo a 168 eed, eee Ww hat are Horticultural, 16 Vestal & Son, 89 Vibes utile, 12 Victoria cr usiand, 166 Vitex trifoliata var. unifoliolata, 13 Vitis ey Willows , 200 Vog el, 74 Voris, Ho Ee., 45 Walk through Garden, A, 164 Walks, Condition of the Paved, 23 Wall Soca The, 165, 170 Walther Wat terlily, cans 166 ools 241 Water Supply system and Plumbing Repairs, Replacement of, 44 Weldon, Wellhead, BPA 180 Weygandt, Wi ae am H., 4 i ., 170, 180 ” Alfred T., 181 = oO o - re -JE D ary: a iS 5 le, 176 Vild Flower Garden, 170, 1 Willows, Vitis and, 200 Winter Course , 219 43, 143 Woman's Auxiliary, Native, 96, Woody Plants in the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden, Some Interesting, 10 Works pesiies ARIA etiont 88 on, Worle’s s ae 01039, 7 e, 33 ommission of ie “City of New ork, 39 Yale Collection, Woods ior 75 vow Family (Taraceae), Y estern eS Tae: fal Vou Mae nistacon. National, 88 Y. W A., 42 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER AND THE SERVICE OF THE CITY VOLUME XXIX 1940 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY wa THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y. LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA, TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIxX No. 1, JANUARY Delectus seminum, Brooklyn 1939 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange) No. 2, Apri. The Botanic Garden and the City .................045. Preceding page Information pares Membership 45 eaten sie Preceding page Privileges of Membership ............ 0.2... scence Preceding page Forms of Bequest to fe Brooklyn Botanic Garden ....Preceding page Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 193 Report of the Directc Reportrommieeseanch store O39. 5 Moni kor taneseg rags mien ec eege ina ipear ogee 5) Repotwiot dhe: Gurator or ceublicy Instiuch Om. sccm eee ee Report.of the (Curator-ormlementary Wistruchon. 48 erence ar ao a ReponteOr thes C@uratoneot welants nent viewers secre emsmuwe tsar IPQ ate} ge Wenecidatcud mkas aa (eleb hab I ais\ caren, emer na gare saw ore an er ee eee Reporbor thes urater-ot ste: Let partite ayuce gag torreon rey coisa Repontcomethes Wibtia nya Seyi cus casi ares anes wusdete sear enee enter ae rams anes Statistical: Report:onzthe weibratyes a eae aie ents eet Report of the Resident eco: GHETIIS) Ney ae ecs mem gare Report of the Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) .......... Financial Statement for ; aK eB ASE teeANCCO UMS teeny terse sete Seton ene eee ater oe CO La § eles teviecie: ie 8 ce Movies) sicetenats\lerlsselasdabrete ceeces/ sr these vege ne pecans) ave: jo Ke) Ww as ee Priva tem ES TItlCl Sat CO OLIN ES see uke Sac me ater eee ese 3. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1939°.......... Gifts Received: Duritte. 1939" ahi 2. hae ee eee eae by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1939 ....... Talks es, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1939 ....... Radio aie i. the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1939 ....... nivel dager psi COncct ec) ere en eet ey ee i ee Mea tae ae met areas Organizations Meeting at the Garden, 1939 ................00005. Report Ormehotoenapnice VWVio Gad sire ae, diet wy Baa ey ashe ain een Officers of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences .......... MISE ster Viet DES uemeeceeiy ae kn ia ee uke ine oe eat ce rere seen cau far Siminarye Ole Members ai pie aaa ea et te aware peers me eces ee No. 3, Jury Gardens within a Garden: A General Guide to the Grounds of the Brooklyn= Botanic Gardenias. coc... cen ehun estates ies eee aa see iv No. 4, Ocroser i ea 104 OAS Ptok ard aan eae a ee ae 215 Information Concerning Membership ...............00 00000 ee eee 1 eee ies on Membership is icactteitaosu ead eee te ee ee il Out-of-Town Membership Privileges .......... 0.020.002.0000 0 eee lil Regulations Concerning Photographing, Painting, and Sketching .. iv Isist' or (Courses O Mere: <..-cas: carcse seid ms taste seeeae ar ae eteee aaa 215 Colrses 208. Tisbrictions 224 224 54.6.APie hd inte ae le he ied eas 216 Cooperation swith Local’ Schools: :