BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD PMOL KRIE < SS OPS UANUARY, 1933. - ones No. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN 1932 ee BIMONTHLY NCE AND LEMON Ned ee » PA. BY ae faaobE INSTITUTE S AND ‘SCIENCES BROOKLYN ge Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff % C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Librarian MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Reianic Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de PUniverstts (Paris), “urator of Plants - GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Cheater of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Plants - Other Officers MARY so tecyay Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art AROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Se.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) MARGARET ue Sonne A.B., Assistde Curator of Elementary Instruction H. DOROTHY JENKINS, A.B., Instructor — ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, ‘AB. pe aes ¢ HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instru L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Retenech Seba ‘ EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library at WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assis MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial vaean MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist _ ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary Pa _ NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer _ PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A,, Stenographer . ELYN M. GAILER, Stenonmather L. CONSTANCE PURVES, B.A., Stenographer 7 = WW) Fi v pated ay, Fic. 1. Cranberry Bog, Lakewood, New Jersey. Vaccinium macrocarpon. Pinus rigida in background. (8405) BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD JANUARY, 1933 VOL. XXII NO. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN, 1932 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE collected during 1932, are offered to botanic imited en These seeds, gardens and to other regular correspondents ; ailsvor ine quantities, to members. of the Brooklyn Botanic Gare They are not offered for sale. XG) ledgement is made to the Arnold fa ee as to Mr. Anton Hodenpyl (Locust Valley, Long Islan the privilege of collecting seeds of a number of uncommon ane on their grounds. are also indebted to Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde (Brooklyn) for collecting many seeds. ier \pplications for seeds must be received during January or hp February. Latest date February 28, 193 SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS GYM NOSPERMAE Ginkgoaceae Phyllocladt Cane +tricl 1omanoides D. Don wmnkgo Pod biloba L. nape eae : rdacrydioides A. Rich aD RCE tferrugineus D. Don *Totara D. Don ‘Taxus *canadensis Marsh. — Dacrydium Fcupressinum Soland. + New Zealand coniferous ae obtained by courtesy of the State Forest Service, Wellington, New Zealar * Seeds collected from wild nani Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. var. de- pressa Pursh bo Pinaceae Agathis faustralis Salisb. Cedrus libanotica Link DIcOTYLEDONES Aceraceae 163 Ace ginala Maxim, rubrum Anacardiaceae 153 Rhus *canadensis Marsh. *copallina. L. ated Enon ge fae sylvestris Sieb. & Zucc. *thyrp bina. lL. Aquifoliaceae 157 Ilex erend ia Chima by, glabra Gray *]; wevigata { Pursh 1) Gray *opaca Ait serrata Thunb. “verticillata CL.) Gray Nemopanthus *mucronata Trel. Araliaceae 227 Acanthopanax Ilenry1 Tlarms leucorrhizus Harms var. scaberulus Harms & senticosus Harms sessiliflorus Seem. setchuenensis Harms Simont Schneid. Berberidaceae 93 3erberis chinensis Poir. Dielsiana Fedde Henryana Schneid. koreana Palib. notabilis Schneid. Thunbergi DC. Thunbergii var. minor Aquifolium Nutt. Betulaceae 61 Alnus incana Moench Betula Ermani Cham. *lutea Michx pubescens E rh. Carpinus betulus L. var. quercifolia Jest. ia be: am ina Walt. Cory See Marsh. (C. ros- trata Ait.) Calycanthaceae 96 Ca — yeanthus fertilis Walt. fertilis var. nanus Schelle Caprifoliaceae 271 Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. Lonicera alpigena L. ia Marsh. (few) chrysantha Turez. (few) Ferdinandi Franch. Ferdinandi var. Rehd. Henry1 Hemsl. iberica Bieb. Maackit Maxim. muscaviensis quinquelocularis Hardw. syringantha Maxi ee Galva Tale Webbiana Fe Sambucus *canadensis L. Symphoricarpus albus (L.) Blake (S. race- mosus Michx. xX Chenaulti1t Rehd. occidentalis Hook. *orbiculatus Moench NPlowteeuey acerifolit oe ene cen *cassinoides dilatatum ile hunb. var. xantho- hupehense Rehd. Lantana L. Wentacon le. lobophyllum Graebn. ppbubicy ley *prunifolium L rae au var. Canby Pr catiitite Raf theiferum Rehd. theiferum Rehd. (orange fruit Wrighti Mig. Celastraceae 158 Celastru orbiewlat Thunb. (C. ar- ta Thunb.) era s induta 1B oleh fonts *americana *atropurpurea Jacq. Bungeana Maxim. patens Rehd. Clethraceae 230 Clethra Falmit@lia. le Coriariaceae 150 Coriaria japonica Gray Cornaceae 229 Cornus alia: ae: *alternifolia L. *Amomum Mill. *canadensis L. *florida I florida vars tubba Wiest. florida var. xanthocarpa Rehd. kousa Buerg. sanguinea L. eeroloniiera Mic stolonifera var. ae nes Rehd Ebenaceae 240 Diospyros *virginiana L. Elaeagnaceae 215 Elaeagnus angustifolia L meee Thunb. (es gipes Gray) Raine Thunb. Hippophae rhamnoides L. Ericaceae 233 Hamamelidaceae 123 Epigaea Fothergilla *repens L. major Lodd. Oxydendrum monticola Ashe arboreum DC, Hamamelis Pics *virginiana L. ae a D. Don L ee umbar Kalm *Styracifiua L. lati Folia L. juglandaceae 60 polifoha Wangenh. Ganltheria *proc umbens L. Carya Falba IK. Koch *ovata K. Koch Lyonia faelane eerste (1) IC, ie en *mariana (L.) D. Don re Tree ey ae en . *viscosum Tort ee aca a ~ = : strobilacea Sieb. & Zucc. Zenobia Pterocarva sulverulenta Pollard ae, : . Rehderiana Schneid. Ericaceae anche 92 —Vaccmotdeae 233a Akebi : eee Gaylussacia ee a &X tritohata Thaccata Ky Koch Lauraceae 102 *dumosa Torr. & Gr. re pee ee OS, fen : a frondosa Torr. & Gr. ka eativale Nees V accmium - eee ee *pennsylvanicum Lam. *officinale Nees & Eberm. *pennsylvanicum Var. W- 3enzoin egrum Wood Leguminosae *vacillans Soland. —Caesalpinoideae . 127b Flacourtiaceae 199 ‘Cine triacanthos LL. ay TEITLOC ladus dioiea IK. Koch Idesia polycarpa Maxim. Guttiferae 187 Leguminosae Hypericum —Papilionatae 128 aureum Bartr. Amorpha Buckleyi M. A. Curtis glabra Poir. densiflorum Pursh Campvlotropis patulum Thunb. var. macrocarpa Rehd. Henryi Veitch Caragana prolificum L. arborescens Lam. Cercis chinensis Bge. Colutea riley occa Je hirsutus L. multiflorus Sweet scoparius var. pendulus nee Genist hispanica L. (few) pilos eetceile L. (few) Laburnum alpinum Bercht. & Presl anagyroides Med. Lespedeza formosa Koehne Robinia fertilis Ashe Holdti Beissn. IKelsey1 Hutchins. pseudoacacia Ler avacl ie: Decaisneana Carr. Sophora japonica viciifolia Hance Lythraceae 216 Lagerstroemia indica L. Magnoliaceae 95 Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Menispermaceae 94 Menisper mum *canadense L. Moraceae 64 3roussonetia papyrifera Vent. Maclura pomifera Schneid. Morus alba Loud. acidosa Griff. tatarica Myricaceae 57 Myrica *carolinensis Mill. Nyssaceae 220a Nyssa *sylvatica Marsh. Oleaceae 243 Chionanthus virginica L. Fontanesia Fortunei Carr. Fraxinus *americana L ae ae Sic pce Auce: cae sully insylvanica Marsh. Ihe ae acuminatum Teese var. macrocarpum Schneid. vulgare L:. var. lodense Hort Polygonaceae 77 Polygonum Ae tenit: et Pyrolaceae 231 Chimaphila *umbellata “Nutt. Ranunculaceae 91 Clematis integrifolia L. *Vireiiiaia, 1, Rhamnaceae 169 melanocarpa (Michx.) AT: Rhamnus Willd. eaariies IG melanocarpa var. elata Cc a c . TD " davurica Pall. oe ae Frangula L. acai 7 ambigua Rehd. & Wils. Rosaceae 126 apiculata Rehd. & Wils. lucida Schlecht TExochorda microphylla Wall. Giraldit Hesse var. Wilsonii Rehd. nitens Rehd, & Wil Physocarpus racemiflora K. Koch var. ie re Paha. songarica Schneid. intermedius Schneid. Crataegus [ae ee eee intermedius var. parvi- durobrivensis Sarg. folius Rehd. : pohacnopyrum Med. opulifolius Maxim. Sorbus ee ete lieaas Rea. americana Marsh. Potentilla Pieckese *fruticosa LL tridentata Soland. —Prunoideae 126b Rhodotypos Prunus kerrioides Sieb. & Zucc. *pennsylvanica L. Rosa *serotina Ehrh. alba ds tomentosa Thunb. *virginiana Mill. *virginiana L. Sorbaria virginiana var. melano- Aitchisonu Hemsl. carpa Sarg arborea Schneid var. ; glabrata Rehd. Rubiaceae 270 Lindleyana Maxim. Cephalanthus Spiraea < Billardu Herinceq occidentalis L. Blumei G. Don Rutaceae 137 *latifolia Borkh. : Menziesii Dougl. Evodia *tomentosa L. Daniellit Hemsl. hupehensis Dode Rosaceae Phellodendron —Pomoideae 126a amurense Rupr. a chinense Schneid. s Wieg. Poncirus Sess on trifoliata Raf. arbutifolia L. Ptelea arbutifola var. atropur- crenulata Greene purea (Brit.) Rob. isophylla Greene ea. Spach serrata Small Zanthoxylum ingei Planch. simulans Hance Salicaceae 56 Salix *Bebbiana Sarg. *sericea Marsh Sapindaceae 165 Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Saxifragaceae 117 Hydrangea arborescens L. Itea elas 1Ey, Ribe aureum Pursh fasciculatum Sie b. Zuce. var. chinense Maxim. *lacustre P odoratum Wendl. (few) *triste Pall. var. albiner- vium Fern. Solanaceae 256 Lycium chinense Mill. Staphyleaceae 161 colchica Say, var. Cou- el lombieri Zab pinnata L. *trifolia L. Styracaceae 242 Styrax japonica Sieb. & Zucc. eae Sicb gee Zc, Symplocaceae 241 Symplocos paniculata Wall. Tamaricaceae 191 Vania tise odessana Stev. parviflora DC. pentandra Pall. Tiliaceae 174 Grewia parviflora Bge. Ulmaceae 63 Celtis Douglasii Planch. occidentalis L. Ulmus *americana L. fulva Michx. *racemosa Thomas Verbenaceae 253 Callicarpa dichotoma Raeusch Giraldiana japonica Thunb. Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb, Vitex agnus-castus L. agnus- oe var. macro- ~phylla Negundo L. var. incisa Clarke Vitaceae 170 Ampelops b Bea raodemertine Koehne aximowiczil Reh = Parthenocis aur SIF Planch. i is *labrusca L. *vulpina L. AM ONOCOTYL Liliaceae 338 Smilax *olauca Walt. *lauriiolia L. 8 =DONES *rotundifolia L. *\Valtert Pursh Yucca, filamentosa L. SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS DicoTryLEDONES Acanthaceae 266 Ruellia ciliosa Pursh Amarantaceae 79 Celosia argentea L. var. plumosa Hort. Gomphrena elobosa L. var. alba Hort. Haageana Klotzsch Velanthera oly gonoides — Moq. Araliaceae 227 Aralia *hispida Vent. *racemosa L. Asclepiadaceae 248 Acerat *viridif flora Ell. Asclepias siiicariiace, 1x *nhy tolaccoides speciosa ‘Torr. *syriaca L,, *tuberosa L. Pursh Balsaminaceae 168 Impatiens *biflora Walt. Berberidaceae 93 Caulophy llum *thalictroides Michx. Capparidaceae 107 Polanisia *oraveolens Raf. Caprifoliaceae 271 Linnaea *borealis L. var (Forbes) Rehde americana Caryophyllaceae 87 Cerastium Jiebersteini Dianthus sylvestris Wulf. Gypsophila repens L, i.yehnis FKlos-Jovis Desr. Haageana Lem. Sa mpOn: la spitosa DC. lea Ls Silene alpestris Jacq. apetala Willd. Bee Var. Zawadski Herbich T unc: a pantliges Scop, Visearia vulgaris Roehl. Cichoriaceae 281 Crepis rubra L. Ori- Hieraciun areca ER Cistaceae 193 Lechea *villosa Ell. Compositae 2890 Anaphalis *margaritacea Hook Antennaria *neglecta Greene *plant aginifolia Rich. Arctot eee adifolia Berger Aster *acuminatus Michx. *concolo *dumosus L. *oracilis Nutt. *linarifolius L. ROM el lbs ppetons alte *puniceus *spectabilis Ait. Bidens *coronata cen as *laevis (L.) BS Centaurea americana Nutt. macrocephala Puschk Chrysopsis *mariana Nutt. Coreopsis grandiflora Nutt. rosea aut Eupatoriu ee one lee *sessilifolium L. *urticaefolium Reich. Felicia Bergeriana Hoffm. anand ilstaucde i upsit Helenium *outumnale L. Benth. Helianthus *angustifolius L. Liatras py ‘cnostachy a Michx. Onopordon Acanthium L, Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Senecio Biebersteini1 Grecescu Sericocarpus HasSteroldes (le. mba *linifolius (L.) BSP. Solidago TRieOloE 1 * Cale stay a: Cutleri Fernald tH ie yatatees eens Gre glomerata Michx. *patula Muhl. cial tal A te — Ursinia anthemoides Gaertn. Venidium decurrens Les Vernonia *noveboracensis Willd. Cruciferae 105 Iberis sempervirens L. Cucurbitaceae 275 lchinocystis *lobata (Michx.) 7 icyos *angulatus L. Droseraceae 112 Drosera *longifolia L. Guttiferae 187 Hypericum *adpressum Bart. *Ascyron ca Ge *canadense L Plumbaginaceae 238 *mutilum L Creer ite Armeria virginicum L : juncea Girard Labiatae 254 Limonium Stacl hys e *hy Ne NOU PtLOllia Suworowl Kuntze Michx. Polygonaceae 77 Leguminosae 128 Eriogonut Apios *tuberosa Moench Lathyrus latifolius L. strophiostyles *helvola (L.) Britt. Lentibulariaceae 264 Utricularia umbellatum Tort Portulacaceae 85 Claytonia *virginica L Primulaceae 237 a acia. L, ene *cornuta Maicl Lobeliaceae 276a Lobelia ‘terrestris CL.) BSP Primula *cardinalis L. _ Japonica Gray tenuior R. Br. seeoucna cihhatum (L.) Raf. Melastomaceae 223 7 inceolatum (Ww alt.) Khexia virginica L Trientalis Onagraceae 224 Epilobium americana (Pers.) Pursh Pyrolaceae 231 coloratum Muhl Monotropa Ocnother *uniflora I pumila L, Papaveraceae 104 Ranunculaceae 91 Eschscholtzia — L.) Mil californica Cham alba (L.) Mill. Anemone Par 116a *quinquefolia L Parnassi Anemonella *caroliniana Michx *thalictroides (L.) Spach Aquilegia Phytolaccaceae 83 Phytolacca *canadensis L americana I Caltha *palustris L Coptis *groenlandica (Oeder) 1 (C. trifolia of auth.) Blo youl triloba Chaix. endncunes *h ispidus Michx. eee Poir. Thalictrum *polygamum Muhl. Trollius *laxus Salisb. Rosaceae 126 owen *pumila Poir. Rubiaceae 270 Asperula cynanchica L., Mitchella repens Scrophulariaceae 257 Chelone tolabra 1. lad Gerardia pene Vahl Geet *aurea Muhl. einen: Mim *eanadensis (L.) Dumont ulu aon (L.) Willd. var. pygmaeus Solanaceae 256 Nicotiana sylvestris Spegaz. Urticaceae 65 Boehmeria “cylindrica (e.) Swe Violaceae 198 Viola *conspersa Reichenb. *pubescens Ait. MoNnocoTyLEDONES Amaryllidaceae 340 Alstroemeria alirativiaca..).- Don. “var lutea H ort. Araceae 323 Arisaem “rip win Ce) Sschott Peltan are re GE) Keunth Cyperaceae 320 Cyperus eee Muhl. Hemicarphz Seeere qa (Vahl) Britt. Eriocaulaceae 330 Eriocaulon *septangulare With. Gramineae 319 Andropogon *olomeratus (Walt.) BSP. Amphicarpon Be l *Purshit Kunth Iridaceae 344 elamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. dichotoma Pall. 12 Juncaceae 336 Uvularia “pertolata. 1, Veratrum *viride Ait. uncus "i militaris Bige Liliaceae 338 Aletris — Orchidaceae 350 *farinosa L. Cypripedium Clintonia *acaule Ait. *borealis (Ait.) Raf. Pogonia Helonias *ophioglossoides (L.) Ker *bullata L. Lilium Pontederiaceae 334 *canadense L. *superbum L. M ai the mum ‘canadense Desf. Sparganiaceae 310 Medeola *viteiniana. |; ] -olygonatum *biflorum (Walt.) Fl. Trillium *erectum L. Xyris *undulatum Willd. *Congdoni Small Pontederia *cordara: Lx Sparganium *euryearpum [ngelm. Xyridaceae 329 SEEDS COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN AND WESTERN U NITED DTATES== Fatt or 1931 By A. J. Sharp gave Hibiscus virginica L. militaris Cay. eter Hydrangea _ paludosus Ait. cinerea Small C helone Leucothoe Lyvont Pursh Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Catesbaei (Walt.) Gray Opulaster intermedius Rydhb. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Cladrastis ee (Michx. f.) Koch Conopholis americana (1. f.) Wallr, Passiflora Cuphea incarnata L. petiolata Koehne lutea Diervilla Pso1 lea : sessilifoha Buckl. tenuiflora Pursh Eclipta Sagittaria I alba THassk. graminea Michx. iS: Smilax Solidago herbacea L. glomerata Michx. Smilacina Strophostyles racemosa (L.) Desf. angulosa Ell. SEEDS COLLECTED IN TENNESSEE Bye. i peeman Leavenworthia sp. stylosa A. Gray Address requests for seeds to SEED EXCHANGE, 3rooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y., Uses NOTES TO ACCOMPANY THE SEED LIST—19321 This Seed List has been issued with the two-fold purpose of supplying seeds to American and foreign botanic gardens under the International Seed Exchange and to Garden members. Therefore the annual list of collected seeds has appeared as a number of the Recorp of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Since even the dictionary provides better reading than these lists, we have prepared a short account of the seed exchange and of seed collection to accompany the enumeration. Nearly two hundred botanic gardens located in all parts of the world publish lists of seeds obtained by them either from plants grown in their gardens or from wild plants. In our own Garden these seeds have played an important part in supplying the plants which may be observed in the conservatories and on the grounds. It should seem possible to obtain by this medium of exchange almost any species of plant desired. But there are innumerable difficulties to be encountered in the collection and transportation of seeds. Even in temperate regions it is disappointing to visit a place where flowers of the desired species were abundant, to find seeds meagerly developed or none at all. In the tropics the task is much harder. As Fairchild has re- marked in his readable book “ Exploring for Plants,” “ to get seeds [of the mangosteen] when they are in just the right condition means months of waiting and repeated expeditions, for the jungle folks are watching the trees too, and they often gather the fruits and scatter the seeds, so that when the collector returns to the tree he has marked, it is only to find it bare of fruits and he must wait another year for the next crop. Not one in a million of them [the natives] would lift a finger to get you the seeds even though he did know where to find them. . . . If he should happen to collect the seeds the chances are he would not know how to pack them so they would reach America alive.” Then there are the difficulties in accurately naming the seeds ' Primarily for members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 14 A) collected, especially of cultivated forms. The exact origin of many cultivated plants is unknown, for example the Jimson weeds (Datura Stramonium and D. Tatula), Petunia, Indian corn (Zea Mays). Cultivation has resulted in a further increase of troubles. To give accurate names in such difficult groups as Dianthus, Allium, Sedum, Saxifraga and Artemisia is a lifetime of work in itself. It is little wonder that seed collections often have errors in de- termination. Comparatively little is known about the optimum conditions for germination of seeds of native plants; it is only in the last few years that intensive work has been done. Some seeds require freezing before they will germinate, others need a heat treatment. Some take two years to germinate, others still longer. The Japa- nese botanist, Dr. Ohga, has reported that seeds of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), known to be at least two hundred years old could still be germinated. Some seeds, for example species of Magnolia, will not germinate if they are dried; others will not germinate unless they are allowed to dry. The Indian rice (Zizania aquatica) must be kept under water in order to survive. Some seeds sprout almost immediately after ripening, such as the golden club (Orontiuwim). A visit to collect the seeds of Orontium will result in finding sprouting plants instead. Some seeds such as those of the orchids ordinarily re- quire the presence of fungi for germination, although in recent years complicated methods of growth in nutrient solutions without fungi have been devised by Dr. Knudson, of Cornell University. Citations of peculiarities in seed germination could be extended almost indefinitely. In order to avoid duplication the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has recently confined itself to the collection of seeds of woody plants in one year and of herbaceous plants in the succeeding year, except for such specialties as may seem desirable. Since seeds of native plants have been most in demand, their collection has been less restricted than in the case of cultivated species. The area of pine- barrens extending from Cape Cod to New Jersey and southward still offers an abundance of material rarely or never seen in cultivation. Of unusual interest from the pine-barrens in our list for this year are the seeds of cat-briers (the red-berried Smilax 16 HWalteri and the evergreen S. laurifolia), the bog huckleberry (Gay- lussacia dumtosa), pine-barren asters (1. gracilis and A. specta- bilis), and the peculiar goldenrod, Solidago stricta. Most of the seeds representing the Canadian and Appalachian floras have been collected in the Catskill Mountains, New York, at an evelation of 2000-3500 ft. (600-1000 meters). Such are the bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), the gooseberries (Ribes lacustre and R. triste), and the mountain holly (Nemopa Teli. eas ae 4] ithus mucronata ).— The Brooklyn Institute of Arts ans, Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary PRESIDENT FRANK L. BABBOTT PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First Vi1cE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRIT TENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD SECRETARY Bt °. “MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, E-* officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS - MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM - WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM T. HUNTER ~ GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD WILLIAM A. PUTNAM Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GENERAL ae ae a 00 Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Prospect 9 Tue Boranic GARDEN is open aS to one ae daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and Holidays it is open a Entrances.—On Flatbush ee near Empire Boulevard and nea Prospect Resevoir on Washington Avenue, ace of Eastern Parkway aid near ans Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Building. street eauencs to the Laboratory eee is at 1000 Washington Avenue, emesis Crown IST ei and others in studying the collections the services of a necat may he obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents pet person. ‘Arrange ements m THE GARDEN take Broadway (B. M.T.) oe to ier Park Station ; Ptnavoieh Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue tro lley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, mEHHGe Street, or Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington Avenue: St. John’s Place trolley to Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street ne Sendebilt Avenue trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. By Aut E from points on Long Island take Eastern Parkway west and turn left at AWashington Avenue ; from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Avenue; then turn right, BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN ~ PUBLICATIONS : RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative Bo adion issued quarterly Cae 1928) ; ee begin ane heals 1929. poe, among other and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the Garden. To others $1.50 a year. Circulates in 59 countrie MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 geledtte papers presented at the dedication of the 1 SuSTetOLy selaine and plant houses, ‘April 19-21, 1917. . 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus p olume II. The Sileton ¢ * Long Island. Part I, ‘The vegetation of Montauk : ee tudy of apeecand and EGEeSE By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. peice $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. ee vo Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. £26 "Davaia ington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. Price $1.60 CONTRIB UTIONS. Established, ie 1, 1911. Pavers originally published in periodicals, een as anes wit change of paging, and numbered consecutively. Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, 5. s a volume. Peete ie 34 coun 3. Inheritance of resistance a loose ae covered smut in a hybrid of Early Gothiand and Victor oats. 10 p 1932. 64. Inheritance be resistance oe ee and Bde smut in hybrids of Hull- _ less with Early Gothland and Monarch oats. 28 pages. 1932. . Monographic studies in the genus Elvochatis IT. 34 pages. 1932, ay LEA Eel es Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or pincer g April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements coneernins flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to gs popular, elementary fore ich about plage life for echoes and others. Garden. To ee as fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 coun IDES a ae collections, pudiOgs, and grounds. Price faced upon cost of es pone Issued as numbers of the REcorD; see above. e No. 6. enaiese potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. oy mai "7, ae ory of our boulders: aoe ee Oe ie Brooklyn Botanis Garden 22 ihre Price, 35 cents. Gui o. 8 The story of soest plants. Guide ns os troshornces a Con- sero Hor aN e No. 2. 8 il ations. Price, 35 cents. SEED LIST. (Detects Cas Established, December, 1914. Sine nee * 1928 (eoued ene year in the January number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 160 ardens and eens located in 40 countries. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF eens Established, sane 1914, Pub- lished, in cooperation with the Boranicat Society or AMERICA, monthly, except during August and September. Subscription, $7.00 a year. Circulates in 53 ECOLOGY. Botalisted, Jondery, 1920. Published Ggatenie in codperation To Tue Boranic GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith the twenty-second annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, covering the year 1932. A traveler motoring through the American desert soon comes upon a sign reading as follows: “ Dip: 300 feet.” With unfeigned apprehension he grasps the hand strap and prepares for the perilous descent, only to discover that his car glides gradually down and smoothly up again. The “dip” was only 300 feet ahead, not 300 feet deep as he had feared. After several such experiences he begins to wonder what has caused these “dips.” He soon discovers, or is told, that they are stream courses, full of water only at intervals. If the stream flowed without interruption a bridge would be built over the stream-course and the traveler would continue his progress at a uniform level. But periodically the stream dries up, leaving a depression, into which and through which the traveler must go if he would continue to progress. Ie soon learns that all these depressions are not parallel to his course, but at right angles to it, and that he always comes safely out again. So it seems to be in the history of an institution. It moves for- ward with the rest of the world until the warning sign appears and then, like everything else dependent on finance, it moves in- evitably toward and into the depression. The stream of financial support has partly if not wholly dried up. This, alas, seems to be the history—the normal method of progress—of most financial and financed institutions. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for example, was established (in 1BrooktyN Boranic GArpDEN Recorp, Vol. XXII, No. 2, March, 1932. 7 18 1910) as our country was only just recovering from the depression of 1907-08. In 1914 we moved into our completed building just as there was beginning in Europe the greatest debacle in history, which was soon to engross the attention of the world and which taxed every source of public and private support, diverting funds from all peace-time activities. — The Botanic Garden went into and through the successive finan- cial depressions, but it continued to move forward. About 1930 the warning sign again appeared and the Botanic Garden now finds itself, with the rest of the world—. There is no need to complete ear the sentence. LEvery reader of these lines is face to face with the situation. IMporTANCE OF ADEQUATE SuPPoRT FOR SCIENCE AND EDUCATION The greatest tragedy of financial depressions is not diminished income nor the loss of fortunes, distressing as that may be, but the attendant spiritual and moral slump. Hence the great im- portance of continued support of all those agencies and institutions (schools, museums, botanic gardens, ete.) which minister to spir- itual needs by promoting science, art, education, and culture. These things are not luxuries; they are necessities of life. One of the significant phenomena of the past eighteen months of one of the world’s greatest financial stresses has been the in- creased use of our public libraries and museums and all free agencies of adult education and culture. Those with enforced leis- ure have turned instinctively to that which offers moral support and ministers to the spirit. Economic adversity has given addi- tional leisure for self-improvement. What a pity, therefore, that our educational institutions—schools, museums, botanic gardens, et cetera—should be obliged to curtail their services just at the time when they are more needed than ever. To be sure, sick babies must be cared for, hospitals must have support, there must be bread at the end of the bread-lines, work must be provided for all who need it, but we should be in a sorry plight indeed if it were deliberately planned to meet these 19 needs largely at the expense of ministrations to the mind and spirit.t Botanic GARDENS ARE ALSO EMPLOYERS The Botanic Garden has held its own fairly well financially, dur- ing the past year, but of course there have been resignations from our membership. Some of the letters of resignation have stated that the member was resigning because of contributions made to one or more of the various agencies organized to provide employ- ment. The fact tends to be lost sight of that the Botanic Garden is also an employer of labor. Is it not better, from the standpoint — of both economics and morale, to provide funds for continuing employees in normal employment than to withdraw such support, thereby adding to the number of the unemployed while contributing to unemployment relief. During the past few months more than one person has remarked to the writer that, in the existing situation, he thought “ museums and botanic gardens could wait,’ wholly losing sight not only of the vital importance of their ministrations to human needs, but of the fact that, if that point of view should become general con- cerning educational institutions, thousands would thereby he thrown out of employment. It has also been seriously suggested by some that in a period of depression botanic gardens and museums should not add to their libraries or scientific collections—should not buy plants and books apparently losing sight of the fact that hundreds of thousands depend for their livelihood upon producing and marketing plants and books. If the largest consumers of these things cease to make purchases, the business depression is only accentuated. < Black Mesdag, were grown. All of these were chosen primarily on the basis of having proved to be resistant to both smuts im the third generation, and usually to one of the smuts in the second generation. All of the 286 fourth generation progenies grown were, with five exceptions, pure resistants, there being a total of 65 progenies of Hybrid 17, 64 of Hybrid 18, 58 of Hybrid 33, 59 of Hybrid 34, 30 of Hybrid 35, and 10 of Hybrid 36. The five exceptions were grown from different I’, plants descended from the same second generation plant of Hybrid 306. our of these progenies gave less than 50 per cent. infection and one more than 50 per cent., there being a close correspondence in their reaction to the two smuts. A possible explanation of the behavior of this one group of fourth generation progenies is that the I, and EF, generations were not pure resistants, but chance escapes. [It is noteworthy, however, that only one such case of this sort appeared. Hybrids 29, 30, 31, and 32, Fulghum * Black Mesdag, involve a different combination of smut resistance. There were O98 third eal cn generation progenies of these hybrids grown. They were all inoculated with Ustilago Avenaec—Fulghum, a smut which se- verely attacks one of the parents—I*ulghum—but does not infect the other—Black Mesdag. Of these 98 progenies, 27 were re- sistant, 47 segregating, and 24 susceptible. Third generation progenies of the following hybrids were also grown: Hybrid 50, Canadian & Markton, Hybrid 51, Early Cham- pion * Markton, Hybrid 53, Victor X Markton, Hybrid 56, Goth- land & Markton, Hybrid 60, Monarch X Markton, Hybrid 62, Scottish Chief & Victor, Hybrid 63, Gothland & Monarch, Hy- brid 65, Danish & Monarch, Hybrid 66, Danish Island & Mon- arch, Hybrid 67, Orientalis & Monarch, and Hybrid 68, Monarch x Scottish Chief. In the series with loose smut, there was a total of 560 progenies and in the corresponding series with covered ear smut there was a total of 618 progenies. There were a few fourth generation progenies of some of these — same hybrids. Much additional material of these will be available for the coming year. During the past year, the extensive data previously obtained with Hybrid 16, Gothland & Victor, were published; the results for the second, third, and fourth generations were included. The extensive data secured on the inheritance of resistance to loose and covered smut in hybrids of Hull-less and Gothland and Mon- arch oats were also published. The first generation plants of several new oat crosses were grown, and the second generation of these hybrids will be avail- able for study during the coming year. A few additional crosses involving still further combinations of smut resistance were made. Physiologic Races of Oat Smuts Much additional work was done in determining the character- istics of some of the oat smut races. Several new collections of both loose and covered smuts were available for comparison. The data secured indicate definitely the existence of still further addi- tional races of both smuts. There is distinct evidence also that the loose smut which occurs on Fulghum oats is differentiated into fe more than one race; distinct specialized races can be separatec out by the use of suitable varieties. 56 Studies were made on the influence of temperature on the in- fection of oat varieties by a number of the different races. In 1 of them at about 20° C. In most cases, no infection, or very little, occurs when the plants are germinated at a temperature of 30° C. One race of covered smut, however, gave comparatively high per- centages of infection when seeds were germinated at the latter temperature. Thus there is evidence that there are variations in the temperature relations for infection by the different oat smut races. general, the maximum percentage of infection occurs in a — — Additional experiments were carried out on the influence of environal factors on the appearance of smut in susceptible varieties. In all of these cases, seedlings were germinated under conditions most favorable for infection. After germination, the plants were then subjected to quite different conditions, which influenced pro- foundly the rate and amount of their growth. So far as our studies have gone, however, such differences in the subsequent development of the plants have not in any way appreciably in- fluenced the percentage of infected plants. Cultural Characteristics of the Oat Smuts Mr. L. Gordon Utter has continued his studies on the cultural characteristics of the different races of loose and covered smut. Most of the races have been grown in culture, and their behavior over variable periods of time has been determined. He is con- tinuing his studies in order to determine whether constant differ- ences exist in the characteristics of these races as grown in arti- ficial media in the laboratory. Inoculation experiments are also being carried out with the pure cultures obtained. Bunt of Wheat Some experiments were carried out with the different races of bunt of wheat which have been previously described. For the most part, the work has been concerned with the temperature relations for infection. So far as determined, the various races correspond quite closely in their response to different temperature conditions. There are, however, a number of lines for further experimentation. 57 Sorghum Smuts Miss D. Elizabeth Marcy has continued the studies on the in- heritance of resistance to loose and covered smuts of sorghum. During the past year, the second generation plants of 15 different sorghum hybrids were grown. These hybrids represented crosses involving parents which differed in various ways in their reaction to loose and covered smut. Usually, two sets of IF’, plants of each hybrid were grown, one set being inoculated with the loose smut and the other set with the covered smut. On the average, there were more than 100 plants grown in each series. The parental varieties were also included for comparison, An extensive series of third generation progenies of Hybrids 1-A and 1-B, Feterita x Sumac Sorgo, was grown. There were two sets of 38 F, progenies of Hybrid 1-A, one set being inoc- ulated with loose smut and the other with the covered. There were 36 F, progenies of Hybrid 1-B grown, having been inoc- ulated with the covered smut. A detailed study of the inherit- ance of resistance to the smuts in relation to the inheritance of the red color of the seedling and the juicy or pithy character of the stem was made. Feterita is characterized by pithy stems, in contrast to the sweet sorghum type of the Sumac Sorgo. Forest PATHOLOGY By ArtHuUR HarMountT GRAVES Work on Japanese-American Hybrids During 1932 Continuing the account of the 124 hybrid Japanese-American chestnuts secured by cross pollination in 1931, described in my report for 1931 in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp (Vol. 21, pp. 46-53), these nuts, with a few exceptions, were planted immediately after harvesting, in (1) sandy soil procured from woods at Oyster Bay, L. I., where native chestnut was formerly abundant, (2) in garden loam, and (3) in gravel. One hun- dred nuts germinated, or about 80 per cent., which is consider- ably higher than the figure (68 per cent.) given by Professor Toumey! for the germination of the chestnut. The accom- 1Toumey, J. W. Seeding and Planting in the Practice of Forestry. NE Ya 1916. paaee: 5 58 panying table shows the number planted in each medium, the number germinated, and the per cent. of germination. The garden loam is evidently not as good a medium as the others, pos- sibly on account of its well-known tendency to start rotting. All the percentages, however, are higher than those given by Toumey, Taste IIT. Germination or JAPANESE-AMERICAN Hype CHESTNUT Per cent. of 1 TO, No. d Kind of Soil Planted = Germinated Germination Love lslatid SOi sss vedetenouncaxdas Bo 44 84.6 Garden loam v.00... 2... e eee ee eee 42 30 71.4 Kohavel.” s.ans sno wiacct ao eddeaiees 30 26 86.6 There is another factor which may have been operative in the relative viability of the nuts, namely their difference in parentage. The following table shows the germination percentage of the different hybrids, as well as their subsequent history to October I, 1932 Tarte TV. Record or JAPANESE-AMERICAN Cuestnut Hysring anp CuHEcks: 1932 Max. Min. Average Per No. Height Height Height Owner of No. ot No. cent, Living in in in Japanese Nuts Germi- of Ger- Oct. 1, Inches Inches Inches Parent Planted nated mination 1932. Oect.1 Oct. 1 Oct. Winthrop ........ 5 5 100 5 15 7 10.4 Folk oo... ... 00, 14 6 42.8 2 12 12 12 Hammond ....... 10 4 40 4 36 6 19,25 Minturn ......... 1 1 100 ) 0 0) 0 Smith vo... . 2... 92 81 88 ol 20 3 10.1 Cheeks, 1932 POUS JADE deeccs ten i 4 ofl Z is) 6 105 Hammond Jap. ... 11 2 1.8 2 10 8 9 Minturn ......... | 1 100 ] _ = 15 Smith ........00. 15 10 66.6 6 16 4 7.5 Italian” chestnuts ....... 15 10 66.6 11! 28 2 12.1 American chest- nuts (Thomson) . 7 10 4 7.7 One nut had two embryos. Fic. 5. Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) on place of Mr. Renville S. Smith, Oyster Bay, Long Island, showing bags protecting from pollen of their own tree the inflorescences that have been artificially pollinated. 60 Although the number of nuts is in most cases too small to justify much faith in the dependability of the results, it would appear that the viability of the Smith and Winthrop hybrids is much superior to that of the Folk and Hammond nuts. As was stated last year, the only nuts secured from the Winthrop tree were those which resulted from our cross pollinations. Otherwise the tree was absolutely — yvarren. The same thing happened the year before, and is certainly good evidence that the nuts secured were actually hybrids. In the above table we have also, under the heading “ checks ” assembled the performances of ordinary nuts (not hybrids) whic were collected from the Japanese parents and from other sources. Those labelled “ Italian chestnuts’ were bought under this name ina Brooklyn market on October 16, 1931, and were the large nuts one sees in the markets at this time of year. They had been imported from = [urope—probably southern =Europe—perhaps either from Italy or the Balkan peninsula, and are apparently — aE) variety of Castanea sativa. Their germination and growth have been very satisfactory, one having double embryos, several at- taining a growth of nearly two feet, and one a height of 28 inches, with a stem '% inch thick at the base. Besides these, several nuts of the American chestnut were sent us by Mr. Stuart Thomson of Jersey City, collected by him from possibly resistant trees in various parts of the United States. The height growth of the seedlings might be expected to prognos- ticate in some measure what will be the size of the mature tree. Toumey gives the average height of a one-year-old American chestnut to be 10-16 inches.t| Most of the seedlings are within these limits. A notable ele is the case of the Hammond hybrids, averaging 19.25 inches in height for the year. One of these is most remarkable, having made a growth of nearly three feet during the year. What happened was an unfolding of two terminal or winter buds during the season, so that in addition to the growth from the embryo, two extra seasons of growth were added. This seedling seems to possess the proverbial virility of hybrids. 'The figures actually given (1. ¢., p. 302) are 10-6 inches, but the “6” is evidently a misprint for “16” since in all other cases in the table the figures ascenc 61 All of the seedlings of the above table were planted out by the writer in May on his land at Hamden, Connecticut. On account of the extremely dry summer, a considerable number died of drought, so that on October 1, 1932, seventy-two of the 100 were still living. However, all of the Winthrop and all of the Ham- mond hybrids came through the summer well. This fall each little stem was enclosed in a cylinder of 14 inch mesh wire netting to protect it from attack by rabbits and field mice during the winter. Other Plantings During 1932.—In early December, 1931, we received a quantity of nuts of various types of the Japanese chest- nut. These had been obtained by Dr. G. M. Reed from Japan, through Mr. Tanaka. Most of these germinated and are now growing well in the nursery north of the Laboratory Building and on my land at Hamden. Map of Chestnut Plantings—Including the hybrids, and Jap- anese and American trees planted there this year, there are now over 200 chestnut seedlings growing on this land, covering an area of about 3% acres. New land will have to be prepared for the reception this year of the additional hybrids and the seedlings of Castanea sativa and dentata now growing in our greenhouses. A map showing the location of all these plantings at Hamden is submitted with this ae Hybridization Work in 1932—During the summer Miss Rusk and Miss Vilkomerson pee the hybridization work, using only one tree, that of Mr. Renville S. Smith at Oyster Bay, L. By as the Japanese parent. We would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Smith for his continued interest and cordial coopera- tion. On June 26th and July 2d, 203 branches bearing pistillate flowers were castrated (i.c., stamens removed) and bagged. On June 27th pollen was secured from American chestnut shoots near New Milford, Connecticut, and on July 6th and July 10th more American pollen was collected from native trees near Cr afts, New York (not far from Lake Mahopac.) Mr. Snuth’s Japanese tree is peculiarly late in flowering, being practically synchronous with the American species or even a trifle later. On this account it is especially suitable for hybridizing work. As a rule the Jap- anese individuals bloom much earlier (sometimes several weeks ) than the American. 62 The accompanying table gives an outline of this hybridization work in 1932. The most important result is, of course, the ac- quisition of 189 new hybrid nuts, which were planted immediately in our greenhouse, and in some cases, at the present writing, are commencing germination. It will be noticed from the accompany- ing table that less than !4 of the pistils were pollinated three times—in fact, some of them were pollinated only once. It would save much time and labor if we knew which pollination was most effective. This next season we hope to carry on experiments look- ing toward enlightenment on this point. Japanese-American Chestnut Hybridization Work in 1932 (Only one tree, that of Mr. Renville S. Smith, Oyster Bay, L. I, was used as the Japanese (2) parent) Pollination Work: Branches bagged 2.0... .00.0..0 0000 cee June - a i: July 2, (103). July US DOUIHAMOR: jx delavetp ene eee ye eeene > 7, (06); 9, (63) ; 12 oe Pel PP OUNATIONE eta ye s 5 4s voce eked kemale July 7, (9); - (43); 12, (121). OO POUIMACON £245 yh gu aie cata de suns July Harvesting and Planting: Ue OR Sais cena each ene eide September 17: 185. itts: SCOUECECG. «gece puciniie ned «eae bd tow d wir orcaoseiew ae October 19: 189, DUES DNC sews tacewe said Piidecdy bar bodseadeed October 24 to 27, Other chestnuts received and planted during fall of 1932. One species which we have always lacked in our plantings anc — hy- bridization work has been the common Iuropean chestnut, Cas- lanea sativa. One of the objects of my trip to Europe in the sum- mer was to see this tree and arrange if possible for a supply of nuts. Several trees in southern Irance near Lake Geneva were photographed. Specimens were seen also in northern Italy. Ar- rangements were made with Drs. Ulbrich and Hochreutiner, and M. Guillaumin, of the Berlin and Geneva Gardens and the Jardin des Plantes respectively, to ship us some of the nuts of this species when ripe in the fall. Thanks to the courtesy and cooperation of these gentlemen we received shipments during the fall, and have planted these nuts in the greenhouses, as follows: 'The figures in parentheses refer to the number of bags. 63 1. Krom Dr. E. Ulbrich, Berlin-Dahlem Botanischer Garten und Museum, 105 nuts of Castanea sativa received and planted De- cember 22, 1932. 2. From Dr. B. P. G. Hochreutiner, Conservatoire Botanique de Geneve, 15 nuts, received November 5 and planted November 16. These nuts were collected from the Department of La Haute-Savoie, France. 3. From M. A. Guillaumin, Jardin des | received December 10 and planted December 11-15. nuts came from the Jardin de Jussieu. In addition to these we received during the fall from Miss Loines a quantity of nuts of the American species from wild trees in Virginia. Some of these have already germinated. Other nuts of the American species received and planted during the fall were from Mr. V. L. Frazee of East Side High School, Paterson, N. J.; Mr. J. Stuart Thomson, Jersey City, N. J.; and Mrs. J. E. Spin- earn, New York City. We wish to thank these friends for their interest. Jantes, Paris, 230 nuts ‘These BEARDLESS IRIS PROJECT By Grorce M. REED Several important additions to the Beardless iris collection were Mr. S. Tanaka made 29 different made during the past year. The plants collections of iris in different parts of Japan in 1931. were sent to the Yokohama Nursery Company, Ltd., who took care of them until early in the year, when they were forwarded to the Botanic Garden. The collection included wild plants of [ris Kacmpferi. In addition, I. lacvigata, I. sibirica, 1. sctosa, and 1. Rossii were represented in the collections. We also obtained 41 varieties of the cultivated Japanese iris from Shuho-yen, Yokohama, Japan. The proprietor of this nursery, Mr. N. Nishida, has been making a specialty of the Sumamoto race of Japanese iris. This group of varieties has been developed in the Western part of Japan, and as yet the varieties have not been widely distributed. We also added to the collection 19 of the newest varieties of the Yokohama Nursery Company, stds Practically all of the Japanese iris were dug up and reset during — 64 the basis of notes taken during one or more seasons ; many corrections ate summer and fall. The varieties were rearranged on the in the names of the varieties were made. A large number of seedlings have been grown. Several dif- ferent collections of seed were obtained froni Japan through Mr. S. Tanaka. Several different crosses involving various iris have been made during the past few years, and many of these bloomed during the past season. Additional watercolor drawings of varieties and species were made by Miss Louise B. Mansfield. The varieties selected repre- sented different types from the standpoint of color and form. SYSTEMATIC BoTANyY By ALFRED GUNDERSEN ee) The Classification of Dicotyledons During the past year I have continued studies on relationships of families of dicotyledons, especially as connected with the de- velopment of flowers. .\s the systematic section of the plantations is laid out according to the Engler system, the classification be- comes more evident than in a printed form. I have been inter- ested in making comparisons in particular between the Engler, Wettstein, Bessey, and Hutchinson systems, in so far as they re- late to the dicotyledons, These systems are alike in numerous respects. I have been occupied with a study of the differences. Comparisons with which I have been especially concerned are: Resemblances between families in the orders Parietales and Papa- verales. Resemblances between Caryophyllales and Primutales. The systematic position of the somewhat isolated families Cactaceae and Aristolochiaceae. Many drawings have been made by Miss Maud Purdy, showing the comparative morphology of the flower buds and adult flowers other jer in these groups. Interesting changes in placentation an characters relating to the directions of floral evolution have been ob- served. Some of these studies were presented before the Torrey Sotanical Club in March and were published in Vorreya for De- cember. 65 SYSTEMATIC BoTANY By H. K. SvENson Astor Expedition Plants—Work on the collection of plants of the Astor Expedition to the Galapagos and Cocos Islands (1930) is practically completed. It is expected that the report will be published in the spring of 1933. Eleocharis —Progress is being made on monographic studies on the genus Eleocharis. Photographs of type-specimens have been received from several botanical institutions (Prague, Berlin, and Paris), and through the courtesy of the National Herbarium, Washington, and the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- cisco, | have been able to study large representations of the genus from these institutions. Mr. C. C. Deam, State Forester of Indiana, and Mr. J. B. McFarlin, of the University of Michigan, have sent me extensive material from Indiana and Florida, re- spectively. A second contribution centering on the American species, Eleocharis capitata, was published as Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, No. 65. GENETICS By Ratew C. BENEDICT Nephrolepis During the past year three lines of activity have been carried on with the Nephrolepis material. (1) The living plants have been maintained in their several divisions in the Experimental House No. 1, in a special exhibition set in House No. 3, and in the gen- eral collection in Houses No. 8 and 9. (2) A special collection of thirty plants was prepared and exhibited at the International Genetics Congress at Ithaca, August 24-31. (3) The photo- graphic material accumulated since the inception of this work at the Botanic Garden was assembled and reorganized and mounted in a special album with copious explanatory legends. was also exhibited at the Genetics Congress in Ithaca. Further, it may be noted that a set of about thirty varieties was sent to Prof. F. E. Lloyd, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. This book 606 GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS ENROLLED DurinG 1932 In addition to the members of the Botanic Garden Staff, eight graduate students and independent investigators were engaged it 1 carrying on botanical research in the laboratories of the Garden. Mrs. Marie I. Conklin has continued her investigations on the bacteria which form the tubercles on the wild legumes. She has practically completed certain | yhases of her work, and she plans on utilizing the d ata as the basis of a Master’s thesis at Columbia University. Mrs. Mary Ellen Peck Churchill continued her studies on the inheritance of certain characters in peas. She grew additional second and third generations in order to determine the mode of inheritance of certain seed characters. Mr. Charles I. Doney is enrolled at New York University for a Master’s degree, taking botany as his major subject. His special problem is concerned with the ornamental shrubs of the Garden, He 1s preparing a thesis on the genus Staphylea. Mr. Charles A. Finnegan was enrolled at New York University during the first part of the year. Ile has undertaken a study of the broadleaved trees of the Botanic Garden. Mr. Samuel Kaiser, a member of the Staff of the Department f Biology of Brooklyn College, utilized some land in the experi- mental field for growing peppers. Botanic ( Ile is engaged on the problem of the inheritance of size and form in the fruits of these plants. Miss Elva Lawton, an instructor in the Biology Department of [lunter College, continued her investigations on regeneration and polyploidy im ferns. Miss Mollie Sobel, a teacher of Biology at Abraham Lincoln High School, completed her study of the longevity of the smut spores, and utilized the data as the basis of a thesis for the Master’s degree at Columbia University. Mr. Hans I. Vollert 1s enrolled at New York University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ele 1s majoring in plant pathol- ogy, making a special study of the cultural characteristics of cer- tain smuts. [lis minor is entomology, with special reference to the thrips on the iris and gladiolus. Mr. Vollert is a graduate of the University of Leipzig, and he also has the equivalent of the degree of Master of Science from that Institution. 67 REPORISOR VE EsCURATOR COM Ewiae le INSTRUCTION EOR 1937 Dr. C. Stuart GaAcErR, DIRECTOR Sir: T submit herewith my report for the year ending December Sle elOB: : GARDEN ATTENDANCE A RECORD The year 1932 saw an increasing number of visitors to the plantations and the conservatories of the Garden. The total regis- tration at all the entrance gates was 1,307,964 (see Table I1). This was an increase of more than 200,000 above the total for 1931 (1,107,339) or about 18 per cent—the largest annual increase — ea EN PAB en. I ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN Durine 1932 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May — June July At regular classes .... 1,264 1,820 3,071 3121 3,531 2,694 12,680 At visiting classes 764 746 3,366 9,932 8.600 3,379 120 At lectures to children 49] 526 2,213 8890 8500 3,079 100 At lectures to adults .. 25 165 125 285 496 475 0 At conservatories .... 8182 5,230 12,478 16,221 19,969 9,342 10,096 At grounds .......... 50,832 71,339 84,480 134,838 232,737 162,960 130,053 Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Totals At regular classes ..... 10,350 3,146 3,639 2.370 2,800 50,406 At visiting classes .... 150 137 6,319 5320 2,178 41,011 At lectures to children . 120 25 4.389 4769 = 1,722 34 824 At lectures to adults ... 0 224 2 475 50 2,741 At conservatories ..... : 11,829 9830 4,906 6,317 Ox Ate OrOUndS: Aesth eed a. 82.898 117,629 106,881 80,587 52,730 1,307,964 since 1927. Naturally, the attendance for individual months ran considerably above that of 1931. But the attendance for May, 232,737, was especially notewort — 1y, being not very much less than that for the whole year of 1916 (314,990), when atten records first began to be kept. — ance 68 During the week-end of May 14 and 15 the turnstiles registered 38,304 visitors, a number which far surpassed any previous week- end attendance at the Garden. (The largest previous figure for a week-end, 28,662, was recorded on April 18th and 19th of 1931.) Phis large week-end attendance is the more remarkable because it occurred after the naturalized flowering bulbs had ceased to be attractive. The chief objects of interest were the bursting of the trees and shrubs into full leaf, the display of lilacs in flower in the Lilac Triangle, the graceful wisterias draping the waterfalls in the Japanese Garden, as well as the Rock Garden, which was then in its most colorful dress. The attendance at the Conservatories, which showed a large in- crease in 1931 over former years, increased to 123,036 as against 112,806 of last year. The combined attendance at the Garden classes and lectures was 128,982—a slight increase over last year’s—123,630. SCHOOL SERVICE Requests for study material from schools and other institutions have continued to show a gradual increase. During the year 5730 dishes were filled with nutrient agar for the study of molds and bacteria. Teachers planning to have their classes commence the study of these microorganisms send a supply of clean petri dishes to the Garden, where the dishes are sterilized and filled with nutrient agar. They are then callec jean for by a messenger from the school. The increasing number of dishes filled by the Garden each year is the best testimonial we could offer that this service is needed. At certain periods of the year, particularly during the months of May (1356 dishes) and December (1056 dishes), the demand for this service has become so heavy that Miss Rusk. who has special charge of the work, would have been unable to carry it were it not for the timely assistance of workers from the Emer- gency Work and Relief Bureau. ADULT CLASSES AND COURSES During the year 1932 the Woman's Auxiliary of the Garden took an active interest in the courses of instruction offered to the public. The first class particularly sponsored by this committee 69 was one entitled Advanced Gardening, which began October 22, 1931, as already noted in my report for 1931. During 1932 the following courses were especially promoted by the Woman's Auxiliary: A19. Ornamental Shrubs. Fall Course. Dr. Gundersen. A20. Advanced Gardening. Mr. Free and Dr. ‘Reed. A21. Backyard Gardens. Miss Shaw. A25. Fundamentals of Gardening. Miss Shaw and Mr. Free. Trees and Shrubs. Special Fall Course. Dr. Graves. The total registration for all of these courses was 141. During 1932 Mrs. Whitney Merrill, Secretary of the Membership Com- mittee, addressed twenty-nine garden clubs and women’s organiza- tions in New York City and vicinity, telling them of the work done by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and particularly of the courses of instruction offered to the public. Lantern slides showing the Garden activities were used with these talks. 1 am glad to have this opportunity to thank Mrs. Merrill and the other members of the committee who have so generously devoted a large share of their time and energy to the welfare of the Garden. The registration for the Saturday afternoon classes in Trees and Shrubs, as in former years, continued to be heavy—65 in the spring and 55 in the fall. With Miss Vilkomerson’s assistance we were able to handle the spring class, which was divided into two sections. The fall class was likewise divided, but unfortunately Juring my absence — I suffered a severe illness on November 1. - the class was split up into three sections, in charge of Miss Rusk, Miss Vilkomerson, and Mr. C. I*. Doney, a student-assistant at the Garden. An additional instructor for this course is urgently needed. The classes of nurses in training continued to be held both in spring and fall, 74 being registered in the spring and 100 in the fall. Three hospitals, Prospect Heights, Kings County, an St. Johns, were represented. During my illness in the fall Dr. Svenson conducted the field work and Miss Rusk the laboratory ear work. The total registration in our adult classes for. the year 1932 was 780, as against 638 for 1931, and 455 for 1930. It is quite evident that our teaching staff, which is nearly the same numerically as it was ten years ago, is not adequate for thorough instruction of such 70 large numbers. [| would therefore urgently recommend that at least one more instructor be appointed. Lecrures For [ligt Scioon STUDENTS On account of the popularity of these lectures in 1931 they were repeated in 1932, and two new subjects were added. The schedule was as follows: April 14. Reproduction in the lowering Plants. Miss Rusk. April 21. How Plants Get Their Food. Dr. Graves. April 28. Forestry. Dr. Graves. May 5. Marine Life. Prof. Martin, May 12. Economic Plants: The Beverage Plants—Native and Exotic. Prof. Cheney. May 19.) Plant Breeding, New and Old. Prof. Benedict. May 26. The Growth of the Idea of Evolution. Prof. Benedict. The total attendance at the seven lectures was 1600, or an aver- age of about 230 pupils for each lecture. Lower Days 1932 was the fifth consecutive year in which flower “ Days ” have been celebrated at the Garden. The attendance showed a eratifying increase over that of the previous year. Even at Fall Rose Garden Day, for which Nature provided a pouring rain, thirty people attended. Of course the exercises were held in- doors. Specimens of various popular roses (culled from the Rose Garden) were displayed and discussed by the leader, Mr. Iree, The schedule for the year, with leaders, was as follows: Monday, April 18, Daffodil Day. Mr. Leonard Barron, Horticultural Editor of the linerican Homme, Friday, June 3.0 Iris Day. Dr. George M. Reed, Curator in charge of our Iris project. aoe Iriday, June 1 Rose Garden Day. Mr. Fred D. Osman, Proprietor, the New Brunswick Nurseries, and Vice-president of the American Rose Society; and Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ‘thursday, October 6. Fall Rose Garden Day. Mr. Montague Free. The cordial cooperation of Mrs, Glentworth R. Butler, Chair- man of the Woman's Auxiliary, and of the various members of Fic. 6. Motion pictures in color (Koda color) before Public School classes, June 17, 1932. The reel is on the Japanese sarden; the Tea House on the screen, (8428.) fz —_— this organization, who took charge of the social part of these events Was an essential reason for their success. The assistance of the young ladies of the staff of the Garden is also here gratefully acknowledged. EUROPEAN TRAVEL During the summer I visited some of the principal European botanic gardens and parks. About 400 photographs were secured, and lantern slides have been made from many of these. The fol- lowing places were visited : England: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Hampton Court Gar- dens ; Chelsea Physic Garden, London; South Kensington Gardens, I jondon : Hyde Park, London; Shakespeare Garden, Stratford-on- von; Municipal Garden, Stratford-on-A von; Oxford Botanic Garden; Gardens of St. John’s College, Oxford; Cambridge Bo- tanic Garden. France: Jardin des Plantes, Paris; Luxembourg Gardens, Paris; Bois de Boulogne, Paris; Bagatelle, Pais; Parc Champs du se Paris Trocadero, Paris: Ftablissement Horticole < de Ville, Paris; Roseraie de L’ Hay, L’Hay-les-Roses; Grand and Petit Tris 1anons, Versailles; L’ Arboretum National des Barres et le Fruticetum Vil- morianum, Nogent-sur-Vernisson. Switzerland: Geneva Botanic Garden; Jardin Anglais, Geneva; I‘loraire Nurseries, Correvon & Son, Geneva: acer Garden, Lucerne. ftaly: Public Gardens, Milan; Public cea Venice; Villa Carlotta, Lake Como; Villa Arconnz iti, Lake Co clustria: Vienna Bot: inic Garden; Ses Garten, Vienna; Schonbrunn Garten, Vienna. fungary: Zoological (Botanic) Garden, Budapest; Municipal Rose Garden, St. Margaret’ s [sie Sudapest. Germany: Staathcher Botanischer Garten, Dresden; Grosser Garten, Dresden; Staatlicher Botanischer Garten, Berlin-Dahlem ; Rosen Garten, Berlin; Tiergarten, Berlin; Spreewald. Holland: Amsterdam Botanical Garden. — EprrortaL WorkK AND PUBLICITY I continued to serve on the editorial board of the American Journal of Botany, as editor of the Plant Section of General Biol- ogy for Biological Abstracts, as editor of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, and as associate editor of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. As editor of the Brooklyn Botanic ris Garden Leaflets I report that, although we usually issue ten num- bers per year, the number was cut to six this year on account of These numbers were as follows: 3y Montague Free. March 16. By Montague Free. April 13. shortage of funds. No. 1. March in Your Garden. 2.4 pil in Youre. Garden. No. 3. May in Your Garden. By Montague Free. May 4. 4. The Genus Prunus (Cherries, Plums, Etc.) in the Brook- Botanic Garden. By Alfred Gundersen and — lyn Charles F. Doney. May 11. No. 5. June and July in Your Garden. By Montague Free. Junes2. No. 6. October in Your Garden. By Montague Free. October We continued our usual method of sending frequent news re- leases about Garden events to the principal metropolitan dailies, 39 articles having been sent from this department. In addition releases about the activities of the Garden were supplied to the press by the Brooklyn Publicity Bureau, as usual. A total of 1564 clippings were received, as against 931 in 1931. Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction, Ree @) Robe@ be Arie CURATOR (Ober VB NG eas ENSERUGCTION BOR IO32 Dr. C. Stuart GaGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: I hereby present my annual report for the Department of Elementary Instruction for the year 1932. Since the general plan of activities for this Department is well known to you, and through you, to our Trustees, I shall this year pick out and emphasize the extent of our work and the new fea- tures which have entered into it. The supervision of the greenhouses, distribution of materials, and work with visiting classes are directly under the Acting As- sistant Curator, Miss Dorward; distribution of seed (penny packets for school children) and general nature study have been assigned to Miss Miner; the outdoor garden, with all its activities, 6 74 has been placed under the leadership of Miss Jenkins. This is our general outlay and assignment of work. DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS Since the time element for this work, because of its great de- mands, 1s difficult perhaps to realize, figures may be useful as a medium for clearer understanding. Perennial anc ah annual plants were supplied to twenty-eight different schools and other insti- tutions such as the Kings County Hospital and the srooklyn Elome for Consumptives. To these twenty-eight institutions, over 3000 plants were given, which helped nearly 12,000 teachers to instruct over 55,000 children. This is one item in our work which repre- sents not just mere handing out of material on request) from schools, but raising and caring for the plants in our own green- houses. These figures do not include the number of plants placed in classrooms of visiting classes, or given to other schools by request. Nearly 2000 plants were distributed for nature study work alone: about 750 plants were given to visiting classes for decoration of their classrooms; over 27,000 plants were raised by classes of teachers, children, and general public, and the lives of over 100,000 children were touched through this work. There must be a large supply of stock in our educational greenhouses to cover such demands. It might be of some interest to you to see a list of stock plants which were in our greenhouses ready for work in early September. Later in the season many plants were lifted from the outdoor garden to be used for greenhouse work, so the following list does not represent the peak of supply which offers opportunity for greenhouse class work to about 1500 people —children and adults. Seedling ferns .........00006- 191 Alternanthera ................ 20 Boston ferns ........0.seeen ee Zoe Soeadia: Pa Oi wie vaccexevqueececss 35 Holly ferns ..............000. 183. Stenotaphrum ................ 39 Asparagus plumosus .......... 3 POS HIG? secs soscaany-d-iveshe: See alee wre eee 31 Asparagus sprengecri .......... 34 Peperomia ................... 2! Trailing Coleus .............. 74 Cee PODDer: ati ete tase 305 large ‘Coleus c.h3503a0-4 0a oka 44 Geranium (5 types) .......... 220 PIG Go acetates ng Meee ate ees 2. Desert planiisr sions deeeeeraiey 607 TTOGGSCADMS: cccn joey cease aks 54. Collection of house plants and SeUsVE HONE ccics pi cicee ede 56 mixed stock plants ......... 157 Sweet Basil ............c0 00, 49 75 A great deal of material is given out to nature study classes. For this study material we have had during the year about 250 requests from 165 schools and institutions such as the Girl Scouts, School Nature League, Children’s Museum, Lawrence Public School, and Cedarhurst Elementary School. The material varies much in nature, from the loan of our flower models to seed dis- from sphagnum moss to twig mounts; from persal material ; During the past summer, mounted leaf specimens to live plants. one of our high school boys was engaged to press and mount speci- mens of leaves which represent the trees mentioned in the Syllabus for Nature Study for Grades 1-6 of the New York City schools These mounts, properly labeled, were distributed to a number of schools and Nature Rooms in order to find out if such mounts would be of any real value for classroom nature work. Numerous letters were received expressing appreciation of this service and of the material supplied, which is to be kept as part of a permanent collection of study material. CLASSWORK The Department has tried the following new experiment with visiting classes. It has been our aim to present such work that it shall be a part of the regular classwork prepared for by the class on afterward in regular class before coming to us and carried the lessons of In order to help insure this carry-over, arranged in monthly series for bject for Grade 3 sessions. last spring and this past fall were three successive months for Grades 3-6; one su in one month, another subject for the same grade for the next This plan was arranged month, and another for the third month. series, but so as to encourage the same class to come for the whole were so arranged that they had no relation one to the tie-up was entirely with the Course of Study; so, if a come only once, continuity was not broken. A most Some schools sent all these the subjects others edilie grade could encouraging response came from this. erades, 3-6, once a month for three months. Other schools sent every single grade in the school for one session. Over 40,000 children came in contact with us in this way. There was much enthusiasm shown by both teachers and pupils. The results, in class work, were most gratifying. Some schools went even farther Fic. 7. Demonstration group of 200 in Nature Study at P.S. No. 6, Brooklyn, May 31, 1932. in this school, taught in two groups of 200 each. There were 400 pupils The lesson was given on alternate weeks by the curator of elementary instruction, Miss Shaw, with a follow-up by the school teachers, each with her own class, for six weeks during the spring term. The charts shown were made by the pupils as part of their assigned work. Note t from the Botanic Garden as study material for this course. (8072.) ve quantity of living plants sent Ve and sent the same class once a week for one whole term; the Brooklyn Ethical Culture School sent a sixth-year class once a week for the entire year. This has been our most outstanding experiment in visiting class work, and because of its enthusiastic support and its real educational value, [ mention it here. P. S. 6, through Miss Lorraine Ferguson, Assistant Principal, requested that the Curator come to their school once every two weeks for a series of lessons in nature study for fourth and fifth year pupils. Tour of these lessons were given in the school audi- torium from lfebruary to April. Our Saturday morning work with children has gone on as usual with work in January and February for silver and bronze medals. Chi in extra time in these months to make up for some of the work they miss during the summer season. — dren leaving us for the summer and working for honors, put Spring classes were organized on the 13th and 20th of February, and continued until May 1932. During the spring session a group from the Lynbrook High School visited the classes and carried back some of our plans for their own school. The children’s c and helpfulness. A high school science teacher from Altoona, Penn- — classes < ) visitec Ss way, 5 ding our w classes are often visited in thi iy, thus extending our work sylvania, after a spring visit, started a correspondence with our young people and her young people, in which they discussed ex- periments and results. Ourpoer GARDEN WorRK Two hundred fifteen boys and girls registered for the outdoor garden. Some of our larger gardens were used for the experi- mental w ork for silver pins and directed by the Acting Assistant Curator. The following subjects were taken up and show the scope of this work. 1. Ornamental Peppers and Jerusalem Cherries Ze Gees 3. Variations in the Parts of a Flower As Seen in Our Common Garden I*lowers 4. A Study of the Rose Family A Study of Desert Plants 6. Crossing in Nasturtiums 78 A Study of the Weather in the Month of August 8. A Study of the Seeds of Our Common Garden Flowers 9. A Study of the Fruits of Our Common Garden Flowers 10. Some Interesting Myths and Legends about the Vegetables We Grow in Our Garden 11. A Study of the Beach Vegetation on Long Island 12. Making of Charts for Use in Teaching the Variation of Leaf l‘orms 13. The Perennial Border, Noting the Succession of Bloom from June to September I4. The Water Plants Found in Our Brook The Sutton Garden, started the year before with seeds bought from the Sutton Company, England, was continued this year. colored plan was made of it which is to be sent to Sutton’s, One of the most successful summers in the outdoor garden was this summer of 1932. Attendance was good. Some of our older boys were used in small positions in the garden, and conducted themselves creditably. Rosemary Kennelly, under. the direction of the head of the children’s garden, remade the children’s garden model; William Schwind made a plan of the north section of the children’s formal garden, including the shrubs ; John Spollen made two plans of the Shakespeare Garden during his allotted time, a finished plan of the garden as it stood this season, and one with only the permanent plants in it to aid us in planning future plant- ings in the Shakespeare garden. In addition to the regular young people in our garden, : ao of twenty girls called The Young Defenders’ League, of P. S. 80, Brooklyn, took one of the larger gardens. They met on Wednes- day afternoons before school closed and carried on their work throughout the summer. This was a successful piece of work. Quoting from the Head Garden Teacher’s Report, I may adc “Parents’ Day was held on Wednesday, July 20. The garden was open from nine until eleven o'clock for parents to observe their children at work on their gardens. \ group of children acted as a guides around the garden and presented mothers with bouquets and fathers with boutonnieres. “One of the new requirements for the cups was attendance at eight out of nine ‘ Executive Sessions ’ held every Thursday morn- ing. The schedule for these was as follows: 79 July 7—Miss Jenkins—Garden Teaching Methods “ 14—Miss Miner—Brooklyn Botanic Garden Administration Building 21—Miss Shaw—History of the Children’s Garden 28—Miss Miner—Nature Study, Local Flora Section August 4—Miss Dorward—Gifts to the Garden 2 11—Miss Jenkins—Shakespeare Garden es 18—Miss Dorward—Japanese Garden a 25—Miss Dorward—Greenhouses September 1—Dr. Reed—Experimental Field.” The rose garden, in our little formal garden, was rededicated in June—to the memory of Bernard Goodman, one of our older boys who passed away in October, 1931. Simple exercises were held on Saturday afternoon, June 18, for the Goodman family and those boys and girls who had been so many years with Bernard in a na a a the garden. The planting of the formal garden has been entirely changed this year, and the perennial garden remade. Some of the seedlings started by the children for these gardens were given to the Brook- lyn Naval Hospital, where a small garden was started under the direction of our Head Garden ‘Teacher. Strep DISTRIBUTION Penny packets of seed were filled and distributed as usual. We owe thanks to some of our “ Emergency” helpers who worked steadily and well. During this year over 670,000 packets were distributed, representing orders from 335 different schools. Some of these schools sent in more than one order so that 549 orders were received. Letters of appreciation are constantly being re- ceived for this work, which, while representing much labor and a great deal of detail, is one of our great sources of helpfulness to the schools. This year we have kept what we call a “contact book”; in which, month by month, each contact—whether it be through teachers’ classes, distribution material, penny packets of seed, lec- tures, or any other piece of work we do—is tabulated. This book is of great value, not only in making both monthly and yearly records, but in its availability for any visitor who might like to see the extent and amount of our work. Leaf-mounting. Part of a class from P.S. 206, Brooklyn, November 13, 1932, studying the forms and structure of leaves. Miss Jenkins, Botanic Garden instructor, in charge. (7301.) 08 81 We have set up 15 special exhibits which were viewed by about 40,000 people. Start at New Orleans in January; come to the Flower Show in New York in the spring; to Bay Shore in June, and to Atlantic City at the end of June, and you will have a little geographic view of our travelling exhibits. We received a blue ribbon at the Long Island Flower Show in Bay Shore, which was sponsored by the Second District of Federated Garden Clubs of New York State. Our entry was the model of a little outdoor garden such as children might set up. This was not entered in competition. The Department of [Elementary Instruction during 1932 con- ducted in regular classes, visiting classes, and lectures, both at the institution and outside, over 2000 periods of work, with a total attendance at these sessions of over 140,000. Co. NEEDS Our greatest need in greenhouse work is a propagating house for raising stock plants. Our present greenhouses are for instruction and are built and arranged for this. The difficulty of maintaining good stock plants in houses constantly used by classes is a problem hard to meet satisfactorily. We need avai ae able funds in the seed work so that we may en- gage, during the summer each year, at least one older boy or girl to take charge of the seedroom; also to employ several young people to work on the preparation of mounts and nature supplies for distribution to schools during the fall and winter. In the Department we should have one person, not necessarily a teacher, to arrange materials, run the lanterns, and do such pieces of wor — < that now take the time of instructors which might be freed in this way for richer educational work. We need, and have needed for many years, a car so that we shall not have to depend upon the ounty of friends of the Garden and on schools in order to transport materials and lecturers from point to point. — PERSONAL ACTIVITIES During the past year the Curator has written a weekly article for the New York Sun from January to November; a series of five articles for MWecCaill’s Magazine, and five articles for “ New Jersey Gardens.” 82 I was elected President of the Department of Science Instruction of the National Education Association, which met in Atlantic C ity last June, where I presented a paper. A paper prepared by Miss Miner and myself was presented at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Atlantic City in December. I was appomted Consultant for children’s garden work for the I‘ederated Garden Clubs of New York State. This fall the Winnebago County Superintendent of Schools at Rockford, Illinois, invited me to lecture at the Winnebago County Institute on October 19 and 20. It was impossible to accept this invitation on account of pressure of work at the Garden. Respectfully submitted, ELLEN Eppy Suaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction. REPORT ON THE LIBRARY FOR 1932 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Director Sir: In the absence of the librarian, on account of illness, the report on the library for the year 1932 is submitted by his as- sistant. ACCESSIONS The total number of volumes now in the collection is 17,451, of pamphlets, 13,487, an increase of 676 volumes and 747 pamphlets. We have been unusually fortunate in receiving a larger number of our accessions as gifts, 137 volumes, 472 pamphlets and the current numbers of 105 periodicals having been added through the generosity of our friends. The following are especially to be noted : Given by their respective authors: IKnoche, Herman. Flora Balearica. 4 vols. 1921-1923. Lemee, Albert. Dictionnaire descriptif et synonymique des genres de plantes phancrogames. V. 4. Brest, 1932. Given by: Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde. Angier, B.S. The garden book of California. San Fran- cisco, 1906. 83 Anonymous. Ina Tusean garden. London, 1902. Bigelow, J. Florula Bostoniensis. 2d edition. Boston, 1824. Burbidge, F. W. The book of the scented garden. London, Du Cane, Ella and Du Cane, F. The flowers and gardens of Madeira. London, 1909. James River Garden Club. Historic gardens of Virginia. Richmond, 1923. Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie. Brown, R. Prodromus florae Novae-Hollandiae. London, 1810 Gronovius, J. Flora Virginica. Leyden, 1762. Salisbury, R. A. Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton. London, 1796. Miss Mabel Patterson. Popular Science Monthly, Vols. 1-21, 1872-1882. Supplement, nos. 1-20, 1877-1878. A complete list of donors will be found in Appendix 1. The number of periodicals and serials received is somewhat less than usual, undoubtedly due to the fact that many institutions did not publish any material this year. Some turned annual re- ports into biennials, or otherwise combined publications; others asked us to substitute a subscription for an exchange basis, and as we were unable to do so, our file lapsed. This drop probably is a temporary one, in as much as we are still on the mailing lists of most of our previous exchanges which will be re-established as conditions improve. LIST OF SOME IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS Reference Books Bradley, M. A. and Hunt, M. G. Index to publications. U. 5S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901-1923. 1932 Britten, James and Boulger, G. S. British and Irish botanists. 2d ed. London, 1931. Heilprin, A. Lippincott’s Gazetteer. Philadelphia [c1922]. International Address Book of Botanists. London, 19: Union List of Serials. Supplement. H. W. Wilson eomoany: 1931. Books Adamovic, Lujo. Die Pflanzenwelt der Adrialander ... Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1929. S4 Barton-Wright, F.C. Recent advances in botany. Philadelphia, P. Blakis- ton’s Son & Company, 1932. Brown, N. Ie. and others. Mesembryanthema. LL, Reeve, Ashford, Kent, Buller, A. TL. R. Researches on fungt. ee ae V. 4. (Musgos.) Madrid, Casares-Gil, A. Flora Iberica: Briofitas. 1932 Culpeper, Nicholas. Pharmacopaeia Londinensis. 6th edition. London, Peter Cole, 1659, Cunningham, G. H. The rust fungi of New Zealand .. . Dunedin, N. Z., John MeIndoe, 1931. Curtis's Botanical Magazine Dedications, 1827-1927. London, Royal Horti- cultural Society, 193 Ellis, David. Slip ere a monograph. London, Longmans, Green & Company, 1932. Felt, IE. P. and Rankin, W. TH. Insects and diseases of and shrubs. New York, Macmillan Company, 1932 pay ornamental trees u& I-ranchet, Adrien and Savi atier, Ludovic. Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia, vols. Paris, FP. Savy, 1875-1879 Gray, James. cay aesa ol hoe pe Se A 4,097 EROMIMEI D CLS meyer eee tee a ee oe a ose a eit i eee aU 682 GIRO bell erce eee ates nee ee os va ah sul cae SC ne As aaa re a 4.779 CLASSES With the assistance of Miss Rusk, instructor, field classes for the study of local herbaceous plants and ferns were held as in previous years, at various localities in the vicinity of New York on Saturday afternoons in both the spring and fall. SEED EXCHANGE In addition to my own collecting, seeds were collected in New York and vicinity by Mr. Montague Free, and Mrs. Margaret Putz; in the Adirondacks by Mr. C. F. Doney (who has in addition been largely responsible for the extensive collection of seeds of woody plants offered for this year) ; in the Catskills by Dr. Alfred Gundersen; in Maine by Dr. C. Stuart Gager; and in Connecticut by Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde. We are indebted to the State Iorest Service, Wellington, New Zealand, for New Zealand coniferous seeds; also to the Arnold Arboretum and to Mr. Anton Hodenpyl for the privilege of collecting seeds of a number of uncommon — — plants on their grounds. Respectfully submitted, Henry K. SvENsoNn, Assistant Curator of Plants. 102 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST AND HEAD GARDENER FOR 1932 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR Sir: I have the honor to subnut herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 1932, PERSONNEL The gardening force (nine men) was essentially the same as in 1932. As the construction work and planting in the Local I*lora Section nears completion, the need for the whole time of a man to act as guard and gardener becomes obvious. rom the paragraphs following it may be seen that considerable labor was available that was paid for by charitable organizations, This labor was not an unmixed blessing, as almost without exception the men supphed were utterly unskilled in garden work and that necessitated largely drawing our own men from their regular work to supervise them. Guards were maintained at the gates on Saturdays, Sundays, holi- days, and after school hours from the beginning of April to the end of October. They are urgently needed throughout the year. Our laboring force was put on a part time basis on October 16th. — Lasor PAID FOR BY CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS Throughout the year forty-three men, paid by the Brooklyn 3ureau of Charities, worked for a total of 3202 days. One man, paid by the Brooklyn Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, worked 159 days. From January to October and in December forty-five men, paid by the Emergency Work and Relief Bureau, worked for a total of 1742 days. GENERAL SYSTEMATIC SECTION For several years plants in the Crassulaceae (Orpine I*amuily Sedum, Sempervivui, ete.) failed to thrive owing to the low-lying These beds and poorly drained beds in which they were growing. were amalgamated in one, raised a foot or more above the sur- rounding level with boulders, and suitable drainage provided. The trees and shrubs in the Witch Hazel Family, having become 103 too crowded, were replanted—the necessary room being obtained by lopping a corner from the adjacent Rose Family, replanting some plants and eliminating duplicates. A new bed was constructed along the brook for moisture-loving plants of the Buttercup Family and the Gentian bed was excavated and filled with new soil. A trellis fence of green concrete posts and chestnut palings was constructed and erected to define the southern edge of the Urticales (Elm, Mulberry and Nettle Families) and to provide a support for various species of Humulus (Hops). This fence is in two sec- tions, one of forty-three feet and one of thirty-three feet. In the endeavor to obtain more rapid growth on the trees and shrubs most of them were heavily fertilized with poultry manure by the “ punch hole ” method. THE DrouGHutT The rainfall has been below normal since the beginning of 1928. This succession of dry years, culminating in the severe drought of the summer of 1932 has been trying to vegetation and to gardeners. Our irrigation facilities are no longer adequate and it is impossible, during periods of severe drought, to give all our plants all the water they need. By adjusting the hours of gardeners so that the sprinklers could be kept running night and day the woody plants were fairly well taken care of, but the lawns and many of the her- baceous beds were a sorry sight at the end of summer. LABORATORY PLAZA The planting of this area was carried out in the Spring. Five thousand plants of English ivy (raised here) were set out to form an edging three feet wide around the concrete walks. About six hundred and fifty Evonymus alatus compactus were used to make dwarf hedges around the four central panels. Four hundred and fifty plants of California privet were planted to form the boundary of the Plaza. Eighty magnolias in twelve species and varieties, two tulip trees, and about sixty Berberis in variety were planted. About twenty Schizandra chinensis and twenty Akebia quinata were planted on the banks. The lawn areas were sown with seeds of “ Colonial Bent Grass.” Laboratory Plaza, facing southeast from Boulder Hill. April 29, 1932. vet completed. Planted with magnolias and related shrubs. The circu (8108. ) ar ar compass 1s not 0) 105 ORNAMENTAL PLANTING The unsightly area of over 800 square feet outside the fence on Flatbush Avenue on either side of the Richard Young gate was eraded, fertilized, and planted with two hundred and fifty Acantho- panax pentaphylla. The planting is protected by a pipe rail fence installed by our own men. At the north end of the brook about six hundred square feet of planting space for water-loving iris was made by constructing on both sides of the brook a retaining barrier of split cedar poles and filling in behind it with suitable soil. A new iris bed was made northwest of the swamp. LocaL FLorA SECTION The topsoil was removed from an area of over nine hundred square feet and replaced with peat, and from an area of four hun- dred and fifty square feet and replaced with Long Island sand. Six thousand square feet was dug over, mixed with peat moss, and made ready for planting. A shallow brook was constructed, starting near the north end of the section and emptying into the “ wet meadow.” A large area south of the bog was graded and a depression made to catch surface water. A grass walk, fourteen feet wide, extending practically the whole length of the Local Flora Section, was graded and constructed by laying with turves. Planting carried out is noted in the report of the Assistant Curator of Plants. MISCELLANEOUS The walks in the Economic Plant House (of ashes surfaced with sand) served well in the early years of the Garden when visitors were few. With the enormous increase of users they became inadequate and were replaced with concrete walks during the winter. Three flights of concrete steps were constructed near the North Flatbush Avenue entrance to eliminate an excessively steep grade. The banks on either side of the walk were surfaced with top soil and faced with boulders to hold the banks in place. A temporary 8 106 planting of Japanese honeysuckle was made to prevent soil erosion. foundations were laid for a permanent walk about 200 yards long extending from the steps to the macadam walk. TI of winter prevented the completion of this work. Two catch basins and a hundred feet of connecting sewer pipe were laid to take care of surface water. 1e onset A retaming wall of conerete 110 feet long and 5 feet from foundation to top was constructed between the Experimental Plot and the Service Yard. Concrete steps were made to facilite in- gress to the Experimental Plot. A zinc strip edging was laid around the White Oak Circle to maintain grass verge, and the circle regraded and seeded. Trenches were dug and water pipe laid as follows: Local Flora Section, 240’ pipe, four faucets North of Rock Garden, 160’ pipe, one faucet Japanese Garden, 15’ pipe, one faucet. lor greater convenience 200’ of pipe was moved in the area near the reservoir and 70’ in the Children’s Garden, REQUESTS FoR INFORMATION Information on request was supplied as follows: By telephone 181 In person 128 3y letter 190. Casual inquiries of visitors on grounds are not included in the above record. EXHIBITS At the January 20th meeting of the Horticultural Society of New York we exhibited one vase of Calliandra inacquilatera (Award of Merit) and one vase of Daphne odora marginata (Vote of Phanks), At the February 17th meeting a plant of Loropetalum chinense was exhibited for which we were awarded a“ Cultural Certificate.” SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION In connection with the International Seed Exchange 4779 packets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic 107 gardens and to other institutions and individuals during the Spring ofelO3Z: Surplus plants were distributed to 287 Botanic Garden members in May (Chrysanthemum, 2770; miscellaneous herbaceous plants, 100), a total of 2870 plants. We also supplied plants to the following public institutions : Naval Hospital—Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, 85 Brooklyn State Hospital (Creedmoor Division )—Conserva- tory plants, 37 Horticultural Society of New York—Conservatory Plants to furnish Wardian Case, 18 PERSONAL ACTIVITIES — | conducted the following “ Courses for the General Public” at DS the Botanic Garden ; Plants in the Home: two courses, Spring and Fall. Five talks with demonstration. Advanced Course in Gardening ; seven of ten periods. I acted as one of the judges for the federated Garden Clubs of New York State at the International Flower Show, Grand Central Palace, March 14th; Yard and Garden Contest, Amenia, N. Y., June 20th; Brooklyn Fall Flower Show at the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, November 16th. I conducted the “ Garden Guide ” column of the New York Sun. In this connection 1050 letters were sent out. This work was done, with the permission of the director, outside of regular Garden hours with stenographic assistance and other expenses paid for by the New York Sun. [ was appointed Horticultural Consultant for the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, and served on the “ Board of Consultants ” of the publication ‘“ New York Gardens.” I am continuing to serve as the District Secretary of the Ameri- —_— can Rose Society. Respectfully submitted, MoNTAGUE I*REE, Horticulturist and Head Gardener. 108 REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (FERNS) FOR 1932 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTorR. Sir: [herewith submit a report of the various activities in which I have engaged during 1932. SCHOOL SERVICE As Chairman of the Program Committee of the New York Association of Biology Teachers, a series of speakers for the monthly meetings was arranged for by me. One of these was a vecial meeting scheduled jointly with the Torrey Botanical Club Ww — at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and addressed by De. 0. Stuart Gager. The final arrangements for this meeting were made by Dr. George M. Reed. They included a wide range of exhibits sent from the high schools, some from Brooklyn College Biology De- partment, and others from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ‘The meeting had an attendance of approximately 400. Three talks for high school students were given; two at. the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and one at the American Museum of Natural History. The first New York State Regents Examination (the University of the State of New York), given in June, for the new State course in General Biology, was prepared by a committee of which ] was a member. EprrortaL Work During 1932, the 22d volume of the American Fern Journal was issued. As a result of the special library supplement of the previous year and of special reviews in the Fern Journal, there has been an increasing demand for library loans made by members of the Fern Society. Since some of the borrowers have been spe- cially stimulated to try technical methods of fern reproduction, there is a good prospect that interesting contributions may result. There has been added to the Fern Society Library, the first three numbers of the acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, pub- lished by the Phytogeographical Society, Botanical Institute, Iac- 109 ulty of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Kyoto, Japan, which contained several very interesting fern articles. In addition, a series of copies of Simensia, published by the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Natural History, Academia Sinica, Nanking, China, in- cluding a number of papers by Ren-Chang Ching on Chinese ferns, have been received for the Library. These articles have more than ordinary interest for American fern students because of the rather large number of species reported as common to both regions. CONSERVATION OF NATIVE PLANTS A considerable number of inquiries have been answered during the year regarding plant conservation. In this connection the copies of conservation Leaflets issued by the Botanic Garden have been valuable’ (Series XJ ®,1923; XIII **%, 1925 4 442? 1927 ; DONE NOS ay ZS i At the writer’s suggestion, a joint field meeting of the Ameri- can Fern Society, Ecological Society of America, Botanical Society of America, and the Torrey Botanical Club was held in connection with the Summer Meeting (June 21-23) of the Botanical Society of America in Syracuse. Members of these four organizations made special visits to some of the Hartstongue stations at James- ville, New York. At another fern field meeting, held with headquarters at Sparta, New Jersey, in August, one of the Hartstongue (Scolopendrium vulgare) plants raised at the Botanic Garden was installed in what it is hoped may prove an appropriate situation. Respectfully submitted, RatpH C. BENEDICT, Resident Investigator (ferns). 110 FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1932 I. Tax Bupcer ACCOUNTS 1530 Personal Service: (Regular Employees) 1531 ve Appropriation Iexpended Femporary Employees) Other Codes than Personal Service: Code 1532 Code 1533 1534 Code 1539 Code 1536 Code Code 1537 Code 1538 Code 1539 Code 1540 Fuel Supplies: Appropriation Eexpendec Coe ee metre ree emer een errs ees eeesaee CC Office Supplies: APPLOpriatiOl 22:6 ender hie 2a e egthek eas expended Laundry, Cleaning and Disinfectine Supplies: Appropriation Eexpendec Sb ee 8 SS ae oe Ree ee RE a Oe en © Bae aye ek Botanical and Agricultural Supplies : APPrOPMAatiOn ice. wvsawacknnwada cs docu ghages Expended POM SM Ya a eS fe ee See Oe a er oe a Oe Tea Motor Vehicle Supplies : Appropriation expended Ce General Plant Supplies: Appropriation [expended a SO ee Wearing Apparel: Appropriation Eexpended Office Equipment: Appropriation Eexpended General Plant [Equipment : PDO ON: gas wie xitd) o3a ke esaescoudourd $ expended Cy $ 82,660.00 82,660.00 $ 3,500.00 3,500.00 $ 600.00 600.00 $ 130.00 $ 2,750.00 2,750.00 $ 125.00 125.00 $ 450.00 450.00 $ 50.00 50.00 $ 150.00 150.00 1,500.00 0 111 Code 1541 General Plant Materials: AC PLO Dic Gl Olle uNemesr Au seTinrt vali eh teeeenne cera ecm $ 1,750.00 Pe ene de at raaneeets eter birdy. hae orn naires eee 1,750.00 Code 1542 Repairs and Replacements : DP RO MIA Olli mettre thaliana eee etna $ 3,500.00 Gee Mielec ease ae tener aa: Sad St ere remit ete 3,500.00 Code 1543 Light, Heat and Power: ApLODELALIC Ip thee iced ka ou Re ee ee) ee UULOU |e g ite sake dN asta nite ae he ee RR See ea aera 500.00 Code 1544 Telephone Service PPD ROD Ee tlOlm tre cs, Sehck rand cae cena ene nas $ 500.00 NED oq nyesa Ta Kcla PA Rese sectarian pe ee TR RLSM Tra 500.00 Code 1545 Carfares: ASOT OPila ON oases my oeaetinins ain 2-0 ea Sota een $ 60.00 SHENG DENI Cle CaMate tater sired ale sie iaho ts albbagen Bea epeaamegeyre ey emeg 60.00 Code 1546 Expressage and Deliveries: DDL OpilallOlgee etc 0G bute acumen eames £ ~~ 300.00 Je) ssjnfela (21a Eeee ge ene ae eee ee PRN ELTON orate ctr 300.00 Code 1547 General Plant Service: PX DRO DEA Ole a yinds acess awd wnt ea eee ere $ 500.00 Expended ....... APE ec eRe 500.00 Code 1548 Contingencies : PSDDEOD UIE OU mtet oh e's rac a ahaa Se eee he Tey ears $ 100.00 |p -jalchate ((d.o 5 4 ate gaa eee na aE te Per wears ee) 100.00 Summary of Tax Budget Accounts: Appropriated Personal (Service .iavecitcees aves seapeinwes $ 82,660.00 Otliers COE es enniese sueas ares ead dhe ees costae 16,465.00 I eM rete saath duis curse gh dct Clee ee ees $ 99,125.00 ec OM Cle. 5a Anite da Scinq na ear ee eae ene eee 99,125.00 112 II. Private Funps Accounts 1. Endowment Fund ($50,500.00) Restricted: Income Account: INCOME TOSZ, 4 cpena arson oe eee en ese & rans aioe Sees $ 2,672.28 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 267.23 2,405.05 2,672.28 Transterred to Special Contributions. ....... $ 0.00 2. Life Membership Fund ($6,500.00) Restricted: Income Account: 3 $ 343.95 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 34.40 Transferred to Annual Membership Account 309.55 343.95 0.00 3. George C. Brackett Library Fund ($500.00) Restricted: Income Account: POOe Soe. sates ey it aha een ered ea $ 20.45 EE>' ai B1C1 U4 (<1 < rn iy ae ete $ 23.81 Transferred to Endowment Increment [und 2.64 26.45 $ 0.00 4. Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund ($13,417.20) Restricted: Income Account: Balance, January 1, 1932......0......0..0.. $ 1S DSO EI aac ary ee eaeatene oben nlieco eae 710.17 $ = 710.32 OT. eee ehh ok sec et onee eas $ 265.94 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Transferred to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fund 71.02 369.20 $ 706.16 $ 4.16 3alance, December 31, 1932............ 00.0 .0220--. Palanee, Jamdary 1 1932s cuitiesesedeeencaws $ 185.59 529.17 $ 714.76 RCRUCA. Gites i pagix tee staan entatetenes Transferred to [Endowment Increment Fund 229.52 52.92 282.44 Balance, December 31, 1932..........0........-02-. $ 432.32 * Restricted funds are those limited, by terms of gift, bequest, or solicita- tion, to the scientific and educational work of the Garden. 113 6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,697.00) Restricted: Income Account : Balances |anatcy = ly 002 sete crees mane em op AGL Encore; O82) Seat heer ae een tyccaicn ss thsctae oes seetos 1AZ 2 Miscellaneous caterer. he er tee eit eee eters 24107 $2 18397 ROTI CLECs ea ore esta teen ee er saa cr cera eeeress Se 50.00 Transferred to Endowment lneeertent Fund 14.27 64,27 Balance sDeccemberrg e052 o558 eect ere ene Ci el 9570 7. Alfred T. White Fund ($243,149.27) Restricted: Income Account: TIC OIE LO 9 2a ete pe aN sn cence nen. earners $ 12,866.64 seen ce ey 7 a arate terrencuruene tui, Saas a $ 139.87 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund — 1,286.66 Transferred to Special Contributions........ 11,440.11 12,866.64 $ 0.00 8. A. Augustus Healy Bequest ($9,798.31) Restricted: Income Account TRiCOme RO C2 oe eee ee eee tit edo a btu ere ee eee 518.48 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 51.85 Transferred to Special Contributions....... 466.63 518.48 $ 0.00 9. Robert B. Woodward Bequest ($25,000.00) Restricted: Income Account Ticore 2lOS2 ree sipaz emer en cr lee Ane rity Sesctevautey age $ 1,322.90 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 132.29 Transferred to Special Contributions....... 1,190.61 1,322.90 $ 0.00 10. Alfred T. White Memorial Tablet Fund ($3,889.85) Restricted: Income Account: TMG OIM C219 328 Oe REN te re oto a totes Oe Cm oN nut seen age $ 205.85 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ — 20.58 Transferred to Special Contributions....... 1e527 205.85 $ 0.00 11. Brooklyn Institute Centennial Fund B. B. G. Share ($30,000.00) vestricted: Income Account: TmGO mC ELLOS Ae fe etic restos alee aoe a eee Naw ne Ses 58 7250 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 158.75 Transferred to Special Contributions....... 1,428.75 1,587.50 $ 0.00 114 12. John D. Rockefeller, Jr, Fund ($250,000.00) Restricted: Income Account : Balance, January 1, 1932................... $ 2,457.69 PO Be coca} by aan oat ene oe ee 13,125.00 Transferred from B. S. Gager Memorial PRUNES. cere saie Uae aigokncecanp ears Ble log anetoiale s 369.20 Transferred from Collections Fund......... 302.40 $ 16,254.29 EXDENCEd, soe fee cote ls ive sck eed oe od ees $ 1,182.10 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund — 1,312.50 Transferred to Special Contributions....... 11,552.14 = 14,046.74 Balance, December 31 1932... ii.dda id Sede ee deeds $ 2,207.55 13. Citizens Endowment Fund ($253,929.26) Restricted: Income Account: LB Tort (cat B2 Fea negra a ie en een ogee a $ 13,331.28 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 1,333.13 Transferred to Special Contributions....... 11,9 098. IS 19,341,28 5 0.00 14. marae Membership. Restricted: Balance, January 1, 1932.....0.00..00........ $ 16.66 Received PROM: ig. 12. Corn and wheat capital, Litchfield Mansion, Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Designed 1855 b graph by Louis Buhle (8486 y Alexander J. Davis (cf. Fig. 15). Photo- Vig BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXII JULY, 1933 NO. 3 EXHIBITION OF PLANT FORMS IN ORNAMENT An exhibition illustrating the use of plant forms in ornament was opened on May 8, 1933, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New York Botanical Garden, the New York Public Li- brary, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden cooperating. The exhibi- tion will be open until September 10. The objects of art are from the collections of the Metropolitan Museum, and living plants of the kind from which the designs were derived are placed near the corresponding objects. The plants are supplied by the New York Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The New York Public Library has compiled a list of books of related interest to be found in the various libraries of New York City. The list is published in the Bulletin’ of The New York Public Library, beginning in June, classified so as to provide a background for the museum display and also a practical working list for students of ornament. ‘The list is classified under six main headings: plant forms as motives and patterns; plant forms in the applied arts; plant forms in the fine arts; plant forms in sym- bolism; plant forms as source material. During June, there was held in the American Museum of Nat- ural History an exhibit of patterns and motives of ornament de- rived from plants by students of three New York City High Schools—Girls Commercial High School, Brooklyn, and Textile High School and Washington Irving High School, Manhattan— and seven schools of design—Cooper Union Woman’s Art School, Grand Central School of Art, New York School of Applied De- — 1 Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 37: June, July, and August, 167 168 sign for Women, New York School of Design, New York School of Fine and Applied Art, Newark School of Fine and Industrial Art, and Pratt Institute School of Fine and Applied Arts. The fish in the pool of aquatic plants, which is the central object of the exhibit at the Museum, were supplied by the New York Aquarium. Thus six New York institutions have cooperated in the project, which has aroused widespread interest in educational and art circles. The two articles immediately following in this issue of the Recorp were published in the June and July issues of the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum, and the permission of the Museum to reprint them here is gratefully acknowledged. LITTLE-USED SOURCES OF PLANT FORMS FOR DiSiGN# From the time that man commenced to make pottery and to work in stone, plant forms have been used as a basis of design. Indeed some of the bas-reliefs on ancient stone structures and the designs on early pottery, or even the shapes which became the models for earthen vessels, form important sources of information for us in reference to the plants economically important to ancient man both in [eurasia and in America. In the distant past, as at present, some of the designs are so conventionalized that the actual origin of the idea is obscure, but in many cases it 1s perfectly ob- vious, whether plants, leaves, flowers, or fruits. Those who utilize plant forms in design are familiar with the uses and limitations of such works as Plauszewski’s Graines et plantes seches, Nierendorf’s Urformen der Kunst: photograph- ische Pflanzenbilder von Professor Karl Blossfeldt, and Hatton's Craftsman’s Plant Book, or Figures of Plants. The object of this brief paper is not to discuss the published sources generally known to artists and designers, but rather to point out some orig- inal sources which are accessible vet relatively little used. Everyone realizes that there is a wealth of material available in nature, but those who go to nature for their models or for their 1 Reprinted with permission from the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art, 28: 102-104. June, 1933. 169 cana eames as cee A os SAR SR Cee MANU THAR AI! UTA Ea Fig. 13. Corn capital, United States Capitol, Washington. in 1809 by Benjamin Henry Latrobe. (After Latrobe’s drawing. Repro- duced from History of the United States Capitol, by Glenn Brown.) Designed 170 ideas also know that in nature desirable forms are often widely scattered ; and for the city dweller it is no small task to locate in the country material that he or she may desire. Many plants, moreover, are seasonal, while others are very restricted in their range and occurrence. Few realize that there is assembled and available, in living form and as reference material, a great wealth of plant specimens within the limits of the City of New York, at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx and at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In both institutions distinct advantages are presented in the as- sembling, within limited areas, of great collections of plant species, so that one may find not only local plants but also exotics from all over the world. Attention is especially directed not so much to the plants growing out of doors as to the largely tropical, often bizarre plants cul- tivated in the garden conservatories; ferns and cycads, bananas and palms, orchids and bromeliads, showy flowering shrubs and attractive annuals, aquatic plants, cacti in multitudinous forms from the drier parts of North and South America, strange suc- culents from South Africa, and remarkable aroids from the tropics of both hemispheres. Nowhere in nature will one find assembled in such a compact area so many diverse forms as in these two botanical gardens. There is still another source that remains practically untouched, and that is the extensive collections of mounted specimens in the herbaria of these two institutions. In the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden there are approximately two million speci- mens, and in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden important collections of asimilar kind. While much of this material does not lend itself to the purpose under discussion, yet in special groups, such as the tropical ferns, many strange and attractive forms are represented. A few weeks ago an artist was looking up illustrations of oaks in our library. It developed that she had been commissioned to prepare a design for a dining-room ceiling, based on oak leaves and acorns representing species characteristic of the two hemi- spheres. The suggestion was made that she examine not the published illustrations alone but the herbarium material also. This idea proved to be of real service, because she thus had the choice LANE of several hundred species in convenient form, many of which have never been illustrated. In the microscopic forms of plant hfe such as the diatoms and desmids and other minute algae, in pollen grains, and in the ana- tomical structure of plant parts there are numerous other sources of design that have scarcely been utilized. One does not need to be a microscopist, however, to take advantage of this material, for here the adaptations can be made from the multitudinous published illustrations. ‘The macroscopic and microscopic fungi and_ the mosses, liverworts, and lichens present additional possibilities, as do buds and bud scales, leaf scars, the unfolding of young leaves, fruits, seeds, and even the structure of plant hairs in the higher plants. At both of the gardens, as well as at the Horticultural Society of New York, reference libraries are maintained, the contents of which are available to those who desire access to them.? Being specialized, these libraries naturally contain a great many works that are not to be found in other libraries in the city. The library of the New York Botanical Garden is particularly rich in sets of periodicals, in the older illustrated books appertaining to plants, including herbals, and in the sumptuously illustrated folios, such as complete sets of publications with plates by Redouté, Jacquin, Roxburgh, Willmott, Millais, Elwes, Berlese, and Sibthorp It is hoped that these suggestions may be of service to that large public interested in art, especially to those who wish to study plant forms as a basis of design. The resources of the two gardens are available to all who by training and experience are equipped to take advantage of what they have to offer. Both institutions are open every day during the year, including holidays and Sundays. and special permits are freely granted to artists who wish to sketch in the grounds and in the conservatories. Ee DD VieRRit tn. New York BoranicAL GARDEN. 2 The hbrary of the New York FRE Garden contains about 43,000 bound volumes, including over 600 illustrated folios; the Brooklyn Botanic Garden library, sea 18,000 bound eee S, raeredine a special library of more than 300 volumes of pre-Linnaean works and incunabula, rich in early examples of nen illustration and the use of plants as a source of design for title-pages, tail-pieces, rubrics, fleurons, and tooling on bindings. The ae of the Horticultural Society of New York has about 3000 volum [72 PLANT FORMS IN DESIGN? It is probable that the western rose window of the Cathedral of Chartres embodies the largest design based upon a plant form ever produced, its diameter over all being nearly forty-four feet. To a modern American this ought surely to be an interesting fact, for is it not an American trait to determine value by size? It is outside the scope of this brief article to show why the marvelous beauty of this rose window is not due to its size, or indeed how it challenged the utmost skill of the architect to keep the window beautiful while making it large enough to iluminate the unusually lofty vault of the cathedral. It may seem naive indeed for a mere botanist to make the flat statement in the bulletin of an art museum that the rose window of a cathedral, as its name implies, derives its form from the flower. But though all artists know this,? many laymen do not, so greatly does the design depart from the rose motive in some instances. In the cathedrals of the twelfth century, for example, as at Beauvais, rose windows were sometimes treated quite defi- nitely as wheels. This leads us to a fundamental principle—that imitation is not art. “The more closely nature 1s copied,” said Owen Jones, “ the farther we are removed from producing a work of art.”* In his Proposition 13 he stated that ‘“ Flowers or other natural objects should not be used as ornaments, but conventional representations founded upon them, sufficiently suggestive to convey the intended image to the mind, without destroying the unity of the object they are employed to decorate.” * And then he added, in italics: “ Uni- versally obeyed in the best periods of Art, equally violated when — pinch Art declines.” Possibly we find in Proposition 13 one reason why the Indian- corn column and capital which Latrobe designed for the lower vestibule of the Senate wing of the Capitol at Washington were never generally accepted by architects. So far as the writer 1 Reprinted, slightly altered, with permission, Bee the Bulletin of the ey Mecaus of Art, 28: 126-127. July, 193 2 Sot istorians of art, to be sure, deny that the ae of the so-called “rose ” rie was derived from the rose 8 The Grammar of Ornament, p. 154 4QOp. cit., p. 6 Y Tic. 14. Tobacco capital, United States Capitol, Washington. Designed 1817 by Benjamin Henry Latrobe. (After Latrobe’s drawing. Reproduced from History of the United States Capitol, by Glenn Brown.) 174 knows, there are only two other examples of Indian-corn capitals : those on the columns of the Playmakers’ Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, dating from 1850, and those on the porch columns of the Litchfield Mansion, Prospect Park, Brook- lyn, built about 1854. There are fourteen of the latter, hand carved in wood.° We are told that the ancient Egyptians tied their native plants to the wooden columns or posts of their primitive temples, and that these forms were transformed to stone as their civilization advanced and their art assumed a more permanent character. And yet here, as in the rose windows of Christian cathedrals, there was no slavish copying of nature—no attempt at faithful reproduc- tion. If a dozen Egyptian capitals were chosen at random, we might find no two alike; and yet, in each case, the design would be derived from the lotus or the papyrus. We find the acanthus used in a similar fashion by the Greeks, but with an endless number of variations and modifications. Apparently the “corn cob capital” did not appeal to American achitects as having possibilities in design, as did the papyrus and lotus to the Egyptians or the acanthus leaf to the Greeks. Why, we must leave it to the architects to answer. Possibly if the Indian corn (Zea Mays) had had a deep religious significance for us, as the lotus did for the Egyptians, we might have had a distinctive and possibly very effective, American order of architecture. Being eclectic in our religion, which was derived from the Jews, we also become eclectic in our architecture and drew on the Greeks. Plant forms in design range in size all the way from the great rose window of Chartres to Persian miniatures executed on so small a scale that a reading glass is needed to detect the beauty of their fine detail. And herein is a suggestion for a new source of design from the plant world—one which artists have scarcely tapped as yet, in fact, one of which many may be wholly ignorant, I refer to the very fine details of the structure of plant tissues and living substance (protoplasm) revealed only by the higher magni- fying powers of the compound microscope. Che material consists of the cross sections of roots and stems which show the cellular structure —_ under a still higher mag- ’ of architecture, p. 177 of this issue roc ) Pe » Notes ‘American Order of the Pyockivn ao inic Garden Rercorp. tS) nification, the details of the cells themselves, especially during the marvelously delicate changes of nuclear and cell division. The endless forms and combinations to be observed in this material would be specially appropriate for textile designs. They are so unlike anything ever seen by the naked eye or anything geometrical that the chances are infinitesimal that they could ever be evolved by pure imagination. In preparing sections of tissue for botanical study a microtome, or precision section cutter, is used. The slices are so thin that they are almost transparent and are therefore not easily seen without being stained. Different portions of the tissue or cell have affinities for stains of different color, three different colors being commonly used for one preparation. The result is, there- fore, an object which suggests a pattern for color as well as for design. Again, the surfaces of plant parts are frequently of rare beauty when seen under the lower powers of the microscope. The velvety petals of flowers, the epidermal growths on leaves and young stems, and the cellular details of the epidermis, or skin, of leaves may be cited as examples. In a preceding article Dr. Merrill has called attention to whole organisms of microscopic dimensions, such as the desmids, diatoms, and algae and many fungi and their parts, all of great beauty and quite unlike the forms and patterns presented by the higher plants to the unaided vision. Here, in fact, is a whole new worl which artists have hardly begun to explore—a Pandora’s box of riches for one seeking something quite novel in design. Camera lucida drawings and photomicrographs of such objects may be found in the publications in the library of any college or botanic garden. But best of all would be to make the acquaintance of some laboratory worker who is studying such material or using it in class work, and thus to observe it at first hand. In the joint exhibition of the Metropolitan Museum and the two botanic gardens none of this material is shown since, as stated above, such sources of design have rarely, 1f ever, been used by artists. The visitor who views this exhibition will, however, carry away at least one general impression, and that is of the great extent to which design is based upon plant life. And this impression 176 will be deepened if he pauses a moment to reflect as he goes about his daily rounds. One can hardly enter a room, or sit in a chair, or look at the table cloth as he eats, or put on a dress or a necktie, or observe a building or a railway coach, or read an advertise- ment, or use a coin or paper money, without consciously or un- fo, consciously acknowledging his indebtedness to the plant world as a source of design in art. The desire for ornament is substantially coexistent with the be- ginnings of civilization, and it is a cause for optimism that there seems to be an elemental human urge to make beautiful whatever is made. As plants present the most beautiful forms and com- binations of Iines and surfaces to be found in man’s environment, what is more natural than to use them as the basis of design ? Mr. Forest Grant has recently ® called attention to the fact that “the desire to create fresh patterns for use in the world’s indus- trial art has been leading our designers away from the plant forms which have so consistently furnished inspiration to the artists of all nations ”"—for exaniple, the lotus of the Egyptians, the acanthus of the Greek. “Phe machine age,” he says, machines, and purring motors, has furnished another sort of rhy- “with its cog wheels, riveting thm to those who are responsible for much of the art of today. Objects of steel and stone have been appearing in our textile de- sign with the same regularity with which they have appeared in our paintings, and murals. To many this movement away from nature has meant a loss in beauty of design which is much de- plored.” Perhaps it will not seem too elementary to emphasize again that plants do not furnish design directly. The object of the present exhibition is to illustrate how plants have been utilized as a source of design. Irom plants the artist may obtain ideas and ideals. for the plant world can hardly be surpassed for perfection of beauty. But the design itself must emanate from the brain of the artist; the plant world can only furnish the raw materials. What is needed is that artists shall not only make themselves familiar with classic designs, but also from time to time go directly to nature, comparing the established designs with the natural forms from which they were derived and making fresh observations. ® Bull. Metropolitan Museum of Art 28: 102. June, 1933, WAGE Through the study of plant forms one not only obtains suggestions as to details, but also learns the underlying principles of beauty, and by the application of these principles, not by merely copying what his eyes see, he may hope to produce something fresh and new in art. C. Stuart GAGER NOES TONGAN AVERT CAN ORDER: 2 3@r AROGH TEC TORE While the 1933 exhibition on Plant Forms in Design was being planned at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the writer happened to observe that the capitals of the porch columns on the Litch- field Mansion, Prospect Park, B ae (Fig. 12) derived their design from Indian corn (Zea Mays) and wheat (Triticum vul- gare). This recalled what was already known, namely, that there is a “corn capital’ in the Senate wing of the Capitol building in Washington. This is illustrated in Brown’s History of the United States Capitol,’ and the illustration is reproduced in this issue of the Recorp as figure 13. This capital was designed in 1809 by the architect, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who also later (1817) de- signed a “ tobacco capital” (Fig. 14) which was executed in stone and may be seen in the north or Senate wing Latrobe also originated a capital with the design based upon the cotton plant. This was never executed, but Latrobe’s draw- ings of it are on file in Washington. He proposed these designs as contributions to what he called an “ American Order ” of archi- tecture. While cotton is not an American plant, it is, of course, an important American crop Shortly after the corn capitals of the Litchfield Mansion were noted, the writer learned that there were similar capitals on the Playmakers’ Building, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill. Through the kind cooperation of Dr. W. C. Coker, pro- fessor of botany, and director of the arboretum at Chapel Hill, 1 The drawing of this ae on the front cover page of this issue of the Recorp is by Miss Maud H. 1h 2 Brown, Glenn. History ae the United ot Capitol. (U.S. 56th Con- lst Session. Senate Document No. Vashington. Goverment Prit inting Office. 1900. Designed North Carolina, Chapel Hill. , University of North Carolina.) sity of (Courtesy u [8] S ‘ES : Sy fas] on 7+ S . os ON a m= & St aa! mS « “a WY wo og &O ma ES u sae ou c a ea gg m 2 wr = anc Bose: 7 all 179 the writer was supplied with a photograph of the Playmakers’ Building (Fig. 15) and certain historical data concerning it. s with those in Brook- — On comparing the North Carolina capita lyn, they were seen to be practically identical, and it seemed certain that they must have been designed by the same man. Through Dr. Coker, it was learned that the architect of the North Carolina building was Alexander J. Davis, of New York City, whose work there was authorized by the University in 1850.% For a time all efforts to ascertain who was the architect of the Litchfield Mansion or the designer of its capitals were fruitless. Finally, the writer turned to the fountain head of all information concerning Long Island history, Miss Emma Toedteberg, librarian of the Long Island Historical Society. Miss Toedteberg “ hap- pened” to know that Mr. Joseph B. Davis, son of Alexander J. Davis, was living in White Plains, New York. From him it was learned that Mr. Alexander J. Davis was the architect of the Litch- field Mansion, thus confirming our inference that the mansion and the Playmakers’ Building were the work of the same man. The mansion was commenced in April, 1855. The drawings and much of the data connected with it form a part of the “ Davis Collec- tion” at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Mr. Davis was the architect of several of the older state capitols, and did architectural work for prominent citizens in twenty-three states. The only other capital of the “ American Order” that has come to the attention of the writer is the tobacco capital at Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson. This design is similar to, but not identical with, the one of Latrobe mentioned above. Ceracci’s bust of Jefferson, at Monticello, stands on a pedestal with this capital. The tobacco leaf is also employed in the “ rosettes” of the frieze in the small dining room at Monticello. Since Jefferson was an architect of recognized ability, it might be inferred that he was the designer of this capital, and that this design, therefore, ante- dated that of Latrobe, since Jefferson died in 1826. However, among the drawings in the collection of Thomas Jefferson Cool- idge, Jr., there is one (No. 149y) which is a sketch for a pedestal —v 3 Battle, Kemp Plummer. History of the University of North Carolina. Vol. I, p. 617. 1907-12. 180 having a maize capital. This is referred to by Kimball,! as “ uti- lizing Latrobe’s maize capital,” with a reference to a letter from Jefferson to Latrobe, dated August 27, 1816.2 From these data it seems a highly probable inference that the tobacco capital on the pedestal was also designed by Latrobe. No doubt evidence exists among the Jefferson or the Latrobe papers confirming this inference.—C, S. G. 1 Kimball, Fiske. Thomas Jefferson, Architect. Boston. Printed for private distribution, Riverside Press, Cambridge. ) 2 Jefferson Papers. oO — 0. Library of Congress. Ser. 2. Vol. 54, No. 81. Renae : ‘The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary PRESIDENT ‘FRANK L. BABBOTT PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND Wice: Paesiben WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER . SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH ~ BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Er ug JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CAR WILLIAM T. HUNTER’ WALTER H. Pica EDWIN P. MAYNARD GATES D. FAHNESTOCK | ALFRED E. MUDGE — MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK -_‘- THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GE NERAL INFORMATION -Memoersu 1p.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic: Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy spe- cial . privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yea: early ; Susiee Ae eereD, ne ; ce mb: be had by ead eeasing: The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Cater 1000 Washington Avenue, eee yn, N.Y. Sepia ne, . Beseiee t 9-6173, GARDEN is open tree to Da public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk ; on suns ae Holidays it is open ES.—On Flatbush Avene near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. 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XXII OCTOBER, 1933 NO. 4 PROSPECTUS OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1933-34 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES : BROOKLYN, N. Y. ntered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN _ Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff . C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., iene MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de RUhiversité (Paris), Curator of Plants EORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Caviior of Elementary Instruction NRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Plants MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., ecsient Curator of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honties Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art — ROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect - RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant in Charge H. DOROTHY JENKINS, A.B., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Research Assistant WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant — MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director NK STOLL, Reniirer and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer ELYN M. GAILER, Stenographer L. CONSTANCE PURVES, B.A., Stenographer BROOKLYN DeOmiaw Ne © GA DaaN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER CITY FOR THE AND THE ADVANCEM ENT SE uICE or TH OF BOTANY VOLUME XAIll 1933 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ROOKLYN, N LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII No. 1, JANUARY PAGE Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn 1932 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange) ] Notes to Accompany the Seed List—1932 ...............0. 00.00.0008. 14 No. 2, APRIL The Botanic Garden and the City .................045. Preceding page 17 Information Concerning Membership .................. Preceding page 17 Privileges of Membership ............. 00.0000 cc uewees Preceding page 17 Forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ....Preceding page 17 Twenty-Second Annual Report of the Brooklyn Bean ‘Gander 1932 17 IRepont ote them) 1reCtoie ae sane ied. ae pe ee 17 Reports onwkesearch: for 1932) siccei tied eka ee ene Bae oes 53 Reperieotstne: @urator of Public striction i.e i ee 67 Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction ................ 73 REDOLt ROMsteselel bra ty, ttre tore eee cs, corte rat A ie itk EN etn ea 82 Statistical Report on ne Tibia tpye geet eee toe 90 Reporte of the: Gurator of (Blantsss<3 ee ike al ae 91 Report of the Assistant Curator i 1S) Bhat carn cee ten eee re coat at 96 Report of the Horticulturist and Head Gardener ................ 102 Report of the Resident Investigator (Ferns) .................00. 108 Binanciale Statement. ton 1032 sea een oo nies te oats 110 “hac Budgets ACCOUNES Wt Neils seers nike ic mtths ) tart earns eds 110 2. Private Iunds ema Rey Seca) Ort Cre es ee nee ae ree oe 112 3. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1932 .......... 117 4 otes for Permanent Improvements ................. 118 Gifts Received During 1932 055 soe ee a ee 119 Publications by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1932 ...... 125 ctures, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1932 ...... 133 Report on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Publications, 1932 .......... 142 NEW Cela Poel Beth acy Gora tal b (cites bereearere att girs ark iA pica tieuer car eter emerer raster 144 Meetings of Organizations at the Garden, 1932 .................. 144 RepOtts Olle NOLGe ra piniGe \WiO Like Mea taee eres each eee ete crete at gyn 146 @fficers, of the: Boardvot amusteesy ree. some aie ees etors ten 147 einherss Of tthe BOATCE yeaa cies enna sen Rr cm LG chy tieays 147 Womans oAtixiliary: peste eee een serve eee Se eae rae ee wera dnstouetars 148 st 1 Aca el bo) age ee Mic ree unery, cot Ane Ss eee arene en ee a 150 Summary of Memberships: sect @ tr seercone ere acloletetes seuacuce eee ceuer 165 iv No. 3, Jury PAGI Exhibition of Plant Forms in Ornament ..............c0e00scceunees 167 Little-Used Sources of Plant Forms for Design .................... 168 Plant Forms in Design vo... 0000. ce tenet eee eeeeenyees 172 Notes on an “ American Order” of Architecture ....... 0.000. ce eee 177 No. 4. OcroBer Prospects ¢ 193334 3a eer eg wies CaO ieee ede eb w SP Re ae ee 181 Cooperation with Local Schools .... 0.00.00. cece cee eee eens 181 Bureau of Public Information .....0.0 000000000 ce cece eee es 185 ES OCONUEM: