BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN — - Scientific, Educational, SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The. Staff G. STUART hee Ph.D Se.D:, Pd.D,, Director 3 CALVIN: W. FOSS, B.L., Libeates Een eau: FREE, Horticulturist’ ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator’ of Public inition ALFRED GUNDERSEN, ‘Docteur de Université. (Paris); Curator of Plants GEORGE’ M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant’ Patholo ogy... ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S. Curator: of Elementary: Instruction and © Ad ministrative Officers a ‘HENRY BAUS SVENSON, PhD., Assistant Curator ot Plants Baia Bae Other Officers : ee MARY. AVERILL, toner, Curator of: Fopanese Gardening ae oral Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect’ RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT," PhD, ' Resident Iniestgator | MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., “Acting Assistant: Curator: of Elementary Instruction HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B. Tasiediior FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor. meen HESTER M. RUSK, A.M, Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, 8B, 35 M3S., ‘Research Assistant BELLE H. BURR, -A:B., ‘Curotorial Assista ant ‘EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, bee Roce : “MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assista ottobre t H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistont . LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer ADMINISTRATIVE pga C. DOWNS, .S: ecretary and. Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary “NORMA SEORFEL BANTA, _Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD. A.M;; Sepstoryt to the Director FRANK STOLL) Registrar. and Custodian bleed ne H. DURKIN, Rees Seerdtary. URA.M. BREWSTER, Stenoorapile: PAULINE S. LEHMAN, B.A; Stenographer L. CONSTANCE. PURVIS, B.A,, Stenographer HILDA VILKOMERSON, ‘Stenggrabher: EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, s ore Fic. 14. Villa d’Este, Tivoli. Viale delle Cento Fontane. (6977.) BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XX JANUARY, 1931 NO. 1 REPORT ON A EUROPEAN TRIP OF THE DIRECTOR To THE BoTrANic GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: At its meeting on April 22, 1930, the Governing Committee au- thorized the director, as a delegate from the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, to attend the International Horticultural Congress in London, August 7-15, and the Fifth International Botanical Congress in Cambridge, England, August 16-23. The trip was planned so as also to afford opportunity to visit a number of European botanic —' gardens. Leaving New York by S. S. Lapland on Friday p.m., July 11, I landed at Cherbourg on Sunday, the 20th, and proceeded via Paris to Berne, inspecting the botanic garden there on July 21. This garden is located on a sloping terrace overlooking the River Aare, and the planting is laid out on the systematic basis. Pro- fessor Dr. Ed. Fischer has been the director for over twenty-five years. The Botanischer Garten and Botanisches Institut are de- partments of the Hochschule Bern and the garden, like our own, renders a valuable service to the local schools in the supply of study material, and also encourages the visits of classes with their teach- ers. The alpine section is an important feature, and the Garden has a cooperative agreement with the Alpengarten Schynige Platie by the terms of which the former has charge of the scientific and horticultural work. Several specimens of Yew (Taxus baccata) growing spontaneously in a dry wall and in natural cracks of a rock, along the northwest side of the garden are of much interest. The trees are many years old, and the sowing of the seeds in the 1 A cracks of the wall have been attributed by Dr. R. Stager to nut- hatches (Sifta caesia). The Swiss botanist, De Candolle, once wrote: Itahe, a laquelle ?Europe doit presque toutes ses meilleures insti- "C'est a cette tutions, qu’ elle doit aussi les Jardins de Botanique.” And so it is; for the oldest existing botanic gardens are in Italy. It was Italian universities that first developed botanic gardens as a part of their botanical departments, primarily to facilitate the teaching of botany. These gardens are, therefore, today of great historical importance and interest. The Italian itinerary follows. Italian Botanic Gardens I'rom Berne we proceeded to Padua wa Milan. ‘The public gar- den at Milan is locally commonly called a botanic garden. It con- tains many very beautiful but unlabeled trees, and the place serves only as a public park, Padua The Keale Orto Botanico di Padova, next visited, is perhaps the oldest existing botanic garden in the world, having been established on the site where it now is, by a decree of the Kepublic of Venice of June 29, 1545. It was here that Pier Andrea Saccardo, the most noted systematic mycologist of modern times, did his work while director from 1878 until his death, February 12, 1920. Sac- cardo’s herbarium is now the priceless possession of this garden. Here also is found the oldest plant under cultivation in a botanic a specimen of the Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus- — garden in the world castus). This tree was planted in 1550, five years after the garden was established, and is therefore 380 years old. It is 1.8 meters in circumference. Here are the historically interesting *? Palate at Goethe "—Chamacrops humilis (about 310 years old and 10 me- * (about 135 years old ters high), and the “ Bignonia di Goethe and 8 meters high). These plants were studied by the poet Goethe in the preparation of his philosophico-botanical work, Die A/eta- morphosen der Pflanzen. The first Magnolia grown in Italy 1s at Padua, as are also a Deodar (Cedrus Deodara) 100 years old, and a fine specimen of the California Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea), planted in 1850, and — < a large Araucaria cxcelsa, planted in 1840, pressing against the roof of a glass house built specially for it and containing nothing else. Also an interesting specimen of the Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba), planted in 1750 and with a large pistillate branch 7. oat aon Fic. 15. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Goethe’s Palm (Chamacrops hiu- milis), planted in 1585. The palm is completely enclosed in the glass house in winter. (6971.) grafted onto the staminate trunk, thus bearing both kinds of flow- ers, and so artificially monoecious. This garden is affliated with the University of Padua, and the present director is Professor Giuseppe Gola. At the Padua Garden is one of the largest known collections of vortraits of botanists, dating from the first half of the thirteenth century. John Evelyn, the Diarist and author of the famous Silva (London, 1664), studied here in 1643, and we may note, in passing, — that Padua (the ancient Patavium) was the birthplace of the Roman historian, Livy. 4 Bologna The botanic garden at Bologna, next visited, was established by the Senate of Bologna in 1567 under the initiative of Uliss1 Aldro- vandi (1522-1605), who was made its first director and so con- tinued for 38 years (1567-1605). He was a pupil of Ghini. The present director of the garden is Professor L. Buscaliont. On the wall of the botanical lecture room of the University of Bologna 1s the following quotation from the Philosophical Botany of Lin- naeus: AMethodus naturalis ultiinus finis botanices est et erit. Florence In Florence, next visited, there are, in addition to the Botanic Gardens, the Reale Instituto Forestale di Villombrosa, the Arboreto Tozzie Siemoni, and the Gardino 3oboli, famous for its topiary work, Unfortunately these gardens were closed during our very brief stay in Florence, but since the accounts of the founding of the Florence garden, as given by different writers, have not always been easy to harmonize (especially with reference to Ghini and the Pisa garden), it seems best to give a brief summary here, for which I have drawn fully on Saceardo’s La botanica in /talia. Cosmo | entrusted the foundation of a botanic garden to Luca Ghini. There are no official documents by which the exact date may be fixed, but Ghini was lecturer on simples in Pisa in 1544 and founded that garden in 1547. The Florence garden is known to have been in existence in 1557, having been planted in the vicin- ity of San Marco. Subsequently it was neglected, but in 1718 it was flourishing again under the care of the botanical society of Florence. That society united with the Academy of Agriculture in 1783, and the garden became transformed into an agricultural experiment garden. Some years before (in 1737) Giovanni Tar- gionl-Tozzetti created a chair of botany at the natural history museum, and a portion of the Boboli garden was annexed to the botanic garden. At that time the old botanic garden of San Mareo became again a garden of simples. In 1883 the agricultural experiment garden was converted into an educational botanic gar- den, and shortly thereafter the botanical museum of Sobol was moved to the new San Marco building. Rome The director of the Reale Orto Botanico and of the Instituto Botanico of the University of Rome is Prof. Enrico Carano. It was not easy to find this garden. In many European cities the Itc. 16. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus-castus), planted in 1550. The oldest known plant growing in any botanic garden in the world. (6967.) 6 words “ Botanic Garden” or their equivalent in the language of the country, mean * Public Garden,” and sometimes the taxicab driver, accustomed to sight-seeing tourists, cannot quite believe that one really wishes the botanic garden, which commonly holds little of interest for the average “tripper.’ So when we said ims +9 Orto Botanico”’ to the taxi driver in Rome he said “ Si,” and Fic. 17. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Herbaceous beds. The highest ree in the central background is a Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria ex- celsa). (6969.) promptly took us to the Borghesi Gardens, quite like one of our American public parks, and devoid of anything of botanical in- terest. We then showed him a map of the city of Rome, such as is commonly on sale in the city, and pointed to the words “ Boran- ICAL GARDENS,” printed in large and small capital letters, near the Coliseum. Shortly we drove up to that place, only to find a vacant and abandoned lot, in which were growing a few half dead trees, poet and various weeds. Inquiry from policemen and facisti (who were everywhere) and from proprietors of stores and_ others GE brought no information except how to reach the Borghesi Gardens! 3efore starting out another day we found that the entrance to the Orto Botanico is at via Milano 75. This garden, of 5 hectares in area, was given to the city of Rome about 47 years ago by Prince Corsini. It is the direct descendant of the first scientific garden established at Rome in 1566 by Michele Mercati, probably under the guidance of his teacher and friend Cesalpino, who, in turn, was a pupil of Ghini. A school for the training of gardeners was started here in 1927 by the head gardener (capa technica), Oronato Traverso, who graciously acted as our guide. About 50 pupils are now enrolled, and the first class graduated this year. Tuition is gratis, and the director of the school is Prof. Bruno Braschi. The garden is laid out on the systematic plan, and contains an old 15th Century fountain, Villa d’Este In addition to the botanic garden, the Villa d’Este (now a public monument) was also visited. As is well known, this Renaissance Villa includes one of the most lovely gardens in the world, probably being unequalled in its elaborate and almost unbelievably beautiful development of fountains. These were made possible by con- structing a subterranean canal under the city of Tivoli, thus sup- plying the garden with an almost unlimited quantity of water from the river Aniene (Anio). This supply was supplemented by an aqueduct which ane additional water over the mountains. The planting is so arranged as to form a perfect setting for the foun- tains and statues. One can hardly believe his eyes as, spellbound, he beholds this richness of beauty and loveliness. The designer was G. Alberto Galvani. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden library has enlarged views of the Villa in Forbes’ Architectural Gardens of Italy, presented to the library last year by Miss Louise and Mr. Charles ae er, of Brooklyn. Naples The botanic garden of Naples, with an area of about 13 hectares is beautifully situated on a sloping site. The laboratory buildings were badly cracked by the earthquake which occurred only a few days before our visit. New buildings are expected in the near 8 future. Emphasis is placed on the section of medicinal plants, used in connection with the instruction of classes in pharmacy and medicine. A “garden of simples” existed in Naples as early as 1062. The establishment of the real botanic garden of the present was decreed in 1796, but was not actually begun until 1809, under the direction of Michele Tenove, who continued as its director from 1810 to 1860. The largest section is the arboretum. Pisa The garden next visited was the Reale Orto Botanico della R. Universita di Pisa. Whether the Padua or the Pisa garden is the older is a disputed point. According to C. Fedeli (Atti Soc. Tose. sc. nat. proc. verb. p. xxvu, pp. 8-20, 1918) the Pisa garden was founded in 1544, one year before Padua, but Roberto De Visiani, director of the Padua garden from 1836 to 1878, and his successor Pier Andrea Saccardo, insist on a later date (subsequent to 1545). Mattiolus, in the Preface to the 1559 Italian edition of his Com- mentaries on Dioscorides (Lf Discorsi ne t sei Libri di Pedacio Di- oscoride Anagarbeo della Materia Medicinale), wrote as follows: eer a Che most illustrious and most serene Venetian Senate, through the persuasion of the most excellent college of physicians of Padua and other most noble and divine doctors, a few years previously conceived and constructed in the most beautiful city of Padua a sumptuous garden (giardino) for the use of the public and the em- bellishment of medicine. . . . Moved by that, the most excellent Cosmo, Duke of Florence, at the special behest of the noted physi- cian, Luca Ghini, has caused to be constructed another like garden in the very ancient city of Pisa where, due to the work of its founder, there are growing today many rare plants which hitherto had never been found in Italy—imaintained for the convenience and public adornment of doctors, scholars, and any others who delight 7 in those things. From this passage of a contemporary Italian botanist,? writing before this had become a mooted question, it would seem to be 1 Mattioli was born in Siena, March 23, 1500, and died at Trieste in 1577. The passage translated above is from page 2 of the Preface of an Italian edition (Venice, 1559), a copy of which is in the library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The wording of this passage varies somewhat in the dif- an ferent editions. 9 a" fairly well established that the garden at Padua was inaugurated first and the one at Pisa shortly thereafter. As Professor Longo, the present director of the Pisa garden has said, since the date 1545 for the founding of the Padua garden is substantiated by official documents, and since, up to the present, no documents have been discovered substantiating 1544 as the date of foundation of the Pisa garden, it may be necessary to continue “ the noble contest for priority between the two cities without a definite conclusion, with the certainty, however, that it is the glory of Italy to the first university botanic garden.” ? — lave instituted We may add that a due portion of this glory should be recog- nized as belonging to Luca Ghini (b. 1500; d. 1556) who, as noted above, was also instrumental in bringing about the establishment of the Padua garden as well as the botanic garden in Florence in 1550. He became the first director of the Pisa garden in 1547, being suc- ceeded by his pupil, Andrea Cesalpino from 1554 to 1558. Ces- alpino and Aldrovandi, the first director of the Bologna garden, were the first (or perhaps the first after their teacher Ghini) to form a herbarium, Cesalpino’s book De Plantis (Florence, 1583) is credited with having inaugurated the era of modern botany, while his instructor, Ghini, was one of the greatest teachers of botany of all time, pupils flocking to him from all over Europe. Surely to have had these two men as directors is glory enough to make any botanic garden fairly indifferent as to whether it was the first or the second to be established. The names of Ghini and his famous pu- pil, Cesalpino, are on the Laboratory building of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. pany Among items of interest seen at Pisa may be mentioned the large wax models of the flowers of the “ Zucca” or Gourd (Cucurbita Pepo), and longitudinal and cross sections of the ovary showing the germination of the pollen-grains on the stigma, and the growth of the pollen-tubes through the tissues of the style. This model was made by Calamai under the direction of the now famous botanist, Amici (1786-1803), for the latter to use at the First Convention of Italian Scientists, held at Pisa in 1839. At this meeting Amici not only demonstrated the germination of pollen and the course of * Longo, Biagio. Le Piante pice notevoli del R. Orto Botanico di Pisa. Pisa, 1922. Fic. 18. Wax Model showing flowers of the “ Zucca” or gourd (Cucur- bita Pepo), and details of structure of the ovary showing the entrance of the pollen tube into the embryo-sac, as discovered by Prof. B. G. Amici in 1830. Modeled under his direction. (6972.) il the tube down through the tissues of the style to and into the em- bryo-sac through the micropyle, but also evidence that the pollen- tube delivered the fertilizing or fecundating matter to the primor- ditm of the embryo (now called egg-cell or egg), already existing in the embryo-sac, fertilizing it, and thus initiating the development of the embryo. Prior to Amici’s investigations the German bot- anist, Schleiden, and others had held that the embryo arises in the end of the pollen-tube and is merely carried by it to the embryo-sac for further development. This wax model, in colors, is of very perfect execution, showing the histological details with great clear- ness. It is, of course, of the greatest historical interest and impor- tance. Without this discovery of Amici the whole modern sciences of genetics and eugenics would have been impossible. The model bears the following inscription: “ Preparasioni in cera demonstranti la fecundazione nella piante scoperta da Giovanni Pa ene e da lui esibite nella adunanza del / Octobre 1839 in occasione della prima Reunione degli Sci- ensiatt Italiani tenuta in Pisa. Opera dell’ artifici Luigi Calamai.” Among the plants of interest were a Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba), > tt an ee but now moribund; a Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), 5 ft. in diameter; a lovely clump of big Bamboo (Phyllostachys eer ce ; and a Magnolia grandiflora, 30 inches in diameter. Grape vines were grown for the purpose of securing shade for other plants. The garden has, besides its sci- entific staff (a director and two assistants), one head gardener and 5 gardeners. About 125 students of agriculture, medicine, and eae study each year at the garden. We were greatly in- debted to Dr. Ugolino Martelli, Professor in the University of Pisa and one of the assistants at the garden, who acted as guide and made our visit most pleasant and profitable. en Fy Genoa The Genoa garden (Orto Botanico della R. Universita di Ge- nova), was established in 1803, a small garden along the north side of the Palazzo Universatario, under the directorship of Domencio Viviani until 1839, It was here that I'rederico Delpino, the third director (1872-1884), carried on his well-known and valuable studies on the cross-pollination of flowers. Here also Ottone 12 Penzig (fifth director, 18860-1929; deceased March 6, 1929), did yodied in his two volumes on flanzenteratologic. Spang the work em The original small garden was enlarged from time to time by the addition of adjacent land, and in 1890 Thomas Hanbury (see under La Mortola, below), friend and admirer of Penzig, provided the University of Genoa with funds for the erection of a building to house the school, laboratories, museum, and other collections of the Instituto Botanico. In accordance with the only condition at- tached to the gift, the institute is known as the Instituto Botanico Hanbury. The building was dedicated in 1892 during the meeting in Genoa of an International Botanical Congress. The botanical museum, like the garden, is open at specified times to the public. The present director of the garden is Prof. Augusto Beguenot (1929- La Mortola A railroad journey of about four hours west from Genoa brings one to Ventimiglia, near the lranco-Italian frontier. A short automobile ride west of Ventimiglia brings one to La Mortola, the beautiful private garden developed by Thomas Hanbury, sq. (later Sir Thomas Hanbury, K.C.V.O.), an Englishman, the bene- factor of the Genoa botanic garden, and known the world over as a patron of horticulture and botany. The entrance gate is 338 ft. above the sea, and the gardens slope from that point down to the Palazzo Orengo, nearly 200 ft. below, and from there down to the ocean, which is in full view from various vantage points. The property was taken over by Hanbury in 1867, The garden has an area of about 59 acres, and has been developed in a strictly naturalistic treatment into a place of rare beauty and horticultural en, but experi- fu interest. It is not, strictly speaking, a botanic gar¢ ments have been carried on here for many years for the purpose of trying out the hardiness of plants from all over the world in such a dry climate, with soil only moderately fertile. A portion of an old Roman road, the Via Aurelia, built in the year 13 B.C. to connect Albingaunum (Albenga) with Nicaea (Nice) extends through the garden, and has been carefully pre- served. A stone tablet states that along this ancient road passed Pope Innocent IV, 7 May 1251; Catherine of Sienna, June 13706; Nicolo Machiavelli, May 1511; Charles V, Emperor, November 13 1536; Pope Paul III, 1538; and Napoleon Bonapart, 3 April, 1796. Engraved on stone in the garden is this quotation from the Martial, Book IV, Ep. 29: Rara juvant: primis sic major gratia pomis, hibernac pretium sic meruere rosae. (Rare things delight: thus the earliest fruits give most pleasure, and winter roses bring the highest price.) It would require a book of many pages to describe the features in this garden of interest to the student and lover of plants—the wonderful cypresses and other evergreens, the enormous specimens of Aloe and century plants (4gave), deciduous trees of many kinds, ferns and flowering plants, grapes and fruit trees, vines and rock garden plants, Euphorbias and oranges to make a garden of su all arranged so as oreme beauty, as interesting to the landscape architect as the individual plants are to the horticulturist and bot- anist. There were broad masses of Iris, planted along walks that extended between two rows of trees. — — Though not a botanic garden, as that term is now understood, La Mortola has a botanical library of some 1500 volumes and 600 pamphlets ; a herbarium of about 30,000 specimens, and a museum. The garden publishes a seed list, and has distributed without charge as many as 12,000 packets of seeds in one year. It was established in 1867 and the present owner is Commendatore Cecil Hanbury, K.C.V.O., F.L.S., F.R.H.S. The library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden me a copy of the en ere Congratulatory Address to Sir Thomas Hanbury which was presented to Sir Joseph Hooker by Lady Hanbury. This address, beautifully engrossed, was to have been presented to Sir Thomas on his 75th birthday, June 21, 1907, but his death occurred on the 9th of March preceding. I cannot close this account of visits to the gardens of Italy with- = out grateful acknowledgment of the cordial reception and uniform courtesy everywhere extended. On account of its being vacation time for the colleges most of the garden directors were absent for field work, conventions, or vacation, but everything possible was done by those in temporary charge to make the visits pleasant and profitable. Many delightful and advantageous contacts were estab- lished, publications and information obtained, and arrangements made for the exchange of publications, seeds, and other material. 14 French Gardens Grenoble From Ventimiglia we proceeded by train to Nice and thence, via La route des Alpes, by auto-bus to Grenoble. The Jardin des Plantes here is affliated with the botanical institute of the Uni- versity of Grenoble. The herbaceous garden is arranged on the Systematic basis. Small rectangular concrete tanks built into the — 1rerbaceous beds provide for aquatic plants in the same bed as their “dry” land relatives. Clumps of rock are also placed in the herbaceous beds to provide for saxatile species in their systematic sequence. ‘The systematic beds have borders of labelled horti- cultural varieties that may or may not be related botanically to 1 to the appearance of the — the species in the beds. This adds muc garden. About half of the garden, containing trees and shrubs, serves also as a public park, and is apparently much used as such by the public. The garden was established in 1899; it has an alti- tude of 2075 meters, and an area of about ten acres. It is divided into the following sections : l. A large area, scattered with rocks, simulating a small valley, traversed by a rivulet which empties into a small pond. This sec- tion is devoted specially to the flora of Lauteret, the classic Alpine ground of botanists. 2. A large area, comprising the systematic collection, is devoted to the flora of the western Alps in general. 3. All the rest of the garden 1s divided into eight regions, each built up of a collection of rocks, and devoted, respectively, to the follow- ing botanical regions: a. Jura (caleareous rocks); 6. Pyrinees; c. Mountains of the Mediterranean region; d. Caucasus and Ural; >, Eastern Alps and Carpathians; f. Himalaya, Tibet, Altai, Sibe- ria; g. Arctic regions; /. Miscellaneous mountain regions. The University of Grenoble maintains two other Alpine gardens —Chaumusse (altitude 1850 meters), established 1892; and Vil- -’Arenes (1675 meters), established 1899, ~ — larc Paris From Grenoble we proceeded to Paris and re-visited the Jardin des Plantes which we first visited in 1927. It is not essential fully to describe here this famous garden, which has been so often de- 1b scribed, except to note that its plantations are arranged on the sys- tematic basis, nearly the entire area being given up to beds and walks, with no lawn. The garden, of about 58 acres, founded in 1626, as the Jardin Royal or Jardin du Roi, is of great historical interest. The famous Lamarck held a botanical appointment here from 1788 until 1793 when the Convention of June reorganized it, changed the name to Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, and shortly thereafter established a zoological park. The famous sev- enteenth century botanist, J. P. de Tournefort (1656-1708) was professor in the Jardin du Roi under Louis XIV. It may be re- called that his /nstitutiones rei herbariae (1700), was the first book in which characters were assigned to genera, and was the standard authority until Linnaeus. Tournefort was succeeded in 1708 by Antoine de Jussieu. The herbarium contains the collections of the Jussieus—Antoine Laurent (nephew of Antoine) and his son Ad- rien, and of Auguste de St. Hillaire. The systematic section of the garden is arranged after the Jussieu system of classification. The Porte d’Austerlitz, the main entrance, opens to the Espla- nade Lamarck, on which there is a statue of Lamarck erected in 1908 with funds provided by universal subscription. On the front of the pedestal is the inscription, du Fondateur de la Doctrine de Evolution, and under the bas relief the following: La postérité vous adnurera,; Elle vous vegnera, mon pere. Among plants of special interest in the Paris garden is a large Cedar of Lebanon, with a label stating that it is one of the two first trees brought from England by Bernard de Jussieu (brother of Antoine and uncle of Antoine Laurent) in 1734, and therefore now nearly 200 years old. These trees are said to have been given to Jussieu by the English botanist, Collinson. A visit was made to the gardens at Fontainebleau, and the Baga- telle rose garden was revisited, but not the Roseraie de lV Hay les Roses, which I saw in 1927. Pére Lachaise Cemetery The famous Paris cemetery of Pere Lachaise is of considerable botanical interest for it contains the graves of numerous French scientists, including the zoologist, Jeffroy St. Hillare (protagonist for the doctrine of evolution against the non-evolutionist, Cuvier, 16 just one hundred years ago this year), and Parmentier, who intro- duced the potato into France, and succeeded in getting it generally accepted as a food-plant. His name is perpetuated in parmenticre, the synonym for pommie-de-terre. His modest monument in the Pere Lachaise cemetery bears the following inscriptions : On the north side: “ Wonument élevé a la mémoire d’ Antoine Augustin Parmentier par les pharmaciens civils et militaires de France, ses Eleves, ses Anis, ses Collegues.” ie On the east side: Bas-relief of a grapevine (left), a still (cen- ter), and a basket of potatoes (right). On the day of our visit (or shortly before) some admirer had laid a large potato on this face of the tombstone. On the south side: “ Jer repose Antoine Augustin Parmentier— Pharmacien—Membre de UInstitut de France—du Conseil Gen- eral des Hospices Civils de Paris—L’un des Inspecteurs Generaur du Service de Sante des Arines—O fficier de la Legion d’Honneur —Neé a Montdidicr en 1737—Mort a Paris en 1813.” On the west side: In bas-relief a wheat plant (left), a plow with large wheels (center), a plant of Indian corn (right). At the top a bust of Parmentier in bas-relief. These emblems all signify the various ways in which Parmentier introduced improvements in agriculture and in the dietary of the French army and nation. There is in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den a bronze tablet in memory of another member of the Parmen- tier family, who established the second commercial nursery on Long Island and the first institution in Brooklyn to be called a botanic garden. Ninth International Horticultural Congress From August 7th to 15th I attended the Ninth Annual Inter- national Horticultural Congress in London, as delegate from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Horticultural Society, the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, and the National Institute of Social Sciences. There was a large and representative attendance, and the meetings were held in_ the Society’s own buildings, admirably adapted for such a purpose and also for public horticultural exhibits. One could not help jaar contrasting the flourishing condition of organized horticulture in WE England—the Royal Horticultural Society, with its more than 27,000 members, as of Nov. 12, 1929, 2437 elected in 1929, its ample buildings, its endowment of over £38,900, assets of over £256,000, and its annual budget for 1929 of over £53,000—with the condition at home, where, for example, the New York Horticul- tural Society has only 2200 members, annual budget of $126,000 (1929), an endowment fund of $20,000 (1929), and has available only rented quarters for its offices, meetings, lectures, and exhibits. This contrast is due, in part, to the fact that the Royal Horticul- tural Society was established 120 years ago (1804), in a country whose civilization was old before America was discovered, and is the only horticultural society in Great Britain; whereas the New York Horticultural Society was established only twenty-eight years ago (in 1902), in a country of new civilization, where there are also several other similar organizations in adjacent states. But, —_— notwithstanding, America makes a poorer showing than England in proportion to total and per capita wealth and total population. Fortunately, the situation is steadily improving in America, where interest in ornamental gardening and all aspects of horticulture is constantly increasing. The Congress was held by the invitation of the Royal Hort- cultural Society and under the auspices of the International Com- mittee for Horticultural Congresses, with H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, K.G., as ake The president of the Horticultural Society is Mr. G. W. E. Lowder, F.L.S., and the success of the Congress was due in ae measure to the efficient work of the secretary of the Society, Mr. F. R. Durham, C.B.E., M.C., and his able assistant secretary, Mr. A. Simmonds, N.D.H. The honorary secretary was Dr. M. J. Sirks, of Wageningen, Hol- land. The scientific programs on August 8-13, were devoted largely to practical matters, and were grouped under the three general headings of Propagation, Pomology, and Tropical and Sub-Tropi- cal Horticulture. It was interesting to note that many (perhaps a majority) of the papers might with equal propriety have been given on the program of a botanical convention. The centrifugal tendency among the plant sciences during the past twenty-five years has, in the opinion of the writer, been unfortunate and inimicable 18 to the best interests of all concerned. The essential unity of in- terest and problems was emphasized by the nature of the papers on this program, and we hope the future may bring about a closer rapport in organization, nomenclature, and otherwise among all the various aspects of pure and applied botany and its various or- ganized groups. A lecture on “ The Educational Work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,” given on the afternoon of August 13th by the Director, e discus- 1e = was very well attended, and was followed by considerab Among the various excursions planned for the Congress t — sion. Director attended those to the Royal Horticultural Society’s beau- tiful gardens at Wisley; Messrs. James Carter & Co.’s Trial Grounds, Raynes Park; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the Hampton Court Gardens, all of which yielded many ideas and ideals and much inspiration to be applied in the further develop- ment of our own Garden. There were of course the usual receptions and teas, including a reception by H. M. Government at Lancaster House on the eve- ning of the eighth, and a complimentary dinner given by the Royal Horticultural Society to the official delegates in Greycoat Street Hall on the eleventh. The meetings closed with a Flower Show in Greycoat Street Hall (the exhibition hall of the Society) from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on the fifteenth. This was a remarkably beautiful exhibit. Horticultural Nomenclature The following resolution of the committee on nomenclature is of special interest : ‘A list of names valid at the time it is made should be drawn up and should be good for, say, six years. It 1s imperative that this list should follow strictly the rules of botanical nomenclature so far as species and botanical varieties are concerned, and that the names of plants generally accepted as conformable to the rules at the time of the making of the list should alone be used. All per- sonal preferences and individual usage must be sunk if not in con- formity with these rules. This list should be used universally in catalogues, horticultural literature, and gardens for a fixed period. An international committee should be appointed to revise this list in the light of botanical research at intervals of six years. Such 19 alterations as are admitted at these revisions should be shown therafter in catalogues for the next period with the superseded name as synonym.” Irurther resolutions provided as follows: Names of horticultural varieties should, as far as possible, consist of a single word, and at most only three words are permitted. Varietal names in use for a variety of cne kind or genus of plant should not be used again for another variety of the same genus even in connection with another species. The varietal name should follow the specific name with or without the abbreviation “ var.” preceding it. The varietal name should not be in Latin unless it designates some character of the plant (e.g., nanus, albus), or its place of ori- gin (kewensis). Latinized proper names for varieties is not per- mitted. Thus, Victoria regia Tricker is the approved form, not Victoria regia Trickeri; Dianthus deltoides var. Brilliant (not bril- liantissimus). The prefixes Mr., Mrs., Miss, and their equivalents shou avoided, and also the articles “A” and “ The,” except in lan- guages where they form an integral part of the substantives (e.¢., “Giant,” not “The Giant’; but Pelargonium peltatum La rance). Iéxisting names need not be altered to conform to the new rules, but they apply to all new names proposed. During the week of the Congress the rooms of the Linnean So- ciety, Burlington House, Picadilly, were open as the London Re- ception Room of the Botanical Congress. These rooms, and also those of the Royal Society, also in Burlington House, were open for inspection by Congress members from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on August 14th and 15th. Among the priceless treasures exhibited 1e original M.S. of Linnaeus’s Species ss d be — by the Linnean Society was t Plantarum, Fifth International Botanical Congress On August 16-23 I attended the Fifth International Botanical Congress at Cambridge, under the presidency of Prof. A. C. Sew- ard, Master of Downing College, and head of the Botany School at Cambridge. Sessions for the reading and discussion of scien- tific papers were held every morning and afternoon in the various rooms of the botany school. A reception was held on the evening of the 16th in St. John’s College by the kind invitation of the Mas- 20 ter and I*ellows, and an organ recital was given on Sunday evening, the 17th, in the beautiful chapel of King’s College. The evenings were devoted to popular lectures, and honorary degrees were con- ferred by the Vice-Chancellor of the University in the Senate — louse on the afternoon of August 20. A garden party was held at Downing College on the afternoon of the 20th by the kind invitation of the Master and Mrs. Seward, tea being served in the gardens. Delegates were presented to the President of the Con- egress at a plenary meeting at 6:15 p.m., on August 20. The final 1 1¢°.23d. pears ann — at noon on t lenary meeting was helc 2 oS Botanical Nomenclature Perhaps the most important work accomplished at this congress was the revision of the rules of botanical nomenclature. Hitherto different systems of nomenclature have been followed in different countries—the so-called “ American Code” by some (though not 1) botanists in the United States, and the “Vienna Code,” adopted at the Vienna Congress in 1905 in other countries. The — a result has been unsatisfactory, and a hindrance to the advance- ment of systematic botany. At the Congress of Botanists held in Ithaca, N. Y., in 1925, the Cambridge Congress was charged with a revision of the Rules of Nomenclature for the scientific names of plants. At all the sessions of this Section, presided over by Dr. FE. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief of the New York Botani- cal Garden, as chairman, there was manifest the closest interna- tional harmony, and the result was the unanimous adoption of an International Code of Nomenclature that will undoubtedly be followed henceforth by the majority of botanists of all countries. js This was a great step forwarc Hooker \lemorial Tablet Notice of this meeting should not be concluded without mention of the Unveiling and Dedication of a Memorial Tablet to Sir Wil- liam Hooker and his son, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, in St. Mary’s Church, Halesworth, on Sunday, August 17, at 2:30 p.m. Some of the masonry of this old church dates back to the year 972 A.D. The tablet, of Hopton Wood Marble (Darbyshire), was designed by Mr. A. H. Gerard, assistant to the professor of sculpture of PAL the Slade School of University College, London, and was cast by Wedgewood. It is of incised relief, similar to that used by the Egyptians 3000 years ago. As explained to the writer by Mr. Gerard, the design on the lower border represents flowers that trail on the ground, the side border upright growing plants. The top border has in the center a conventional sun, the source of energy for plant life, and five conventionalized birds signifying seed dis- persal. ‘The plants on the side are a species of heather magnified 40 times. The inscription reads as follows: “This tablet records the association with Halesworth of Sir Wil- liam Hooker and of his son, Sir Joseph Hooker, who in succession became the directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir William Hooker lived in Halesworth from 1809 to 1820, and here Sir Joseph was born in 1817. Erected 1930.” The tablet was unveiled by Sir David Prain, formerly director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the dedication was by the Bishop of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich (Halesworth is near Bury St. Edmunds). The scriptures were read by Lord Ulls- water, former speaker of the House of Commons, who read from Ecclesiasticus xvii, 1-11 and li, 23-30. The text for the address was Psalms civ, 24. “O Lord, how manifold are thy works! In wisdom thou hast made them all; the earth is full of thy riches.’ The speaker made a plea for a greater mutual toleration between science and theology, and for more serious attempts by both scien- tists and t — 1eologians to understand sympathetically each other's aims, ideals, and methods. Among those present at the exercises at the church, and at the old homestead were two sons and several grandchildren of Sir Joseph Hooker. While at Cambridge I revisited the interesting and well-kept Cambridge Botanic Garden, which is in charge of Mr. Humphrey- Gilbert Carter, Curator. The garden, of 21 acres, belongs to the University of Cambridge and is governed for the University by the Botanic Garden Syndicate. There is here a small but excellent rock garden. The Botanic Garden supplies the material for in- struction to the botany school of the University. On Sunday, August 24, members of the Congress visited what is, perhaps, the greatest shrine in the world of biological science— Down House, Charles Darwin's residence at Down, Kent. The points of greatest interest were the famous sand walk, where Dar- in which is the room 19. Darwin’s study at Down House. This Fic. (6973.) jin. of Species was written. the Oric Ze win took most of his exercise and did much of his thinking, and the old study in which the Origin of Species was written. The house and grounds were presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science by Mr. George Buckston Browne, during its meeting in Leeds, in 1927. Many articles of association with Darwin have been assembled here and are being added to from time to time by gift. In may be incidentally mentioned in this connection that while in Cambridge I secured for our library an autographed letter of Darwin, as well as other autographs and several unusual portraits of botanists. After the conclusion of the Congress in Cambridge, the delegates were entertained at Kew, and also at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. The botanical treasures exhibited at the Mu- seum included the herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane, specimens of the herbarium of Linnaeus, a collection of 3000 specimens forming the types of Linnaeus’s Hortus Cliffortianus ; the European herba- rium of John Ray (1627-1705) ; American plants collected by John Bartram (1699-1777), founder of the first botanic garden in America; collections of William Bartram (1739-1823), including the only known specimen of Franklinia altamaha Bartram (Gor- domia pubescens L’Heéritier) ever found growing wild. The tree is now apparently extinct in the locality where Bartram found it. (Several specimens are growing in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.) Also, the herbarium of Philip Miller (1691-1771), curator of the Chelsea Physic Garden; manuscripts of Robert Brown (1773- 1858) ; drawings by Schleiden (1804-1881), founder (with the zoologist Schwann) of the cell-theory; a collection of microscopic slides of the mycologist, de Bary (1831-1888) ; Peter Collinson’s account of the first introduction of American seeds into Great * used by Robert Brown and (pos- Britain, and the “ microscope ’ Is. sibly) by the use of which he discovered the nucleus in cel Plants from the Chelsea Physic Garden were also exhibited. In 1712 Sir Hans Sloane bought the Manor of Chelsea and with it the Physic Garden, founded by the Apothecaries’ Company in 1672. xroperty over to the Apothecaries in 1/22 for an He turned the | yer condition that annual payment of five pounds, and on the furtl the Apothecaries should, every year for forty years, deposit with 24 the Royal Society (of which Sloane was one of the founders), fifty herbarium specimens, mounted and named, all of plants grown in the Chelsea Garden, and no two alike. The Royal Society pre- sented these plants to the British Museum in 1781. The British Museum herbarium is in charge of Mr, J. Ramsbot- tom, who has recently succeeded Dr. A. B. Rendle. Dr. Rendle was honorary treasurer of the Horticultural Congress. Returning, I reached New York on September 16, Respectfully submitted, C. STUART GAGER, Director RE RORKEE ONS RER 1 On 8 NGEAND Aan, NORTHERN EUROPE Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR: I take pleasure in submitting a report of my travels to England, Scandinavia, Russia, and Germany during August, September, and October, 1930. I went to attend the International Botanical Con- gress in Cambridge, being particularly interested in the nomen- clature discussions and in the possibility of greater unity among — the various botanic gardens as to families and genera. I also planned to visit my native country, Norway, and from there to go to Russia chiefly to learn something about botanical publications re- lating to that extensive part of the temperate regions and of the possibility of exchanges. I went on board the 8S. S. Bremen at Brooklyn Friday evening, August tst. I was fortunate in having as stateroom companion Professor J. N. Couch, of the botany department of the University of North Carolina. It was the fastest trip I had ever made across the Atlantic, for by Wednesday evening we saw the lighthouses off the English coast, and Thursday forenoon called at Cherbourg, France. At noon we left the Bremen near Southampton. In London I attended some of the meetings of the International Horticultural Congress and of its Committee on Nomenclature ; also an interesting excursion to the John Innes Horticultural Instt- tution. It was decided to prepare an International List of Horti- cultural Species, in Latin only. Holland, Germany, and the United States now have horticultural name lists, but these do not corre- spond with one another nor with the usage in other countries. The new list is being prepared by Dr. Camillo Schneider and Dr. Rob- ert Zander, of Berlin, with the aid of specialists. It will be sub- mitted first to the Committee of about twenty members representing ten nations, with Dr. Rendle, of the British Museum herbarium, as chairman, and afterwards to the Paris Horticultural Congress in 1932. This is the first attempt to seek international sanction for a list of horticultural species. As the horticulturists have expressed their intention to follow the botanical rules of nomenclature, it may ZS 26 be expected that the new list will be widely accepted also by botanic gardens, although such a list cannot be expected to include the very great number of species cultivated by botanic gardens. Registration for the Cambridge Congress was at the Linnaean Society, in London, where an exhibit of botanico-historical interest was arranged. A special train took the botanists to Cambridge, two hours distant, August 16th. The Congress continued one week. Dr. Diels, director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, was chair- man of the Taxonomic Section, and Dr. Merrill, director of the New York Botanical Garden, presided over the nomenclature dis- cussions. At first it appeared as if the work could not be com- pleted, but progress was speeded by a decision to consider only those points as to which there were decided differences of opinion in the International Committee. Three points especially caused prolonged discussion, namely, Latin diagnoses, nomtina specifica conservanda, and the question of homonyms. The American view of homonyms was carried, though opposed by many European and by some American bot- anists. Latin diagnoses were carried by a large majority, but it was decided to extend the enforcement of the rule till January 1, 1932. At the final meeting the question of family names was reconsid- ered, on motion of Dr. Barnhart. Dr. Pennell’s proposal that family names should be formed from genera, with the names Criuci- ferac, Compositae also permitted, was carried. The similar pro- posal of British botanists, to — rave all orders terminate in -ales, was not carried. On motion of Mr. Ramsbottom, Keeper of the Herbarium, British Museum, a provision was made that new points were to be considered as tentative for five years and could then be reconsidered. A large General Committee on Nomenclature was formed, with American members Barnhart, Fernald, Hitchcock, Jepson, Maxon, Merrill, Rehder. The general executive com- mittee of seven were Barnhart, Harms, Janchen, Maire, Ramsbot- tom, Rehder, Sprague; that is, four from England and America, three from the rest of the world. Special committees were to consider nomina conservanda and other matters; that for the phanerogams and ferns consisting of seven, namely, Christensen, Fernald, Harms, Maire, Maxon, Rehder, Wilmott. The resulting —" 27 compromise on nomenclature will result in considerable modifica- tions of names in both the American and International systems. I attended some of the meetings of the paleobotanists, and was especially interested in hearing that there seemed to be agreement that the Rhynia group represents the earliest land plants and that this group was followed by three main lines represented by club- mosses, horsetails, and ferns. Returning to London, groups of botanists inspected Kew gar- dens under guidance. The spacious grounds with so many large trees are impressive. The group I accompanied was led by Mr. Summerhayes, who has recently published a monograph of Aus- tralian Frankemaceae. It was evident that many plants were hardy in the climate of Kew which cannot grow in Brooklyn. Among these the Chilean shrub, Eueryphia pinnatifolia, with its abundant flowers, was conspicuous. At the herbarium Dr. Stapf called my attention to the collection of illustrations. Duplicate copies of illustrations of numerous works have been cut out and classified, so that the various illustrations of the same plant are all together. Another interesting excursion was to Darwin’s home at Down, Kent. It was about an hour’s ride from London. It is now na- tional property, in charge of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. We were met at Down by the anthropolo- gist, Sir Arthur Keith. Of special interest was the sand walk, about half a mile long, acquired by Darwin a few vears before his death, and where he took daily walks. On August 30th I went to Hull and then by the Ellerman-Wilson Line across the North Sea. We arrived at Christiansand, near the south point of Norway, about midnight Sunday. The next morn- ing there was bright sunshine but it was decidedly cooler than the last week in England. The morning stage had left early, so I arranged for my baggage and started on foot. [ walked about ten miles through picturesque and constantly varying scenery; the road wound by rocky hills with forests chiefly of spruce, pine, and birch. There were lakes, and small farms with gardens and fruit trees, with occasional views of the fjord, at the end of which I was overtaken by the afternoon stage. When darkness came on I stopped in a small town and the next day continued to my native town of Kragero. Here I remained a week on a near-by island. It was early fall, but everything was still green, with many flowers 28 in bloom, and much fruit and vegetables. Visiting the botany class in school I enjoyed seeing the pupils examine the fall flowers, but otherwise there was a great deal of book study. In an English class the pupils could read well, but were unable to speak English. By train to Oslo, through the valley and mountain district of Pelemark, I passed Gaustafjell, the highest mountain in southern Norway. At the botanic garden in Oslo I saw again Professor Holmboe, who had also just returned from England. He ex- pressed his satisfaction that unity had been attained in the rules of nomenclature. The Oslo herbarium is of considerable size and rich in Scandinavian and Arctic specimens. The lichen collection in charge of Dr. Lynge is especially extensive. He had recently returned from an expedition to Northeastern Greenland. In ear- lier years he had collected in Spitzbergen and in Nova Zembla. He introduced me to Professor Broch, professor of Slavonic lan- — guages, who had just returned from Russia. Thus [I obtained ‘latou, Nor- wegian Consul in Leningrad, and Dr. Wolgin, secretary of the helpful information and letters of introduction to Mr. Leningrad Academy of Science. At the Russian Legation | was informed that there would be no delay in obtaining the visa to enter Russia. [| must bring three photographs, write out the re- quired information and pay $12. In Oslo I visited the school gardens, which are very extensive, perhaps fifty acres in different places. The children do not have poy individua not work so well as the present method. Groups of about thirty plots. They had begun that way, I was told, but it did children each worked under the direction of a teacher. The aim was not primarily educational, as with our Children’s Garden, but to produce as much vegetables and fruit as possible. Piles of fruits and vegetables were laid by the garden paths, one for each child working, and taken by them in bags or baskets as they went out. Often the parents stood at the gates with baskets to help carry, as the loads in the fall were so heavy. The children were especially concerned as to how many apples or pears they were going to have; the vegetables aroused less interest. Near-by, and also in gs laver or allotment — different parts outside the city, were “ koloni gardens. T[lere plots of about half an acre are rented by the municipality for a very low sum and families put up small cabins and live there during the summer months. 29 —" Going to Trysil, 150 miles northeast of Oslo, there was another drop in temperature. Endless forests, chiefly of spruce, character- ize this region; the birch trees were yellow, standing out brightly among the evergreens. Many people were busy making ditches, an operation required by the state whenever forest lands change ownership. I stopped over night in the Swedish border village of Charlotten- berg, so as to travel across Sweden by day. Here the compara- tively level landscapes, with more numerous farms and _ villages, form a contrast with mountainous Norway. Stockholm is beautifully situated on waters of the Malaren, branching bays of the Baltic. The botanic garden, formerly called Bergiansk Tradgard, now Bergielund, is a short distance to the north. It is about half the size of the Brooklyn Garden, with a picturesque situation by a lake. Dr. Fries, whom I had met in Ikngland, took me about the garden. Most conspicuous among the flowering plants at this time was the yellow climber, Tropae- olum peregrinum, There were many American goldenrods, but they had an unfamiliar appearance and it was difficult to recognize the species. Whether the difference in appearance is due chiefly to the different climate or in part to the greater length of day in this northern latitude, I do not know. The rock garden consists of three large piles of granite rocks, representing America, Scandi- navia, the Alps and Asia. ne Natural History Museum of Zoology and Geology is a large building not far away; by it is the separate botany building, including a large herbarium and museum in charge of Dr. Samuel- son. Dr. Asplund took me about the herbarium, especially rich in South American material. I was particularly interested in see- ing the original specimens of Frankenia Clarenii Fries. Some distance north of the botanic garden, at Berghamra, are about a hundred “ colony-gardens ” with small summer houses similar to those I saw near Oslo. Here the land is rented by a a special society. A night steamer took me over the Baltic to Abo or Turku, Fin- land, passing the Aland Islands and innumerable small forest- covered islands nearer the Finnish mainland. I then took a train across the country to Helsingfors. It 1s nearly level, with ex- tensive grasslands and forests. Ditches, twenty or thirty feet 30 rhe run everywhere through the farming regions. In Helsing- fc rs | found no difficulty in getting along with a few Swedish words, but _— n eastern Finland the people did not usually under- — stand any language that [ knew anything about. I stopped over night in the little village of Rajajoki only a mile from the Russian line, and here [ found it necessary to get along as best I could with sign language. In the morning the train soon crossed the little river separating Finland from Russia. There is a bridge, painted half red and pen half white, with soldiers on each side. The train stopped and — baggage had to be taken to the customs house to be closely ex- amined. After papers were looked over 1t was necessary to give information as to the exact amount of cash carried. An hour's further travel and the train stopped in the Finland station in Lenin- erad. Crossing the Neva on a crowded street car, | recognized from pictures the Peter and Paul fortress and the Winter Palace. I had some misgivings whether | would get off at the right place, but | did reach the Hotel d'Europe, and here there were no more lan- guage difficulties. Leningrad appeared like a very large city. The Neva divides to form two large island suburbs, Wassilevsky, with the university and museums, and Petrogradskaja, near which the botanic garden is situated. The main street, the Nevsky Prospect, is south of the Neva; it is generally called by the old name though the official hame is now Street of the 25th October. I was in Russia ten days, in Leningrad only, from September goth to October roth. The temperature was two or three degrees above freezing, except one day when a couple of inches of snow fell. It appeared like winter, but the snow was gone the next day. en, except that the poplars — The leaves of trees had nearly all fal along the many canals were still green. At the botanic garden I was cordially received by Dr. Roskevitz, and later met Dr. Komarov, director; Dr. Iljensky, in charge of living plants; Miss Hammerman, at the botanical museum; Dr. Fedchenko, in charge of the herbarium; Mme. Stroukow, his secre- tary; and Mr. Ohl, librarian. To all of them and others my thanks are due for making my visit to Russia very interesting and instructive. ot — notanic garden contains about 30 acres. The y two The Leningrad conservatory collections are very extensive. I mention on small but thriving specimens of Welwitschia mirabilis. They were in double pots, the outer only watered. They came from seeds en, South Africa. On my return — pony from Stellenbosch Botanic Garc to Brooklyn I found we also had acquired this interesting plant during my absence. The main building was completed just before the war. The very large herbarium is divided geographically into six divisions: European Russia, Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, Northern China, and one division for other parts of the world. The specimens are arranged under the Dalla Torre and Harms generic numbers. For example, Frankenia occurs under 5233 under these various divi- sions. Mr. Ohl, librarian, kindly took out the most important systematic works of which I made a list, which was afterwards extended by Dr. Fedchenko. J was assured there would be no difficulty in making an approximate list of the genera of the higher plants within the Soviet Union. The Institute of Applied Botany, in a central part of the city, was being remodeled. It has extensive collections of varieties of wheat and of economic plants in general. At the Zoological Mu- seum I saw the famous Siberian mammoth. I also visited the Museum of Anthropology, the Hermitage Art Museum, and the Winter Palace, formerly the Czar’s residence, now a Museum of the Revolution, with pictures of war and suffering. From Leningrad I returned to Helsingfors and travelled by steamer for two days on the Baltic to Stettin, Germany, then by train to Berlin, where I also remained ten days. The first day in Berlin I saw a group marching with a red flag: “ Fur Sovjet gegen Young,” nevertheless, Berlin looked much more prosperous than — —_— a Leningrad. Dr. Engler, world famous systematist, for nearly forty years director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, had died in his 87th year, just before my visit, and, like Theophrastus of old, was buried in his garden. My stay in Berlin was favored with ideal fall weather, which encouraged walks in the botanic garden and the Grtinewald forest not far away. Here poplar trees and also locusts were still green. OZ The garden includes about eighty acres. There are numerous geographical divisions: German forest, various European and other mountain regions, American forests, ete. There is also an extensive arboretum, an herbaceous division, and a division of economic plants. In the herbarium I was chiefly occupied with the Frankenias. I was also interested in discussing, chiefly with Dr. Harms and Dr. Melchior, the subject of genera and nomenclature. I also spoke again with Dr. Gilg and Dr. Diels about the possibility of an English edition of Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, to in- clude the decisions of the Cambridge Congress. I met Dr. Schnei- der and Dr. Zander, and learned from them more about the plans for the proposed International List of Horticultural Species. While in Berlin I had occasion to visit the very interesting Planetarium, near the zoological gardens. [very day and even- ing there are groups from schools or societies, or sessions for the ~ general public. Around Berlin, too, they have extensive “ colony- ’ gardens,” and it appeared that the children who had lived there during the summer not only had learned about plants, but had also become interested in the starry heavens. On October 25th I sailed on the S. S. Columbus, and on Novem- ber 1st reached Brooklyn, just three months after my departure. Respectfully submitted, ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants. DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN, 1930 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1930, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited quantities, to members. of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. hey are not offered for sale. N.B. Applications for seeds must be received by us not later than February 28, 1931. SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS GYMNOSPERMAE Cupressaceae Pseudotsuga Juniperus xifolia communis var. depressa Tsuga Pinaceae canadensis Pinus rigida DICOTYLEDONES Aceraceae 163 Araliaceae 227 Acer Aralia Negundo spinosa Opalus Pseudoplatanus saccharum Anacardiaceae 153 "IRosaieyeleacsbe on Vernix Aquifoliaceae 157 Ilex crenata glabra Asclepiadaceae 248 Periploca graeca Berberidaceae 93 Berberis Regehana Thunbergii vulgaris Betulaceae 61 Alnus glutinosa incana Betula lenta lutea papyrifera populifolia Carpinus caroliniana Ostryva virginiana Bignoniaceae 258 Catalpa bignonioides Caprifoliaceae 271 Diervilla florida rivularis sessilfolia Lonicera Maackui var. podocarpa Sambucus canadensis var. submollis racemosa var. tenuifolia Symphoricarpos albus occidentalis occidentalis var. Heyert Viburnum acerifolium dentatum hupehense Lentago Opulus pubescens var. affine scabrellum theiferum Celastraceae 158 Celastrus scandens Kuonymus Bungeana patens Clethraceae 230 Clethra alnifolia Compositae 280 Iva oraria Cornaceae 229 Cornus alba Amomum brachypoda canadensis florida obliqua paniculata paucinervis Elaeagnaceae 215 Elaeagnus umbellata Ericaceae 233 Erica stricta Kalmia latifolha Ericaceae —Vaccinioideae 233a Gaylussacia baccata Vaccinium stamineum Fagaceae 62 Quercus alba coccinea ilicifolia Prinus stellata velutina Guttiferae 187 Hypericum hirsutum maculatum Hamamelidaceae 123 TTamamelis virginiana Liquidambar styraciflua Juglandaceae 60 Carya cordiformis Lauraceae 102 Benzoin aestivale Leguminosae —Caesalpinoideae 127b Gleditschia triacanthos Leguminosae —Papilionatae 128 Amorpha fruticosa microphylla Campylotropis macrocarpa Caragana arborescens Colutea arborescens Cytisus scopar ius OTmMOosa Robinia 30yntoni Pseudoacacia Wisteria sinensis Loganiaceae 245 Buddleia albiflora Davidit Davidiu var. magnifica Davidii var. Veitchiana Davidii var. Wilsonii nivea Moraceae 64 Jroussonetia papyrifera Maclura pomifera Myricaceae 57 Myrica carolinensis Oleaceae 243 Fraxinus longicuspis oregona Ligustram Ibota Ibota var. Regelianum vulgare var. atrovirens Syringa Josikaea Polygonaceae 77 Polygonum Aubertii Ranunculaceae 91 Clematis paniculata virginiana Vitalba Rhamnaceae 169 Ceanothus americanus Rhamnus catharties Frangula Rosaceae 126 Physocarpus opulifolius Potentilla fruticosa Khodotypos kerrioides Rosa damascena multiflora multiflora cathayensis virginiana Wichuriana Rubus odoratus Sorbar; iba) Aitchison arborea var. sorbifoha stellipila Spiraea albiflora Billiardi Douglasii latifolia tomentosa Rosac ee Aronia arbutifolia atropurpurea meclanocarpa 126a glabrata Chaenomeles Maulei Cotoneaster Dielsiana Franchetit hor izonte ilis Oxyacantha persimilis Phaenopyrum pinnatifida Malus floribunda ioensis nl eee umbellata Prunus maritima Rubiaceae 270 Cephalanthus occidentalis Mitchella repens Rutaceae 137 Evodia Daniell Phellodendron japonicum Poncirus rifolhiata Ptelea crenulata trifoliata Ruta eraveolens Zanthoxy lum Bungei Salicaceae 56 Salix serissima oF, Sapindaceae 165 Styracaceae 242 Koelreuteria otyrax paniculata japonica Saxifragaceae 117 Tamaricaceae 191 Deutzia apap e amarix scabra ee odessana var. candidissima pentandra ITydrangea arborescens Tiliaceae 174 paniculata Tiliz ee Liha ae ae ne americana irginica Philadelphus Ulmaceae 63 coronarius fl. pl, ae re Celtis Lemoinei . ; aoe occidentalis Lewisii See Verbenaceae 253 yubescens ahaa Callicarpa Simarubaceae 138 Giraldii Ailanthus _ japonica glandulosa Vitex Agnus-castus Solanaceae 256 Negundo var. incisa Lycium barbarum Vitaceae 170 chinense Ampelopsis heterophylla halimifolium Psedera Staphyleaceae 161 quinquefolia Staphylea Vitis Bumalda aestivale MONOCOTYLEDONES Dioscoreaceae 343 herbacea pinnata Dioscorea rotundifolia villosa Liliaceae 338 trifolia Smilax Yucca filamentosa glauca 38 Srerps COLLECTED IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES (CHIEFLY IN TENNESSEE) by Dr. H. Kk. SvENSON Abies Linaria Fraseri Elatine Arabis Lippia lyrata lanceolata Arenaria Parthenium patula integrifolium Belamcanda Petalostemon _ chinensis Gattingerl C he oe Polymnia ay canadensis Uvedalia Cimicifuga iia americana : Clintonia . canadensis borealis Salvia Coreopsis , lyrata tripteris Satureia Diphyllaea : glabella “yimosa Saururus Dodecatheon cernuus feadia Saxifraga Kryngium leucanthemiufolia aquaticum Scutellaria procumbens canescens Gillenia integrifolia trifoliata Sedum Helianthus ternatum Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera laetiflorus Tleuchera macrorhiza 7 Streptopus ee roseus Hibiscus alain ilitaris = oe ee ay teretifolium Hydrophylum as - ° Thaspium my pinnatifidum a Trautvetteri virginica (?) rautve ie . aa : Pas inensis virginica pe Liatris erectum var. album eraminifolia undulatum spicata Vaseyl oo Viburnum Xytis alnifolium caroliniana nudum Zanthorhiza Vernonia apiifolia altissima SEEDS COLLECTED IN TENNESSEE AND’ OHIO BY Mr. A. J. SHARP Actaea Impatiens alba pallida Arisaema Inula polymorpha TTelenium Asclepias Penthorum variegata sedoides Aster : Polygonatum can acuminatus “commutatum Caulophyllum Tae thalictroides carolinianus Cocculus 2 Me eee Senecio carolinus ‘ uonymus See pull ainericana Solidago upatorium oe glomerata urticaefolium Zanthoxylum ites americanum monticola SEEDS COLLECTED IN ATKINSON, Nortu CAROLINA BY Miss Catiie HARRELL Dionaea muscipula Address requests for seeds to SEED EXCHANGE, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Av Brooklyn, N es ee Osh ae -v™ _ —_ = a eee) eel gga etna Gly 9s a peste weet le cea nee ee i ee - i 7 - - 7 “4 7 - Sora 7 iin! ale 7 = en a 7 — a a of het “ The spose Institute ot Arts and Sciences: : _ Ormcss. OF THE pe OF TRUSTEES eee «PRESIDE BSE ae EDWARD C. BLUM a os Bee TV icetPansi IDENT. SECOND Eee : . WALTER oy oS WILLIAM A: PUTNAM *: D VicE-PRESIDENT ~ “ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Pee teuaee ene Gc eee SMITH z JOHN A. DENBIGH - Boranic GARDEN. GOVERNING COMMITTEE “MISS HILDA LOINES; Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex oe JOHN: W. FROTHINGHAM * MRS. WILLIAM: ‘H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNT 3 ee “WALTER: H. CRITTENDEN . - ALFRED W. Foxe ING GATES D, FAHNESTOCK. . EDWIN P. MAYNARD “MRS. ‘LEWIS W. FRANGIS WILLIAM: AY PUTNAM EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD ee THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK atone “THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH: OF SNS param uae recsamc Tt S _ GENERAL cy FORMATION ‘$10 ye year ou ning eee ie ee 3 On concerning membership may mn Htonie Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. ar; elegans a oh opposite’ Meries Bayes TH S Boric GARDEN s open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk ; ee on ‘Sundays and Holidays doen: at : NTRANCES On Flatbush Ome mca Empi ae Ate ¢ Mal Ibone Street), and near Mt. Prospect Reserveir ; on Was ington. paar “South of -Eastern ees Hie cll near emp Boulevard ; on. Eastern Parkway, west ‘ot the Mus uildin The. treet entrance to the Laboratory Building is. at 1000 » Washington. Agius IST. Mapes ee others. in advise the: falleetions the services oe a ee docent flay ‘be obtained. This perce: ei free: oF pee ioy ie members. of the Botanic ‘ Garden; to others there isa. charge f er “pe \rrangements must be made by application to the’ Curato ae i ‘Public I tri ction 2 at least: one week in “advance... _No parties of less than six ‘adults el ie conduc 5 A THE’ Garp RDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) sites to Prolneet Park Ce o Reac -” Station » “Interborough Subway to apres Barkvay: Brooklyn Museum Station ; ‘Flatbu sh Av venue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, © Tor ompkins. Avenue trolleys to Washington ‘Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to es St Sterling Place. and. Washington Avenue; Union’ ‘Street: or Vanderbilt Avenue - «trolleys -to® Prospect Park te and Union a treet, Rs te ae December 41, 1930, peas § sete PUBLICATIONS : OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD. - tablished, January, 1912, An administrative periodical issued quarterly ote 198) 3 Biee nthly beginning with 1 Contains, among other things, the Annual R of the director and heads of del departments, ‘special reports, announcements’ of es of instruction, seed list, bene ‘miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free teagan uy the Garden, a To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates i in 4l coun : _ MEMOIRS. "Established, July, 1918. Published ieregularly., cate in ” 47 ee Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers ‘presented at the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, ‘April, 19-21, 1917. ». 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus pos inn ’ Volume II. The. vegetation o f Long I Island: « Part I ‘Phe vexetation of Montauk: A’ ase of etssiand and forest. By Norman Taylor, ‘June 11, 1923. 108 Price $1.00, plus po 5 Volume III. Vegetation "ot Mount Desert Island, Mains, and ‘its_environ- pene By Barrington Moote and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 1st pages. rice na CON TEEAULIONS. _Established, April I, 1911. seen: originally published in periodicals, reis “ separates,” without change o numbere consecutively. This. Sines includes’ occasional papers, as well a as those embodying © 2 the rene ‘of research done at the Garden, or by members oC its staff or students. wenty-five numbers Sota one volume. Price 25, cents ae a volume. Circulates in 34 countr 55: Phystologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages 1928 ‘56. The inheritance of resistance ‘of oat hybrids ‘to loose and covered. smut, 48 pages. 1928. 57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pages. | 1930. 58. A new. method of : producing and detecting sorghum hybrids. i2 pages. 30. Pea aca Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweetcly during April, May, June, September, and. October.. The purpose of the Leaflets. is primarily, to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities lates in 28 countries. GUIDES to. the patlections: buildings, and grounds. Price. based. upon cost of aah a ae Isstied as — ste ae see above Guide No. 3.. The story of ‘our e: A-chronicle of we Illustrated. aber ty Baceben: 1929. (Brooklyn Be Bot Gard. Record, 18¢: 28 3-307.) Price, . 25 ce Cu ale No. The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Cada, Il- lustrated. Publighed, July, 1930.. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record, 194: 197-234.) Price, 25 cents SEED D LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each’ year in the January number of the ei irculation includes 143 ~ botanic gardens and institutions located in’ 42 countri sp AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, Fs ehieey, ror4. Pub- — lished, in cooperation with the Boranrcat Society of AMERICA ay: except ' during August. and September. Subscription, ‘io a year. Ci irculates in 48. ies. “countr Sing Eine oh 26) OU Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly i in codperation ae cede L Society or America. Subscription, sige a year. Circulates in countri GEN ETICS. phd dl abit danny: 1916. Bimonthly, ast aac 0 a. year. Circulates in 37 countr BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XX MARCH, 1931 No, 2 RERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDICK TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1930 LISHED BIMONTHLY RINCE AND LEMON STS., LANCASTE BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND Somes ROOKLYN Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, rora. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Librarian MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants GE RGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B:S., Curator of Ele mentary Instruction HENRY KNUTE SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., ed Assistant Curator of Siac deat I nstructio HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., insta ELIZABETH ae A.B., Research dsc FRANCES M. MINER, AB. Ins HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., fai L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., ee res BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, See Assistant MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial er: LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant di eaten HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to me Director RANK STOLL, Regierar and Custodia wits H. DURKIN, Membership senna LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT BROOKLYN BOTANIC (GARDEN HERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDIcK 50 FOR EDUCATION FOR INVESTIGATION FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CITY BROOKLYN, N. Y. MARCH, 1931 LANCASTER PRESS, INC, LANCASTER, PA, eye eat | ae ——— SOT itn ances a $a sel ~ ! : or ates) | yg ae. Pel BLE - ; A Fic. 1. Rose Garden, 1930. View looking south-west, showing lattice work Pavilion and three of the 32 new concrete posts to support festoons. The roses on the Pavilion bank are ‘Max Graf.” The bed in the foreground > and other Pernetiana roses. (60965.) contains “ Soleil d’Or’ HERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDICK TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1930 * REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE I have the honor to present herewith 1 the twentieth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, covering the year 1930. Looking Backward Edward Bellamy looked backward by turning his back on the future and looking over his shoulder. This was a literary device for centering attention on things that ought to occur and were likely to occur. That is the only excuse for looking backward. Ten years ago we made our first backward glance and thereby found that the Botanic Garden had made some progress; but the new shibboleth, relativity, showed us that the place where we stood was much further from the goal than from the starting point. Such an experience is always a great stimulus while hope re- mains, and now, at the end of the second decade of the Botanic Garden, it may not be uninteresting, nor unprofitable to look back- ward once more, not to find justification for drawing the famous conclusion of Jack Horner, but to get a full measure of the in- centive that comes from realizing how far we still are from the ideal of accomplishment. Perhaps it will be best to note first certain items of material well-being that may be stated statistically. Not that these things have been ends in themselves, or ever should be. They are only indexes of progress and means to an end—the fulfillment of the objects for which the Garden was established, namely, the advancement of botanical science and education Without progress in material well-being, we should be seriously 1 BRooKLYN Botanic GArpEN Recorp, Vol. XX, No. 2, March, 1931. 4] 42 handicapped in the really important essentials. The following items, therefore (Table I), are to be regarded merely as quantita- tive expressions of the fact that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has made some progress during its first twenty years. TABLE I NUMERICAL COMPARISONS SHOWING THE GROWTH OF THE BROOKLYN Boranic GArveEN Durine Its First Twenty Years The first entry ts in the column indicating the year when the activity began 19010 1OIT 1020 1930 t. General attendance. ............... 10,000 | 312,000 | 1,006,027 2%, so onaripa at lectures and Garden CIASSCS ss eee ok lois eas he hea 200 53,200 90,018 3. ee of school classes (Began Sgt Gh Le De ee Ree ota (544) a 000 44,770 4. perenutaee of all schools served. ibe 5% 2% 94% 5. Pent pac cke ts of seeds cesteated: (Began 1914)... ...-- 28s. e ee eee (25,000) | 128,500 740,791 6, Library: ee yer Ot books and pam- DhIlets sy eva wye teeta eek odes 6) 728 11,778 27,803 eawevs Approximate number ot SPECIMENS aude. 4 eos eee a a hemes 1,739 | 157,000 228,140 8. Number on monthly payroll. ........ I 5 4l 50 10. Number members............... 0) a) 572 TITS tt. Tax Budget appropriation (Cents EIB OC opto aeudene scars, aati acetates $4,744] $14,550 | $08,478] $101,006 . Private aie Budget (Cents omitted) 3T 5,020 | 34,163 127,860 on seh Budget: Percentage of total Pb ees ides be cw eae otadcabs 489 472% 67% 44% 14. Privat Funds: Percentage of total picsiahniat aeaeaashG ark Give Rucsape eek ie Sete 22% 28% 33% 56% Aeanuae of Endowment............ $50,000 $95,525 £990,897 What We Inherited from the City The original 4o acres of the garden had been partly developed as Institute Park during the administration of Seth Low, mayor of Greater New York, and under the efficient administration of Hon. Richard Young, commissioner of parks for the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. I*ortunately Commissioner Young had carried out here the inspired conception of Olmstead and Vaux, and had constructed along the east (Washington Avenue ) and west (Flatbush Avenue) sides of the grounds substantial border mounds, well top-soiled and planted with a miscellaneous collection of trees and shrubs. 43 This idea was conceived by Messrs. Olmstead and Vaux in connection with the development of Central Park, New York, completed in 1858, and was repeated about nine years later as a feature of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, which was also designed by them. These border eee inside the fence, serve the pur- pose, often accomplished in European gardens by a high brick Presentation of the Richard Young Gate, May Fic. 2. 13 Vie from Flatbush Avenue. From left to right: Mr. William ate Peta Miss Hilda Loines, Hon. Richard Young, Pres. Edward C. Blum, Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Mrs. Louise Warner. (Photo by Martin J. Kunkel. Courtesy, Eagle Photo.) 44 wall, of screening out the commotion and dust and, to a certain degree the distracting noise of the street. This is in recognition of the fact that a public garden (or park) is not a thing to be looked at from the street, but a place to go into, to escape from an attempt to preserve the streets and other aspects of the city a bit of the country in urban surroundings. Commissioner Young had also carried out the grading in such a way as to provide a diversified topography, with several attrac- tive little hills, and a picturesque lake. Convenient gravel walks had also been made. Such was our inheritance. Progress of Development 3ut a botanic garden is more than a park, however much it may serve patk purposes. In cooperation with Olmstead Brothers, landscape architects, comprehensive plans were made for the lay- out of the entire area as a botanic garden with specialized planta- tions, and special features such, for example, as the Brook, essen- tial to provide diversified concen for different kinds al plant lite, Lhe First Governing Conunittee The first chairman of the B oe Garden Governing Committee of our Trustees, Mr. Alfred TT. White, was not only a man of great public spirit; he was aa a trained engineer and an en- thusiastic amateur field botanist, and his counsel and constructive suggestions, and very intelligent sympathy were of inestimable value during these early years; and these facts, combined with Mr. White's moral and financial support during the early years (until his death in 1921), insured more rapid and substantial progress than could have been possible without him. Mr. White also gathered about him from the membership of the Board of Trus- tees, a Governing Committee whose understanding interest made it a is easure to meet and surmount difficulties that might other- wise have been only discouraging impediments. Among these men were President A. Augustus Healy, whose death in 1921 was a great loss. It should also be noted here that of the original Gov- erning Committee, Mr. Gates D. Fahnestock and Mr. William A. Putnam are still members. The other two members of the origi- 45 nal committee were Mr. George D. Hearn, deceased, and Mr. George D. Pratt, who no longer resides in Brooklyn. The Importance of Blue Prints After the initial grading, topsoiling, and construction of paths were completed, Mr. Harold A. Caparn was appointed consulting landscape architect, for a botanic garden must not only be botanic, it must be a garden, which should mean, of course, a place of beauty. “ All science is crowned in art. For science, as for all the rest of man’s experience, artistic expression is a crown of life, and nothing is right until it is beautiful.” + A botanic garden needs the cooperation of the botanist and the landscape architect, for it should be not only a place where differ- ent kinds of plants are exhibited, but where they are exhibited effectively, and not only for their own sake (botanically), but as materials for decorative planting and landscaping, 1.c., horti- culturally. The North and South Additions After the first planting plans were made and in part realized, the city added to our original 40 acres two tracts since known as the North Addition and the South Addition. These increased the acreage to approximately fifty, and the plans were revised to provide additional features, and additional area for each feature and each group of plants. It is not necessary here to relate in detail the steps in the gradual development of the plantations. The work 1s still under way. Let us hope that it always will be! “ A finished museum,” is a dead museum, and oe said a great museum administrator, dead museum is a useless museum.” So it is with a botanic garden—with a university, with science and art and education. Research and [:ducation Vhe inauguration and development of a program of botanical research and public education has gone forward part passu with the development of the grounds, as our nineteen preceding annual 1 Harry Emerson Fosdick, Harper's Magazine, January, 1931. The italics are the quoter’s. 46 reports have recorded in detail. The fact is mentioned here merely to round out the picture in looking backward. Ideals for the Future But looking backward shows us now, as it did ten years ago, that we are further from our goal than we are from our starting point. A Perfectly Maintained Garden The owners of private places realize how essential it is to have constant contact with nature and with beauty. Except beautiful natural scenery, nothing meets this fundamental human need more completely than a beautiful garden. For the majority of people in a great city like New York a private garden is quite impossible, and yet it is to their advantage, and so to the advantage of society as a whole, that this inborn love of plant life and beauty shall be satisfied. Municipal parks meet the need of open spaces for light, air, and recreation, but lack the features necessary to stimulate and foster an interest in gardening and in wild and cultivated plants. lor this a botanic garden is necessary. bs Iveryone familiar with the administration of public parks, am with their state of up-keep in most of our cities, realizes how far they fall below the standard and accomplishment of private places —below the standards of the park authorities, even, for it 1s probable that no park commissioner ever had appropriations suf- ficient for his own program and ideals. While giving full measure of credit for the broac pany programs of park development and the generous appropriations for such pur- poses in this city and elsewhere, it will doubtless be generally recognized that public officials and the general public in the average American city need to be aroused to a fuller appreciation of the importance of parks and public gardens, and to higher ideals of maintenance, beauty, and educational ends. A Wonderful Opportunity The Brooklyn Botanic Garden affords an opportunity for private munificence to provide a public garden as beautiful as our most yr gts pte ee eae MEO ys ‘a may * te Seta We ay oR sere Se Fig, 3. Jenkins Fountain. September, 1930. (7030.) 48 beautiful private places, not only for the enjoyment of the masses, but as an object lesson of what is really possible in the way of a public garden perfectly maintained. A public that has an opportunity to become familiar with a per- en will have higher standards for iu fectly maintained botanic garc public parks and gardens, and will demand of public officials greater efficiency and the approximation to higher ideals in public park and garden management. In no American city is there a public park or garden that is in ens in their suburbs, from the ary the same class as many private garc standpoint of design and maintenance. What a wonderful thing it would be if such a public garden could be provided for Greater New York. These, then, are the ideals for the future of the Brooklyn bo- tanic Garden: 1. A beautiful public garden, perfectly maintained. 2. Increase of our knowledge of plant life and gardening. 3. Public education for adults and children on every aspect of plant life and ornamental horticulture. Vor the realization of this aim the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is ideally located. It is near the geographic center of the greater city’s largest borough, and is surrounded on all sides by a larger population—within a half hour’s ride or less—than any other bo- tanic garden in the world. In addition to the large general population surrounding it, the Botanic Garden is accessible, by a ride of less than one hour, to the student bodies of seven universities and colleges having a com- bined attendance of approximately 100,000 students, coming from nearly every state in the Union and from nearly every civilized country. An Urgent Need Although the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now twenty years old, its small area of only 50 acres is not yet fully developed. Several acres are still under the plow. Compared to the standards of private places the entire area of the Botanic Garden is underdeveloped and inadequately main- tained. 49 This condition is due solely to lack of sufficient funds. Our ideal is to create here the most beautiful spot in Greater New York tained, and with its value enhanced many fold by the educational and scientific work carried on. a garden of rare beauty and design, perfectly main- It is hardly possible to exaggerate the civic and educational im- portance of the realization of this ideal what it would mean as a standard of excellence for public parks and gardens, as a stimulus to private gardening and interest in horticulture, as a contribution to public education and the advancement of a knowl- edge and love of plant life. Said George Brown Good, in the Smithsonian Report for 1897, “ The National Museum has 300,000 visitors a year, each of whom carries away a certain number of new thoughts.’ What thoughts and ideas would one carry away from visiting a perfectly main- tained public garden? No portion of the American public has ever yet had such an opportunity, for no American public garden — has ever had sufficient funds to make perfect maintenance possible. Who Should Be Interested? With the constantly increasing number of persons interested in horticulture and all aspects of plant life throughout the country, and especially in the vicinity of this city, is it not reasonable to expect a sympathetic appreciation of the importance of the ideal here set forth, and generous support for its realization? As this interest spreads and deepens there is bound to be increasing sup- port of botanic gardens. What Makes a City Great? During the year the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce issued a folder calling attention to the industrial and commercial rank of Brooklyn. The increase in population during the past ten years was in excess of 600,c00. This is at the average rate of 160 per- sons or nearly 4o families of four persons each per day for a decade, making Brooklyn the third largest municipal city in the western hemisphere, exceeded by only Greater New York (of which Brooklyn is a part) and Chicago. As a shipping center — 50 Brooklyn ranks second in America; as a manufacturing center fifth. The manufactured products of Brooklyn now amount, in round numbers, to $1,400,000,000 a year. The wholesale prod- ucts amount to sae annually. The figures of the 1930 U.S. census show that the population of Brooklyn (2,596,154) has increased over 28 per cent. since 1920. Vhe attendance at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the same period increased from 312,000 to 1,006,000 or 222 per cent. ‘The Tax Budget appropriation of the City of New York for the main- tenance of the Garden increased $32,528 (from $68,478 to $1ot,- 000), or 48 per cent., and the Private Funds Budget $62,266 (from $34,163 to $96,429), or 182 per cent. The circular above quoted also records the activity of the Chamber in connection with the recent establishment of Long Island University (1926), Brooklyn College (1929), and the new Technical High School buildi — ing soon to be constructed at a cost of approximately $7,000,000, to provide vocational training. Everyone interested in Brooklyn may well be proud of this splendid accomplishment and growth. But what is it that makes a city truly and permanently great? There were much larger mediaeval cities than Pisa, Florence, and Padua. Whoever thinks now of the size of Athens during the period of classic Greece, or of the commerce of Alexandria? To mention these cities is to suggest the names of Galileo, Giotto, Vesalius, and Dante: Pericles and Aristotle; a great university (Padua), surpassing architecture (Athens and Pisa), literature that lives for more than 2000 years (Athens); a great lbrary (Alexandria); parks or groves where people went, not to eat lunches, play games, and litter up the place, but to walk and talk with philosophers. We forget that Florence and Padua are and have been important centers of manufacturing and commerce, that Alexandria was a great shipping center. To mention Milan is to think “ Cathedral” and ‘ Leonardo da Vinci,” forgetting and not much caring, that there is the financial center of Italy and a great manufacturing center. It is by no means intended here to endeavor to belittle the im- portance of trade and commerce, but it is the intention to em- phasize the mistake of any city stressing and supporting these things to the exclusion of things of the spirit ot When a city endeavors to bring to itself a larger factory, inducements can outweigh the educational and cultural advantages which the place offers as a residence for the families of the pro- prietor and his employees. What boots it that one can make large dividends or high wages if the community does not afford a healthy environment and enriching cultural opportunities for owners and employees and their families. These paragraphs, which may seem far a field in the report of a botanic garden, are preparatory to the statement that an educa- tional institution like the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, having more than 1,000,000 visitors yearly in a city of two and one half million population, and which renders to the community such diversified and extensive services as have been recorded in these annual re- ports for the past twenty years, should receive support in propor- tion to the value of its services and the resources of the community. One might, for example, expect that more than 627 persons could be found to enroll as annual members as the result of daily can- vassing for several years by all the methods that have been found effective elsewhere. Such expectations might be increased by knowledge of the fact that cities less than half the size of Brooklyn far exceed Brooklyn in such matters. It would be difficult to exaggerate the cultural impoverishment of Brooklyn if it were to be deprived of such institutions as the Botanic Garden, the Brooklyn Museum, and the Children’s Museum, all open free to the public, and not only carrying on their own educational programs, for children and adults, but supplementing and enriching the work of practically every other educational institution in the city. 3rooklyn has been placed under an everlasting debt of gratitude to the small handful of citizens whose contributions of services, moral support, and funds, in supplement to the annual tax budget appropriations, have made the Brooklyn Botanic Garden possible. Without this private initiative and support much of the beauty of our grounds, and much—very much—of our scientific and educational work, including a large part of our service to the public schools, would have been quite impossible. t the close of these first twenty years the director wishes to express again his appreciation and deep sense of personal obliga- 52 tion to those who have given such generous measure of support, be it large or small. Need of Additional Endowment A detailed statement of our endowment needs has been given in previous annual reports. It should be kept in mind that funds are needed not only for the development and maintenance of the erounds, but to finance the scientific research (which is founda- tional to all else that we do) and the program of public education. for much of our work we are dependent on the uncertain income of pledges made annually ; the work itself is permanently essential. Our program of development has, as yet, been only partially realized, For the enrichment of work now in progress, for its logical ex- pansion, to meet increasing demands for public service, and to provide compensation comparable to what is being paid in other scientific and educational institutions, and to put this work on a permanent financial basis the Brooklyn Botanic Garden needs additional annual income equivalent to the interest at 51% per cent. on One Millon Dollars. bf “Real endowments are not money, but ideas,” says Mr. Julius Rosenwald in his recent article } urging the unwisdom of perpetual endowments for specific purposes: “ Desirable and feasible ideas are of much more value than money, and when their influence has once been establishec feds they may be expected to receive ready sup- port as long as they justify themselves. We may be confident that if a public need is clearly demonstrated, and a practicable way of meeting that need is shown, society will take care of it in the future.” We believe that the history of the past twenty years has clearly demonstrated a real need for such services as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has rendered and is rendering to this community and to the larger world of science and education. Is it too much to hope that “ society” will, as Mr. Rosenwald assures us it will, provide the “ practicable way” to make possible the continuation of, and the enrichment and extension of our work? 1 Atlantic Monthly, December, 1930, p. 740. Fic. 4. Conservatory Plaza, facing north, showing the new Jenkins Fountain, the Tropical Waterlily Pool, the new Steps, with Water Basin between, and the stone railing at the south end of the Laboratory Plaza. September, 1930. (7031.) 54 The following items reflect, in part, the activities and progress of the year 1930. The Garden and the Public It is gratifying each year to witness the extent to which the general public visit the garden as one would visit a museum, for study as well as recreation and enjoyment. One can rarely walk through the grounds without seeing visitors reading and copying labels, studying plants, and learning their names. An increasing number of visitors come to the Information Desk in the Laboratory 3uilding for printed matter, or to ask for information. Inquiries by mail and telephone have fully doubled in number during the past ten years. 3y means of frequent press releases sent out by our Feature News Service the public is kept well informed concerning the Garden. During 1930 about 750 clippings of news items were received. The series of 51 weekly articles on plant life and garden- ing contributed to the New York Sun during the year, as noted in the appended report of the curator of elementary instruction, have resulted in the establishment of a garden page in that paper. The Garden and the Schools As noted in the appended report of the curator of public in- struction, the Botanic Garden during the past year, has served, in one way or another, every High School in Greater New York, save one (the High School of Commerce, Manhattan) which has no department of biology. This includes 24 schools and annexes in Brooklyn, 14 in Manhattan, 6 in the Bronx, 10 in Queens, and 2 in Richmond (Staten Island), a total of 57 schools. In each case this service has included the supply of living or preserved study material. In a similar manner we have supplied six colleges and univer- sities and one Junior college in Greater New York, and one in New Jersey ; also the eleven private and parochial schools of high school grade and the Maxwell Training School (and Annex) in Brooklyn, and the New York Training School for Teachers in Manhattan. In numerous ways we have also served 82 per cent. of the Pub- lic Schools (grades below the High School) in 1930, and 98 per Do cent. during the past ten years; of the Junior High Schools, 81 per cent. in 1930 and 85 per cent. during the past ten years. This cooperation has been up to our capacity to respond, and the service could be enriched and extended if we had larger ap- propriations for this purpose in the Tax Budget. As it is, much of the cost of the service has to be met from private funds income, to the impoverishment of our scientific work, and the extension and maintenance of our collections of living plants, the herbarium, and the library, which are entirely financed ie private funds. Fuller statements of the work are given in the appended reports of the curators of public instruction and elementary instruction, and in Table IT The City and the Garden for Twenty Years It may be of interest, both locally and in other cities to know just what advantage the city has derived, in terms of dollars and cents, by the co-partnership with the Botanic Garden during the past twenty years. 3y expending a total of approximately $376,422 in corporate stock, tax notes, and special revenue bonds for permanent improve- ments the city has secured the expenditure of approximately $176,- 270 of private funds for the same purpose provement of city owned property. Since the Garden was established in 1910 the annual appro- priations of the City for maintenance (not including permanent improvements) have totaled $1,290,026.41. By making these ap- propriations the City has secured twenty annual appropriations of private funds amounting to a total of $814,859.41. The total maintenance cost, therefore, has been $2,104,885.82 The total number of visitors to the Garden during its first 20 years 1s approximately 9,000,000. rinanent im- —v — The maintenance, therefore, has, for the 20 year period, cost 23 cents per visitor or only 1.15 cents per year per visitor. Of this amount the City has paid in the Tax Budget appropriations for the 20 year period a [4 cents per visitor, or only 0.7 cent. In other words, the Garden has cost the City less than three quar- ters of a cent per year per visitor. The Tax Budget appropriation of $101,006.67 for maintenance 5 56 TABLE II STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE Conferences with Teachers Wo.oOf Cont GrGnCéS” 4. ene nieeie etd sine owe e e4 No. of teachers involved ......0 0000 ees Ne, 0) Pupils WivOlved. conse atieted ieee epee Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) No. of sets ae. Rees gay ie rs So eae eee A ea deere No. of teachers involved ....... 00.0 ee eee No.nwet pupils Gitend me .cases gi ec epe et ere es Material Supplied Total number of requests from schools ............--- Number of different schools ...............0.020-005- High Schools & H. S. Annexes ......... 0.0.00 ee Brooklyn (Total No. 33) 2.0.00... eee ee eee ees Oisens (Total ING. 13) cedssns se eetae deers Wanhattiat. 1. Total NG 28) 2. 00eicareisanekes ther Boroughs (Total No. 16) ............--. Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn, 17)..... Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn, 7).. Training Schools (Total in Brooklyn, 2) ......... Elementary Brooklyn (Total No, 235) .............-00055- Queens (Total No. 150) oo... 2... e eee Manhattan (Total No. 192) ...............0005 Other Boroughs (Total No. 137) .......-..5-55 Private and Parochial IGN wet Cente va eae e Aeuwa aeetpaer eee eaeee Plementary” 2ssece2 ive heen eer epee se Sees Other Institutions. <..sie.acecteseisds tee ewed eee No. of potted plants for nature study ........... No. of Petri dishes filled with agar ............ Total number of teachers supphed ...........-. Total number of pupils reached ..............-. Living Plants Placed tr School Rooms NOs. Of ‘SCHOOIS! ccc ena neta eked te see be ae age eee M6, PlAMES® 04 cacao senate a a eat Sil aie arr aon INO: EACHERS:: nncjgteae ne ee dati eats ate tieg ehaayas N f UPIIS: cocaine 1 dees baste een 2d snen covet See Plants Didvabubed (Raised in Classes)... 00.0 e ee eee No. of teachers taking plants ............. 0.0.00 eee children taking plants .............0 0.000000 Total number of schools pen oe ae ee Seed Packets for Children INO Of: 9SCHOOIS. oon -bberi Atay ded CP aa ee NG: Ol: TEACHOTS cit cect baeiee edt detec neteekee$ WN GulOt PUPS a aretame nae ees Goda een ae No ay E Bre Provided Oi Excl ts: Baie 6 fat cna basiayeath eg ore wie nen ea caree Wie wed: DY act4chaawadie$ oe cbohh ae bu advan ated telah eee es Nn Ui 13 4,015 5,226 4,811 196,177 28 246,065 1929 7 288 14,023 07 6,000 443 140 263,662 792,014 30 31,744 WA for 1930 was an average of 1.7 cents for each of the 6,000,000 in- habitants of Greater New York. In addition to securing these generous contributions of private funds, the city has benefited by the permanent improvement of 50 acres of park land; by the development of a scientific and educa- tional institution not only serving important needs of the local public, but also the larger needs of science and education through- out the world; by the development of a free public library on all aspects of plant life; and by the establishment of an institution which cooperates to enrich the public school system and the work of every higher educational institution in the entire Greater City. Through its Botanic Garden, Brooklyn enjoys educational and other civic advantages which are available to only four or five other cities in the United States. Several of these advantages are unique for Brooklyn. Research During 1930 Expeditions —In addition to investigations carried on locally in laboratories, herbaria, and experimental garden, during 1930, there have been two expeditions for field work, namely, Dr. Reed’s trip to Japan primarily for the study of Beardless Iris, and to the northwestern United States to study cereal grains with special reference to pathology; and Dr. Svenson’s trip to the Galapagos Islands, as botanist of the Astor expedition. Preliminary re- ports on these trips were published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rrcorp for November, and further reports will be found on pages 78 and 90 infra. Needs. —The curatorship of plant breeding, which became vacant in 1927 has, for lack of funds, not been filled. In most of our colleges and universities, especially in the State Agricultural Col- leges and experiment stations, genetics work with plants is carried on with special reference to agricultural crop plants. It is highly desirable that more genetics work should be done with what is sometimes called “ floristic’? material, the cultivated ornamental plants and their wild relatives. It is particularly appropriate that this material should be the basis of work in an urban botanic garden. Our rose garden, with its growing collection of wild species as 58 — wel portunity for such work here, but creates a need for it, and it is as horticultural varieties, not only affords a favorable op- hoped that funds may soon become available for the initiation of work in plant breeding with special reference to the genetics of roses and other ornamentals. Research Papers Published.—The total number of research pa- pers published by the Garden in 1930 was 142, occupying 2451 pages. These include the papers by those not members of the Garden staff, published in American Journal of Botany, Lcology, and Genetics. Special reports on Research during 1930 may be found on pages 78-91, Library New Library Stacks.—As stated in the preceding annual report, the lowest bid for new metal library stacks was $3,426.23, received from the Art Metal Construction Co. The contract (Park De- partment No. 97422) was awarded to the lowest bidder and the work was completed March 25. This additional equipment. not only met a pressing need, but has added much to the attractiveness of the library. Growth and Use—As noted in Table I, page 42, the total number of volumes and pamphlets has increased from 11,778 in 1920 to 27,770 at the close of 1930. Special attention is called to the important accessions, including the Pre-Linnaean works, the autograph letters and portraits of botanists, and association books, as noted by the librarian in his appended report. The increased use of the library from approximately 1400 in 1920 to more than 3100 in 1930 is gratifying. It should be kept in mind in this connection that this is a reference library, no books being loaned to individuals. Herbarium New Cases——As recorded in the previous report, the contract (Park Department No. 96148) for supplying the new metal her- barium cases was executed on November 21, 1929, with the James- town Metal Equipment Co. The work of installation was com- pleted on February 3, at a cost of $5,957. This nearly doubles Be) the capacity of the cases, and provides a more satisfactory arrange- ment of the main room. Component Collections Additional assistants, supplied during the latter part of 1930 by the Emergency Work Bureau, have made it possible, under Dr. Svenson’s supervision, to mount a large quantity of hitherto unmounted material and incorporate it into the active collection. Attention is called to the statement (on page 92) of new collections added to the herbarium of flowering plants. The Purposes of a Herbarium Perhaps no portion of botanic garden equipment is more difficult to explain to a Jayman than the herbarium. A library is under- stood; at least most people fhink they understand the uses and value of a library. A collection of living plants in a garden is understood. A botanical museum, comprising labeled specimens effectively exhibited has meaning to the layman. But what is the use of a collection of dried plants, pasted to herbarium sheets, labeled, and then filed away in the compartments of herbarium cases? Sir Joseph Hooker, the famous director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, had his troubles in trying to make government officials understand various needs of a botanic garden, among them, the needs of a herbarium. In a letter to Huxley in 1858, speaking of the necessity of a herbarium at Kew, he notes that, “it 1s impossible to work scientifically a garden of 20,000 to 30,000 species, and name the things sent to us to name, without a first rate Herbarium and Library here. The seeds sent are often to be known only by the accompanying dried specimens which go into the Herbarium, and the latter becomes in a thousand ways an indispensable adjunct to the Garden and reciprocally (by being the depository of the plants once cultivated in the Garden) an integral part of the establishment, and a record of its progress and efforts, its successes and failures as a horticultural establishment, all quite apart from its scientific uses.” Later, when the Lemann herbarium of 30,000 specimens was offered as a gift to Cambridge University, Hooker refers to his old teacher Henslow trying to prove to the Cambridge Dons “ that such collections have other and higher value than old china’! — 60 In a letter to W. H. Harvey, in 1857, Hooker writes “ We have just drawn up the Garden Report and pitched in very strong about the uses of the Herbarium as a scientific adjunct to the Gardens.” Perhaps it may not be amiss to give here a brief statement, for layman consumption, of what the botanist conceives the uses of a herbarium to be. Dr. David Fairchild, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in his recent book, Haploring for plants (MacMillan, 1930), writes as follows: “To those who hurry through life the hundreds of cases in the Kew Herbarium contain only so much dried plant material; mummies having little relation to the actual plants, fragments of flowers and leaves, brown with age and often falling to pieces. Such as these do not realize, I think, that although you can de- scribe a plant species in words, if you are clever enough, it is vastly more difficult to tell from the verbal description whether some plant which you have in your hand is that plant or not, than it is to turn to a dried specimen of it in a herbarium and compare its form with the one you have.” As Hooker stated, a well-kept botanic garden without some sort of herbarium is well-nigh an impossibility. Besides the constant utilization of our herbarium for comparison and naming of ma- terial which is sent us for identification, and the continuous refer- ence made to it in the identification‘and selection of material for our plantations and conservatories, it is also an important adjunct in classroom instruction, including courses given on medicinal and other economic plants. Numerous problems are brought to us during the year the only solution to which lies in the herbarium collections. The herbarium also serves as the basis of work on our local flora, for it includes the actual plants once growing in localities now completely covered by the urban expansion of New York City. We are specially interested in Long Island. In order to under- stand the place of our own flora we must have comparative material of the same and related species from other regions. In general, for researches relative to plant classification it is necessary to depend on herbaria. Their collections are more ex- tensive and diversified than the necessarily limited collections of 61 living plants. While botanic gardens can, at best, cultivate but a few thousand species, great herbaria contain millions of dried specimens. Further, many plant families are, for one reason or another, not suitable for cultivation and it is desirable that they be represented by at least a few herbarium specimens. In addition, we have the material (some of it tropical) which has been accumulated on expeditions in which members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have participated and which has been the basis of the published results of the explorations. A knowl- edge of the flora of many regions has been made possible by the ected by travellers who were not — study of herbarium specimens col botanists. Herbarium material is also indispensable to investigators who are doing monographic work on different plant groups or regions. In fact, most systematic work must be done with preserved speci- mens, the plants being collected in the field but studied at con- venience and leisure in the herbarium. The specialist may thus have at his disposal a rich representation of a given group or region, and moreover all the specimens in a herbarium are, so to speak, “in flower” at the same time and at all seasons of the vear. Reciprocally, such work always benefits a herbarium, which steadily increases in value as careful arrangement and authori- tative determinations of its eas are made. Mere size is not, of itself, an indication of the value of a collection, but rather the state of organization, perfection of the specimens, availability for reference, and the degree of reliability of carefully selected material for desired purposes. The scientific value of a herbarium is enhanced by the “ type specimens it contains. A “type” specimen may, in general, be defined as the specimen on which the original description of a species is based. Our own herbarium possesses many type speci- mens, especially in the group of the Fungi. A herbarium is also of value in numerous incidental ways such, for example, as the preparation of illustrations for botanical pub- lications, herbarium material being available in rich variety at any ay season of the year. In several instances, herbarium specimens have supplied very old seeds of definitely known age for experi- mental studies of the longevity of seeds. These studies, in turn, 62 afforded evidence disproving the widespread myth of the germina- tion of “mummy wheat,” claimed to be several thousand years Lamarck’s Evening-primrose and jor old. Herbarium specimens of other species of the genus Oenothera became of the highest in- terest and importance in connection with testing the hypothesis of evolution by ‘“ mutation,” as elaborated by DeVries about 25 years ago, and still being investigated. These last two points are interesting illustrations of the fact that work in “ pure’ science, the collection of specimens and data, is often found to have a value wholly unanticipated when the work was done. And finally (for this is not intended to be an exhaustive treat- ment of the subject) herbaria are indispensable in connection with studies in preparation for journeys of botanical exploration for extending our knowledge of plants, giving the botanical explorer, in advance, a first hand acquaintance with what is already known a preparation which no amount of reading of the relevant flora printed descriptions could give. I*rom this statement the need of curatorial oversight and ade- quate assistance should be clear. The mounting of new specimens and assorting them into the collection, keeping the specimens free from insect pests, serving those who are studing the collection, these and other preparing duplicate specimens for exchange curatorial details demand constant and trained oversight and attention, Just as ina museum the library and the study collections are most useful to the educated while the public exhibits are useful to the educated and uneducated alike, and are a mental stimulus to both classes, so ina botanic garden the public exhibits appeal to the masses (botanists, horticulturists, and laymen), but the herbarium (as well as the library) serves chiefly the needs of the amateur plant-lover and the professional botanist. Plantations and Grounds Outdoor gardening work was resumed on March 17 with a force of ten gardeners, two of whom are required for the Con- servatories, leaving only eight to care for approximately 30 acres of plantations, including such highly specialized areas as the Rose Garden, Rock Garden, and Japanese Garden. The Native Wild Fic. 5. Rhododendrons at the outlet of the Lake. June, 1930. (7035.) 64 Flower Garden and the Econonuc Plant Garden have remained Vy nf sufficient gardening force to maintain them if they were reestablished. The vrading and development of the Horticultural Section on the North Addition (between the Museum and the Reservoir) which 1s planned for 1931 will necessitate additional garc temporarily abandoned for several years for lack er eners for main- tenance and guard duty. Twelve Months of Bloom Vhe Christmas Iris (/ris Vartani), a bulbous species which normally blooms in December in its native home in Palestine, was in bloom in the Rock Garden for several days beginning January 6. Snowdrops began blooming about February 2, and a number of yellow Crocuses were in flower on March 10, preceded, as usual, by the Winter Aconite. Thence we had a continuous succession of bloom throughout the entire twelve months of 1930, ending with Crocus salzmannt and Crocus longifolia which were in bloom in the Rock Garden in December. Rose Garden The roses wintered well over the season of 1920-30. The garden has been greatly improved by adding lattice panels and pillars to the north pergola and by the concrete posts to hold festoon chains. A more detailed statement concerning the Rose Garden is given in the appended report of the horticulturist. Japanese Garden When an art museum obtains an oil painting of a landscape and hangs it in the proper gallery the major cost for that exhibit has been met for all time. The same is true of a collection of wax models of flowers or any other exhibit in a natural history museum. Not so with a garden of living plants. The cost of construction and first planting of a rose garden, rock garden, Japanese garden, is only a beginning. Considerable sums for maintenance, re- planting, and care of plants must be provided from some source every year. Our Japanese Garden was constructed with private funds provided by our first chairman, Mr. Alfred T. White. The 65 expense of annual maintenance has likewise been almost wholly met (entirely so except for the wages of a guard in attendance) by generous gifts of private funds. A larger gift than usual in 1930 made it possible to give a great deal of attention to the plants, and this work has been carried out by Japanese gardeners under the supervision of Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japan- ese gardening. The planting of additional flowering cherry trees in the immediate vicinity of the Japanese Garden is noted in the appended report of the horticulturist. The larger bridge in the garden, completed in 1915, has become unsafe after fifteen years of continuous use and must be rebuilt this coming year. Numerous other repairs must also be made, and it is a great pleasure to record here that funds have already been pledged to the amount of $1500 to make possible this work. Wild Flower Garden Enclosure and Gates——Work on the erection of a fence to en- close the Native Wild Flower Garden, and the erection of the two rustic gates designed by Mr. Caparn, was begun about September 15 and completed about September 30. The gates are of wooden frames and chestnut poles (DuBois French Provincial Woven Wood Fence material) with 30 feet of the woven wood fence on each side of the gates, furnished and erected by the Robert C. Reeves Co. The remainder of the fence is of Anchor Post gal- vanized wire chain link fencing. This work was also made possi- ble by a gift of $1610.22 by Mr. Jenkins. Planting Plans ——This area was, of necessity, temporarily dis- continued in 1924, largely for lack of funds. In the meantime a small grove, planted in that year, has developed sufficiently to provide the shade and moisture conditions of a small open woods. During late November and December much pruning was done, and work was commenced on the construction of a Sand Barren Pool, where we hope to be able to establish under fairly natural conditions such local flora plants as are found in that kind of a habitat. Conservatory Fountain The design for the Conservatory Plaza Fountain, by the con- sulting landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn, was approved by the Art Commission of New York City on April 9. This 66 design was published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for May, 1930, and the finished fountain is illustrated in fig. 1 of this report. The fountain is of Indiana limestone. The four bronze heads at the outlets of the bowl were designed by Miss Isabel M. Kimball, sculptor, of Brooklyn, the design being based on the head of a Catfish or Bullhead, whose body is imagined to extend back into the water of the bowl. The heads were cast and placed by The Gorham Company (Bronze Division), of New York. oe FF The contractor for labor and materials for the limestone bowl, pedestal, and base and for the stone and cement work for the lower basin was Wm. F. Evans & Son Building Co., Brooklyn. The work was completed on August 20. Laboratory and Conservatory Plazas Work on the first contract (Park Department No. 98166) for the improvement of the Laboratory and Conservatory Plazas was begun on March 22 by the lowest bidder, the F. A. Ryan Construc- tion Corporation (If. A. Ryan, Jr., President). The contract rice was $14,900, and the contract time was 90 working days. With extras allowed the total cost of the work was $15,040, leaving an unincumbered balance of $5951. The official date for begin- ning the work was \ October 7. Second Contract—P plazas, the cost not to exceed the unincumbered balance, were filed by Mr. Caparn with the Department of Parks, Brooklyn, in the latter part of June. —" — — ay 26, and the work was officially completed — ans for further improvements of the North Addition Plans for the improvement of the land between Brooklyn Museum property and Mt. Prospect Reservoir, known as. the North Addition, are progressing. ‘here have been unavoidable Cy delays. It is expected that the contract can be advertised for public letting in the spring of 1931. The appropriation for this work is $24,100 made by the Board of Estimate and Apportion- ment. 67 Guards at the Gates A news item in the New York Times states that park vandalism, in Central Park alone, has cost the city $200,000 in three years. The vandalism included injuries to benches and sprinkling system, the uprooting of entire trees, shrubs, and hedges, and other damage. Among the items listed are: 15 large trees above four feet caliper badly mutilated; 204 shrubs stolen: 4729 shrubs destroyed ; large areas of ground-cover plants destroyed by tramping. The land- scape architect and chief engineer of the Park Department are quoted as estimating that about 40 per cent. of the rehabilitation work accomplished during the past three years at a cost of $500,- coo has been undone by vandals. As a result the Fifth Avenue Association has asked the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for an appropriation for special park police to supplement the regular police. We have had occasion in several preceding annual reports to note distressing acts of vandalism in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, and reference is made to the trouble in Central Park as illus- trating the fact that this Botanic Garden is not unique, in this respect. The situation has steadily improved here, and it is in- structive to note that it is the very remedy recommended by the Wifth Avenue Association for Central Park that has proved effec- tive here. In particular the plan, adopted for the first time in 1930, of having a guard at every entrance to the Garden has prob- ably accomplished more than any other one thing by refusing ad- “gangs” of adolescents, children unaccom- cf mission to vagrants, panied by parent or other adult responsible for their conduct, and other persons obviously undesirable. This plan was begun on Saturday, April 12, and continued until October, with the exception of one week following Easter Sunday. The plan was made possible by a supplementary appropriation of $2000 made by the city on March 28 for per diem labor. But this is not, of itself, sufficient. Respectable looking parents have been known, in this Garden, to deliberately set young children over a low wire fence into a plantation of Daffodils, and watch them pick generous handfuls of the flowers. Such instances emphasize the need of ample provision for guards in addition to those at the gates. ‘There is slight satisfaction and no real restitution in having a vandal arrested and fined Five Dollars for destroying a rare jaan — 68 shrub of several years development or one that was perhaps ob- tained on some exploring expedition, and that can be replaced only in the distant future, if at all, because it is not on the market nor found in duplicate in other gardens. What false economy to expend money for the development of a beautiful garden and then not spend as much as may be necessary to prevent vandals doing more dollars worth of damage than it would cost to have the Garden properly policed. t is important also to have guards at the gates to sell guide books, maps, and post-cards, and to give entering visitors informa- tion as to the location of various exhibits, et cetera. — Miscellaneous Foot Bridge. —A foot bridge over the Brook, at the outlet of the Lake, was one of the needed features illustrated in the Garden Record for May, 1930. Work on the construction of the bridge was begun by John Thatcher & Son, contractors, on June 3 and completed on June 30. This bridge, designed by Mr. Caparn, was made possible by a gift of $1500 for this purpose by Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. Sidewalk Paving —On February 28, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, at the request of the Park Commissioner, James J. Browne, approved the contract, plans, and specifications for the construction and new alignment of new cement walks, replacing an old flagstone paving and an unpaved stretch extending from the Richard Young Gate, near Empire Boulevard, north to the service gate on Flatbush Avenue, at an estimated cost of ae Work began on this contract on May 5 and was concluded 1 about three weeks. The improvement had been greatly needed ae a number of years. The cooperation of Park Commissioner Browne is specially appreciated, the expense being met from Park _ Department funds. Passing of the Water Tower. was established all views facing north have had their beauty en- hanced by the beautiful stone water tower that stood at the north- west corner of Mt. Prospect Reservoir, on Eastern Parkway. This tower is now no more. Constructed in 1893 at a cost of $95,000, it was demolished in January, 1930 to save an expenditure of ap- since the Botanic Garden 69 proximately $100,000, the estimated cost of strengthening its foundations in connection with the building of the second section of the Brooklyn Public Library located just west of the site of the tower. The necessity for its removal, regretted by the entire city, was predicted when the present site of the new library building was selected. Hardiness of Nelumbo.—Although certain species of palms and of broad leaved evergreens (e.g., Prunits lawrocerasus) are hardy at Kew, and not at Brooklyn, the Director of Kew, Dr. Hill, when visiting the Brooklyn Garden in 1926, was impressed with the vigorous growth in our Lake of the East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), which had not proved hardy at Kew. At Dr. Hill's suggestion sections of rootstocks were sent to Kew for propaga- tion. In a letter received here in February Dr. Hill wrote that, although the winters at Kew are milder than those at Brooklyn, the Nelumbo propagated from our plants had failed to prove hardy. The explanation for this is not certain, but it may possibly be that the explanation is to be found in the fact that the suminers at Kew are not hot and dry enough to ripen the Neltimnbo tissues properly for withstanding the winter weather. Conservatories Attendance at the conservatories increased from 32,880 in 1929 to 40,093 in 1930. Several houses have been rearranged and new features added, such as aquatic plants in aquaria, plants useful as city apartments, etc. A fuller ac- a houseplants in steam-heatec count 1s given in the appended report of the curator of plants. Exhibits During the year 17 exhibits were installed outside of the Garden, with a total attendance of 42,600. Among these exhibits may be mentioned the one beginning April 5, in the department store of Abraham and Straus, Inc., Brooklyn, in connection with a series eal of talks on gardening as noted in the appended report of the curator of elementary instruction. From April 18 to 27, there was a double-window display of material relating to the Botanic Garden in the show windows of the Abraham and Straus store. This fine courtesy was arranged through the good offices of our president, Mr. Blum. 70 Special attention is called to the account of our exhibit in the Brooklyn Savings Bank from November 17 to December 6, re- corded in the appended report of the curator of public instruction — under whose general supervision this attractive exhibit was in- stalled. Cooperation In our annual report for 1925 we gave a list of 840 institutions with which the Brooklyn Botanic Garden had been in cooperation that year. Such work has now become a daily occurrence, and there would be little point in trying to give a complete list of instances. It is gratifying, however, that we can now repay, in some measure, the very heavy indebtedness incurred in the earlier years of our own development; a few instances may be worth recording as indicating the diversity of this work and its geographic range. In February our plan of organization, method of financing, and plan of plantations were sent to a university in a western state which is considering the possibility of establishing a botanic garden in connection with its academic and professional schools. In the same month several colored lantern slides of views in this Garden were sent to the chairman of the Arboretum Committee of the State Federation of Garden Clubs of one of the Southern States. In acknowledging the receipt of the slides the chairman wrote: “In all my collection of views, taken in the various arboreta aud botanic gardens both of this country and abroad, I find none that exceed these in attractiveness and interest.” The March, 1930, issue of the Bidletin of the Missouri State 3oard of Agriculture was a reprint (by permission) of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaffets, Series XV, No. 8-10, entitled, “ Our en vegetables,” by Dr. O. Ik. White, former curator anny common gar of plant breeding. In March The Regional Plan of New York and Environs was supplied with a photograph dlustrating our public education work. This was for publication in the final volume of the Regional Plan series, Plan Volume II, The Building of the City. In April an Agreement was entered into with the American Fern Society providing for the deposit and administration here of the Society’s library, in consideration of certain mutual advantages to be derived by this plan. Dr. Benedict, resident investigator at the Garden, is editor of the American Fern Journal, the official — — 7A organ of the Society. The text of the Agreement is published as Appendix 8 of this Report (p. 164). In April, also, living plant material was supplied to a museum in another city for use as a model in making a museum group. In June, after considerable correspondence and searching of records, we were able to supply a large corporation with informa- tion concerning the naming of a red geranium. Through Mr. John Young, Secretary of the Society of American Florists, we learned that the variety was named after Col. S. A. Nutt by Mr. John Thorpe (now deceased), of Pearl River, New York. In September, plans and enlarged photographs of our Rose Garden were sent by request for exhibit at the First National Atlantic City Flower and Garden Pageant. At this time (Sep- tember ri) the American Rose Society held a meeting at which Municipal Rose Gardens were made a special feature. In November, living plants and cuttings representing 24 differ- ent kinds were sent to a New [england college for use in stocking their new greenhouse. In December, for a similar purpose, we sent 50 plants and cut- tings, In 40 varieties, to the State Llospital, Brooklyn. Gifts Gifts received during the vear are recorded on pages 82, 93, and 141. They have all been acknowledged with the thanks of the Governing Committee and director. Special note should be made here of a few of outstanding importance. March 6. The Conservatory Fountain, by Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, as already noted on page 65. ‘Total cost, $5757.84. February 21. A check for $1000 from the National Research Council, Washington, toward the expenses of Dr. Reed’s trip to Japan to study Iris. May 14. A new foot-bridge over the Brook, costing $1521.93, from Mr. Jenkins. May 14. Fence and two entrance gates for the Native Wild Flower Garden. Total cost, $1610.22. Also from Mr. Jenkins. November 12. A check for $250 from the American Iris So- ciety toward the expenses of Dr. Reed’s trip to Japan to study Iris. Contributions of $2500 each from three anonymous friends of 0 ce the Botanic Garden, now for the fifth year in succession, for the support of the department of Plant Pathology. Membership There was a decrease in the number of annual members from 648 to 627, as given on page 182 of this report. It may be noted here that membership in such an institution as the Botanic Garden is not a wholly selfish matter for, in addition to securing certain advantages for the member, it also affords an opportunity of contributing to a work of great value to the entire city, involy- ing the employment of personnel, and which depends in large measure on private funds income for its support. Plant Distribution At the annual distribution of surplus plants to members over 5300 plants were distributed to 305 members. These included Asters, Sedum, Boltonia, and Pansies on April rr, and Chrysan- themums on May 20. Sixteenth Annual Spring Inspection The Sixteenth Annual Spring Inspection for members and friends was held as usual on the second Tuesday of May, which fell on May 13. Following the inspection of the plantations tea was served in the Laboratory Building by the Woman's Auxiliary to whom the Garden is again greatly indebted for the success of this always delightful occasion. The exhibits on view during the serving of tea included a num- coat ber of very beautiful paintings of wild flowers in their natural surroundings of fields, woods, and thickets ;a number of decorative panels of cultivated flowers; and two screens with floral designs. These were by Miss Beatrice Kendall, of Manhattan, who has made a specialty of the use of flowers, shrubs, and vines in the painted decoration of rooms, employing, wherever possible, the surrounding gardens or landscape as her material, in order to achieve a unity between the house and its setting. The new Library and Herbarium Equipment was also inspected, and several designs of Architect and Landscape Architect for ad- ditional outdoor features greatly needed and suitable for private 73 — gifts. The weather was very favorable, and there was a large attendance. Appointments Staff and Other Employees Dr. Henry Knute Svenson, Ph.D., assistant curator of plants, beginning January 2. Margaret M. Dorward, A.B., instructor, March 17-July 15; acting assistant curator of elementary instruction, beginning July 10, Helen D. Jenkins, A.B., instructor, beginning April T. her, beginning May 1. Pauline S. Lehman, B.A., stenograp Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., curatorial assistant, beginning December ey Frances M. Miner, A.B., instructor, beginning September 1. Resignations Board of Trustees Mr. William A. Putnam. Resignation accepted December 1930, to take effect May 14, 1931. 4 Staff and Other Finployees Kathryn Clark Bartlett, A.B., instructor, September 15, 1926- December 31, 1929; acting assistant curator of elementary instruc- tion since January I, 1930, resigned March 31. Elsie Twemlow Hammond, M.A., assistant curator of elemen- tary instruction since September 1, 1921, resigned March 31. Lucile Sargent MacColl, A.B., instructor February 1, 1929- March 31, 1930; assistant curator of elementary instruction since April 1, 1930, resigned June 30. Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., instructor since September I, 1928, re- signed August 31. Zelda J. Sargent, instructor since October 1, 1927, resigned April 30. Ruth M. Tate, stenographer since October 1, 1928, resigned April 30. Emergency Employees In connection with the unemployment situation the Garden has cooperated during the vear with the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities 74 and the Emergency Employment Committee, Mr. Seward Prosser, Chairman. Beginning on March 27 and continuing until Decem- ber ro, the Bureau of Charities sent us per diem men for outside work, the number varying from one to six. From December 8 until the close of the year the Emergency Work Bureau of the Prosser Committee sent us outside men, the number varying from one to seven. ‘These men worked only three days a week. We also had from the same source two men and five women for inside positions, in the herbarium, library, seed room, and stock room, and for general stenographic work. These people worked six days a week, and most of them were to continue over into 1931. Organization Dinner On Vhursday evening, May 22, an organization dinner was held in the rotunda of the Laboratory Building. This dinner was the third of its kind, and marked the twentieth anniversary of the sotanic Garden, the actual work of which began with the appoint- ment of the first and present director, effective July 1, 1910. IXvery monthly employee was present except three who were out of the country or out of town. Also, as guests, President and Mrs. Blum, the Chairman of the Governing Committee, Miss Loines : the Chairman of the Woman’s Auxiliary, Mrs. Butler; the Presi- dent of the Garden Teachers Association of the Botanic Garden, Miss Adelaide B. Harrison; the President of the Boys and Girls Club, Oswald Elbert, and wives of staff members—sixty-three per- a sons in all. A beautifully engrossed scroll, framed, and bearing the signatures of 53 members of staff and other employees of the Garden, was presented to the Director in recognition of the com- pletion of his twenty years of service. No man ever had from his associates a more beautiful tribute, nor one more deeply valued and appreciated. The speakers included Miss Shaw, curator of ele- mentary instruction, who acted as master of ceremonies, President Blum, Miss Loines, Mrs. Butler, Mr. Elbert, and Mr. Free who, presented the scroll on behalt of the staff and other employees. A response was made by the Director. This account should not be closed without recording the fact that, at its meeting on June 23, 1930, held at the Botanic Garden, the Governing Committee presented to the Director a beautiful tray with tea and cotfee set of Tiffany silver, with a most gracious 75 expression of presentation engraved on the tray. Modesty dictates that no mention be made here of these two tributes. It is believed, however, that this statement is essential, not only for a complete history of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, but as a public and last- ing record of appreciation. Financial There is probably no more irrational standard of educational values than the financial. The value of education to an individual, the value of public education to society as a whole, to a state or a municipality, can never be adequately stated in terms of dollars and cents. However, if we recall that every individual must pay for educational privileges not afforded at public expense, and that charges (at least nominal in amount) for admission to museums, botanic gardens, and zoological parks are common in other coun- tries than this, it may not be amiss to point out what the minimum monetary value is of the educational advantages afforded the gen- eral public by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Out of over 1,000,000 visitors we are, perhaps, justified in con- sidering that, while many come merely to enjoy the Garden as they would a park or, in some cases, merely to pass through it, at least half the visitors came for the purpose of taking advantage of the opportunities for which the Garden was established, name to study and enjoy plant life. — ys On this basis, then, we may consider that in 1930 not less than 500,000 persons came to the Botanic Garden for certain educational purposes for which, had this been a private Garden, they would each have paid not less than 50 cents admission, or a total of $250,000. Phe price of admission to several privately conducted gardens in America is $2.00. The price of each admission to private gardens in Pennsylvania.on “Garden Days” under the auspices of the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women (Ambler, Pa.) is $1.00. The admission to gardens in Westchester County for the benefit of the Westchester County Children’s Association, in 1929, was 50.cents. The charge for admission to New York City museuins having Pay Days is 25 cents. If we grant further that, with a charge of 50 cents for ad- mission, the attendance would have been reduced one half, the Fic. 6. Potted Iris Plants (Hanashobu) of Mr. T. Minoda —, negative taken in Kumomoto, Japan, expressly for Dr. George M. Kai (the Iris Society of Kumomoto). R (standing at the right). From photographic reed, June, 1930, Courtesy of the Mangetsu- 92 77 total receipts would have been $125,000. Or, again, if we con- sider that it is worth at least 25 cents a visitor to the individual, the total of value received, on the basis of 500,000 visitors, is $125,000. But the appropriation in the city Tax Budget for maintenance of the Garden in 1930 was $98,930, in return for which the Garden rendered services having a monetary value of $125,000-$250,000. The advantages of the Garden to the general public were enriched by contributions of over $100,000 of private funds. As noted previously, this monetary measure takes no account of the in- tangible but important educational, cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual advantages derived from the Garden, and which are really its only justification for existence. The Financial Statement for the year 1930 may be found on pages 131-140. European Trip During the summer the director spent seven weeks in Europe, sailing from New York on July 11 and returning September 16. This trip was for the purpose of visiting botanic gardens in France, Switzerland, Italy, and England, and attending the Ninth Inter- national Horticultural Congress in London, August 7-15, and the Fifth International Botanical Congress in Cambridge, August 16— 23. A full account of this trip may be found in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for January, 1931. Appended Reports Reports on research, the administrative reports of heads of de- partments, and Appendices 1-8 follow as an integral part of this report. Respectfully submitted, C. Sruarr GAGER, Director. 78 REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1930 Plant Pathology 3y GEORGE M. ReEp Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Hybrids to Loose and Covered Simut I*or several years investigations have been carried on in order to determine the mode of inheritance of smut resistance in oat hybrids. A large amount of data has been obtained with second generation plants of several different crosses and, in some cases, the experiments have been continued through the third and fourth generations. During the past year, additional data have been secured with a number of hybrids, representing different combina- tions of smut resistance. In our last report we recorded some data on hybrids between Ixarly Gothland and Monarch. The former is very susceptible to the loose smut, but resistant to the covered, while the Monarch variety shows exactly the reverse behavior with reference to the smuts. 50 second generation plants were inoculated with the loose smut, and g (18.0 per cent.) were infected. In another series, 85 second generation plants were inoculated with the covered smut, and 9 (10.5 per cent.) were infected. During the past year, several third generation progenies were grown, some individuals of which were inoculated with the loose smut and other individuals with the covered smut. The most significant results, perhaps, are that certain progenies were found to be entirely resistant to both loose and covered smut, while other progenies were more or less susceptible to one smut and resistant to the other. The results indicate that the factors determining resistance to the two smuts in these hybrids are independent of each other. The facts are par- ticularly significant in connection with the data already obtained in such crosses as Hull-less & Black Mesdag, in which the resistance to the two smuts appears to run entirely parallel. The fourth generation progenies of several of our earlier crosses were also grown, with a view to clearing up some of the problems involved. A large amount of data has been obtained and, in the main, the results are in harmony with those previously secured. Most of the studies during the past vear, however, were con- 79 cerned with obtaining additional data on second generation plants of a large number of different hybrids involving various combina- tions of smut resistance. At least five different groups of hybrids were grown. t. In the first group, one variety resistant to both loose and covered smut was crossed with another variety which is susceptible to both smuts. Three different hybrids involving this type of combination were made. In every case, Markton was the resistant variety, being crossed with the susceptible varieties Canadian, Early Champion and Victor. These latter varieties usually give 100 per cent. infection with both loose and covered smut, while Mark- ton quite regularly gives negative results, although occasionally an infected plant may be observed. 2. A second group of hybrids involves the combination in which one parent 1s resistant to both smuts, while the other parent is susceptible to the loose, but resistant to the covered. The second generation plants of a hybrid between Early Gothland and Mark- ton were studied. 3. The third type of cross was concerned with the case where one parent is resistant to both smuts, while the other is susceptible to the covered, but resistant to the loose. This is the reciprocal of the preceding type of cross. Again, Markton was used as the resistant variety, while Monarch was the other parent. The fourth type of hybrids involves a parent susceptible to both smuts, while the other one is susceptible to the loose smut, but resistant to the covered. Two hybrids of this type were stud- ied, one between Orientalis and Victor, and the other between Scottish Chief and Victor. The Victor variety is entirely suscepti- ble to both smuts, while Orientalis and Scottish Chief are suscepti- ble to loose smut, but resistant to the covered. 5. The final group of hybrids includes crosses between one ‘ariety susceptible to loose smut, while the other is susceptible to the covered. The second generation progenies of six different —" combinations of this type were studied. In every case, Monarch, a variety highly susceptible to the covered smut, and extremely resistant to the loose smut, was crossed with the following varieties : Early Gothland, Rossman, Danish, Danish Island, Orientalis, and Scottish Chief. The last named varieties show extreme suscep- 80 tibility to the loose smut, combined with high resistance to the covered. The progenies of 52 different crosses were grown. The gen- eral procedure in each case was to inoculate one set of second generation plants with the loose smut, and the other with the covered. A very large amount of valuable data bearing upon the general problem of the inheritance of the smut-resistant quality has been obtained. It is planned, during the coming season, to grow as many as possible of the third generation progenies of these various hybrids in order to determine quite fully the mode of in- heritance of the resistant quality. Some of our studies on the general problem of oat smut in- vestigations are in cooperation with Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist of the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases at Wash- ington, D.C. Mr. Stanton has furnished some of the material for the study of the hybrids, and is also testing out, from the agronomic stan jae point, some of the lines which are promising on account of their smut resistance. Additional Physiologic Races of Oat Simatts The problem of the specialization of both the loose and covered smut of oats has continued to receive attention. A number of collections of both smuts have been received from Mr. T. R. Stanton, and these have been used to inoculate several varieties of oats. A number of new races have been isolated. These are particularly important from the standpoint of breeding oats for smut resistance. Influence of Environal Conditions on Oat Simaut Infection Some experiments have been carried out with reference to ex- ternal factors influencing oat smut infection. Usually, with a susceptible variety, by the proper combination of conditions, we are able to secure the infection of all the inoculated plants. The most favorable combination of factors —_— las previously been worked out. During the past year, however, experiments were conducted to determine whether the growth of the host plant would influence the subsequent development of the parasite. All the plants were subjected to the same conditions during the seedling stage in order Sl that penetration of the parasite might be secured. Then, during the further growth of the plants, various modifications in the nutrition were made. Asa result, some of the plants were small, and dwarf, as compared with the vigorous tall, branching, ones in the experiment. All of the cultures, however, showed practically the same percentage of infected individuals. In other words, the most effective factors influencing the appearance of smut in the plant are those involved in the very early seedling stages when infection occurs. After the smut fungus once gains entrance into the plant, the subsequent rate and amount of growth of the latter does not appear to prevent the final development of the parasite in the flowers. Sorghum Sinut Investigations — Studies were continued in connection with the covered kerne smut of sorghum, Many second generation progenies of different crosses of sorghum varieties were inoculated and grown to ma- turity. The hybrids involyed various combinations of resistant and susceptible varieties. ‘ During the past year, a paper on “ A new method of producing 7) and detecting sorghum hybrids ” was published and, in this paper, some of the data on the inheritance of smut resistance were recorded. The method is based on the fact that the seedlings of sorghum hybrids differ in color, some being green, while others are red or reddish purple. It is further observed that among the hybrids of green seedling and red seedling varieties, the red character is dominant. These two observations suggested a method of obtain- ing and detecting hybrids between certain varieties with compara- tive ease. The procedure was to use the green seedling variety as the female parent. The young flowers of such a plant were pollinated with the po — len from a red seedling variety, the operation being re- peated at intervals as long as the flowers continued to open on the green seedling parent. — It was expected that most of the flowers on the female plant would actually be selfed, due to the relative abundance of pollen from other flowers on the same head. It was assumed, however, that the foreign pollen of the red seedling variety would reach the 82 stigmas of at least a few of the flowers at the right time to bring about cross-pollination. In order to determine whether cross-pollination had occurred, the seed from the female parent was collected and later germinated in sand under favorable conditions. If cross-pollination occurred, leading to the production of hybrids, it was expected that two types of seedlings from seed of the same head would be obtained, most of them being green, having developed from self-pollinated flowers, this being the characteristie color of the female plant. A few seedlings, however, due to the presence of the foreign pollen, would be red, and consequently hybrids. The method proved entirely successful and, with comparative ease, we were able to obtain a large number of hybrids between different varieties. The obvious limitation of the method, of course, is that the green seedling variety must in every case be used as the female parent. Beardless Tris Project The Iris season of 1930 was spent in Japan, an account of which has been published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, 19: 257-208, November, 1930. During our stay, we were able to visit a great many gardens where the Japanese Iris were grown. Valuable information regarding the culture of the Iris, the varie- ties grown, and the history of the Iris, was obtained. We also secured numerous photographs of different gardens, and made arrangements for the importation of special varieties. We have also arranged for the collection and forwarding of seed of the wild Iris from a number of different places in Japan. In our own collection, many of the varieties bloomed satis factor- ily. Practically all of them, however, had been transplanted in the fall of 1929, and the best bloom is not likely to be obtained in the following year. The plants, however, came through the more or less adverse season of 1929 in fairly good shape. A few additions to the collection have been made: Two varieties of Japanese Iris were received from Prof. Frank T. McFarland, Lexington, Ky. Mrs. Wheeler HH. Peckham, New Rochelle, N. Y., sent us twelve species of Beardless Iris from the collection at the New York Botanical Garden, which, for the most part, have heen recently described by Dr. John K. Small. Dr. Charles F. 83 Saunders, Pasadena, Cal., sent us plants of Jris unguicularis. Nine different species or varieties of wild Iris were collected in California and other places. Three species were purchased from C. G. Van Tubergen, Ltd., Holland. Forest Pathology By ArruurR HarMount GRAVES Breeding Work With the Chestnut As usual, the research work with the chestnut has been carried on in collaboration with the Office of Investigations in Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. As an ex- ample of the close interconnection of the various branches of plant science, this year the heading for this report might just as ” since nearly all of the work has con- lPorest well be “ Forest Genetics sisted of breeding together the Japanese and American chestnuts. However, the original source of all the evil, the cause of the tremendous losses we are trying to remedy, is the parasitic fungus, Hendothia parasitica, and it is on account of such organisms. that the science called plant pathology has come into being It is well known that the Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata, is usually a low, round-headed tree, and this statement applies also to the hairy Chinese chestnut, C. mollissima, while the native American species is characterized by a straight, tall trunk, at least when growing in the forest. As regards susceptibility to the bark disease, the Japanese tree shows marked resistance amounting in many cases to near-immunity. On the other hand, the American species is extremely susceptible to the disease, and it is this vulnera- bility that has resulted in the almost total disappearance of the chestnut as a forest tree from our American woodlands. We say “almost total’: there are some counties in West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia, where a small percentage of trees is still uninfected ' with the bark disease. The tremendous economic value of the American chestnut and the irreparable loss which its passing means to the American people have been set forth in my report of 1920. 1Gravatt, G. F. and Gill, L. S. Chestnut blight. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. 1641. November, 1930. : we 3 : "PSEUDOB ORNIA " SPHENOPHYLLUM CAL ITES DEVONIAN DEVONIAN TO TRIASSIC CARBONIFEROUS TO TRIASSIC HORSETAIL GROUP — Fic. 7. Imaginary landscape, showing ancestral forms (reconstructed) of the modern This is one of eight transparencies to be installed in the Conservatories. (7015.) qorsetails (/qutsetiuim). 85 The Problem Stated.—It is clear from what has been said that from the standpoint of forestry the oriental chestnuts (considered as a whole) and the American chestnut have each a strong point and a weak point. The oriental trees are typically low and round- headed and hence not good for timber, but they resist the attacks of the parasitic fungus. The American chestnut, on the other hand, is a tall forest tree, but offers little or no resistance to the fungus. The problem is, therefore, to combine the strong points in these trees by breeding them together in the hope of eventually producing a race which is both disease resistant as well as possess- ing the dimensions and habit of a forest tree. Progress in 1930.—1 shall describe our work in some detail both because it may be of some interest to members of the Garden and also because from the outline of the methods here presented they may be able to carry on experiments of their own and thus increase the chances of obtaining the desired result in this region. Many of the sprouts from the stumps of diseased chestnuts are producing pollen, but the flowering period, that is, the season when the pollen is ripe and being shed, occurs (in this neighborhood ) usually from about July 1-12, a period which is somewhat later than the flowering time of the orientals, or at least of some of them. Therefore it is impossible to secure pollen from native — stock sufficiently early to carry on thorough crossing experiments with many of the orientals, although there are a few late flowering ones with which this can be done. With the cooperation of the office of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., we were able to secure ample supplies of American pollen from Washington, D. C. and from Ohio, where the flowering period is some days earlier than in the New York region. Three Japanese chestnuts were used for crossing experiments, as follows—all on Long Island: tr. At Old Westbury, on the estate of Mr. Beekman Winthrop. 2. At Syosset, on the estate of Mr. Bronson Winthrop. 3. At Oyster Bay, on the estate of Mr. Renville S. Smith. These trees have all been described in detail in my report for 1929. (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, 19: 64-67, 1930.) The owner, in each case, kindly gave his permission for us to use his ERCE: The first step was the bagging o _ the young flowers of these Japanese trees, which was done on June 23d, several days before &6 any pollen was shed. The young stamens were removed and the balance of the catkin, bearing its young pistils, was enclosed in a paper bag tied to the twig with copper wire. This step was necessary to prevent any of the pollen of the tree itself from reaching its own stigmas. For this and the succeeding operations itis a pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Miss Rusk, who has had considerable experience in this kind of work. The first pollination with American pollen received from Washington was carried out on June 28th. The bags were removed and the young pistils gently rubbed with the dehiscing anthers from the catkins, in order that some of the pollen might fall on the stigmas. One, or a part of one, of the catkins was tied near the pistils and the whole re-covered with the paper bag. Altogether, about 75 pistils (or rather, pistil groups, since each involucre surrounds a cluster of pistils) were pollinated in this way. A second pollination was made on July 1, using the same pollen from Washington, which germination tests in the laboratory showed to be still viable. [lowever, for the Oyster Bay tree, pollen from a native shoot of chestnut then in flower near by was used. A third pollination was made on July 7. This time fresh pollen was used from Ohio, sent by the U. S. D. A., as well as pollen | myself obtained from native shoots in central New Jersey. At each pollination great care was taken to prevent pollen from the tree itself reaching the stigmas. On this account we used an umbrella, holding it closely over the bag during the operation, for during these summer days the air surrounding these chestnuts 1s plentifully charged with the pollen grains from the millions of dehiscing anthers.?. In one case, namely on the Oyster Bay tree, the third pollination, July 7, was omitted, because the air was so full of the Japanese pollen. The bags were left on as long as any of the flowers on the tree appeared to be shedding pollen. Several visits of inspection were made, and finally, on July 30, all of the stamens being evidently withered and brown, the bags were removed. Although only grocers’ ordinary paper bags had been used, they had kept intact 2 This was absolutely necessary in the case of the Syosset tree, which has two leaders, each a different variety, one of them, at least, being grafted. It is interesting to note that this tree always bears heavy crops of nuts on both leaders. &7 through wind and rain. Also it was noticed that leaves, some of which had gotten enclosed in the bags, were still healthy and green. However, many of the pistils had fallen off inside the bags, either because the pollination had been unsuccessful or because they had been knocked off by the wind, or from both causes. Less than half of the pollinated pistil groups remained. For example, only five bags of the seventeen on the tree at Syosset contained growing nuts. The chestnut is reputed to be self sterile. If this were true it would not have been necessary to bag these trees at all after cross- ing with the American chestnut pollen; one might rely on the sterility of the tree’s own pollen. However, exceptions occur. Self fertilized trees are known to have developed a few nuts in some cases; and further, pollen from other somewhat distant trees might be brought by air currents. On September 18 two nuts were collected from one of the burrs on the Old Westbury tree. Only one other burr had developed to full size and this, being still unopened, was bagged to prevent possible loss of the fruit. On the basis of what I have said above about the self sterility of the chestnut, it is significant that those were the only burrs which developed on the Westbury tree. It would seem as if there were no question here but that a cross of the American and the Japanese species has been effected. On October 7 two burrs were collected from the Syosset tree yielding one nut apiece, and on October 14 three burrs from the Oyster Bay tree, yielding one, two, and two nuts respectively. These nuts (ten in all) have been kept all winter in the cool propagating house of the Conservatories, in sand and damp sphag- num moss, and are apparently in sound condition. They will be planted in pots about February 1. It should be stated that in addition to the work described above, sixty seedlings of the forest tvpe of Japanese chestnut were set out on land belonging to the writer at Hamden, Connecticut. These Japanese chestnuts, although not growing so tall and straight as the American species, give promise of furnishing timber for small telephone poles, fence posts, and wood for tannin extract, as well as furnishing desirable stock for crossing with the Ameri- can chestnut. Besides this, about three acres have been cleared and plowed to prepare them for future plantings of exotic and hybrid chestnuts. 88 Systematic Botany, 1 sy ALFRED GUNDERSEN Frankenias I have in preparation a study of American Frankeniacene, but am very short of specimens from Mexico and Argentina. In the principal herbaria of this country and Europe I found only one collection from Mexico outside of Lower California, and from Argentina for Mrankenia proper very few collections. 4 iy Sigua I*ic. 8 Passion Flower (Passiflora alata-caerulea). Longitudinal sec- tion of bud, and (at the right) the essential organs raised on the stalk (androgynophore). Explanation in the text. (7026.) Floral Structures IT continued the study of flower structures of which Miss Purdy made drawings, also of the distribution among various families of dioctyledons. I presented a brief paper on the “ Sequence of Genera Within the Family,” relating to Passifloraceae, Caclaceac and Amaryllidaceae at the Cleveland meeting of the Botanical Society of America. 89 The accompanying illustration (Fig. 9) shows the bud and central parts of a flower of Passiflora alato-coerulea from our conservatories. The passion flowers are characterized by having stamens and pistils raised on an androgynophore. But in the bud the parts are practically on the receptacle, the same as in Mitos- temma and other members of the family. The development of the flower of Passiflora is therefore suggestive of the direction of evolution of the family. Similarly in Glaucium flavum (Fig. 9) from our outdoor col- lections. The poppy family is characterized by a rather broad stigma. But in the bud we see a form of stigma more like the buttercup family. Again, in the flower of Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus, the crown is equal in length to the free perianth-segments, in the bud it is less than half as long, more like Narcissus poeticus, suggesting a direction of evolution different from that adopted in standard works. Other studies have been made of the flowers of Cactaceae and Aigzoaceae. DOOR OD.O00og0an O09 O02 ae ODOR I*tc. 9. Horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum). Longitudinal section of bud showing Buttercup-like stigma in the bud, and (at the right) the mature broad stigma characteristic of the Poppy Family. Fuller explanation in the text. (7021 90 List of Families and Genera as to which Usage Differs This list published as [ternational Seed Exchange Communica- tion No. rr has taken a great deal of my time for more than a year. It includes the nomenclatural and taxonomic differences be- tween the Index Kewensis and De Dalla Torre and Harms’ Genera Siphonogamarum for Angiosperms, excluding only the two large families Compositae and Orchidaceae; it also aims to include under ‘ Addita” all recent generic names and others which are not in the work of De Dalla Torre and Harms. The number of such names proposed or revived since the Vienna Congress, is nearly 2,500. {4 > With unity as to rules of nomenclature attained in the Cam- bridge Congress it may be expected that the numerous nomencla- tural differences will be gradually eliminated. While taxonomic lifferences are considered outside the scope of an international botanical congress, practical requirements in this direction may be in large part met by the decision of the London Horticultural Congress to prepare an International List of Horticultural Species. Systematic Botany, 3y H. K. SvENson During the past year, my first with the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, [ accompanied the Astor I¢xpedition to the Galapagos and Cocos Islands as field botanist. In order to gain a conception of the extraordinary vegetation of these islands I spent a week at the Gray Herbarium at Cambridge, where undoubtedly the richest collection of Galapagos material is located. My brief stay in the Galapagos Islands was sufficient for me to realize that much work remains to be done on the relationships of the flora of the in- dividual islands, relationships especially important from the evolu- tionary point of view. | hope that I may again visit them. I have been identifying the specimens of this collection with the help of several specialists, notably, Mr. Paul C. Standley of the Field Museum who has named the Rubiaceae; Dr. H. A. Gleason of the New York Botanical Garden who has worked out the Melastomaceae; Dr. L. B. Smith of the Gray Herbarium, the Bromeliaceae; Mr. C. A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium, the — oy ferns; and Mr. Charles Schweinfurth of the Ames Botanical Lab- oratory, the Orchidaceae. It is anticipated that a detailed account will be published some time during 1931. The plants collected by me in Tennessee and Kentucky during the past summer are being studied. Some progress has also been made on the monographic study of the genus Eleocharis, a group of sedges, a second portion of which is now ready for publication. In the study of this genus I have borrowed material during the past year from Mr. C. C. Deam, the University of Illinois, the Gray Herbarium, the University of Tennessee, and the University of Texas. For some years I have been studying the genus Bidens (Beggar’s Ticks) as it occurs along the Hudson River, from the point of view of variation in species. I have accumulated a large amount of material, both from wild specimens and plants grown under glass, and intend to continue the problem during the summer. Genetics Studies on the Variation of Nephrolepis (Boston Ferns, etc.) By Rates C. BENEDICT The collections of Nephrolepis have been continued, including necessary attention to the propagation of the types shown in the public collection and those still under observation in the experi- mental house. Observations and records have been continued on several forms not yet reported. It is hoped that studies may soon be made of the effect of penetrating rays (X-rays and Radium rays) on vegetative mutation in these ferns. REP OR OR rE CURATOR OF PLANTS{FOR 4 930 Dr. C. StuarT GAGER, DrrEcrTor. Sir: I submit herewith my annual report for 1930. Since the coming of Dr. Svenson in January my work has been greatly simplified by his taking charge of the herbaceous beds, the local flora section, and the herbarium of American plants, leaving in my charge woody plants and the herbarium of old-world plants. Dr. Svenson, assistant curator, reports as follows: 92 The Herbarium “ Shortly after my arrival in January the new herbarium cases were installed; this naturally required some re-arrangement of the herbarium material, and a reorganization of unmounted plants in storage. As a result all of our herbarium collections are now stored in fireproof cases. By good fortune we had the service of Mrs. Putz, a former worker in the Garden; thus we have during the past year been enabled to get several collections mounted, in- uding Mrs. Mexia’s Alaskan plants, given to us by Mrs. Adrian — 2 Van Sinderen, and a large part of a set of Pringle’s plants of Mexico. A vast amount of material is still unavailable for use, due to the fact that it is unmounted. During the past winter Miss Burr has gone over the mosses, in order to combine the various collections and to remove duplicates. “We are now engaged in the reorganization and sorting out of duplicates of the extensive collection of specimens of woody plants made by Dr. C. K. Schneider at the Arnold Arboretum in 1916 and 1917. “ During the past year herbarium material has come on an ex- change basis from the University of California and the United States National Museum. There has also been received as a gift from Mr. Vincent Astor the specimens of plants collected by the Nourmahal Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, of which I was the botanist. “In addition to some local specimens collected by Miss Rusk aud myself, the herbarium has received a collection of plants made by me during the month of August in Tennessee and Ken- tucky. The total number of plants in my two collections (dupli- cates included) 1s approximately 5,000. “Tn addition to routine identification of miscellaneous material, the writer has determined Cyperaceae, chiefly Eleocharis, for several institutions. Classes and Lectures — “During the spring of 1930, with Miss Rusk’s assistance, a course was given for eight afternoons on the spring vegetation of the New York region, and in the fall a similar series of four afternoon classes was held. In addition I gave a course of four 93 lectures on the geography of plants of Eastern North America; two lectures were also given on the flora of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands, one on the evolution of plants, and one for Boy Scout Leaders on berries and fruits. “On the grounds the work during the past year consisted to a large extent of checking the identity of plants in the systematic herbaceous beds. A revival of the Native Wild Flower Section, which for several years has been neglected, has progressed to the extent of construction of a shallow sandy pond, simulating a pine- barren pond, removal of sand from the old bog, planting of large number of trees and shrubs (chiefly oaks, maples, and viburnums), and the clearing out of a large number of foreign shrubs. A limestone ledge for calciphile plants of our area and a small brook are included in the ultimate project for develop- ment of this Section. The surrounding fence gives the Section ary — ereater seclusion, by preventing indiscriminate entrance and thus oS 3 =) oD allows the accumulation of leaf mold in the wooded arez “ Preliminary accounts of the Galapagos Expedition have been 5 pag published in the Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society, for July-August, and in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rrcorp 7» SD ; » for November.” Woody Plants — During the spring the collections of trees and shrubs of the systematic section were re-mapped, a much needed work. In the new maps we can see just what room is available in any area, circles of various sizes representing the plants. We have many rare, semi-hardy woody plants north of the nursery, which need protection. Iris Plantations Dr. Reed reports that a few additions were made to the collec- tion of Bearded Iris on the basis of exchange. Through Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, we received eighteen varieties from the Iris Test Garden of the American Iris Society located at the New York Botanical Garden. Seven unnamed varieties were received from Mr. W. C. Hutton, New Haven, Conn. Miss Bessie Mat- thews of Brooklyn presented a clump of a seedling tall Bearded Iris which she raised, and has named Dr. George H. Smith. 94 Conservatories Following out plans for the improvement of the conservatory collections, in the direction of gradually substituting definitely planned groups for miscellaneous groups, house plants and in- sectivorous plants were installed in House No. 4, and in December nine glass aquarium tanks were obtained for water plants. Houses rt and 12 were also rearranged, to include citrus and other subtropical fruits, Japanese dwarf plants, and other groups. Trans parencies.—Additional drawings for transparencies repre- senting fossil plants were made by Miss Purdy, eight being nearly ready at the end of the year. In this connection I corresponded with paleobotanists and visited Dr. Berry at the Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Hollick at the New York Botanical Garden and Dr. Wieland at Yale, all of whom gave valuable suggestions. Herbarium Thanks to the energy of Miss Burr and later of Dr. Svenson, the former chaotic state of our storage collections downstairs has heen largely overcome. Among collections acquired during 1930 were the following: 400 specimens from the Galapagos Islands and 204 chiefly from Tennessee, collected by Dr. Svenson; 225 from Honduras, pur- chased from W. A. Schipp; 125 obtained by exchange from the University of California; 523 Philippine plants purchased from Mr. A. D. E. Elmer ; 272 from the state of Washington, purchased from Mr, J. M. Grant. The old-world herbarium has been separated from that of American plants. Cryptogamic Herbarium Algae, lichens, and bryophytes have now been provisionally ar- ranged in the new cases in the basement. Some duplicates of mosses have been sorted out. Dr. Reed reports that very few additions were made to the Herbarium of Fungi during the past year: 26 specimens of higher fungi were received from the University of California, on the basis of exchange ; three additional fascicles of the Fungi Exotici, published by Dr. TH. Sydow, and containing 150 specimens, were purchased. 95 Lectures and Classes Following lectures by Dr. Graves and Dr. Svenson, I gave two lectures at the Garden in March, “ Mesozoic Life: Gymnosperms and Reptiles,” and ‘“ Cenozoic Life: Angiosperms and Mammals.” Assisted by Miss Hester M. Rusk, I gave a course of eight lessons in the Botanic Garden on “ Plant Families.” Seed Exchange Seeds were collected in the southern mountains by Dr. H. k. Svenson and by Mr. A. J. Sharp; seeds of Venus’ Fly Trap were collected by Miss C. Harrell in North Carolina. European Travel As reported in the January 1931 Recorp, I attended the London Horticultural Congress and the Cambridge Botanical Congress and later visited Scandinavia and Russia, during August, September and October. Illustrations of Flowering Plants With a view chiefly to use for outdoor study and notes, 300 copies of a book were printed in December containing 200 plates of flowering plants, illustrating about 1500 species. ‘hese are from Dr. G. T. Stevens’ work, printed in 1910, used by permis- sion of his son Dr. Charles W. Stevens of New York City. Labels and Signs Labels and signs were made by our labeler, Mr. John McCallum, as follows: Steel labels for herbaceous beds ...............2020022 eee ee 337 Steelsamulyalabelshtors DEUS. .2-4 es aa hee ge tenets cece eens 138 [eadelabelS ror woody plantse yooh ee serge ecto neke aeons 194 eeadplabels store oclesou teller at. sels e Mer wee een era 143 StrialPwOoOdenmlabel Smeets se ey. cd) ss act eee eens Ahan Acc ehceermnts 280 WTO OGLETIBST OS eree en yn tin ts cities JANIE iia nol aps ne Sndern eye 132 Cad boat destoulSpemme te pea. tess bts sh) sean. eae ts emcees 154 EAT Oe, OOCEm la el Serge og as 2 crc lett th i sees eee ae omen 65 Ay aN Vier Ne #2 tS ae am Rec rP RaDrar ea te ean ens 1,443 jan Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs. 96 Statistics Species or Living Plants Received: Plants Varieties Te RC 6 acs rag roe cate ns pa edie enwes 282 161 Te ose pace ga 5a eee ee oe 601 195 Bo INGE cee sega eats pica darnnnnareee wna ees 6,041 308 DJG VE SOME SEO: yuvck x yey urea ew aie whack ease Cadel, 105 105 CTA seca ayuda eae aoe Gatetearn aed 106 31 Lg oh 4 RR ee ee a ee a 7,135 800 Living Plants Distributed: NI “ge Ua cauetsge deaeash aaah qleepee beta degkd desea eke Ries ee 5,311 | gg co < C1021 21 2) Grete eke cep ee eer ns pS 40.206 $ 205.62 TSC DET Ce Claterwee st ate eg fee INE Pls De 5 Rarer Se 175.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment ENB DRYGE” etree, ope Men itis Nina meena Hy 29.66 205.62 $ 0.00 . Spectal see ve ($243,149.27) Restricted: Income Acc Balance, capes TESTOR On ep it ee ae es $ = 343.35 [barerovrele bob) are =. a pe) — Qa oO a See vii Children’ S eee Beaok iyo, INST, iceapeses BAe ela eee Brooklyn Museum Library, Brooklyn, N. Yo wo... 0 0... cc cee eee Brooks. Dr. S. C., Berkeley, Cal. oo... cece ccc ec eee teenies — ot nw a nO ee | LO ON bob RN WH bv oOo to oe oe So | n 145 Canada Agricultural Department Library, Ottawa, Canada .......... Carnegie ae of Washington, Department of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor th Gp Ie CUD SS Oe ty mn AMR Td as at cna Cornell Cnverrey IRE Nas NE gr Re eo Mi ees A Re as DN Correns, Dr. Carl, Berlin, GOAT As tle eae eee en Ge Se CrehiisusiDrrartee | Se Bib tanesaieen al chic: memememenmrran. ta Nl) co os aN el. Eb e IDikideevn be 10), (Cyc lkerhtrieknolbcnedhahmeeinewet re sins ee ok ae eee oe English, Mr. Cat ve Pontlands"@1,68 a. 5.2 Soke Ree ene ne ae ene ee Erlanson, Miss E. W., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. iniiygaleco femwWiladtimir Wes berew eR Uussia «,\c en eee eee ne eles Gageta tap Ga otiarteserooklyi.: Nic Wn tak cee Ont mneneeeneee ee. a Gagere Vino Cres thant - bitoni iN. Vo sas estn eee ame Caen 1S) aan Omelet Lon ania aie 4.4. aecectet ieee area ene tang F, A., Tree Expert Company, Stamford, Conn. Baur, Dr. Erwin, Muncheberg, Germany pec Dr. Ralph C., Brooklyn, N. Y. Blom Vip dwarde@raBnoocyilw NV. .t0045 Gee nerd tere me ee Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., Brooklyn, oe Ye ae Mr. Harold A., New York, N. Y Cary, Mrs. William H., Brooklyn, N. - ie hod te ee ee nae Cockayne, Dr. reonard: Wellington, New Zealand le eg Mr. Walter C., Brooklyn, N. Y i . Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. ale a C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Y. Graves, Dr. Arthur H., Brooklyn, N. Y. Gundersen, Dr. Alfred, Brooklyn, N. Y. enkins, Mr. Alfred Rie Brooklyn, N. Y. Knowles, Mr. John H., Lo nea _Eng. Loines, Miss Hilda, see Y, R. Orto Botanico di Padova, " ulyedcctr Atul i ie ae aaa tet are Pammel, ane L. H., Iowa State oe ae _Ames, Towa Putnam, Mr. William A., Brooklyn, N Reimer, Miss Margaret B., Brooklyn, ae y. ww Sal | reer RRR sce ae Ann ans ae SS OE eee ee ee Ln an SL \O 2 oe oe en 148 Rixford, Dr. Guhian Pickering, San Francisco, Cal. ........ 000.0008 1 Rusby, Dr. Henry Hurd, Columbia University, New York, N. You... 1 Scott, Dr. Dulcinfeld Fl, Basingstoke. FNS... sacs cut smiekac gue d eee I Shaw, Miss Ellen eee Brooklyn, N. Ne a hraes baleen ate ane en I Vines, Prof, Sidney H., Langstone, Eng. 2.0.0.0... 0. eee I White, Mrs. pee M., Oyster Bay, L. TL ww... cee cee 1 PIBOREUL, .dctepee thal Shear iden aurucahapkge dig aeaneneea eee gapreca Gnae casge wae ane Dee eae ate a 38 AUTOGRAPHL LETTERS Gaver: Dr C. Stuart. Brooklyn. Ni Ye sss s4 a5 po 6h eo 4GS aaa oa a 2 Vines, Prof. pidney H.,. uanestone, Bie. sei cs5i5 3 dGidoeden ai ole ea ewe I MOGUL: cerscant Sea? bt Ok: cians tneite yun ooo sg ey Te ge GE 3 For the Department of Elementary Instruction Jartlett, Mr. H. Noble, Six outline maps of the children’s gardens and borders. Blatt, Miss Natalie, $1.00 for the children’s club room Blum, Mr. Edward C., One vase for the children’s club room. Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., One prize cup competed for by the girls the outdoor garden. One flag with standard for the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Two hanks of raw silk for the children’s work. Dorward, Miss Margaret M., One set of bird and animal paintings for e children’s club room. Elbert, Mr. William, One motion picture reel on the children’s work at 1¢ Brooklyn Botanic Garc Flatbush Garden League (through Mrs. E. L. Carson), Prize book for the greatest improvement made by a first year child in the outdoor nN ian i?) =) garden Irancis, Mrs. Lewis W., $5.00 for books for the children’s club room. Garden Teachers’ Association, One prize cup competed for by the boys in the outdoor garden. Gluckson, Master Herbert, One book for the children’s club room library. Goodman, Mr. Bernard, $t.50 for the children’s club room library. Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R., One year’s subscription to the Nature Magazine for the children’s club room library. Maxwell, Mrs. Earl C., $15 for the children’s w« Murray, Miss Vieoinie, $1.00 for the children’s sn room library. Nash, Mrs. Edith, Specimens from the West Indies for classwork—allspice, nutmeg, cacao, starch from arrowroot. Parents’ ESSOoTAN OD of P. S. 217, $5.00 for the children’s club room library. Pond, Miss P. F., One bool: for the children’s club room library Purdy, Miss M: wud H., One book for the children’s club room library. Staa. Miss Ellen Eddy, Three gold honor pins for honorable service in the outdoor garden. 149 Smalley, Master aa One book for the children’s club room library. Smith, Miss M. Helen, $1.00 for the children’s club room libr Woman's ree of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, $50.00 Phe the chil- dren’s work. $10.00 for the children’s club room library. Miscellaneous Mr. A. A. Abrahams, 1 ee of seeds of various palms. Neal Arboretum, 6r rose plants Dr. Nathan T. Beers, 2 en prints (building and lily pool, and 1 of lilies Botanic Gardens, Weieaee Nigeria, Africa, 3 packages of seed. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 2 copies each of two photographs of Richard Young ate. Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine Islands, 4 vols., “An Enumeration { Philippine Flowering Plants,” Merrill. Cambridge (England) Botanic Garden, 10 Hphedra nebrodensis plants. Mrs. William H. Cary, 4 ue of Bulletin of Garden Club of America (Series ITT, ale Children’s Museum Geo 1 Ficus lyrata. are: Doran & Company, 1 book, “ The Rose Manual.” . William C. Eckman, 2 photographs of Fish Head Outlets on con- servatory fountain. Mrs. Edna Frank, 1 Rosa viridiflora. Mr. Henry Hottinger, 4 photographs (2 of water lilies, 2 of daffodils in Brooklyn Botanic Garden) Mrs. Frank Johnson, 1 colored photograp ily pool. Mr. William Matthews, 1 pencil sketch of the Torii in Brooklyn Botanic = 1 of Botanic Garden building and Garden. M. Marie-Victorin, I specimen Botrychinin minganese (dried). Mrs. Edith L. Nash, specimens of allspice, nutmeg, cacao, and arrowroot from West Indies National Park Service, I pamphlet, “ Glaciers of Glacier National Park.” New York Times, 3 photographs of Dr. George M. Reed in Japan. r . Schumacher, 1 baby alligator. Sutton & Sons, 15 packets of seed of ee Des of Brassica Mr. V. C. Van Horn, 8 photographs made in Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mr. L. Zilver, 2 ae photographs (t of new fountain, 1 of White Memorial Table APPENDIX 2 PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING TQ30 Benedict, Ralph C. Syllabi for High Schools: I. Personal hygiene, IT. Home hy- giene. In collaboration with Elizabeth T. Fitzpatrick and 150 Paul B. Mann. Reprinted from Syllabi adopted by Board of Superintendents, June 21, 1929. Report of the editors for 1929. In collaboration with E. J. Winslow and C. A. Weatherby. American Fern Journal 20: 34-36. January—March. What ferns grow best in the house? Jour. New York Bot. Gard. 31: 47-49. february. The proposed six-year science sequence: In rebuttal. Bulletin of High Points 12: 10-12. February. Report of the Resident Investigator for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard, Record 19: 120-122. March. Studies on the Variation of Nephrolepsis (Report of Progress). Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 68. March. Lessons in apples. Torreya 30: 40-45. March-April. More or less laboratory work. In collaboration with George C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 12: 51-52. May. Summary of the activities of the standing committee on science during 1929-1930. In collaboration with George C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 12: 52-54. May. Some valuable science periodicals. In collaboration with George C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 12: 54-57. May. A gift-horse for general science. Bulletin of High Points 12: 28-31. June. Plant wards of New York State. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaf- lets XVIIT. June 4. Cabbages in the classroom. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaftets III*™-§. October 20. Review. Curtis: A synthesis and an evaluation of the subject matter in general science. Bulletin of High Points 12: 104-105. November. Review. Presson: A new standard test in biology. Bulletin of High Points 12: 105-107. November. A laboratory lesson in variation. Torreya 30: 145-153. No- vember—December. 151 Caparn, Harold A. Scientific and decorative principles in a botanical laboratory. American Landscape Architect. Pp. 12-16, 38-40. De- cember. Foss, Calvin W. Report of the Librarian for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 106-120. March. Free, Montague Nineteenth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Re- port of the Horticulturist. 1g: 100-106. March. Spring Planting. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. April 2. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record Leaflets XVIIT™. Fertilizers for city gardens. VIIT?. April 30. The rose garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Bot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII®: 1-4. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets Brooklyn September 10. Gager, C. Stuart Address of Welcome. Fifth National Shade Tree Conference. 3rooklyn Botanic Garden. February 7, 1929. Proc. Ann. Meeting, p. 5. February. Aeration of tree roots: Theory. Proc. Ann. Meeting, Fifth Nat. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 26-27. February. Annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1929. of the Director. March. Botanic Gardens. Encyclopedia Britannica. Thirteenth Edi- Report Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 13-53. Unveiling of tablet to Sir William and Sir Joseph Hooker. Science 72: 238-239. September 5. The late G. P. Rixford. Nez York Times. November 5. Graves, Arthur Harmount The comparative resistance of root and shoot of the American chestnut to the chestnut bark disease. Proc. Ann. Meeting, Fifth Nat. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 50-57. February. LoZ The present status of the chestnut in North America. Report of the 20th Annual Meeting Northern Nut Growers Assn., New York City, September 12, 13, 14, 1929, pp. 48-54. Report of work in forest pathology for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 62-67. March. Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1929. Preok- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 70-81. March. Inwood Park, Manhattan. Yorreya 30: 117-129. October. Forms and functions of roots. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII? 1: 1-8. December. 47 newspaper articles relating to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Eight Abstracts in Biological Abstracts. Gundersen, Alfred Communication No. 11: Familiae et genera quorum usus est diversus. Brooklyn Botanic Garden International Seed Exchange. April, 193 The principal groups of fossil plants. Brooklyn Pot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII*. May 14. Report of the Curator of Plants for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 94-100. March. Report of progress on research. (Various problems in Sys- tematic Botany.) Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 67-68. March. Reed, George M. A new method of producing and detecting sorghum hybrids. Jour. Heredity 21: 132-144. March. Beardless Iris Project. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 60-62. March. Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 55-60. March. Specimens of cereals for high schools. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 82-86. March Report on a trip to Japan and to the Northwestern United States. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 257-208. No- vember. — tun Ss) Shaw, Ellen Eddy Soil, the garden’s theater stage. The Girl Scout Leader. Vol. WADA IN ol cell leaiaelat Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 86-94. March. Mary, Mary quite contrary. The Americal Girl. April. The value of nature study in the life of a child. Delineator. May. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. P. S. 217 School Publication. June. Nature study for teachers and children. School Nature Study, London. July. Uhe following articles appeared in the New York Sun on the dates indicated : dihe soils jantianry: 10. Chemistry of the soil. January 17. Plant foods. January 24. Chemical fertilizers. January 31. Seeds: what to order. February 8. Starting seeds indoors. February 15. The outdoor garden: how to plan it. Iebruary 22. Transplanting seedlings and starting moe March 1 Implements for the garden. March The rose garden. March 15. Shrubs. March 2 The perennial garc The lawn. April ae Planning the sma det March 209. _ | vegetable garden. April 12. The rock garden. April 19. Planting the small flower garden. April 26. Planting the small vegetable garden. May 3. The water garden. May Io. Dahhas, cannas, and gladiolus. May 17. Climbing vines and creepers. May 24. Garden pests. May 31 Review of work done in the garden and setting seedlings. June 7. Transplanting and cultivating. June 14. out of tender 154 Staking and tying. June 21. Checking up on the flower garden. June 28. Trimming climbing roses. July 5. Checking up on the annual picking border. July 12. Midsummer in the garden. July 10. Ordering bulbs. July 26. The iris garden. August 2. Ivergreens. August 9. Planting midsummer blooming bulbs. August 16. Starting seeds of perennials for early bloom. August 23. Making cuttings. August 30. Planting bulbs. September 6. Taking in the house plants. September 13. Fall shrub planting for early bloom. September 20, Planting of callas, Easter lilies, and oxalis for winter and spring bloom. September 27. Making and remaking the perennial border. October 4. Late fall planting. October 11. Trall treatment of land. October 18. Hardwood cuttings. October 25. Indoor window boxes. November 1. Winter care of roots and bulbs. November 8. Putting the garden to sleep. November 15. Last call for planting. November 22. Winter bouquets. November 29. House plants in sickness and health. December 6. Plants for the sun room. December 13. Choosing plants for Christmas. December 20. What shall I do with my Christmas plants? December 27. — — Svenson, H. K. — Report on a botanical exploration trip to the Galapagos Islands. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 269-284. November. The vegetation of Indefatigable Island. Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc. 33: 103-172. July-August. Io) APPENDIX 3 DABS CE CQURE S.A) DORE SSES AND PAPERS Gl VEN BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 10930 By the Director of the Garden: January 17. Biological foundations of conduct. Reformed Dutch Church, Flatbush, Brooklyn. February 6. What are the aims of science? Y. M. C. A., Central Branch, Brooklyn. February 13. Why the controversy between religion and science? Y.M.C. A., Central Branch, Brooklyn. February 20. What is evolution? Y. M. C. A., Central 3ranch, Brooklyn. February 27. Can the findings of science and religion be rec- onciled? Y.M.C.A., Central Branch, Brooklyn. March 16. The awms and methods of science. Y. W.C. A., Brooklyn, April 24. What the Botanic Garden means to Brooklyn. St. Ann’s Parish House, Brooklyn. May 8. The significance of the Brooklyn Children’s Museum. Presentation of gold medal to Miss Anna B. Gallup, Cura- tor-in-Chief, Brooklyn Children’s Museum, National In- stitute of Social Sciences. Hotel Roosevelt, Manhattan. May 20. Botany serving the public. Men’s Club. Reformed Dutch Church, Flatbush. May 20. Sotanical literature. New York Special Libraries As- sociation. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. August 13. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Ninth International Horticultural Congress, London, England. — ae By the Curator of Plant Pathology: January 27. Jrises. Riverside, Conn. Garden Club. March 16. Faculty and students, Okuda Training School for Needlework. Tolx April 20. Sakura-no-kai—Cherry Society of Japan. Tokyo. May 2. Pan-Pacific Club of Japan. Tokyo. May 18. Ike-bana Society. Tokyo. 12 a ey INVO, 156 June 14. Hlanashobu Association. Horikiri. July 4. Faculty and students, Nakano Koto Jogokko. Nakano, Tokyo. July 7. Faculty and students, Imperial College of Agriculture and I*orestry. Morioka. October 18. Experiments with sorghums. New York Associa- tion of Biology Teachers. At the Garden. November 18. Examples of genetics. Biology Class, Girls Commercial High School. At the Garden, By the Curator of Public Instruction: January 15. The recent history and present status of the chest- nut in North America. Torrey Botanical Club, N. Y. Bo- tanical Garden. January 17. Bacteria. Special lecture to student nurses from Prospect Heights Hospital. At the Botanic Garden. March 18. Conservation and forestry. Brooklyn Scoutmas- ters. Under auspices of Children’s Museum. Girls’ Com- mercial High School. March 20. Conservation. Garden Club of Newark. April 28. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Asharoken Garden Club of Northport, L. 1. At the Garden. May 8 The evolution of plants. Girls’ Commercial High School class. At the Garden. May 14. Conservation of native plants. \Woman’s Auxiliary, American Institute of Mining Engineers. Hotel Biltmore, IN» We May 21. Suggestions for nature study for children. F School children. May 21. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Parent- Teachers Association. Flatbush School. May 28. Trees of Iceland. N.Y. Bird and Tree Club. Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. June 10. Reminiscences. Advanced Biology class. Boys High School. June 21.) Trees and shrubs of Greater New York. N. Y. Bo- tanical Garden. — atbush December 16.) The chestnut tree in North America. Advanced Biology Club. Boys High School. Isy By the Curator of Elementary Instruction: January 28. Graduation address. P. S. 140. March 17. Plant life. Child Study Association. April 3. Children and gardens. Kindergarten Mothers’ Clubs of Brooklyn and Queens. At Maxwell Training School for Teachers. April 7. Changes in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from 1013 to 1930. Woman's Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. At the Garden. May 2. Arbor Day. Two assemblies, P. S. ae May 2. Arbor Day. Two assemblies, P. S. 183. May 6. The value of gardening in the life on a child. Garden- ing Exhibit, Abraham & Straus. May 7. Window boxes. Gardening Exhibit, Abraham & Straus. May 8. The small backyard garden. Gardening Exhibit, Abra- ham & Straus. May 9. Summer nature study for the child. Gardening Ex- hibit, Abraham & Straus. May 10. The child’s own little garden. Gardening Exhibit, Abraham & Straus. May 14. Activities at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. At the Garden. May 14. The children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 2. At the Garden. May 15. Plant propagation. Woodmere Garden Club. May 20. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Cleveland Garden Club. May 21. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 129. At the Garden. May 27. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Section, New York Public School Kindergarten Association. At the Garden. June 13. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers to the pub- lic. “Central Bratich, Y. M. C. A. July 23. The garden in Maieunmen Community and Garden Clubs, Northport, L. I. July 25. Midsummer wild flowers. Columbia Broadcasting 158 Station, New York City, for the Coordinating Council on Nature Activities. October 4. Children’s garden work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Nature Study Class from New York University. At the Garden. October 9. House plants. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 76. November 10. Flouse plants. Business and Professional Woman’s Club, St. Marks Methodist Episcopal Church. November 18. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. \Voman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. At the Garden. December 6. Children’s activitics at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Alumni Association of Tufts College. December 9. Flome nature study for children. W.N. Y. C. Broadcasting Station, for the United Parents’ Association and New York Principals’ Association. December 10. House plants and how to grow them. New York Horticultural Society. December 16. Christmas greens. P.S. 235. December 23. Christinas greens. P.S. 36. By the Curator of Plants: April 28. Ornamental trees and shrubs. Garden Club, Flush- ing, I May 14. Spring wild flowers. Garden Club, Saugerties, N. Y. By the Assistant Curator of Plants: February 25. Edible wild plants. Boy Scout Leaders, Girls’ Commercial High School. March 7. Spring flowers of the Eastern states. Brooklyn Art Guild and The Contemporary Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. October 14. Vegetation of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By the Horticulturist: March 5. Beautiful Gardens. Dutchess County Horticultural Society. 152 March 18. Fuglish Gardens. Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, Flatbush. April 28. Rock Gardens. Long Island Division of the Feder- ated Garden Clubs of New York State, at the Garden. September 2. Gardening in General. Westhampton and Quo- gue Garden Club. September 11. The Work of Municipal Rose Gardens. American Rose Society Meeting, in Atlantic City, N. J. October 5. Beautiful Gardens. Jackson Heights Garden Club. November 15. Kock Gardens. Vast Flatbush Garden Club. December 6. Herbaceous Perennials. New York Botanical Garden. By the Resident Investigator: February 16. Creating new plants. Sunday Night Club of Flatbush Congregational Church, Brooklyn. April 26. Creating new plants—Exploding a myth. Saturday Night Club, Brooklyn. May 10. Native ferns. New York Association of Biology Teachers. May 15. Lugenics: A biologist looks into the future. Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. October 18. Varictics of cabbages. New York Association of Biology Teachers. At the Garden. | November 6. The problein of finding new plants: The story of modern plant breeding. American Museum of Natural History. By Instructors and Others: Miss Dorward: May 26. The planning and care of backyard gardens, IKings- lawn Community Church. Mrs. MacColl: March 20. House plants... Mothers Clubs Pe oS..105: May 6. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Moth- ese lib wines emien a “Ad the Garden: May 10. How to make blue prints. Gardening [exhibit, Abraham & Straus. 160 June 20. Opportunities offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- Wen. 3. Oe LOO, Miss Sargent: March 13. Spring flowers. Fourth Unitarian Church. March 18. The educational value of gardening for children. Parents’ Association, P. S. 208 April 3. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. George Washington School, White Plains. April 7. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Home for Consumptives. \Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. At the Garden. Miss Sutcliffe: January 25. The care of house plants. Garden Club of East Flatbush Community Center. By the Research Assistant (L. Gordon Utter): March 10, March 27. Plant breeding. Biology class, Girls’ Commercial High School. At the Garden. May 14, May ar. Plant breeding. Biology class, Thomas Jefferson High School. At the Garden. APPENDIX 4 REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS, 1030 American Journal of Botany Official Organ of the Botanical Society of America Volume XVII (1930) comprised, as usual, ten monthly issues (omitting August and September), with 70 papers, 1065 pages, 63 plates, and 241 text figures (as against 66 papers, 881 pages, 79 plates, and 154 text figures in 1929). Twelve papers were pub- lished on the “author payment” plan. Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves continued on the editorial board as representative of the Garden. Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott, of Columbia University, con- tinued as Editor-in-Chief. The circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 209, 161 1930) was 1673 as against 1622 one year ago. The annual budget was $19,0733.51 against $15,807.77 in 1929. The year closed with a credit balance of $2578.88 and assets over liabilities of $6515.19, plus the value of back sets and volumes on hand. Ecology Official Organ of the Ecological Society of America Quarterly. Volume XII comprised 52 papers (besides reviews, proceedings, and miscellaneous matter), 797 pages, 20 plates, and 177 text figures (as against 38 papers, 563 pages, 61 plates, and 36 text figures in 1929). The circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1930) was 1095 as against 1048 one year ago. The annual budget was $6486.31, the credit balance $204.00, and assets over liabilities $146.73 (against $5946.39, $1060.73, and $698.66 1n 1929) plus back sets and volumes on hand. Mr. Bar- rington Moore, Washington, D. C., continued as Editor-in-Chief. With the January 1930 issue Dr. Alfred Gundersen became the Botanic Garden representative on the editorial board. Genetics In Cooperation with the Editorial Board of Genetics Bimonthly. Volume XV comprised 18 papers, 589 pages, 7 plates, and 67 text figures (as against 23 papers, 644 pages, 19 plates, and 62 text figures in 1929). At the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1930) the circulation was 680, the annual budget $5910.53, the credit balance $459.26, and assets over liabilities $676.63 (as against 623, $5957.63, $640.70, and $254.80 in 1929). Dr. Donald F. Jones, Connecticut Agricultural College, continued as Editor-in-Chief, Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Bimonthly. Volume XIX (1930) comprised 289 pages. As usual, the March number comprised the Annual Report. The May number, entitled Views in Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-1935, was devoted to illustrations of architect’s and landscape architect’s plans of features needed in the Garden, which might be provided 162 by gifts of private funds or by city appropriations. Since this issue was published the following features have been completed as the result of gifts: Conservatory Plaza Fountain, Entrances to Native Wild Flower Garden, Foot Bridge over the Brook near the outlet of the Lake. Funds for one new Garden Seat have also been pledged, and the city has made appropriation for the develop- ment of the North Addition. The July number was Guide No. 4, The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cir- culation of the Recorp at the close of the year was 1608 copies. Leaflets Three single numbers and four double numbers were issued. Number 6 (September 10) was a brief description of the Rose Garden. The circulation as of December was 1930 copies. Contributions and Memoirs Numbers 57 and 58 of the Contributions were published. No ATemoir was issued. APPENDIX 5 FIELD TRIPS CONDUCTIED-1930 By the Director: May 3. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ~ oO ~ - By the Curator of Public Instruction: May 31. Department of Botany, Department of Education, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Kreischerville, Staten Island, to see stand of Pinus virginiana. September 13. Torrey Botanical Club. Fresh Kills, Staten Island. By the Curator of Plants: May 3. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. May 10. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Department of Botany, Hollis, L. I. By the Assistant Curator of Plants: Iebruary 9. Torrey Botanical Club. Pleasant Plains, Staten Island. Winter Trip. 163 APPENDIX 6 MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT THE GARDEN 1930 March 10. Contemporary Club, Brooklyn Art Club, and Valley Garden Club. April 7. Womans’ Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. April 28. Conservation Committee of Long Island Division of Federated Garden Clubs of New York State. April 28. Ashero April 29. Columbia Dames. May 4. New York League of Mothers’ Clubs. May 6. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 134. May 6. Torrey Botanical Club. May 7. Women of ’76 Chapter, N.S. D. A. R. May 14. Heads of Department Association, Borough of Brook- ars kan Garden Club. lyn. May 14. North Country Garden Club. May 14. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. May 14. Mothers’ Club, P. S 2. May 20. Special Libraries Association of New York. May 21. Nutley Garden Club. May 23. Brooklyn Iederation of Community Centers. May 27. Kindergarten Teachers’ Association. June 3. Garden Committee of Plandome Women’s Club. October 14. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute. October 20. Garden Department, Garden City—Hempstead Com- munity Club. November 8. National Recreation Association. ING Gigeoe @) GOamiizatton cea tu Se, pier i a eA cany acs 23 ARoreuloainucrarsehn tees, meer teeter Meee EID ARs rR a ae ene ee A 813 APPENDIX 7 REPOKT ON PHOLOGRAPHIC WORK Negativesson miles) ecembens ete 1020 chy 9s nts arian | alavo estes 6,850 ING Ra tIV.eS PAGGES STON CCCI Bie OS Oe ccs xp ces cB et 150 Motalenesattves on. mle .l)eceimber 91,1030"... oe Se 7,000 164 Lantern slides on file December 31, 1020 ......00 000 0c e cece eee 5,370 Lantern slides accessioned during 1030 ........ 00.0 c cece eee eeeeaes So Total lantern slides on file December 31, 1930 ............... 5,450 Prints on file December 31, 1920 0.0... ccc c cece eee e eee nee e nes 3,226 Prints made during 1030 ......... 000.00 ccc eee ee cee ee 2,007 ed Or CistriDUted 2424 shanti eens ooh ohana nets 1,Q17 Pye s aed, CA TORO 49.5 iced e ee uae huey ees asten eautts 50 Total prints on file December 31, 1930 ........... 0.00.00 3,376 Enlargements. made ws 64 chsan sos cuted ane ca pasindeweiop bales adee ete Bae 102 Respectfully submitted, FRANK STOLL, Registrar. APPENDIX 8 AGREEMENT BETWEEN BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY CONCERNING THE DEposITION OF THE LIBRARY OF THE FERN SocIETY AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN Wuereas, the American Fern Seciety wishes to make the con- tents of its library readily accessible to all students of ferns; and Wuereas, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden desires to cooperate in this object; and Wuereas, Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Resident Investigator at the sotanic Garden, is an officer of the Fern Society, as Editor of the American Fern Journal, official organ of the Society, the over copies of which are now deposited at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in accordance with the terms of an Agreement between the Society and the Botanic Garden, date January 15, 1927; It is hereby mutually agreed as follows: 1. The American Fern Society will deposit its library, com- prising books, pamphlets, and periodicals received by it in exchange for the American Fern Journal or otherwise, at the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden, and the Botanic Garden will receive the same, anc subsequent additions to the collection initially transferred, for deposit on the shelves of the Botanic Garden Library. —_— —" eat 165 2. At the time of sending its library to the Botanic Garden, the Society will give the Garden, in duplicate, a full and complete list of every publication which it sends, and the Garden will sign and return one copy of this list as acknowledgment for what it re- ceives. 3. The Society’s library is to be administered as a reference library under the same regulations that govern the Botanic Garden Library as a whole, and shall be freely accessible to the Society’s members, to the staff of the Botanic Garden, and to the general public, in harmony with such regulations as may be in force or adopted from time to time by the Botanic Garden authorities, concerning hours and days of opening and closing the Laboratory Building of the Garden, and access thereto and to its various rooms, 4. a The publications belonging to the Society’s Library will not be available for use outside the Laboratory Building except by loan to some other library, scientific institution, or school, or to the Fern Society through its officially designated representatives. b In general, all loans are to be for a period not to exceed two weeks, unless special arrangement for renewal is mutually agreed upon by the Botanic Garden and the borrower. Ou. — c The borrower shall pay all costs of transportation both ways, including sufficient insurance to represent replacement value of the publication. 5. The Botanic Garden agrees to give to the books and other publications of the Society, deposited with it, similar supervision to that given to its own Library, and the Society hereby absolves the Botanic Garden from all responsibility for loss or damage to said deposited books and other publications from any cause what- soever. 6. The books and other publications deposited are to remain the property of the American Fern Society. 7. Either party will give the other not less than one year’s notice of its desire and intention to terminate and cancel this agreement. 8. The American Fern Society will remove all of the publica- tions constituting its library and all records and papers related thereto from the Laboratory Building and property of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden within not less than one year after notice from 166 the Botanic Garden of its desire to terminate and cancel this agree- ment, and the Botanic Garden will permit the removal of said publications and records within one year of notice from the Ameri- can Fern Society of its desire to remove them and cancel this agreement. lor the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Signed) C. Stuart GAGER, Direcion lor the American Fern Society srooklyn, New York (Signed) Wiiitram R. Maxon, April 21, 1930. President. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary PRESIDENT FRANK L. BABBOTT PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First Vick-PRrESIDENT Seconp Vice-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM Trirp Vick-PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN ‘TREASURER SECRETARY G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, CHatrMan EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex oo JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILL IAM iis Oe a WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. ors ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK KDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 167 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (Trustees are Elected ue the Life Me pon of the Brooklyn Institute drts and Science Babbott, Frank L. Jenkins, Alfred W. Bailey, Frank Jonas, Ralph Beers, I, LeGrand Lewisohn, Adolph Benedict, Henry Harper Lockwood, Luke Vincent Blum, Edward C, Loines, Miss Hilda Bowker, Richard R. *Matheson, William J. Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D. Maynard, Edwin P. Cary, Mrs. William H. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Crane, Judge Frederick E. Morgan, John Hill Crittenden, Walter H. Morse, Horace J. J. Murray, Thomas E., Jr. Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G. SG eae aaron, Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Fahnestock, Gates D : ; Fairchild, Julian P. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Farrell, James A. Putnam, William 0 = Up < if ba a ~§,! fr Bf) = | = IY VaXy j NS | AS } aN, a vy MS aden nti ey Ss Shor" a | | anna i Me if i = : ie Hl Hh I / hy, ee i 2 \ lt y | : a PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA, BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. ¥ Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff (er sear GAGER, Ph.D., Se.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Libratenn oNteGs FREE, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY KNUTE SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Ar HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Acting Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Assistant CES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor ESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., Research Assistant BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant ieegor yt HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director aco bt) Be agian and Custodian ery H. DURKIN, Membership Secretary LAURA M. poe yee ee PAULINE S. LEHMAN, , Stenographer L. CONSTANCE PURVIS, aa Stenographer HILDA VILKOMERSON, Gienogmaaher EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer 1 aa fl a , = a - a ria) ee Le at Mery we ee | - i. - a 7 a ana oe > a eck Ye = a 2. oe : ; - a _ : — i 7 As oe, Pe ; os ge a al n foreground. « Garden. East side. View facing northeast. /beris sempervirens and Statice Armeria (6495) Fic. 1. Roe BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL, XX MAY, 193! NO. 3 THE ROCK GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN! By Montacur FREE Rock gardening is a branch of ornamental horticulture that has Jong been popular in Europe, more especially in the British Isles. Of late years it has made rapid strides in the favor of garden lovers in North America. The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was con- structed in the spring of 1916. It is believed that this was the first rock garden of any considerable size to be constructed in a public garden or park in the United States. The rocks used in its construction are, for the most part, glacial boulders which were uncovered in the course of grading operations on other parts of the grounds. These boulders are very unprepossessing material for the construction of a rock garden, their rounded con- tours almost prohibiting any natural and artistic effects from being obtained. Their hard, impervious surfaces are far from ideal from the standpoint of the cultural requirements of the alpine plants, which revel in rocks of a rough, porous nature that will hold moisture and to which their roots may cling. In spite of these disadvantages, one is cheered by over-hearing visitors commenting on the “wildness” and natural appearance of the garden. In order to provide quarters for plants that delight in rock crevices, a number of the larger boulders were split and the fissures filled with suitable soil. The fact that in 1918 over six hundred species and varieties were growing in the garden, many of them alpines considered very intractable in this part of the country, is testimony that the difficulties of cultivation have, in part, been overcome. The number of species represented today is at — Plant nomenclature in this guide is based, as far as is possible, on Hortus, by L. H. Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey. The Macmillan Co., 1930. 187 188 almost eight hundred in spite of losses due to vandalism, careless- ness on the part of visitors, and lack of adaptability to our condi- tions on the part of some of the alpines. What is called a “moraine garden” was constructed in 1917 to care for some of the more capricious alpines. It was made by excavating the soil over a small area of the rock garden to a depth of eighteen inches or two feet, and replacing it with a mixture of three-quarter inch crushed stone, five parts; sand, one part; and leaf mould, one part. This sounds like a hungry and unpromising mixture for plant culture but it provides perfect drainage, and encourages the roots to penetrate deeply where it is cool anc moist, a most important point in the cultivation of alpines. I _ or also insures perfect ripening of the top growth, enabling the plants better to withstand the vagaries of our winters. Among the subjects planted in the moraine are the more difficult species of Androsace, Saxifraga, Primula, and Asperula. Their growth was so encouraging that in the fall of 1922 a further area was excavated, more than trebling the size of the moraine. The Rock Garden was further extended in 1921 by construc- tion on the east side of the main walk. The general idea in making the garden was that of representing a boulder-strewn slope. This design, of necessity, was modified in places to provide proper cultural conditions as to drainage, depth of soil, and shade. The desirability of walks or trails, so that visitors might get near enough to the plants to appreciate their beauty, was another factor which prevented the idea of a boulder- strewn slope being carried out in its entirety. The provision of ae plants in a rock garden which — adequate facilities for viewing t is open to the public is always a problem when a naturalistic effect is desired. Jf the walks and trails are constructed of rocks similar in character to those used in the body of the garden, and made without definite boundaries so as to merge into the garden, many plants are doomed to destruction by the feet of visitors. As it was decided that easy accessibility to the plants was of greater importance than maintaining intact the idea of a stony slope, our garden is well provided with walks and trails. These are made of broken flagstones, laid informally, and, in the case of the small trails, with a stepping-stone effect. There is very —_— Fic. 2. Rock Garden looking north. (2582) 681 190 little excuse for deserting the walks for the purpose of inspecting the plants. As the rock garden is intended primarily to supply proper cul- tural conditions and to display in a suitable setting alpine and — saxatile plants, it may well be considered as an ecological exhibit. With this in mind, the garden was located opposite and adjacent to the Ecological Section, in point of fact being a part of and tying up with latter feature. The desirability of making the rock Fic. 3. Alyssum saxatile, Thymus Serpyllum, Achillea ageratifolia, (3232) garden an adjunct to the [cological Section resulted in a general easterly exposure which is not considered ideal from the gardening standpoint, because of the lack of shade for the plants that object to full sunshine. This disadvantage has been overcome by saving a few small trees that happened to be on the site and by « disposing the larger boulders so that they cast some shade. Rock Gardens, as we know them, undoubtedly originated in order to provide proper cultural conditions and suitable settings Lea for the plants of the high mountains. These aristocrats of the mountain tops need special treatment in order to enable them to thrive under cultivation in lowland regions of the temperate zone and this can best be provided in a rock garden. The thing to remember in the construction of an alpine and rock garden is that the majority of these plants require a soil that is gritty and well drained, for most of them resent stagnant water at the roots. In making a rock garden, therefore, one should provide perfect jan drainage and a sandy, porous soil to be used in filling in the spaces between the rocks. When a soil of this kind is used, it is easy by the addition of crushed limestone, bluestone screenings, peat, or humus, as the case may be, to modify the soil in such a way as to make it suitable for the more pernickety plants. Mr. Clarence Lown, dean of rock gardeners of the United States whose recent demise (1931) was a great loss to our horti- culture, had great success in growing alpine plants, and in his garden at Poughkeepsie had the choicest collection in the country. Mr. Lown has said: “If ordinary soil is used in the rock garden and no especial pains are taken as to drainage, many of these plants will do beautifully in the early months and the gardener will be delighted with the ease with which they may be grown. But this is some- what in the nature of a false triumph and a different story is told when real summer comes. The heat is bad enough and if the weather be dry, watering is to be done at evening; then the plants will be fairly comfortable. But it is when we have a spell of hard showers, with heat and humidity that these same plants suffer. The ground remains soaked around the crown and the leaves do not dry off quickly enough and the result is the damping of some choice plants. The porous soil advised will in great measure prevent this by giving quick drainage. “ A great many of the plants suitable for growing in rockeries will not require any special soil mixture, but all or nearly all will grow well in it and, to assure better success, it is advised that the soil mixture be approximately as follows: 3 parts good loam from rotted sods, 1 part sharp sand. 2 parts humus. I use swamp muck that has been exposed to weather for two years and become fine. When freshly Fre. 4. Rock Garden in fall, vi ew facing northwest. Flagstone trail interplanted with Masus reptans. 2585) col 193 dug, it is lumpy and sour. Wood soil would probably be better but that would be hard to get in sufficient quantity. 2 parts crushed stone, such as is used for finishing roads, or fine eravel. Y2 part crushed limestone or old mortar; as most rock plants like lime or do not object to it. ‘This mixture should be not less than 14 inches deep, the deeper the better. This makes a porous soil giving quick drain- age, and enabling the plant to root more deeply than it would in a stiffer soil, and so withstanding drought better. The stone in it aids in keeping the soil cool. “Do not forget to give a top dressing of crushed stone or fine gravel around the plants. This serves to keep the crown from getting waterlogged and also keeps the surface of the ground cool. “This mixture is as good as any for a foundation soil and agrees with most of the plants, but, of course, no one stated mix- ture can be expected to serve for all. Some, the Encrusted Saxi- fragas, for example, like much more grit; and some like more humus, ssusonllhy any that grow naturally in woods or partly shaded places.” The purpose the rocks serve in a rock garden is that of giving shelter, conserving moisture by preventing evaporation from the surface, and helping to keep the ground cool. In placing the rocks one can be guided by the views of those who assume that the plants which the rock garden contains are all important and that the arrangement of rocks is of little con- sequence, except in so far as it contributes towards the well-being of the plants; or, one may take the point of view, which is perhaps the better one, that the arrangement of the rocks should be as natural, as pleasing, and as artistic as possible, consistent with providing suitable accommodations for the plants that the garden is to contain. Anyone contemplating the construction of a rock garden would be well advised to study rock arrangement as it occurs in Nature and be guided, in part at least, by Nature’s methods. It is desirable that the finished product should in itself look natural, and essential that it be in harmonious relation with its surroundings. io * 194 (6110) ifter an ice storm. arden < Ic Rock ¢ a Fic. 195 lhe forms that rock gardens take are, like Cleopatra, of “ in- finite variety.” They range from the many “ pocketed” con- struction, designed to accommodate a large collection of alpines, = ee = Sean me BES . c t. to the “moorland” garden consisting merely of an outcrop of rocks furnished with a few species, only, of heaths and similar plants. 1G. 6. Alpines planted in bowl for table decoration—Maszus reptans, Androsace carnea var. brigantiaca, Primula acaulis var. The tall primrose in the rear is Primula Kewensis which is not hardy. (5082). | aay To the best of my recollection every book that I have reac dealing with rock gardens, every article on rock garden con- struction, and every nurseryman’s catalog that gives hints on rock garden making, is insistent that the rocks should be so placed that rain is conducted towards the roots of the plants. In other words, don’t place the rocks as though you were laying shingles on a roof, but tilt them so that the water is conducted towards 196 the soil of the rock garden. In the case of almost vertical con- struction avoid overhanging rocks, but instead build with a batter, recessing the rocks slightly as you build, taking care that the upper surface of each stone slopes down and inward. When stratified rocks are used, it is desirable so to place them that the lines of stratification are uniform throughout, though not necessarily horizontal. It is true that in nature one often finds the stratification considerably confused and jumbled due to geo- logic upheavals, but is is difficult to make such a style of construc- tion look convineing in an artificial rock garden. One of the most satisfactory kinds of rock gardens is that made in the form of a winding ravine. A garden constructed on these lines gives every lesideratum when dealing with diff- cult plants. A very good illustration of this type is to be found in the Hanbury Garden at Brockhurst in Sussex, England. Here a large part of the garden was made by excavating in sand- stone rock, thus forming a deep ravine with almost vertical sides, the crevices in the rocks afterwards being filled with suitable soil and planted. The rock obtained in excavating was used to extend the garden. Of an entirely different type is the rock garden at Friar Park, Ilenley-on-Thames, the country estate of the late Sir Frank Crisp. This is one of the largest and most pretentious rock gardens in existence covering, as it does, several acres of ground. Over 7,000 tons of rock were used in its construction and many of the pieces weigh up to 12 tons. This garden is of the mound type and a feature in it is a replica, made to scale, of the peak of the Matterhorn. an Other developments of the rock garden idea in gardens may be seen exemplified in the garden of Childerly Hall in Cambridge- shire, England, where tere | is a pleasing rock arrangement of the flat type, the planting associated with it being of the herbaceous perennial order, as well as the plants that one usually associates with the rock garden. The late Reginald A. Malby constructed a fascinating and unique rock garden in his London back yard on a plot of 30 X 70 feet. This garden is unique in that the “ rocks”? used are pieces of concrete obtained from a demolished road. These irregular Fic. 7. Alberta Dwarf Spruce (Picea glauca var. conica, sometimes sold erroneously as P. Albertiana) and Campanula rotundifolia var. Hostii. (6346) Z61 198 lumps of concrete were treated with an iron salt to soften their harsh and forbidding color. On this small area, Mr. Malby, addition to growing a respectable collection of alpines, had a pool and a bog garden. A full account of this interesting garden may be found in The Story of My Rock Garden, by Reginald A. Malby Mr. Clarence Lown, at Poughkeepsie, created a rock garden of which any country might be proud. In his garden, Mr. Lown did not attempt any pretentious landscape features. The garden on the whole consists of flat rocky beds, yet it is charming and restful and, as previously mentioned, contains an amazingly good collection of alpine and rock plants. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Beck have made a delightful and artistic rock garden at Millbrook, New York, by adapting a steep slope overlooking a lake to the needs of a rock g garden and by construct- ing rock work on the upper levels. In this garden, alpine, rock, woodland, and bog plants grow in happy profusion. The beauty of the garden is further enhanced by the lavish use of water in the form of rivulets and pools. This may serve as an example of a rock garden partly natural, partly artificial, part of it in the open (a necessity, if alpines are to be grown), and part in woodland. In many gardens advantage has been taken of natural outcrops of rock to construct a rock garden. Such gardens are usually the most convincing from a landscape standpoint, though they do not always provide the maximum in respect to the cultural re- quirements of the rock plants unless considerable tinkering is done with a view to providing bigger and deeper “ pockets” for them. Alpines and rock plants can be used to good advantage in parts of the garden other than the rock garden proper. They are, of course, the plants for wall gardening, and are well adapted for use in “ pavement planting "—that form of gardening which uses plants in the crevices between flagstone walks. The problem of a satisfactory dividing line between perennial border and walk can often be solved by using rocks and planting between them with alpines so that they become partly covered with vegetation. This has been done with great success in many gardens and notably so at Aldenham House, near London, England, where a gravel walk is separated from the border by a device of this nature, thus — 199 providing an informal and beautiful edging to the perennials. In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden rock garden, in which glacial J 5 ) d boulders are used, the general idea in construction was to simulate such a rock-strewn slope as one would be likely to find on a terminal moraine, since the Botanic Garden is located on the slope of such a moraine. What is and what is not admissible to the rock garden in the way of plants is always a vexed question. We think of a rock garden primarily as a home for alpine and saxatile plants, and, in temperate climes, the bulk of its inhabitants should be drawn from this source. But not all of the mountain plants are desirable— some are nothing but lusty weeds, especially under lowland condi- tions—and there are many plants that fit admirably into the rock garden picture that would be excluded if measured by the yard- 200 stick “alpine and saxatile.” One enthusiast vehemently asserts ‘that nothing should be grown in the rock garden that can just as easily be grown under ordinary garden conditions.” But such a definition, if accepted, would eliminate many plants that are considered essential in the well-furnished rockery. One thing is i acme of foolishness to go to the trouble of con- structing a rock garden and then furnish it, as is oftentimes done, with such florists’ flowers as geraniums, petunias, and nasturtiums. Bearing in mind the fact that bedding plants do not belong in the rock garden and remembering that among the chief characteristics of alpine plants, which in general do belong, are their dwarfness of habit, quality of bloom and brilliancy of color, let us agree with the late Reginald Farrer that our conception of acceptable plants ‘includes everything that will look well in a rock garden.” Although many of the alpine plants are difficult of cultivation in the lowlands, there is no lack of appropriate material that will thrive, if given a reasonable amount of care. Amongst the easily grown rock plants one might mention many species of Savifraga, a genus that is predominantly alpine and saxatile. S. Cotyledon, S. cochlearis, and S. Macnabiana, be- longing in the group whose leaves show encrustations of lime, can readily be grown by planting them in well-drained soil in which there is a liberal mixture of broken limestone. The mossy varie- ties of Saxifraga are not difficult provided they are given a well- drained, stony soil with plenty of humus. They also appreciate a little shade. The surface of the soil about the plants should be covered with small stones to prevent evaporation of moisture and to keep the ground cool. The hardy Pinks never look out of place in a rock garden pro- vided that one excludes the florists’ varieties. The most desirable of them all is the Glacier Pink (Dianthus neglectus) and the Al- pine Pink (Dianthus alpinus). This family contains many other excellent rock plants that can be grown with very little trouble, for example: Saponaria ocymoides, Gypsophila repens, and several species ee Arenaria, Silene, and Cerastwum. Of course, everyone who has a rock garden will want to grow the Edelweiss, and fortunately this can readily be accomplished by providing a well-drained soil, plenty of limestone, and an open 201 situation. If one has patience, this interesting plant can be easily raised from seed, but one must not expect flower heads the first ear. The following list of easily grown rock plants, in addition to those already mentioned, may be seen at the proper season in our Rock Garden: Plants Easy to Grow Alyssum saxatile (Golden-Tuft), E. Europe. Fls. golden yellow; 1 ft. April, May. Anemone Pied (Pasque Flower), Europe. Violet fis. covered with long silken hairs; 6 in. to 12 in. “il AGES canadensis. Neri America, Scarlet and yellow fls.; 1 ft. to ft. May Aquilegia cerulea (Rocky Mountain Columbine). Blue and white fls.; 1 o 2 ft. May, June Arabis albida fl, pl. Mediterranean region. Double, white fls.; 9 in. pril, May. Aster ae Europe, Asia, North pe Bright purple, daisy-like ; Orin) (6-12 in, May... June poe in var. Spreading prostrate ss SARTS: Colors rose, lavender, etc., May Campanula cespitosa. Europe. Pale blue fls.; 4 in. to 6 in, June, July. Campanula carpatica. Carpathians. Porcelain blue fis. erect on wiry stems; 9 in. July. Campanula Us gesen cat Italy. Blue fls., dwarf, spreading by underground stems; 4 in. June, July. Cerastium fomontosion S. Europe. Creeping species with gray foliage, On. Nay: expat cer ae Himalayas. Fls. white, red-veined ; creeping habit : Lay. Ch repens. Europe. Dwarf creeping plant, white fls.; 4 in. May, une. Helianthenuum monmularium vars. (FT, vulgare) (Rock Rose). (Not re- lia yardy north of Philadelphia.) 9 in. to 12 in. Dwarf. ever- green shrubs, brilliant fls. during summer. Floustoma caerulea. N. Eastern States and Alleghenies. (Bluets. Quaker L [ Iberis Uinlatem: (Perennial Candytuft) S. Europe. White fls.; 9 in. to I May. Tris Mie. eee of Virginia and southwards. Dwarf Iris with ight ay. PEGI alpinum, (Edelweiss.) Whitish floral lvs.; Europe. 4 in. to 12 in. May, June Fic. 9. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla). (5824) 203 Fig. 10. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla), in fruit. (5825) 204 Myosotis alpestris (Alpine Forget-me-not)., Europe, North America. Blue with yellow throat; 9 in. May. Nee rivularis (White-Cup). S. America. White fls. yellow or osy throat; 3 in. June, July, August. Phlox divaricata. America. Lavender blue fls.; 1 ft. May. Phlox subulata vars. FE. N. America. White, pink, ete.; 6 in, May. Saponaria ocymoides. Europe. Dwarf creeping habit, rose colored fls.; 6 in. tog in. May. Saxifraga, mossy vars. White, pink fls.; 3 in. to 9 in. Sedum, dwarf vars. Various colors; 3 1 i empervivum, in var. Reddish and yellow fls.; 6 in. to 12 in. July. Silene alpestris. Eastern Alps. White fls.; 4 in. to - in. May, June. Silene Schafta. Caucasus. Pink fls., ploains in fall; ) in. Statice Armeria var. Laucheana. More brightly color Me than the common irift.’ May. (Uusually cataloged by nurserymen as Armerta ain var, Laucheana. ) Trollius laxus (Globe Flower). N. America. Yellow or orange; April, May. T ft 0 2 it. Viola cornuta. Blue fis., blooms through summer; 6 in, to 9 in. In the following list are some of the plants that have flourished in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden without over much coddling. They are not too intractable, but require that a little more atten- tion be paid to their needs than those mentioned in the preceding list. Not all of them are commonly offered in the trade and it may be necessary to do considerable searching of catalogs of specialists before it is possible to acquire them all. Plants Fairly Easy to Grow ndrosace lanuginosa. Himalayas. Trailing stems, rosy lilac fls. June- nS yy September. Androsace sarmentosa. Himalayas. Strawberry-like runners, pink — fis. May. Belliwn bellidioides. S. Europe. A miniature English Daisy. ee a (C. pulla x carpatica var. turbinata.) Dwarf, dark pur saci pins Alps. 3 in. Big, rose pink fls. June. Needs much hed limestone. Draba ee Europe. 3 in. Brilliant yellow fls. Good for a crevice. are Dryas paoieraa oe Avens). N. Hemisphere. Creeping evergreen shrub. Whi s Genista silvestris var, | as (dalmatica). with yellow fls. June Pyrenees, Dwarf spiny shrub 205 Gentiana acaulis ears Gentian). Alps. 4 in. Real blue fls. May. Geranium argenteum. S, Alps. 6 in. Silvery Ivs., mauve pink fls. July. aritty, well- e ained soil. Hypericum olympicum., Greece. 6 in. Trailing stems, yellow fls. June- uly, Lithospermum purpurco-ceruleum. S. W. Europe. Trailing shrub, dark blue fls. June. Penstemon glaber (Blue Penstemon). N. America. 1 ft, 6 in. Large right blue fls. July, August. Penstemon rupicola. Rockey Mountains. Very dwarf, rose-crimson. May. Polygonum affine apa Knotweed). Himalayas. 1 ft. Prostrate growth, red fis. racemes. Primula Auricula eens Alps. 6 in. Golden yellow fls. April Primula frondosa. Balkans. 4 in. Rosy lilac fls. Needs cool, well-drained situation. Silene acaulis (Moss Campion). Alps. Arctic Regions. Dwarf mossy tuft ith bright pink fls. May. Statice (em eria) cespitosa. Spanish Sierras. Tufted, dwarf. Pale pink . May, June. Statice (Armeria) juncea. Corsica. Tutted, “Gyan sb inksdtis: yevicy. ascat- tered fls. to Novembe Trollius pumilus (Dwarf Sia Himalayas. 6 in. Bright yellow. pril, May. Veronica ee (Creeping Speedwell). Corsica. 4% in. Creeping, pale blue fls. May. Requires moist cool situation. Wahlenbergia Pumilio. Dalmatia. 3 in. Tufted and floriferous, bell- shaped lilac fls. June i The lists could be greatly extended by the addition of dwarf coni- fers, such as: Siebold Arborvitae ( Thuja orientalis var. Sieboldi) ; Prostrate Juniper (Juniperus cominunis var. depressa) ; Dwarf Hinoki Cypress (Chamecyparis obtusa var. nana); Moss Reti- nospora (Chamecyparis pisifera var. squarrosa) ; and the Dwarf Alberta ‘Spruce, Picea glauca var. conica (sometimes sold errone- ously as P. Albertiana), a very slow growing form (Fig. y) 3 terns such as: Ebony Spleenwort (Asplenium platyneur on) ; Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) ; Wal king-Fern (Campto- sorus rhizophyllus) ; Purple Cliffbrake (Pellea air opurpurea) 5 Common Woodsia (MW oodsia obtusa) ; mountain species of bulbs; and many of our own native alpines. ne true rock gardener gets his greatest thrill, however, from those species that are reluctant to thrive in his climate. To grow the more difficult and capricious alpines is indeed one of the most — Oe 206 fascinating features of rock gardening. Connoisseurs get un- bounded pleasure from the successful cultivation of such treasures as Anemone vernalis, Campanula Allionii, Gentiana verna, Saxi- fraga Boydii, Diapensia lapponica, Asperula suberosa, Ramondia pyrenaica, Rhododendron lapponicum and others of a similar na- ture. Those who have mastered the cultivation of the easily grown Fic. 11. Mossy Saxifrages. (2604) alpines should try the more difficult subjects. Many helpful hints on their cultivation can be obtained from such books as, Adven- tures in My Garden and Rock Garden, and Pleasures and Problems of a Rock Garden, by Louise Beebe Wilder; The Rock Garden Primer, by Archie Thornton; My Rock Garden and The English Rock Garden, by Reginald Farrer; Rock Garden and Alpine Plants, by Henri Correvon, 207 CHRONOLOGICAL GUIDE TO THE ROCK GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN January In 1930, there was something of interest in bloom in the Rock Garden during every month of the year. In January the pale lilac blossoms of the Palestinian Iris Var- fam displayed themselves during the first two weeks. A. cold spell necessitated covering until February 20th when flowers again were produced, continuing until about the middle of March. January usually sees some open flowers on Erica carnea, the Alpine Heath. February During the latter part of February some of the mountain cro- cuses begin to bloom—notably Crocus Korolkowi and C. vitellinus. Snowdrops also may be expected to exhibit their pale drooping blooms along with the cheerful yellow of those of Eranthis hye- malis, the Winter Aconite. The kind that we grow in the rock garden is . hyemalis var. Tubergeni, which has much larger flowers than those of the type. March In March the bulbous plants are augmented by Narcissus cy- clamineus, very distinctive with its completely reflexed perianth ; Scilla sibirica, the Siberian Squill; Hyacinthus asureus (very sim- ilar to the Grape Hyacinth, M/uscari) ; several species of Iris, and quite a few crocuses. These bulbous irises coming, as they do, at a time when outdoor flowers are scarce, are altogether charming. We grow several species in the Rock Garden including /. Histrio, histrioides, Var- tant, reticulata, and reticulata var. Krelagei. I. reticulata is, to my mind, the best of the easily grown, spring flowering, bulbous irises. Its flowers of rich blue-purple and gold have a delightful violet fragrance. Fic. 1 2 Tris pumila rarieties. (5808 ) 802 209 Many species and varieties of Crocus are now opening their flowers to the sun. Amongst them are C. susianus, the Cloth-of- Gold Crocus, and C. biflorus, the Scotch Crocus. This genus is fairly well represented in our Rock Garden, with twenty-six species and varieties of spring crocus and twenty of the autumn blooming kinds. The non-bulbous plants are represented by Helleborus A a dowdy, homely relative of the exquisite “ Christmas Rose” (H. niger). The latter, however, has never seemed to appreciate our tender care and resolutely refuses to thrive. We, therefore, have to fall back on its ugly sister or cousin in order to have the genus represented, and this 1s our only, and it must be admitted, some- what slight justification for growing H. fawtidus. It is not neces- sary to offer apologies for Draba aizoides, which pleases us with its bright yellow flowers during this month. Like the ‘“ Christmas Rose” it has a host of poor relations which are nothing better than pernicious weeds, but it also has many aristocratic connections such as D. athoa, bryoides, cuspidata, Dedeana, and Kotschyi, which are an ornament to any rock garden. April Although April finds the rock garden still somewhat bare there are enough plants in bloom to give an inkling of the plethora to follow. Considerably over fifty species and varieties may be expected to display their flowers during this month including, of course, some hold-overs, from March. Bulbous plants are still much to the fore including Grape Iyacinths (Muscari botryoides and varieties, AJ. moschatum, M. elegans, and M. racemosum) ; a few tulip species, of which the most notable is Tulipa Kauff- manniana, sometimes called the Water-lily Tulip; Narcissus, and the Glory-of-the-Snow (Chionodoxa species and varieties). The latter are eminently satisfactory rock garden plants. They thrive and increase with practically no care, their flowers of various shades of blue, with some pink and some white forms, are cheerful and welcome, and they lend themselves admirably to association with dwarf carpeting plants. Several species and varieties are grown, the commonest being C. Lucilie (Tig. 8) Spring Adonis (Adonis vernalis). (5797 OIZ fat Narcissus is represented by the charming Angel’s Tears Daffodil (N. triandrus), from Spain and Portugal, and the “ Petticoat Daffodil” or “ Hoop-Skirt Daffodil” (N. Bulbocodium), South- ern France to Morocco. Both of these are on the border line of hardiness with us, but they came through last winter very success- fully and we are hopeful for the future. There is a miniature replica of the trumpet daffodils that may in some years be seen in our Rock Garden. This is Narcissus minimus which grows only three inches high. Unfortunately, it is not very permanent. Non-bulbous plants are now beginning to give a better account of themselves. The Himalayan Primrose (Primula denticulata) produces its lavender flowers in dense globular heads, and various forms of the Auricula (?. Auricula) display their umbels of sweetly scented blossoms. We envy the English the myriads of handsome primroses available for their rock gardens. Correvon 212 lists over two hundred species and varieties that are being grown in gardens.* ‘Two of our native Bleeding Hearts—Dicentra eximia from Western New York and the Mountains of Virginia, and Dicentra formosa from the Pacific Coast—come into bloom towards the end of the month. They are similar in appearance, both having finely divided foliage, with flowers of deep rose in eximia and pale rose in formosa. Both species grow well in shade and are tolerant of sunshine. There are colonies of these plants, from self-sown seed, all over the rock garden. Another native, the interesting Mountain Pachysandra (P. procumbens) hailing from the mountains of Kentucky, West Vir- ginia and southward, is conspicuous on account of its white fila- ments protruding from the inconspicuous brownish sepals. This species, unlike its popular relative, the Japanese Pachysandra_ so widely used as a ground cover, is seldom seen in gardens. Its foliage is dull compared to the oriental species, but its early blos- soming makes it worth growing in limited quantities. The buttercup-like flowers of Trollius lavus, the North Ameri- can representative of the Globeflowers, are not so showy as those of the European and Asiatic kinds, but the plant is valuable for a wet spot in the garden because of its dwarfness and earliness. Toward the middle of the month the “ Pasque Flower ” (Anem- one Pulsatilla, Fig. 9) is displaying its rich purple flowers with their masses of yellow stamens. Each flower is surrounded by a lacy ruff of gray-green, hairy bracts. Its achenes with long feathery styles (Fig. 10) are much in evidence after the blossoms have fallen, and serve to prolong the period of its attractiveness. It is widely distributed in Europe and Siberia in both alpine and lowland regions, and is quite amenable to cultivation. in the same genus, is the —_ A close relative, formerly considerec well-known Hepatica americana with flowers of white, blue, or pink. It is a welcome sight when seen in our rocky woodlands and is equally acceptable in the rock garden. Hepatica has simple lobed leaves and the circle of bracts close to the flower, while Anemone has compound or dissected leaves and the circle of bracts further down the flower-stalk. * Rock Garden and Alpine Plants, by Henri Correvon, The Macmillan Co., New York. 1930. ah) Several members of the Mustard Family are now becoming con- spicuous. Draba aizoides, about two inches high, remains in good condition and is joined by D. cuspidata, similar but somewhat yssum (4. montanum), a very dwarf —_— larger. ‘The mountain A species with hoary leaves and yellow flowers, opens its flowers about the 14th and remains in bloom for about six weeks; the well-known “ Goldentuft ” (4. savatile, Fig. 3) and its varieties, follow closely on the heels of A. montanum. The Goldentuft is Fig. 15. Saponaria ocymotdes and Roof Iris (Jris tectorum). (3472) very successful in a dry situation, and is one of the best wall- garden plants for our climate. The “ Wallcress” (Arabis al- bida) usually shows its white flower buds during the second week of April and gives a good account of itself until beyond the middle of May. Because of its lasting qualities the double flowered form of this species is much to be preferred. The deep blue flower- spikes of Muscari racemosum and the white candelabra of Arabis form a charming combination when these two species are inter- planted. Arabis albida, in this country, is usually offered in cata- 214 £.@e4 2% é € ’ é ,* * * ¢ Globe-Flower (Trollius curopeus). (6206) European 16. Fic. FANG logs under the name A. alpina, a different species of not much account. rabis aubretioides, a charming dwarf species from Asia Minor and Persia, is not very permanent with us, but when it does deign to favor us its pink flowers are much admired. Several forms of the large leaved saxifrages, referred by some authorities to the genus Megasea and by some to Bergenia, dis- play their handsome pink flowers about the middle of the month. These saxifrages are useful in the large rock garden and would be more so were it not that the beauty of their evergreen leaves is usually marred by the rigors of our winters. Several species and varieties of mossy saxifrages (Fig. tr) are in bloom by April 20th. In former years these saxifrages did marvellously well in Brooklyn but of late, for some unknown reason, we have had some difficulty in keeping them alive. Other plants that bloom during April include Brunnera macro- phylla, better known as Anchusa myosotidiflora, and Omphalodes verna, both members of the Borage Family with real blue flowers; Epimedium alpinum var. rubrum, and other forms, all good shade plants with handsome foliage; Euphorbia Mysinites, a spurge with trailing stems and glaucous foliage; and many forms of Jris pumila (Vig. 12). May (First Half) The rock garden is so lavish of bloom during May that many worthy plants must, in this brief guide, remain unmentioned. The Alpine lorget-me-Not (Myosotis alpestris), of azure blue, is at its best during the early part of the month. It should be planted where it receives partial shade, and, as it is more or less biennial, seeds should be allowed to form so that they may provide seedlings to carry on in succeeding years. The various forms of Aubricta deltoidea, floriferous dwarfs of the Mustard Family, ranging in color from white through pink to dark purple, are a disappointment to those who are familiar with their long blooming qualities as exhibited in mild climates like that of England. But even here they are worthy of inclusion in the rock garden although our hot sun causes them quickly to pass out of bloom. Our best variety is one received under the name of A. deltoidea var. purpurea, 216 Others of the Mustard Family that are conspicuous at this time are the Perennial Candytuft (Jberis sempervirens), with white flowers and evergreen foliage, and a Blister Cress with brilhant orange flowers. This last mentioned unfortunate suffers from many aliases, being known as Erysimum asperwmn, Chetranthus Allionii, Erysimum Allionti, and [. Perofskyanum, while some Fic. 17. Japanese Primrose (Primula japonica). (4565) authorities maintain that Hrysimum should rightly be called -— Cheirinia! little later in May the yellow flowers of a variety received as [rysimum asperum var. perenne help to brighten up the rock garden. The first of the Columbines to bloom with us is the glaucous ta] leaved Aquilegia flabellata var. nana-alba, from Japan. It is usually in bloom the first week of May, has white flowers, and is 27, about nine inches high. Closely following it is our Common Columbine with flowers of cinnabar red and yellow. This com- monly grows wild in rocky places and is thus very appropriate in a rock garden. About the same time we expect to see the ex- quisite Rocky Mountain Columbine, A. cerulea, with its flowers of white and blue, with sometimes a suggestion of yellow. The deep blue flowers of the Alpine Columbine (4. alpina), from Europe, open in May and continue into June. These four colum- bines form an adequate representation of the genus for rock garden purposes, the many garden hybrids being more appro- priately cared for in the perennial border. The Rock Jasmines (Androsace), typical alpine plants, are rep- resented during the first week of May by 4. sarmentosa, a species with pink flowers in umbels rising about three inches from the ground. It comes from the Ilimalayas, and has attractive rosettes of grayish foliage produced at the tips of runners. The rarity of Androsace in American gardens may be by educed from the fact that the genus is not even mentioned in “ Standardized Plant Names.” The saxatile group represented by such species as A. helvetica, A. alpina, etc., are very difficult to grow and are seldom seen in gardens. The kinds that we have had success with belong in another group, which, instead of forming the tight cushions of the helvetica series, is inclined to make trailing stems, or runners, somewhat after the fashion of the strawberry. Included in this group are A. carnea brigantiaca (tufted) (Fig. 6); A. sarmen- tosa and its varieties; A. primuloides, similar to the last but later in coming into bloom; A. foliosa (end of May), a rather lush looking plant from the Himalayas that is not very permanent; and A. lanuginosa, which flowers from June onwards. The dainty, fragile looking A. lactiflora, which is an annual, springs up from self-sown seeds, and its white flowers are charming throughout the month of May. The Spring Adonis (Adonis vernalis, Fig. 13), with its enor- mous, glistening, yellow flowers and refined, much divided foliage, is one of the bright spots in the rock garden at this time. It grows well in moist soil and is vastly superior to the earlier blooming Amur Adonis which looks somewhat carroty, and consequently weedy, after it has passed its blooming period. 218 Violas of several kinds; varieties of Phlox subulata; Silene caroliniana (S. pennsylvanica) ; mossy saxifrages; Primula Ste- boldi; Iris cristata (Vig. 14), from the Mountains of Kentucky, Virginia, and the Carolinas; /ris tectorum (Vig. 15), the Roof Iris of Japan, in blue and white forms, Houstonia; Epimedium,; Fritil- laria meleagris varieties; and Tulipa chrysantha; are amongst the plants in bloom during the first two weeks of May. Fra. 18 Saxrifraga Macnabiana in rock cleft. (2605) May (Last Half) The European and Asiatic Globe Flowers (Trollius, Fig. 16), glorified buttercups of moist alpine meadows, are, with the ex- ception of such dwarfs as 7. acaulis and T. pumilus, too robust for the small rock garden. We grow large patches of 7. astaticus and T. curopeaus in a low moist place where their yellow flowers form a pleasing contrast with the blue of Veronica Teucrium, planted nearby. Ze, There are many charming “ Speedwells” (Veronica) coming along at about this time. Veronica rupestris, raised from seeds, gave us a heteromorphic conglomeration of dwarfs not over three inches high, which are simply smothered with racemes of flowers in shades of pink and blue. Veromca pectinata makes a close carpet of gray, woolly foliage. There are two forms, one with rose colored flowers, the other with blue. IV’. gentianoides has bright green foliage with spires of blue flowers about eighteen inches high. V’. repens is a diminu- tive creeper with pale blue flowers, barely attaining a height of one half an inch. A little shade and moist well-drained soil is appreciated by this delightful Speedwell. Others of this genus that are worthy of mention are ’. Allionii and V. filiformis, both valuable carpeting plants. The silvery, and gray leaved Millfoils are good for sunny, dry If treated liberally in the matter of — places in the rock garden. soil they grow too lush and pass out during the winter or during hot humid spells in the summer. One of: the best of the silvery kinds is Achillea ageratifolia var. Aizoon (Anthemis Aizoon), European Alps, which displays its heads of white flowers on eight inch stems at this time. Another desirable species is A. serbica from the Balkan region with gray-green, toothed leaves and white flowers. Primroses of various kinds are now blooming. Those with flowers in whorls are represented by Primula japonica (Fig. 17), with leaves which remind one of Romaine lettuce, and flowers ranging in color from white to carmine. This is a strong growing kind that delights in moisture. Others in this group are P. Bulleyana, bright orange, and its hybrids. The Asiatic P. Sie- boldi, belonging in the cortusoides section with loose heads of flowers on fragile stems, grows well in half-shady places in soil rich in humus. There are many garden forms of this species. Then we have a number of kinds received under various names that have a strong resemblance to the Cowslip (Primula veris). These have yellow flowers, in umbels, that possess a faint, delicious — perfume. The Alpine Aster (A. alpinus), of which there are many, many, forms is now profusely in bloom. The variety alba is not so 220 much, but the purple flowered —"