_BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. xvi JANUARY, 1929 ‘DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN We ely sa ga ; * m LISHED BIMONTAL coe er a SANUARE. unc, MAY, eae SEPTEMBER, ‘NO BER ND LEMON S$TS., LANCASTER, PA. , ae TRE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND’ SCIE. NC _ ABROOKL mae mM id bk vie JSK, A.M., Instruc LDA J. SARGENT, Instructor RIE R. R. SWABEY, NY, M.A, Re rch OUIS BUHLE, Photographer f fu BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD JANUARY, 1929 No. 1 VoL. XVIII DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN 1928 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1928, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents; also, in limited quantities, to members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. We offer this year seeds chiefly of herbaceous plants. PTERIDOPHYTA Marattiaceae Asplenium Angiopteris nidus platyneuron Blechnum Pp emiundaceae occidentale Osmunda : Davallia Claytoniana pentaphylla regalis Diplazium shot lanceu pemibatia zeylanicum Polypodiaceae Doodia Adiantum : blechnoides cuneatum Drynaria ~ : cuneatum var. Crowe- quercifolia anum Jryopteris hispidulum erythrosora trapeziforme marginalis Aglaomorpha opaca eyeniana Sieboldii Microlepia vulgare majuscula Polystichum Nephrolepis acrostichoides acuminata capense cordifolia Pteris rivularis cretica var. Wimsettii Oleandra Tectaria articulata cicutaria Pel : wide Sa Phegopteris Aneim Dryopteris phyllitidis epee Selaginellaceae aureum var. areolatum Selaginella aureum var. cristatum Emmeliana um Emmeliana var. aurea subauriculatum Wildenovii DICOTYLEDONES Acanthaceae 266 Apocynaceae 247 Acanthus Amsonia longifolius Tabernaemontana mollis Rhazya Aizoaceae 84 oncntaye Mollugo Araliaceae 227 vetieillata Aralia Tetragonia hispida expansa racemosa Amarantaceae 79 Asclepiadaceae 248 Amarantus Asclepias blitoides syriaca retroflexus Ceropegia Celosia Woodii (tubers) argentea Cynanchum cristata nigrum cristata (yellow) Vincetoxicum plumosa (yellow) Balsaminaceae 168 Gomphrena Impatiens glo Balsamina Telanthera biflora polygonoides pallida Berberidaceae 93 Caulophyllum thalictroides Borraginaceae 252 scorpioides sma echioides Oreocarya affinis Symphytum officinale Campanulaceae 276 Campanula alliariaefolia bononiensis carpatica carpatica var. alba glomerata latifolia latifolia var. alba latifolia var. eriocarpa rapunculoides rotundifolia ruleum Wahitnbercia dalmatica Campanulaceae —Lobelioideae 276a syphilitica Capparidaceae 107 Cleome inosa spinosa (white form) Polanisi trachysperma Caprifoliaceae 271 Triosteum perfoliatum Caryophyllaceae 87 squarrosus Lychnis alba chalcedonica es ocymoides var. versicolor officinalis maritima Zawadskii Spergula Spergularia ae Tunic Rees Compositae 280 Achillea abrotanoides alpina aurea filipendulina armica Purshiana Aster alpinus alpinus var. speciosus cordifolius ciplostephio‘de Pate ee eee Buphthalmum peciosum cabiosa Chee ine cca indic Panhemian Gymnolomia multiflora Helianthus helianthoides Vat. rlana Inula grandiflora squarrosa Leontopodium laciniata speciosa Pitch- subtomentosa Senecio Silphium perfoliatum Solidago altissima Cutleri (S. Virgaurea var. 1 a4 cS alpina missouriensis Stokesia laevis australis Compositae —Cichorieae 280a Crepis grandiflora rubra Hieracium aurantiacum longifolium rigidum ‘speciosum Picridium tingitanum Rodigia commutata Crassulaceae 115 Cotyledon gibbiflora var. metallica platyphylla Dudleya Stauntoni Echeveria Whitei Sedum sarmentosum Cruciferae 105 Aethionema coridifoltum Alyssum montanum saxatile saxatile var. compactum Arabis procurrens r orientalis Erysimum asperum balearica Datiscaceae 207 Datisca cannabina Dipsacaceae 274 Cephalaria ambrosioides raeca moena caucasica Euphorbiaceae 147 marginata myrsinites Gentianaceae 246 Gentiana Freyniana Geraniaceae 129 Geranium albiflorum grandiflorum Grevilleanum ibericum maculatum phaeum pratense pratense var. album sylvaticum Illecebraceae 86a Corrigiola littoralis Herniaria glabra Scleranthus annuus Labiatae 254 vulgare Micromeria croatica Monarda citriodora mollis Prunella pratensis var. Baum- baicalensis palustris sylvatica Leguminosae —Mimosoideae 127a Desmanthus illinoensis Leguminosae —Papilionatae 128 Astragalus peo tee Cic officinalis orientalis Glycine Soja (black seeds) Soja (brown seeds) pele (yellow seeds) polyphyllus foenum-graecum Linaceae 132 Linum avum maritimum usitatissimum Loasaceae 206 Blumenbachia Hieronymii Lythraceae 216 Cuphea lanceolata Salicaria var. roseum virgatum virgatum “ Rose Queen ” Nesaea triflora Malvaceae 175 Althaea tar Moscheutos (white, nter) Kitaibelia vitifolia Moraceae 64 Humulus japonic Necieicess 80 Mirabilis divaricata alapa divaricata (dwarf yellow) Jalap Onagraceae 224 Circaea aC aane Epilobiun angustifolidm Godetia purpurea fruticosa var. major OR eae oseum Oxalidaceae 130 Oxalis stricta Papaveraceae 104 Argemone Chelidoniam maju Dictanocaoee ranchetianum Eschscholtzia californica Glaucium flavum Papaver lateritium orientale Rhoeas Rhoeas “ Shirle Sanguinaria canadensis Papaveraceae —Fumarioideae 104a Dicentra eximla Plumbaginaceae 238 Acantholimon glumaceum Armeria caespitosa juncea vulgaris vulgaris var. Laucheana latifolium aah eee Polemoniaceae 250 a achilleaefoha capitata Polygonaceae 77 Atraphaxis umbellatum Polygonum orientale Sieboldii Rheum rhaponticum Portulacaceae 85 Anacampseros patens dam Ranunculus co Primulaceae 237 punctata punctata (dwarf form) Primula flagellicaulis Steironema ciliatum Ranunculaceae 91 Pigleatilta var. alba Aquilegia Buergeriana canadensis chrysantha Cimicifuga americana dahurica Clematis integrifolia Delphinium grandiflorum Nigella ascena nstantinopolitanus um angustifolium minus Trollius laxus Resedaceae 108 Phyteuma Rosaceae 126 Agrimonia odorata pilosa Alchemilla splendens vulgaris Dryas octopetala Duchesnea indica Filipendula almata virginiana eum urbanum Gillenia trifoliata Potentilla argentea var. Calabra chrysantha Hopwoodiana obtusum Rubiaceae 270 Asperula cynanchica tinctoria Diodia dasycephala Sherardia arvensis Spermacoce tenuior Rutaceae 137 Dictamnus a DUS albus var. ruber Saxifragaceae 117 Astilbe Macnabiana Tellima grandiflora Scrophulariaceae 257 Antirrhinum maurandioides Calceolaria scabiosaefolia “ali Digitalis ambigua lutea viridiflora Hebenstretia d entata Pentstemon aber Scrophularia marilandica sambucifolia Synthyris plantaginea Verbascum u Teucrium var. prostrata Waldsteinii Solanaceae 256 10 Levisticum officina e pimpinelloides Pimpinella ouani Atropa Valerianaceae 273 Belladonn C entranthus ve Helladonna (yellow fruit) macrosiphon alata grandiflora (affinis) ee foli mete alliariaefolia Tabacum officinalis Solanum Valerianella sisymbrifolium coronata Umbelliferae 228 Verbenaceae 253 Carum Verbena vi erinoides Eryngium venosa oeruleum ; Oliverianum Violaceae 198 planum Viola Heracleum tricolor lanatum MONOCOTYLEDONES Amaryllidaceae 340 Dyckia Agave brevifolia virginica _ rariflora Alstroemeria Piteairnia aurantiaca __ xanthocalyx Tillandsia Araceae 323 Palbiciana cp pana flexuosa Reser sem moat Commelinaceae 333 Rpt itad: Palisota alla _ Barteri palustris Tinantia : ujax Bromeliaceae 332 TPeandeccaniia Caraguata montana Peacocki virginiana Cyperaceae 320 Hosta Carex Fortunei Grayii olevoldiaae unctata vesicaria almeceee Kyllinga ri tr comosum : racemosum Gramineae 319 Polygons Dactylis orum glomerata arene Festuca i elatior sibirica Glyceria Smilacina fluitans racemosa Phala is 1lax arundinacea var. picta herbacea Secale i cereale australis systemon Juncaceae 336 Marjoletti Juncus Sprengerii conglomeratus sylvestris Liliaceae 338 “ Avis Kennicott ” Allium (Cottage) fistul “Diana” (Sing! eee saloon enum . oereR Queen” (Single Porrt arly) Schoenoprasim var. io ae Queen ” Sibiric (Single ae Asparagus Veratrum fficinalis viride Clintonia Yucca borealis filamentosa fo ee Zingiberaceae 346 carinat Brachychilus nigricans Horsfieldi SEEDS COLLECTED IN NORTHEASTERN NEBRASKA BY Mr. J. B. WERNECKE Actaea Agoseris alba cuspidata Agastache Allium nepetoides Nuttallit Amorpha yy Epilobium adenocaulon Pa coccinea Ipomoea leptophylla Kuhnia eupatorioides Lathyrus ornatus Lesquerella m rigidum Lomatium orientale Mimulus glabratus Nepeta Cataria Oenothera serrula Onosmodium occidentale Oxytropis Lamberti Paliurus aculeatus Parietaria pennsylvanica Pentstemon albidus gracilis grandiflorus Polanisia trachysperma esculenta Rhus coriaria Rumex crispus Smilacina stella Solanum rostratum Solidago rigi Townsendia exscapa Tribulus terrestris Verbena 13 SEEDS COLLECTED IN UTAH By BEN JOHNSON Aconitum Heuchera columbianum rubescens Allium Linum acuminatum Lewisii Aquilegia Oenothera flavescens pallida Astragalus Pentstemon cibarus Eatonii utahensis Moffattii Balsamorhiza platyphyllus hirsuta yrocerus sagittata secundiflorus Dodecatheon Torreyi salinum Polemonium Erythronium foliosissimum erandiflorum var. parvi- Rudbeckia oru occidentalis Fritillaria Sphaeralcea pudic rivularis Hedysarum Thalictrum pabulare Fendleri SEEDS COLLECTED IN ARIZONA AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BY Dr. C. S. GAGER Ac Conopholis catechu yexicana Agav Dasylirion consociata Wheeleri Argemone Datura sp BE wicces Delphinium sclepias Scopulorum Arctostaphylos Eriogonum sp glauca Eucalyptus Manzanita we Calliandra Geraniu humilis Ri chardeen: Castilleia Gilia Wootoni? ageregata Ceanothus Dentode ies divaricatus californicum Cucurbita Mentzelia foetidissima multiflora Nicotiana Simmondsia glauca californica Opuntia Smilacina sp. Alt. 5500 ft. amplexicaulis Parkinsonia Solantum microphylla ouglasii Pentstemon Symphoricarpos barbatus altars Portulaca Thalictrum lanceolata Witehtis ais rig att iicfotia Tradescantia Sp. Viola as canadensis laurina iS Bex arizonica Yucca Salvia baccata apiana Whipplei mellifera SEEDS COLLECTED IN OREGON BY Mrs, N. P. GALE Allium Lilium cernuum columbianum Anemone washingtonianum occidentalis Mimulus Camassia ewisli esculenta Partya Eriogonum ‘Menziesii compositum Pentstemon orthocaulon Bees pyrolaefolium Bie Erythronium ee montanum ae e arviflorum M saiunee revolutum Sees ae ovatus nae pulchellus anceolata speciosus Gent eee: sceptrum pellet Suite Leptotaenia Rhiodadecdie purpurea par eens 15 Applications for seeds should be received not later than Feb- ruary 28, 1929, by SEED EXCHANGE, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., OR Sosy INTERNATIONAL SEED EXCHANGE During the past year we received 128 seed lists, arranged as follows: 42, with Genera Alphabetical Genera all alphabetical: Algiers, Belgrade, Bern, Bordeaux, Bremen, Caen, Cape Town, Dresden, Dublin (Trinity College), Edinburgh, Genoa, Giza, Glasgow, Geneva, Hatzendorf, Inns- bruck, Kew, Krakau, La Mortola, Lausanne, Linz, Michigan State College, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, Parma, Prague (German), Prague (Czech.), Proskau, Pruhonice, Rastoff, Roudnice, Royal Hort. Soc., Siena, Tabor, Talence, Taschkent, Univ. of Michigan, Utrecht, Vancouver, Vienna, Zagreb. * Genera alphabetical under larger groups: Darmstadt, Llow, Minden. 54, with Families Alphabetical Families alphabetical under larger groups: Baarn, Basel, Bonn, Breslau, Brno, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Cassel, Cernauti, Cluj, Coimbra, Copenhagen, Delft, Echo (Manchuria), Erlangen, Frankfurt, Giessen, Gothenburg, Groningen, Hamburg, Heidel- berg, Jalta, Kaunas, Kief, Kiel, Konigsberg, Leningrad, Leopol, Leyden, Lisbon, Lund, Lyon, Marburg, Marseilles, Modena, Mor- ton Arb., Montevideo, Munich, Nikita, Oslo, Ottawa, Palermo, Paris, Pisa, Riga, Rome, Sofia (Agr. Coll.), Sofia (Univ.), Sap- poro, Stockholm, Tiflis, Trieste, Tubingen, Turin, Upsala, Wageningen. * Families all alphabetical: Nantes. 27, with Families Systematically Arranged Engler system: Berlin, Brno, Buitenzorg, Cambridge (Engl. ; Dicotyledons before Monocotyledons), Gottingen, Harvard, Metz, North Dakota Seed Laboratory (without families), Padua, Pavia, Toulouse, Tokyo, Valencia, Vilna, Warsaw, Zurich. 16 * Bentham and Hooker system: Bangalore, Bucharest, Chelsea, ir ae Oxford. ther Stal Antwerp, Amsterdam, Dijon, Liége, Nancy, ee eae Roue Arrangement not noted: Odessa. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is preparing a list of genera for submission to the now existing International Committee of Nomen- clature. We intend to include present usage or preferences, espe- cially as to families and the frequently used genera, so far as the information is available, of eleven botanic gardens and such others as they may designate. ese gardens are Berlin, Kew, Paris, Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Vienna, Tokyo, Arnold Arboretum, Leningrad, and Stockholm. * Might not the gardens in the starred groups consider a change in the direction of arrangements more generally used? ~The Brooklyn este of MS and Sciences (OFFICERS: oF THE Boakp a - OF TRUSTEES: ; PRE _ EDWARD C. “C. BLUM ac. ‘Fis eee Pekan: Se ce nea p Vice-Parsmen : ne WALTER 1 HL ‘CRITTENDEN "WILLIAM A. PUTNAM _ ‘Tarp VicE-PREs ADRIAN: VAN SINDEREN ne keuene ice Ae te , of FOSTER SMITH et oe JOHN. i. H, DENBIGH ‘BoTANIO GARDEN GovERNING ComMITTER Baste “MISS HILDA: LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex Cas ean Ww. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY _ EDWIN GOULD : - WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM T. HUNTER _ GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD | aoe LEwIs W. FRANCIS - WILLIAM A, PUTNAM > : ALEXANDER M. WHITE Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BoOaRD ‘ai THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK “THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN _—- THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN ~ _ GENERAL INFORMATION EMBERSHII p—Alll persons who are interested in the objects: and maintena ance © a “yearly: Life Membership, $500 ull information concerning membership may be had by adteeceinig. rk Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N.Y. aes ints Suh as spect. seek SG huw is Ss open hes £ the public daily from 8 a.m. until dark; on ‘Sundays ad ailidayt open at Io ee NTRANCES. —On Flatbush Aeon near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), hss aol. near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern. ide 558 Bald and near Es Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the a The. ‘atest’ entrance to the the Laboratory Building i is at 1000 : Washington ee s opposite Montgomery | To Assist ‘Memaers al others in studying the collections the ‘services of a application the Curator of Public Instruction at least one | we eek in parties of ee than six adults will be conduct “TH EN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to erate Park ee Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; a eae Boulevard ; Franklin Ay venue, Laritier con i - Sterling Place an venue; Union eet and ‘Vanderbilt Avenue lige to. o Broges } Park ‘Plaza and “Union St treet. PUBLICATIONS OF THE - BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD. pean lanes, 1912, ‘An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; ae y beginning with 1929. Contains, among: other ‘things, the Annual Report of ang es tor, and heads of departments, special reports, Seu eas of. cour a of pen seed list, uaa ee papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and ¢é Bree to members of ve Garden. To oie one dollar'a year; 25 cents a Me Circulates in 41 adeiteie EMOIRS. Established, July; 1918. Published aaah & “Cireutates in 47 counties . Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. sat pages. Price.$3.50, plus postage. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: A study of aie land and for ot By Norman Taylor, June. 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus p Volume III. Vegetation : Mount. Desert Island, Mathie; Ad its. environ- ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Haxlor June 10, 1927: I51 pages. Price $1.60. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, 1911. Papers originally published riodicals, reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered e results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. Twenty-five numbers Sore snte one volume. rae 25 cents each, .$5.00 a volume, Circulates in 34 coun 52. Inheritance studies in um. WI. ght alelonor ism and: the in- hertiance of green and yellow felons and pod color, 16 p 927. 53. Mutation,: Hesdhea to. temperature diferondee Ge Pee distri- “bution in Hants 1928, 54. The vegetation A the Allegany State Park. 121 pages.’ 1928. 55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. t4 pages.’ 1928. 56. The inheritance of resistance of oat nora. to loose and covered smut. 48 pages. 10928. LL AFLETS. Established, April 10, 1013 Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June,’ September, and. October. The purpose of the Leaflets Garden. To ot 2 fifty cents a series... Single numbers 5. cents each. Cire lates in 28 coun GUIDES. to hee collections, buildings, and Sounds Price based upon cost’. of publication, SEED LIST. eae ne Established, ecemtes, to14. Since 1925 issued each year in the numberof the Recorp.: Circulation includes 143 botanic et, and. iaatitutions: located in 42 countries AMERICAN JOURNAL OF oot Established, January, 1914. Pub- lished, in pacar with the Boranicat’ Socrery or AMERICA, monthly, exc during, Deity sa and September. SubscHipéon, ae a year. Circulates in 48 - coun ee LOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly: in cobperation a count Pe Society or AMERICA. Subscri it ion, $4.00 a year. - Circulates in 48 count wee Steet Fong BS Bitonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. ‘Gaunt in 37 countr EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT | BROOKLYN BOTANIC. GARDEN 1928 “The best Hane i in. vie ibd is, wisdom, | and, in sigan of. paar science.” —AMIEL BROOKLYN BOTANIC. GARDEN RECORD Vol XVI MARCH, 1929 No, 2. we 3 PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY AT LANCAS % An i BY (THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND) SCIENCES } BROOKLYN, N. Y. Eneeked as second-class matter in the (postofiite at : Lancaster, Pa. % under det BE August 24, 1912. Oe ey ay RROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staft C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., ScD., Pd.D., Director MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l'Université (Paris), Curator of Plants ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND , M.A,, Assistant Curator o Elementary Instruction GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of ent Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, any 355 Curator of a entary Instruction RAY SIMPSON, Libra , Curator of Plant Breeding: and Economic Plants Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary eres of Japanese Gardening and Flo rt HAROLD A. CAPARN, Coneuiien Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Regen Investigator NORMAN TAYLOR, Curato KATHRYN CLARK BARTLETT, A.B., Instructor ZELD MARJORIE R. “SWABEY: M.A., Research Bear , Res earch Assista BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant EMILIE FREePARL CHICHES TER, Library ee aceiant MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistay wratorial Ae stinl MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant , Curatorial Assistan ADMINISTRATIVE SNUG Ae DOWNS, Secretary and eee MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secre NORMA E. STOFFEL, Office aaat Siem MARY DONALD, Secretary to the Director A STOEL, Registrar and Custodian WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Membership Seroitey LAURA M. BREWSTER, Sener FRANCES MILLER MACKINN ON, , Stenographer *¥EVELYN M. “WILLIAMS, ‘Steno grapher LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer * October 1, 1928 to March 1, 1920. EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT @c EE BROOKLYN BOTANIC (GARDEN 1928 cs For the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects.”—Laws of New York, 1897, Chapter 509. An Act providing for the pee ishment of a Botanic Garden in the city of Brooklyn. BROOKLYN, N. Y. MARCH, 1929 LANCASTER PRESS, INC. LANCASTER, PA. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN SUMMARY FOR 10928 For the Public 1. Over 1,100,00 registered attendance, an increase of 90,000 over 1927. 2. Bureau of information served a wide range of governmental, civic, educational, scientific, and commercial institutions, in this and other countries. 3. Maintained a free reference library, with current issues of over 900 periodicals on file dealing with all aspects of plant life. 4. Continued the development of one of the most beautiful and most instructive park areas in Greater New York. 5s. Installed 29 public exhibits which were viewed by 90,000 visitors. For the Schools 6. Supplied over 3,800 teachers with living plants, plant parts, and other study material in quantity sufficient for the instruction of over 156,000 pupils. 7. Held personal conferences with over 1,000 teachers concern- ing problems of biology and nature-study teaching. 8. Distributed 560,000 packets of seeds to 177,000 pupils for planting in school and home gardens. 9. Supplied over 3,200 petri dishes with sterilized culture media for, the study of bacteria. 10. Members of staff gave 87 addresses, lectures, and _ talks, with a total attendance of over 31,000. 11. Teachers brought over 54,000 pupils to the Garden for in- struction in the plantations, conservatories, and classrooms. For Education 12. Gave over 600 lectures and talks to children and adults, with a total attendance of over 37,000. 13. Gave 37 courses of instruction to children and adults, with a total registration of over 6,co0, For Science 14. Continued botanical research in plant pathology, genetics, forest pathology, ecology, plant physiology, and systematic botany. 15. Continued the publication of three journals devoted to re- search, and circulating in 48 countries. ill “ No greater challenge has been given to the American people since the great war than that of our scientific men in the demand for greater facilities. It is an opportunity to demonstrate again in our, Government, our business, and our private citizens the rec- ognition of a responsibility to our people and the nation greater than that involved in the production of goods or trading in the Impey 27. 4 “The third type of pure science research that requires much more liberal support is the special institution. . “I do not hesitate to express my opinion that the work which the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now doing and projecting in the line of research . . . is of high usefulness from the standpoint of both pure and applied science.”—Presipent Hoover. Pree e EET atl s: a, Fig. 1. Rock Garden, east side, looking northeast. Plants, from left to right: Yucca glauca, Cytissus albus, Iberis sempervirens, Armeria vulgaris, Rudbeckia montana, Picea Albertiana. May 18. (6495.) EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF TILE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1928 * REPORM OF THE DIRECTOR To THE Botanic GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE I have the honor to present herewith the eighteenth annual re- port of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for the year 1928. Ecology of Botanic Gardens The principles of botanical science are not restricted in their application to the kingdom of plants. They apply, also, to the realms of education, economics, and finance. One department of botany, for example, is Ecology. The word is akin to the more familiar term, Economy (the law of the house) ; it means, liter- ally, the science of the home life (of plants or of animals). It is a fundamental PLS of Ecology that an organism must cor- with the various factors of its en- respond with its surroundings vironment; otherwise it weakens or dies. So it is with such an organism (organization) as a botanic gar- den: if it is to become strong it must develop in harmony with its environment, and in particular with local needs. Perhaps the most common conception of a botanic garden is the restricted one which reads a literal meaning into the name, and regards the institution merely as a garden. Gardens are real needs in a civilized society, and ornamental or flower. gardens no less so than vegetable gardens, for beauty is an essential element in human life. Any urban community that has no botanic garden lacks an important cultural asset, and so, merely by maintaining 1BrooKLyN BotaNic GARDEN Recorp. Vol. XVIII, No. 2, March, 1929. 17 18 a garden area, a botanic garden meets an important need of its community. A Botanic Garden is More than a Garden 3ut a botanic garden is much more than a garden; its work includes all activities that may grow out of or be correlated with gardens. We have frequently stated that the work of the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden ineludes anything scientific or educational based upon plant life. We have not, of course, realized this ideal in its fullness but, to paraphrase Browning, an institution’s reach must exceed its grasp, and nothing that comes within the broad ideal above stated is foreign to our interest nor to our active sup- port, so far as our resources and equipment permit. Public Response The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was organized in 1910 in a com- munity of nearly two million inhabitants but without any provision whatever, outside of the public and private schools, for assisting people to a knowledge of plant life or gardening, or for stim- ulating or fostering the desire for such knowledge. The steady increase of attendance from not more than 10,000 a year to more than 1,100,000 a year, in less than seventeen years, shows how great was the need for such opportunity, and how prompt and generous was the response. Practical Planning The Garden was not planned along theoretical lines but, first of all, a survey was made of existing educational and scientific agencies to see how, if at all, their work could be supplemented or enriched. And then account was taken of needs not met at all, and the endeavor was made to organize a botanic garden to meet those needs and fill the gaps. School Service a Primary Aim To enrich the teaching of nature study, botany, and geography in the public schools became a primary aim. The multifarious nature of the resulting program, and the extent of the need as in- dicated by the response, are shown in the table on page 19. Ig) TABLE I STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE Conferences 1928 NGI DC GaROte Mkeach esac tir est ce rcescrel vel ican 1,060 NIM em eOreesIplSe WMVOLVEd ).c0 2 5. ose ye eho oe Oe 49,600 Loan Lectures (Lantern slides, etc.) Study Material Supplied Number of Schools and annexes igh In Brooklyn (Total No. in Borough, 14, plus Me7, SARTITIE KES) °f rasteale bie cee aes er ete eae eee ieee 25 ine @ Weens can o) a oe ee eee 8 lig: WHEREIS poo gccuoccacesedoudsuno odds cos 19 igh hint IXOMROWEEANS. Gon onocgousbendoc os doo de 10 jhoonstaie JEbega Sin Gyacaeusc see. Gon suns oscec 18 Colleges, Universities, and Musecums............. Il Riciiinee Ss ChOOlS eto sheaGhel sre ent mettre: 4 Elementary Schools (Total in Borough, 214).... 123 Private and Parochial Schools............. nine 25 Ninh eramoteedheachenSeerscen las ieee rec teeanees 3,818 Niunbermokebupis anstructeds.....-.-...- 0s oe 156,619 Exhibits Provided INiapnabyeie ont GSAS. no oan enaenceseobeos so cooneancc 29 Wile Ce Di ercreticare etre tn en srsta dis! .Jule aelel eerie ee 89,005 Living Plants Placed in Schools IN\eunbtae er Cela raasucacen ogee Min ogooe oe secs 150 INGEN StaemOstume) atl User areata! ester. cla Seeyatonpetateress 18,295 Agar (sterilized) for Class Use IP iial. - CHARS a wc ho Sonos Oe nO eee eee 3,231 INaSKS seks oon heave cdo bp OU ena ea ere 34 Seed Packets for Children Selngyalls 255 sea costes oud na Oe eae eee eee: 415 REACH ELS. yee ea EAL Pee Soe Seep 3,574 IEA) lS mercer Rercteoe Roemer tet iene hs Caterers aaa ees 177,110 RaCkcisdepie ec rp eee eee tonne ei rpc 550,754 2 66 22 2,905 109,011 9 11,200 130 25,251 2,338 10 220 5,626 268.519 705,694 20 A thorough, well organized educational program for children, as well as for adults, had never been undertaken by a botanic garden when this institution was organized. But, as a recent writer has stated, “ The world holds no more tyrannous and bumptious arrogance than that of interest for adults only.” | Mu- seums were beginning to recognize this at the beginning of the present century, and children’s work gradually became an impor- tant part of the educational program of all the leading museums. This work found its highest development in the Children’s Mu- seum of Brooklyn (another Department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences), a pioneer in this line and the model of several children’s museums in other cities. No opportunity for voluntary education for children ever, met a more spontaneous or enthusiastic response ; no money expended for education ever yielded larger returns. Community Service dut educational work with children was not confined by us to cooperation with the schools. Sop ular courses of instruction were organized in the plantations, children’s greenhouses, conservatories, children’s gardens, classrooms, and laboratories, with a total at- tendance that soon reached the significant figure of approximately 50,000 a year—practically the same as the attendance at work of- fered in cooperation with the schools. Adult Education Increasing attention has been given during the past few years to the subject of adult education. By adult education is meant educational opportunities for persons past the average age of graduation from high school, and who can give only a small frac- tion of their time to continuing their schooling. Plans are being perfected for a survey of the opportunities in this line now avail- able in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has, from the beginning, offered opportunities to adults. In fact, the plantations, conservatories, library, herbarium, and bureau of information all minister to this need, and have been developed with this in view. The response has more than justified the plans to meet it. 21 World Contacts No institution can render the most effective service to its local community if its range is merely parochial. The advantage of international contacts, in particular, is not only stimulating, but reciprocally advantageous—-in science no less than in commerce and art and other human activities. Other things being equal, that institution can render the richest service to its own com- munity which has the largest number of contacts with other com- munities in its own and foreign lands. Circulation of Publications As illustrating the international aspect of our work, attention is called to the fact that our technical and popular publications circulate in 65 foreign countries. By a generous system of ex- changes, supplemented by subscriptions, the current issues of over goo periodical publications on plant life and gardening are on file in our library, which is open free to the public daily. These pub- lications come from nearly every civilized country. International Seed Exchange We are exchanging seeds and other living plant material for propagation and study with 140 botanical institutions located in 40 countries. By this means we are helping to disseminate na- tive American plants in other lands, and are enriching American gardens by the introduction of foreign plants here. Bureau of Information The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has become a clearing house for information and advice on every aspect of plant life (pure sei- ence, applied botany, conservation, etc.). Inquiries are being re- ceived and answered daily from all parts of the United States and from. foreign countries. The appended: reports of various heads of departments set forth in more detail the multifarious ways in which the Garden is endeavoring to correspond with its environment—to serve the community, and to extend its influence throughout the scientific and educational world. iy LF a", ¢ x s LAA \ view ee ~*~ he G S - r wy rs (6581.) s. October 30. | John Hil iven by Mrs. facing northeast. G oO 5S c, Hills Boulder Brid 2. Fic, 23 Fitness of the Environment That an organism must keep adjusted to its environment is a fact long recognized, even before Darwin gave it new meaning by showing its significance in the evolution of more efficient types of organization. But in 1913 there was published a thought- provoking book by Prof. Lawrenée J. Henderson, of Harvard University, entitled, The. Fitness of the Environment. In this book the author elaborated the thesis that, while the organism must keep adjusted to its environment, the environment must be favor- able to the organism, proceeding to show that the present environ- ment of living things is the best that could be imagined for the welfare of existing types of life. “Fitness is a mutual or reciprocal relationship between the organism and the environment,” says Professor Henderson, and “fitness of environment is quite as essential a component as the fitness which arises in the process of organic evolution. . . . The one fitness is no less important than the other.” This was not a new conception, but it was restated by Professor Henderson in the light of recent advances in science, and its im- portance was emphasized. In particular, says the author, “ while life is active there must be exchange of both matter and energy with the environment.” The two principal requirements of the living organism which an environment must fulfill are such a sup- ply of food and energy as may be necessary for stability of con- ditions and healthy functioning and growth. Application to Institutions No principle is more important than this in the Ecology of an institution. However lofty its ideals, however efficient its or- ganization, however much its services may be needed, no institu- tion can long function nor function efficiently if it 1s not ade- quately supported, and support must come chiefly, if not wholly, rom the immediate, local environment. No community should become parasitic upon its public institutions, any more than they should become parasitic upon their communities. In particular, a community that is continually asking as well as receiving services from a local institution, places itself under a very real obligation to support that institution. 24 Environment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden The environment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has been a favorable one. Property with an assessed valuation (in 1928) of $7,000,000 and located near the center of population of the City has been assigned to it as a site; some $300,000 (supple- mented by about $150,000 of private funds) have been appropri- ated by the city for buildings and other permanent improvements ; and appropriations for maintenance have been made during the past 18 years in the annual tax budget of the City, supplemented (as in the case of the permanent improvements), by private funds which now, for the second. year, exceed in amount the sum ap- propriated by the City. When a private individual, not a resident of Brooklyn, pledged $250,000 toward the permanent endowment of the Garden, the citizens of Brooklyn (and other Boroughs) made generous con- tributions in the total sum of nearly $254,000 to supplement and secure the initial pledge. The authorities of the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden have a lively appreciation of these generous gifts from individuals as well as of the appropriations of the city government, Potential Environment But what a man does is rightly estimated in terms of his ca- pacity for accomplishment. “The outstanding historic illustration of this is the widow’s mite. The physicist recognizes potential energy, Which is capacity for doing work, and kinetic energy, which is measured by work actually done. his is frequently illustrated by the water in a mill pond, which represents stored energy, available but not being put to use. When the water gates are opened the water flows into the machinery of the mill and useful work is accomplished—the mill turns out what the people need. The resources of a city represent potential energy; its educa- tional and scientific institutions represent mills capable of turning out products which are essential to the life of the community ; but they are not able to function if the necessary energy, in the form of moral and financial support, is not made available in sufficient amount to keep the machinery running. All of this is, — 20 of course, a truism, but truisms often need reiteration and fresh emphasis. Potentialities of Brooklyn Perhaps there is no better way to estimate the capacity of Brooklyn to support its scientific and educational institutions than to quote its own statements of its resources, as compared with those of other cities. The following information has recently been published in Brooklyn, the weekly bulletin of the Chamber of Commerce. Brooklyn, with over 2,200,000 population, is the third largest urban community in the United States, being exceeded only by Greater New York, of which Brooklyn is a part, and’ by Chicago. During the first six months of 1928 fifteen new banking offices were opened in Brooklyn and the total resources of all of Brook- lyn’s banks increased by $641,366,572, bringing the total to more than $7,500,000,000. In the five year period (1923-1928) deposits on hand in Brook- lyn Savings Banks have approximately doubled, and from Sep- tember 1927 to September 1928 the amount of these deposits in- creased from over $936,000,000 to over $1,029,000,000. The average weekly factory earnings in September 1928, were $29.98, a figure not surpassed in over five years. Brooklyn inhabitants support over 100 theatres with a seating capacity greater than the population of the entire State of Nevada. It is conservatively estimated that the people of Brooklyn spend annually not less than $25,000,000 for admissions to theatres. The assessed valuation of fe theatres 1s $50,000,000. A recent speaker before the Brooklyn Rotary Club has called attention to the following facts: The population of Brooklyn is greater than the combined popu- lations of Arizona, Delaware, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Since 1910 (the year the Botanic Garden was es- tablished). it has added an average of 3,200 people each month to its population. Brooklyn educates in its public schools each year as many pupils as Baltimore, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Toledo, and San Francisco. It has over 38 per cent. of all the pupils in Greater New York, while Manhattan has less than 36 per cent. 26 Brooklyn leads the country in Postal Savings gains. One half the foreign commerce carried through the port of New York and one quarter of the foreign commerce of the entire United States. is handled from Brooklyn docks. Over 40 steamship lines with a combined fleet of over 700 vessels sailing to all parts of the world have their home port in Brooklyn. Newtown Creek (in srooklyn) handles a greater shipping tonnage per year than does the Mississippi River in its tooo miles from St. Paul to New Orleans. Brooklyn produces more manufactured goods per year than Pittsburgh and Minneapolis together. It ranks first in the entire world as a center for the importation, refining, and distribution of sugar, and first in the importation, roasting, and distribution of coffee. In industrial production it ranks fourth in the entire United States. It has over 200 miles of total wharfage or nearly 35 per cent. of the total for Greater. New York. Brooklyn ranks first in the United States in the number of pupils (approximately 500,000) in its 350 schools; its citizens own 200,000 automobiles and rent nearly 350,000 telephones. The products manufactured in Brooklyn total over $1,200,000,000 annually. A striking illustration of the general prosperity of Brooklyn’s citizens is found in the Report of the Tenement House Commis- sion, issued December 1, 1928, giving a survey of apartment house facilities, range of rents, and number of vacancies of apartments of various price-classes. Of a total of 394,883 apartments only about 7 per. cent. are vacant. Of those renting for $60 a month or less 12~25 per cent. are vacant, while of those renting for more than $60 a month only one per cent. are vacant. The largest number of vacancies (25 per cent.) occurs in the $30 a month apartments; $100 a month apartments are only 1.6 per cent. vacant, $150 a month, one half of one per cent., and $200 a month, two tenths of one per cent. Nearly three quarters of the vacancies (70 per cent.) are where rents are $50 a month or less. The vast majority of the people of Brooklyn are apparently able to live in the higher priced apartments. 27 Support of Science and Education in Brooklyn Surely a community of such relative and absolute resources should be the most favorable environment imaginable for institu- tions whose object is to promote the educational and cultural welfare of the community. It is stimulating and inspiring to draw such comparisons as those quoted above in the realms of business and commerce. It is illuminating to draw similar comparisons - with reference to the support of science and education. The writer has made such comparisons. ‘This is not the place to re- port the results. The question is one, however, concerning which any Chamber of Commerce, and every citizen may well feel deep concern. Many industries have deliberately chosen to locate in a given city because of its generous park spaces and provision for the health and recreation of their employees; cities have been re- jected as sites because of their lack of such advantages. In other words, industry does recognize other than financial needs—the importance of factors not immediately concerned with the conduct of a business. Many individuals have chosen their city of residence, not be- cause of its bigness, or the mileage of its paved streets, or the bulk of its commerce, but because of the educational and cultural advantages it afforded. t may not be practicable for Brooklyn to have the biggest botanic garden in the world, but the facts given above clearly in- dicate that there is no reason why it should not have one of the best, so far as quality can be secured by adequate financing. Prosperity and Botany Few people realize the debt of industry and commerce to bot- any, and even to botanic gardens. For example, the extent to which Brooklyn (like every city) is profiting each year from the rich variety of first class fruits and vegetables on sale in its mar- kets, at prices within reach of all, places it under very definite indebtedness to botanical research. ‘These products are the result of botanical exploration, plant breeding, plant pathology, and other departments of botanical science. According to the United States Census for 1927 (the latest figures available), the value of bread and other bakery products 3 28 produced in Brooklyn in 1927 was nearly $47,300,000. The foun- dation of this industry is the wheat crop and other, cereal grain crops. The success of these crops depends upon the work of the plant breeder and the plant pathologist. Without the modern varieties of grain, grown under the present conditions of plant disease control, the figures for the annual value of the baking industry (not to mention all the industries that intervene between the wheat field and the loaf of bread) would be materially less and the cost of bread would be correspondingly higher. The indebtedness is directly to botany. Food preparations manufactured in Brooklyn in 1927 had value of nearly $23,000,000; confectionery, of over $17,000,000. The cost of sugar and the consequent percentage of profit in the confectionery business rests in large part on the perfection of the sugar beet by the plant breeder, who increased its sugar content from seven per cent. to 16 per cent. for commercial stock. To obtain this result required a knowledge of the structure of flowers, the functions of their, various parts, and other purely botanical matters. Plant pathology and plant breeding have now become vital factors in connection with the growing of sugar cane. ‘The confectionery business, and in fact the whole sugar industry, is founded upon the science of botany. Electrical ‘machinery, apparatus, and supplies manufactured in Brooklyn in 1927 had a value of nearly $31,000,000. The en- tire electrical industry, and every other industry involving the use of rubber (the entire automobile industry, for example) is chiefly dependent for its supply of rubber on the product of trees raised at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from seeds collected in Brazil in 1875. IXconomic advantage is not the most powerful argument for the support of scientific research, but the fact that botanical in- vestigations do yield results of the highest importance to com- merce and industry places the business world (even in its own interest) under definite obligations to support such investigations. Statistics recently published by the United States Chamber of Commerce record the fact that American manufacturers are now spending $35,000,000 annually for research, and that $500,000,000 is saved each year as a result. All of this advantage rests ul- 29 timately upon the bed rock of research in pure science, under- taken and carried on without thought of financial return. There is no longer any question but that business is going to support scientific research. The question for Brooklyn to decide, is whether it wishes to become a center for such work; to be spe- cific, whether it does not wish its Botanic Garden to be one of the outstanding institutions of its kind. What the Botanic Garden Needs The above heading has appeared in several preceding annual reports. When the Botanic Garden ceases to have needs it will have ceased to be a live institution. In the first place, a certain proportion of our work is now dependent for financial support upon uncertain and fluctuating contributions received in fulfillment of pledges renewed annually, or from equally varying income from membership dues and tui- tions. From year to year we are never quite certain whether work must be curtailed nor whether certain appointments can be continued. ‘This gives a feeling of insecurity and apprehension, a lack of assurance and of permanent foundation which is not conducive to the most substantial accomplishment nor to the build- ing up of an enduring organization. In the second place, much of our present work is underfinanced. Most salaries are below the prevailing rate in other institutions of similar grade and ideals. The Garden is at a disadvantage in filling vacancies and manning new positions. For lack of sufficient funds the development of our plantations is lagging; the plants and lawns, while reflecting credit on those responsible for their upkeep, still have insufficient care; the grounds are inadequately guarded; our scientific work (founda- tional to all of our other activities) cannot expand in a normal and healthy manner.; our school service is not adequate to ever increasing demands; the needs of our library and herbarium can be met only in part; the publication of guides to the plantations has been too long delayed; suitable entrances at all of our gates are still to be provided. If this statement, by chance, reminds the reader too strongly 30 of Jeremiah, let me hasten to add that it is not intended, by any means as a lamentation. It is made because the exact situation should be realized by everyone who is interested or who ought to be interested in the welfare of the Garden and the good name of Brooklyn. It will also serve to indicate that the Administration. of the Garden is not blinded by the splendid successes made pos- sible by the generous support which it has received, but is fully cognizant of its shortcomings and needs. Municipal Obligations Many of the present needs should be met by increased ap- propriations in the annual Tax Budget of the City. Although the Private Funds Budget of the Garden has increased 110 per cent. during the past three or four years, the Tax Budget has increased only about three tenths of one per cent. In a recent letter declining an invitation to become a member of the Botanic Garden, a citizen of Brooklyn alleged as his reason that he was now paying a substantial tax, and considered that such institutions as the Garden should be maintained by appropria- tions from the Tax Budget of the City. To such a one it may be pointed out that the per capita contribution, through taxes, to the support of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is only four hun- dredths of one cent (0.04 cts.), or four tenths of a mill, on the basis of $95,000 appropriated and 2,200;000 population. The stamp our correspondent affixed to his letter cost nearly fifty times as much as his annual contribution to the support of the Garden through the payment of his taxes. Opportunity for Private Initiative The needs of the Botanic Garden constitute a real opportunity for those of public spirit and civic pride, and there is something akin to mora — obligation resting upon those of ample means, and equally upon those who use the Botanic Garden to an extent far in excess of what might be represented by the individual’s share in the Tax Budget appropriation for the maintenance of the Garden. 31 President Coolidge on Memorials “One test of the civilization of any age,” says President Cool- idge, “is the regard which it has for the teachings of the past and the opinion of posterity. The Greeks and the Romans had these in high degree.” Speaking of the Lincoln Memorial as “a magnificent inspiration,’ he continued: “ The memorial idea is sound and is sure to grow as opportunities present themselves. One of the most encouraging signs is the tendency today to look to institutions of higher education for memorial sites... . To place your name, by gift or bequest, in the keeping of an active university is to be sure that the name and the project with which it is associated will continue down the centuries to quicken the minds and hearts of youth, and thus make a permanent contribu- tion to the welfare of humanity.” This statement applies, not only to universities, but with equal force to such an educational and scientific meratcn as a botanic garden. — Importance of Healthy Growth The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is still in its infancy. Its pro- gram of work and its departmental organization, laid out and approved at the beginning, are still far from being completely realized. Original needs for such service as the Garden aims to meet have greatly increased, and new demands arise each year as the City grows in size and the public becomes more fully aware of the existence of the Garden and the services it can render. Educational and scientific needs are opportunities which the Gar- den should be able to meet. e director is prepared to show to anyone interested, itemized: statements upon which the following summaries are based: AppitIoNAL ANNUAL INCOME FOR WHICH PERMANENT Provision 1s NEEDED 1. To place on a permanent and more nearly adequate basis ac- UNniihies. sAlhrepvahieerseriniaeals 453 oo onde beads oun Gdcaneoduennooas $27,500 . To provide for pec expansion to meet increasing demands ioe, Gl Ibimexie mon ltean cadeeoe Ano mon eee Soe busi cs saute Suaom dc 27,500 Total conan? annual income to be assured in perpetuity by addi- OMEN O WATLCIILY Metvare ree telere. oye otenc tered sis tira Vere re iy tascate aad erena eee $55,000 An endowment fund of $1,000,000 at 5.5 per cent. would in- sure this income. Fic. 3. Indian Maid and Fawn, by A. Phimister Proctor. Given by George D. Pratt, May 8 (Photo by A. B. Bogart.) 33 Miscellaneous Needs While the authorities of the Garden should keep before them, until realized, the larger needs just indicated, we should also not lose sight of numerous minor requirements which individuals or organizations might be glad to meet if only the necessity were realized. Among such items may be mentioned the following: MEMoRANDUM OF MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS AND NEEDS 1. Garden seats; about fifty tv isnt CoS) 9 y. Completion of the Plaza in front of the Laboratory Building and Conservatories. . Fountain for the circle in front of the main entrance to the Con- vatories Suitable structures at the various entrances to the Garden. These are eing designed. now . Brass canoe and letters giving the Latitude and Longitude of the OQ. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, together with fund for their in- stallation in the paved walk Sundial, to be installed near the brass pM geei est late markers for glacial boulder Bronze plate ae to be placed at the entrances to the various groups of Plant Orders in the General Systematic Sectior Artistic a ee to be designed and installed at rene places 1e grounds, directing visitors to different points of interest. Bulletin seat to be placed just inside of the entrance gates. Six 1 ct > a : ._ A boulder bridge across the brook. Approximate cost not to exceed 2,500 . Additional Sacks for the Librar . Additional cases for the Hesperian, . Educational Motion Picture film . Funds a the publication of ee guide books, and books of viev s fo mple :) ; r exan a. Guide Books. General Guide to the Grounds. I. 2. The Japanese Garden 3. The Rose G n 4. The Rock len. 5. The W: Flower Garden 6. General Systematic Section 7. The Ecological Garden 8 The Water Garder 9g. The Story of our Boulders. b. Book of Views. 34 The approximate cost of each illustrated guide should not ex- ceed $600.00. These would be for, free distribution to Botanic Garden members, and for sale to others. Investigations during 1928 “ Scientific research is a chief end of man for it is a supreme way of glorifying God,” said an editorial writer in the New York Times for November 17, 1928. “ What we know is but little, what we do not know is immense,” said the great mathematician and astronomer, La Place. The realm of the unknown is so vast, and the limitations of the investigator are so great that human knowledge progresses by advances that are, comparatively speak- ing, infinitesimally small. This is one of the reasons, perhaps the chief reason, why it is difficult to interpret scientific research to the layman, especially to business men. Annual dividends seem to them small, and the business, therefore, not prospering. Al- most every important advance of science is the result of several to many years of painstaking study, often by several investigators. This element of time, however, is not peculiar to science. Recall- ing that Darwin labored twenty years in preparation for writing his “ Origin,’ we should also remember that Lorenzo Ghiberti worked forty years, “with a patience and industry more than extreme,” to complete the two doors of San Giovanni, in Florence. One of the drawbacks to effective scientific work in governmental institutions, such for example as our Agricultural Experiment Stations, is the demand of legislators and voters to be shown re- sults at yearly intervals. That the labors of an entire year may have served to reveal chiefly what isn’t so, rather than what és SO; to uncover more new problems than have been solved, is often difficult for them to understand. Such results, while invaluable in the laboratory, are not applicable in garden and orchard and field; while they may inspire the’ investigator, they are not apt to inspire adequate appropriations of funds to carry on the work. flerein lies one of the important reasons and needs for privately endowed institutions of research, such as our botanic gardens. This need was emphasized by the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Jardine, in the quotation on the front cover page of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for July 1927, where he referred to bo- 30 tanic gardens as institutions that “ offer opportunities for a thor- ough investigation of many important long-time problems which are difficult, if not impossible, for any other institution to satis- factorily provide.” Non-technical reports of progress in research at the Garden are given on pages 52-60. Plantations and Grounds Gardening Operations Spring work on the grounds opened on April 2, and out of doors work continued until the very end of the year. In addition to routine maintenance of lawns and the cultivation of plants, the area devoted to the Pea Family has been replanted according to a new plan prepared at the director’s request, by the consulting landscape architect, Mr. Caparn. One object of the revised plan is to show, more effectively than hitherto, the use of plants of this group in herbaceous borders. Other changes are noted in the appended report of the horticulturist. New Boulder Bridge When the first paved walks were laid down in 1914, two tempo- rary wooden bridges were constructed across the brook. It was anticipated that these would be replaced in one or two years with suitable permanent structures. Funds have never been pro- vided for this, and the bridges became so weak that motor ve- hicles, crossing them in emergencies (automobiles are not, as a rule, admitted to the Garden), twice broke through. The bridges also reached a condition where further repair was almost out of the question, and where the need of new bridges was all too ev- ident. At our Spring Inspection last May Mrs. John Hills, a member of our Woman’s Auxiliary, recognized this need, and generously offered to provide the funds for one of the new bridges. This very timely gift not only met an urgent practical need, but has provided a structure which adds greatly to the ap- pearance of the Garden (Fig. 2). The new bridge was designed by the consulting landscape architect and constructed by the firm of John Thatcher & Son, the total cost being $1,441. 36 The other temporary bridge is still an opportunity for some generous friend of the Garden. It is included in the list of minor needs on page 33. Undeveloped Area The North Addition, between Mt. Prospect Reservoir on the west and the Brooklyn Museum properly on the east, still (for the 15th year) remains undeveloped for lack of sufficient labor. Rose Garden The season of 1928 was the first for the new Rose Garden, pre- sented in 1927 by Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford. The gar- den was first opened to Botanic Garden members on the occasion of the annual Spring Inspection, May 8. First Annual Rose Garden Day The First Annual Rose Garden Day was held on Thursday afternoon, June 21, from 3:30 to 6 o’clock, and the garden was first opened to the public on the following Sunday afternoon, June 24, at 2 o’clock. The Pre-View, June 21, was for City officials, Members of the Board of Trustees, Womnian’s Auxiliary, and invited guests, and the formal exercises were held in the Lab- oratory Building on account of rain, Brief remarks were made by the following: 1, President Blum, of the Board, expressing appreciation of Mr. Cranford’s gift. 2. Mr. Robert Pyle, Secretary and Official Delegate of the American Rose Society (M.S. read by Dr. Gager, as Mr. Pyle was obliged to leave early). 3. Mr. Harold A. Caparn, landscape architect, explaining the plan of the Rose Garden. 4. Mr. Frederick L. Atkins, Official Delegate from the New York Horticultural Society. At the suggestion of President Blum the following telegram was sent at 4:55 p.m. at the conclusion of the exercises. 37 “Mr. Walter V. Cranford, Greenwich, Conn. “Members of our Board of Trustees and Woman’s Auxiliary, enjoying and admiring the Rose ioe this afternoon, between showers, have requested me to send to 1 their regrets that you and Mrs. Gianrord could not be with us, and ea enthusiastic appreciation of your beautiful ift.’ An impromptu tea was served in Room 327 at the conclusion of the exercises. Weather Difficulties An unusual amount of rain, distributed throughout the sum- mer, made it very difficult to maintain the roses free from insect and fungus pests. This was done, however, with a large measure of success under the supervision of the horticulturist, Mr. Free. Mr. Sydney R. Tilley, foreman gardener, has given his entire time to the Rose Garden, which has also required practically the entire time of a gardener. The proper maintenance of the Gar- den will require the time of two men regularly. Needless to say, the Rose Garden has already proved to be of great popular interest, adding both to the beauty and the educa- tional value of the plantations. Most generous gifts of roses from several donors are acknowledged on page 112 of this report. Because of lack of men for guard duty, and also on account of the newness of the lawn, the Rose Garden has not been open on Sundays and holidays, except on June 24, as noted above. Library Return of Loaned Books The appended report of the librarian records the return to the Brooklyn Public Library, on November. 7, of two valuable sets of periodicals indispensable for almost daily reference in a botanic garden—Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, London (151 volumes), and Annals of Botany, London (41 volumes). The Garden was notified that the return of these sets, loaned in 1913 and 1914, respectively, would be desired as soon as the new building (now nearing completion at the corner of Eastern Fic. 4. Japanese Garden Gate , north side of lake. November 9. (6585.) 39 Parkway and Flatbush Ave.) was occupied by the Public Library. It was found possible to purchase this year complete sets of each of these journals, and as complete sets come on the market only at long intervals, and as the Brooklyn Public Library was un- willing to sell its sets to the Garden, the purchases were made now so as to make sure that the publications would be continuously accessible at the Garden. The Botanic Garden records here its deep appreciation of the generosity of the Brooklyn Public Library officials and the Chief Librarian, Mr. Frank P. Hill, in placing these books on loan in our own library for the past fifteen years. Binding One of the major items of expense in all libraries is binding. The librarian reports that during the year she has succeeded in completing 1,200 volumes of Reports, Circulars, and Bulletins of State Agricultural Experimental Stations, and the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. These are all unbound. ‘The present needs for binding are as follows: SritemandesW S= iGovat= Publications... :...0++00--57e bee 1,200 volumes Periodicals received in parts ............- cc cee eee cece eee 1,000 os Books published with paper COVerS 1.0... . 0. ceca eee eee eee 100 ‘ Pel bhan bbaVseicer rear ieee as aortas co net cure mere nee pecemar rin) eee iyi gees 700 - STO Co trel lig ry ere aaa ee tne ey ae in eget ra eens 3,000 yy Increased Use Special attention is called to the greatly increased service de- manded of the library in the way of bibliographical work, the answering of questions, and the serving of readers, as noted in the librarian’s appended report. Additional Shelving Needed With accessions hovering around 7,000-9,000 volumes, pamph- lets, and parts (9,740 for 1928) for the past five or six years, the original shelves are now nearly full, and the installation of shelves on the entire second floor is an acute need. 40 Herbarium Additional Cases Needed © The Herbarium has grown to greater, proportions than was anticipated when the Garden was established in 1910. The present cases are full, and considerable material is now in storage, prac- tically inaccessible for ready reference. New steel shelving, in- stalled in the Herbarium work room on December 20, will par- tially remedy this condition. In order to provide for present needs and future expansion, a mezzanine floor should be con- structed in the main Herbarium room. This would make it pos- sible to provide cases so as to nearly double the present capacity. Gifts A list of the names of donors and gifts may be found on pages Tir and 118 of this Report. The gifts have been acknowledged with the thanks of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, and it is a special pleasure to make public acknowledgment of them here, Membership Membership in the Botanic Garden confers certain privileges not enjoyed by the general public; it should also be considered as an opportunity for public service through cooperation in and support of a work of such large civic importance. The total number of members of all classes (as of February 21, 1929) is 1,207. During 1928, membership privileges were ex- tended to all those who contributed $25.00 or more to the Citizens’ Endowment Fund, subscribed in 1926. The list of members is given on pages 134-148. New Life Members In consideration of gifts in excess of the $500.00 requisite for qualification as Life Member, the following have been elected to Life Membership : Mr. Lambertus C. Bobbink and Mr. Frederick L. Atkins, of the firm of Bobbink & Atkins, nurserymen, Rutherford, 41 Mr. George P. Engelhardt, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Fred D. Osman, proprietor of New Brunswick Nurseries, New Brunswick, N. J. Mr. Edwin H. Thatcher, of John Thatcher & Son, Brooklyn. Mrs. John Hills, 715 St. Mark’s Ave., Brooklyn. Fourteenth Annual Spring Inspection At the Spring Inspection of the Garden by trustees, members, and invited guests, held as usual on the second Tuesday in May, the weather was delightful. The new Rose Garden was opened to members for, the first time (thought not yet opened to the public), and the first bubbler drinking fountain, installed on the north side of White Oak Circle, was viewed for the first time. Also, three pieces of sculpture by Miss Isabel M. Kimball, of Brooklyn, were exhibited. Two of them were models for two terminals (Winter and Summer), seven feet high, and were placed in the Rose Garden. The third piece was a small bronze statuette, “ The Merchild,” temporarily placed at the foot of the waterfall at the outlet of the swamp in the Ecological Garden. These pieces were loaned by Miss Kimball. Subsequently ‘“ The Merchild ” (Fig. 5) was presented to the Garden by Mr. Richard R. Bowker, a member of the Board of Trustees. The Botanic Garden has received from the Art Commission, City of New York, Certificate No. 3521, July 19, 1928, approving the design and location of this statuette. The indoor feature of the Inspection was an exhibit illustrating the Educational work of the Garden. As usual, the Inspection was in charge of the Woman’s Auxiliary, Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler, Chairman. Miss Alice Brinsmade was chairman of the special committee of arrangements. The attendance was about goo. Acknowledgment is here made of the cooperation of the members of the Auxiliary, and especially of numerous gifts of flowers, refreshments, and various utensils necessary in connection with the serving of tea. ; Cooperation As usual, the Garden has been in active cooperation during the year with many Governmental departments, and public and private institutions and organizations ; among others the following: United States Government. a. Bureau of Immigration, by supplying propagating material for the greenhouses at Ellis Island. b. Office of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, by cooperation in chestnut bark disease and other investi- gations. New York State Government, through the office of the State Botanist. New York City Municipal Government, through the Depart- ments of Parks, Education, and Health. Merchants Association of New York City, by membership of Director of the Garden on the Association’s Commit- tee on Plant Quarantines and their Administration. 3rooklyn Chamber of Commerce, through membership in the Civic Council of the Chamber, and through contribu- tions to Brooklyn, the weekly organ of the Chamber. National Research Council, Washington, D. C., by contributions to the fund for financing the International Committee on Botanical Nomenclature. University of Glasgow, Scotland, through supply of. living plants for research work. Countryside and Footpaths Preservation National Conference and Exhibition, and Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, England, by supplying Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets bearing on conservation. Campfire Girls, through our Departments of Education. One hundred and forty botanic gardens, distributed in 4o dif- ferent countries, through exchange of seeds and pub- lications. Botanical Society of America, Ecological Society of America, and Editorial Board of Genetics, through publication of journals issued under their editorship. American Association for the Planting and Preservation of City Trees, the American Nature Study Society, and New York Bird and Tree Club, in connection with meet- ings, officers, and propaganda. Many Garden Clubs and other organizations, through supplying speakers and otherwise. _ 45 New York Horticultural Society in connection with the Annual Flower Show and otherwise. School Garden Association of New York in distribution of seeds to children and publication of Tree Study Calendar. Girl Scouts in the installation of a garden booth at the Brooklyn Girl Scout Carnival and Demonstration, April 13 and 14, at the 13th Regiment Armory; also in other ways. 30y Scouts in the giving of an exhibition in the Laboratory Building at the Garden, attended by over 4,700. The list could be prolonged for several pages. The above cases were chosen to illustrate diversity and geographical range. What Price Smoke What Price Smoke is the title of Bulletin IJ], March 1928, published by the National Conference Board on Sanitation in co- operation with the Department of Health of New York City. The first page contains a statement from the Director of the 3otanic Garden on the effect of smoke and fumes on the vegeta- tion in the Garden. I have mentioned the seriousness of this situation in previous reports to our Board of Trustees, and emphasized it in the Fif- teenth Annual Report of the Garden (for 1925). According to the Bulletin just cited, data have been assembled which, show that the excess of smoke and soot in the atmosphere of New York City costs the City, annually, $16 per capita, or a total of $96,000,000. It is largely because of soot and poisonous fumes in the at- mosphere that trees and shrubs in Central, Prospect, and other parks are in such distressing condition. In our judgment, it is this factor, more largely than any other, which made necessary the appropriation of $871,420, by the Board of Estimate on Janu- uary 26, 1928, for the rehabilitation of the City’s parks. The monetary loss to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden on this account has been considerable, not to mention the great hindrance to the development of our plantations, and the fact that many kinds of evergreen trees and shrubs cannot be grown at all in the Botanic Garden. 4 — 44 Flower Days Announcements were mailed to all members of the Board, the iary, and the Garden, of four flower days, as follows: — Auxi June 1, Iris Day. Guide, Dr. G. M. Reed. June 15, Rock Garden Day. Guide, Mr. Montague Free. Sept. 21, Water Lily Day. Guide, Dr. A. H. Graves. Oct. 5, Canna Day. Guide, Dr. Gundersen. On June 1, the American Iris Society combined their Iris Day with ours, meeting at the Garden in the forenoon, and at the Iris Garden of Mr. Robert Wayman, Bayside, L. I., in the after- noon. Box lunches were eaten at the Garden. About 100 (out of 300) varieties of Bearded Iris were in bloom, and about 30 (out of 60) varieties of Beardless Iris. Lilac Day for Public Schools was observed on May 31, when pupils from P. S. 6, 36, tog, and 206 visited the Garden and viewed the lilacs under guidance of a Garden docent. Public Exhibits International Flower Show, March 19-24, at Grand Central Palace, under the auspices of the New York Horticultural Society and the Garden Club of America. The Garden is under obliga- tions to the Garden Club of America for space for a booth featur- ing our public educational work. Parents Exposition of the United Parents Association of Greater New York Schools, Inc., at Grand Central Palace. An exhibit similar to the Flower Show exhibit, featuring our educational work. Spring Inspection, May 8. An exhibit illustrating the educa- tional work of the Garden. Exposition of Women’s Arts and Industries, at the Hotel Astor, October 1-6, featuring the work of our Department of llementary Instruction, Other exhibits installed during 1928 are noted in the appended reports of the curator of public instruction (pages 82-83) and the curator of elementary instruction (pages 93-94). Fic. 5. The Merchild. Statuette by Isabel M. Kimball. Presented by Richard R. Bowker. Temporary installation on a boulder in the Brook. June 8. (6491.) Appointments Belle H. Burr, A.B., curatorial assistant in the Herbarium, September 27. Frances Miller MacKinnon, A.B., stenographer, January 9. Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., instructor, Department of [Elementary Instruction, September 1. Andrew B. Newell, janitor, October 1. Constance T’urvis, stenographer, February 27. Norma E. Stoffel, office assistant in the business office, Feb- ruary 28. 46 Alys Sutcliffe, gardener (with special reference to the Rock Garden and the Department of Elementary Instruction) April r. Evelyn M. Williams, stenographer, October 1. Resignations Dorothy Barnett, B.S., curatorial assistant, Department of Plants, since October 24, 1927, resigned September 1. Ruth Blankley, library assistant and stenographer, October 16, 1925 to January 23, 1928, and stenographer, Department of Ele- mentary Instruction from that date. Resigned October 1. Bertha L. Edwards, stenographer in business office. Resigned August 31. Herman Kolsh. Mr. Kolsh was one of the first employees of the Garden, coming as a gardener in 1911, the year in which our outside work on the grounds began. In 1912, he was made fore- man gardener, and has held that position continuously until the end of 1928, his resignation taking effect on December 31, on account of ill health. Alexandra Dodd Schultze, curatorial assistant in the Herbarium since February 14, 1927, resigned November 1. Alvhild Linnea Wiman, library assistant and stenographer from December 1, 1924, to October, 3, 1925, and stenographer, Depart- ment of Elementary Instruction, since that date. Resigned Jan- uary 31. Itthel V. Woodward, curatorial assistant in the Department of Plant Pathology and Elementary Instruction, February 1 to June 15, 1925, and instructor, Department of [Elementary Instruction since that date, resigned January 31. Gladys Glenn Zunser, library assistant, resigned February 6. Deaths Mr. Frank Kiernan came to us as night watchman on January 19, 1919. On March 28 of the same year, he was promoted to the position of janitor and held that position until his death, after avery brief illness, on September 12, 1928. His uniform courtesy, his efficient discharge of the duties of his position, and his loyalty to the Botanic Garden made him a most valuable man, held in high regard by all, and his passing was a distinct loss to the Garden. aah 47 Miscellaneous A Bronze Statue, Indian Maid and Fawn, by A. Phimister Proctor, presented on March 8, 1927, by Mr. George D. Pratt, was placed in the Economic House of the Conservatories early in April. The statue is a work of much beauty (Fig. 2). Propaganda for Gardening.—City vegetable gardens are largely a thing of the past, and even in villages and suburbs the “ back- yard garden ” is becoming less common. According to Mr. C. H. Nissley, of the New Jersey Agricultural [Experiment Station, the wartime interest in vegetable gardens has either given place to flower gardens, or has been abandoned in favor of the automobile. This is reflected, among other ways, by the falling off in the sales of vegetable seeds put up in packets for the small gardener. These sales throughout the United States, have decreased 13 per cent., while the sale of flower seeds has increased 11 per cent. during the past three years. Interest in small gardening, with both vegetables and flowers has been greatly stimulated by a series of 39 articles by the curator of Elementary instruction, Miss Shaw, which have been running during the past year, for the second season, in the New York Sum. The National Business Review, published in New York City, had a half column comment in its issue for March 15, calling attention to these articles. Our supply of Penny Packets of Seeds to school children also takes on an added importance in view of the diminishing interest in gardening. Summer Absence of the Director—Under special leave of ab- sence granted by the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, the director was absent from July 9 to October 8, visiting other bo- tanic gardens and collecting plants and seeds in Arizona, Cali- fornia, and Canada. About twenty botanical institutions were visited and a number of new exchange relations were established. Japanese Doll Day.—On March 5, several thousand pupils from the public schools visited the Japanese Garden as part of the ex- ercises arranged by the schools in connection with Japanese Doll Day. 48 Financial Tax Budget Accounts The initial Tax Budget appropriation for 1928 was as follows: epsona le me syice set oy ee cee oa hel er $72,253.00 EL Err ck ae © of s Ect peter ana ani cr aE eR eC AMIE RUMI fc 4. 15,805.00 LOU ores itor arn Anos wheal an acawen siete eae ae $88,058.00 On May 3 the Board of Estimate and Apportionment adopted a resolution (Calendar No. 24-A) transferring funds from Code 3070, Miscellaneous, New York City, for adjustments of personal service and expenses in the various Public Libraries, Zoological Garden, Botanical Garden, Museums, Aquarium, and the Institute of Arts and Sciences to Brooklyn Botanic Garden Code as fol- lows: Code 1360. Salaries Regular Employees............... $1,621.50 On June 7, 1928 the Board of Estimate and Apportionment took the following action (Calendar No. 196-A), in response to our request of May 11, 1928 for additional labor and materials for the purpose of painting the iron fence surrounding the Garden: Resolved, That the Board of [Estimate and Apportionment, pur- suant to the provisions of section 237 of the Greater New York Charter, hereby approves of the transfer of funds within ap-_ propriations made for the year 1928, as follows: From MIsceLLaANerous, City or New York 3070. For Adjustments of Personal Service and ee in the various Public Libraries, Zoological Garden, Botanic ar- den, Museums, Aquarium, and_ the mente of Arts and SSCIETI CES eset ere ate od aes Ranh tree aes Ae gee ce Re oa 1,400 To Brook_yN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ScIENCES, BoTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM T3600, “Wases Vemporary. Employees: 2.5250 $ 825 1361. Expenses for Other than Personal Service.......... g. General Plant Materials UL NI Or Bogs b jo) fo) 49 During the latter part of the year it became evident that the Garden could no longer depend upon hired horses for carting, agricultural operations, and snow plow. The increased use o the automobile has made it no longer profitable to keep work horses for hire in this City. Consequently, on September. 20, 1928, we made application to the Board of Estimate and Appor- tionment for an appropriation for the purchase of a tractor and attachments, including dump wagon, snow plow, agricultural plow, cultivator, etc. This request was granted on October 18, 1928, in the sum of $1,392.60, and the equipment was purchased in December. Also on October, 25, 1928, the Board of [Estimate and Ap- portionment approved our request of September 4, for a supple- mentary appropriation of $850 for necessary repairs to the chimney of our heating plant and the installation of lightning rods. FEx- amination showed that this stack, constructed in 1917, and never repaired since then, had been struck by lightning (possibly more than once) and was otherwise badly in need of repairs. These supplementary appropriations and the transfers above noted brought the total Tax Budget appropriation for 1928 to the following figures: inal Amount Appropriation Requested Personals Senvice) ses eae eee $74,600.50 $ 97,565.50 Code 18,622.60 ° 21,143.60 thet (@odese wet ey eer eee wee SiO t all Simereenst eee ey ema crae are neice $93,322.10 $118,709.10 Private Funds Accounts The private funds budget for 1928 was $102,456.90, as against $116,677.99 for 1927, a decrease of $14,221.09. The difference was due largely to the 1927 contribution of $15,000 for the Rose Garden. The private funds exceeded the Tax Budget appropria- tion for the second year, the amount being $9,134.80. The per- centages for the past four years are as follows, in round numbers : 1925 1926 1927 1928 AB e 1ejhelsqarn ak eee eee pos oy Gee 58% 57% 43% 48% IFAGhigyge MNO, 5 o oa g deo edo doo Hot 42 43 57 52 50 Of the total of $102,456.90 private funds, $57,249.78 is derived as income from endowment, and $45,207.12 by the uncertain and fluctuating method of contributions annually solicited, membership dues, special gifts, and tuitions and sales. Attention is also called to the fact that, of the private funds budget, $43,487.75 (42 per cent.) is required to supplement the Tax Budget appropriation for Salaries and Wages, leaving only $58,969.15 for the support and enrichment of our scientific and educational work, including the purchase of plants, books, and equipment, and popular and technical publications, including guide books now sorely needed, and of which we have none. A more generous appropriation in the Tax Budget is now one of our greatest needs. “Salary Injustices” This heading is quoted from my preceding annual report. The situation to which attention was called a year ago remains substantially the same now as then, except for the supplementary appropriation of May 3 in the Tax Budget account for Personal Service of $2,162 for the purpose of raising the quite inac equate salaries of 19 positions, all, with two exceptions, on the main- tenance force; all receiving before the increases less than $1,800, and none of these positions (with the increase) now exceeding $1,860. ary Appended Reports I wish to call special attention to the appended reports of the various heads of departments of the Botanic Garden. They con- tain information too detailed for inclusion in my own report, but quite essential for one who wishes a really adequate picture of the activities of the Garden during the past year. [Equally important for the purpose are the Appendices 1-7, followed by a list of the officers and members of the Garden. All of which is respectfully submittec an C. STUART GAGER, Director. Fic. 6. Experimental Garden, showing netting to protect pedigreed plants from birds. July 19. (6601.) qn bo Plant Pathology | REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1928 By Grorce M. Reep Oat smut investigations The study of the inheritance of the resistance of oat smut in various oat hybrids has been continued. The very extensive data with loose (Ustilago avenac) and covered (U. levis) smuts already obtained have been published during the past year. These data included the results with a number of oat hybrids, as Hull-less Black Mesdag, Silvermine « Black Mesdag, Hull-less & Victor, Early Gothland & Hull-less, Early Gothland & Victor and Mon- arch & Hull-less. Most of the data published were obtained with the second hybrid generation, in which segregation may be ex- pected. However, the data on the third generation progenies of the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag were included. In the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag, resistance scemed to be the dominant character and segregation occurred in the second generation on the basis of three resistant plants to one susceptible. In the data already published, 465 plants were inocu- lated with the loose smut and 107 (23 per cent.) were infected: in another series, 196 plants were inoculated with covered smut and 40 (20.4 per cent.) were infected. During the past year additional second generation plants of these hybrids were inocu- lated. In the series with loose smut 117 plants were inoculated and 23 (19.6 per cent.) became infected, and in the series with the covered smut 178 were inoculated and 38 (21.3 per cent.) were infected. In these experiments also, the Black Mesdag parent proved to be highly resistant, negative results having been obtained with both smuts. On the other hand, the Hull-less par- ent, as usual, gave high percentage of infection. These data are in harmony with those previously secured. In my account of the behavior of the third generation of these hy- brids, a number of progenies seemed to show a dissimilar behavior toward the loose and covered smut. A total of 578 third genera- 53 tion families were grown, some individuals of each being in- oculated with loose smut and other individuals with covered smut. By far the larger number of these gave more or less similar re- sults with the two smuts; a progeny resistant to one smut was resistant to the other, and a progeny susceptible to one was sus- ceptible to the other. There were, however, 47 progenies which gave dissimilar results. In some cases, the progenies showed re- sistance to one smut, while containing a few individuals suscep- tible to the other, while in other cases, most of the individuals proved to be susceptible to one, but only a few individuals were susceptible to the other. Additional plants of many of these pro- genies were grown during the past year in order to determine whether they actually differed in their resistance to the two smuts, or whether the data previously obtained were due to accidental variations in the experiments. In such experiments the number of plants grown is necessarily small. On retesting, practically all of the progenies gave results which indicated that these families were like the others in their inheritance of resistance or sus- ceptibility to both smuts, and that the variations previously re- corded were due to environal factors. Seeds from a number of third generation plants were selected for growing in the fourth hybrid generation. Practically all of these were chosen on the basis of having shown resistance in both the second and third generations. They also possessed various combinations of the morphological characters of the two parents, Hull-less and Black Mesdag. The results indicate quite clearly that the resistance shown in the second and third generations is carried out in the fourth. The two hybrids between Silvermine and Black Mesdag were continued in the second and third generation; 29 additional sec- ond generation plants were inoculated with the loose smut, 8 (27.5 per cent.) being infected; 26 additional plants were inoculated with covered smut and 7 (26.9 per cent.) were infected. Among the third generation progenies the different types of resistant, segregating and susceptible families were secured. Since only a few of these progenies were grown, the data obtained were not in very close harmony with the interpretation that resistance and susceptibility are dependent upon a single factor difference. 4. However, none of the facts obtained were in any way seriously opposed to this interpretation. It is a mistake, however, to assume that the inheritance of re- sistance to both smuts is always the same. It seems to be true that in the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag the re- sistance to both smuts is inherited in exactly the same fashion. It certainly does not apply to crosses involving such varieties as Karly Gothland & Victor and Monarch & Hull-less. In these hybrids, one parent is susceptible to both smuts, while the other parent is resistant to one, but susceptible to the other. Such crosses serve to indicate quite clearly that the loose and covered smut do not always behave the same in their reaction on different varieties. As previously noted, the hybrids between Early Gothland and Victor were particularly interesting because both parents were susceptible to the loose smut, while Early Gothland is resistant to the covered smut and Victor is susceptible. The second gen- eration data indicated a segregation in which resistance was dom- inant and susceptibility recessive to the covered smut, 44 second generation plants being inoculated, of which 8 (18.1 per, cent.) were infected. The third generation progenies of many of the surviving second generation plants have been grown and the re- sults obtained were in fair harmony with those secured in the second hybrid generation. A number, of fourth generation progenies were also grown, being selected on the basis of their resistance in both the second and third generations. They all proved to be entirely resistant to the covered smut in this gen- eration, Second generation plants of hybrids between Early Champion and Black Mesdag were also grown. The [arly Champion variety is highly susceptible to both loose and covered smut, while Black Mesdag is very resistant. In the second hybrid generation, 278 plants were inoculated with loose smut and 62 (22.3 per cent.) were infected and, in a similar series with the covered smut, 262 plants were inoculated and 51 (19.4 per cent.) were infected. The resistant parent, Black Mesdag, grown in these experiments, showed complete absence of infection, while practically all of the inoculated plants of the Early Champion variety were smutted. Special interest attaches to the results with the second genera- D0 tion of hybrids between Fulghum and Black Mesdag. The va- riety Fulghum is extensively grown in the southern United States, and is particularly susceptible to a definite specialized race of Ustilago avenae. On the other hand, where the variety has been grown in the southern Spring Oat Section, for example, Kansas and Missouri, it has shown a high degree of resistance to loose smut. The most interesting data on the hybrids between Fulghum and Black Mesdag were obtained with the so-called Fulghum Race of loose smut. The variety Black Mesdag is highly resistant to it, as well as to the other known races of loose smut. In the ex- periments carried out, a total of 401 second generation plants were inoculated, of which 78 (19.4 per cent.) were infected. ‘The re- sults suggest that resistance is dominant and susceptibility is re- cessive and segregation occurs on the basis of a three to one ratio. The hybrids are of special interest because of the possibility of securing a Fulghum type of plant, combined with a high degree of resistance to the Fulghum Race of smut. The Black Mesdag parent proved to be completely resistant, while the Fulghum parent gave nearly 100 per cent. infection. It must be emphasized that in all of these studies, definite known races of both loose and covered smut have been used. In all cases, except with the hybrid Fulghum < Black Mesdag, so-called Missouri Races of both loose and covered smut were used for inoculating the plants. It 1s just as important to utilize pure specialized races of the parasite as it is pure lines of the host. One of the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag has been grown through the sixth and seventh generations. Only a few progenies in the later generations have been grown, and these have been descended from selections which show particular combinations of morphological characters, as well as resistance in the second and third generations. ‘These selections have continued to show, year after year, complete resistance to both loose and covered smut. During the past year, in the later generations, the selections have been tested with all of the races of smut which we now have in culture. In every case they proved completely resistant, running parallel to their, resistant parent, Black Mesdag. 06 New races of oat smuts Additional experiments were carried on to determine more def- initely the characteristics of certain new races of both loose and covered smut. Several different varieties of oats were inoculated with these races and their resistance or susceptibility determined. It is quite clear that both of these smuts are sharply differentiated into distinct races which may be recognized by their reaction on different varieties. Bunt of wheat investigations During the past year a large amount of data establishing the existence of races in the two species of bunt, or stinking smut of wheat, was published. Four races of Tilletia laevis and six races of T. tritici were clearly differentiated by their behavior on varieties of winter wheat. Such varieties as Hussar, Martin, Turkey and Kanred proved to be particularly valuable in differen- tiating the specialized races. Further tests during the past year were made with these races of bunt and the earlier conclusions substantiated. Several varieties of spring wheat were also tested with these different races. All the specialized races of T. laevis and T. tritici already distinguished were used. Most of these races behaved in a more or less similar fashion on all the spring wheats grown. One race, however, already distinguished as T. tritici, Race Six, stood out conspicuously with reference to its behavior on the va- rieties. With this race several varieties, including Garnet, Hope, Kitchener, Ruby, Kota, Marquis and Florence, gave negative re- sults. Only a few varieties gave relatively high percentages of infection, the highest being obtained with Red Sask, namely, 70.8 per cent. infection. With the remaining nine races, most of the varieties, such as Preston, Karly Red Fife, Power, Prelude, Pioneer, Ceres, Garnet, Kitchener Ruby and Kota, gave very high percentages of infection. Occasionally 100 per cent. infection was obtained ; in several cases go to 99g per cent. of the plants were infected while in a large number of cases the percentage of infection was between 80 and 89 per cent. Only occasionally did the percentage of infection fall below 50 per cent. o7 The variety Marquis, which has some reputation as being more or less resistant to bunt, gave 33.3 to 62.9 per cent. infection with the four races of Tilletia laevis and 51.7 to 89.2 per cent. with the five races of T. tritici. The variety Florence, also considered a more or less resistant variety, gave percentages of infection varying from 18.7 to 53.8 with 7. laevis and 11.7 to 66.6 with LE UCT It is interesting to note that only one variety—Hope—which has been developed at the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, has proved to be resistant to all of these ten races of bunt. Sorghum smut investigations The study on the behavior of various sorghum hybrids to the covered kernel smut was continued. Many of the data were ob- tained with the second generation and other data with the third generation. The results were in line with those previously se- cured. A large number of first generation plants of different sorghum hybrids were grown. ‘These crosses were made in 1927 and, for, the most part, involved resistant and susceptible parents. During the coming year the second generation plants of these crosses will be grown, and they should prove valuable in the study of the mode of inheritance of covered kernel smut. Forest Pathology By ArTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES Chestnut Bark Discase Investigations Continuing the work on the causes of the greater resistance of the roots of the chestnut as compared with the stems, to the fun- gus causing the bark disease, a new series of inoculations was made at Hamden, Connecticut, on June 18, 1928. Healthy roots and stems of approximately similar diameters were inoculated with the fungus, in all cases the part of the root inoculated being left exposed to the air. The main purpose of this work was to obtain material for microscopic study, so that if possible it may be determined whether there is any cause, based on the anatomical structure of the root, for its greater resistance. These inoculated 08 parts will be collected, preserved, and studied comparatively, dur- ing the ensuing year. On April 23, 1928, we received from the Office of Forest Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, fifty-five nuts of the Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima (F. P. 64), and fifty nuts of the Japanese chestnut, Castanca japonica (F. P. 69). A few of each kind were planted by Miss Maud H. Purdy on her farm at Pomona, New York. She now has three one- year-old trees of Japanese chestnut as a result, the rest having failed to germinate. At the Garden, five of the Chinese species and seventeen of the Japanese germinated. On August 2 these were transplated from the small pots in which they had germi- nated to the eastern edge of the experimental plot, being set ten feet apart in the row to allow for future growth. Since these species, especially the Chinese, are far more resistant to the blight than the American, the plan is, that when they arrive at the flower- ing age. cross pollination experiments with the American species be carried on, using particularly those native individuals which are stil! growing in the region of Greater New York and are, therefore, showing considerable resistance to the blight. On Octo- ber 15 we received from Mr. Ernest E. Smith, of Brooklyn, six nuts of the American chestnut, which were borne on fruiting basal shoots of diseased trees on his farm at Pomona, New York. These nuts have been stratified and will be planted next spring. On June 23 and June 25 I inspected exotic chestnuts at Roslyn, Westbury, Jericho, East Norwich, and Oyster Bay, Long Island. Many of these exotic trees have grown from seedling stock dis- tributed by the United States Department of Agriculture to pri- vate landowners, beginning as far back as 1915, although a large proportion have died. There are in addition a few scattering trees —mainly the Japanese species—which date back much farther than tgrs5, and are bearing good crops of nuts each year. Records of the condition, especially as regards disease resistance, of all these trees are being kept by the United States Department of Agri- culture against the possibility of their being used in the future as breeding stock. Each year I try to devote a part of my time to making these inspections, but there still remain a large number of records which should be brought up to date. o9 Twig Blight of Oak It seems advisable to call attention to the general prevalence of the Oak Twig Blight first described by Miss Ingram (Jour. Agr. Res. 1: 339-346. 1914). So far I have seen it only on chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.) and each year, within the local flora range, one may find this disease. Miss Ingram, however, records its occurrence on chestnut (Castanea dentata Borkh.) and on white oak (Q. alba L.), and has proved by inoculations that other species of oak are susceptible. Although in many cases the disease may cause a wilting and browning of the young shoots, it may also kill full-grown leaves indirectly by attacking the twigs that bear them. These leaves then turn a light brown, and on account of the great contrast in color with the healthy green leaves can be seen at some distance. It is a common thing in this region to see chestnut oaks during the summer with patches of these dead leaves here and there over the whole tree. In all cases ex- amined the causal fungus, Diplodia longispora C. and EIl., has been found to be present, but it is possible that insect injury may in some instances produce similar symptoms. Usually the damage is slight, but occasionally large trees slowly succumb to continued attacks, and small suppressed individuals in the forest often die from this cause. Further study of the life-history of the fungus, its distribution, hosts and manner of infection is much needed. It should be stated that all of the work on forest pathology has been done in collaboration with the Office of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. Beardless Iris Project “By GeorcE M. REED Japanese iris (Iris kaempfert) Excellent bloom was obtained on the varieties of Japanese Iris which were well established. The first flowers were observed June 24th, on some unnamed single white seedlings which were growing along the Brook. On June 28th, the first named varie- ties, Dominator and Pyramid, were in flower, and from that time 60 until carly August there was continuous bloom on a large number of varieties. Violet Beauty was in blossom as late as August 14th, Nausicaa, August 20th, and Iphigenie on August 21st. The varieties obtained from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Cie. in the winter of 1926 were in excellent condition. The plants were strong and sent up several flower stalks with flowers of good size. Extensive notes were taken on these as well as on the other varie- ties, and comparisons and correct identifications obtained. In the fall of 1927 a large number of the varieties were divided and transplanted. The plants came through the winter in good condition and most of them produced at least one flowering stalk during the season. However, the height of the flower stalks and the size of the flowers were below normal. In the cases where small established clumps were moved without further division, the plants generally produced several flower stalks with flowers of the usual size. Even plants which were divided to a single rhizome and transplanted in early November came through the winter in good shape and blossomed. Several valuable additions to the Japanese Iris collection were Dr. Harris Kennedy brought to us seventeen unnamed made. he plants from his Japanese Iris garden in Readville, Mass. Wayside Gardens and the Weller Nurseries Co. sent us varieties from their collections. A very important addition was obtained from Mr. Roy Hart, East Walden, New York, whose plants originally came from Japan, having been obtained from the Sakata Nursery Co. in tor5. Unfortunately, the varieties were not true to their names; however, we spent some time studying his plants and by comparing the original descriptions, were able to cor- rectly identify several of them. His collection proved to be one of the best sources for a wide range of varieties originally intro- duced from Japan. The older clumps were divided and transplanted to new beds. A large number of seedlings have been grown, some from known varieties and others from crosses between two varieties. Many of these should bloom during the coming season. During the past year a good deal of time has been spent in More than tracing out the early history of the Japanese Iris. Most seven hundred varieties have been given Japanese names. Glee of these have come originally from Japan, but a few have been named in Europe or America. In addition to these, there are a large number of other varieties which have been given English names. In some cases these have been grown from seed, while in others they are merely renamed Japanese varieties. A large proportion of the Japanese names have been grossly misspelled, due partly to the Japanese and partly to the English and American nurserymen. An effort has been made to straighten these out and obtain the correct spelling. The Japanese names applied to Irises are often fanciful or im- aginative. They frequently refer to mythological stories or to episodes described in the literature. Some are named for artists, famous warriors, statesmen, and still others for noted places in Japan. An attempt has been made to secure a correct translation for these Japanese names and an explanation as to their signifi- cance. In this work Prof. Bunkio Matsuki, of Columbia Uni- versity, has rendered invaluable service. Siberian and miscellancous beardless tris The varieties of the Siberian group of Irises were in excellent condition. The plants were well established and gave excellent bloom. A few additions to these varieties were also made. We now have about fifty species of beardless Iris. Most of these bloomed satisfactorily during the past season. Many seedlings of species are growing and in a short time will reach the flowering stage. Practically all of the Siberian Irises and the beardless species were transplanted during the past year. Tris diseases The Iris plants suffered from various Iris maladies, the most serious losses being among the Japanese varieties. Several plants died during the blooming season or soon thereafter. Various types of disease conditions were observed. During the past year a maggot or larva of the fly, Chactopsis fulvifrons, was found associated with many of the dying plants. Whether it is a pri- mary cause of the condition or not remains to be determined. One of the most important problems in connection with the beard- 62 less Iris is that of working out the true story of the various maladies. Miss Maud H. Purdy was not able to continue her work in making the watercolors of the Iris. We were fortunate, however, in obtaining the services of Miss Louise B. Mansfield, who made several watercolor studies of Japanese varieties, as well as a few of the bearded Iris. . The following table shows the sources of the plants which have been added to the collection : Japanese iris Mrs. Frances E. Cleveland, Eatontown, N. J................ 4 varieties MaekRoy lant Bast Walden iN: Yances toutes sateen rar 45 i Dr. Harris Kennedy, Readville, Mass...................... 17 ie -Mrs. Ella Porter McKinney, Madison, N. J. ............... I e AR Wallaceite-Concotds (hme land’ 220015 acces 6 ieee 19 # The Wayside Gardens Co., Mentor, Ohio.................... ) ins. Mr. P. Weller, Weller Nurseries Co., Holland, Mich......... 15 ‘ Miscellaneous beardless iris—species and varieties Miss Laura M. Bragg, Director, The Charleston Museum, Charleston: oy G 2. wren es eet a tau cesccar eee Dr, Fred N. Briggs, Berke te ey, Calin iets scan ane ae een 5 MrxFrank W. Campbell, Detroit, Michi........0 shee Seen 8 Mrs. Frances E. Cleveland, oe Nie ec ame ee ae 5 Mice i@okertbartsvilles SoCs 2.20 06 lee an ee ee I Miss Susan T. Homans, antes INE Ye Sic oe ae oes we 6 Miss Susan C. Lovering, Wilmington, N. C.............0008 I Mrs. Ella Porter McKinney, Madison, N. J...............2.. I Drew. Be iMainsbatavette grey er See Oe OREN Ne ree eerie 34,503 BF PUD: pts Seat eee Ge heh haitia eae te ao ae 44,206 This increase seems to indicate a greater interest in plants per se, and falls into line with an evident growing tendency on the part of the public to use the Botanic Garden more as a museum of living plants than a pleasant open space for physical recreation. The increase is probably also due in part to the greater attractive- ness of the conservatories. In addition to their being enriched from year to year and receiving the benefits of continual care, they are profiting by the passage of time, an element which is of course indispensable to the full development of any collection of plants.’ TAB ea at ATTENDANCE AT GARDEN DurING 1928 Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May June July At regular classes....... 802] 2,088] 2,464] 2,837} 3,528 2,905} 10,9905 At visiting classes....... 1,220 800] 7,474] 8,375] 10,345] 10,115 280 At lectures 4 Children . . O15 640] 2,074] 4,177 8,238 8,115 200 At lectures to Adults. ...} — 80 70 175 185 992| — At Peaniesrateties Cee eet 1,236] 2,678] 1,385 5,921 8,762 2,613 3,997 HACHONOUDGS Ss cote noe 48,309] 54,764] 54,904] 112,880] 170,504] 139,310| 101,368 é Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Petals At regular Ses pe ek LOMAS 7,708 8,388 3,705 2,959 59,184 At visiting classes....... —— 2,740 6,095 4,157 2,248 54,749 At lectures to C hildren me — 1,670 5,670 | 3,076 1,250 30,025 At lectures to Adults. ... — 4 107 60 — 1,673 At conservatories. ...... 1,806 4,938 5,052] 3,049] 2,25 44,205 At grounds............/ 93,630] 102,578 | 98,017 | 67,842 | 57,538 | 1,101 ,053 Study Material for Schools As usual, the major part of the time of my assistant, Miss Hester M. Rusk, has been occupied with the collection, culture, V7 and preparation of materials for use in the study of botany and biology in the schools. During the past year, study material has been furnished for 156,619 pupils, compared with 109,011 in 1927, and 91,300 in 1926. In this work we have as usual had the co- operation of the Department of Elementary Instruction. 25 high schools and annexes in Brooklyn have been supplied, 8 in Queens, 1g in Manhattan, and 10 in the other boroughs. 18 junior high schools, 4 training schools for teachers, and 11 colleges and uni- versities, as well as 110 elementary schools in Brooklyn and 38 in other boroughs have been assisted in this way. There should be added to this list 25 private and parochial schools. ‘The in- creasing demand for our agar medium, which is used for the study of molds and bacteria, is attested by the fact that during 1928 Miss Rusk prepared 3,231 petri dishes and 24 flasks of agar—an average of more than 300 a month for each of ten school months of the year. The number of petri dishes distributed compares with previous years as follows: Ee COLO pt re Meererten rece eee orn ma CRM eae er eee ae ee 1,067 IOP Pass on ete eck eecrin eis oe eet ced Cae Eee ee 2,338 SPMRIRL O20 Gi erat cone eects cheat eal apeiah acai s op Sors ale eee cutee 2 oe 2237 Besides carrying on this work Miss Rusk has assisted in doc- entry, in editorial work, in the preparation of demonstrations for adult classes, and has conducted the Saturday morning laboratory classes as well as occasional field classes. Class for Student Nurses For ten weeks in the spring, beginning April 4, I gave an ele- mentary course in botany to the student nurses of Prospect Heights Hospital, Miss Mary E. Corcoran, Instructor. In the fall it was arranged to join the student nurses of the Swedish Hospital, Rogers Avenue, Brooklyn, with those of the Prospect Heights Hospital into one class—making 21 students in all. . The purpose of this course was to combine, as far as possible, instruction on plant life, including especially drug plants and the care of flowers, with recreational features such as trips through the Garden to see the different plants in flower, and visits to the conservatories. This novel course in botany for student nurses was described in 78 the American Journal of Nursing for May, 1928. Ancien eae $ 13.14 riGrree | Ome ricer aden sipprapeer sy eee ee 27.48 $ 40.62 Io's ach ale Leta ba meta yenien ra se Nes over nese PPR OAD Sec, $ 5.53 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 5.50 11.03 Balatice, December 31, 1028... 54. .1s eee $ 20.59 4. Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund ($13,417.20) Restricted: Income Account: Balance, sanitaty 7. 1028 3 see Ses OOO LIFIEC{C) 4 LevOee fo ager pe nave Rela ep eA OENe "on Ase 7R7i02 Transferred from Collections Fund ....... 160.00 $1,573.04 BONA AY ceo ssi, ae clench water eee ee ce $ 1,374.04 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 147.58 1,521.62 Balance: December 3, 1028 2.446. nc. vied one een $ 52.32 5. Martha Woodward Stutzer Memorial Fund ($10,000.00) Restricted: Income Account: Balance: elaniatyy 1102). ce tear en $ 204.19 GGT PT OZE pune cee Mae ene ene aan, 550.00 $ 844.19 Expended COCR ATT Tire Be area Cn $ 27.57 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 110.00 137.57 balance “iecember 41, 21020 <1 ..ce each eee $ = 706.62 6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,697.00) Restricted: Income Account : alance, January I, 1928 «......... Satie $ 155.72 itemise vee ysitny te eee rea ae 148.32 $ | 304.04 TU Pen ed career mee Tee $ 176.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 29.66 205.66 Balances. Wecemper 31, T0264 Gas tess ese ee $ 98.38 7. Special Account W. ($243,149.27) Restricted: Income Account: alanGe.? \anair ls TO26 - 5-05 cha os aye $ 267.65 INGOMMe OSG. aus pn Cea eee atin ae 13,373.20 $ 13,640.85 Tel pte NLsha V0 (16 | og eee eR mere $ 150.67 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 2,674.04 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 10,500.00 13,325.31 balances Wecember si, LO2k cee oat seem ree Sra) 35-54 8. A. dca aera Bequest ($9,798.31) Restricted: ncome Income os I ee yl TE MED e nae Sr SE Oe ae OE $ 538.88 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 107.78 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 431.10 538.88 $ 0.00 9. Robert B. Woodward Bequest ($25,000.00) Restricted: Income Account: COMERLOLS 2. shat okie ecaiowe | ictal May ge eae ey $ 1,375.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ — 275.00 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 1,100.00 1,375.00 $ 0.00 10. Alfred T. White Memorial Tablet Fund ($3,880.85) Restricted: Income Account : NN COME MPO SO te rrosycrs vents oar ran lie: epee ec eer cena at aitee eugene teas Tk 213.92 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 42.78 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 171.14 213.92 $ 0.00 ir. Brooklyn Institute Centennial lund B, B. G. Share ($30,000.00) Re- stricted: Income Account : ir COTMe HELO ZS yeaa e ee ee ce ea ery ane ee $ 1,650.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 330.00 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 1,320.00 1,650.00 0.00 12. John D. eee: ., Lund ($250,000.00) Restricted: Income Accour Balance, Tay Tyo 1020 se eat ae $ 3,701.88 liyavexorantes ioe iree nce droo de ba en eo cae 13,750.00 $ 17,451.88 BEGET Ce Clare gts cay inet Sere ceaty cra eres ver mated $ 4,563.61 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 2,750.00 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 7,401.39 14,715.00 Balances ecemper a1, 1026) ss acacia meee $ 2,736.88 108 13. Citizens Endowment Fund ($253,920.26) Restricted: Income Account: AN rota) vk aah i 6) ca PER eM RD ole $ 13,966.10 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $2,793.22 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 11,172.88 13,966.10 $ 0.00 14. Sustaming Membership. Restricted: Received from Cues TOLR vorrei ea eee eee $ 566.46 ransterred’ to Annual Membership: .4:..<. serra oe 549.80 Walance,. December 31 1026 ss. e ee ov se ee es $ 16.66 15. Annual Membership. Restricted: Roolames siamo. 0. TODG 5 oes eta ve $ 1,856.67 Received. trom dues 1028 .....5 6s vents ees 6,040.00 Transferred from Life Membership ........ 280.48 Transferred from Sustaining Membership ... 549.80 Transferred from Special Purposes (Printing Blower (Games Booklets): 2... 0, -s00105 20.00 $ 8,746.95 NERO OTM CCl onetime te teeta eto an Sn ne Ne ee eet $ 4,361.34 Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 1,620.00 5,081.34 Balance, December 21-1028 — acne ta eeea ee $ 2,765.61 16. Tuition and Sales. Restricted: Blanes, lanier’, 128) 21056 oes eh een $282.47 Received 1928: AGA tL it (bh eae ae) one RCO ar 1,730.70 ATS TURIN ETC ci: ar eo NE Oct 5,583.67 Ge DELO Oty Caterer ey igre ao eee ee 153.60 ee ire ieel Prienise crc tals be eget eae 50.84 $ 7,786.18 leo wich «CRE geaeneey eres athe Pare IC otal rian at $ 4,677.17 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 1,008.21 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 1,000.00 6,685.38 Dalanes, December 41,1020 4.014. So $ 1,100.80 17. Botanic Garden Collections Fund 1928. Restricted: Balances Janitacy ty TOl8 ee ee ee $ 3,795.18 Reeerved MOM uMGentriputions: .1¢..-0 ss see es 7,420.25 Transferred from Special Purposes (Lillies Ont the: Walley) ine a fe ee eee 13.00 — Transferred from Special Purposes (Rose n Transferred from Special Purposes (Hills HS Ton BUR CS) eee w Wid (a fac ater eer ree ean 1,405.00 $ 12,633.96 expended Mersey rae peer pecist eon he hvtast cheperekess $ 8,048.15 Transferred to Benjamin Stuart Gager Me- anol Jl. SgacgouscuunucoboecouoesoUr 160.00 Transferred to Special Purposes (Iris Fund) 242.48 9,350.63 BalanceswyDecember 31, 1920 ...-...2... 06s. nereee soe $ 3,283.33 18. Special Fund (Brooklyn Institute General Endowment In- e: Annual Allotment) Restricted: Income Hecate UTCOME | TODS eset Sate ete pace eee eee ore Me sae attake esc eeyrarate $ 2,500.00 Transferred to Special Contributions ................ 2,500.00 $ 0.00 19. Cary Library F'und ($10,000.00—1/5 of Income to Brooklyn Botanic Garden) Sestricted: Beene: ANUAGY; cle LO2LSE ee seperate etre $ YE) Income Allotment 1928 ............2.200005 110.00 $ 182.27 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund ...........- 22.00 Balance = December 301028) eeracien ie. eater ee tetera, $ 160.27 20. Special Purposes. Restricted by Terms of Gifts: Balancessantainye le O20 case reenter serge $ 3,021.36 Received : a. Anonymous for Japanese Garden ....... 2,100.00 b. Various, for Test Garden for Japanese Iris (including transfer from Collections [RU bhaY ak) Yay cepen ternary ete areas west peat alae 470.90 c. Special Gifts for Children’s Work ..... 109.50 de Galis) Boulder Bridgve a ss. 2-. see 1,441.00 $ 7,148.76 TEbotejptovn Cal cXa le ette enemy apr oc nae a mere eae ate $ 3,674.62 Transferred to Collections Fund ........... 1,418.53 Transferred to Annual Membership ........ 20.00 5a0Ts. 05 Balance \ecember 31, TO28 ....2... ona eae: $ 2,035.61 21. Plant Pathology Research Fund. Restricted: Balances Janay, [1028 wenmne son eeranere $ 3,004.30 eOMme elO2S a ere Pee es ee eerie a eegs 5,000.00 $ 8,004.30 1B 569 nena (cle Pigaepres yee yee rr cen ne eee aoa $ 607.69 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 4,040.00 5,247.69 Balances: Wecemben sin TO2On a ras see ee aaectoie) oe een $ 2,756.61 110 22. Special Contributions (for 1928 only): 8 Balances ianiary: 11029 25s sc ds eee S. 17254 Transferred from Endowment Fund oe ACCOUNT. 32450, 2,221.98 Special Account W. Income Account ...... 10,500.00 A. Augustus Healy ee Income Account 431.10 R. B. Woodward Bequest Income Account 1,100.00 A. T. White Memorial Tablet Fund Inc. Acct 171.14 Brooklyn Inst. Centennial Fund Inc. Acct.. 1,320.00 J. D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fund Income Account 7,401.39 Citizens Endowment Fund ain Account — 11,172.88 Annual Membership Account ............. 1,620.00 Special Fund (Inst. oe Endowment ) 2,500.00 Plant Pathology Research Fund ......... ,640.0 Tuition and Sales Elementary Instruction. . 1,000.00 $ 44,251.03 PO PCMUEG ees cag eeea aha seat eees en 43,487.75 Balance, December; 31,1028: 4 3.40.245554.; eee ee $ 763.28 23. Endowment Increment Fund ($60,274.55) Restricted: ransferred from other accounts 1928....... $ 10,922.00 EET GS te MODS ere ee eee ga cue ee ea 2,650.26 $ 13,581.26 Pranerer rad tose mini pal. ei. sane sy ee eee 13,581.26 $ 0.00 Summary of Private Funds Accounts: Balances; fanwary Ts 1028) 2. ee ee $ 17,283.29 PniGomiet AG corer eee ice ne 85,173.61 $102,456.90 | BBS gu [es 6.67 ghee ag sy en nes eee ree Aruna gape $ 72,054.14 gies ei to Endowment Increment Fund PMT GIP all paver ee eet ee eee ete er ee 13,581.26 85,635.40 Balances, Weeember 21, 1028 29.44.26... eee eee $ 16,821.50 III. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1928 Income Tax Budget Appropriation (47.7%) ............ $ 93,322.10 Private unds. Budget (523%) =. aun, ee 102,450.90 BLE Cela ns eee aene ey ie Neato cer are te aie es Cheaters A oumaie $195,779.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Principal....... 13,581.26 AIAN” Naa Ra Oe op ean tae i et ae irs indel, SN ea ara Ieyeg eee ee $182,197.74 allt Expended Personal Service ‘Webe Bhackye Gadeoaaedon odosn odes $ 74,699.50 RiivatemmuindSwercre ee tise neo 43,487.75 AEG Call erred ney a Ment Soar t tuys ere ey tat ales ouster $118,187.25 Other than Personal Service Weibe 1 BIWGIMAE. oe dg 6 o00s ob aceGboGso oe $ 18,622.60 [Prahienes Jee Sonodoseodesooeeouer 28,560.39 a ea ee ene eae ea $ 47,188.99 $165,376.24 Balances) ecemlpetuesine OLR sa ery scien cnet tier $ 16,821.50 Beebe tally submitted, Danie C. Downs, Secretary and Accountant. Note:—The above “ Financial Statement” is a transcript of Brooklyn Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the Treasurer of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The Treasurer’s accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a separate audit of this “ Financial Statement ’’ is not made in order to save unnecessary expense. G. Foster SMITH, Treasurer. APPENDIX 1 GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1928 Collections Fund Miss E. Addie Austin Frank L. Babbott Mrs. George M. Boardman Walter H. Crittenden Mrs. John R. Delafield Otto Ebel Walter Ebel Gates D. Fahnestock John W. Frothingham Mr. and Mrs. James M. Hills Miss C. Julie Husson Edward A. Ingraham ee W. Jenkins . A. S. Kirkman Mise Hlida Loines Miss Florence E. Longstreet William G. Low =o . Wm. W. Marshall Geer V. McLaughlin . Morse . Grace Pullman Perkins George D. Pratt 112 Mrs. Nathaniel W. Pratt Mrs. B. T. Van Nostrand William A. Putnam a (G WN rs. William A. Putnam Mrs. Edward Weck Harold Somers Miss Frances E. White Dr. Edward H. Squibb Harold T. White Mrs. Seth Thayer Stewart Miss Harriet H. White Miss Elizabeth - Stoughton Miss Mary Blackburne Woodward Herman Stutze Woman’s Club, New Rochelle, N. Y Mrs. Herman eee Living Plants American Rose Society, 2 Roses. oe and Atkins, 1,287 Ros Mrs. site u sm ciie i sien fepectesis Let sf's) (os) euiet "sa sins cea eal shteis Pestetoneiiei ell raisiiriicalcis Mam fulte ea oees io a he= Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Dear Sir: I desire to become An Annual Member ...... $ fo A Donor (ees eee $ 10,000 A Sustaining Member ... 25. A: Pattog 7 vee eee 25,000 A lite Member ......... 500. A Benelactoi ence 100,000 A Permanent Member ... 25,000 Please find enclosed my check payable to Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and present my name to the Board of the Trustees for election. Yours truly, INTAITIOT Sects cae vecturasyris avis ioriesc: welts tote ute RR ae a PNG GTESS osteo ic eR aut) oi athvsscots eu slsc nee ee Std nnn ar gape tek i bo oH Ww as nn CON oo 150 PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. . Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party, when visiting the Garden. . Admission of member and his or her immediate family to all lectures, classes, field trips, and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. Special lectures and classes for the children of members. Copies of Garden publications, as follows: a. Record. b. Guides c. Leaflets d. Contributions e. Frequent Announcement Cards concerning plants in flower and other exhibits and events. . Privileges of the Library and Herbarium. Iexpert advice on the choice and care of plants, indoors and out, on planting the home grounds, the care of lawns, and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. . Identification of botanical specimens. Participation in the periodical distribution of duplicate plant material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- ments sent to members from time to time. 151 FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum o Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. rd Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum ‘of.:............ Dollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, eh No MG HHS Shin Oi, ec oc cone Dollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellowship tes advanced botanical Ser aeema ies in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Bs OBO 86 OO RENE OT eae ees fellowship Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator hereby give, devise, and eee to The Brooklyn ae of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of............ ars, to be used (or the income from which to be es for the Brooklyn Rae Garden * * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed. , 1. Botanical researc 2. Publishing the Petults of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical publication. 4. The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. 5. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures. 6. The purchase and collecting of plants. 7, The beautifying of the grounds. 8. The purchase of publications for the library. 9. Extending and enriching our work of public education. 152 THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY Tue Brookryn Boranic GarpeNn, established in IQIO, is a Department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) was met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for, maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms, of the an- nual appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac- tice of the Garden to purchase all books for the library, all speci- mens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. Lhe urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur- poses are more than twice as great as the present income from en- dowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The direc- tor of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to pos- sible uses of such funds to any who may be interested.* * A written Agreement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full in the Brooklyn Botanic: Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree- ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Sep- tember 28, 1909, published in the Record for January, 1912. é ere ky , ah a ann ee ee =, i ; va y é 4 eh aPh tte Tale ye po eee orl Hoe 5 aan Bae * The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Presip EDWARD "C. "BLUM trSt VICE-PRESID SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALROE H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM.A. PUTNAM HIRD VICE-PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN TREASURER ; SECRETARY G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman . EDWARD C. BLUM, fe ie JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CA EDWIN GOULD WALTER H. BREREENGEN WILLIAM T. HUNTER GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM ALEXANDER M. WHITE Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN . GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—All persons who are interested in the cure: and etree ay of the Brooklyn Botanic Gaia are eligible to members Members enjoy special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Menperhin $25 ‘yearly; Life Membership p, $500 ull information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Di irector, {Bp sable Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y Telephone, 6173 Prospect. THe Botanic GARDEN is open free tp the public daily from 8 a.m. until dark; on Sundays and Holidays open at 10: a EntTRANCES.—On Flatbush eo os near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern way ane near Empire Boulevard: on Eastern Pa mage west of the Museum Buildin; The street aoe ope ae Laboratory. Building’ i is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite ene To Ass Mabe ae others in studying the collections ne SAE of a docent Amey bes obtained. This service is free of charge to members é Botanic ar ; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Soa Setters must be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in advance. ag? We less than six adults a be conduc To _ Station; Tatebct ough ibaa to Eastern Pati hohe n Museum Station; Flatbush Avenite: trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, and Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington ‘Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street and Vande rbilt Avenue trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. PUBLICATIONS _. OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD. Established, January, rota: An cain periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; nthly beginning with 1 Contains, among other things, the a Pai of the aa ane heads of Gebartmentst special reports, concerning Gato progress aid 6 nts. Free to members of the cae en. To hers $1.50 a year. Circulates in te countries. MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. . Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the Medication of the laboratory pulang and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postag Volume i The vegetation o H Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: A study at grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 19%8- 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegrator of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151) pages. CONTRIBUTIONS. linia April I, IOI. Fares originally published in periodicals, reissued as “ separates without change of paging, and numbere Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 countries. 52. Inheritance studies in P VI. Multiple Se and the in- iabeies of green and yellow foliene and pod color. 16 pag 53. Mutation, Ginbie ia to habe differences, 0 ah etry bution in pats: 12) 54. The vegetation of the ‘Aleieey State Park. 121 pages. 1628) - Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928. | The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose na covered smut. 48 eek, 8 LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The put pose. of the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements baceenine flowering and other plant activities information about plant life for teachers and ot thers. Free to members of the Garden. To paces fifty cents a series. Single Piaatae 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 coun GUIDES to We collections, buildings, and: grounds. Price based upon. cost of publication. I (Delectus Seminum) Established, Desembicr, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Het Circulation includes 143 botanic gardens and institutions located in 42 countri AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Batabloed January, 1914. Pub- lished, in cooperation with the BoraNnicaL Society oF AMERICA, mon ly, except during ahaa and September. Subscription, gy. 00 a year. ‘Circulates. in’ 48 countrie oe OGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation RU ai EV LRISAL SOCIETY vy or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 4 GEN ce. dpe ae January, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countr _ GUIDE _No. 2 mae oe mi NEW , JERSEY BLISHED BIMONTHLY LANCASTER, ae “BY THE BROOKLYN ares OF AR OOKLYN, N. Y.— BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Gale Educational, and Administrative Officers AVY - _ SCIENTIF IC fi EDUCATIONAL ies WA perme =e he Staff an ager ~ Se sruart cae Ph.D., ScD., Pd.D., Divesior a Me - MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist fn AR’ UR. HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction se, > ALRE ‘GUN DERSEN, pesiear de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants ELSIE TWEMLOW H AMMOND, M.A., Assistant Curator of ementary Instructio on GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Cav alae of Plant Pathology — _ ELLEN EDDY SHA AW, B:S., Curat tor of Elementary Instruction ‘RA "SIMPSON, Librarian , Curator of Plant Brcding and Economic Plants Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Hi ron C. eh of Japanese Eu dening ie , t A HAROLD A. CAPARN, C onsulting Eanascnte Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator NORMAN TAYLOR, Curato KATHRYN CLARK BARTLETT, A, B., Instructor "Instruc or LUCILE SARGENT MACCOLL, A.B., t HM ; A.B., Instructor Ee SK, A.M., Instructor ZELDA J. SARGENT, Instructor MARJORIE - SWABEY, M.A., Research Assistant ’ Research Assistant — BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Libr rary Assistant MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assist , Curatoria aon ai MARGERY H. UDELL, C ae heat eee , Curatorial a ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and a feaaen! MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretar NORMA E. STOFFEL, Office Assistant COT INE MARY DONALD, Secretary to the ery | AN LL, Registrar and Custodia WILLIAM Ay DURKIN, Membership Seren) AURA M, BREWSTER, Stenographer — FRANCES MILLER MACKINNON, A.B., Stenographer L. CONST ae PURVIS, Sienoarabiier H M. TATE, Stenographer LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer Se ag MT ay MR ee eee ee OL. Ty ee ee et ae ee a eae eae, ee ee ene ee eee Pe LS . wt t . Se eae ten” Cae! 7 x: they eee Ted bE? EH : gh tte pisee ster 4 - mS A my : F Airplane view of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. For legend see opposite page (6572). ay is Fic. 1. Airplane view of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A portion of Prospect Park is shown in the lower left hand corner, south- west of the Garden Flatbush Avenue (this portion of it being a parkway) extends between he Park and the Garden, from Empire Boulevard on the south to Grand Army Plaza and Eastern Parkway on the north Washington Avenue extends along the right hand (east) side of the Garden. Empire Boulevard extends along the south end of the Garden (lower right hand corner of the photograph). At the corner of Washington Avenue and Empire Boulevard is the Cen- tral Fire Alarm Telegraph Station for Brooklyn (not in the Garden area). At the left of the Fire Alarm building is the cut containing tracks of the Brooklyn Manhattan Transit Co. (B.—-M.T.) The Children’s Garden (the light-colored area at the left of the railroad cut) shows the individual beds, with the Children’s Building at the upper end and the Shakespeare Garden at the lower end The Experimental Garden along Washington Ave., is just north of the Children’s Garden. The Conservatories and atone ea are on Washington Ave., just north of the Experimental Gard The Lake may be seen north of the Laboratory ees and north of the Lake the Brooklyn Museum Building (unfinished), at the corner of Washington Ave., and Eastern Parkway. The Museum = is not in- cluded in the Botanic Garden area. The Horticultural Section (in the early stages of its development in 1929) is at the left (west) of the Museum Building. T he dark strip is a freshly plowed area. A corner of Mt. Prospect Reservoir is shown at the extreme upper left hand corner of the photograph. The Esplanade is the dark rectangular area south of the Museum site. 1e Rose Garden occupies the smaller and light-colored rectangular area west (at the left) of the Esplanade. The Native Wild Flower Garden is not shown in the pea It lies northwest of the Rose Garden and south of the Reservoir The Systematic Section occupies the most of the area between the Chil- dren’s Garden and the Esplanade. The Rock Garden and Ecological Garden are west of the Systematic Section, about midway between Empire Boulevard and the Esplanade. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XVIII MAY, 1929 NO. 3 ~ GARDENS WITHIN A GARDEN’ A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS OL EEL BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN ? By C. Stuart GaceEr, Director Introduction Gardens within a Garden tersely and appropriately describes the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and in fact many botanic gardens, for such institutions commonly comprise, not one planting unit, but several. Possibly it is the realization of this which makes it (apparently) so natural for people to refer to a botanic garden as “botanic gardens. n the case of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, near London, the plantations comprise two distinct gardens which were united to form the grounds of the present institution, hence the plural form is both official and actual. The use of “botanic” or “ botanical” is a matter of arbitrary choice on the part of the institution, but the official name should be carefully followed by the public. 1 This title was the happy suggestion of Mrs. Franklin Jones for a talk to be given by the writer before the Garden Club of New Rochelle, in 2 Docentry. To assist members and ee in eee the collections the services of a docent (teaching guide) m e obtained. his service is free of charge to members of the hire De to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements may be made in advance by application to the Curator of Public Instruction. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Application may be made by mail or by tele- phone (Prospect 6173) 1538 154 IATLANTIC AVED PACIFIC ST. UBWAY STATION Sey {BE RR, STATION ST ES D NOSTRAND AVE. TROLLEY PARADE CROUND FLATBUSH AVE BRICHTON LocaTION oF BROOKLYN BoTANIc GARDEN Location of Brooklyn Botanic Garden with reference to streets and Fic. 2. transit lines. 155 Botanic Garden versus Park The term “ botanic garden” has been used for centuries and is still used to designate a garden area planted in accordance with botanical considerations. Such botanic gardens are not uncom- mon as adjuncts of the botanical departments of colleges and uni- versities, or as special features in a public par A modern botanic garden, however, considered as a separate organization, is more than a garden or gardens. It is a scientific and educational institution which usually comprises two or more of the following features: Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium, Library, Laboratories, Class Rooms and Lgsitire Rooms, and an indoor Botanical Museum. We specially say “indoor” museum, because the plantations of a botanic garden are to be considered as an outdoor museum, the exhibits in which are living plants, ar- ranged on some botanical basis, and labelled. It is this which fundamentally differentiates a botanic garden from a park, in which plants are arranged for landscape effect, with little or no regard for their botanical relationship. Another distinction be- tween a botanic garden and a park is that a park is intended pri- marily for recreation, whereas, if the grounds of a botanic garden are large enough to possess park features, they are nevertheless not intended primarily for recreation but for education, and all regulations and restrictions governing their use by the public are based on that fact Automobiles As a rule, automobiles are not admitted to the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Their exclusion adds materially to the charm of the Garden, and contributes to the safety and comfort of visitors. Special permits admitting automobiles are issued to members only for the purpose of enabling aged or infirm persons or con- valescents to enjoy the grounds. In each case a botanic garden guide must accompany the automobile to insure freedom from police interference, and also to act as a guide to the driver. The guide will also serve as docent. For such services there is no charge. Arrangements must be made in advance, preferably a day or two before the contemplated visit. st Fic. 3. Rose Garden. Photograph of the colored sketch prepared by the landscape architect, Mr. Harold Caparn. The garden was installed in 1927 and planting is still in progress in 1929 (5710). 9GT 157 Leaving and Returning to Automobiles Visitors coming by motor car for a walk about the grounds may arrange to return to the car at the same gate by which they enter; or, arrangements may be made to meet the driver at any other gate agreed upon, thus avoiding a long walk across the Garden after the object of the visit has been accomplished. The various pos- sibilities as to entrance and exit will become evident on consult- ing the folded map. Visitors coming to view some special exhibit or section of the grounds should consult the folded map to ascertain the nearest entrance. See also the following designation of gates for the va- rious sections. Entrances and Exits There are seven public entrances and exits to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden as follows: On the North 1, Eastern Parkw Between Brooklyn Museum and Mt. Prospect Reservoir On the East 2. Washington Ave., North Gate South of Eastern Parkway and north of the Laboratory Building. 3. Laboratory Building ashington Ave., south of entrance No. 2. 4. Washington Ave., South Gate Yorth of Empire Boulevard. On the West 5. Flatbush Ave., South Gate Near Empire Boulevard. 6. Flatbush Ave., Middle Gate North of entrance No. 5. 7. Flatbush Ave., North Gate South of Grand Army Plaza, the new Brooklyn Public Library Building and Mt. Prospect Reservoir. The most direct way to reach any given entrance is indicated on the diagram on page 154 showing the location of the Botanic Garden with reference to streets and transit lines. Consult also the directions for reaching the Garden, as given on the third cover page. 158 Plantations The Brooklyn Botanic Garden grounds comprise the following sections or gardens. The numbers in parentheses, following the name of the section or garden, indicate the number of the nearest or most convenient entrance or entrances, as given on page 157. + . General Systematic Section (3-6) Native Wild Flower Garden (1, 7) Children’s Garden (4, 5) Japanese Garden (2) Rock Garden (5, 6) Ecological Garden (5, 6) Water Gardens (2, 3) Iris Gardens (3, 6) Rose Garden (1, 6) . Various horticultural collections, as for example: Lilacs (1, 6) Peonies (3) Cannas (5, 6) Hardy Asters (5, 6) Dahlias (5, 6) Chrysanthemums (5, 6) Azaleas, and Rhodendrons (2, 5) Flowering cherries, plums, apples, etc. (1, 2, 6) i) PAI AKERS omnl o 11. Miscellaneous plantations a. Naturalistic plantings of bulbs (1-6) b. Decorative and screen plantings, such as the trees and shrubs on the border mound, along the street fence, etc. c. Nursery (Not open to the public) d. Experimental Garden (Not open to the public) 12. Horticultural Garden (1, 7) The above features are here listed approximately in the order in which they have been developed in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden." 1An Economic Garden to illustrate economic or “useful” plants, and a Morphological Garden to illustrate facts of the external form or morphology of plants are a part of the complete plan of the Botanic Garden, and have once been installed but, for certain reasons, have been temporarily discon- tinued. ~ [yi TE 24 OF i PROOKE bit ize TANI GLPDEI ERP ETONG b FPESH MEMORIAL AS EACH VTP Nod x EWLIFEAND BUDS [FAVES APPEAR PUVING RONMENT A TPER TRUE TYPE ChIMMOPTALITY Itc. 4. Bronze tablet at White Oak Circle (3088). Horticultural and Landscape Plantings The Border Mound.—With the exception of the Eastern Park- way frontage and the site of the buildings on Washington Ave., the Botanic Garden property is surrounded by a “ Border Mound ” of earth, planted with trees and shrubs. This feature was devised by Olmstead and Vaux, the landscape architects of Central Park, New York, and of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, for the purpose of shutting out from the parks the confusion and noise of adjacent streets, thereby giving greater privacy and quiet within the parks. The plan was an inspiration of genius, and is a larger factor than most people realize in giving the Botanic Garden the seclusion and rural character which visitors feel within the grounds. The Border Mound is planted without reference to the botanical relationships of the plants, but the screen planting, in places, af- fords a protection which is taken advantage of for certain doubt- 160 fully hardy species, which are thus found outside the Garden area where they belong botanically. Bulbs in the Lawn.—In the fall of 1g21, 25,000 bulbs of Crocus were planted naturalistically on the slope of the Border Mound in the southwest portion of the Garden. This was one of the first (if not the first) naturalistic plantings of bulbs in a public park in America. This planting was increased in 1923-25 until there are now 54,000 bulbs. Other areas have been planted with various varieties of yellow Daffodils (about 27,000), Poet’s Narcissus (15,000), yellow and scarlet Tulips (20,000), Snowdrops (Gal- anthus), Winter-aconite (Eranthis hyemalis), Grape-hyacinth (Muscari botryoides), Dwarf Blue Hyacinth (Hyacinthus azureus, often mistaken for a Grape-hyacinth), and others. Miscellaneous.—Other horticultural collections are the varieties of Lilac, Iris, Canna, Mallow, Hollyhock, Hardy Aster (varieties of the New England and New York Aster), Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Azalea, Rhododendron, and other horticultural groups. A Walk through the Garden Point of Beginning An itinerary through the Botanic Garden plantations may, of course, begin at any one of the seven entrances. Time Required It is physically possible to walk around the periphery of the Garden, from any given gate and back, in about one half hour, but such a walk would not allow for giving more than passing attention to the plantations. Not less than one hour should be allowed for a leisurely walk, and for obtaining a conspectus of plants in bloom or other features. Scene in the Japanese Garden. (Nelumbo) in the Lake. Torii at the right. Stone lantern and drum bridge at the left. Storks and East Indian Lotus Laboratory Building in the middle distance (5620). TOT 162 SUGGESTED ITINERARY Horticultural Section Entering at the Eastern Parkway Gate (number 1),? the visitor finds himself at once in the Horticultural Section, comprising chiefly horticultural varieties of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants derived by plant breeding from wild species. This section occupies what is known to the Garden authorities as the “ North Addition,” since it was not in the original tract set aside by the City for botanic garden purposes. It is still (1929) in its early developmental stage, its development having been de- layed (now for several years) for lack of funds. What are Horticultural Varieties? It may be noted here that the particular kinds of wild plants are called species. Under cultivation new forms often arise not found growing wild; they may arise from wild species or from other cultivated forms. These are called “garden forms” or “horticultural varieties,’ and may arise in at least three ways: I. Seed variation; 2. Bud variation; 3. Crossing or hybridizing. 1. Seed variation: One of the best known horticultural varieties resulting from seed variation is the famous original Concord Grape, which was pr duced by a seed of the wild grape (Vitis Labrusca) planted at Concord, Mass., in the fall of 1843 by Ephraim W. Bull. This plant fruited for the first time in 1849, and all other Concord Grape vines in the world have been derived, either directly or indirectly, from this ‘one by propagation from cuttings. The famous “Golden Glow” was derived by seed variation, as was also the Burbank potato. 2. Bud variation: Occasionally one or more of the buds on a plant will wae uce branches differing characteristically from the typical branches. This is called bud sporting. It is believed to have been the origin of the Washington or California Navel Orange. One of the most famous bud sports among flowering plants is the Moss Rose. Some Sec va- rieties of potato arose by bud sporting, the process being called by farmers, “mixing in the hill”’ Among houseplants the Boston Fern (and other varieties of Nephrolepis exaltata) arose by bud sporting. 3. Crossing or hybridizing: Plants are crossed by transferring pollen from the flowers of one to the stigmas of the flowers of another. In this man- ner have arisen numerous varieties of apples, pears, and other fruits, and innumerable varieties of such plants as Iris, Orchid, Peony, Tulip, many Roses (e.g., Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals), the Lilac, and others. 1 By consulting the folded map, it will be found easy to begin the walk at any entrance and follow the suggested itinerary from that point. Fic. 6. Alfred T. White Memorial. Unveiled June 7, 1923 (5633). 69T 164 Native Wild Flower Garden (Local Flora Section) Walking south past Mt. Prospect Reservoir (on the right) one comes to the entrance to the Native Wild Flower Garden. This section contains only plants that grow wild within a radius of too miles of Brooklyn. This indicates roughly the ‘“ Local Flora Range” which is defined by the Torrey Botanical Club as including all of the State of Connecticut; Long Island; in New York State, the counties bordering the Hudson River on both sides up to and including Columbia and Greene, also Sullivan and Dela- ware Counties; all of New Jersey; and, in Pennsylvania, the coun- ties of Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, North- ampton, Lehigh, Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester. Native trees have been planted in the northern end of this sec- tion so as to secure the ecological conditions of a small forest or “woods.” This facilitates the growing of many species which are usually found growing wild only in such environment. ear the southern end of the area is a small bog. A bog differs from a swamp in that the water of the former contains a much larger percentage of humic acid than does the latter, and certain plants, such as Cranberries, Sphagnum Moss, Pitcher Plants, and others, prefer an acid substratum. This difference in acidity results from the fact that a swamp has both inlet and out- let (water flowing through it), while a bog has an inlet (water flowing into it), but no outlet, except through evaporation into the air. It is this that results in a concentration of humic acid, just as evaporation (and no streams flowing out) makes the Dead Sea and the ocean salt. The humic acid results from the decay of plant tissue, caused by the action of bacteria. Woodland plants may be found on either side of the Wild Flower Path along the crest of the West Border Mound, as well as in the “ valley ’’ or main portion of this Section. After walking south through the Wild Flower Garden one comes out near the Lilac Triangle The Lilac collection was at first confined to this triangular area, but has since been extended northward as part of the Horticultural f° Conservatory Garden. Hardy waterlilies in the near 5 “ale L re | a || Fem, pool; tropical forms in the distant pool (4186). GOT 166 Section. There are some 200 or more horticultural varieties of the Lilac in this collection. The wild species of Lilac (the genus Syringa) may be found with their botanical relatives in the Olive Family, in the southern part of the General Systematic Section. West of the Lilac Triangle is the site of the Economic Garden. See the foot note on page 159. Rose Garden After viewing the Lilacs it will be best to pass northward to- ward the Museum embankment and enter the Rose Garden at one of the north gates. This garden, enclosed by pavilion, pergolas, and trellis fence, was designed both as to structures and planting plan, by Mr. Harold A. Caparn, consulting landscape architect of the Botanic Garden. It is 500 feet in greatest length, and 93 feet in width. It was made possible by a gift from Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cran- ford, of Greenwich, Conn., and was constructed and the first planting done in 1927 under the supervision of Mr. Montague Free, horticulturist of the Botanic Garden. It was first opened to Members of the Botanic Garden on Thursday, June 21, 1928, and to the general public on the following afternoon. The garden contains about 3,000 plants (bush roses, climbers, post-roses, standards, festoons, ete.). The three most important classes of horticultural roses are in the beds, the Hybrid Teas in the two side-beds and the Hybrid Perpetuals with Dwarf Poly- antha roses (introduced as “ Baby Ramblers,” though they do not ramble) as a border in the central beds. e bush roses in the beds are arranged so that one passes from the older varieties in the northern beds past successively newer forms to the latest introductions in‘the southern beds, thus illustrating the historical development of the horticultural varieties of roses. The trellis fence is intended not merely for an enclosure and protection to the garden, but for the display of climbing roses, as a background for the bush roses of all kinds, and especially for the species or wild roses, together with the classes of garden roses (Rugosas, Lambertianas, etc.) most nearly related to them. Near the right (West), as one leaves the south gate of the Rose Garden, is Exit No. 6 (Middle Flatbush Ave. gate). Page missing from book at time of scanning. Page missing from book at time of scanning. Page missing from book at time of scanning. Page missing from book at time of scanning. ial ground on which the White Memorial stands is Boulder Hill, so named from the large glacial boulder on its summit. (See Brook- lyn Botanic Garden Guide No. 3, The Story of Our Boulders, to be published soon.) From the site of this Memorial one may view the East In- dian Lotus and various kinds of Water Lilies growing in the Lake. This forms one of the Water Gardens. Conservatory Garden A short side trip toward and past the Laboratory Building will take one down the steps and through the site of the Formal Garden to be developed in front of the Building, thence down a second flight of steps to the Conservatory Garden, containing two Water Lily Pools. The northern one has heated water and contains only tropical forms, including the Victoria regia Trickert. The south- ern pool contains the hardy sorts that do not require heated water. These two pools were the gift of Mr. Alfred T. White. From the Conservatory Garden one may retrace his steps to the main entrance of the Laboratory Building and thence proceed west (to the left) ; or, if one did not take the side trip to the lily pools, he may pass from the White Memorial down the west slope of Boulder Hill; or, if one did not pass around the lake, he may con- tinue past the Torii and along the west shore of the lake to its outlet, coming, in either case, to the beginning of the Systematic Section What the Systematic Section Aims to Show 1. Different kinds of plants. . The relationship (botanical affinities) of plants. 3. The sequence of plant Orders. Nd The sequence here followed is approximately that of the Engler System, modified to some extent by horticultural and other requirements. Other sequences have been pro- posed, and new investigations will, no doubt, result in the formation of other probable sequences. 4. How the plants of a given group may be used in decorative planting (c.g., for hedges, massing, herbaceous borders, ground cover, etc.). oon Fre: Fe cee See | Yi ’ ce ey Pet ao Le va ee a7 ee 4:4 ET Hast, sy en: whe (ieee Ss % Me te fas * oS ne a i tee a wie d afin tn rhe soe 2 rr ‘ . % we : ‘ad one ’ it 3 . Y Pocte. Us Raat Sear ate 4 ‘ Se: fee, * Si ae. aie - tan Dial Saik RT To, a te : a, he oe a, Me nm 10. Poet's Narcissus (N. poeticus) on the Border Mound. 15,000 bulbs (5799). 173 5. Hortictiitural varieties derived from wild species by plant breeding. Most of the plants in the General Systematic Section do not occur in the Local Flora area, as defined on page 164, but a few Local Flora plants are included in enoube not otherwise repre- sented. Classification of Plants The Plant Kingdom may be divided into the following groups, the figures in parentheses indicating the approximate number of families in each group: af ee Saas without seeds) hallophyt d. Horsetails (1) e. Ferns (17) 2. Phanerogams (Plants with seeds) a. Gymnosperms (Naked seeds) Cycadales (Tropical and Sub-Tropical only) (1) Ginkgoales (Maidenhair Tree) Coniferales (Conifers) (7) Gnetales (Joint Firs) (3) b. Angiosperms or Flowering Plants (Seeds enclosed in an ovary) a. Dicotyledons (with two seed-leaves) (254) b. Monocotyledons (with one seed-leaf) (45) All the larger groups above listed are again subdivided into successive groups, as follows: Order (a group of related Families) Family (a group of related Genera) Genus (a group of related Species) Species (a group of closely related Individuals ) A species may be further subdivided into Varieties or forms) Individual (the unit of the Plant ee The Latin names of the Orders end in -ales, Cycadales (Cycad Order), Papaverales (Poppy Order); of the aries (with few excep- tions) in -aceae, e.g., Cycadaceae (Cycad Family), Papaveraceae (Poppy Family . Fic. 11. Tulips on_the hillside west of the Conservatories. Those appearing white in the picture clear ‘allow Tulipa Gesneriana lutea; ing to “Cottage” tulip group (58 bee others are the scarlet T. Gesneriana spathulata, Ol). 20,000 in all. are the belong- PLT 175 Planting Plan The plants that have no flowers are found north of the walk which leads from Magnolia Triangle to the Ginkgo Triangle, and are east of the Brook in the area which includes Boulder Hill. With the exception of the Cryptogams, the plants in the General Systematic Section are arranged with a wide grass aisle (approxi- mately 30 feet) between the Orders, and a narrow aisle (about 10 feet wide) between the families. As one looks over this Sec- tion from any elevated point the planting plan stands out very distinctly. The sequence of Orders in the General Systematic Section is shown on the folded map at the end of this Guide. Boundaries of Orders and Families The boundaries of the various Orders and Families that con- tain shrubs are, in many cases, planted with hedges formed of plants that belong to the given Order or Family, or with plants of the given group that have special ornamental value. Herbaceous and Woody Plants Together Most botanic gardens comprise at least three sections, as follows: 1. Arboretum (Latin, arbor, a tree) comprising only trees. 2. Fruticetum (Latin, frutex, a shrub) comprising only shrubs and vines. Vines are not recognized separately from shrubs in the manuals of botany, a vine being technically considered as a climbing or trailing shrub. 3. Herbaceous Garden, comprising only herbaceous (4.e., non- woody) plants. These three divisions classify plants according to their form and size, and the possession of woody versus herbaceous stems, not according to their botanical relationship. In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, educational (and, to a sud- ordinate degree, landscape and spatial) considerations led to group- ing the woody and herbaceous plants together in the General Sys- tematic and Local Flora Sections. This plan was suggested by 176 Mr. Harold A. Caparn, consulting landscape architect of the Garden, and is worthy of special note because it not only secures pleasing landscape effects, not otherwise possible in the limited space at our disposal, but also because it gives added educational features by showing the botanical affinities of trees and shrubs with herbaceous plants, and the relative percentages of woody and herbaceous plants (within the limits of hardiness at Brooklyn) in the various families, orders, and larger subdivisions of the Plant Kingdom. Thus, for example, it will be seen that in the group of the Poppies and their relatives (Papaverales) there are no trees or shrubs hardy in Brooklyn; in the group of the Roses and their relatives (Rosales) there is a generous proportion of both woody and herbaceous plants; while in the Horsechestnut and Willow groups (Sapindales and Salicales) there are few if any herbaceous plants hardy here. CRYPTOGAMS At the beginning of the Systematic Section, nearest the Lake, are the Cryptogams, as yet (1929) represented chiefly by the erns. GYMNOSPERMS As noted above, Gymnosperms are so called because their seeds are not enclosed in a seed-case or ovary (as occurs, for example, with beans or apples). The Cycadales are represented by living specimens in House No. 11 of the Conservatories. The Ginkgoales comprise only one Family, Ginkgoaceae, repre- sented by only one living species, Ginkgo biloba, the geologically oldest existing arborescent type. It bears naked, plum-like seeds often mistaken for fruit. Until recently it was believed that Ginkgo was strictly a cultivated plant ; ie “living fossil”), preserved by the fact that it was cultivated in the temple gardens of China and Japan, but botanical explorers have recently reported finding it growing wild in western China. In a preceding geological age (the Tertiary) it was widely distributed in Siberia, Europe, the British Isles, North America, ae Greenland, but is now known only from a com- paratively small area in western China. It is extensively planted, and is a very satisfactory tree for parks and streets. Border planting of ornamental Grasses, eee 17. On the left the species (from right t ee are: Blue Fescue (Festuca ovina glauca Narrow Derved Eulalia “scant thus sinensis Perey and Awnless Eulalia (Mt. SoA SCD) On the pa the tall grasses are Banded Eulalia (M. sinensis zebrina). A portion of the systematic exhibit of eaaiiee is shown at es Ween left (5618). LLT 178 The Coniferales comprise, in our range, the Yew (Taxaccac), the Pine (Pinaceae), the Bald Cypress (Tarodiaceae), and the Cypress (Cupressaceae) Families. The hard, bony seed of the Yew is surrounded by a fleshy disk which resembles a red berry. The genera of the Pine Family all bear their seeds in cones. In the Juniper (Juniperus) the fleshy cone-scales are so fused ‘to- gether that the result appears like a berry. The Botanic Garden collection includes Pines, Larches, Hemlocks, Spruces, California Bigtree (Sequoia gigantea), Bald Cypress (Taxrodium distichum), Cryptomeria, Cedars (Cedar of Lebanon, Cedrus Libani; the Atlas Cedar, C. atlantica), and others. ANGIOSPERMS Dicotyledons without Petals (Apetalous) Southwestward from the Gymnosperms are Angiospermous trees having flowers without floral envelopes (calyx and corolla), and usually borne in cone-like catkins or aments (the so-called ament-bearers or Amentiferac). In the Hickory, Oak, Chestnut, and others only the staminate flowers are in catkins. Most o these forms are wind-pollinated, including the Birches, Alders, and others, of the Birch Family (Betulaceae). Here, also, are the Beeches and Oaks of the Beech Family (Fagaceae) ; the Walnuts and Hickories, of the Walnut Family (/uglandaceae); and the Elms (Elm Family, Ulmaceae). South of the east-west walk, leading to the White Oak Circle, are the Mulberries and Paper-Mulberry, wind-pollinated trees of the Mulberry Family (Moraceae), and the insect-pollinated Fig of the same Family. : The insect-pollinated Willows and Poplars (Willow Family, Salicaceae), are planted along the Brook (toward the south) in order to secure the streamside conditions of a natural habitat. Dicotyledons with Separate Petals (Polypetalous ) The plants in all the Orders on the east side of the Brook, be- ginning with the Magnolias (Magnoliaceae) and proceeding down through the Garden to the Dogwoods (Cornaceae), have flowers with separate petals, usually in 5’s, less commonly in 4’s.. Fic. 13. Scene in Children’s Garden, June 1 (5107). 180 Experimental Garden At the left (east), as one passes down through the Garden from the Polygonales toward the Heaths (Ericales), is the Experi- mental Garden, located south of the Conservatories and devoted to work in Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding (Genetics), and other experimental work. This garden is not open to the public. It is enclosed by a fence covered with Japanese Honeysuckle, and be- tween the paved walk and this fence is a border planting of about 100 horticultural varieties of Narcissus. Linden Triangle Between the Experimental and Children’s Gardens is the Linden Triangle, containing a specimen of the Silver Linden (Tilia argentea), planted on October 25, 1923, by Ellen Eddy Shaw, curator of elementary instruction. Children’s Garden and Building South of the Linden Triangle is the Children’s Garden, with the Children’s Building near the north end. This Garden comprises individual garden plots sufficient for the accommodation of over 150 boys and girls. At the south end is the Shakespeare Garden, a gift, in 1925, from Mr. Henry C. Folger, a well known Brooklyn collector of Shakespeareana. Surrounding the Chil- dren’s Building is a horticultural planting of herbaceous plants, trees, and shrubs, laid out as an adjunct to the educational work with children. Over the entrance to the Children’s Building is a quotation from the poet, Wordsworth: He is happiest who hath power To gather wisdom from a flower. Elm Triangle West of the service gate of the Children’s Garden and south of Azalea Knoll is the Elm Triangle containing a specimen of the American Elm (Ulmus americana), presented and planted on Arbor Day, April 24, 1925, by the Girl Scouts of Flatbush. Systematic Section (Continued) After the Dogwoods (noted on page 178), the plants of the re- maining Orders of Dicotyledons—Heath Order (Fricales) to Bell- Fic. 14. Bearded Iris. au rae thie West side of Brook, facing south. June 5 (4954). I8t 182 flower Order (Campanulales)—have flowers whose petals are more or less united. The Heath Order, including Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Laurel, Heather (Calluna), Heath (Erica), and others, is on Azalea Knoll and Azalea Bank. After the Heaths, the Orders of the Dicotyledons follow up the west side of the Brook, terminating with the plants whose flowers have petals united to form a bell-shaped floral envelope—the Campanulales, named from the Bellflower (Campanula). The chief family of this order is the Compositae, the most highly de- veloped of all the dicotyledonous plant families, comprising such forms as the Daisy, Burdock, Dandelion, and their relatives and, among cultivated plants, the numerous horticultural varieties of Chrysanthemum, Hardy Aster, Dahlias, and others. The Dicotyledons terminate opposite the Rock Garden, and are separated from the Monocotyledons (on the north) by the Ecological Garden. Monocotyledons All of the plants having embryos with one seed-leaf (Mono- cotyledons), and with petals (when present) in 3's, are north of the Ecological Garden and west of the Brook. They comprise the Lily, Iris, Canna, Grass, Orchid, and other Families. The Orchids are on the Border Mound, west of the paved walk. They are the most highly specialized of the Monocotyledons. The Monocotyledons appear to have descended from the Dicotyledons, the process involving various structural and anatomical changes, including the hereditary failure of one of the seed-leaves or cotyledons to develop, thus resulting in embryos with only one seed-leaf. Note that there are no monocotyledonous trees hardy in this climate, and only a few shrubs, such, for example, as Smilax. Ecological Controls In order to take advantage of the most favorable cultural con- ditions, and also for planting effect, the Irises (like the Willows and Poplars mentioned on page 178) are extended along the Brook, on either side. northwest (2585). ing View fac Rock Garden. ity Fic 184 Rock Garden The beauty and interest of the Rock Garden has doubtless ar- rested the attention of the visitor before he proceeded to the Mono- cotyledons. The Rocks are glacial boulders which were deposited, at what is now the north end of the Botanic Garden, by one of the continental ice sheets that terminated at Long Island during the ce Age and formed the terminal moraine, known locally as “ the backbone of Long Island.” The boulders were uncovered during the grading of the area between the Museum Building and Mt. Prospect Reservoir, and constitute the only logical (as well as the only available) material for a Rock Garden here, since there is (with an unimportant exception, near the north-west shore) no ledge rock on the Island. (See Brooklyn Botanic Garden Guide No. 3, The Story of our Boulders, to be issued later.) The Rock Garden, constructed under the supervision of Mr. Montague Free, in 1916, contains about 800 different species of Alpine and rock-loving (saxatile) plants, from the Cordilleras of Western America, the Andes, Alps, Ural Mts., Himalayas, and other regions. So far as known, this was the first rock garden to be developed in a public park in America. Even a brief description must be reserved for a special guide book. Ecological Garden The word ecology is derived from two Greek words meaning “house” and “science.” Ecology, therefore means ‘“ house sci- ence,” or the science of the home life of plants (or of animals, as the case may be). This phase of botanical science has to do with the relation of plants to their surroundings or environment; more specifically to the various factors of environment, such as soil, water, light, gravity, air, wind, other plants, insects, and other animals, etc. A special guide is required for a full explanation of the Eco- logical Section. The vistor will note from the labels that the various beds are devoted to illustrating the relation of plants to the factors above mentioned. A wide range of environment is provided by the swamp, by the running water of the brook that flows into it, by the quiet pools and waterfalls in the brook below 185 the swamp, by open and shady places, and by the rock garden with its moist and its dry, well-drained areas. The Rock Garden is, in reality, a portion of the Ecological Section. The Merchild The Bronze Statue, Merchild, on the boulder just below the outlet of the Swamp, is the work of Miss Isabel M. Kimball, of Brooklyn, and was presented to the Botanic Garden in 1928 by Mr. R. R. Bowker, a member of the Board of Trustees. The Monocotyledons If the visitor has not already done so, he may now pass north to that part of the General Systematic Section that contains the Monocotyledons, described on page 182. The Return Journey From the Monocotyledons one may now proceed back through the Botanic Garden, past the Rose Garden to the Eastern Parkway Gate (Exit No. 1). If he has come by motor car, and has made arrangements in advance (see page 157) he may leave the Garden at the Flatbush Ave., Middle Gate (Exit No. 6), and find his automobile waiting for him there. Conservatories If one has time for more than the tour of the grounds, he may find the Conservatories of interest. They are located on the western (Washington Ave.) side of the Garden, and are open free to the public daily from ro a.m. to 4 p.m.; on Sundays from T p.m. to 4 p.m. In summer they are open until 4:30 p.m. The hours of closing are fixed so as to give the gardeners time to wet down the plants before they leave for the day. Library The reference library, containing at present (1929) about 10,000 volumes and 10,000 bound pamphlets, and having on file the cur- rent numbers of over goo periodicals on plant life, gardening, and closely related subjects, is in the Laboratory Building, and is open free to the public daily, except Sunday, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 a.m. to 12 m.). 186 I'tc. 16. The Merchild. Statuette by Isabel M. Kimball. Presented by Richard R. Bowker (6491). Bureau of Information Inquiries concerning Membership in the Botanic Garden, or | oD ) concerning any aspect of plant life and gardening or the classes, lectures, and other activities of the Botanic Garden may be made : uf at the Information Desk on the first floor of the Laboratory Building, or by writing or telephoning (Telephone: Prospect OT72), Souvenir Postcards and Publications Postcard views of the Botanic Garden, and of interesting plants, DS popular Leaflets, and such Guide Books as have been published 187 may be purchased for nominal sums at the Information Desk. Copies of the Annual Report are available in limited quantity for distribution to adults only. Suggestions Welcomed The management of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden will be glad to receive any suggestions or constructive criticisms as to how the collections may be made more attractive or educationally more effective. Suggestions should be addressed to the director. THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY THE BrookLyNn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) was met from private funds. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. The urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur- poses are more than twice as great as the present imcome from en- dowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. * A written Agreement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full ta the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree- ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Septem- ber 28, 1900, published in the Record for January, 1912 188 INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1.’ The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: Toe NOMA: MeMINEt .,.s ake 2 eee $ 10 2s aime amen Gr sao aaa eo 25 pee AMAMINED tad ssid Paces ee 500 ‘Permanent member . ai .c2t es: ae 2,500 J Diol a ne emer: mee... 10,000 Oe PatnOmh eis aoa 6.2552... a 25,000 PB Cne IAGO ac «gsi s-s eho eee ee 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through codperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, 6173 Prospect. - The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD oF TRUSTEES Present ee Cc. BLUM Fmst Vice-PRESENT Seconp Vict- PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM . Tuirp Vick-PRESIDENT Wee ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN = ee G. FOSTER “SMITH 5 JOHN H. DENBIGH BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING CoMMITTER MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman _ EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex Chie EDWIN GOULD MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY ‘WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN _ ALFRED W. JENKINS © GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W.FRANCIS ——~—~—*WILLIAM A. PUTNAM JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM ALEXANDER M. WHITE Ex OFFICIO MEM BERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK © : THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP. —All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible a membership. Members enjoy special opvileees Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, hes: a Life Membership, $500 1 information concerning membership be had by Saba The Directo, Brooklyn Botan Garden, Brooklyn, __ Telephone, ae ae Tue Bora eile is open hes e the public ay from 8 a.m. until dark; on Sundays ad "Holidays open at I _ _Enrrances.—On Flatbush Rew near aire Boulevard (Malbone Street), and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park- ‘S sade ae near oe Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of. the Build The eet entrance oe the Laboratory Building i is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite Aiontwome Str To Assist MEMBERS eh others in studying re collections the services of a docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Bovinite Coren i. others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. eee must be made by application to the Curator of Public In een at leas advance. ke parties of less six adults: will be con Aah H THE GARDEN take Broadway GB. M. T.) Subway t to Prospect Park Station ; Tatertion ough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, and Tompkins Avenue poles. to Washington ‘Aven enue; St. John’s Place trolley to Stecling” Place and Washington Avene? Union Pues and Vanderbilt Avenue ples to Prospect Park Plaza and Union ee " PUBLICATIONS oy se ee ee ope oF "BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD. Establish ned, January, 1 1912. ‘An administrative: Lriodlical issued \ quarterly (1912-1928); bimonthly beginning with 1929. Contains, among other _ things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, ue age papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to member of the Garden. To _ others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates in 41 coarinies MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published eee: Circulates in oe oa 47 countries in peri - consecutively. This series includes. occasional papers, as well as those are a Conservation of Christmas Greens | Occasional Exhibits | Educational Exhibits ea “Commercial and Trade Services Rec Contributions LT Teaflets | Me Brooklyn Botanic. Gardén Publications ecord flets moirs Syllabi Miscellaneous fate unicipa eges Editorial Service Private Organizations Parochial Schools Commercial Concerns [United States } PMunicipal | | Co-operation with other Institutions a M . 195 b. At the Schools. Lectures and addresses by members of the Garden = Staff. . Model lessons. Loan lectures, including lantern slides and lecture — w ae text. Supply of study material. Supply of Penny Packets of Seeds for planting in school and home gardens. Children’s Horticultural Exhibition or Fair. . Inspection of school gardens. . Temporary exhibits. LEESO embers: a. Expert advice on all aspects of plant life and gardening b. Services of docent without charge. c. Special exhibits and events. 1. Annual spring inspection. 2. Numerous “ Flower Days,” according to season. d. Copies of various Botanic Garden publications. e. Frequent announcement cards concerning plants in flower, and other exhibits. f. Identification of botanical specimens. g. Special automobile privileges in the grounds, h. Free admission to all lectures and classes. t. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium. j. Participation in the periodical distribution of duplicate plants and seeds. II. To the General Public: a. Plantations, including hardy plants, both native and exotic. Horticultural plants. Various types of gardens. b, Conservatories, containing Tender and tropical plants. Economic plants not hardy. c. Lectures, free to the Public. 1. At the Botanic Garden. To children. Toy axelnlins Leal CONT OD } | DIFFERENT PLANTS oS vt “6 (OF GARDENS ARE ENTIRELY a Fic. 4. Story label on Pepper plant (Piper nigrum) in the Economic House of the conservatories. (6786.) 197 2. Extra-mural lectures. To civic, educational, and scientific organizations, garden clubs, etc. d. Courses of instruction. Free to members; a nominal fee to non-members. e. Children’s Gardens. f. Boys and Girls Club. Fic. 5. Intimate relation between teacher and pupils, here illustrated, yields educational results not easily obtained by lecturing to large groups. March 21, 1923. g. Docentry. Teaching guides available, by appointment, to conduct parties through the conservatories and grounds. h. Bureau of Information. (1) Answers to inquiries on all aspects of plant life and gardening. By correspondence. 198 By telephone. By personal conference. (2) Publicity concerning Botanic Garden Activities. By weekly press “ releases” to local papers. By bulletins, posted and mailed. By broadcasting. i. Inspection of yards and gardens. Library, open free to the public daily. k. Herbarium, accessible for consultation daily. Cooperation with City Departments : Department of Parks. Department of Health. Department of Education (as noted above). . Cooperation with local organizations, such as,— Garden Clubs. Torrey Botanical Club. New York Horticultural Society. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts & Sciences. New York Association of Biology Teachers, Ete. _ Public exhibits at the Garden and elsewhere. . Conservation activities. (1) Publication of Conservation literature. (2) Cooperation with other organizations in securing the enactment of state laws for the protection of native America plants. (3) Lectures and broadcasting on the general subject of conservation. (4) Propagation at the Garden and distribution of native American plants in danger of extinction. (5) Cooperation in the establishment otf wild flower preserves or “ sanctuaries.” “ss, ~~ > = = as World Service 1. Botanical Publications : a. Technical. b. Popular. c. Administrative. Co-operation with other Institutions BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS United States Governmenta Foreign Governments Public Organizations — International Le Federal | U.S. Department —] State } Lt} Municipa Government ers d Bureau a Botanic Gardens and Statio Internat — Botanical Congress International Congress of Soil Science Commercial Concerns United States Foreign Countries New York Sfate Other States E Other States — Dept. of Health — Dept. of Parks | — | et | Other Cities } of Agriculture New York State EE Depts. of Agriculture | Elimination Poisonous Plants and Plants ca Phytopa. ological Survey Board of | Education | Botanical Society of America A Societ Girl Scouts Inc.| and Hortic American Assoc. f Pu the Advancement “fe Science ? eee | Ecological Society of America | |__| Lectures an ark, Etc. of iosped.t ddresses at Schools Say ety National Council for Nature Study and Gardening | Woodcraft League of America | E.g. State Federation of Garden Clubs | Eg Normal Schools, Academies of Science utara Soci + New York Public Library | -— Brooklyn Public Library | Supply of Study Material] Seeds for School Gardens | per ninl i. 199 ic Plants in the Econom (6405.) Fic. 6. Part of a school class studying atories. conserv 200 2. Exchange of seeds with other botanic gardens of this and and foreign countries. 3. Bureau of information: a. Answering inquiries. b. Press releases to Associated Press. c. Advertising. 4. Cooperation with national and international organizations, such as International Botanical Congress. International Congress of Soil Science. Botanical Society of America. Ecological Society of America. Editorial Board of Genetics. American Fern Society. American Iris Society. National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild. Wild Flower Preservation Society, Ete. The organization of the educational work of the Garden is shown diagrammatically in the folded chart facing page 194. The public instruction personnel is indicated on the chart on page he nature and conduct of this work will be set forth in more detail in the following pages. SERVICE TO En bCrixe I> To THE SCHGoLS a. At the Botanic Garden (Cf. b, p. 212 “ A 1. Studying the Plantations The grounds of the Botanic Garden are so planned as to constitute an outdoor museum. It is this which chiefly dif- ferentiates a botanic garden from a park. In a park, the chief or only aim of the planting is to secure a pleasing landscape effect and to afford shade for persons who visit the park chiefly for recreation and rest—to escape from the noise and distractions of the city to the peace and quiet afforded by a bit of the country preserved in the midst of the city. In a botanic garden the primary aim of the planting is to impart — Fic. 7. Biology class, with teacher, from Stuyvesant High School, studying succulents in Conservatory House No. 6. 1923. (3916.) 202 instruction concerning plant life, just as the primary aim of the various exhibits in a natural science museum (bird groups, in- vertebrate groups, etc.) is to give instruction in some branch of natural science. The first consideration is to have a rich repre- sentation of the different kinds of plants from all parts of the world, arranged so as to illustrate some aspect of botanical science, such as geographical distribution, relation to environment, the natural families of plants and their sequence, et cetera. The Educational Value of Beauty With these limitations, the aim must never be lost sight of to make the plantations as beautiful as possible, for beauty itself is an educational force not second, by any means, to a knowledge of structure, function, and relationships. A botanic garden, there- fore should exemplify, in its planting, the utilization of plants for aesthetic effect in the planting of streets, parks, homegrounds, and otherwise. The ideal is to make the Brooklyn Botanic Garden the most beautiful spot in the city. No more important educational service could be rendered to pupils in our schools than to provide, easy of access, a park or garden of rare beauty. If to this we add the botanical features above mentioned, we have in a botanic garden an educational instrument unique in kind, and not surpassed in importance by any educational equipment. The Importance of Labels and Guides 9) As in the case of any museum, the “exhibits” in a botanic garden must be effectively labeled, and the labels should be supple- mented with maps and guide books. Moreover, teaching guides or docents must be provided to facilitate the study of the collections by classes brought to the Garden by their teachers. The grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have been laid out with the above considerations in mind. Their use by classes, as well as by individuals and informal groups, increases each year —not only classes of botany, but also of nature study, geography (to study, for example, the Japanese Garden), and art (to draw and paint both individual wae and flowers, or landscapes and intimate views and vistas Tic. 8. Teacher’ class studying shrubs in the Botanic Garden. 1921. ( 3690.) iS 204 Tens of thousands of school pupils from the age of six or eight to twenty-two or twenty-three come each year, from elementary and high schools, teachers training schools, colleges and univer- sities, public, parochial, and other private schools, mostly in classes accompanied by their teachers. Guide Sheets To facilitate an orderly and effective study of the plants, classes are provided by the Garden with Guide Sheets, outlining the group or subject to be studied (Cf. pp. 250-255). These outlines help to insure and enrich the follow-up work and review which the teacher conducts at school, based upon the trip to the Garden. The Garden emphasizes the fact that a visit to the plantations should be chiefly for the purpose of getting, at first hand, source- material for classroom study and discussion. Importance of Class Trips For a teacher to take a class of 40 to 50 or more pupils across the city—the trip usually requiring a ride on the surface cars or subway trains—involves a considerable expenditure of time and effort, and a great responsibility on the part of the teacher, and we feel that the Botanic Garden should do everything possible to make sure that the trip does not turn out to be merely a pleasant (or unpleasant) outing, but that it shall yield the largest possible edu- cational returns. Under no other circumstances can these trips possibly be justified. It is so easy for class visits to botanic gardens and museums to degenerate into merely a lark or an hour's freedom from classroom routine. At the Botanic Garden the classes are in charge of competent and experienced instructors, able to command the respect and confidence of school principals and regular teachers and, above all else, to interest, inspire, and instruct the pupils. The work cannot be done properly if it is delegated to various members of staff who have little to commend them except that they know plants and happen to be available at the particular hour when the class arrives. Docentry is an educational process which should not be at- tempted with children or adolescents except by an experienced Fic. 9. Classes, comprising 180 pupils from Public Schools, receiving instruction on the Shore of the Lake The pupils have printed outlines of the lesson in their hands. See p. 204. 1925. (5126.) Fic, 10. Class from a public school studying trees in their winter condition. Feb 4, 1924. (5249.) The instructor is using a megaphone. 207 teacher, of forceful personality, interested in education and in human beings as well as in science. 2. Teaching School Classes The Brooklyn Botanic Garden believes that intensive, quiet work with small groups of pupils gives more satisfactory results than any other method of teaching. Only by this method can information be imparted in a manner to yield the richest educa- tional results. Education and imparting information are not synonymous, and the ultimate aim, in all of our work with the schools, is education. Equipment and Methods For the handling of classes the Garden is well equipped with classrooms and laboratories and with a range of three instructional greenhouses. The conservatories are also regularly used for class instruction, as well as the plantations, mentioned under the pre- ceding heading. Teachers may arrange in advance to bring classes to the Garden and do their own teaching, using the Garden equipment; but most teachers find it more satisfactory to have the lesson given by a member of the Garden Staff—usually a member of the Department of Elementary Instruction or of the Department of Public Instruc- tion. These lessons serve not only for imparting information to pupils, © but also as model lessons of value to the teachers, who are always present as observers. A common method at the Botanic Garden is to give a prepara- tory lesson in the classroom, and then follow this up with a demon- stration in the conservatories or grounds. Classes are frequently brought from the schools on successive days for a series of related lessons. This plan is particularly satisfactory. Classroom lessons at the Garden are always richly illustrated with living and preserved plant material, and with charts, pictures and lantern slides. The Botanic Garden instructors always en- courage the asking of questions by teachers and pupils and, wher- ever the subject permits, discussion is encouraged. Fic. 11. Nature stu dy classes from public schools, with their teachers, studying water plants Plaza, preceeding a lecture in the auditorium. Oct. 7, 1920. (3507.) mae n the Conservatory 209 3. Lectures to Pupils and Teachers Linutations of Lectures One of the most common methods employed by museums with classes is to give lectures to large audiences of several hundred to a thousand or more children. Another method is the so-called “ Story Hour,” with smaller groups. Lecturing to large audiences gives impressive attendance figures for annual reports, but, as we have said elsewhere (Fourteenth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1924, p. 24), lecturing to large audiences of young children usually yields smaller educational returns than anything one can do with them. The Story Hour has the advantage of more intimate contact with small groups, and should be more ef- fective than lecturers. When Lectures are Effective During a lecture or story hour the pupils’ minds are more or less passive (so far as the subject of the lecture is concerned !) in contrast to the well conducted class exercise. But, of course, there are occasions when a lecture to fairly large sized audiences of children may be made effective, and may, indeed, seem the only thing to do. The lecture seems justified when the main object is the imparting of information on broad subjects, easily compre- hended, and when the stereopticon or motion pictures are to be used. Lectures are frequently given at the Botanic Garden, and a list of some of the subjects may be found on pages 248-249. Our lecture auditorium seats 570, and is sometimes filled several times in one day. Syllabi The Botanic Garden is specially interested to stimulate and assist in “follow up” work with classes after they have returned from a visit to the Garden. One method of insuring this, and of helping to make the work definite and accurate, is by providing a syllabus of the given lecture—one for the teacher and one for each pupil. The syllabus may be pasted in the pupil’s note book, and aids in oral or written review, or both, as the teacher may deter- mine. By this method the results of the lecture are more definite and substantial; the lecture is less apt to have been chiefly a Bret Le Beehive demonstration at Brooklyn Botanic Garden before cla SS from Girls’ Commercial High Brooklyn, Sept. 28, 1926. Several such demonstrations were given during the year. (5984 Schoo I, Fie. 13. Public School pupils on arrival to see the motion picture reels on Tea, presented June 13, 1924. (5111.) by Sir Thomas Lipton, 212 pleasant hour with pictures. Specimen syllabi are given on pages 259-264. 4. Consultation and Conferences with Teachers The Botanic Garden encourages teachers of Nature Study, Botany, and related subjects to confer with members of staff con- cerning subject matter, method, collateral reading, and all other problems growing out of the daily work in the classroom. The extent to which teachers avail themselves of this opportunity in- creases and is very gratifying. During 1928, for example, over 1000 teachers held conferences with various members of staff con- cerning problems affecting 49,600 pupils. b. At the Schools (Cf. a, p. 200) 1. Lectures, commencement addresses, and talks to mothers clubs, and students’ and teachers’ organizations are a regular part of the service which the Garden renders to the schools. During 1928 the number given was 115. 2. Model lessons have been given by special request of teachers in the Public Schools. Classes from City Training Schools, University Summer Schools, and other institutions also visit the Botanic Garden to observe our work with classes. 3. Loan lectures, including lantern slides and lecture text, are available on the following subjects. Plans are matured for extending this service whenever the necessary funds become avail- able. Pupils call for and return the lantern slides. 1. Plant Life 4, Fall Wild Flowers 2. Spring Wild Flowers 5. Forestry (2 Sets) 3. Common Trees 4. The Supply of Study Material is one of the most valued of our services to the schools. Ina large city of the size of New York it is much more difficult to secure living plant material than in’ small cities; the country is less readily accessible, and yet the quantity required is greater on account of the larger number of pupils. The Botanic Garden Brook and Lake yield Spirogyra, Elodea and other forms of aquatic life (Protozoa, as well as micro- scopic plants), the Conservatories afford fern prothallia and other Fic. 14. Model lesson being given to five classes (250 pupils) at Public School 84, Brooklyn, by Botanic Garden Curator of Elementary Instruction. The illustrative plant material was supplied by the Botanic Garden. Jan. 26, ) 1927. (6053 4 bacteria: front of her. . Classroom experiment in Haaren High School, New York City, Pupil at table, who has coughed vigorously, has Petri dishes exposed at equal distances apart on tables in Petri dishes with sterile agar supplied by Brooklyn Botanic Garden. March 6, 1928. (6483.) to show the effect of a cough carrying 215 material, and seeds are readily germinated for supplies of seed- lings. During 1928 study material was supplied to over 3800 teachers in all five boroughs of Greater New York for the instruc- tion of over 156,600 pupils. In addition to this, sterilized agar is prepared in Petri dishes and flasks for the study of bacteria and other germ life. This service and the methods of using these preparations in the schools are described in detail in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XVI, No. 2-3, April 18, 1928, copies of which may be had gratis on request. 5. Penny Packets of Seeds are supplied each year to school pupils for planting in their school and home gardens. This service was inaugurated in 1914 when 25,000 packets were supplied. The demand steadily increased until the number supplied in one year (1929) has reached the total of 794,496 packets. (See p. 256- 258.) The seed packets are filled by “ our own boys and girls,” that is, children who are registered in our classes; and in connection with this the children are taught how to ascertain, by experiment, the percentage of germination as an index to the germinating power of the seeds used. All seeds are tested in this way before being distributed. 6. Children’s Fair. For twelve years (1914 to 1925, inclu- sive) the Garden held each fall, in the Laboratory Building, a Children’s Horticultural Exhibit of material raised by the children in their school or home gardens. Prizes were given for the best crops. The primary purpose of this exhibit was to stimulate an interest in gardening in city children. By 1925 it became evident that the original object of this exhibit had been largely accom- plished, and it was thereafter discontinued. 7. Inspection of school gardens is a regular part of the work of the Department of Elementary Instruction. Gardens at chil- dren’s homes, institutions, and elsewhere are also inspected and advice given as to cultivation of the soil, planting, care of crops, GLC: 8. Temporary Exhibits of plants and plant products are also placed in the Public Schools from time to time and are viewed by thousands of pupils. The extent of the Botanic Garden’s service to the Schools of pea Fic. 16. Penny packets of seeds being prepared for distribution to Brooklyn boys and girls for planting in school and home gardens. All five Boroughs of Greater New York are now included in this service. Over 794,000 packets were supplied in 1929, (4438.) 916 Mek 3 ee Sere eEe ot # the bundles o oS ettin Schools g i Public [rom various essengers f M chool children. s for s f{ seed ickets o . [e p Penny ordered by tl ives, IVE of seed FE hool Lem asc Ss 218 Brooklyn 1s shown by the map facing page 220. This service includes schools in all five Boroughs of New York City. I]. MempBersuip PRIVILEGES In addition to the Botanic Garden’s service to the general public, if members enjoy special privileges. These are listed on page 195 Fic. 18. Children’s Horticultural Exhibit. cle: of Public School 182 bring part of their exhibit. The flowers and vegetables were raised in their school garden from seed supplied by Brooklyn Cae Garden. Sept. 1925. (5616.) ) of this pamphlet. Many persons take out membership, not pri- marily for the purpose of securing these privileges, but through public spirit—because they believe that the Botanic Garden is 219 rendering a valuable public service and wish to have a part in it, and to encourage and support it. III. SERvicE To THE GENERAL Pustic The service which the Brooklyn Botanic Botanic Garden renders to the general public within the City is extensive and varied. This Fig. 19. Class from Public School 41 taking their share of the 25,000 Aer plants placed in the classrooms of Brooklyn Schools by the Botanic (6197. ) Garden during 1927. should be so, for though the annual appropriation which the City makes in its Tax Budget for the support of the Garden is not burdensome to the tax payer (amounting to only a fraction of one cent per inhabitant, and at present amounting, in the total, to less than one half the annual cost of maintenance), still the public is entitled to full and generous returns on its investment in the Botanic Garden. 15 220 Plantations Perhaps the largest service which the Garden has rendered to the City as a whole is the conversion of a tract of 50 acres, largely unused land and part of it an unsightly dumping ground when taken over in 1914 by the Garden, into what the daily papers have referred to as the most beautiful spot in Greater New York. In - GACTUS FAMILY | ~ 3-CEREUS TRIBE LEAVE. S ABSENT FLOWERS USUALLY WITH TUBES. GEREUS ECHINOGAGTUS _ EPIPHYLLUM RHIPSALIS © CEPRLOCRRL US OBL Carn Pay Mm Rio Fre. 20. Label on ground glass in the Conservatory. (6622.) addition to being a thing of beauty, the plantations of the Garden perform an important educational function as an outdoor mu- seum of living plants. It is now a daily occurrence to see visitors copying labels, making sketches and paintings of plants, flowers, and other features, and making other educational use of the erounds. Visitors frequently come into the Laboratory Building for information about the exhibits, or to look up questions in the Library or Herbarium, or, at times, to express their appreciation G Uy : - AOPeottuy SI Won, Ree — is Wee eee PLT 2 ws of * SOFSES ESS SS SS uy It, get 4 AAS Sei Be ca SS Nese ae SES i} ae ay 2, OAS See Ne aT 4) = SU SS 3 fama = mg ue \Y Le; » WE PAC f = KOSI OSD He i x ess Ds SS i ¥ SS v u) XK \ Se oy Weer fh ) SNe fs. ft = vi i, W Wi ve AWS el WATT Wee EL Kale SASL eas SNE le. ARNG url MW aoe a eI SHONTINN ait Ey sccnied plan f @ \. See ST a 2 = =a i My : ay oye! q y Wes ‘). as CLUE AL uch Hi I Wei ate Spa = =i) . KK } Ws Wy ca INS AMMAN xi an a \\ Sp Ge Ta aay go’ WH) i ant aA in r i\s3 AN WU x Sa ae UA ANON alk RS ‘ S SCN ON meta! AAMT N WN Ay suger ‘ \ oe 3 me aaa MEANS A I ee UME ASS SO at THEIR ON On OSI coal BESO af AN a ee ES LHL ne wa TEAL fi see WS RS tall Pies 4 Ze i i PG Waal etpelee Spa tT easel HH a 4, \ ie A IF Nee ee Ne MoM As aes x ay Pea + prea ie ; , {Ses Kp) i he ted Tats * Yes so = CASES ieee ey ng > My ODay: rT La ath aa CEN aA saat wh 4 Z SS yy ™ By pee PS LAND % 2 §, <— Se Fic. 21. ap of Brooklyn, showing the location of schools that are being served in one way or another by Brooklyn Botanic r olid dots in circles designate Elementary schools ing School. A solid dot, elementary school not being served by the Botanic Garden. There are only 8 of these in Brooklyn. 221 of the Garden and inquire how they should proceed in order to become members. For fuller information consult the General Guide, Gardens within a Garden, published in May, 1929. This guide contains a folded map of the Plantations. Guides to the various sections are also in preparation. Conservatories The Conservatories, as in the case of most botanic gardens, do not contain horticultural or floral displays, such as one may find in the conservatories of a public park, but are devoted to species (as distinguished from horticultural varieties) of plants from other climates and not hardy in Brooklyn. Special emphasis is placed on plants of commercial or economic value. Particular attention has been given to labeling and the use of “ story labels ” in the Conservatories. Public Lectures Public lectures are given from time to time on plant life and gardening, but the educational value of such lectures has not been found to be as great as results from courses of instruction. In Greater New York one may attend a lecture (either free or for only a nominal charge) almost every day of the year and at almost every hour of the day and evening. In addition to the lectures that one must go out to, in some hall, there are the radio talks that may be heard at home, on every conceivable subject, beginning with the “daily dozen” when one rises in the morning and con- tinuing through the day (at meals and between meals) until the “bedtime story” at night. In view of this, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, while not defi- nitely abandoning public lectures, does not consider them a major feature of its educational program. It is particularly interesting to note that, while attendance at free botanical lectures has been only moderate and fluctuating in numbers, and composed of a noticeable percentage of “ repeaters ” and persons in the leisure of advancing years, the attendance at courses of instruction (includ- ing laboratory and field work), extending over several weeks, and for which a tuition fee is charged, has been increasingly large and composed of new students, in the prime of intellectual vigor and — Fic. 22. Bearded Iris along plant in landscaping, in t a 1e Brook. June 5. Illustrating the planting of horticultural varieties and the use of a connection with its exhibit in the Systematic Secion of the plantations. (4954.) 223 activity—with corresponding stimulus to the instructor, and cor- respondingly gratifying results from the educational standpoint. Courses of Instruction Children, as well as adults, respond to opportunities for courses of instruction (even when tuition is charged) with more enthu- siasm than they do to free lectures. Figures of attendance at courses at the Botanic Garden are fairly impressive. During 1928 the attendance at lectures and courses combined, in the form of classes from the City schools, was 54,749, while attendance of adults and children at our own courses, organized without reference to the schools, was nearly 50,000—a total attendance of 100,000— the larger part of which was at courses of instruction, where the attendance at each session of the class was rarely more than 50. The total number of registrations in courses during 1928 was 6257. Educational Value of Tuition Fees—Attention is also here called to the fact that a small charge to children for tuition makes the difference between failure and success. When this work was started no tuition was charged; the attendance was irregular and uncertain ; the work was not succeeding. After it was decided to make a nominal charge the attendance became full, regular, and prompt. The fees are so small as to have value chiefly for their educational effect on the children. For example, for Course Al, Fall Greenhouse work, Saturdays, October 27 to Dec. 27, nine sessions, the tuition fee is fifteen cents. A Prospectus of courses of instruction and other educational advantages offered by the Garden may be had for the asking; also copies of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XVI, Nos. 5-7 (June 2, 1928), which gives a survey of the work of the De- partment of Elementary Instruction from its organization in 1913 to 1928. Children’s Gardens Children’s Gardens were started at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in 1914 on part of the site of the present Laboratory Building. The “South Addition”, turned over to the Botanic Garden by the City, in 1914, it was laid out in 1915 with provi- sion for the Children’s Garden along the south east border—a plot hay 2 3 (4584.) 23. July 23, 19 irdens beyond. ith Children’s Gz ing, wit ’s Buildi ens Childr Fig. 23. 225 of about one acre. Near the north end of this plot, the Children’s Building was constructed with a conference room, and a tool storage room. ‘The ground surrounding the building was laid out and planted with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous border, as a demon- stration of horticultural materials for children and teachers’ train- ing classes. The remainder of the plot of about three quarters of an acre was divided into small garden plots for children. In 1925 a small Shakespeare Garden for children was laid out at the south end of the plot, the funds being provided by Mr. Henry C. Folger, of Brooklyn. Not a Neighborhood Garden Membership in the Children’s Garden includes boys and girls from all over Brooklyn. It has never been allowed to become a neighborhood affair. All of the children pay twenty-five cents for plots 8’ x 10’, and fifty cents for plots 10’x 12’, and the seed sup- plied for planting. The Children’s Garden an Educational Discipline The Children’s Garden is conducted strictly as an educational discipline. The children are required to take certain courses in the classroom and children’s greenhouse before they may have a garden. However much the children (or their parents) may be interested in the crop, the interest of the Botanic Garden is in the boys and girls and the educational advantages they may derive from gardening. Our theory is that, if the garden is properly conducted from the educational point of view, the crop will be satisfactory. As evidence of this it may be pointed out that in one season, from three quarters of an acre, over $3,000 worth of vegetables are harvested, their value being based upon the prices charged by the green grocer on the days of harvest. Crops are harvested as they mature, and not at the end of the season. In 1928 the following total crop was recorded, in addition to a gen- erous amount of flowers from the herbaceous border and the “picking ” garden: ISCAS oooaseeooaes 342 Ibs. Kohl Rabi ....... 2,408 Beetsaetaerr er ae 3,795 leettice: santas ee 3,999 heads SCC RTO p Seen ts 135.1bss Parsley ones ceon 350 bunches (Gar OLSmer ee e522 Radishes ......... 19,201 Chard ee 878 lbs. Spinach “sean 45 Ibs. COnnperree es 240 ears Tomatoes ........ 25 Ibs. Fic. 24. Group of Girl Scouts at Brooklyn Botanic Garden for tree study in winter. February Ly 107, ( 3669.) 966 227 Sustained Attendance Special attention is called to the continuity of attendance at children’s courses. Many of our boys and girls have been reg- istered every year for three or four years, several for as many as six and seven years, at least one for eleven years, and one for Fic. 25. Training class of nurses from Prospect Heights Hospital, hav- ing a field lesson on the Castor-oil plant (shown at the left). October 5, 1927. (6416.) thirteen years, coming Saturdays and on vacation days for instruc- tion in plant life and gardening. Some of these boys and girls have gone to an agricultural college or have specialized in botany in the university. For such the Garden awards annually a $100 scholarship provided for in perpetuity by the late Alfred T. White. Others have gone into the nursery or florist’s business, and have become successful business men and substantial contributors to the endowment and collections funds of the Garden. 228 Boys’ and Girls’ Club A Boys’ and Girls’ Club was organized several years ago, com- posed only of those who have taken courses at the Garden. This Club has at present (1928) about 800 members, approximately one half boys and one half girls. A very attractive Children’s Room has been fitted up in the Laboratory Building. This room was made possible by a gift of private funds, and here the boys Fre. 26. Children’s Greenhouse, Group of 20 boys with wooden imple- ments for plant propagation work, made by the boys and presented by them to the Botanic Garden. Ready for a lesson. June 2, 1925. (5452.) and girls gather on Saturday mornings and at other times. Regular meetings are held with programs on botanical and garden- ing topics, and presided over by the officers of the Club. There are in this room a children’s library of books on plant life, aquaria, terraria, and desert gardens all made and maintained by the chil- dren, nature study magazines, stereoscopic views of plants, flower panels, etc. At the windows hang transparencies of plant Ife. The Club publishes a monthly magazine, Agricola, now (1929) 229 in its seventh year. All the activities of this club are supervised by a Staff advisor. Docentry Docentry is a name first applied, about ten or fifteen years ago, by museums, to the plan of having a teaching guide to assist visi- tors in obtaining the most from their visits to the museum with the least expenditure of time and effort. The docent is not merely a guide who knows where exhibits are and how to reach them most directly, but is, in addition to this, competent to give instruction concerning the exhibits. All members of the Botanic Garden staff may act as docents from time to time, but this work regularly devolves upon the members of the educational departments. Docentry service is free to members of the Garden; to non-mem- bers a nominal charge is made, as indicated on the third page of the cover of this pamphlet. By one plan a docent makes regular trips scheduled in advance; the most satisfactory plan, so far, at the Botanic Garden, is to have parties (of not less than six adults ) make special arrangements in advance for the service of a docent. Bureau of Information The Bureau of Information includes practically every member of staff, for questions asked are referred to the one considered most competent to reply. Innumerable residents of Brooklyn and other Boroughs, both members and non-members of the Garden, inquire during the year concerning the care of house plants, lawns, trees and shrubs, places for purchasing seeds, plants, and garden supplies, fertilizers and all manner of garden operations, plant diseases, formulae for insecticides, native wild flowers, lectures on plant life, and a myriad of questions concerning plants, their uses and their products. Local authors are supplied with in- formation and often with photographs for illustrations of books they are writing. Artists inquire concerning the use of plants and plant forms in design. Gas companies, florists, and neighborhood associations have been given information as to the effect of illumi- nating gas on trees and greenhouse plants. A thorough investigation and report has been made for a local smelter company as to the effects of smelter fumes on vegetation. iG: "272 Class of boys and girls in plant culture in the Children’s nge. June 17, 1923, greenhouse. One of three similar houses in the (4552. ) I*tc. 28. Class of adults in ‘ House Plants,” showing rich illustrative material. pee. November 8, 1928. (6630. ) 232 Colored posters calling attention to the Garden have been framed and placed in all the branch libraries of the city and in schools. The design of these posters was obtained by a competi- tion among art students of Brooklyn, with a prize for the design considered best and finally adopted. Publicity concerning the Botanic Garden’s activities, flowers in bloom, the best time to see certain exhibits, new and interesting accessions and developments, et cetera, is carried on systematically by weekly Press Releases from the curator of public instruction and the special publicity agent ; by announcements posted on bulle- tin boards or mailed; by Post-card Bulletins to members, and by broadcasting talks on the Botanic Garden and on botanical and gardening subjects. Inspection of Yards and Gardens Requests for inspection of yards and gardens are now being met to the limit of our capacity, with both oral and written reports on the treatment needed to obviate existing troubles. The Library The Library, open free daily (except Sunday) to the public, has about 14,000 books, 10,000 pamphlets, and current issues on file of over 900 magazines and other periodical publications de- voted to plant life and gardening. Bibliographical assistance is rendered to readers daily by the Library staff. The Herbarium The Herbarium of flowering and non-flowering plants, com- prising over 170,000 specimens, is also accessible for consultation daily. Cooperation with City Departments Cooperation with City Departments is a constant feature of our local public service. A survey of the tree diseases of Prospect Park was made some time ago and the results published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp. The Department of Health has a program of public health edu- cation which includes instruction on local poisonous plants, and Fic. 29: The Library, UA SOLUM E NEC:S showing students from the New York School of Fine and Applied Art, studying illustra- tions of plants for suggestions in design. (5844.) EEG 234 on plants whose pollen is known to cause hay fever. The Botanic Garden has supplied the Health Department with pressed and mounted specimens of Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron) and the Five-fingered Ivy (Amtpelopsis) commonly confused with it, and with specimens of the Ragweed (Ambrosia), one of the worst offenders in causing bronchial asthma (hay fever). Our cooperation with the Department of Education, through the schools, has already been noted (pp. 200-218). Cooperation with Local Organizations Cooperation with local organizations is constant and varied. Speakers are furnished for local garden clubs, mother’s clubs, business men’s and church organizations, the Chamber of Com- merce, and others. The Garden is a member of the Civic Council of the Chamber of Commerce. A representative of the Garden has, for several years, been a member of the Committee on Plant Quarantines and their Administration, of the Merchants Associa- tion (of Manhattan). Local organizations of all kinds have held meetings at the Garden and have been assisted in programs by speakers or other- wise. Among these organizations may be mentioned many Garden Clubs, the Torrey Botanical Club, New York Horticultural So- ciety, New York Association of Biology Teachers, Department of Botany of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Girl Scouts, Campfire Girls, Boy Scouts, and others. Public Exhibits Public Exhibits are installed several times a year, including those at the annual Flower Show of the New York Horticultural Society in the Grand Central Palace; the Exposition of Women’s Arts and Industries held in September at the Hotel Astor; the Annual Spring Inspection; the Boy Scouts Exhibits at the Garden; the United Parents Associations Educational Exhibit at Grand Cen- tral Palace; and others. Conservation Activities The Botanic Garden, from its foundation, has been active in promoting an interest in the conservation of native American wild Fic. 30. Exhibit of Brooklyn Botanic Garden at the Fifteenth International Flower Show, farch 19-24, 1928. (Photo by Peter A. Juley & Soni Grand Central Palace, Manhattan, 236 flowers and ferns, both alone and in cooperation with other agencies. This work has included the following activities ; Publication of Conservation Literature Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XII, No. 2 (April 16, 1924) entitled The Conservation of Beauty, was soon ex- hausted and was revised and reprinted as Leaflets, Series XIII, No. 5-6 (June 10, 1925), in cooperation with the Torrey Botani- cal Club, the New York Bird and Tree Club, the American Fern Society, and the New York Association of Biology Teachers, all of whom contributed funds for the publication and distribution of an issue of 5,700 copies. There was a large demand for the Leaflet from all over the country, and one of the illustrations, showing quantities of Flowering Dogwood being loaded into an automobile, was reproduced by the monthly journal Horticulture (Boston), and by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, St. Patil. (Gy pear.) Series XV, No. 11-12, of the Leaflets (November 30, 1927) was entitled “ What Price Christmas Greens ”’, and called attention to the great quantities of American Holly (ies opaca), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Ground Pine (Lycopodium com- planatum and L. obscurum), Black Alder or Common Winter- berry (/lex verticillata), and Mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens ) now being collected for sale at Christmas time. The following suggestions were made toward a solution of the problem of con- serving these plants : 1. Encouraging the growing and marketing of Christmas greens ona commercial scale (as a crop) by nurserymen, landowners, and others. 2. The protection of these plants by rigid state laws. 3. Public education, through schools and otherwise, of the need of conserving these plants, and of respect of private property rights in the matter of collecting such material in the open country at Christmas time. Other Leaflets on conservation topics have been the following: How shall we save rare plant species from extinction? (Series XVI, No. 4. May 16, 1928.) Practical suggestions for the ae of Christmas greens. (Series XVI, No, 10-11. Dec. 5, 1928. ee eae P Sg Falmer gaeer Se | : 1 : . 2 M 1’ meen * SHE ea Sago Se Ba Be —— SN Oe 4 - A a ays ai eee. a i Itc. 31. Portion of exhibit at Spring Inspection, 1927, to illustrate the sequence of plant families according to Jussieu, 1789 (top row); Bentham and Hooker, 1862-83 (middle row) ; and Engler, 1889-1900 (bottom row). In each row the same twenty families are represented, each by a flowering or leafy branch from a plant belonging to that family. Note, for example, the different positions of the Magnolia (M). (6200.) 238 Attention has also been called to the conservation problem in the Annual Reports of the Botanic Garden since the Report for 1923. The preparation and distribution of special literature relating to the protection of native plants began in 1922, In 1923 nearly 3,000 copies of an article on Game laws for ferns and wild flowers, by Dr. R. C. Benedict, resident investigator, were distributed as reprints from the American Fern Journal (12: 33-45. Sept. 1922), together with numerous copies of other articles, in co- operation with the American Fern Society. Conservation Meetings On May 23, 1923, there was held at the Garden a joint meeting of three organizations,——the Wild Flower Preservation Society, the American Fern Society, and the New York Bird and Tree Club, with representatives from other similar organizations from Chicago, Washington, and several eastern states. This meeting authorized the appointment of a committee, representing the or- ganizations in attendance, to take action toward the amendment of the conservation laws of New York State so as to provide pro- tection for native American plants. The Chairman of the Com- mittee was Dr. Benedict, representing both the Botanic Garden and the American Fern Society. At the second meeting, held at the Garden on May 28, 1924, this Committee presented its report, recommending that the State Leg- islature be urged to insert the word “ plants ” in the Private Parks Section of the State Conservation Law. The report was approved and the committee re-elected for 1925, with new members added. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 13:127-128. July, 1924.) At a meeting held at the Garden on May 26, 1926, the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State joined the group of cooperating societies. It was reported that, as a result of the work of the committee of these organizations, the Conservation’ Law of New Tork State had been further amended so as to make it unlawful wilfully to destroy Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens), Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), or Pink Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium acaule), “ growing on the lands of the people of the State, or in any street, highway, public place or park belonging to, or under the control of any county, Z = 239 city, town or village.’ Any person doing this “ shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.” This act received the signature of Governor Alfred E. Smith, April 13, 1926, and took effect immediately. Fic. 32, Flowering Dogwood being loaded into an automobile after hav- ing been broken from wild trees. Reproduced oe Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflet entitled, “ The Conservation of Beauty Lectures and Broadcasting on Wild Flower Conservation This work began on April 8, 1922, when the Director of the Garden spoke on “The Contributions of the Brook lyn Botanic Garden to the Conservation Movement,” at the final program of “ Conservation Week,” held under the auspices of the New York City Federation of Women’s Clubs, 3orough Hall, Brooklyn. Addresses and broadcastings have since been given on the general subject of conservation by different members of the Garden staff. 240 Propagation and Distribution of Native American Plants In the Botanic Garden Leaflet for April 16, 1924 (mentioned above), attention was called to the desirability of propagating some of the rare species of native American wild plants with the idea of distributing seeds and young plants to persons who would be able to grow them. As a step in this direction Dr. Benedict began in the fall of 1925 to raise, from spores, plants of the Hart’s Tongue Fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), found in only two re- stricted areas in America (in Tennessee and New York), and in danger of becoming exterminated im one of these areas (Green Pond, near Syracuse, N. Y.) on account of quarry operations. About 1,000 young plants (“sporelings ’’) were grown that year and distributed in 1926 and 1927. It is planned to continue this work. Wild Flower Preserves or Sanctuaries In the Leaflet of April 16, 1924, the importance was urged of providing preserves or “ sonctuaries ” for Native American Flora, especially the species suffering from vandalism and consequently becoming rare and in danger of extinction in the vicinity of large cities. This was referred to again in the Annual Report of the Garden for 1925, and in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XVI, No. 4 (May 16, 1928), entitled “ How shall we save rare plant species from extinction?” In the Leaflet it was pointed out that, “For practical conservation, private initiative must take the lead in setting aside tracts of land as sanctuaries where the propa- gation of rare plants and their naturalization can be carried out.” Conservation activities are a continuing interest of the Botanic Garden. WORLD SERVICE 1. BoTANICAL PUBLICATIONS Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications circulate in 65 foreign countries, besides the circulation in the United States. They fall naturally into three groups, as follows: : a. Technical, devoted exclusively to publishing the results of research done at the Garden or at other institutions. These include, 241 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions. American Journal of Botany (Official publication of the Botanical Society of America). Ecology (Official publication of the Ecological Society of America). Genetics (In cooperation with the Editorial Board of Genetics). Delectus Seminum (Seed List) Further information concerning these may be found on the fourth page of the cover of this publication. b. Popular, including Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets. Guides to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Miscellaneous Flower Games (A booklet for children). List of Books on Gardening and Botanical Nature Study. Etc. The Guides and Seed List are published as regular numbers of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, and are sent regularly with- out charge, to members of the Garden. (For information con- cerning membership see page 195 and cover page 38) c. Administrative, including Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, a quarterly from 1912 to 1928, now a bi-monthly, comprising the Annual Report, and also the Seed List and Guides mentioned above. Free to Botanic Garden members. See also the fourth cover page. Exchange of Publications In the paragraph on the Library (p. 232) attention is called to the fact that more than 900 periodical publications are currently received in the Garden Library. In this connection it may be pointed out that many of these are received in exchange for Brooklyn Botanic Garden journals. Our own publications, there- fore, serve a double purpose, not only disseminating the results of American research, but bringing to our own city, and making freely accessible to the public, the published results of botanical research in other countries. 242 porn te RORRATDOR HATH TG WDNOIEK WHET CF 43 : wr te © BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN. rene an Swen Bee, asians, EAFLETS _ THE COLLECTION OF WATER LILES AT THE BROOKLYN BOTARIE GARDEN Fic. 33. Publications of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (5673.) 2. ExcHANGE OF SEEDS WITH OTHER BOTANIC GARDENS Seed exchange lists have been published for many years by foreign botanic gardens. The earlier issues of some gardens are of scientific value as they were the places of original publication of new scientific names or names of new species. Such more or less casual publication of names has for some time been abandoned, but the seed exchange lists serve a valuable purpose in acquainting botanic gardens with seeds available from various countries. By the mutual exchange of these seeds the collections of each garden may be constantly enriched. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was apparently, the first Garden of the United States to publish regu- 243 larly a seed exchange list, and was for several years the only garden doing so. Our endeavor is to make each list as rich as pos- sible in seeds of native American plants, and these are the plants for which there are the most frequent demands from foreign gardens. At present, seeds of herbaceous and woody plants are offered in alternate years. In 1928 seeds of 284 woody species were listed; in 1929 seeds of 642 herbaceous species. In 1928 the Garden received from other Gardens (European and Asiatic) seeds of over 1200 species; in 1929, nearly 1000 species. 3. Bureau oF INFORMATION a. Inquiries are daily received by letter, telephone, and per- sonal conference, in ever increasing number, from all parts of the United States and from foreign countries, concerning every aspect of plant life, gardening, and botanic gardens. A large fruit com- pany inquires about diseases of the banana; two institutions ask for a list of texts and other books to serve as the nucleus of new libraries; a representative of a State Public Service Commission inquires for a bibliography and information concerning market prices of the Ramie fiber plant; a representative of a large manu- facturing company in Mexico is loaned copies of the Journal of Agricultural Science for the purpose of making photostat copies of certain articles; a public school official of an Ohio city inquires where plant labels may be obtained to use in marking the trees and shrubs on the school grounds and adjacent park; a correspondent in California requests the addresses of firms that supply recording instruments needed in a study of the physiology of the cotton plant; a textile firm in New York consults colored illustrations and living specimens of South and Central American plants for designs for upholstery and drapery fabrics; the principal of a college in Wales comes for information concerning our educational work with children; a land and lumber company of Illinois inquires as to the best varieties of daffodils for planting naturalistically in its lawns; a bulb grower of the State of Washington requests per- mission to use in his advertising photographs of “ naturalized” bulb plantings at Brooklyn Botanic Garden; numerous artists are supplied with material to illustrate Baer iccttens of commercial plant products ; a Latin student obtains information concerning the MS a | Ob ie Les BES — | Oo 4. ae Rou , . a at EPs : Senaal z z [“si, 4c #1 ON « PeRetx ¥ 2 = 1 ae: i a " a a Poel = : a 7 sorreta otra ey of x a a os a | | ad | —* | — | | Fic. 34. Map showing world circulation of seven Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications, 1929. Most of the lines are significant in both directions, for pu Gar the sabi daily ublications n library from most of the foreign points to which the Garden publications go. as of January 1 urrently received in the Botanic The library is open free to ’ PVG 245 phenology of plants mentioned in Virgil to Use in connection with a thesis on ‘‘ The time element in the Aeneid;” a wholesale florist from a city in Pennsylvania consults a member of the Garden Staff concerning the effect of illuminating gas on plants, and arranges for testimony in court which 1s an important factor in his winning a verdict of $40,000 for damages against a gas company; a corre- spondent in New Zealand asks concerning American text books on ecology ; a corporation in California wishes information as to how the establishing of a botanic garden affects property values in the vicinity of the garden; another asks concerning Tung oil, and is referred to a complete bibliography on the subject (four bound volumes) in our library; an author is seeking for the first pub- lished illustration of Indian corn (Zea Mays) and finds it in one of the books in the pre-Linnean collection in the Library; a repre- sentative from the Department of Apparatus and Development of the Laboratories of a large Telephone Company came and secured information concerning a “chisel forceps”, used for obtaining samples (for a culture) of the diseased part of timber without splitting the wood. Many specimens of plants are received by mail for determination. The list of cases could be continued almost indefinitely. b. Press releases to the Associated Press are sent at regular intervals. During 1928 over 1,100 clippings were received of such articles, sent to the daily press concerning plant life and the activ- ities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. These Associated Press articles have appeared in the newspapers of 30 states. In addition to news items, articles on the Botanic Garden are appearing at frequent intervals in Magazines throughout the world c. Advertising of Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications was begun several years ago, and these advertisements appear at intervals during the year in the scientific and educational press of practically all the larger civilized countries. 4. COOPERATION WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS The extent of the Garden’s cooperation with other institutions, domestic and foreign, is given in the chart facing page 199, and 246 emphasises the extent of the World Service of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Garden (for 1925) there was published a list of 85 foreign and 755 domestic institutions (a total of 840) with which the Garden had actively cooperated that year. INQUIRIES INVITED The Garden will gladly answer any inquiries concerning the organization and conduct of its educational program. Such in- quiries may be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. STATISTICS AND ForRMS The following pages contain statistics of the Garden’s educa- tional work, and reproductions of lecture bulletins, used in our School Service, and of guide sheets, syllabi of lectures, and other forms used in the Department of Elementary Instruction. OTHER PUBLICATIONS GIVING INFORMATION CONCERNING BrRooKLYN BoTANIC GARDEN 1. Research at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec., 16: 143-188. July, 1927. 2. Facts about the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard, Rec., 17: 147-163. July, 1928. 3. Gardens within a garden: A general guide to the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Guide No. 2. With folded map. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec., 18: 153-188. May, 1929. 4. Prospectus of courses, lectures, and other educational ad- vantages offered to members and to the general public. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. September issue of each year. 5. Annual Report. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. March issue of each year. STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE Conferences 1928 1927 ae OlgeRe Chie Suns. eer pam ee nh seen e eee 1,060 670 imbeneotmlipllsuitivolveds 29.0) i ies ss. en 49,600 21,580 ees Lectures (Lantern slides, etc) INIMTNTS2 ORE TICE VSS eg hay ek wy ee 69 26 Number of Pupils ee Meese cee Oru Olek te aa ene 6,736 2,174 Study Material Supplied Numbe er of Schools and annexes igh In eee (Total No. in Borough, 14, plus 17 Annexes ) BRE i een a ae acces th he eee ZA In See oF ECS REECE et Cee Ae Pe ee 8 6 lay IM Nal ak: at ok a pee ec are 19 8 LOU G ae OTOUO 1S i eter tte yea saree a 10 . 4 Junior High Schools (Total No. in Brooklyn, 17) 18 12 Colleges, Universities, and Museums ............ 11 8 Training Schools for Teachers ................ 4 2 Elementary Schools (Total No. in Brooklyn, 214) 123 66 Private and ee SCHOG Siete ie ee 25 22 NumbetCiemecaChens: ae ees eee cee 3,818 2,995 mber of Pupils eae Ae ee ee lath 156,619 109,011 Exhibits Provided HNtimbeiaemexchi bits, ste even ale ee 29 9 Vee ety caved eet ee ina fit Men Ne ate were es 89,065 11,200 Living Plants Placed in Schools . (Bhowlerery “(one | Yelaveye) b) Pepys eke aa eee ae Pee 150 130 INRUIMDetmOumED ata tonere anne pnt tMten yee en 18,295 Zou Se Cetettae Or Class Use [eye Sys arth ca car Sees a 3,231 2,338 Ts eR ie oc A 34 10 Seed Be tae for Children 1029 5 Oey OR COP ORCRON e 428 220 eee rise Sass Cksso TEED CN eee a ee 6,621 5,626 LAB Oa ES erp BER net ee 264,834 268,519 PEEVE eclitay ei ee rer 794,500 705,694 248 Spring Announcement for Teachers and School Bulletin Boards Please Post BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Lessons, Lectures, and Field Trips on Nature Study, Geography, and Gardening APRIL 9 to JUNE 10, 1929 TO BE GIVEN AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN Grades it Plat. Wild Flowers. (Lantern slides.) end 4A and 4B 2. en Ove on s. (Lantern slides.) 3. Seedlings. (Exper eet 4. Trees, Their Shine ae a (Lantern slides and field wo 5. Na ee Stories. (Limited to one class.) 54 and 5B 6. How Soil is Made. (Experiments. ) Grades 7. Seeds: How to Plant and Care for Them. (Demon- : stration. 8. World’s pases Fruits and Vegetables. (Lantern lide onomic Greenhouse. 9. Distribution re Cultivation of Food Crops. (Lantern slid 10. How aia Plants Her Seeds. (Lantern slides and speci 11. Tro eat Plants (Lantern slides and BpCCinIen Ss) Grades 12. Indoor Garder (Demonstration mater 64 and 6B Terraria, aicon bose es, desert eae 13. Spices: Their History and Geography. Cones slides and specir 14. Garden Flowers. (Lantern slides and specimens.) Paiacicles of Arrangement. 15. Six Common Shrubs. (Field work.) 16. ariese Gardens: Their pore (Lantern slides and wa 17. Amazon we Coffee and Rubber. (Lantern slides and spec 18. How to Plan Be Plant an Outdoor Garden. (Lantern slides and demonstration. 19. Flower eh and Conservation. (Lantern slides an Junior 20. Plant Wealth ‘of nee (Lantern slides and specimens. ) High 21. Cotton: Cultivation and Economic Importance. (Lan- School tern slides and specimens. 22. Story of Plant Life, by zones. (Lantern slides, green- ouse. 23. Ecology. Study of Plant Life Common to Streams. sields, Mountains, etc. (Field work. 24. Germination of Seeds. (Experiments. ) 25. The Function of Leaves. Cen and Experiments. ) For all 26. Spring Walks Around the Gro rrades Note Principals and teachers should make appointments for classes at least one week in advance, no appointments will be made for Mondays. Cards for this may be obtained a writing to Miss Ellen aay Shaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 249 en Announcement for Teachers and School Please Post Bulletin Boards BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN | Lessons, Lectures, and Field Trips on Nature Study, Geography, and Gardening SEPTEMBER 25 to December 20, 1928 TO BE GIVEN AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN Grades 4A and, 4B Grades 5A and 5B Grades 6A and 6B Grades Junior SG aah Le Syoco ND wm BR w Fall wild flowers every child should know. (Lantern slides. specimens ee for your classrooms. (Specimen plants presented o each grade. ‘iva hoxes-—planting and care. (Demonstration with living mater Simple classroom eae ane with plants to show how they live and work. (Demonstrations. Common oe eee family life. Lantern slides and field t ur Risa garden crops—simple noisier cal facts for veryday use. (Actual material. Grains that provide food for us—wheat, corn, rice, oats. (Lantern slides . A trip through the South—cotton, tobacco, fruits. Foods of the Orient—tea, rice, spices, bamboo. South America’s economic plant contributions —coffee, rubber. (Slides and motion pic f 11. Geographic distribution of plants. earns m se s.) The cacao industry. (Slides and motion pictur (F . Ecologic factors in plant life. field trips. Plant life as seen in the Botanic Garden greenhouses. . Plant life from infancy to old age. . Indoor Culture of bulbs, (IDeInOnerE ations. ) . Plant propagation. (Greenhouse Demonstrations.) . Flowers and flower arrangements. (DeaGR TE aGRS with materials.) . Fall trip around oe grounds. The Japanese Garden—its poten cance . Birds are ree: va ae to m . Nature’s Thanksgiving Rinne: (Given November -28. 20% CNTR: greens—old tales and fables. (Given Decem- ) ber 12-20. ote.—Principal s ang teachers should make appointments for classes at No least one wee k in a — — nce, no appointments will be made for Mondays. Cards for this may he obtained by writing to Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brook lyn Botanic Garden 250 Guide Sheet No. 1a? BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION AN EARLY SPRING WALK Leaving the building, turn left past the Lily Pools and take the path to the right. Look carefully in the grass beside the road. Those round, green sels are Tulips coming up. eep to your right past the Barberries. Do you> know the name of the tiny white flowers fenced in on your left? They are the very first to bloom in the spring and are therefore called Snowdrops. They were there in February before we had our last snowstorm You will notice a hill at your right. Do you see some flat green blades coming up through the grass? These are the leaves of the Daffodils and soon the hill will be yellow with their flowers. Just before you come to the boulder bridge, you will see growing close to the ground the Adonis with its queer-looking yellow flowers. ° Cross the bridge and turn to your left. Soon you will reach the Rock Garden where there are several interesting little plants in bloom. Up on the bank close to the stone path are some pale lavender Crocuses with bright yellow centers. Watch carefully on your left as you walk along the road. Do you see Be Scilla, ae little blue bell-shaped flower? Now look away ahead of you. The bright orange flowers that you see are also Crocuses. Most of oe are bes but do you see a white one and also one or two purple ones at the right? Now if you will ca straight ahead you will come to the Flatbush Avenue gate. But if you are coming back to the building, turn around the corner to your left and you will find, in a little fenced-in area near the boulder bridge, some other yellow flowers. Are these crocuses also? Look carefully and see if you can tell. [Note: These flowers were Winter Aconite (Hranthis hyemalis).] 1 When a class from a school is conducted about the Garden the teacher and each member of the class are given a copy of the corresponding Guide Sheet Zoi Guide Sheet No. 1b BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION AN EARLY SPRING WALK You can’t choose any route around the Garden today without seeing some ok in see e the Wallon and Maples in bloom as you stand away from them. a you go out past the lily pool and turn to the left, you find all the space between the road and the brook in bloom. The Chinese Cherry is still a rosy Cloud. Farther on, examine the tiny pink buds of Flow ering Almond. They will be out in a few days. Near them is a row of white Flowering Cherries. Near the stone bridge, see the Red Buckeye tree with huge coral buds. Just beyond the bridge is a Poplar with long red tassels Drifts of yellow Forsythia are everywhere. Toward the Flatbush gate the Swiss Heath is showing modest wee pink blossoms, The Crocuses, white and purple, are still with us. In the Rock Garden, blue and white Scilla (Squills) are in bloom—also the white Anemone, pink Saxifrage, Viper’s Bugloss and yellow Trollius (Globe Flower). Beyond the Rock Garden, yellow early Tulips are blooming in the tulip beds The Daffodils on Boulder Hill and down the walk are beginning to come ut. And did you ever see anything lovelier than the Magnolia Triangle? Guide Sheet No. 2 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION A LATE SPRING WALK Leave the main entrance of the Laboratory Building and turn left La the Ae pools. Walk around the pools and take the path to the right. Look in he grass on your left and see the tulips coming up. You will an the ares Cherry tree in bloom. What color are its blossoms ? As you walk along you will notice the Daffodils just coming out. They are among the first flowers to bloom in the spring, Do you know any flowers that bloom earlier than Daffodils ? Next you come to the Magnolia Triangle. Notice the big blossoms and the large furry buds on these trees. As you walk around the Magnolia Ae, 202 Triangle look at the hillside on your left. It looks like a field of gold or sunlight. Think how many Daffodils there are there. As you walk toward the Japanese Garden notice the Forsythia Ae in bloom. Do you think aes blossoms are the same color as the Daff u have come to the Japanese Garden. See if you can locate the follow- ing Ban in the Japanese Garden: Torii ARs 2. Tea 3. The enh tree on your left as you enter the Japanese Garden. See its pink oe bark. Have its buds begun to turn pink yet? 4. Fagot fer 5. Japanese Tris coming up on the right hand side of the little path. 6. Waterfalls. 7. Moonview Hou 8. Shrine on the hill Can you find the sacred foxes guarding the shrine ? Leave the Japanese Garden and turn right around the lake. Keep to this path back to the Magnolia Triangle, and after taking the path across the bridge, turn left. As you walk towards the Rock Garden see if you can find some tiny yellow tulips on your left. As you pass a Rock Garden look at the little blue Hyacinths among the rocks on the ter you have passed the Rock Garden, look pee you to see the Willows growing along the Brook. That is where Willows like best to ow. See how light and yellow their tops are. at the other trees and notice the different colors of their new leaves. Guide Sheet No. 3 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION A FALL WALK Leave the Laboratory Building and turn to your right. When you come to the Lake stop and notice some of the things in the Japanese Garden. 1. The Torii. See standing in the water. Do you know what it means in 2. Lotus cae the Sacred Flower, growing in the water Notice how the seed pods bend over the water. 3. Sacred Crane Sones in ne water. 4. Tea House and Arbor. Enter the garden and notice as you walk past the Tea House: 1. Cherry Tree in front of Tea House. Notice its bark. 2. Faggot fence. 253 ne eee to see how the Japanese make their “ living fences.” 3. Archwa re) v0 know what the eas writing on the archway says? “You are coming to the Flowe Walk rae ae small arch and follow the path around the Lake. Do you see the Japanese Iris plants growing by the Lake? Keep to your left and you will come to 1. Moonview House. Why is it called that? 2. Island. Why are the cranes the 3. “Snow Shed” Lantern on i island. hy is it named that? 4. Drum Bridge oe: to Bah island from iit ee ales the reflection and vill see why it is called a “ Drum’ & Seay stones to Island. Notice how the stones are arranged. After you have left here you will soon come to the first waterfall. The garden is divided into three levels: 1. Heaven. The highest hill, in the distance, 2. Man re medium height hill, near the center of the Garden. 3. Ear ee by the two large boulders on the edge of the Lake. Cross the large bridge and, as you proceed on the path to your right, you will see the Inari Shrine on your left. Inari is a sect of Shintoism, one of the religions of Japan. This is where the Japanese pray. After you have passed the shrine and the second waterfall, you will take a sharp turn to your left and walk up on the hill, the highest part of the cee which is the hill “ Heaven.” From here we proceed to the Shrine. ae ae foxes before the Shrine Inari is the sect of the fo a very primitive kind of religion. 2. Lantern. To light the path for the worshipper. Come back to the Lake and take the path to yeur right. Walk eee across the grounds past the outlet of the Lake and along the stream. Whet you reach the road leading to the main building turn to your right across the bridge and walk toward the Rock Garden. After passing the Rock Garden— Notice the Dahlias on your left. In front of the Dahlias, and further along on your left is a gorgeous display of many colored Chrysanthemums. 254 Guide Sheet No. 4 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION A WINTER WALK Leave the front door and walk straight out to the Magnolia Triangle. 1. Examine the buds to see how they are prepared for winter. .......... 2. Turn to the left and go to the group of Oaks. All oaks a Paes of terminal (end) buds. How do the branches of these oaks grow? ...... 3. Walk north, facing the Museum. On the hill are Sycamores. What do a notice about the bark? Can you see any “button-balls” on the Nast bidity uate cr alanalettaratan veces These are the fruit. Looking at the young twigs you will notice that they are zigzag, and that the buds are alternate. Can you see a little rim around each bud where the leaf fitted OVER E Ner eee ree Dieses el Neh EEE testo 4. On top of the hill are Austrian Pines, evergreens. How many needles W 1) Wea guDLITI CLA hae renee putea erst gerere vance tiv easerey pease hat are the twigs and bark Ib he Wee pare ees tenes 6 acre tenn ear a ieee 5. ‘What color bark has the Gray Birch? 2.2 vcs ois oe eee es hee eee What are the twigs like? Can you find the young catkins? ..........--++ Cross the little bridge over the Brook near the fern beds. _ At the left of the path is a Linden. Look up into it to see how the twigs grow. What are the winter buds like? ............-..- 0. essen eee 7. Follow the path north up the steps until you come to a Beech tree at the tiphit) — Wwihat ie the-color of tts Darke? -cisuedantex seater 0s eee ens Look at the buds. How can you always tell a beech? ..........-. eevee 8. Keep on to the right until you come to the Honey Locusts. What is See thetcolorsor pthelr pated) ecu ets ees alee acre sees if you can Andeany: thors... qOescribe Them. <2 ou 3 Pi oa sans eee ee ee . Follow the road around the ae Garden. Look at the Ailanthus tree, and tell how you can always know it. .......-.- es eee eee e eee eens 0 posite the entrance to re ee Garden is a group of Pines. Back of them look for a Sycamore Maple. Are the buds opposite or BIteTMAte ree eae ne cease eter naes 255 Guide Sheet No. 5 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION WHAT TO SEE IN THE ECONOMIC GREENHOUSE Enter the greenhouse by the center door; take the righthand path. Directly in front of you notice fe large ate Palm. There are many kinds of palms in this greenhouse; see how many you can find. As you move slowly along the path, notice on your right: S Ree hemp from tropical Africa. e Coconut palm from the Pacific Islands, the source of coconuts, shredded coconut, and copra (dried: coconut). . The an tree from the American Tropics. on your left no 1. Spanish Pe a cousin of the cout sae and the principal wood used in the manufacture of ciga xe 2. Mahogany, used for fine ie 3. Male bamboo, used for both food and shelter in parts of the 3 ORGie 4. Pepper vine, from which are made black and white pepper . The Mango, a well-known tropical fruit. 5 Sugar cane, one of the chief sources of s In the very center of he house, notice the giant oo plant. os your right notice . Guava, used for pane paste and jelly. 5 Ou eer ie oil from the fruit is ee in the manufacture of soap and s a lubricant. oh « Alligator Pear i _ tree (Avocado) ; the fruit is an important food in Central Am As you pass the lily ee notice on your right: 1. Gutta percha tree, from the Ma alay ee 2. Banyan tree, a native of India and cousin of the fig. 3. Rubber trees from South America and India. f 1. Mexican Breadfruit with its curious perforated leaves. It is sometimes called “ Swiss cheese plant.” Why? 2. Papaya tree; the fruit and leaves contain a vegetable pepsi 3. eee Hemp (a kind of banana), from the Philippines, i in the anufacture of rope and binder twine ee plant. Chinese eae a dwarf kind, seldom reaching a height of more than 0 fee on 6. Annotto, ae eer source of the yellow coloring of cheese and butter. n you right, near the end of the path notice: 1. Orange, Lemon, and Citron tr ees; from the latter is obtained the peel for candied citron 2. Vanilla, a climbing orchid, from which we obtain vanilla extract for voring Leave the greenhouse by the center door. © 256 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PACKETS OF SEEDS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Price, t cent a packet Each pupil should be supplied with one of these slips, and should mark in the blank columns the number of packets wante he slip should be retained by the teacher as a memorandum until the ceeds are delivered to Grade ORDERS MUST BE IN BY APRIL 1 upil. FLOWER SEEDS No. of N Color and |} No. of Nee Color and _ Packets ae Height Packets oan Height Alyssum, White Marigold Yellow Sweet i Tall 12 in. Aster Mixed Colors Morning Glory Mixed 12in.to 18in. : 10 to 20 ft Calendula Yellow Nasturtium Yellow 1 to 2 ft Dwarf 8 to 12 in Cornflower Blue Nasturtium Yellow (Bachelor’s | 18 to 24 in. Tall ft Four O'Clock Red; Yellow Phlox ~~ Various 30 in. Dwar sae Garden Pink Pink Sunflower Yellow (Dianthus) | 20 to 24 in. 5 to 8 ft. Marigold Yellow Zinnia Various Dwarf 6 to 8 in. 1 to? it: VEGETABLE SEEDS No. of ; Time to . of Time to Packets Name Plant Packets Name Plant Beans, Bush May Ist |] Onion April Early April Radish April to September Carrot Late April Sweet Corn May 20 to July 20 Kohlrabi April to July Tomato Start Indoors Lettuce April to Turnip April to August August Total Number of Packets ........... Amount Enclosed ........... cents TNF Fag yc cee Nt Oa Pa cha anode ep cots | erecta sey UN ALES Se rated ee ao ease owen Sos Rae Ra an coon aes tev el alate es SchoolsNoOteia.s023 ce 257 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GAR PACKETS OF SEEDS Teachers Order Blank Price, 1 cent a packet DEN Each pupil should be supplied with an individual Seed Packet List, and should mark in the blank columns the number of packets wanted. slip should be retained by the teacher a delivered to the pupil. e as a memorandum until the seeds are The total class order should appear on this slip. FLOWER SEEDS VEGETABLE SEEDS Color and | No. of Nee Time to | No. of Name | Height pee Name Plant Packets Alyssum, nite Beans, Bush May Ist _ Sweet i _ Aster MTzed Calor Beet Early April Calendula Yaloe Carrot Late April 1 ‘0 ott. Cornflower Kohlrabi April to July (Bachelor’s | 18 is me in. ton Four O'Clock Red: Pld ae Lettuce April to August Garden Pink Onion April (Dianthus) | 20 00 24 in. Marigold Radish wart 6 a ee in. ge Marigold | renew Sweet Corn 3 ne a Ae all Morning | sel Tomato = rt Glory 10 to 20 ft. Indoors Nasturtium Yellow Turnip | April to warf | 8 to 12 in. August Nasturtium _ pa Tall ; Total Vegetable Seed Phlox Varios Dwarf Total Flower Seed Sunflower Sues 5 to 8 ft. Total Vegetable Seed Zinnia Various 1 to 2 ft. Grand Total Total Flower Seed Amount Enclosed ORDERS MUST BE IN BY APRIL 1 Check (] Money Order [|] Cash [J Name Cd ieee Mae ARENA te, LCS ts gesecemensiiat yialielai eit 67 e.4).010\70f enaienede iene ists" eisiul suetatae sts gre rietcac ces OPO SOOO O02 DD nO OO OI0 G00) Ostet ty Cartier acter Me) ern Gee eet hee OG Of Gu Ghee tleue eels. « els sens D8 PENNY PACKETS OF SEEDS FACES OF SEED ENVELOPES BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Packets of Seeds for School Children LETTUCE Directions for Planting Date: April to August. Place: In the garden or in a large box. Manner: In rows, 1 foot apart. Plants should be 8 inches apart. Depth: % inch. 50M-7-27 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Packets of Seeds for School Children ASTER Directions for Planting Date: Indoors in April. Transplant to garden about the middle of May. Sow outdoors in May. Place: Requires rich soil, open position. Manner: Plant in groups or in rows 1 foot apart. Depth: 4 inch. Height: 1 to 2 feet. 140M-7-2 “al BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Lectures for School Classes In Nature Study, Geography, and Botany Do not lose this Syllabus. Take it home to study. Paste it in your notebook. SYLLABUS No. 1 RUBBER A milky juice, called Jatex, flows from certain trees, shrubs, and vines. In this juicy fatty globules float. These are raw rubber, or caoutchouc. Source: Where found: The rubber belt is a region extending 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Commercial rubber comes from a belt extending only 10 degrees north and south of the equator. Rubber Countries: Brazil i in South America; Africa; Malay Peninsula; Ceylon; and the East Original Method of Collection: A diagonal or horizontal cut is made in the bark. The latex is col- lected in a cup. A fire is built of palm nuts. A wooden paddle dipped into the latex is held over the fire. The raw rubber hardens on the ddle. This process is ccntinued until a big rubber biscuit is formed. The biscuit, cut from the paddle is dried in the sun. Origin of Modern Rubber Plantations: In 1876, 70,000 seeds of the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea) were shipped by an Englishman to London and there planted in hot houses. Only 4 in each 100 germinated. About 2,000 of the seedlings were distributed to Ceylon, Malay and the islands of the East Indies. These plants are the ancestors of all the trees in the rubber plantations of the world, outside of Brazil. Great Discoveries: Columbus, during his second voyage to the new world, saw children vee with crude rubber balls on the Island of Hayti. A scotchman made waterproof cloth by spreading rubber dissolved in ue between two sheets of cloth. His name was Charles McIntosh, hence the name “ mackintosh” for raincoats In 1839, Charles Gacdyean a Connecticut man, discovered that rubber, mixed with sulphur and then exposed to h short time, would lose its unpleasant sticky aa and also be able to stand hard usage This process he named vulcanization, from Vulcan, the god of fire. This is the most important process of the rubber industry. In 1879, the first seedling rubber plantations were started in Ceylon and southern India. sie Facts About Rubber: rooklyn Botanic Garden you saw the Para rubber plant Cee a four other kinds. The rubber industry is ay fourth largest industry in our countr nig thirds of all the rubber sold in the world goes to the ied States. an fifths of all rubber used in America is made into automobile tires Fifty thousand different articles are made of rubber In 1920, the world’s production of rubber was aed at 400,000 tons. Of this amount, 360,000 tons were produced on plantations. The ean was obtained from smaller plantings and from wild tree total area of land planted to rubber exceeds 3,200,000 acres, or 5 00 : square miles, equal to about two and one half times the land area ,0 of Long Islan BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Lectures for School Classes In Nature Study, Geography, and Botany Do not lose this Syllabus. Take it home to study. Paste it in your notebook SYLLABUS No. 3 _ TEA The ae and tender twigs of the tea plant, Camellia Thea. There are two varieties: viridis, the chief source of green tea; and bohea, from nea black tea is derived. The tea plant is related to the flower- ing plant Camellia, and to the violets. Description of Plant: Camellia Thea is a tree from 20 to 30 feet high: under cultivation it is pruned to a shrub of from 3 to 6 feet in height. e flowers look a little like apple blossoms, are fragrant and borne in the axils of the leaves. Each flower usually produces three seeds, which are about the - ze of a hazel nut, spherical, hard, dark ee to black in color. The He are from two to six inches toe and are evergreen. Tea Countries: The big six are the following: China, India, Ceylon, Java, Japan, and Formosa. Kinds of Tea: Black or fermented (bohea): green or unfermented (viridis). Japan produces only green tea China produces both green and black tea. Ceylon, India, and Java produce largely black tea. Formosa produces a semi-fermented tea (Oolong). Culture: e tea plant loves the mountains. It requires a light, loamy ce The plant is raised from seed outdoors in a seed bed or nursery. V the plants are a year old they are transplanted in groups of from a to six plants to rows about four feet apart. The plant yields its first crop at the end of its third year, and thereafter yields three or four crops annually. 262 Preparation for Market: The leaves are picked with great care so the stem or stalk will not be rmed. In the pee re oO ack tea (Orange Pekoe, Pekoe, ae etc.) the are allowed to ferment for a while, then the fermentation is Ae ee at just the right moment by rapid a ing or “ firing.’ In making green teas (Young Hyson, Gunpowd etc.), the leaves are fired as soon as picked to prevent all fer ene tons Oolong Tea (made chiefly in the island of Formosa) is a fermented tea, but the Loan ns is = allowed to continue as long as in the manu- facture of bla er firing, the tea leaves are rolled by hand or machine, Ae pee again, and then sorted, separating the fine leaves from the coarse. The tea is then boxed for shipping. Facts About Tea: You do not have to go to one of the countries we called the “ big six” to see a tea plant. All you have to do to take a trolley to the BrooKLyNn Botanic GARDEN and there you will find a tea plant growing in the conservatory. Tea was me for some years in South Carolina but it is not at the present tim bedina uses about 6% Ibs. to 7 a o tea a haces per person, while the United States uses not quite 1 Ib. per per Everyone drinks tea in Japan: eee consumes as much tea as she exports, Tea is mentioned in China as far back as 2700 B.C. It was intro- duced into India from China by Colonel Kyd in 1780. India exports more tea now than does China ea is blended or mixed to nia better flavor No artificially colored tea is allowed to enter re United States. Tea contains thein which is practically the same as the caffein of co 263 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Lectures for School Classes In Nature Study, Geography, and Botany Do not lose this Syllabus. Take it home to study. Paste it in your notebook. SYLLABUS No. 6 CHOCOLATE AND COCOA Source: The cocoa of commerce is the ground seed of the cacao tree, Theo broma cacao. It eaten to the Sterculia family (Sterculiaceae), ee is related to the mallows. The name, Theobroma, comes from two Greek words meaning “ bec for the gods.’ Where found: The cacao tree is a native of the shady forests of northern South America, but it has been grown for several centuries in the tropical parts of South and Central America and the Antilles. It is now grown in practically all the tropical countries of the world. Description of Plant: The cultivated cacao is a small shade-loving tree about the size of our peach trees. It produces its flowers and fruits in a curious manner. The small branches and twigs bear only leaves, while the inconspicuous yellow and purple flowers spring in clusters from points on the bark of the trunk and larger branches. The fruit when mature, is a pod 6-10 inches long marked with fecal ribs. he texture of the skin is like that of a thin-skinned squash: the color varies from lemon yellow to deep red Culture: The cacao plant thrives best in a rich, moist, humus soil, and warm even temperature, so it can only be grown in the tropics. Shade must be afforded the young growing trees, and this is done in the plantations by planting various quick growing trees alternately with the cacao trees. Fruiting: The cacao tree begins to bear fruit at the age of six years and con- tinues its period of bearing for about fifty years. A bearing tree in 8 ; n the two main harvests, at the beginning and middle of the year, although the pods keep ripening continuously throughout the year. 264 Preparation for Market: When ripe, = pods are picked and te into piles where the natives break off the outer casing and take out the seeds. In a well- filled pod ne may be fifty seeds attached A a pe core and covered with a soft m ucilaginous p ulp. is pulp is completely destroyed by fermentation, after which ie beans are slowly dried in the sun. The cacao beans are then put in sacks and shipped to the chocolate factories. Manufacture: In the factory the beans are first freed of the outer shell by wowed then the kernels are roasted in iron cylinders to bring out the aroma, modify the bitter taste, and to improve the color. The kernels may then be ground into a dark brown paste, pressed into cakes which we know as bitter chocolate, or they may be ground, treated with sugar, milk, and flavoring matter to make the sweet chocolate of commerce. About one half of the cacao bean by weight consists of cocoa fat or utter. In preparing cocoa this is largely removed. Cocoa butter is used in the manufacture of perfumes, toothpaste, and the creams of chocolate candy. Facts About Cocoa: ue before the discovery of America cacao was used and Savina Mexico to Ecuador. It was first brought to Europe by Cor Spanish explorer in 1519. The cacao beans were used as money in old Mex The United States nee first of all the countries ‘of the world in the consumption of cocoa and chocolate. ocoa and chocolate in addition to their stimulating effects should be regarded as real foods. The action of cocoa on the nervous system is far less than that of tea or coffee. ° = The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BoaRD oF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM Fist Vick-PREsmENT SECOND Vict-PRESMENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM Turep Vice-Preswent ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN TREASURER SECRETARY G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM ALEXANDER M. WHITE Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GENERAL INFORMATION MeEMBexsHiP.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. information concerning membership may d by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Tue Botanic Garven is open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and Holidays open at 10 a.m. Entrances.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park- way and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Building. he street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite Montgomery Street. To Assist Mempers and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. To REACH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, guides, miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to member 's of the Garden. To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates in " coun MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. Volume Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers present ted at the dedication of the pboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. sax pages. Price $3.50, plus post Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation . Montauk : A study of Bias sent and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, I 108 pages. Price $1.00, plu Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ: ment. a. Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. Price CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, soe pe sey published riodicals, reissued as “ separates,” without e of , and number: Circulates in 34 co 52. Inheritance Biles: in um. VI, aris one and the in- hertiance us green and veiled Plunge and pod color. 16 pages. 53. Mutation, adapt to temperature arorenied and ai distri- bution in Mois 12 p 1928. 54. The Sea ig he Allegany State Park. 121 pages. 1928. 55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928. 56. The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose and covered smut. 48 pages. 1928. é LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, Sept ember, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to give Bee a cericrits euigernins flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, element information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the To oth eee fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 countries. GUIDES to the pelle tone, peucies and grounds. Ee based upon cost bov of publication. Issued as number the Record; see a SEED L ES Ts (Delectus ae Established, Decent, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Record. Circulation includes 143 botanic pardene and institutions located in 42 countries. AMERICAN JOURNAL oe BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. panes lished, in ag with the ANICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA , monthly, during t and September. SSabsetipiOn, $7.00 a year. : Circulate ae 48 COLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation fa con ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 coun NETICS. Hetabliehe. a 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Cena in 37 countr BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XVIII SEPTEMBER, 1929 No. 5 PROSPECTUS OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1929-30 PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY AT LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES B: . Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1012. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director GUE FREE, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph. D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de I’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants ELSIE TWEMLOW HAM MMOND, see Assistant Curator of Elementary Instructio GEORGE M. eae Ph.D., Curator "of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHA B.S., Curator of po ta Instruction RAY SIMP PSON, Librar , Curator of Plant Breedeig ad Economic Plants Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and oral Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator KATHRYN CLARK BARTLETT, A.B., Instructor LUCILE SARGENT MACCOLL, A.B., Instructor ELIZABET R cto: ELDA or MARJ ORIE R. SWABEY, M.A., Research ce , Research Assistan BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistan EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, eee Bion! MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assista ze uratorial Assist jan ee MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant Ree , Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA E. STOFFEL, Office Assistant FRANCES MILLER MACKINNON, A.B., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Membership Secretar’ LAURA M. BREWSTER, Sienographer VELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer * Resigned, September 1, 1920. INFORMATION ABOUT THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN THE Brooktyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It 1s supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. By an Agreement with the City of New York, the functions of the Garden have been defined as two-fold, and may be summarized as follows: first, the advancement of botanical science through original research; and, second, the dissemination of a knowledge of plants. The first of these activities is carried on by director, curators, resident investigators, fellows, and others, who devote all or a part of their time to independent investigation. The second, the dissemination of botanical knowledge, is ac- complished in the following ways: I. By the teaching of classes— a. of children who come voluntarily outside of school hours; b. of children who come with their teachers from pub- lic and private schools for special lessons on plant life and closely related subjects ; c. of adults who are interested in some phase of pure or applied botany. II. By lectures at schools and elsewhere by the various staff members. III. By broadcasting. IV. By loan sets of lantern slides accompanied by lecture text, for use in the schools. V. By the distribution to schools of study material for classes in botany, biology, and nature study. By public lectures and educational motion pictures at the Botanic Garden. VI. rH VIN: 4 il . By maintaining labelled collections of living plants, arranged systematically and otherwise on the grounds and in the Conservatories of the Garden. By the herbarium, containing specimens of preserved plants from all parts of the world . By maintaining a reference library on plant life and related subjects, open free to the public daily (except Sundays and holidays). By the following periodicals, published by the Botanic Gar- den: American Journal of Botany. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, including Guides. Leaflets. Crea Memotrs. See se ay . By popular and technical articles in journals and the public press. . By the maintenance of a Bureau of Public Information on all phases of plant life. . By providing docents to accompany members and others who wish to view the collections under guidance. . By cooperating with City Departments and other agencies in the dissemination of botanical knowledge. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is also taking an active part in the State-wide movement for legislation for the conservation of our native American plants. A brief summary and report of the public educational work of the Garden from 1gro to 1928, with some attempt to set forth the fundamental principles upon which it is based, was published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1929. On re- quest, copies will be sent gratis to those engaged in educational WOTrK, CONTENTS Page PeCooperanon wit WocaleocnOOls 45 4st) 20. rene 265 dle a YoY eres 218 ratales sierra a eect am ere ee Mea eR meen a eee ee? 268 eile @OunESeSrOtelnStrUCMON es ath) ce eae 5 A een 268 we OnildnentssGardens: Natite otudy: wesc 5 ene 268 its Corie tere (Glavilebieine aa oo waa ha 45 269 Per @OULSeS lO ll McACh ens since Sees eee eral B. Courses for Teachers Given in Cooperation with the Broolkdyn: leachens Association sen... 4 nnee Dif Ce Courses tor the General Publics.) 4). 64 274 Tee trl Y@ctea © OL Sey are sus ayeue ata, eae | eee 274 2 Kalla Coursesie Satan Meee eG ater 274 er SO Dill MCOULSCS Mast Nie er etre Onn ee 275 De Gourse tor oiudent Nutses a ee ee 276 E. Consultation and Independent Investigation ...... 276 IVa @therswdticatonaleMeadtunes: aus. aise s Herds ee 278 Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium, Library, Lab- oratory Building, Instructional Greenhouses, Children’s Room, Children’s Garden Building, Children’s Garden, Rose Garden, Japanese Garden, Etc. lil it oe ms be a a ae — ee a ; a i. . as ta : i. eee an. us —- ; a BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XVIII SEFTEMBER, 1920 NO. 5 PROSPECTUS: 1929-30 i COORERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOES The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi- cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely re- lated subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to. supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruction, demonstration, methods, study material, etc., which otherwise would not be available. Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, are finding the collection of useful plants in the economic plant house, and also the Japanese Garden, valuable adjuncts to their class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Tllus- trated lectures for geography classes may also be arranged for at the Garden. The systematic collection in the main part of the Garden, where the living plants are arranged by orders and families, is proving of great value for demonstration to visiting high school classes in botany. A. Talks at Schools.—The principals of public or private schools may arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on various topics related to nature study, such as garden work with children, tree planting, and Arbor Day. If an illustrated lecture is desired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the Curator of Elementary Instruction for a list of talks and for appointments. B. School Classes at the Garden.—(a) Schools not provided 265 266 with a stereopticon, and other schools, may arrange for classes, ac- companied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff. (b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week previous to the date on which a talk is desired. Blank forms are provided by the Garden for this purpose. These talks will be illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Spring and fall announcements of topics will be issued during 1929-30. (c) The Garden equipment, including greenhouses, plant mate- rial, lecture rooms, lantern and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrange- ments must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict with other classes and lectures. For High School classes address the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Elemen- tary School classes address the Curator of Elementary Instruction. (d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be given during the fall or spring to a class. These lessons will be worked out for the most part in the greenhouse. Such a course must be arranged for in advance, and the class must be accom- panied by its teacher. This is adapted for pupils above the third grade. C. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these seeds and other information may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction. D. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gardening and nature study. Appointments must be made in advance. Address Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw. E. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities, the Garden will provide, on request, various algae and protozoa, as well as living plants, leaves and twigs, or other plant parts for study. Where containers are necessary, as in the case of the algae and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. Petri- dishes will, on request, be filled with sterilized nutrient agar ready for use in the study of bacteria and molds. They should be deliv- 267 ered to the Garden, clean, and in general one week before the agar is desired. In all cases arrangements must be made by the teachers for calling for such material. MATERIAL USUALLY AVAILABLE 1. Protozoa: Paramoecium and others. 2. Pleurococcus. 3. Spirogyra 4. Vaucheria 5. Blue-green algae. 6. Moss plants: gametophyte and sporophyte, with capsules. 7. Fern prothallia. For these, a Petri dish with a cover is the best container to bring, since the prothallia dry out quickly. 8. Fern sporophylls (with sori). 9. Geranium, Coleus and Tradescantia—variegated green and white, loaned for photosynthesis experiment. 10. Cacti, Pitcher plant, Selaginella and others—loaned for demon- stration. 11. Elodea—to show movement of protoplasm. . Various collections loaned for exhibit: e.g., lichens, fungi, plant diseases, fruits, modified leaves, demonstrations of Mendel’s law. H i) F, Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. G. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied by a short syllabus of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets must be called for by a special messenger and returned promptly in good condition. The subjects now available are as follows. Other sets are in preparation. Plant ene Spring Wild Flowers Common Trees Fall Wild Flowers Forestry (2 sets) gee CTS a 268 II. DOCENTRY To assist members and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements must be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. This service is free of charge to members; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information con- cerning membership in the Botanic Garden see page 3 of the cover of this PRosPEcTUS. Ti COURSES - OF INSTRUCTION A. Children’s Garden: Nature Study For the work in Children’s Gardening and Nature Study the ae equipment is available: . The Children’s Garden, on a piece of land about three- ee of an acre in extent, in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used throughout the season for practical individual instruction in gardening. 2. The Children’s Building, near the north end of this plot, con- taining rooms for consultation and for the storage of tools, seeds, notebooks, special collections, ete. 3. The Instructional Greenhouses, three in number, for the use of juvenile as well as adult classes for instruction in plant propa- gation and related subjects. 4. Three Classrooms (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereoscopes and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic exhibits, models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction. wo Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant study. 6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture lantern and stere- opticon. In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens in the herbarium and the living plants in the conservatories and plantations are readily accessible, while the main library and chil- dren’s library, which contain a comprehensive collection of books 269 on every phase of gardening and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. 1. Courses for Children The following courses are open to all boys and girls. Enroll- ment in these courses entitles the boy or girl to membership in the Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This club, having an active membership of about 1,000, meets twelve times a year for discussion of subjects related to plant life. Papers, by members, on various botanical and horticultural subjects, are read at these meetings, and the speakers are then entitled to a silver pin, providing they have satisfactorily completed courses of study at the Garden extending over at least six months. For announce- ment concerning Children’s Room see page 280. Al. Fall Greenhouse Work.—The following courses are self- explanatory and are for both beginners and advanced students: Class A.—Open to boys and girls who have never taken any greenhouse work before. Bulbs used: narcissus, oxalis, primrose ; also geranium cuttings. Saturday mornings at 9:15. Fee, fifteen cents. October 26 to December 21. Miss Sargent and Miss Marcy. Class B.—Open to boys and girls over thirteen years of age. Subjects studied: hyacinth, Easter lily, calla lily, the botany of common cultivated plants, etc. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday mornings at 9:15, October 26 to December 21. Mrs. Bartlett and Mrs. MacColl. Class C.—Open to boys and girls who have been in at least two fall bulb classes before this. The bulbs used will be hyacinth, tulip, narcissus, oxalis. Geranium cuttings and primroses will also be used. Time of class, 10:30, Saturday mornings. Fee, fif- teen cents. October 26 to December 21. Mrs. Bartlett. Class D.—Open to any boy or girl. Subject: the making of garden Christmas presents. There will be a choice of gifts. Some of the articles made will be the following: a flower basket, seed packet, flower book-mark, painted pot and plant to go in it, flower calendar, wooden box with flower design, etc. Saturday mornings at 10:30. Fee, fifteen cents and cost of materials. Oct- ober 26 to December 21. Miss Sargent, Miss Marcy, and Mrs. MacColl. 270 Class E.—Silver Pin work as applied to greenhouse and garden work. The members of. this class will be selected from students eligible for this work. Given in January and February, 1930. Fee, twenty-five cents. Mrs. Bartlett. A2. Junior Gardeners’ Course.—This is a course for boys 14-17 years of age. Lessons are given in the care of border and other flower beds, in the weeding and care of small vegetable gardens, in mowing and watering lawns, repotting plants, etc. This is planned to fit boys for summer work and to enable them to obtain positions. Hours to be arranged. Fee, fifty cents. Miss Sargent. A3. Preparation for the Outdoor Garden.—The following classes are open to boys and girls during the spring of each year. The courses are planned for a better understanding of plant life and so that the outdoor garden may become a more intelligent piece of work. On account of limited space in the Children’s Greenhouse, classes are limited to twenty. The fee for each course is fifteen cents to cover the cost of material. Boys’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March Ito April 12. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30—-11 :30, March 1 to April 12. Mrs. Bartlett and Miss Marcy. Girls’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March Ito April 12. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30-11 :30, March r to April 12. Miss Sargent and Mrs. MacColl. A4. Advanced Work for Older Boys and Girls——How to raise plants, mix soils, transplant, start seedlings for outdoor gar- dens, etc. Boys and girls who have taken spring courses under A5 are eligible for advanced work. The fee for the course is twenty-five cents. Each student may take home his plants and seedlings. This course is open to both boys and girls over twelve years of age. Saturday mornings at 9:30, beginning February r. A5. The Beginners’ Garden.—Open annually to 50 boys and girls who have never had instruction in gardening at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This course takes up the subject of the small garden, what to plant, how to plant it, care, replanting, etc. Ap- plication for plots should be made in person or in writing before March 1. Size of plots 8 ft. by ro ft. All crops belong to the individual. Fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, May 10 to October 4. Miss Sargent and Assistants. 271 A6. Second Year Gardens.—Open to 50 boys and girls who have had one or more seasons at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—a continuation of Course A5. Registration should be made before September 1 of each year for the following year. Fee, twenty- five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, May ro to October 4. Miss Sargent and Assistants. A7. Junior Garden Assistants——Open to older boys and girls, or to those who have mastered Courses A2 and A4. Size of plot 10 ft. by 20 ft. These gardens are for the raising of vege- tables. The work is in the nature of a project, ““ How much can one raise on a plot to ft. by 20 ft.?” Hours to be arranged. The student must put in at least two periods a week during the summer vacation, and, if possible, three. Registration date: April 5. Fee, fifty cents. Miss Sargent. A8. Advanced Nature Work.—A course designed for those older boys and girls who have taken Courses A1-A5. Herbarium specimens will be prepared and the simpler principles of plant classification studied. Projects will be assigned to individuals. Open only to pupil assistants of the Garden. Hours to be ar- ranged. No fee. Miss Shaw. A9. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Scout Leaders, and Others.—Short courses of at least tour periods each, with talks, demonstrations, and field trips in the grounds of the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to study trees, shrubs, etc. The instruction and schedule dates will be adapted to meet the needs of the various groups that apply. Open only to groups of at least ten persons. Hours to be arranged. Wo fee. Dr. Graves, Miss Sargent, and Assistants. A10. Special Work for High School Pupils——A course in gardening or greenhouse work adapted for high school pupils. Classes to be arranged for by the high school teacher. Fee for materials used. Miss Shaw and Assistants. 2. Courses for Teachers The following brief courses are designed primarily for teachers who wish to extend their knowledge of nature study and garden- ing for use in their school work, without taking the longer courses described under B, page 272. It should be noted that only the lat- 272 ter courses are accepted by the Board of Education for teachers’ credits. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent dis- count from the regular fee for “ A” courses. A22. The School Garden.—See B5, p. 273. A23. Spring Nature Study for the Classroom.—Not given in 1930, A24. Fall Garden Work.—Three informal lectures, with practical work in the greenhouse, are given on gardening as applied to school work in the fall. Bulbs and how to plant them in the fall, how to have thrifty house plants, window plants, and the making of window boxes for the schoolroom, are among the sub- jects considered. Fee, $2. Mondays, 4 p.m., October 7-21. Mrs. Bartlett and Assistants. A25. Fall Nature Study.—Three lessons. ‘This course con- sists of informal talks, with demonstrations, on the nature and sources of the material necessary for fall nature study in school work. The demonstration material used in the lessons will be distributed to the members of the class. Such subjects as fruits and seeds, methods of seed dispersal, the condition of deciduous trees in winter, evergreens, etc., will be considered, the central idea being Nature’s preparation for winter. Fee, $2. Wednes- days, 4 p.m., October 9-23. Miss Sargent. B. Courses for Teachers Given in Cooperation with the Brooklyn Teachers Association These courses have been accepted by the Brooklyn Teachers As- sociation, and appear in its Syllabus of Courses. On satisfactory completion of each course, the student is awarded a certificate by the Brooklyn Teachers Association, in cooperation with the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden. The courses are also accepted by the New York Board of Education in lieu of credit toward higher teaching licenses, one credit being granted for each 15 hours. Credits may also be used toward advanced standing in colleges or universities. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised become the property of the student. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent discount from the regular fee for all “ B” courses; from other persons the indicated fee is required. No course will be given when less than six apply. 273 Bi. General Botany.—Thirty sessions. A course on the forms and functions of plants. All of the main groups of plants are considered, by means of informal lectures, discussions, demon- strations, and visits to the conservatories and the outdoor plan- tations. With a view to correlation with the other courses de- scribed below, particular emphasis is laid upon the higher plants. Optional laboratory work with the compound microscope. Fee, $5. (Not offered in 1929-30.) Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. B2. Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. This course is based on the New York City outline of nature study for grades three to six inclusive. Mounts, charts, and diagrams are made. The stu- dent becomes familiar with actual material. The course is entirely practical, work being done in both field and laboratory. Fee, $ro. Mondays and Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 23 and 24. Section I, September 23,4 p.m. Section II, September 24, 4 p.m. Miss Shaw and Miss Sargent. B3. Principles of Agriculture and Horticulture.—Thirty ses- sions. This course is especially helpful to teachers. The prin- ciples of horticulture are considered and applied in a practical way through greenhouse, laboratory, and lecture work. The greenhouse work includes the following subjects: plant propaga- tion by means of bulbs, rhizomes, roots, seeds, etc.; the care of the greenhouse; house plants; window-box materials; fertilizers. In- sect and fungous pests, grafting, and pruning are also included from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Fee, $8. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 25. Mrs. Bartlett. B4. Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Principles of Chil- dren’s Gardening and Nature Study.—Not given in 1929-30. B5. Garden Practice.—Fifteen sessions. This course is en- tirely practical and includes all the outdoor work of the student in his own garden, applying the principles of agriculture and garden- ing, work with children in the garden. Fee, $8: for summer prac- tice, fee $9 additional. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning February 19. fiss Shaw and Miss Sargent. B6. Field Botany.—Thirty sessions. This is mainly an out- door course, given in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park, hav- ing for its chief object an acquaintance with the plants one meets 274 with commonly in Greater New York and vicinity, including seed plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), ferns, mosses, and hepatics, algae, and fungi. Fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning Sep- tember 20. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. B7. Greenhouse Work. Thirty lessons. A course for those interested in the propagation and care of house plants. Lessons in repotting ferns; forcing blooming plants; shaping plants; plant insects and diseases; making window boxes, Wardian cases, and desert gardens, will be carried on in the greenhouses. Emphasis will be laid on problems of a practical nature. Limited to those who have taken B3. Fee, $10. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 3. Miss Shaw and Mr. Free. C. Courses for the General Public The following courses are open to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teachers are welcome. They are free to mem- bers of the Botanic Garden;* for others a small fee is required, as specified. Registration should be made with the instructor in person or by mail at least one week before the course opens, in order that adequate material, etc., may be provided. No course will be given when less than six Naty 1. Full Year Course C15. Field Botany.—Thirty sessions. This is mainly an outdoor course, given in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park, having for its chief object an acquaintance with the plants one meets with commonly in Greater New York and vicinity, including seed plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), ferns, mosses and hepatics, algae, and fungi. Fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning Sep- tember 26. (This course is identical with B6, p. 273. r. Graves and Miss Rusk. 2. Fall Courses C4, Gardening in the Fall.—Six lessons, with practical work in the greenhouse, on the methods of making cuttings, the various kinds of bulbs for fall planting, their treatment and care, the * For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden consult the third page of the cover of this Prospectus. 275 proper management of liouse plants, and a discussion of the kinds suitable for cultivation. On account of restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration accord- ing to the order of application. Fee, $3. Thursdays, 4 p.m., Oc- tober 3 to November 7. Mr. Free. C5. Trees and Shrubs in their Winter Condition —Eight out- door lessons in the Botanic Garden and elsewhere in Greater New York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing fea- tures in the winter condition. Fee, $4. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 5 to December 7. (Omitting October 12 and November ») Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. C13. Fall Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds.—Four outdoor les- sons; the first in the Botanic Garden, three in the woodlands of Greater New York. The common native and cultivated plants which flower in the fall, and the fruits and seeds commonly seen at this time of the year are pointed out and their characteristics studied. (Not offered in 1929.) Dr. Gundersen. 3. Spring Courses Ci. Plants in the Home.—How to grow them. Six talks with demonstrations. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making cuttings, etc. This course deals with the principles to be followed in raising plants. The members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. Fee, $3. Thursdays, 4 p-m., February 13 to March 13. Mr. Free. C3. The Flower Garden.—Making the most of it. Five les- sons. How to improve soils and get results from planting; old fashioned flowers; annuals; summer bedding; vines for screen- ing unsightly objects; rose culture; growing of ornamental shrubs; pruning; how to make a lawn and maintain it. (Not of- fered in 1930.) Nite tee: C7. The Story of Plant and Animal Evolution.—The parallel progress of plant and animal life through the ages, outlined in four illustrated lectures: (1) Water plants and water animals. (2) The transition from water life to land life. (3) Mesozoic life: gymnosperms and reptiles. (4) Cenozoic life: flowering plants and mammals. Fee, $2. Fridays, 4 p.m., March 7-28. Dr. Graves and Dr. Gundersen. 276 C8. Plant Families.—Eight outdoor lessons in the Botanic Garden, taking up the structure of flowers and the characteristics of the more important plant families. Fee, $4. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., April 9 to May 28. Dr. Gundersen. C9. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Ten outdoor lessons at the Garden and elsewhere in Greater New York, the principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the com- mon trees and shrubs of the eastern United States, which are well represented in this region. The species are considered in sys- tematic order, and the features pointed out by which they may be most easily recognized; also their habits, rate of growth, economic value and use, methods of planting and propagation ; importance in forestry, horticulture, and landscape art. Fee, $5. Saturdays, a p.m., March 29 to June 14. (Omitting April 19 and May Dr. Graves. eu. Spring Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region.— A field course of eight lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. The common native and naturalized wild flowers are studied as they come into flower, and their distinguish- ing features pointed out. Fee, $4. Saturday afternoons; April 26 to June 14. ‘iss Rusk. C12. The History of Systematic Botany.—Three illustrated lectures. 1. Natural science of the ancients and the Middle Ages. 2. The study of plants from the discovery of America to Linnaeus and the Jussieus. 3. The idea of plant evolution in the nineteenth century and after. (Not offered in 1930.) Dr. Gundersen. D. Course for Student Nurses D1. General Botany with Special Reference to Medicinal Plants.—A course of conferences, demonstrations, and field trips for student nurses. The general principles governing the life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers in the sick room will be considered. Special attention will be paid to the identification of officinal plants in the field. Hours to be arranged. No fee. Dr. Graves. E. Consultation and Independent Investigation 1. Consultation Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the laboratories, library, and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the 277 Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following subjects: 1, Plant diseases (phytopathology) and classification of fungi (mycology). Dr. Reed. 2, Plant breeding and allied subjects (genetics and experi- mental evolution). (Not offered in 1929-30.) 3. Plant geography (phytogeography) and ecology. 4. Classification and identification of flowering plants (sys- tematic botany). Special groups studied in the Garden, supple- mented by herbarium studies. Dr. Gundersen. 5. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement ; also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors (horticul- ture and gardening). Mr. Free. 2. Investigation * For the following research courses, open to those properly quali- fied for independent investigation, there is a charge covering all expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for each full course of 100 credit hours, and $20 for each half course of 50 credit hours. E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Inde- pendent investigation of problems relating to fungi and fungous diseases of plants. Mielveed: E7. Research in Plant Genetics.—Independent investigation of problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of cytology having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics. (Not offered in 1929-30.) E8. Research in Forest Pathology.—Independent investiga- tion of the diseases of woody plants. Dr. Graves. E9. Research in Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. Dr. Gundersen. graduate courses. Properly qualified students who take these courses may present them in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced degrees given by the University. Graduate credit has also been allowed elsewhere for such advanced work done at the Garden. 278 IV. OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES Guide Books, Maps, and Souvenir Postcards of the Garden For those who wish to become acquainted with the various features of the plantations, including the general plan of the systematic section and the nature and location of the various types of special gardens; a guide book is now available entitled “Gardens Within a Garden: a General Guide to the Grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 17: 153-188. May, 1929.) Copies of this guide have’ been mailed free to members and are onsale at 25 cents each. Other guides, descriptive of special features, such as the Jap- anese Garden, will be published shortly. A detailed map of the Garden, showing not only the various types of gardens included in the Botanic Garden area, but espe- cially the location of the various orders and families in the Systematic Section, is appended to the General Guide. Copies are on sale at 5 cents each. A colored picture map of the Garden, 714 x 3% feet, designed and executed by Miss Helen Sewall, is on view in the Laboratory Building. ‘This map was presented to the Garden at the Annual Spring Inspection, May 14, 1929, as a memorial to the late Dr. Glentworth R. Butler by members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and other friends of Dr. Butler. Photographs of this map (in black and white) may be had at 5 cents each. A set of six souvenir postcards, in colors, may be had at 15 cents a set. The subjects are: Scene in the Children’s Garden; The Brook; Daffodils in the Lawn; The Lake; Children’s Build- ing and Formal Garden; The Rock Garden (Waterfall and Iris). Orders for guide books, maps, and souvenir postcards, ac- companied by remittance, should be sent to The Secretary. They may also be obtained at the Information Desk in the Laboratory Building. Plantations The plantations comprise the following sections: 1. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants arranged according to orders and families). 2. The Local Flora (native wild flower garden). 3. Ecologic Garden. 279 . Rock Garden. . Japanese Garden. Ons OM f ve) * oO a fa’) @) ) ca Qu oO = Children’s Garden. . Shakespeare Garden. . Horticultural Garden. . Experimental Garden. 13. Nursery. As noted under Docentry, arrangements may be made for view- ing the plantations under guidance. They are open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and holidays from 10 a.m. until dusk. SS eS FS KOO S co Conservatories The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind, West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes), eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grapevines from north and south Africa, date palm, coconut palm, chocolate tree, coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, black pepper, annatto (used in coloring butter and cheese), cardamom, olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango, sugar cane, avocado (so-called “ alligator pear”), West Indian and other rubber plants, banyan, religious fig of India, and numerous others. The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m.— 4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4 :30).; November 1 to VWiarcheaie Ord. 4 p.m. (Sundays 2-4). Herbarium The Garden herbarium consists at present of about 188,300 specimens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. This collection may be consulted from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. by those inter- ested, and specimens submitted will be gladly identified. 280 Library The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present over 14,000 volumes and over 10,000 pamphlets. This is not a cir- culating library, but is open free for consultation to all persons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). Over goo periodicals and serial publica- tions devoted to botany and closely related subjects are regularly received. These include the transactions of scientific societies from all quarters of the globe, the bulletins, monographs, reports and other publications of various departments of the United States Government, as well as those of foreign governments; of all state agricultural experiment stations and agricultural colleges; the pub- lications of research laboratories, universities, botanic gardens and other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of inde- pendent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is especially rich in publications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnean works, Bibliographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of the Library staff. Laboratory Building The Laboratory Building contains (besides offices of administra- tion and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four lab- oratory rooms, a culture room, three classrooms with stereopticon and other equipment for instruction, a room for the installation of temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium seating about 570 and equipped with motion picture machine, stereopticon and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and elec- tric current for lectures involving experimental work. Instructional Greenhouses A range of three greenhouses, each about 20x30 feet, is pro- vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant propagation and other subjects. Children’s Room A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt, supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated 281 room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl -who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which now numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already been secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs, and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all children. Contributions of specimens and of books on nature study and closely related subjects will be most welcome. Children’s Garden Building This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden plot and contains a conference room, and rooms for the storage of garden tools and implements. The furniture in the conference room was a gift from Mrs. James H. Post. Various collections of plants, seeds, and insects of economic importance in the garden are accessible here for consultation by the children. A garden library, a gift of friends, has been added. North of the Chil- dren’s Building is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and her- baceous perennials for the instruction of the children. Children’s Garden _ A plot of about three quarters of an acre in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden is devoted to the theoretical and practical instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of this area is laid out in garden plots which will accommodate about 150 children. Rose Garden The Rose Garden, occupying about one acre in the northwest part of the Botanic Garden, was formally opened to the public on Sunday afternoon, June 24, 1928. This garden was made possible by a gift of $10,000, later increased to $15,000, from Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Connecticut. The general plan of the Garden is as follows. At the north end, entrance is gained through a Doric pergola. Three parallel rows of beds extend to the southward from the pergola, as far as the pavilion. In the central row of beds, varieties of hybrid 282 perpetuals have been planted; in each of the two side rows va- rieties of hybrid teas. In the location of these varieties the older forms appear at the beginning, near the pergola, the most recent productions near the pavilion, with the intermediate forms in chronological sequence between. Varieties of pillar and post roses are planted at regular intervals, on suitable supports, in the beds, with standards between the beds of the side rows. The trellis surrounding the garden as well as the per gola and pavil- ion furnishes support for climbing roses, while the marginal beds along the trellis are for wild species and their derivatives. South of the pavilion, three additional beds are devoted to historical roses, t.e., those mentioned in ancient literature, and to roses of commercial use. The Rose Garden is open to the public from 1 to 5 on week- day afternoons, except holidays. Children are admitted only when accompanied by responsible adults. Japanese Garden The Japanese Garden, first opened to the pubhe in IQI5, was a gift to the city from Mr. Alfred T. White, “the father of the Botanic Garden.” Designed by the Japanese architect, Mr. T. Shiota, it represents truly the Japanese idea of a garden. Irom the tea house (near the east entrance) one can see the machiai or “rest house,” the island with the drum bridge, bronze storks, stone and wooden lanterns, the waterfalls, and the wooden Torii standing in the lake. Through this wooden structure the devout Japanese must pass if he is to worship at the Shinto shrine at the top of the hill. “In the Japanese mind, the high hill in the background represents heaven; the lower hill at the right center, man; and the two boulders at the water’s edge to the left indicate the region earth. This motive of heaven, man, and earth runs through all Japanese art from landscape gardens to the arrangement of flowers in a vase; so, in walking through the garden, one will notice rocks, steps, stones, trees, stepping-stones, and other objects in threes, in harmony with this same fundamental idea.” During the past year this garden has been enclosed by a “ woven wood ” fence, of chest- nut poles, imported from France. This fence was presented by a friend of the Botanic Garden. Ze co = 3 ce Sag = aoe 7 _ ara The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OCFPFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM “Fmst Vice-Presiwent SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN TREASURER SECRETARY G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H, DENBIGH BoOTANIO GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM ALEXANDER M. WHITE Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—AI!l persons who are eee in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membershi embers enjoy. special privileges. shee Membership, ‘$10 yearly; Susta aining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membe p, $500 Full information concerning membership may be had by addressing ie Di irector, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. page ees pect. SC ees ae to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Suede ond. ‘Holidays open a Entrances.—On Flatbush peer near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), and near ae Prospect Reservoir ; on Washington Avenue, south o stern way and near Empire Boulevard ; on Eastern. Parkway, west of the Muse Building. The street entrance to Be Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite are Stree To Assist MEMBERS a others in studying the collections the services of a docent may be Tphiained: This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents ner person. Arrangements er be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week 1 sate No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. To H THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Staton: Interborough Subway to Eastern Patera Grockive Museum Spa Flatbush AREaue: trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, and Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington ‘Avenue ; St. John’s Place trolley to Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union OSH: and Vanderbilt Avenue trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN CORD. Established, Jeeves y, to1z. An goatee HH eats issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; bimont y beginning with 1929. Con 0 and notes concerning Garden progress and events. F ree to members of the Garden, To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates in 41 coun sete ries, MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 , Secnene Papers presented at the dedication of the | se RA eed and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus p Volum ue The ess ie Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: he tudy of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1023. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment, ey. Sean Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51I pages Price $1.6 eS Se Established, April 1 IQII. pias ee tb bed in periodicals, reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, mber: SNe This series Bosse occasional « ee as we alt a those embody! the ae ae Wee done at the Garden, or members of its staff or stidents eee mbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Citsilates 4 in 34 coun uta ition, adoption to temperature differences, and geographical distri- bution i in plants. 1928. 54. The ee = Ge Allegany State Park. 121 pages. 1928. 55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928. 56. ihe mheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose and covered smut. 48 pages. 1928. LEA eae Established, April 10, 10913. eet ee or oe during April, May, June, Septem ber, and October. The pose of the ets . primarily to give announcements con cerning flowerin ng sha other plant activities o be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, cqpeee: erone ston about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members the Garden. To sale fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents ee Circus lates in 28 coun GUIDES to ‘ae collections, buildings, and grounds. vale based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Record; see abov ardens within a Garden: A general guide to the iesiae Views and folded map. "Published, May, 1929. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record, 183: 153-188.) Price, 25 cents. LIST. ee oie Established, December, 1914. Sincé 1925 issued each year in the ary number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 143 botanic gar chiens and institutions located in 42 countries, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF cir ie Established, January, 1014: Published, in codperation with the BoranicaL Socrery or AMERICA, monthly, except during August and September. Sihsetiption: $7.00 a year. Circulates in ECOLOGY. piace January, 1920. Published quarterly in ‘cobperation with the oe L Society or AmeERIcA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 coun ueeiee Seeabusaes, ey 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countri SAR AN ose PS se Maz THE STORY OF OUR METAT A CHRONICLE OF CORN 9 ; i A easties " (| eae av yw «att dap ea Pay nt of UN Ppl Wh Teel 4 PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY ~ ‘ xe By Bde i care 5 Te onto, ote | “BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Pas to ees ek ye BROORE Oe it te ei ae saa ees oe re gy peondestans matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 ane Pe Se C0 on eee ilized as a ut! mano), tone or ith hand-s ce Driggs ate (Cw blo met: en by Ancient Pue ory of her mother. in mem A li A Miss Giv ; bird bath. (6812) BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XVIII NOVEMBER, 1929 NO. 6 THE STORY OF OUR METATE A CHRONICLE OF CORN By F. W. Honcer, Curator, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation Metates,* or stone grinding mills, have been among the most important utilitarian objects eeriores by corn-raising Indians from Central America northward through Mexico into our desert Southwest from the earliest times to the present day. Let us see why this is so. What the Indians Have Given Us First, how many of us pause to think of the wonderful heritage we have received from the American Indians in the way of food products in addition to corn or maize—squash, potatoes, sweet- potatoes, tomatoes, pineapples, cacao (from which chocolate is prepared), peanuts, manioc (the source of cassava and tapioca), the Jerusalem artichoke, cayenne pepper, all of which were culti- vated for food by the aborigines centuries before Queen Isabella sold her jewels to enable Columbus to discover a New World. Indeed their gifts have been so great that we may well wonder how the people of Europe subsisted in the days before America and its strange inhabitants became known. Of all the products of Indian origin, however, maize was and is the most important to them, as it is the most important to agri- culture in the United States at the present time. If we may be forgiven for being satistical for a moment, in 1928 the total pro- duction of corn in this country alone amounted to 2,839,959,000 bushels, with a farm value of $2,132,991,000, while the value of * Pronounced, may-tah’-tays. Aztec, metatl. 284 potatoes and peanuts amounted respectively to more than $280,- 000,000 and $56,000,000, not to mention the other crops. Indeed more than a third of the value of all the products raised on the farms of the United States was derived from plants that came to us originally from the Red Man. No one therefore can say that a considerable part of the agricultural wealth of the greatest agri- cultural country of the world has not been directly due to these First Families of America. We adopted, as something entirely new, numerous foods which to the Indians were an old, old story; and we likewise took over bodily many of their methods of pre- paring foods, as well as the very names by which they were known to them, such as maize itself, hominy, pone, succotash, samp, pem- mican, chocolate, tapioca, squash, tomato, and many more that are better known in other parts of the New World, such as aguacate, the Aztec ahuacatl (Avocado: Persea gratissima), more popularly known as alligator pear. We merely imitate the Indian whenever we extract the oil from sunflower-seeds, or the sap from the sugar- maple and boil it into toothsome syrup or sugar—except that, be- ing less soulful, we do not offer a sacrifice to the spirit of the tree and apologize for robbing it of its life-blood. We need not dwell here on the various useful vegetal products which likewise have been derived from the Indians but which are not used as food, such as cocaine, quinine, stramonium (from the divine Datura Stramonium), tobacco, and rubber. For the In- dians of tropical and semi-tropical America played ball, with rubber balls, many centuries before our baseball leagues were dreamed of. The Origin and Migration of Maize The botanical origin of Indian corn or maize is unknown. It has not been found growing wild within historic times, but is be- lieved to have originated somewhere between southern Mexico and Bolivia, since that region is the natural habitat of teosinté (Fig. 2), a coarse, succulent, annual grass and the nearest wild relative of Indian corn. Collins (Journal, Washington Academy of Science, 2: 520, 1912) thinks it likely that maize originated as a hybrid between teosinté and some unknown and probably extinct species “not unlike the earless varieties of pod corn (Zea tunicata).” 285 This view is rejected by some, and is, of course, to be held only tentatively. In 1919 Dr. F. H. Knowlton published a description of a fossil ear of maize found in Cuzco, Peru. This specimen afforded the ‘first evidence suggesting the existence of Indian corn in a pre- aN . Z > , yee NUD Ne SZ g ew. Se OS ee Sa NE Se Z “N ws So Pj. 7a . Ly ay v\\) — SOP: ee SS = e: HK Cae > oe 2 Fic. 2. Euchlaena mexicana Schrader (teosinte; Aztec, teocentli). Con- sidered by some as the possible wild ancest i Indian corn (Zea Mays). After Hitchcock, U. 5. D. A. Bulletin No, 772. ceding geological age, hence, if the conclusions are correct, the origin of this important plant must now be sought in remote pre- historic times. Corn was widely cultivated in North and South America before the time of Columbus, and unquestionably for a very long period, 286 for it had already, by that time, developed more varieties and undergone greater improvement than in the period since Columbus. The Maya Indians were among the earliest to cultivate it in the highlands approximately between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and latitude 22° Archeological investigation in the Pueblo Indian country of our Southwest tends to show that agriculture, by which the cultivation of corn from Mexico is chiefly meant, began somewhere between 2000 and 1500 B.C. The Aztec form of the word teosinté is teocentli,* from teotl, deity, and centli, ear of dried corn, a name that to the ancient Mexicans signified its divine origin. The term maize is from the Arawak Indian language and was learned by Columbus in the island of Haiti, although in Spain the Peruvian name zara was at first used to designate it. We shall endeavor to picture briefly the conditions in our South- west at that remote time when corn was introduced and to show what effect on the Indian inhabitants its introduction had. Up to that early period the Indians did not live in settled com- munities, but, existing hand-to-mouth by gathering wild seeds, berries, roots, and the like, and eking out their precarious liveli- * The form teocentlt was used by early botanists. The plant now desig- nated by teosinté is Euchlaena mexicana Schrader (= Euchlaena luxurians Durieu & Ascherson). In a letter of October 7, 1929, to the editor, Mr. G. N. Collins, U. S. Department of Agriculture, writes as follows: “T am not at 2 esas that the ae ever oes the ete ene to plants ae the Sea aes na. The name te da: is now universally used as the sine name o Pate le s but not so ee a th natives of Mexi and reas ala. In thes Se yea or teocentli is auoies to rah a genus of large eee very distantly related to “The first application of the name teosimté to Euchlaena appears in con nection with the introduction of Euchlaena into Europe in 1869, when ‘tie re sae now soos Euchlaena seed was sent to France from Guatemala under thi w of the fact that Euchlaena has never since been found in Gus re anid “th at the name fteosinté is applied to Tripsacum in both Guatemala and Mexico I am inclined to believe it ve ough some error seed of Euchlaena from apes became substituted for Tripsacum seed sent from Guatemala. It is a rather ie ura ene. sea ee I hope will some day be unraveled by - careful botanic cal survey of the Santa Rosa region in Gilt mala from which the teosinté w “ All poe 5 shoul not be allowed to obscure the rae that Euchlaena, what- ever its ame, 1s the closest known relative of maize and intimately Or i its origin.’ 287 hood by capturing small game, they wandered from place to place wherever food could be found. Then came a people more ad- vanced; they lived in rude temporary dwellings constructed of brush, but instead of a bow they used a throwing-stick, or atlatl, Fic. 3. The corn is husked by the Zuni Indians and piled in the storeroom for the winter. Photo by Mrs. F. W. Hodge. in hunting, and made excellent basketry but no pottery. It was while these people inhabited the land embraced in what is now northeastern Arizona and south-central and southeastern Utah that corn found its way to the Southwest, and a primitive kind of agri- culture was born, with the ultimate result that in time the people found a more strictly sedentary life necessary to their tillage. 288 This gave rise both to dwellings of a more permanent character and to the need of storage of the crops, meager though they must have been at first (Fig. 3). As the food supply increased, the population was augmented, for people of a roving nature realizing the benison that corn proved to be, settled down to farm life like the others. Later on, rude pottery was invented, houses were of the pit-type; slab-houses with pole-and-brush roofs were per- fected and became grouped in villages; the bow gradually super- seded the throwing-stick. By this time these “ Basket-makers ” had spread throughout the San Juan drainage of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, and to.the Little Colorado watershed in Arizona. Progress continued through the generations. The food quest no longer meant such a precarious existence, for Chief Maize had led the way. Later came cotton; dwellings emerged from the ground, became rectangular and were grouped more closely—the Pueblos, as we know them, originated in this way. Remains showing this latest advance are found in parts of the Rio Grande, Little Colorado, and upper Gila rivers, and recent investi- gation indicates that it extended into western Texas (Fig. 4). The people branched out more and more as the centuries rolled on, and the women found time to decorate their pottery in black-and- white and in beautiful corrugated patterns. Then there was greater concentration of population in certain areas, greater archi- tectural and ceramic achievement. Let this suffice to show the influence of corn on a lowly people from the time of its introduction until the Spaniards made their appearance in the Southwest near the middle of the 16th century. Before they knew corn they were probably not unlike the Indians of the Nevada deserts, existing on anything they found edible, huddling from winter gales beneath brush structures unworthy the name of dwellings, producing little or nothing in the way of art. But the Basket-makers, once familiar with corn, were augmented by newcomers until in course of time a true Pueblo culture was developed, characterized by elaborate rites, ceremonies, religious and fraternal organizations, a mythology of high ingenuity, agri- culture with irrigation requiring engineering skill, houses and ceremonial chambers sometimes of daring construction, and a- social system of marvelous intricacy and tribal beneficence. All Fic. 4. Looking from the housetops of Zui pueblo southeastward to the sacred “Corn Mountain,” Towayalane. by E. F. Coffin. (Courtesy of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.) Photo 686 290 this is what corn made possible to the most highly advanced In- dians within our domain. At what period corn spread to other parts of the country from the Southwest, or from Florida by way of the West Indies, we do not know, but doubtless its rate of travel was rapid. The more interesting point, perhaps, is what excellent farmers the Indians were to so successfully adapt an exotic plant, that had its origin in the highlands of a hot country, to the soil, climate, and altitude in which they chanced to live, by methods of cultivation which of necessity they devised (Fig. 5). It is indeed a far cry from its place of origin to the great prairies of our Midwest, to New Eng- land and lower Canada with their rigorous winter climate, and the desert sands of our vast Southwest. Yet wherever maize became known, there it was successfully cultivated by the skilful farmers of the Red Race. Strangely enough, the Indians of California, although well advanced in other ° directions, did not cultivate corn or anything else, but depended for their subsistence on the products of the rivers and sea, or on such wild stores as their habitat provided, not even disdaining in- sects and larvae. In other localities where in ancient times sub- sistence was gained from a none too prodigal Nature, the culture of the tribes was probably not unlike that of the California Indians when first known to the whites. Then maize was introduced, and, behold, a new era dawned! Agriculture largely superseded the gathering of wild products, vegetal and animal; dwellings more or less permanent were grouped in defensive villages, for to wilder tribes who preferred to follow the lives of huntsmen and raiders it became easy to make forays against their weaker neighbors and loot the hard-earned product of their toil. Therefore corn played an important part not alone in changing the mode of life of seden- tary peoples, but it afforded the chief incentive of stronger tribes to carry on their depredations. Quantities of Corn Owing to the varying conditions under which maize was culti- vated, several varieties were developed, four being mentioned in Virginia alone in Colonial times. Jacques Cartier saw large fields of corn about the site of Montreal in 1534, and six years later Fig. 5. A typical Zuni cornfield, New Mexico. Note how the corn grows in clusters widely separated for the purpose of insuring adequate water supply for each plant. This is an example of dry farming in sand. (Photo by Jesse + Nusbaum. Courtesy of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. ) Ls) Nap) Fic. 6. A rain dance at Zufi in The row of participants wear masks representing sacred gus he individuals with Pe ce Peet ee ae and black loin-cloths are the Koyemashi, or sacred clowns. Photo io Mrs. F. W. Hodge. bo bo 293 Coronado and members of his famous expedition found it grown in abundance by irrigation in New Mexico and Arizona. Many early explorers, French, Spanish, English, and Dutch, from Can- ada to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic coast to the Colorado River of the West, everywhere noted the cultivation of corn, and some of them marveled at the prodigious quantities. It has been said that the amount of corn of the Iroquois destroyed by Denonville in 1687 aggregated a million bushels and that it re- quired seven days for the army to cut up the harvest of only four villages. Other early writings on the Indians are replete with descriptions of vast cornfields everywhere. The Corn Cult The tribes of the prairies, which subsisted largely by hunting, necessarily led an existence not conducive to sedentary life; they remained nomads, following the bison throughout a range of hun- dreds of miles and using the product of its carcass for every imaginable need. Yet even some of these tribes raised corn to some extent, following the chase after the crop was garnered and stored for winter use. All Indians hunted game to a greater or lesser extent; but corn became the great staple of the village- dwellers. Indeed so dependent on it were they that they devel- oped what may be called a corn cult, with various sacred personages embodying the corn principle, such as Mother Corn and Mother Earth; and many rites and ceremonies were performed and sacri- fices made for the increase of the life-preserving grain. One of the most prominent deities of the Aztecs was Centeotl, who seemed to embody both the male and the female principle as symbolized by corn. In Peru the importance of corn was so fully appreciated that it was regarded with reverence and used as a sacred plant in many religious rites and ceremonies. Nowhere in the United States did corn enter more deeply into the culture of the Indians than in the arid land of the Pueblo tribes of the Southwest, where existence has ever been a struggle. To these people corn was the most important thing in the world; hence the desire for rain, by which cultivation was and is alone possible whether by irrigation or socalled dry-farming, is the very foundation of many of their prayers and ceremonies, and of an Fic. — / Some of the priestly participants in a Zu 1 i rain dance. Photo by Mrs. F. W. Hodge. FOG 295 elaborate symbolism. The downy feathers of the soaring eagle attached to prayer-sticks are potent invocations for rain; the sinuous rattlesnake is symbolic of lightning; every living thing that derives its sustenance directly or indirectly from the waters —tadpoles, frogs, fish, turtles, the dragon-fly, and every vegetal growth found about springs—all are sacred because water-produc- ing. “ Without water there is no corn; without corn we die.” Little wonder then that maize, the veritable staff of life, so de- pendent on moisture for the very existence of the Pueblo farmer and his family, should be symbolized by the Corn Maidens of their mythology and by many other personages, or that they should treasure the sacred ornaments and other devices which appear in the beautiful rhythmic Rain dances that in summer are performed day after day with accompanying songs and drum-beat for a week or more at a time (Figs. 6 and 7). It is not difficult to see, then, what influence the cultivation of corn wielded in the economic life of such a people, how it affected their religion and mythology, and even their social organization as shown by numerous clans which take their names from maize. They have adapted its culti- vation to their environment, overpowering the arid sands with irri- gation by means of canals fed sometimes from distant streams. In the case of dry-farming in favorable spots they plant a handful of kernels in a deep hole made with a wooden dibble, that the plants may find moisture and protect one another from the hot desert blasts. In Zuni philosophy corn is given a most prominent place in the native beliefs. Cushing recorded these words of a native priest : “ Five things alone are necessary to the sustenance and comfort of the Indians among the children of earth—The Sun, who is the father of all; the Earth, who is the mother of men; the Water, who is the grandfather; the Fire, who is the grandmother; our brothers and sisters the Corn, and seeds of growing things.” So long ago was it that corn first became known to the Indians of this country that its origin, lost in the mists of antiquity, is ac- counted for only through mythology, and many and beautiful are the stories that reveal to these simple folk the manner in which this food of foods came to them. Let us tell briefly one of the mythic tales which the Zufiis of New Mexico have handed down by word of mouth through the ages, as recorded by Cushing: Feros eG Mey t Pitty hy con THELEN SE SNE C3 Fic. 8. The village of Secotan on Pamlico river, North Carolina, in the latter part of the 16th century. After the drawing by John White in homas Hariot’s “ A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia,” 1590. (The letters in the drawing are referred to in the quotation in the text.) 297 Marvelous both of good and evil were the works of the ancients. Alas! there came forth with others, those impregnated with the seed of sorcery. Their evil works caused discord among men, and, through fear and anger, men were divided from one another. Born before our ancients, had been other men, and these our fathers sometimes overtook and looked not peace- fully upon them, but challenged them—though were they not their elder brothers? It thus happened when our ancients came to their fourth resting place on their eastward journey, that which they named “Place of Misty Waters,” there already dwelt a clan of people called the Seed people, and the Seed clan of our ancients challenged them to know by what right they assumed the name and attributes of their own clan. “ Behold!” said these stranger beings, “we have power with the gods above yours, yet can we not exert it without your aid. Try, therefore, your own power first, then we will show you ours.” At last, after much wrangling, the Seed clan agreed to this, and set apart eight days for prayer and sacred labors. First they worked together cutting sticks, to which they bound the plumes e summer birds which fly in the clouds or sail over the waters. “ Therefore,” thought our fathers, “why should not their plumes waft our joes ee to the waters and clouds?” These plumes, with prayers and offerings, they planted in the valleys, and there also they placed their medicine seed of corn. Lo! for eight days and nights it rained, and there were thick mists; and the waters from the mountains poured down, bringing new soil cue! sueere it over the valleys where the plumed sticks had been planted. “See!” said the fathers of the Seed clan, ‘“‘ Water and new earth bring we by our suppti- cations.” “Tt is well,” replied the strangers, “yet life ye did not bring. Behold!” and they too set apart eight days, during which they danced and sang a beautiful dance and prayer song, and at the end of that time they took the people of the Seed clan to the valleys. Behold, indeed! Where the plumes had been planted and the medicine seed of corn placed grew seven corn- plants, their tassels waving in une wind, their stalks laden with ripened grain. ‘“ These,” said the strangers, “are the severed flesh of seven n maidens, our own sisters ae children. The eldest sister’s is the yellow corn; the next, the blue; the next, the red; the next, the white; the next, the speckled ; the next, the black, and the last iid youngest is the sweet-corn, for see! even ripe, she is soft like the young of the others. The first is of the Northland, yellow like the light of winter; the second is of the West, blue like the great world of waters; the third is of the South, red like the Land of Everlasting Summer; the fourth is of the East, white like the land whence the sun brings the daylight; the fifth is of the upper regions, many-colored as are the clouds of morning and evening, and the sixth is of the lower re- gions, black as are the caves whence came we, your elder, and ye, our younger brothers.” 298 A beautiful dance, with the Corn Maidens costumed and wear- ing an elaborate colored headdress, and bearing decorated ears of corn in each hand, 1s still performed by the Zujis. Iric. 9. A Zufi woman in typical costume shelling corn with a cob into a basket tray. Photograph by Donald A. Cadzow, The cult of the corn was found also among tribes that hunted much of the time, although they lived in permanent villages com- posed of substantial earth-lodges. Such were the Pawnee and the Omaha Indians of Nebraska, and the Arikara of North Dakota, for example, among whom corn was so important that elaborate ceremonies were performed in its honor and glory. It is doubtful if any Indians who cultivated maize did not practise rites for its successful growth, or who did not recount many myths and folk- tales or sing songs relating to the Corn Mother or her counterpart. We cannot enter deeply into the subject here; indeed it would re- quire a very large volume to tell the story of corn in its relation to the Indians, and then perhaps the half would not be told. But we must indulge ourselves a moment to summarize the religious re- gard in which corn was held by the Pawnee, whose homeland was the Platte river valley, but who hunted bison on the great plains _ 299 and often warred with other tribes. This concept, so replete with symbolism, was recorded by the late Alice C. Fletcher. In a certain rite an ear of white corn, known as “ Mother,” was used. ‘This ear was representative of the fruitfulness of the earth. Its tip was painted blue to symbolize the dome of the sky, the dwelling-place of the Powers, and four equidistant blue lines ex- tending halfway down the ear were the paths along which the Powers descended to minister to man. Attached to the ear was a downy white eagle-feather which typified primarily the high white clouds that float near the dome of the sky where the Powers dwell, thus indicating their presence with the corn. The corn was regarded by the Pawnee, as by other tribes, as the female principle, and the feather as the male principle. The ear of corn therefore represented the supernatural power that dwells in the earth which brings forth the food that sustains life, hence its real and literal Fate Fic. 10. A Zufii woman peeling “ paper bread,” made of corn, from a stone slab beneath which a fire is built. This bread was referred to by the Spaniard, Castafieda, in 1540. Courtesy of the Museum of the Ameri- can Indian, Heye Foundation. 300 significance is “ Mother Breathing Forth Life.” The deep rev- erence in which Mother Corn is held by the Pawnee may best be expressed in their own words: “Mother Corn, breathing forth life, came from Mother Earth, who knows all places and all that happens among men, so she knows all places and all men, and can direct us where to go when we carry the sacred articles which give plenty and peace.” The Pawnee have a sacred feast of corn: When all the company have been seated the fathers ladle out the food into the bowls. The priest takes up a little of the food on the tip of a spoon, offers it toward the east, flipping a particle toward the horizon line. He then passes to the north, drops a bit on the rim of the fireplace, and goes to the west, where, facing the east, he lifts the spoon toward the zenith, pauses, waves it to the four quarters and slowly lowers it to the earth and drops a bit on the rim of the fireplace. After this ceremony of offering thanks the filled bowls are placed before the people. Two or more persons take a few spoonsful from the same bowl, then, hanging the spoons on its edge, they pass the bowl on to the next group at the left. In this way all the people partake of a common feast. Cultivation and Harvest Among the Zufis, after planting, every man, woman, and child of the tribe deposits in the family field a feathered prayer-stick and offers a prayer to the Rain Gods that the crop may be abun- dant. During the period of growth the plants are tended with religious care that weeds may not choke them, nor crows nor stray donkeys inflict their ravages. Harvest time comes, and again men, women, and children garner the priceless crop. No, it is not a “golden harvest,” for Pueblo maize is of every imaginable hue. The Pueblo housewife justly regards her store of corn as the most beautiful, colorful thing in the world. A quaint description of a Virginia Indian cornfield was written by Thomas Hariot (who was appointed geographer by Sir Walter Raleigh to his second Virginia expedition) to describe a drawing by John White which appears in Hariot’s report published in 1588 and which we reproduce here (Tig. 301 In their corne fields they builde as yt weare a scaffolde wher on they sett a cottage like to a rownde chaire, signified by F. wherein they place one to watche, for there are suche nomber of fowles, and beasts, that vnless they keepe the better watche, they would soone deuoure all their corne. For which cause the Sere maketh continual crys and noise. They sowe their corne with a certaine distance noted by H. other wise one stalke would choke ne Me of another and the corne would not come vnto his sea G. For oa leaves thereof are large, like vnto the leaues of great ree . Likewise they haue garden notted bey the letter 7, wherein they vse to sowe pompions [pumpkins]. Fic. 11. Zufiis grinding corn on the stone metates. Note the grass brush in the basket at the left, used to brush the meal from the grinding stones. Cf. Fig. 12.) Photo by Donald A. Cadzow. Women’s Rights As we have hinted, the corn, once gathered, becomes the prop- erty of the woman of the Pueblo family. Her husband may have done the planting and the tilling, he may have deposited many prayer-sticks, offered numerous prayers, participated in many dances, including a ceremony of thanksgiving for an abundant crop; but here his duty and his direct interest end. He has no more property-right in the corn stored in the home than he has 302 in the children or in the house in which he lives. They all belong to his wife; there’s no mistake about it! The Pueblo women had their “ rights ” long before civilization knew of a New World. This being the case, it may reasonably be assumed that the woman prepares the food. She does. A Pueblo man would not think of having anything to do with the preparation, nor with anything pertaining to it. It is strictly women’s work. The woman grinds the corn and cooks it in a score of different wavs; she fashions and fires the pottery vessels in which it is cooked, and she builds the oven in which it may be baked (Figs. 9-13). The Metate “But surely the man makes the heavy metate from a large boulder, and the hand-stone or mano with which the grinding is done? ”’ you ask. Not by any means. That is a part of women’s work as well, for is it not concerned directly with the preparation of food? For the purpose her husband may bring from the hills a stone or Fic. 12. Zufi women grinding corn. (Cf. Fig. 11.) Photo by Donald A. Cadzow. 303 several stones of the desired quality, but his wife will do all the shaping by laboriously pecking away with a small boulder of harder stone until it is of the prescribed form. The work de- voted to a single metate, such as the one in the Botanic Garden (Fig. 1), may require weeks of time. Usually three stones are required—one, of coarse grain, often of hard porous lava, for hulling the corn; another, of finer stone, for milling it coarsely, and the third, usually of fine-grained sand- stone, for grinding it until it is almost flour-like. These metates are set side by side, the end toward the grinder higher than the other end, in a kind of low trough built in the floor, with parti- tions of wood or stone separating them to keep the ground corn within its proper confines. Tihe women kneel on the floor before the trough, their feet usually braced against the house wall, and each with her mano or grinding slab (which is coarse or fine to correspond with the metate) grinds up and down, up and down, often from dawn until dark (Figs. 11 and 12). Coronado, the explorer, wrote of these Zufi corn-grinders in 1540: ‘“‘ They have the very best machinery for grinding that was ever seen. One of these Indian women here will grind as much as four of the Mexi- cans.” The labor is arduous, but these gentle, happy, patient little women have a way of lessening it by crooning a charming little grinding song, such as the following one of Zuni recorded by Natalie Curtis: —" Yonder, yonder see the fair rainbow, See the rainbow brightly decked and painted! Now the swallow bringeth glad news to your corn, Singing, “ Hitherward, hitherward, hitherward, rain, “ Hither come!” Singing, “ Hitherward, hitherward, hitherward, white cloud, “ Hither come! Oe hear the corn-plants murmur, “We are growing everywhere! ” Hi, yai! The world, how fair! Or the following quaint ditty from Laguna pueblo, New Mexico: ee ay ow aw to me Hoses. Fly, ae. vee Fly, yellow-wing, 304 Now fly away to the blossoms, Now a ee i oe blossoms, Butterflies, See enti Now fly away to vies Blossene Butterflies, ane ! If a woman should chance to have much grinding for her house- hold, which usually is the case, and her immediate female relations are not available, she will call on her neighbors to aid in the task; and they in turn will invite her to their grinding bee whenever they are hard-pressed. In all probability there has been little change in the method of grinding by the Zufi women for a thousand years or longer. Recording observations which he made on the spot, Castaneda, the principal chronicler of Coronado’s expedition of 1540, wrote as follows, his quaint description being quite applicable to the custom today, except for the flute-playing swain, although the men do have corn-grinding songs which they sometimes sing to the girls while engaged in milling: They keep the separate houses yee ee prepare the food for eating and where they grind the meal, very c his is a separate room or closet, where they have a cre with oe stones fixed in stiff clay. Three women go in here, each one having a stone, with which one of them breaks the corn, the ne Say it, and the third grinds it again. They take off their shoes, do up their hair, shake their Bie and cover ae heads before they enter the door. A man sits at the door playing on a fife while they grind, moving the stones to the music and singing together. They grind a large quantity at one time, because they make all their bread of meal soaked in warm water, like wafers. They gather a great quantity of brushwood and dry it to use for cooking all through the year. The metate seems to have originated in the land where corn was first developed—the home of the Mayas, whose marvelous sculptures and ruined temples are quite comparable with those of ancient Egypt. One therefore would expect to find elaborately carved metates in Central America; and such indeed is the case, for archeological research has resulted in unearthing many an- cient metates that are beautifully carved (Fig. 14). In Mexico and Central America legs are a characteristic feature of the mill- COE i . & ~~ ig, ey - sy RS Ot eres Fic. 13. Putun women of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, preparing corn on metates for making tortillas. Photo by Prof. Marshall H. Saville, 1897 . 306 ing stones, as the illustration shows, suggesting that portability was a requirement, whereas in the northern area of their distri- bution the metates are legless, because they were almost always set permanently in place. In the United States beyond the Pueblo area the true metate is not found ; but throughout that region from the earliest Pueblo culture which had its rise in the introduction of corn, metates and manos are found in large numbers in the ruins of dwellings and sometimes in the open; and they vary little in form from those in daily use at the present time. — Fic. 14. After C. V. Hartman. Ancient metate from Costa Rica. The carving represents a bird. The metate and mano in the Botanic Garden were found several years ago in Arizona on the site now submerged by the great Roosevelt reservoir on Salt river. Ruins of the houses and of entire settlements of ancient corn-farmers are scattered over this whole region. Mortars Used in the East In the eastern part of our country the common implement for shelling corn was a wooden peg or the jawbone of a deer with 307 the teeth in place, but in other parts the work was done quite effi- ciently with a corncob. Sometimes an upright wooden mortar made from part of a tree trunk and having a heavy rod bottom was used with a wooden pestle, the grains falling through the rods to the ground, while the cobs were held. Then the corn was crushed with a wooden or stone pestle in a similar mortar with a solid base, instead of with a metate and mano, the end of the pestle sometimes being fastened with a thong to a resilient tree branch to facilitate pounding. It was by this means that the hominy of the Eastern Indians was made. Corn was stored in various ways—in a pit beneath the floor, in a cubby-hole in a cave, or in corn-cribs such as those common in our Southern States, the form of which was borrowed directly from the Indians. As we have already seen, the Pueblo Indians store their corn in a regular store-room, which sometimes does service also for hid- ing away various family oddments (Fig. 3). We should like to say something of the many ways in which corn is prepared for food, but this would take us too far afield— away from the main topic of this little Guide, which is designed to present an idea of the important part that corn and the metate have played in Indian history and industry. Note: In June, 1928, Miss Alice A. Driggs offered to present to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden a bird bath in memory of her mother. During that summer, while the director of the Garden was collecting on the Arizona desert, near Roosevelt Lake, his at- tention was called to a large prehistoric Pueblo metate, or flour mill, about 30 inches long by 22 inches wide and 15 inches high. At once it occurred to him that this would make a unique bird bath, of special interest for a botanic garden. The metate, together with the grinding stone, or mano, were purchased and shipped to Brooklyn. In May, 1929, the metate, with the mano securely fastened to it, was installed at the northern end of the Rose Gar- den, on a mounting designed by Harold A. Caparn, consulting landscape architect of the Garden. The mounting bears the fol- lowing inscription: THIS ANCIENT PUEBLO METATE FROM ARIZONA WAS PRESENTED FOR A BIRD BATH TO BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN BY ALICE A. DRIGGS, IQ2Q. a ae OFFICERS OF THE BoARD : ‘OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT © “EDWARD C. “BLUM ae ee -s Seconn Vice-Presipent WALTER F pt Po NDE Po S re WILLIAM A. PUTNAM Tur TRD Vice-Presipent > "ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN | We SECRETARY 6 FOSTER ‘SMITH Pieces JOHN H. DENBIGH _Boranio GARDEN GovERNING ComMiTrEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman 2. EDWARD | (ak BLUM, Ex officio - JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY. WILLIAM T. HUNTER - WALTER-H. CRITTENDEN | ALFRED W. JENKINS _ GATES D. FAHNESTOCK _. EDWIN P. MAYNARD ie MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS _. WILLIAM A, PUTNAM * ALEXANDER M. WHITE» Se OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK : THe PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER sia PARKS, BOROUGH OF eo GENERAL INFORMATION | Mr MBERSHIP.—AI] persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance ce the Boku Botanic search are eligible to membership. embers enjoy special privileges. Annual Membe ship, $10 yearly ; Sustaining Membersh‘p, $25 ye ae Life Membership, $500. information concerning a Sa may be had by addressing ae Dir ae Be Botanic Garden, PieOrian, N, ne eae eG 6173 Prospe oe OTANIC: Paes is lye on 0 the public City, from 8 a.m. until dusk ; on Sundaus: and Holiday i open _ ENTR RANCES. —On Flatbush nee a Empire Boulevard (Matbone Street), oa near Mt. Rep Base csair on n Wash ington Avenue, south of Eastern Park- way eke “near mpi re Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west oO the Museum The street entraneg to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Wasted Avenue, opposite Montec ery Stre Serene a others in studying ae collections the services of a xf ee may se obtained. ‘This service is free of c e to members ue the Botanic - Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents fai person. rrangements must be made pean aon to the Curator of Public Anse action at Teast oe Wen in oe ree of less than six adults will = co Station eons rough Subway y to Dastern Pee Museum Station Sterling Place and Was! ington Avenue; Union Street and Vanderbilt Avenue Stes trolleys to Prospect. Park Plaza and Union Street. eee) -* Deceased, , September 21, 1920. PUBLICATIONS ‘OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD. Established, January, - ae An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1028) ; bimont hly beginning with 1929. Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruct ion, seed list, euler miscellaneous Deer and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free o members of “the Garden. To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates i in 41 countries, MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. - Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the Eanes building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521. pages. Price $3.50, plus p Volum . The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk : mr study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage. - Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its Sane ment. site “Ba rrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 page Price CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, ape I, 1911. Papers originally published per i nd. numbered ent ely. This series includes Genin papers, as well as those embodying ne results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. enty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a molunne Circulates i in 34 countries. 53. Mutation, pon ae to temperature differences, and geographical distri- bution in Haver 12 1928. 54. The vegetation a le Allegany State Park. 121 pages. 1928. 55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928. 56. ns inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose and covered smut. 48 pages. 1928. LEABLETS: Established, Aa 10, 1913. Se. weekly or seas o be seen in the Garden near the. of issue, and to give popular, elementary peformascn port ag life for ies and others. Free t en. To o , fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. ree fates i in 28 coun te tee GUIDES to. the collections, Be Nae and grounds. ce based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Record; see abov Gardens i a Garden: A para guide to the chal Views and folded map. Published,, May, 1929. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard “Recor d, 183; 153-188.) ue 1925 issued each year in the January num the R Circulation includes 143 botanic gardens and institutions locat nm 42 countr AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY Established, January, 1014. Published, in codperation with the Bor tL Socrety or AMERiIcA, monthly, except during August and Sean anen Subscription, $7.00 a year, Circulates in 48 countries. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published chest in cooperation with the Ecovogicat Socrety or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year, Circulates in 48 countries GENETICS. Eee etrd. 2 anuary, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 coun eb SEED LIST. (Delectus Cee os as whee 1914. bans ~~ NOV 29 1929 BROOKLYN BOTANIC. GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER E FOR TH ADVANCEM ENT OF BOTANY VOLUME XVIII 1929 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. ¥ LANCASTER PRESS, INC, LANCAS7ER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVIII PAGE No. 1, JANUARY Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn, 1928 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange) 1 ImtennationaleSecdmrxchan gems error rierrrleritcisie No. 2, Marcu Eighteenth Annual Soe of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1928 ...... 17 IRkerloyee Crh ava ID siadclteleces wan se ase aan Ee NOOB aCoCeuUO unUUuODOomUS 7 Reports on ea om TO) 2 eee oe ret OT ON RC etn wae 52° Repontotathes @uratomorm anltsa iO IailO20 aan ater ete tira arene eters 67 Report of the Horticulturist and Head Gardener for 1928 ......... 71 Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1928 ............. 75 Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction for 1928 ........ rere) IP NeWE GHP (days ILibeyeinein sie IOV) ook edn on coach eobéuuesoouucudocE 05 Statistica lm lnepoteOnmt Meme bia layin tr. 0 coeae tie vie teense. ta ete mangrten ie 102 imancial@otatemen tO tg sn 251 ser yee cee etre erent acvenpeen rete. 103 Tegel GCOUILGS) weateene re eek et ac anaes re eet a dees 103 US Iehbhowk} ANCES ooococcnoenconedbobcoabandoodagsa 105 Gintsprecelv.cdedininomlOZOumeE REE en cate etn ener eaer: III Bublicationssore embers Or tate diuming 1020) ren ten net 118 Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers se by Members of Staff heRoNaye?! HOS. \s Soata Gna Bab oben oer rs ee ae oeau soe 122 meee on oe ice Botanic Garden Publications, 1928 ........... 128 ire devant nse @ond Usted: hO2Oem aera.) ert eaes ce) none Rees 130 Meetings of Organizations at the Garden, 1928 .................. 130 RMON Gol Iearoneyserynone Woe ho sesemaoe sates soos oC ou GSO ScoNRS 131 O@fhicerssotathes boardeotm@bGustecSusem ere amie ware ere 132 Botanic Garden Governing Committee ........................5-. 132 IMigraahyers one are Wesel Goon osdoonccdncododoouvsoudocuscunbego sods 132 Witonitemnt J opsIbebay sou apanooucodundepoouoscopcoaHnm obo Hoo aadon 1:33 [eiStRO tern bers: aces Pine ees etcetera rees 134 SuimmatyaoteMembershipsne aay. ccs. eae ae eae rrs renee ears 148 Information concerning Membership ............6... 0.2 .eee eeu 149 Ipnivileceswo ter ein DeLsiit py meme eect rece ene neces meee tec touneemetea 150 Forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ............... I51 heshatanicnGandensandethe: Cityasss were. ener 152 No. 3, May Gardens Within A Garden: A General Guide to the Grounds of the Bicol dkaan Isyerenie (Cancion yeoesaogaonu neu cscoouSeesosonoo0ds 153 iv PAGE No. 4, Jury Public Shaina atthe mrooklyn Botanic Garien -ee eee ee 189 Serv ae cle Libs 5 0 ea ap cele CER Re a MENT RW: aR 200 o the See Pee erate a TAPER OTE On IN ner Ai ie a 200 (et the iotanic. Garden’ &,..,0.1..2 eee ee ee 200 BAG the Schools’... ta. cok ee 212 Die Menbeuship. Privileges. ..<25 900 a, ces ee 218 III. Service to ii General Publicen. cs) ee ee 210 Lil Eu chit tol |: Berar any eee non ae emcee, ORCS! nC mer 220 ee een ae iesiseer ter tis oie ey aT ats COME ENCE AEE ea ee 221 Le Loln Let Sul ak hg ck: ena seemts, suesaetedac ey OME. FE one cle. 200 Ges ope br 221 Counsessonslnsthuctioner ee ree eet ene 223 (Ghuldinenie: Gard ms sae een: aves ct Pee xem ee alee 223 Boys ann Girls’ Clibit < pie ee ee ee 228 IE Yale c11 5 5 ce Raa en IRAN AS rcaein ea ne dneeerih oN On en eee 220 TBUieaica a sMtrontna tion, tet es eee ee 229 Inspection of Yards and Gardens .2..s20...essu.-.0..55 232 PO nee EO EO ON ODIO. AAA bo 6 eee Se 232 CME bw er DATItitT) iG -: 2 ay Pa wre tee eR rea 232 Cooperation with City Departments ..............00005 232 Cooperation with Local Organizations ............<«.:; 234 Bopicvei bite. 5200 poe eee ee oe ee 234 Conservation Activities oso. a. ee ee 234 AU Hosallcle Yo dp lelcutaanes ten aU Seer ene aie scl tagn bP). Maeeae ro 240 S otanical Publications: se. cee. > en ee ae 240 II. Exchange of Seeds with other Botanic Gardens .......... 242 Tile Bureau-otintormation 127-25 ee 243 . Cooperation with National and International Organizations 245 Statistics of School Service PE es eee A eee oe 247 No. 5, SEPTEMBER Prospectus of Courses, Lectures, and other Educational Advantages of- ered to Members and to the General Public ..............ceee00 2 No. 6, NovEMBER The Story of our Metate: A Chronicle of Corn, Guide No.3 ........ 283 INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII Acacia, Rose, 71 American Rose So ociety for Local Secretary of the, 75 Appointments, 45 rizona an Southern California, 1928, Attendance, Garden, 75 Attendance at Garden during 1928, Barnett, Dorothy, 46 Bartlett, erin Car ae oo Benedict, Ralph C., 118 Bequest to the Areata Tsarate arden, Forms of, 151 Binding, 99 Black Spot, Blankley, Ruth, 46 Boston Fern, Studies on the varia- ; tion o ate Prosperity and, 27 Botany, Brooklyn, Potentialities of, 25 Brooklyn Teac s Association, Courses for teachers given in co- operation with the, 2 rs, oe 89 Bunt of wheat investigations, 56 Burr, Belle 45, 69 Butler, Mrs. Ginn R.,, California, Seeds Collected in ee Cap Harold A., 36, 71, 72 Castanea ante Borkh., 59 japonica, 58 AA ee 58 Chaetopsts fulvifrons, 61 eucst nut ark Disease Investiga- > & Children Courses for, 269 Children’ s Cl a eae a 1 Children’s Gard Chil an Gar wan "Baling 281 Children’s Room City, .The Botanic ene and _ the, 152 Classes, Garden, 90 309 Collections Fund, Conference of Museu Staffs, 79 Conservation Activities, 234 Conser vation fe) Saree plants, 65 Conservatories, 2 Conserva Stones Attendance at, 76 Coolidge on Memori als, Presi dent, 31 Cooperation r& ure eS V., 36 eee Walter We Deaths Delectus eae Brooklyn, 1928, 1 Dicotyledons, Floral Sees of, 64 Director, Summer Absence of the, 47 Docentry, 2 gg ee ae (Cif i Reais Da aniel C., Education, Adult Education at the ne oa Botanic Garden, 1910-1928, Public, 189 Edwards, Bertha L., 46 Eisman, Louis ab Gi 9 Elementary Instruction Or 1928, Re- BOrhge if e Cura ator of, Endowment fund, 2 meine Tee e er, E. J Pub ens 82 Exhibits, 93 Exhibits, Public, 44 eld Trips conducted, iataeaeee 4 1928, 130 ae ne pester! patel jeihhia ifolia var. eae is, 64 fi enene ay, 6 peruviana Schellenberg, 64 310 Free, Montague, 44, 75, 91, 119 Cae C. Stuart, 36, 50, 79, 119, 153, 9 Gale, N. P., 14 Gallup, Miss Anna B,, Gardening, eee for, ee Gardens within a Garden, Gifts, 40, 62 Gifts received during 1928, 111 Gramineae, 71 raves, Arthur Harmount, 44, 57; 119 Gro ae tienes and, Guide e Grou of aR Brook- te ae ee n, A General, eee eae ae 64, 82, 120 V., 283 Horticulturist oy Head Gardener 28, Report of the, 71 Bree Homer House Plant eae A, 94 ation, Bureau of, 21, 90 Injustices, Salary Inspection, Re Annual pring, 4 Instruction, Courses of, 268 Investigations during 1928, 34 s Project, ine Project, Beales , 59 and Met ei ihicons beardle Japanese ‘Garden, ee Kiernan, Fran Kimball, Miss tena M., 41 Ko ee Herman, 4 ae Signs, 69 ets, ee Taitiel og 7k Lewitus, Victor A., Librarian a 1028 Laeae of the, 05 Library, 37, Statistical Report of the, 102 Loans, Inter-library, 99 Lonicera, 71 MacKinnon, Frances Miller, 45 T., 68, 79 Malus ee 71 mucromalus Sargentit, 7 Mansfield, ‘iss Louise B., 62 Veer, "Elizabeth, ie McCallum, John, 69 s of Geni tots at the Garden, 130 Members, List of, 134 Membership, 40 ees oa Information concern- i ene Privileges of, 150 Membership, Summary of, 148 Metate, The Story of our, 283 Narcissus, 72 National Association of Gardeners, hoe Registration Committee of Nebeees eae Collected in North- eastern Needs, Atiecelmmeone Needs, What the Books Garden, 29 Nephrol pes (Boston Fern, etc. He on Be variation of, 64 Rll Ade 45 Class hee student, Pa Nurses, urses, Course for student, 276 Oak, ht of, Obligations, Municip a oe Central Am B67, O Sine in, 14 Pathology, Forest, 57 Pathology, Plant eae ork, Report on, 131 Seed and, 73 Plant Registration Committee of ue ae tional Association of Garden 10} > ° So 9 a9 Pe P lantations 278 and Grounds, 35 mental, 71 J e a Plants received, Living, 70 a ee 1928, Report of the Cura- ie yg Pratt, "George , a7 Proctor, A. Phimister, 47 Ssh td an ¢ ° Les) Publications, Circulation ee Publications oO en ber uring 192 Publications, aes Report on Brook- yn Botanic Garden, 128 Public, Courses for the general, 274 Public facta for 1928, Repor of the Curator of, 75 Pre Staff dll Publicity, NA ae 80 Purdy, Maud H., 58, 62, 64, 69 ce, 45 Quercus montana Wil Id., Reed, George M., 44, 52. 50, 67, I Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden) 1928, Eighteenth Annual, Ree rch, 68 Research for 1928, Repoats on, 52 Reser Mt. Prospect, 36 Resignations 4 Rivnay, Ezekiel, ee, 79 Robinia hispida, 7 ose ance 36, fs 281 n Day, First Annual, 36 Rusk, Miss ae School Service, Statistics of, 19 Scncels, Nature and plant material suppli Saas, Study material for, 76 Schultze, Alexandra Do Science an ducation in ‘Brooklyn, Suppor 7 Scout pete hane Seed Exchange, International, is, eRe 68, 73 Seed W ork, 9 peed DALE in Exchange, List of, Se ede Penny Packets of, 47 ae senen Eddy, 47, 79: 95, 120 Sim se 103, 1 Suit, eee Bs wg Smith, G. Foster, 111 Sg What Price, 43 nut Investigations, Oat, 52 Crt investigations, cae 57 muts, New races of oat Sorghum smut investigations, 57 Statement for 1928, Financial, 103 Statue, Indian Maid and Fawn, 47 offe orma E., 45 Talks, Jectures, addresses, and papers iven by members of Staff during I oe 122 achers, Courses for, 27 Tere r& Sin. anne es 72 Tilletia oe 56, 57 tritict, 56, 57 ae Officers of the Board of, Ulle. Titus, 67 Usilago a avenae, 52, 55 Uiah, Beak Collected in, 13 are Horticultural, a uc What Wiener Mrs. Louise, 80 Wea ther unc bes, 37 Wernec e, J. B., Wheat AVEC EATIGAS Bunt of, 56 White schol Tee wAlireds iso Wao 72 n ary, 04 Woods, Collection of American, 89 Woodward, Ethel Zunser, Gladys Glenn, 46