BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIII JANUARY, 1934 NO. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN 1933 a mags put . ANDTHE SERVICE OF THE CITY PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y.- Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Libraria MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Cuitens noes Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN ee SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction — HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Plants MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Mesistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY ees Honorary Curator of Japanese Gordining and Floral Art AROLD A. CAPARN, Cans Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, PhD. Resident Investigator (ins) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Tnevestigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant in els H. DOROTHY JENKINS, A.B., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Receurty Assistant .M.,, tructor _ L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Research Assistant WILLIAM H. DURKIN) Curatorial Assistant _ MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial Assistant RGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Pie Geanhen MAUD H. PURDY, Artist _ ADMINISTRATIVE. DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL ee Office Assistant MARTE HOUSE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretory to the Director ; FR aos STOLL, Rewteenar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer VELYN M, GAILER, Sia OTaRHOP CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer pn OvO ck 1 yeN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIII JANUARY, 1934 NO. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN 1933 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1933, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited quantities, to members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. for sale. They are not offered Applications for seeds must be received during January or Feb- ruary. Latest date March 15, 1934. SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES Amarantaceae 79 var. Childsii Oe var. chrysanthiflor Alternanthera sae ‘Glasgow pees Achyrantha R. Br . : ” sessilis CL:), R.Br Beason spinosa L Becctichi \marantus gracilis Moq. caudatus L. caudatus var. albiflorus Apocynaceae 247 ort. Apocynut im tricolor splendens Celosia *androsaemifolium L Arali argentea raliaceae 227 Valle Childsit Arali (crimson ) alia *nudicaulis L. * Seeds collected from wild plants Asclepiadaceae 248 Caryophyllaceae 87 Amsonia Arenaria ‘Tabernaemontana W alt: granint foha Schrad. KXkorimiana Iisch. Cerastium *arvense L. var. villosum Hollick & Brit Dianthus Armeria L. Asclepias rear iary. Le. *tuberosa L. Balsaminaceae 168 Impatiens Lychnis 3alsamina L. ~ alba Mill. Day Peat a Tn |+t . A biflora \alt. Coronaria atropurpurea Silene Berberidaceae 93 cihata Pourr. japonica Rohrb. latifolia Brit. & Rendle maritima With. orientalis splendens DE nnsy Ivanica Michx. ‘Tunica Saxifraga Scop. Caulophyllum *thalictroides Michx, Podophyllum *peltatum L. Boraginaceae 252 Anchusa azurea Rehb. Chenopodiaceae 78 officinalis L, Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla Moq. Cactaceae 210 ; Roubieva Opuntia . multifida Mogq. tortispina Engel. *vulearis Mill. Cistaceae 193 Helianthemum *canadense (L.) Michx. Campanula euttatum Mill. latifolia L. var. eriocarpa = Hudsonia De *ericoides Ly, Campanulaceae 276 Platycodon *tomentosa Nutt. erandiflorum DC. Lechea *Legeetti Brit. & Hollick Capparidaceae 107 *villosa Ell. Cleome : scnulate., ase Compositae 280 serrulata Pursh viscosa L, Anaphi tlis Polanisia ‘n larga itacea Benth. & ook. trachy Speritta T. & G. Artem Purshiana Bess. ster *concolor L. pepe atus (Porter) Fernald * div eer? ian *suibulatus Michx. Bidens oe Le *coronata Fisch, *laevis (L.) BSP. Carlina acaulis L. Centaurea itschii Hay. Chrysanthemum Parthenium “ Golden Ball” Pz wee enium “ Silver Ball” Chryso # falcata CPursh): El: *mariana (L.) Nutt Cirsium *muticum Michx Coreopsis Petes Hogg lanceolata palmata Nutt. bee EL Cosmo fy emitalice Otto Dimorphotheca pluvialis (L.) Moench Echino ops 1 1 L sphaer OCC pals . Erigeron macranthus Nutt. Eupatorium *album L, ay ssopifolium L, *perfoliatum L *pubescens Muhl. *purpureum L. *resinosum Torr. *rotundifolium L. Gaillardia pulchella Fouq. pulchella var. picta Gray Gy mmo ua hes CNutts ibe @ 1. Beit - * ane arn Lb *divaricatus lee *ojgeanteus sparsifolius Hort. Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Willd. Heliopsis cee (L.) Sweet 1€ anthoides var. Pitcheri- ana rt. scabra var. zinniaeflora Hort. Iva *oraria Bartlett Weiatris *eraminifolia (Walt.) Willd. *scariosa Willd. ee (L.) Willd. Mikani ‘scandens (L.) Willd. Pluche *cumphorat Cab Se Rudbec ae ee Be maxima Nutt. speciosa Wend. es Sullivanti (Boynton ‘& Beadle) Rob. er sauce *asteroides (L.) BSP. *linifolius (L.) ‘as Ps Silphium laciniatum LL. per _ tum L, pone ae Ait *asperula Desf *bicolor L, canadensis L. iavolNetolqat tee Wane 2 aa (L..) Salish. cae *neglecta T. & *nemoralis Ait. *odora Ait. *patula Muh. “puberula Nutt. eka sams [x “speciosa Nutt. ‘stricta Ait. *tenulfolia Pursh Stokesia laevis Hill laevis var. alba Hort. *noveboracensis Willd. Convolvulaceae 249 Pharbitis hederacea Jacq. sagittata lam. Ouamoclhit pinnata Bojer Cornaceae 229 Cornus "canaderisis. 1. Cruciferae 105 Berteroa incana:. 4s) LG. Datiscaceae 207 Datisca cannabina L. Dipsacaceae 274 Dipsacus sylvester Huds; Droseraceae 112 Drosera *longifolia L. *rotundifolia L. Ericaceae 233 Gaultheria *procumbens L, Gentianaceae 246 Gentiana *erinita Froel. *Saponaria L. straminea Maxim. Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) Brit. Rene Sabatia *ICennedyana Fern. Geraniaceae 129 Gers aniut m ‘earolintanum LL. Iendressi J. Gay Hypericaceae 187 Aseyrum *Stans Michx. Hypericum *adpressum Bart. Ascyron L. *ellipticum Took. Labiatae 254 Dracocephalum ie Wooton Ocimut eadkcuen le Perilla frutescens Brit. var. kinensis Bailey Phlomis alpina Pall. Sues ana Royle Physosteg virginiana (L.) Benth. Salvia aziirea Lam: flora Benth. jurissici Kosa oe Ker- Cah Scutellar a GHOIe Pursh canescens Nutt. Var. Stachy hy er olta Michx. Teucrium otrys Trichost la Se Bs Leguminosae 128 Amphicar pa *monoica (L.) EMl. ePitchemedh. CoG: Baptisia Auiothalicn( ao; bt PrnerOman( lt jai Bie Cassia *Chamacecrista L. *nictitan Clitoria Ternatea L. Nat- grandi- Desmanthus ma vensis MacM. Lathyrt nets (Cis); Bigeli Mimosa pudica L Str ophosy re *helvola (L.) Brit. Tephri *virginiana (L.) Pers. Loasaceae 206 Blumenbachia Hieronymi Urb. Lobeliaceae 276a belia Cacia. Sintlatae Ls Lythraceae 216 Cuphea lanceolata Ait. procumbens Cav. Malvaceae 175 Callirhoe involucrata Gray Hibiscus militaris Cav. Moscheutos L. Moscheutos Hybrids Trionum Kitaibelia vitifoha Willd. Martyniaceae 260 Martynia louisiana Mill. lutea Lindl. Melastomaceae 223 Rhexia *virginica L. Nymphaeaceae 88 Ny a uthus *advena (Ait.) Fernald Onagraceae 224 Clarkia elegans Douglas Epilobium ac iota ie Lopezia racemosa Cav. udwigiz U *sphaerocarpa El. Oenothera Drummoncii | speciosa Nutt look. Orobanchaceae 261 IK pifagus *virginiana (L.) Bart. Oxalidaceae 130 Oxalis corniculata L. stricta LL: Papaveraceae 104 poe californicum Torr. & Frem. “Merriam Coville Argemone sarclayana Penny intermedia Sweet ochroleuca Eschscholtzia californica Cham. Phytolaccaceae 83 Phytolacea decandra L. Plantaginaceae 269 Plantago Psyllium L. Polemoniaceae 250 Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. tricolor Benth. Polygonaceae 77 Polygonella Jd *articulata (L.) Meisn. *scandens LL. Portulacaceae 85 Portulaca grandiflora Lindl. marginata TIBI. Talinum patens Willd. Primulaceae 237 Lysimachia *MHerrestiis (ly) DSP Steironema *ciliatum (L.) Ra *lanceolatum (W a ) Gray Trientalis *americana (Pers.) Pursh Pyrolaceae 231 Chime aphila *umbellata (L.) Nutt. ee *elliptica Nutt. Ranunculaceae 91 ane a, *alba (L.) *rubra nos Tale Anemone Halleri All. Aquilegia baikalensis Hort. canadensis chrysantha Gray Skinneri Hook. vulgaris L vulgaris var. nivea grandi- fl ora Hort. vulgaris var. olympica Baker Clematis ochroleuca Ait. *virginiana L Coptis *eroenlandica (Oeder) Fern. C. trifolia of auth.) Paeonia corallina Retz. Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. Trollius *laxus Salisb. Rosaceae 126 Geum japonicum Thunb. Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench Potentilla viscosa Don Sanguisorba *canadensis L. Rubiaceae 270 Mitchella srepens: Li, Sarraceniaceae 110 Sarracenia ‘purpurea |. Saxifragaceae 117 Heuchera mea Small Parnass x ee Michx. Scrophulariaceae 257 Chelone *elabra L. Gerardia *purpurea L. Gratiola *aure a Muhl. Linar Re Mill. macedonica Griseb. M elampy rum *lineare Lam. Pentstemon barbatus Nutt. var. Torreyi ray diffusus Douglas glaber Pursh glaber var. ee Gray areata Willd. peetes Crista-galli L. eerie la *nodosa L. Solanaceae 256 Capsicum frutescens L. Nicotiana alata Dink? eer. sOtto: vain grandiflora Comes Sanderae Sander solanifolia Walp. Tabacum L Solanum dulcamara var. nanschani- cum Humboldtii Willd. sodomaeum L Umbelliferae 228 cuta *maculata L. Coriandrum sativum L. Eryngium amethystinum L. Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. Osmorrhiza *longistylis (Torr. ) Sium *cicutaefolium Schrank Verbenaceae 253 Verbena *hastat venosa Gill & Hook. Violaceae 198 Viola *affinis LeConte *conspersa Reichenb. *fimbriatula Sim. *lanceolata L. *latiuscula Gre *pallens ( ae . srainerd Se enee *primulifolia ie *sagittata Ait. *striata Ait. Zygophyllaceae 135 Tribulus terrestris L. MONOCOTYLEDONES Amaryllidaceae 340 Zephyranthes texana Herb. Araceae 323 Arisaema *triphyllum (L.) Schott Peltandra *vireinica (L.) Kunth Cyperaceae 320 Carex Grayii Carey *oynandra Schwein. Cyper us Houghtonn Torr. E ‘riophorum *virginicum L, Eriocaulaceae 330 Eriocaulon *compressum Lam. “Cetanealare: Ls, Gramineae 319 Andropogo1 * eae. atus (Walt.) BSP. *scoparius Michx. *virginicus L. Glyceria *obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. Panicum *virgatum L. Phragmites *communis Trin. Haemodoraceae 339 Lac on inthes *tinctoria (Walt.) ETL. Lophiola *aurea Ker, Iridaceae 344 Sisyrinchium *angustifolium Mill, *atlanticum Bicknell Juncaceae 336 Juncus retustsy sls vat: Fern. & Wieg. solutus Liliaceae 338 Amianthium *muscaetoxicum (W alt.) aray Asphodeline lutea Reichb. Clintonia *borealis (Ait.) Raf. um *superbum L. Meianthesnam canadense Desf. Medeola *virginiana L. kesia *sessil ee (L.) Wats. Se ere ietr. Smilacina racemosa (lL. )) Dest, *stellata (L.) Desf. Streptopus *roseus Michx. ne a Trillium ok = BE aris funda Willd. Boyes ier fotiata ez Sent Iu “eaphode oides (L.) Nutt. Yuee aia es ie Orchidaceae 350 Catone: *hihetls (Swe) aks Br. l bs par iorn Salisb. Epipac Hpescen (Willd.) A Iaton Habenaria *bracteata ( Willd.) ae ae *hyperborea (L.) R. Pontederiaceae 334 Pontederia Reorcdatages Xyridaceae 329 Xyris *caroliniana Walt. SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS GYMNOSPERMAE Pinaceae Cedrus Libani Loud. 10 ANGIOSPERMAE Bombacaceae 177 Lauraceae 102 Ochroma Benzoin Lagopus Swartz *aestivale TL. +E Nees Fagaceae 62 Leguminosae 128 Nothofagus Amorpha 7 *fruticosa L. Cladrastis +Solandri Oerst. platyearpa Mak. ytruncata (Col.) Ckn. Rosaceae 126 Juglandaceae 60 Sines Platyca *tomentosa L, al icea Sieb. & Zuce. SrEps COLLECTED IN THE PINE BARRENS OF NEW JERSEY By Mr. T. WINDON Arctostaphylos Gentiana a *Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. *Andrewsi Griseb. Arenaria aly ee J. F. Gmel *caroliniana Walt. Habenariz : eaves *blephi eee ( Willd.) *Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis gO a, - aig ) *clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. iTay Cal Hudsonia alopog¢ ie aen des. 2TICO 25 4. tick le dive (ow) Re Be Le oanttae E uciophy Chimaphila = 4s | 7 “puceifolium (Berg.) Ell. *maculata (L.) Pursh ieee Cypripedium — *spicata (L.) Will Facaile Aut. ee Lobelia saa — ae oe Ls *filiformis Raf. Lophiola . . 4 - c reac a *aurea Ker. pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Witchella “aton *repens L. Eriophorum es * vinous L. *ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Gaulther Polygala proc aban Lig *lated Ly, + New Zealand seeds, obtained by courtesy of the State Forest Service, Wellington, New Zealand 11 Sabatia eae *sp. (pink firs.) ua (L.) Richard *lanceolata Walt.) iteucat Ge. Xerophyllum Sarracent la ca onnenelorses (es) SIN: *purpurea L. Address requests for seeds before March 15 to SEED. ESC EUAN GE Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y., eS) « tie 7 The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences ORNCERS: OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary PRESIDENT FRANK L. BABBOTT * PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VicE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREA SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH - BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, ae anes JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM ‘MRS. WILLIAM H. CA WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. Gea ON EDWIN P. MAYNARD GATES D. FAHNESTOCK ALFRED E. MUDGE MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK E PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GENERAL INFORMATION i MemsersHip.—All s who are interested in the objects and epee atic’ > of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may . be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn USL Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. ee phone, Frospe ct Tue Bora mice GARDEN is open ie to sue public daly from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and Holidays it is open a ! cEs.—On Flatbush He Tek near Empire Boulevard and nea Precbea: eens on Washington seus, sou of Eastern Parkway and near see Boulevard; on Eastern Parkwa of the Museum Buildin eet entrance to the Laboratory Bailing is is at 1000 Washineten Avenue, Ae st Crown Garden; to others there is a charge o cents per person. Arrangements m be made by application to the Curator of Public paveuction at least one fae in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be co ACH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M TD ey to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern War vey Biockn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. By AUTOMOBILE ees points from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Fiatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn oe ee Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. * Deceased, December 7, 1933. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. ee Asi2- isa onthly (1929-1932) : ae ve) sare ntains, among other things, the ae vial Report of the director and ‘heat of departments, cnet reports marpimicelients of courses of insneoe seed list, guides, miscel- laneous papers, and notes concerning Garden ress and events. Free to mem- - bers of the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Circulatéati in 59 countries, MOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the ey: building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 p ee Price $3.50, plus postage. Volume II. The sO Ree of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Moritaik A study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. ste. Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, 1911. see pe originally published in periodicals, reissued as “ separates,” without change o g, and numbered consecutively. Twenty-five numbers con nstitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, a volume, Circulates in 34 countri 63. Inheritance of resist ike to loose and covered smut in a hybrid of Early Gothland ih Victor oats. 10 pages. 1932. 64. Inheritance of neat ue loose and covery smut in hybrids of Hull- less with Early Gothland and Monarch oats. 28 page 2. 65. Monographic studies in the genus Bleochoris_IL. 34 pages. 1932. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The SuEnB Ee of the Leaflets i t To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- _ lates in 28 count het GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Recorp; see above. - Gude No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, cen Ae No. 6. aparece potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 c Guide No. Ais ory of our leg eee! geology ve ae Brooklyn es ee Garden. 22 ‘igetesons Price, 3 il, 40 e No.8. The story of fossil plants. 8. eee Price, = cents. By mail, 40 Bate D LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Blea ae December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number the Recorp. Circulation includes 160 botanic gardens and institutions located i in 40 couiitien AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POU Established, January, 1914. sai lished, in codperation with the Boranicat Society oF AMERICA, monthly, except during August and September. Subseriptien, $7.00 a year. Circulates in 53 countries. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in Cab pechtba 48 count Epo L Society oF AMERicA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 cou ce Parnes, eJantery, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. ae | in 37 countri BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIII APRIL, 1934 NO. 2 CONTAINING THE TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1933 SHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES YN, N. Y¥. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Librarian MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de I’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Plants MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art ROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant in Charge H. DOROTHY JENKINS, A.B., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Research Assistant WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer EVELYN M. GAILER, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about $253,000) has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. The needs of the Garden for private funds for all purposes, are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: 1. Annual member................... $ 10 2. Sustaining member................ pis 3. Life member. .....0000.000..0.0.0... 500 4, Permanent member................ 2,500 sae) © [chal c) ace ae a mee ea ee 10,000 AOU ars hh as ers anes are a he se 25,000 7: BeHCTACHOE. ¢.4.<-5 45.426 0.50540408 os 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through codperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. No — w we in EX “I oa ae 10. le 1 PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP . Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. . Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of not less than six), when visiting the Garden. . Admission of member and his or her immediate family to all lectures, field trips, and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. . Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses members are allowed a liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall ‘ Flower Days.” Copies of Garden publications, as follows: a. Record. b. Guides. c. Leaflets. d. Contributions. Frequent Announcement Cards concerning plants in flower and other exhibits. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium. Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out, on plant- ing the home grounds, the care of lawns, and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. Determination of botanical specimens. Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- ments sent to members from time to time. FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of................ Dollars, as an endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary ator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be ee oe name of the donor or other person) curatorship. Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, devise, — ranean to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and ae Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income from which sum to be ee in “a eee of a fellowship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the jeep aed eee ba 5 ans ectacs erica en a agentes ag yee fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I ive, devise, a a to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used (or the income from w nee * be used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the results of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical publication. 4. The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. 5. Botanical illustrations for Sh and lectures. 6. The purchase and collect sae of plan 7. The t coutiiving of the grounds. 8. The purchase of Se areen for the library. 9, Extending and enriching our work of public education. 10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical work in the High Schools of the City of New York Fic. 1. North Addition. Perspective of the landscape architect’s plan for the development of this area as a Horticul- tural Section. (8558.) BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIII APRIL, 1934 No. 2 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 193 RiP ORI © Tih. DIRE GLOR To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present the following report for the year 15S: LonG VIEWS AND SHORT VIEWS “ The cycles of trade depression which afflict the world,” says Whitehead, “ warn us that business relations are infected through ” rough with the disease of short-sighted motives.’ — and t Success in business means attainment; the reward of effort is apt to be not so much the joy of endeavor, but the thing attained. The main ideal is near enough at hand to be realized. This is why so many writers have appraised the business man as short-sighted. Thus Galsworthy : * Our modern castle in Spain is, in one word: ‘Production’ ... we are not forunate enough in civic life to have leaders who were born seeing two inches before their noses. .. Our civilization, if it is to endure, must have a star on which to fix its eyes—something distant and magnetic to draw it on be- yond the troubled needs and prejudices of the moment. And then he refers to the builders of Seville Cathedra 23 — , who said, “ Let us build a church so great that those who come after us may think us mad to have attempted it.” To complete the church took 150 years. 13 14 Undoubtedly Galsworthy’s “two inches” are an unjust exag- geration. Many business men are idealists. The world is dotted with scientific, educational, and charitable institutions which are James Smithson, monuments to business men of that type— Stephen Girard, Peter Cooper, Matthew Vassar, Ezra Cornell, Cecil Rhodes, Andrew Bernhard Nobel, Andrew Carnegie, Mar- shall Field, Edwin Gould, Alfred T. White, not to mention those still living. These names are recalled only as outstanding types of a class. Other business men have invested in securities, but have lacked the long vision which enabled them to see that the greatest safety, the largest returns, and the deepest satisfactions of life are to be had by investing in those institutions which yield returns to others and contribute to the advancement of science and — art, education, and civilization. A Botame Garden is such an institution. Whatever measure of success may have attended the efforts of this one, 1s recorded in the twenty-two Annual Reports that have preceded. The im- as well as the large view has already , portance of the “long view ’ been emphasized in some of these reports. It needs to be kept constantly in mind and to be restated from time to time. Why should the builders of a botanic garden be less ambitious than the builders of the Seville Cathedral? We have not half realized what it would mean to Brooklyn, to civic advancement in general, to education and science and art, to develop our fifty acres of plantations to such a perfection of beauty, and our scientific and educational program to such high standards of accomplishment “ that those who come after us may think us mad to have attempted it.’ What a wonderful and unusual opportunity is here presented for private philanthropy. We must not lose sight of the substantial accomplishment of the past twenty-three years; to do so would spell discouragement. We do not fail to remember generous benefactions and the sus- tained and active interest and the moral support which have ac- companied them; to do that would be most ungenerous and forget- ful. But, what is still more important, we must not be unmindful of what has not been accomplished, of how far short we have come of the ideal of accomplishment; to do this would be to lose a most effective stimulus to continued endeavor. 13 The short view reveals an institution of modest means, limited area, and limited possibilities. The ¢ — anger consists in considering the status quo as final, and the needs therefore correspondingly small. The long view reveals the ideal of an institution to be realized by gradual, steady progress. Not such an ideal that our contem- poraries will think us mad to attempt it, but such an ideal as will stimulate united endeavor to approach it as rapidly as possible, and will compel the approval, as well as the commendation, of those who come after us. Nothing could be more disastrous to an institution than to adopt the attitude, helc size—that because it is small its requirements must eternally be small. To do this is to be indifferent to the essential element of quality—to see two inches before one’s nose, rather than to visual- ize an ideal. QO. , alas, by some, that needs are determined by DEPRESSION AND Morar Social workers and those engaged in relief work during the de- pression have reported that food and fuel and wherewithal to be clothed are not the only urgent needs of the unemployed. The depression is not only economic; it tends to become mental and spiritual. Loss of morale needs to be steadily counteracted; i tends to persist and to result in permanent social maladjustment The results are disastrous in proportion to one’s lack of intel- lectual and cultural resources. While music and art, literature and science, cannot appease hunger, they do minister to fundamental human needs, and their ministrations become increasingly urgent in adversity. It is specially important, therefore, in periods of unemployment and depression that institutions which meet these needs should not be forced to retrench their activities too greatly. That nearly one hundred and ten thousand persons have come to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden every month during 1933 to enjoy and study the collections, to use its library, to attend its classes and lectures, bears testimony to the fact that the Garden is meeting fundamental hu- man needs, aesthetic, intellectual, and cultural, on a scale that is truly impressive. Of course, it cannot continue to do this ade- quately with diminished appropriations and contributions. 16 A writer in the Survey Graphic for December, 1933, has de- seribed how one family has met the depression. With a reduction in salary of 80 per cent. (from $100 to $20 a week), he writes, “No victim of the present conditions need be mentally depressed so long as he has access to books, and a garden to work in. = What repare the soil, pees is more satisfying, more soul inspiring, than to | 1 the unfolding of leaf and bud.” — plant the seed, and wate sut one cannot become genuinely interested in gardening with- The inspection ( It may, indeed, if he only follows the leads, take him to books and ideas concerning the history of gardening; and along that thread he may follow the fascinating story of civilization from its dawn out becoming interested in gardens and in plants. yf other gardens gives one suggestions to apply in his own. to the present. A more or less superficial and sketchy knowledge of plants no longer suffices; one feels the need of knowing a larger number of kinds—trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and, in many cases, one finds himself wanting to know their horticultural or botanical as well as their common names, something of their relationships—~ the plant family to which they belong—the country of their origin, and the cultural conditions they require. If a botanic garden is accessible, it is easy to gratify these interests, and to deepen and broaden them. This, in fact, is one of the services which the srooklyn Botanic Garden renders to its community. And not only to those in its more immediate community, but to those within commuting distance. Thus we find ourselves a center of interest and pilgrimage and correspondence with an ever increasing num- ber from all of Long Island, from every borough of Greater New York, from Westchester County, and from suburban New Jersey —ineluding persons who, particularly in this period of economic depression, have turned instinctively to gardening and plant life and found themselves not disappointed. Non Acta SED AGENDA It wall, perhaps, seem to the readers of this report that its first paragraphs should record the fact that, even in a period of uni- versal economic disaster, some progress has been made. be easy to do this; but the future welfare of an institution is pro- —_ It would /, moted, not by dwelling with smug satisfaction on what has been accomplished, but on what remains to be accomplished—on what ought to be done. Moreover, the only safe satisfaction of an ex- ecutive is not in past achievements, but in plans for the future and in the very process of bringing things to pass. The following pages will contain the record of progress for the year 1933. If it is presented in such a way as to produce in the minds of officials and contributors a feeling of satisfaction, instead of incentive and inspiration, it will have wholly failed in its purpose. A Worpb oF APPRECIATION This report should not proceed far without recording the very genuine appreciation of the director and staff of all that has been done and contributed of time, effort, enthusiasm, interest, and money to carry the Garden over a period of stress and strain—to save it from suffering as much as it might easily have suffered during the collapse of the economic set-up of the world, to ease and thereby to share the burdens of administration. This appre- ciation finds its most substantial expression in the fact that the staff itself, in common with the staffs of other similar institutions, has accepted reductions in personal salary and departmental budg- ets without complaint and with no diminution of loyalty to the Garden. The president of the Board and the chairman and members of the Governing Committee have given every possible evidence of confidence and moral support. —_— THE Woman’s AUXILIARY No institution ever had a more active or enthusiastic body of supporters than the Botanic Garden has in its Woman's Auxiliary. Its chairman and every ether officer and member have spared neither time nor effort to help save the Garden from defeat by the discouragement of adverse circumstances during the past two a years. As a result of these efforts, the circle of friends intelli- gently interested in the Garden has been greatly extended, the net loss of Garden membership has been greatly reduced, and the raising by subscription from the small Auxiliary membership of the sum of more than $1500, and by a public lecture of $735.00 Fic. 2, Exhibition of plant forms in ornament, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. (Metropolitan Museum negative MM6363g.) 19 for unemployment relief at the Garden was in reality a triumph of optimism and persistence, especially at a time when every one was being deluged with appeals for contributions to very worthy causes. We expect hospitals and economic distress to make a compelling appeal (as they should), but to appreciate the civic and cultural importance of the activities of a botanic garden and to rise to the occasion with the zeal of this Auxiliary is to reach a new level of understanding of what things are important in a civilization like ours. And last, but by no means least, | wish to record here, on be- half of the director and staff, an appreciation which is beyond all words of adequate expression, for the more than generous con- tributions of funds by three staunch friends. Without these con- tributions, it would have been necessary to suspend indefinitely a large and important part of cur work. The contributions were made possible only by definite personal economies, and this fact is not lost sight of. Our only regret is that these benefactors wish to remain anonymous. THe Work Berore Us And now, to use a Hibernianism, Jet us postpone the past for another page or two, and try to get an outline of the picture which lures us on. Entrance Gates—Is it not really a cause for concern that an institution 23 years of age has a suitable gate at only one of its five main entrances? We all know why. It is through no fault of the Botanic Garden authorities. But should not this situation now become a matter of active consideration? These gates are among the permanent improvements which we may properly look to the City to finance. They also afford attractive opportunities for private benefactions. The architect’s designs for them were published in the Botanrc GarbeN Recorp for May, 1930. Since that publication appeared, one of the gates—the Richard Young Gate (at Flatbush Ave. and Empire Boulevard)—has been built, as a gilt from Mr. Young. The director will be glad to give full information concerning the other gates to anyone who may be in- terested. The appeal here is not only to an interest in the Botanic Garden, but to an interest in making Brooklyn a more beautiful borough. 20 The North Addition—Vhis tract of nearly four acres of land at the north end of the Garden, between Brooklyn Museum and Mt. Prospect Keservoir, has a frontage on astern Parkway. The eastern Parkway gate will become the main entrance to the Gar- den as soon as it is built. The design for landscaping the North Addition has been prepared by Mr. Caparn, and is shown in per- spective as the frontispiece of this Report. The plans were ap- the City of New York and the contract was advertised for public letting. Bids were opened proved by the Art Commission ¢ on September 22, 1932, but the lowest bid was $975.50 in excess of the amount appropriated by the City. Before the matter could be adjusted, it became necessary for the City to cancel all ap- propriations for permanent miprovements for which contracts had not been let. Appeal to CW A.—In December, 1933, application was made to the Federal Civil Works Administration (CWA) for funds for this purpose. Preliminary approval was given before the end of the year, and it 1s anticipated that work on this improvement will begin early in 1934.* Plans for the three entrance gates were also laid before the CWA. Maintenance of Grounds.—TVhe history of pubhte parks and gar- dens in the United States has, in general, been characterized by fairly generous provision of land and quite inadequate provision for proper maintenance. The latter is due to a number of factors, but the underlying cause is the lack of sufficiently high ideals of maintenance, or a willing subordination of such ideals to other, and often unworthy, considerations. For any close approximation to perfection of maintenance one must look to private estates. 3ut, fF due allowance be made for the wear and tear by hundreds of thousands of visitors a month, there is no valid reason why a public garden may not be kept in as perfect a state of maintenance as a private one. In fact, there is every reason why it should be. oe ” “Yes.” is the prompt reply, Prue,” is the answer, “ but the fundamental need is the wish. but this requires money. * Since the above report was written, the North Addition projeet has been approved and funds provided by the CWA. Work began on February with 15 men under the supervision of Mr. Caparn. There was then about 5 one foot of snow on the ground and the soil was frozen to the depth of six or eight inches. yA and the will, and the proper ideals on the part of those responsible for providing the funds.” Doubtless, a small garden, other things being equal, does need arge garden. But the ac- — a smaller sum for maintenance than a tual amount required depends upon the standard of perfection adopted. This is a truism; but it is one of the truisms that is not in danger of being stated too often. Perhaps it will not seem pleonastic to emphasize again in this report—as was done in the last one—the valuable public service the Brooklyn Botanic Garden could render by maintaining its grounds at the standard of perfection of some of our beautiful private estates. To do this would really not require excessive nor extravagant annual appropriations. The ideal has not been want- ing on the part of the administration, but the appropriations so far have been quite inadequate for a very close approximation to this ideal, although newspaper editorials have referred to the Garden as the most beautiful spot in Greater New York. It requires no argument to make it clear that five gardeners are quite inadequate to maintain properly more than 40 acres, not of park, but of intensively planted garden, including highly special- ized collections such as the rock garden, rose garden, local flora and general systematic sections, Japanese garden, and other col- lections requiring expert knowledge and experience. Unskilled per diem labor is not adequate for such work. “For the advancement of Scientific and Educational Work. botanical science and knowledge, and for the prosecution of orig- red subjects.” This is the real jar inal researches therein and in kinc object for which the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was founded, as stated in the Act of the State Legislature authorizing its establish- ment. It is to assist in the realization of this aim that the grounc — S are laid out and maintained as a “ botanic garden.” It is a sci- entific and educational institution, not merely a fifty-acre park, which has been committed to our care. For an effective program of education and research, we are quite under-financed. Without endeavoring to record all the facts in support of this statement we may note that, for example, we now have one curator less than we had four years ago. And yet there is urgent need of the serv- ices of at least two more curators, together with curatorial as- ae sistants, to provide for a more efficient administration of our col- lections for educational ends, and for scientific investigation and the work of public instruction. The normal, rapid expansion of our work during the past few years, and the steadily increasing demands for public service are the most convincing evidence of our need for a larger personnel and income. There are indications that we have seen the worst of the world- wide economic depression, and we should be ready with plans to take prompt and full advantage of every opportunity that will arise during the progress of recovery, looking toward an ever-widening and more efficient public service. ) VELATIONS PUBLIC Attendance —‘ Is this a bread line?’’, a gentleman asked. He was referring to the double queue (two abreast) extending one ay for about 25 feet out onto the sidewalk Sunday morning in \ from the entrance turnstile of the Richard Young Gate. “ No,” was the reply, “these people have come to enjoy the plantations of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.” The double line continued for fully two hours, new arrivals taking their place at the end as fast as those in front could pass through the turnstile. There was a similar queue at the north Washington Avenue gate. The total ay was nearly 30,000. Similar queues formed jar attendance that Sunc on several pleasant Sundays in the spring and fall. The total attendance for 1933 was 1,315,847 as compared to 1,307,964 in 1932 and 1,107,039 in 1931. Mere Figures Not [nteresting.—But the Botanic Garden is not interested in crowds per sc. What we are interested in is to have Is the Garden used for the purposes for which it was established, namely, to stimulate and to gratify an interest in plant life—to promote public education in all aspects of botany and horticulture. The plantations are intended to serve as an outdoor museum; their use as a playground (for children or adults), and their use merely as a public park, tends to defeat their use as a botanic garden and is not encouraged. A park of several hundred acres, intended primarily for recreation, is available just across the street from the 3otanic Garden, so that there is no necessity or excuse for the use Ze —_ of the Botanic Garden merely as a park or playground. Our re- striction, so far as possible, of the use of our plantations for botanic garden ends is appreciated by thousands who come here for that purpose. Bureau of Public Information.—This service has now become world-wide. Requests are continually being received for informa- tion on all aspects of plant life and horticulture—technical, eco- nomic, and popular—from individuals, institutions, corporations, governments. The service is not wholly a one-sided _— and nationa one, for these contacts frequently result in the enrichment of our library, herbarium, or collections of living plants. Much of the time of the library staff is absorbed in supplying citations to litera- ture and other information, but all departments are involved, espe- cially the horticulturist and members of the department of plants. The horticulturist reports (p. 92) that during 1933 he has received and answered 746 requests for information, involving the writing of 242 letters in addition to rephes given in person and by tele- phone. (Cf. p. 102.) The library replied to more than 500 re- quests. On conservative estimate the Garden received and an- swered during the year not less than 1,500 inquiries. RESEARCH It is a fact that, in times of financial stress, appropriations for research are apt to be the first to be reduced. Lack of knowledge is one of the major causes of the world’s ills, but when the world goes on the rocks of financial disaster, it helps to economize by withdrawing support from those activities whose object is the in- crease of knowledge and the spread of enlightenment. In more than one country during the past two or three years, appropriations for research have been the first to be reduced or have been reduced most drastically. [low few people realize that from the dawn of civilization to the present year, scientific research has, at every step of the way, been one of the driving forces of progress. Not a person living passes a day of his life without becoming a debtor to botanical research. 3ut the results of research have not only been knowledge. The application of that knowledge has been the foundation of wealth; the lack of it, economic distress. The American Chemical Society 4 has recently made public a statement of Dr. Mehring, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, that, 1f research in the control of plant diseases should cease, the United States would be facing famine within ten years or less. Science Service recently noted that, ““Paxes on farm products, heavier than any legislative body would * The even dare levy, are assessed every year by plant diseases. | principal diseases of Indian corn caused a loss of 10.3 per cent. 0 the crop (2,839,959,000 bushels} in 1928; 8.5 per cent. in 1929; 7.6 per cent. in 1930. Cotton diseases caused a loss of more than 17 per cent. of the crop (14,373,000 bales) in 1928. Wheat, the third big-money crop when prices are normal, was taxed by tts — main fungus enemies to the extent of 7.8, 8.2, and 5.7 per cent. respectively, of its total yields during the three-year period. The loss ran between eight and nine hundred millions of bushels. Great as they were, these losses would have been much larger were it not for the practical application of the results of researeh in An article in the Scientific Monthly for Oc- ife plant pathology. tober, 1933, records the fact that during the past 19 years the of telephone poles has been doubled by applying the results o oss from decay of fruits and timber disease studies, and that the vegetables in transit has been reduced from $96,000,000 in 1921 and $48,009,000 (in round figures) in 1922 to less than $26,000,- 000 in 1931. In other words, the saving of loss in this one item alone, of fruits and vegetables in transit, $22,000,000 from 1922 to 193 pai , is more than one third the total amount ($60,000,000) that may be withdrawn from the United States Treasury by the uring 1934, as an- — entire Federal Department of Agriculture « nounced June 19, 1933; 1t is more than four times the total ap- propriation for the U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry ($5,839,000) for 1932, which has been reduced to $3,728,000 (withdrawal ure) for 1934. If these savings could become available for the lisease Oo 4 various governmental and private agencies engaged in plant « research, it would not be necessary to abandon important projects, in. which hundreds of thousands of dollars have already been in- vested for equipment and operation, and to add those engaged in this research to the crowded ranks of the unemployed. But, ob- viously, we are not living in Utopia. The statistics here cited also fact that, notwithstanding the numerous existing emphasize the 25 research organizations and foundations, there is still very inade- quate financial provision for botanical research. The year’s activity in the modest program of research at the srooklyn Botanic Garden is briefly recorded on pages 54-75. As is commonly the case in research, the work already accomplished has not only extended our knowledge, but has uncovered impor- tant new problems to be solved. This work is still on the insecure financial basis of annual con- tributions of funds. In a previous report (for 1930) we com- mented on the expressed opinion of a well-known philanthropist to the effect that each generation should be expected to provide the funds for the educational and scientific work of its own day. i great national government (the United States) 3ut when we see < lars of appropriations for scientific cancelling ten millions of dol research, thus throwing hundreds of efficient scientific men out of employment, with the consequent lying idle of expensive plant and equipment and the abandonment of important projects, and, at the same time, appropriating hundreds of millions of dollars for projects undertaken primarily to give employment; and when we think what the result would be 1f our endowed institutions for research in medicine, chemistry, physics, biology, and other branches of science were vow dependent on the contributions of their generous, but more or less impoverished, contemporaries, we realize, as we could hardly have done four years ago, how essential it is for the indispensable work of research and education to be —t made secure by permanent endowment funds. It was the hope and the expressed anticipation of Mr. Alfred T. White, when he provided for the first research curatorship at the Botanic Garden for a limited term of years, that the work would ultimately be permanently provided for by an endowment by one of the existing foundations. As yet, however, this hope has not been fulfilled. Registered Investigators are listed on page 63, together with Part of these investigators are regis- statements of their problems. lidates for an advanced degree, tered in various universities as canc while others have attained the doctorate or the master’s degree. Fic. 3. International agation, General view. Flower Golc Show. Exhibit of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1% 22 IO. medal award of Garden Club of America. Cf. Fy Ilustrating methods of plant prop- y o — (Herbert Photos, 1738-1.) Ge a7. COOPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS In the Annual Report for 1925 we published a list of 840 institu- tions with which this Garden was in active cooperation that year. The number has not diminished. The following for 1933 are mentioned to illustrate the variety and scope of this cooperation: 1. Metropolitan Museum of Art—On May 8, the Metropolitan Museum of Art opened a special exhibit to illustrate the use of — plants as sources of design, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Botanical Garden, the New York Public Library, and the New York Aquarium cooperating. This proved to be an in- teresting and instructive exhibit, but it entailed a very great amount of work. As the horticulturist has reported, the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden sent growing plants weekly or oftener to the total number of 570, besides 41 bunches of cut flowers and branches. In connection with the exhibit, the Museum held, from June 1 to 30, an exhibition of the work of students in New York High Schools and Schools of Design, with studies based upon plant forms. Considerable use was made of the Botanic Garden planta- tions and library by art students in preparation for this exhibit. The main exhibit continued open until September 10. The esti- mated attendance was 90,000. The Merchants’ Association of New York.—Since 1922 the di- rector has been a member of the Committee on Plant Quarantines 7 and Their Administration, and on September 26, 1933, accepted the chairmanship of the Committee, succeeding Mr. John H. Love, the first chairman, who resigned. This Committee, organized in 1922, is concerned primarily with the interests of commercial horti- culturists—growers, importers, wholesalers, and retailers—as af- fected by the administration of the Federal Plant Quarantine Law, known as Quarantine 37. Horticultural Society of New York—Since 1928, the director of the Garden has served as a member of the board of directors of the Horticultural Society of New York. During the year Dr. Svenson, of the Garden staff, gave a course of instruction, consisting of twelve sessions, under the auspices of the Society, and on November 13 commenced a repetition of this course. These courses have been largely attended and very popular. 28 The Garden has kept the Wardian case in the library of the So- ciety supplied with potted plants, and has made three exhibits at the monthly meetings of the Society, as reported by the Horti- culturist on page 92, The International Flower Show is held each year in March in the Grand Central Palace, under the joint auspices of the Horti- cultural Society of New York and The New York Florists Club. Since 1932, the director of the Garden has been one of the So- ciety’s representatives on the Flower Show Comittee. Special attention is directed to the Tlorticulturist’s report of our two exhibits at the 1933 show (March 20-25), for one of which, illustrating nearly every known method of plant propagation, we received the Gold Medal of the Garden Club of America, and for the other, an exhibit of about forty species and varieties of Crocus, pre- funds we received a silver medal. The exhibits were planned anc pared by our Horticulturist, Mr. Free, and were installed under ub of America —e his supervision. The Pudletin of the Garden C commented on the main exhibit as follows: * The Brooklyn Botanic Garden's * Methods of Plant Propaga- tion’ was the outstanding exhibit of the 1933 show. lor inspira- tion and true horticultural interest nothing could touch it, and it thrilled everyone who saw it, from the horticulturist to the wonder- ing city-dweller who knew little of the processes of plants. The gold medal of the Garden Club of America was awarded quickly and unanimously to this outstanding exhibit.” The Gardeners’ Chronicle of America, for May, 1933, carried an article on the Flower Show which contained the following paragraph : “T have been asked to mention a few features... . First, to my mind, comes the propagating exhibition as a basis of all gar- dening efforts, displaved by the Brooklyn Botanie Garden. — It was something more than stimulating knowledge and interest; it also demonstrated thoroughly that a botanical garden can be in- tensely practical as well as entertaining.” The following quotations are from two of the many letters of commendation received : “ Made a vivid impression on everyone . . . outstanding, com- prehensive, and educational.” 29 “Tt was the finest and most informative exhibit of its kind I have ever seen, and you certainly deserve the profound thanks of the many people who are interested in this subject.” Concerning the Crocus exhibit, the firm of J. J. Grullemans & Sons, Bulb Growers, Lisse, Holland, commented as follows: “Your exhibit of crocus species was very attractive. We have never seen anything like this in America.” Our exhibit was crowded with visitors daily throughout the en- tire week. The total attendance at the Flower Show was approx- imately 130,000. The majority of these viewed the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden exhibits. Members of our Woman's Auxiliary ren- dered invaluable service by being in daily attendance at the booth. Newspaper clippings have been received of 41 news items concern- ing this exhibit. It also received generous mention in various horticultural publications. American Tris Society.—Cooperation with this Society, begun in 1920, in the test garden for Japanese Iris, has continued during 1933. The Iris project is in charge of Dr. George M. Reed, curator of plant pathology. Century of Progress Exposition (Chicago).—The director of the Garden was a member of the sub-committee on science ex- hibits of this Exposition, and during the summer the Garden ex- hibited in the Horticultural Section a set of 85 paintings from its erowing collection of water-color illustrations of Iris, made by Miss Maud Purdy and Miss Louise Mansfield, Botanic Garden artists, in connection with our Iris projects. United States Government.—Steps are being taken in Washing- ton to reorganize and relocate the United States Botanic Garden, and during the year, by request, the director has been in consulta- — — tion with a representative of Congress on this matter. Sixth International Congress of Genetics —This Congress was held in Ithaca, N. Y., in the summer of 1932. The publication of the Proceedings of the Congress was in charge of the business management of Genetics, which is published by the Garden. Vol- ume IT of the Proceedings was issued at the time of the Congress, and Volume I appeared during 1933. American Nature Study Society—Our curator of elementary instruction, Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, has been a director of this 30 Society during the vear. At the annual meeting in Cambridge, Mass., December 26--30, papers were given by the director on as- pects of adult education, and by Miss Jenkins, instructor, on ‘* By- products of a Children’s Garden,” based on the work in our own Garden, Miscellancous.—As in preceding years, there has been almost continuous cooperation throughout the year with other botanic gardens, numerous garden clubs, various colleges and universities, city departments, the public and high schools of this and other cities, and private commercial concerns. Cooperation also continued for the 20th year with the Bo- tanical Society of America in the publication of American Journal of Botany, now in its 20th volume; the [Ecological Society of America for the 14th vear in the publication of Ecology, now in its 14th volume; and with the Editorial Board of Genetics, for — the 15th vear, in the publication of Genetics, now in its 19th vol- ume. Reports on these journals may be found in Appendix &, page 152. The Commission on International Justice and Goodwill of the srooklyn Church and Mission Federation, holds annual exercises on Memorial Day in honor of some “ Peace Hero.” This year (May 30), the hero chosen was Mr. Alfred T. White, the father” of the Garden. Rain made it necessary to transfer the exercises from the Alfred T. White Memorial Tablet, on the shore of the lake, to the rotunda of the Laboratory Building. The Rev. John C. Wa the Pilgrims, was chairman, and the speakers were the Rev. L. ” — ker, minister of the Congregational Church of sradtord Young, assistant rector of Holy Trinity Protestant Epis- a Church, who placed a wreath in memory of Mr. White; Mr. Guy Du Val, a business associate of Mr. White and member of the Garden; Mrs. Henry A. Ingraham, president of the Brooklyn .W.C.A., and a member of our Woman's Auxilt; ry; and Rev. Ikdward J. Manning, assistant minister of the Unitarian Church of the Saviour, of which Mr. White was a member. Cooperation with Relief Agencies During 1933, the Iemergeney Work and Relief Bureau of the Comunittce placed a total of 54 iD Jnergency Unemployment Rehet Si unemployed men and women at the Garden. Of these, 22 were women, as many as 19 being employed at one time in the library, herbarium, photographic department, business office, and seed- room, and at stenographic and other work. Of the men, five had “inside” work, drafting, janitorial assist- ance, and herbarium and library work, including repair of bind- ings, and translating. Of 27 men having “ outside ” work, six were placed directly by the Work Bureau, and 21 by the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, but the wages of the latter were paid from Emergency Unemploy- ment Relief funds. In addition, there were 23 men placed and paid directly by the Bureau of Charities. One man was placed for three months by the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. This makes a total of 78 unemployed men and women placed at the Garden by all agencies during the year. Citizens Family Welfare Cominittee—On December 13, Mr. Paul Franklin, representing this Committee, presented before our entire personnel their plan for contributions by employees of the City educational institutions. As a result 39 persons pledged one per cent. or more of their salaries for three months as a contribu- tion to the relief fund. These contributions will be received and transmitted to the Welfare Committee by our Business Office. The total amount pledged was $262.51. Pusiic EpucaTion Education for All—lIn ancient Greece and Rome the leisure of cultivated men was made possible by the labor of slaves. In our times, leisure for the masses is made possible by the labor of machine tools. Our problem is to encourage the right use of this leisure time to the end that a larger and larger percentage of the masses may approach the ideal of cultivated men and women. Culture 1s not a product of elementary education, nor even a neces- sary product of the colleges, although the foundation may, in part, be laid there; it results (though not always) from the spontaneous and sustained process of adult education. For the most part it begins when the formal pedagogy of the schools ends. It is en- couraged and aided by such institutions as our museums and bo- tanic gardens, with their exhibits and the lectures, docentry, and more formal instruction based upon and correlated with those ex- lubits. Like the schools, these institutions minister to juvenile and adolescent education, but they differ from the schools in their emphasis on what has come to be called * adult education.” The educational program of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden pro- vides for all three classes—juveniles, adolescents, and adults—its adopted standard being, anything scientific or educational based upon plant life. The Challenge of Leisure—There are 144 hours 1 i thie. six working days of every week. It is scarcely a generation ago that the hours of labor for persons gainfully employed were 72 | a week, or one half the total number. 1OUTS The eight-hour day meant 48 hours of work per week. On the basis of the NRA Codes, the hours of labor have been reduced to 35 a week, leaving 48 hours (not including Sundays) for sleep, and OL hours a week, or more than ten hours a day, for meals and—for what? Conceivably one might loaf or play fer ten hours a day, but, fortunately, few human beings are so constituted that such a program makes any appeal. [very normal person prefers to be profitably occupied. A certain amount of idleness may be profitable and physiologically beneficial, but the new hours for labor make the old problem of the best use of leisure more urgent than ever before. This fact has now had national recognition, and Mr. Grover Whalen, as chairman of the President's emergency Re-employ- ment Committee for the City of New York, in 1933, appointed a special sub-committee to consider what the City might do as a community to promote the best use of the new hours of leisure. Schools of all grades, museums, botanic gardens, churches, and various other agencies of adult education already afford a large opportunity, but the work can still be expanded and improved. In particular, many, coming for t] — le first time into hours of leisure beyond the needs of recuperative recreation, need to have their at- tention directed to these opportunities for profitable as well < pleasurable use of time, and their interest it deepened. is 1 them aroused and When Aristotle, two thousand years ago, said that the main purpose of education was the right use of leisure, only the wealthy few had leisure; now, apparently, the great mass of the people 33 are coming into this inheritance. We all know that the word school 1s derived from a Greek word meaning Ieisure; the rela- tionship may now be reversed so that leisure may come to mean school for many hitherto deprived of that opportunity. Said the former Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker, to the Banff Con- ference of the Institute of Pacific Relations, in 1933, “ The only hope of mankind, where adult knowledge is a factor of public opinion, 1s a continuous process of education.” To this work the Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to make as large a contribution as its facilities and resources will permit. The Social Need of Scientific Thinking—* It is not to deny that one of the reasons of the incapability of the nations to deal successfully with the disastrous consequences of the world crisis is the insufficient development of social sciences in comparison with that of natural sciences, and the feeble penetration of scien- tific thinking into the broad masses of population,” The quotation is from the “ Greeting” from the Lithuanian University of Vytautas the Great to New York University on the occasion of its conference on The Obligation of Universities fosthe sociaw Order, 11-1033. It would, perhaps, not be an extreme statement to say that the oe present economic crisis is due in large part to the fact that men of big business and men in public office, as well as the much ma- ligned “man in the street,’ have been thinking commercially, or myopically, or politically, or wishfully—almost any way except scientifically, and have been acting accordingly, or even quite thoughtlessly, except for the matter immediately in hand. Herein is the strongest justification for science in a program of public education—its ability to teach, not only information about nature, but a way of thought which must become a habit of thought if civilization is to advance. This is the essence of science, and no scientific institution such as this botanic garden, no school or university, can render a more valuable or more needed service than to provide such a program of public education as will diffuse a knowledge of scientific method; this it is which should permeate all elementary and adult instruction until it becomes a habit of mind. The program of public education at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is organized with the aim of making some contribution, however small, to this result. 34 Statistics —lighteen courses for adults and nine for children r younger were listed in the 1933-34 Pros- of high school age « pectus. The total enrollment in all courses was 1,455 (Adults, 817; Children, 638). The number of class exercises, lectures, addresses, and informal talks for the year reached a total of 1684, as follows: I. Sessions of regular classes v0.0... cc cece eee cece eee aes 639 2. Sessions of visiting classes from schools ...........00-- 677 3. Lectures to adults at the Garden wo... 00. eee eee ee ee 51 4. Lectures to elementary and high school pupils ............ 446 5. Addresses at schools and clubs (extra mural) ........... 75 6 Radio ‘talks broadcast. cose cewek ik Gece owes pow deed wales 27 1915 Less duphteation (lines 2 and 4) ....... cee eee 231 Nee Tota sc-ciednote panecuced ahaa as mis Gees 1684 Docentry.—During the year, 42 garden clubs and other groups have had the services of a teaching guide (docent) by request, in addition to the regular, scheduled work of this nature. [erhibits —Twenty-one exhibits were installed during the year, not imeluding those at the Garden in connection with the various lower Days. The estimated total attendance has been more than 550,090, not counting the visitors to the Brooklyn Botanie Garden exhibit at the Chicago Century of Progress [xposition. Details of these exhibits are given on pages 92, 100, and 105, Educational Tablets —In the preceding report, we acknowledged the generous gift of $50, on December 17, 1932, to provide « pee) bronze tablet giving brief geological information about ‘“ Boulder Phill in the Garden. On February &, 1933, this tablet was placed on a large glacial boulder at the foot of the Hill. The inscription reads as follows : * Boulder Hill and the entire northern portion of the Botanic Garden are part of the terminal glacial moraine extending from The Narrows to Montauk Point. This tablet was given in 1932 by the Boys and Girls Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.” Broadcasting.—More radio talks have been given this year than ever before. These have been given—27 in all—by Mr. Free, Dr. Graves, Miss Shaw, and Miss Jenkins. Their titles and the sta- tions are given on page 148, a) Newspaper Publicity —The sending of periodic news releases to about 25 newspapers and 5 magazines concerning floral displays, educational work and related matters has continued as in past years by Dr. Graves as a regular activity of the Department of Public Iducation. These have been supplemented by releases concerning social and other Botanic Garden matters by the Brooklyn Publicity Bureau. In addition, an unusual number of news items have ap- peared without initiative on the part of the Garden. The total number of clippings received was 1,495, covering a wide geo- eraphic range. The number of editorial comments on various aspects of our work continues to increase. School Service As usual, our service to local schools during 1933 has comprised 1e instruction of school classes brought to the Garden by their — t teachers, the giving of talks and addresses at the schools, confer- ences with teachers concerning their work, and the supply of study material. Up to the close of the school year in June, 1933, study material had been supplied without charge. The amount requested steadily increased until, in 1932, more than 6,000 teacher-requests were met with material for the instruction of nearly 260,000 pupils. Most of this was living plant material, which had to be either collected or raised in the greenhouse, and culture medium (agar) for the study of germ life. Our Agreement with the City of New York provides that, “ the party of the second part [the Botanic Garden] shall, so far as any surplus resources will permit, furnish plants or botanic material for use in the teaching of botany in the public schools of The City of New York, and in case the supply of plants or materials for instruction is not exhausted by the demands of the public schools of the City, such plants and botanic materials may, at the discre- tion of the party of the second part, be furnished to other educa- tional institutions within said City.” For a number of years past the amount of material supplied has been greatly in excess of incidental surplus. In the report for 1932 we noted that for the personnel alone required for this serv- ice 40 per cent. of the expense was provided from the private funds of the Garden. All of the expense for the material itself Fig. 4. International Flower Show. agation. Exhibit Detail. ¥ ot Cf. Fie. Eat eee 3rook yn r 40t U ( anic Garden, 1933. Herbert Pl 1OtOS, Illustrating methods of 1738.) ov has been provided from private funds from the beginning, as the City has never been asked to make any appropriation for the pur- chase of plants or plant material. With greatly reduced private funds income, reduced Tax Budget appropriations, and greatly increased demands from the schools, we found ourselves in a position where the service could not be continued without funds for additional help. The only possible source for such funds appeared to be to make a nominal charge for the material supplied to High Schools. The plan was ap- proved by the school authorities, who sent out a notice announcing it in September to the High Schools. These schools have a fund —_— which may be applied to the purchase of study material. A schedule of prices was prepared by our Department of Public Instruction, and a school service assistant (Miss Julia E. Best) was appointed, whose compensation was to depend entirely upon the amount received from the schools. Miss Best entered upon the duties of her position on September 7. The curator of public instruction reports (page 96) that the number of High School requests for plant material (421) were actually greater under the new plan, being 34 in excess of 1931 and 23 greater than in 1932. The number of Petri dishes called for slightly decreased, being 4.888 in 1933. This was only 594 less than in 1931 and 839 less than in 1932. The service to Public Schools (grades below the High Schools) has been continued without charge. Geographical Extension of Loan Service -—The number of re- — quests for the loan of books, herbarium specimens, lantern slides, and preserved specimens continues to increase. Partly as a result of our broadcasting, we received numerous requests from other cities and states, including Connecticut, New Jersey, Florida (through Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce), Pennsylvania, Dis- South Dakota. A quantitative expression of our school service is given in Table ann trict of Columbia, anc I, page 38. Attendance figures could have been greatly increased by substituting lectures to large groups for intensive class work with small groups. We bclieve, however, that such a change would have involved the sacrifice of valuable educational results. 38 TABLE I STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE 1933 Conferences with Teachers INO. 20f> GONTERENCES: sites deer daees ei ented Skins eiesen 127 No. of teachers involved ...ccsseseners pee ees aes 9,094 Noe ot “pupils involved: jsciavsooiiddn bed heel 209,000 Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) ING: OR Sets lent | bse ece bk ih ages eave ah bodes pended 38 No. of teachers involved wo... 0... cece ee eee 379 No. of eae LSI?” he cteauee cote acerca itp ea yeaa aA 19,034 Material Suppli Total ee of requests from schools ............ 609 Number of different institutions ..............0005. 196 High Schools and H. S. Annexes Brooklyn (Total No. 37) .......... 0.00000. 28 Queens (Total No. 16) ...... 2.2.00 eee 9 Manhattan (Total No. 27) ............0... 3 Other Boroughs (Total No. 17) ........... 9 Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn 22) ... 19 Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn 7) 11 elementary Brooklyn (Total No, 230) ............000. 60 Queens (Total No. 149) 2.0.0... eee ee eee 3 Manhattan (Total No. 125) ............... 3 Other Boroughs (Total No. 143) .......... 2 Private and Parochial ... 02.6... cccc cece ee eueee 19 [ISHIGUtIONS: seciclex kate acne ae ekg ewe ales 20 Number of potted plants for nature study .......... 2,793 Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar .. 4,858 Total number of teachers supplied with material .... 5,150 Total number of pupils reached ..............02622 248,607 Living Plants Placed in School Rooms N of schoc ls Santee! Ge goad orde oy8i ae tee ie gids ec waa tar ws ahian fae ee sere ae ae 74 NG: “OF “DlaiitS:: «site ad eaulaw als seach Wren Pe a aa ee ee 608 No. of teachers involved ......... 0.00 cee ee eee eens 756 Jo. of pupils reached .........0.0.0 200002020 eee. 31,744 Plants Distributed (Raised tn Classes) .....e cece eee ee 21,764 No. of teachers taking plans Sih Sa Apa ee 269 No. of children taking plants .................0000. 933 Total number of schools represented .............-.. 129 Seed Packets for Children No: of SChOOlS:. auc.¢0e dee ede ckar hh Rlabei aii aebads 381 ING: GL tEACherS? strnucrewmeii esse eee hi ene 5,365 ING. OF PUpIIS. sede eee eae hd ae rie eae 214,395 INGOs 10k Pacts: 1s.a'4 corse been eas arse eaten anaes Ge a odo 643,178 Exhibits Provided, No. of exhibits 0.0.0.0... 0c c eee eee cnet eee NWIGWHU DY D4ided.tnes aeons er enon eR ecasearaa nis 1932 83 2,137 95,695 154 549 5,560 223,397 670.202 17 40,845 39 PLANTATIONS AND GROUNDS The purpose of our labeled plantations, and the educational pro- gram based upon them, is to bring “through the public eye into the public heart ” + an interest in our native flora and its conserva- tion, and an interest in the plant life of the world and the crea- tions of horticulture as an added satisfaction and enrichment of human life. The first step toward accomplishing this is to make the Garden beautiful; the second step is to make it instructive in — more than a casual or incidental way. We have innumerable evi- dences and assurances that this object is being accomplished more and more fully each year. Local Flora Section The Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden) was opened to members and their guests (for the first time since its rearrangement) on May 9, the occasion of the annual Spring In- spection. This Section was originally laid out (in 1911) on a Systematic basis, like the main Section of the Garden. Under the curatorial supervision of Dr. Svenson the Section has been rear- ranged on an Ecological basis, which was rather fully described in the preceding Annual Report (pages 96-99). The fence en- — ie: lamented trustee, Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, make it possible to con- osing this Section and the two rustic gates, all the gift of our late trol access to it, as is now done for the Japanese Garden and the — Rose Garden. The intimate nature of the planting makes it neces- sary to restrict the entrance of the general public to times when guards or gardeners are in attendance. This garden, like the other two mentioned, is comparable to a special exhibit room of a mu- seum. It contains many rare species of the local flora, as well as the commoner sorts, and its use, in even the slightest degree, for ordinary park purposes, even for aimlessly strolling through, would defeat its purpose. Classes are freely admitted when accompanied by a Botanic Garden guide, members with accompanying friends are admitted by appointment, at mutually convenient times, and — the general public will be admitted whenever an adequate number of guards can be in attendance. 1Dr. John M. Clarke. Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Museum for 1913. 40 Laboratory Plaza Nothing has contributed more to the attractiveness of the Gar- den as a whole than the completion of the Laboratory Plaza. The central motif is a circular compass 18 feet in diameter. The rays e ter- — of the compass are paved with vellow, red, and black marb razzo. The yellow marble is from Siena, Italy; the red from Massa, Italy; and the black from Mazy, Belgium. At the center of the compass is a bronze armillary sphere, serving as a sun-dial, and designed by our landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn. The figures representing the signs of the zodiac were designed and modeled by his daughter, Miss Rhys Caparn. The sphere is mounted on a beautiful pedestal of Carver black granite, from Vinal Haven, Maine, encircled near the top with a bronze band bearing the following old classical sun-dial motto: Serene [ stand amyddst ye flowres To tell ye passing of ye howres. The pedestal rests on an octagonal platform of Stony Creek (Con- necticut) pink granite. No single object in the Garden has attracted more constant at- tention than this Armillary Sphere. There is a group of people around it almost continuously, and = teachers frequently bring classes there for a lesson based upon the dial. At either end of the north and south grass panels are garden urns of classic design, 3 feet, 6 inches high. Planting of the Plasa—The Magnolia area has been extended so as to include the Plaza, the planting being confined to Magnolia species and to shrubs belonging to the same family. The only ex- ceptions are the edging of [English Ivy and Euonymus alatus var. compacta, which are a part of the design only, but not a part of the labeled collection. The planting of this Plaza was provided for by the generous gift of $1,502 raised by subscription by our Woman’s Auxiliary. The new planting of Tulips along the west side of the lexperi- mental Garden is recorded in the report of the Horticulturist (p. 89). This should make an interesting exhibit in 1934. The transfer of the Paconics to new beds near the north end of Cherry Walk 1s also recorded on page &9. 4] The first autumn frost, on the night of October 25-26, brought much of our fall bloom to an end earlier in the season than usual. Ice remained in the pool of the Conservatory Fountain until the afternoon of the 26th. The Overlook, at the north end of the Rose Garden, was in- cluded in the five-year plan of permanent improvements published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for May, 1930. It was designed by Mr. Caparn, and was completed on May 7 by the firm of John Thatcher & Son, contractors. Like the conservatory fountain and the Armillary Sphere, it was made possible by the bequest of our late trustee, Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins. This has already become one of the most popular spots in the Garden. Davidia in Bloom.—In 1919 a specimen of the Dove Tree, Da- vidia vilmortniana, was planted among the Dogwoods, to which it is related. This tree was introduced into Europe in 1897 from China, where it was discovered in 1869 by a French missionary, Abbé Armad David, after whom it is named. As the hardiness of the plant in the Brooklyn climate is doubtful, it has been pro- tected each winter. During the week of May 15, the tree came into bloom for the first time. As in the Flowering Dogwood, the so-called “ petals” are bracts which enclose a cluster of small, in- conspicuous flowers. When the flower-bud opens, the bracts are relatively small and greenish, later becoming larger and white. Unlike the Flowering Dogwood, which has the four petal-like bracts of the same size, one of the bracts of the Davidia is much longer and larger than the others. The tree, at present, 1s about 20 feet high. It bore only about 12 flowers. The Dutch Eln-Disease, causec C35 by a fungus Graphium Ulmi, while reported in New Jersey, has not, as yet, been detected in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The New York Times for August le 33 = nepomed station @s MM. Liming: of thes Uisou Depart. ment of Agriculture, found one diseased elm on Ocean Parkway near Prospect Avenue, Brooklyn. The disease first appeared in Ohio three years ago, and the second outbreak, reported in New Jersey, is said to have assumed large proportions, more than 200 infected trees having been located. The symptoms of the disease are a yellowing, browning, and wilting of the leaves, and the browning of the sapwood when young twigs are cut. The Federal 42 Public Works Administration (PWA) allocated $80,000 to the Department of Agriculture for control work. Needs. —TVhe initial planting of the grounds included an Itco- logical Section (near the Rock Garden), and an Economic Gar- den. [or lack of curatorial oversight and gardening labor, these two sections have been abandoned for some time. It is important that they should be rehabilitated. The newly graded area north of the Japanese Garden affords a suitable area for a new location Sn BY for the Economic Garden. Several permanent supports are needed for vigorously growing vines. Mr. Caparn has prepared a design and specifications for a trellis and pergolas for the Silver Leaf (sletinidia). North Addition —The greatest need is the landscaping of the North Addition. (See page 20.) INTERNATIONAL SEED [EXCHANGE The systematic interchange of seeds between the United States and other nations (through both official and private channels) dates from the very beginning of this nation. After Thomas Jef- ferson returned to America from France, where he had repre- sented the new United States of America, he began sending his trench friends seeds of native American plants, receiving from them the seeds of French plants in return. This interchange con- tinued for some twenty-three years. * By his desire, our Consuls in every foreign port, collected and transmitted to him seeds of the finest vegetables and fruits that were grown in the countries where they resided. These he would distribute among the market-gardeners in the City | Washington | not sending them but giving himself and accompanying his gifts with the information necessary for their proper culture and management, and afterwards occasionally calling to watch the progress of their growth. This excited the emulation of our horti- culturists, and was the means of greatly improving our markets.” ? In 1933 we exchanged seeds with 207 other gardens located in 50 countries, receiving a total of 2,525 packets of seeds of their native plants and sending in return 4,367 packets of seeds of na- tive American wild flowers and other plants. ' Smith, Mrs. Samuel Harrison. The first forty years of Washington society. Seribners. New York, 1906.) p. 394. Laboratory Plaza, facing west from the building, September 44 So far as our supply lasted, after other gardens had been sup- plied, packets were sent to members of the Garden—825 in all. About 95 packets were requested in excess of our ability to supply them. Ture LIBRARY “ T have often thought that science would progress more if there were more reading.” Thus wrote Charles Darwin to Sir Joseph Hooker, the director of Kew Gardens, in 1865. No doubt Darwin was right. There is probably a more systematic attempt to * keep up with the literature”? now than in Darwin’s time, but the great bulk of botanical publication today is the despair of botanists. To read all the current literature, even of one’s limited field of special interest or research, would be physically impossible. The situation is reflected by the number of serial publications of which current numbers have been received in our library during 1933, namely 979, These publications are in 26 different languages. Most botanists of university training are more or less at home in four languages; many in five or more. But material in languages outside the Romance and Teutonic groups, such as Russian, Japa- nese, Ifinnish, Magyar, and several others, is unavailable to most readers except those to whom such languages are the native tongue. In view of this bulk and diversity, it is increasingly essential to have the current literature easily accessible, together with journals devoted to abstracts and summaries. A library rich in current publications as well as in standard and classical works, is an in- dispensable tool of research, and equally important in centers of educational work. lor obvious reasons, it is important to have periodical publica- tions promptly bound, especially when usage is considerable or more or less constant. Special attention is called to the statement in the appended report on the Library, that almost no binding has been done during 1933, and that there is now an accumulation of more than $3,000 worth of binding to be done. This becomes in- creasingly urgent since the number of users of the library steadily Inereases. Technical publications are expensive, for the market is compara- tively limited and the cost of publication relatively high since it in- 45 29 volves a great deal of “ foreign language ” composition and tabular matter for the printer, numerous illustrations, and a good grade of relatively permanent paper. The list of desiderata now on hand, noted in the Library report, amounts to more than $6,000 worth of publications. A large proportion of these have been asked for by readers; others are classical and standard works that should be in every first-class botanical library. In a previous report we have noted the fact that this Library did not have a generous initial fund for the purchase of a nucleus. It started in January, 1911, with a gift of nine books, and has been gradually built up to its present size of 30,938 volumes and ets by annual expenditures of small sums, supplemented by — pamph items secured by gift, publication, and exchange. The Library has a small endowment nucleus. Its use and usefulness increase each year. Its further endowment affords an admirable oppor- tunity for the advancement of science and education by private philanthropy. THe HERBARIUM The statement in the first paragraph of the appended report of the associate curator of plants emphasizes the importance of the herbarium and its relation to published records of plants in books and periodicals. During 1933 the herbarium of flowering plants (Phanerogams) increased by 4,000 specimens, lacking eleven, and that of the non-flowering plants (Cryptogams) by 1,125 specimens. 473 specimens were loaned for study to other institutions. Even at its present moderate rate of growth it will not be long before the Herbarium will have quite outgrown its present quarters. MrEMBERSHIP The support of museums, botanic gardens, and zoological parks is a civic duty. These institutions minister to the entire popula- tion, whereas the schools minister directly only to those under twenty-five years of age. During 1933 113 new members were enrolled, as against 222 in 1932. The net decrease has been 57. The figures are 1,205 in 1933 as against 1,262 in 1932. The fig- ures, though small, are very satisfactory when we recall the eco- 46 nomic condition of the world, and realize that more institutions and organizations are reporting large net losses than net gains. Our record is the result of the continued effective efforts of the Woman's Auxihary. Mrs. Henry J. Davenport has continued as the Auxiliary, and — Chairman of the Membership Committee o the activities chiefly responsible for new members have been in charge of Mrs. Whitney Merrill, member of the Auxiliary and Milt eereraiy: The distribution of surplus propagating material to members continued for the ninth year. This is one of the numerous priv- ileges extended to members in consideration of the payment of their membership fee. It has the effect of increasing interest, not only in the Botanic Garden, but also in plant life and gardening, and thus should be of advantage to commercial horticulture. In fact, we have evidence that such is the case. During the year several hundred members were supplied with propagating material in the total of 4,170 plants. Woman's AUXILIARY The Woman's Auxihary has become an integral and indispen- sable part of the regular work of the Garden. At the close of the year it had 113 members. Under its auspices numerous garden clubs and other organizations held meetings at the Garden, and the course in Flower Arrangement was initiated. This was one of the most popular and better attended of our winter courses. Six sessions were held from January 3 to February 7, and 117 per- sons were registered for the course. The first three lectures were given by Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japanese garden- ing and floral art at the Garden. Miss Averill’s book on Japanese lower Arrangement, published in 1913, was the first book on flower arrangement of any kind to be published in America. The other lectures were given by Miss Maude Mason (one); and by Mrs. Wilham FH. Cary, author of the second American book to be published on flower arrangement — Arranging Flowers Throughout the Year (two lectures). It is of interest to note that the authors of these pioncer books are both officially connected with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Womans Auviliary luncheon was held in the rotunda of 47 the Laboratory Building on February 7, following the last session of the Flower Arrangement course. There were 107 in attend- ance. The address was given by Dr. Svenson, associate curator of plants, on the Local Flora Section of the Garden and his scien- tific and educational work in connection therewith. On November 22, under the auspices of the Auxiliary, Dr. Nor- man T. McClintock, of Rutgers University, gave a lecture at the Garden on the subject Romance in the Commonplace. The lec- ture was illustrated by motion pictures of plants, insects, humming birds, and other subjects and proved to be a fascinating revelation about more or less commonplace events in the plant and animal worlds. — Among other subjects shown were the growth of lettuce, the development of a pea pod from a flower, the twining of tendrils, and the growth movements (including nutation) of various wild flowers. The auditorium, which seats 570, was filled to capacity. The net proceeds of $735 were contributed by the Auxiliary to supplement the amount available for per diem labor at the Garden, thus reducing lay-offs and the unemployment that would result. NINETEENTH ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION The Nineteenth Annual Spring Inspection was held, as usual, on the second Tuesday of May, which fell on the ninth. This has become one of the largest and most popular garden parties in the metropolitan district. The attendance in 1933 was one of the largest on record, being estimated at well in excess of 1,000. The tour of the grounds included inspection of the following new features: Laboratory Plaza, planted in April, 1932; Boulder Hill Bronze Tablet, the funds for which ($50) were presented by our Boys and Girls Club in 1932; the Japanese Garden, in which there were several improvements and new features, made possible by a gift of private funds and executed by Japanese workmen, under the supervision of Miss Mary Averill; Cherry Walk, which was at the height of bloom; the Overlook, at the north end of the Rose Garden, affording an excellent view of the entire garden from a height of 20 feet; the Local Flora Section, opened on Inspection day for the first time since it was replanted along ecological lines by Dr. Svenson; and the North Flatbush Avenue Approach, re- 48 cently done over, with boulder banks on each side of the walk, newly paved with green * amesite ” and broken by three new flights of steps; also the rows of hornbeams planted on either side of the — walk leading to the gate. These trees will be trained so as ulti- mately to form a pleached alley. So far as we know, there is no example of a pleached alley in a public park in or near New York. = The indoor exhibits included: Twenty-five photographs of flower arrangements done by Mrs. Cyrus Winslow Merrell from arrangements made by Mrs. Wilham Pl. Cary. These included the originals of the sixty illustrations in Mrs. Cary’s new book, 47- ranging flowers throughout the year; Ulustrations of artifictal flow- ers In various media extending over the past two centurics. This collection was made by Mrs. Richardson Wright, and was exhib- ited through her courtesy. Also Photographs of illustrations in the Codex Juliae Aniciae, of Dioscorides, 512 A.D., lent for this exhibit by Miss Pauline Goldmark, of the Hartsdale (N. Y.) Gar- den Club; 300 mounted herbarium specimens of cultivated plants prepared by Dr. Henry K. Svenson, including tulips, narcissus, crocus, and other plants, mounted so as to preserve their natural colors as well as structural features: Design, in perspective, of the North Addition of the Botanic Garden, by Mr. Harold A. Caparn. This is reproduced as figure 1 of this Report. ‘Tea was served, as usual, by the Woman’s Auxiliary. PERSON NEL On December 7 Life member and Patron. He was president of the Board of occurred the death of Mr. Frank L.. Babbott, a Trustees from May, 1920, to May, 1928, and in that capacity was ex officio a member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. From 1928 until his death he was honorary president of the Board. Mr. Babbott was a frequent contributor of funds to the Botanic Garden. Mr. Richard Rk. Bowker, a Life Member of the Institute, and a member of the Board of Trustees, died on November 12, 1933. In 1928 Mr. Bowker presented to the Garden the beautiful bronze Merchild, done by Miss Isabel M. Kimball. Since April, 1929, this has been an object of much interest in its naturalistic setting in the bed of t logical Section. “ — 1e Brook, just south of the “swamp” in the Eco- 49 Mr. Edwin Gould, a Patron and member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, 1926-1929, died suddenly on July 12, 1933, at his estate on Cove Road, near Oyster Bay, Long Island, at the age of 67 years. In 1926 Mr. Gould contributed $25,000 to the Citizens Endowment Fund then being raised. Mr. Calvin W. Foss, librarian, was absent throughout the year on sick leave. During his absence Mrs. [emilie Perpall Chichester has been Library Assistant in Charge. On September 1, 1933, Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, curator of Ele- mentary Instruction, completed twenty years of service at the Garden, as follows: Instructor, September 1, 1913—December 31, 1914; Assistant Curator, Public Instruction, January 1-December 31, 1915; Curator of Elementary Instruction, January 1, 1916-. en Governing Committee, on ja At a meeting of the Botanic Garc June 22, the members present expressed warm appreciation of Miss Shaw’s services to the Garden and, through the Garden, to 3orough of Brooklyn during these twenty years. A resolu- — the tion was unanimously passed requesting the director so to notify Miss Shaw, and to convey to her an expression of the high regard and affection of the Committee. On May 22, the Garden Teachers Association of the Botanic Garden gave a dinner in honor of Miss Shaw, on November 12 a tea for the Botanic Garden personnel and officials was given at the home of the Director, and on December 15 a reception and tea was given in Miss Shaw’s honor at the home of the chairman of the Governing Committee, Miss Loines. Beginning September 7, Miss Julia EX. Best, A.B., Barnard Col- lege 1931, M.A., Columbia University 1933, accepted appoint- ment as School Service Assistant in the Department of Public In- struction, to assist in the supply of study material to high schools andcolleresen( (tapos) Miss Mary Dorward, a graduate of the Pratt Institute Sc of Library Science, 1933, very generously contributed her services without compensation as library assistant from October 2 until the hool end of the year. Mr. Gerald Sherow gave his services gratis in the Propagating Department for a total of twenty-two days between the following dates: December 18, 1933—January 25, 1934. 50 Irom June 5 to the end of the year, Mr. Henry Funk, gardener, contributed his services without pay for the sake of the experience of being at the Botanic Garden. FINANCIAL Only a slight acquaintance with the facts enables one to appre- ciate on what a very modest scale the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has been launched and carried for twenty-three years. The Di- rector of one of our public museums recently reported to a scien- tific congress that, during the past quarter century (the lifetime, en), $38,000,000 had been raised and expended in developing the various branches ak lacking two years, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garé of the museum, The same institution, now more than fifty years — old, has only recently made public a statement emphasizing the fact that it is very inadequately financed. No doubt it is, consid- ering the extent, importance, and results of its work, and the pub- lic response to the opportunities it offers. But such figures dwarf the modest total of a little over $3,100,000 expended for the establishment of the Brooklyn Botanie Garden, including the initial cost of buildings, and all other permanent improvements and the annual maintenance budgets for the past twenty-three years. This comparison is made because, to those even slightly familiar with the rapid growth and wide expansion of the activities of the Botanic Garden, the contrast serves to emphasize the conservatism and extreme economy that have characterized the financing of this institution, The work is not now financed on a scale commensurate with its — importance and its human appeal. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden could double its services to science and education if its annual private funds income were increased only fifty per cent. The present annual budget of approximately $200,000 is derived nearly equally from the Tax Budget Appropriation of the City of New York, and from private funds income. One million dollars of additional endowment, yielding approximately $55,000 additional income, would meet the existing needs, providing, of course, that the Tax Budget appropriation does not fall below its 1932 figure. Passing over the importance of our work in intangible ways that cannot be registered by recording turnstiles, it must be recog- 51 nized that attendance figures which reach more than 38,300 for a quarter of a million for one month, and one week-end, nearly and a quarter for a calendar year are alone more than one million evidence of sufficient public interest and benefit to justify more nearly adequate financing. Public Interest in Science and Art ihe @©thce-or-Education,-U...5- Departmenton the. nterior, has published a report on the “ Recent progress and condition of museums.” + When we consider the extent to which modern ctv- ilization is dependent upon scientific research and inventions based upon its results, it is interesting to note that the combined public and private support of public education through the medium of science museums, in the United States in 1930, was less than two- thirds that of art education through art museums, According to Table 10 of the above mentioned report, the ag- gregates of total incomes of public museums in 1930 was, for art museums, $7,394,000; for science museums, $4,796,000. The in- come from endowment of art museums in 1930 was $4,118,000; of science museums, $3,258,000, or about three-fourths that of art museums. Income from gifts and dues was, for art, $511,000; for science, $390,000, or less than four-fifths that for art. And yet this is often called “the age of science.” In fact, the large [ y endowed were l — fortunes out of which art has been so generous made possible, in large part, by scientific research and invention. Few fortunes have been made by art. Art is endowed by science. Science is endowed by art, but not financially. iat, notwithstanding our debt to modern 1 in art than in science? Or —_— Do these figures mean t science, more people are interestec that more people can understand art than can understand science ? Or, possibly, that those whose interests are in art are possessed f more of this world’s goods, or are perhaps more generous or It may well be that a part of the answer In any event, the O more public spirited ? is contained in each of these four suggestions. fact remains that art museums are more generously supported in the United States than are science museums. By Laurence Vail Coleman, Director, the Amer- Washington, 1932. 1 Bulletin, 1931, No. 20. \ ican Association of Museums, Botanic gardens (and zoological parks) are not included in this report, but museums operated in or by such parks or gardens are included. We would not for a moment wish to minimize the importance of generous support of art; it more than merits all it is ever likely to get. But the above contrast is full of meaning and ought to be full of suggestion for all who are interested in the advancement and diffusion of science, and the development of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Tax Budget and Private Funds The Tax Budget appropriation for maintenance in 1933 was as follows: cee Granted Change from 1932 Personal Service ...... $ 84,660. $69,260.00 $13,394.00 (Decrease ) Other Codes .......... a 13,713.44 2,751.56 (Decrease ) $101,125.00 $82,979 44 $16,145.56 (Decrease ) The Private Funds sudget was $92,943.52, as against $99,- SoU.o a 19327). A decrease of only $6,630.83, as against the ‘Tax Budget decrease of $16,145.56. The Private Funds Budget was $9,964.09 more than the Tax Judget. lor the past six vears the percentages of the two budgets have been as follows: 1928 1929 1930 193] 1932 1933 Wak WORE Seis en acti 18% 43 3% 44% 48% 50% 47 2% Private Funds ......... 52% 5 57% 56% 52% 50% 52.8% Collections lunds Contributions Although the algreement between the City of New York and the Botanic Garden provides that the City shall include in its an- nual Tax Budget appropriations for the support of the Garden f books and publications, the a sum or sums for the purchase ¢ City has never been asked to make any appropriation for that pur- pose. The City is not obligated to make appropriations for the purchase of plants, but is obligated to appropriate for the care of all collections. We are, therefore, dependent upon private funds fon is) for the purchase of plants (including herbarium specimens) and all publications. The Collections Fund is normally for this pur- ose. Fortunately, some of the endowment fund income is also available for the same purpose. We say “ fortunately,” for the contributions to the Collections Fund vary. The amount for 1927, for example, was 38 per cent. greater than for 1933. There has been a steady decrease during the past seven years, as follows: 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 $9,882 $7,420 $7,282 $6,539 $6,762 $6,157 $6,134 The amount available annually has always been less than was needed. It is hoped that eventually there will be endowment in- come sufficient to place this aspect of our work on a permanent assured basis, and make it unnecessary to depend so largely upon contributions solicited each vear. During 1933 a large part of the Collections Fund (with the consent of the contributors) was used for labor to help decrease unemployment. Legacies I. Addie Austin Bequest—For a number of years a frequent attendant at the Garden and its functions was Miss E. Addie Austin. Miss Austin’s death occurred on January 21, 1933. Her will contained the following provision : “ T give and bequeath to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Ar- horetum the sum of One Thousand Dollars ($1,000) to be used for its corporate purpose.” This legacy was received on August 3, 1933, and has been cred- ited to the endowment increment principal account. Alfred W. Jenkins Bequest—The death of Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, a Life Member and Patron of the Garden, a Trustee, and a member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, in Vichy, France, on September 28, 1932, was recorded in our preceding An- nual Report. In his will, Mr. Jenkins bequeathed $5,000 to the Botanic Garden. On account of numerous urgent needs and in consideration of the fact that Mr. Jenkins’s chief interest was in beautifying the grounds, it was decided to expend this amount for that purpose. Among the objects financed with this bequest are —_ fa the following: 54 1. The Armillary Sphere in the center of the paved compass in the Laboratory Plaza. 2. The pedestal of Carver black granite supporting the Sphere, and the bronze band around the pedestal. 3. The bronze tablet to mark the sphere. 4. The terrazzo paving of the compass. 5. Four vases in the Laboratory Plaza. 6. Construction of the Overlook, with seats, at the north end of the Rose Garden, 7. Bronze tablet to mark the Overlook gift. APPENDED REPORTS The keports on Research for 1933, the administrative depart- mental reports, and Appendices 1-8, which follow this report, contain more detailed information concerning the year’s activities and accomplishments. Respectfully submitted, C. STUART GAGER, Director. REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1933 PLANT PATHOLOGY By Grorce M. Reep Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Hybrids to Loose and Covered Sinitl Eexpertments with the Second Generation of Oat Hybrids. The second generation plants of four oat hybrids, Canadian Mon- arch, Canadian & Monarch Selection, Gothland & Black Mesdag, and Danish Island & Monarch, were available for the study of the inheritance of resistance to loose and covered smut. Two series of plants of each hybrid were inoculated, one with the loose smut and the other with the covered, and the percentage of susceptible plants determined. Hybrid 79, Canadian < Monarch, was represented by three crosses, and is a hybrid between the variety Canadian, susceptible wal wal to both loose and covered smut, and Monarch, resistant to the oose smut, but susceptible to the covered. ‘There were 287 second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut, and 113 (39.3 per cent.) were infected. These results clearly indicate that seg- regation for resistance to the loose smut occurs in the second gen- eration. In the corresponding series with the covered smut, 90 plants were inoculated, and 89 (98.8 per cent.) were infected; thus the second generation plants were as susceptible to covered smut as the two parental varieties. Hybrid 80, Canadian Monarch Selection, affords an interest- ing contrast to Hybrid 79. Both parental varieties are susceptible to the loose smut, while Monarch Selection is resistant to the cov- — ered smut. There were 97 second generation plants inoculated with the covered smut and 28 (28.8 per cent.) were infected. Segregation for resistance to the covered smut is indicated. There were 49 second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut, and 48 (97.9 per cent.) were infected; thus the second generation plants were as susceptible to the loose smut as the two parental varieties. Hybrid 81, Gothland & Black Mesdag, is a cross between two varieties which are resistant to covered smut, while Gothland is susceptible to the loose smut. There were 97 plants inoculated with the loose smut and 26 (26.8 per cent.) were infected, a result usually obtained in the second generation when a susceptible va- riety 1s crossed with a resistant. In the series with the covered smut, there were 47 plants inoculated, and none were infected, thus corresponding in their behavior to the two parental varieties. Hybrid 82, Danish Island & Monarch, was represented by five crosses. Danish Island is very susceptible to the loose smut and resistant to the covered smut, although occasionally a few plants are infected. Monarch, on the other hand, is very resistant to the loose smut and susceptible to the covered. There were 293 second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut and 57 (19.4 per cent.) were infected. In the series with the covered smut there were 287 plants inoculated, and 205 (71.4 per cent.) infected. The results with Hybrids 79, 81, and 82, with the loose smut, suggest a characteristic segregation on the basis of a ratio of three resistant plants to one susceptible. The percentage of infection 56 in Hybrid 79 was much higher than night be expected. However, a large number of plants, namely 287, were inoculated, and it 1s interesting to note that the three different crosses of this hybrid gave very similar results. The results with Elyvbrid 80, inoculated with the covered smut, also indicate a segregation on the basis of a ratio of three resistant to one susceptible plant. Pybrid 82, represented by five different crosses, has given a very different result with the covered smut. The segregation in the second generation has indicated three sus- ceptible plants to one resistant, just the opposite from the results previously described. There were a large number of plants of the five crosses inoculated, and the range of infection in the dif- ferent crosses was quite simular. It may be noted that the one parent, Monarch, 1s completely susceptible to the covered smut, and that the other parent, Danish Island, sometimes contains in- fected plants. Hu In Hybrid 79, both parents were very susceptible to the coverec smut, and practically all of the second generation plants were in- fected. Thus, these plants were as susceptible to this smut as the parental varieties. Stuular results were observed in) Hybrid 80 with reference to the loose smut. In this case also, both pa- rental varieties were extremely susceptible to the loose smut. In Hybrid 81, the two parents were resistant to the covered smut, and complete resistance was observed among the second generation plants. Experiments with the Third Generation of Oat Hybrids. Vhe third generation progenies of two different oat hybrids were grown. Of Hybrid 61, Orientalis & Victor, there were 47 third generation progenies inoculated, one set of seed with the loose smut, and another with the covered. Both parental varieties are very susceptible to the loose smut, and the progenies grown gave percentages of infection varying from 68.1 to 100, in 13 of them all the plants being smutted. The variety Victor is very suscep- tible to covered smut, while Orientalis is resistant. Of the 47 progenies, 8 were entirely resistant, 24 gave infections of 8.3 to 47.8 per cent., and the remaining 15, more than 51 per cent. infec- tion; in 4 of the progenies all the plants were smutted. There were grown 33 third generation progenies of Hybrid oF 64, Rossman & Monarch. Rossman is susceptible to loose smut anc er resistant to the covered, while Monarch is exactly the reverse in its behavior. The progenies showed independent behavior with reference to these two smuts. In the series inoculated with the loose smut, 5 were resistant, 23 gave less than 50 per cent. infec- tion, and 5 gave more than 70 per cent. In the series with the covered smut, 13 progenies were resistant, 12 gave less than 50 per cent. infection, and 8 more than 50 per cent. ivperiments with the Fourth Generation of Hybrids. In former reports, the data on many additonal oat hybrids have been recorded and, during the past year, fourth generation progenies of some of these were grown. Hybrid 18, Silvermine X Black Mesdag, was represented by 69 progenies, and Hybrids 34 to 36, Early Champion & Black Mes- dag, by 42 progenies. Practically all of these in all the hybrids had descended from resistant third generation families. Silver- mine and Karly Champion are both very susceptible to loose and covered smut, while Black Mesdag is resistant to both and, throughout the second, third, and fourth generations, the hybrids have shown a very similar behavior to loose and covered smut. During the past few vears very extensive data have been accumu- ated on these two sets of hybrids, and have been prepared for early publication. — There were 85 fourth generation progenies of Hybrids 29 to 32, lulghum x Black Mesdag, tested with the Fulghum Race of oose smut. Most of these had descended from resistant third generation progenies, and complete resistance to the special race of loose smut was established in the fourth generation. A large number of fourth generation progenies of Eybrids 50 to 69, involving various combinations of crosses, were grown. — The accumulated data are valuable in determining the mode of in- heritance of smut resistance in these various types of hybrids. Separate sets of progenies, one inoculated with loose smut and the other with the coverec ear , were planted. Physiologic Races of Oat Smuts Further experiments were carried out with some of the physio- pay logic races of both loose and covered smut. The most extensive 58 data were obtained with collections of these smuts on the Fulghum type of oats. Through the cooperation of Mr. T. R. Stanton, Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., we now have 10 collections of loose smut from different parts of the South, where Fulghtum oats are extensively erown, These collections have been tested out on a number of different varieties, and their behavior determined. We have been able to demonstrate clearly that there are at least two distinct races of loose smut specialized to the Fulghum oats. These are dis- tinguished on the basis of their ability to mfect particular oat varieties. ‘hree collections of covered smut on Fulghum oats have been obtained from the South. One of the most interesting features of these collections is their ability to infect Black Mesdag, a va- other known collections of both Toose and r — eb) — riety resistant to al covered smut. Bunt of IWheat Additional experiments were carried out with several physiologic races of bunt of wheat. These were tested on wheat varieties which have shown differences in their reaction to specialized races of the two species of bunt. The particular purpose of the ex- periments was to determine whether certain wheat varieties were identical in their behavior to the various races, or whether these varieties could be separated from each other on the basis of their infection by distinct races of bunt. Sorghum Smuts Miss D. Elizabeth Marey has continued her studies on the in- heritance of resistance of various sorghum hybrids to the covered kernel smut of sorghum. The second generation plants of 18 sorghum crosses were grown, each cross being represented by 50 to 100 plants. On the basis of the behavior of the parental varie- — ties, the crosses may be divided into three groups: 1. Both parents resistant. There were two reciprocal crosses between Veterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo, varieties which have consistently been resistant to the covered kernel smut. All of the inoculated second generation plants remained entirely free from infection. 59 2. One parent susceptible, and the other parent resistant to the covered smut. There were 14 crosses between a susceptible anc en resistant variety. In 7 crosses, the resistant Feterita was com- bined with the susceptible Sumac Sorgo, Red Amber Sorgo, anc — Dawn Kafir. In all these cases, second generation plants gave 47.7 to 72.1 per cent. infection. In contrast to these hybrids are those in which the resistant Milos are crossed with susceptible varieties. There were also 7 crosses of this type, Black Amber Sorgo, Blackhull Kafir, and Dawn Kafir, being combined with Dwarf Yellow Milo, Standard Yellow Milo, and Standard White Milo. In these hybrids, the second generation plants gave 8.1 to 17.1 per cent infection. It is evident from the results that the resistance of TFeterita to covered smut 1s different from that of the Milo varieties. — 3. Both parents susceptible to the covered smut. There were two hybrids between susceptible varieties, Blackhull Kafir and Dawn Kafir, being crossed with Red Amber Sorgo. The second generation plants contained 61.9 to 67.5 per cent. of smutted plants. A series of third generation progenies belonging to four dif- ferent hybrids was inoculated with the covered smut. In every case, these progenies were descended from the surviving second generation plants which had been inoculated with this smut in the previous year. There were 10 third generation progenies of Dawn Kafir & Red Amber Sorgo, both very susceptible varieties. The second generation plants in the previous year gave 50.9 per cent. infection. All of the 10 third generation progenies con- tained infected plants, the percentage varying from 20 to 95. There were 30 third generation progenies of the hybrid of Black Amber Sorgo & Dwarf Yellow Milo, the former being very sus- ceptible, while the latter 1s resistant. Three of these progenies proved to be completely resistant, 23 gave from 5.2 to 26.6 per cent. infection, and 4 gave 42.1 to 60.0 per cent. There were 30 third generation progenies of the hybrid Feterita x Dwarf Yellow Milo. Both of these varieties are very resistant and, as noted above, the second generation of this cross gave en- tirely negative results. It was found, however, that 5 of the third generation progenies contained infected individuals, the percentage GO varying from 5.5 to 31.2. The remaining 25 progenies contained no smutted plants. There were 30 third generation progenies of the hybrid Dwarf Yellow Milo X I*eterita. This hybrid is the reciprocal of the one just referred to. Only one of these progenies contained an in- fected plant, and in this progeny one plant out of 14 was smutted. There were 170 fourth generation progenies of two hybrids of leterita & Sumac Sorgo grown. These were descended from the surviving plants of third generation progenies which gave different percentages of smut, and the results obtained have thrown a great deal of light on the inheritance of smut resistance in these par- ticular hybrids. One of the important problems in connection with these studies is that of securing the infection of all susceptible individual plants. Further experiments were made on the influence of environal factors on the infection of some susceptible and resistant varieties. It was found that a much ligher percentage of smutted plants of such susceptible varieties as Blackhull Kafir, Dawn Kafir, Dakota Amber Sorgo, Sumac Sorgo, and Red Amber Sorgo, was secured when the inoculated seed were germinated in sand with a low per- centage of water. Excellent results were also obtained when a somewhat higher percentage of moisture was used, to which a weak sugar solution was added. In all cases, resistant varieties such as Feterita and Milo remained free from smut. In general, all the susceptible varieties and the hybrids gave higher percent- ages in 1933 than in 1932, probably due to securing an environ- ment more favorable to infection during the seedling stage. A large amount of data on the inheritance of various mor- phological features in relation to smut resistance has been ob- tained. The most extensive studies have been made on the inheritance of pithy and juicy stem, and on the red and green color of seedlings. Cultural Characteristics of the Oat Simuts Mr. L. Gordon Utter has continued his studies on the char- acteristics of both loose and covered smut of oats as grown in cultures in flasks. Under natural conditions, the smuts are para- sites which invade the host plant in the young seedling stage and Fic. 6. Cultures of lustrates some of the c 8001.) smut. (§ .) I ee oose smut of oats in flasks. Each culture was developed from a single chlamydospore, and bee {# varacteristic differences which may be observed within the same physiologic race of loose ES) 62 continue their development until the heading time of the oats, when the flowering parts are replaced by enormous numbers of black dust-hke spores. These spores are known as chlamydo- spores and, under favorable conditions, germinate, producing a short hypha, or thread, on which are developed secondary spores, rr econidia, It is by means of these conidia that the invasion of the young seedling oat plant takes place. Both chlamydospores and conidia, however, may be transferred to suitable substances n flasks, where they will give rise to characteristic growths which may be studied and compared one with the other. The appearance of three cultures of the loose smut of oats is shown in fieure 6, These cultures in flasks are interesting for a comparison of the behavior of the two species of smut, and also for the highly specialized physiologic races. The cultures may be developed by the isolation of single chlamydospores, or by the isolation of the secondary conidia, and cultures derived by different methods have been used in the studies. Many isolations from single chlamydo- spores of both loose and covered smut have been obtained. Some of the cultures of loose smut are very similar in their appearance, while others show considerable variation. The same is true of the cultures of covered smut. Further, many of the cultures of the covered smut are essentially identical with those of the loose smut, and it does not seem possible to clearly differentiate the two species by constant characteristics of the cultures. Comparisons have been made between the cultures of different races, derived from single chlamydospores. Many of the cultures of the same race are essentially identical in appearance, while others show marked differences. Further, cultures from different races can be selected which are remarkable for their uniformity and, by a proper selection of cultures, very diverse types of growth may be obtained. Many isolations from single conidia have also been made, and similar differences in the behavior of the cultures to those isolated from chlamydospores have been observed. Some moculation experiments have been carried out. Cultures of loose smut derived from single chlamydospores have been used o inoculate Gothlane 4 and Monarch oats, the former being very 63 susceptible to the particular race of loose smut used, while Mon- arch is resistant. In most of the experiments, Gothland was successfully infected, while Monarch remained free. Similar ex- periments were carried out, using cultures of covered smut and, in these experiments, Monarch was infected while Gothland was not. Attempts have been made to infect both Gothland and Monarch with single conidial cultures of definite races of the two smuts. Other experiments have been made in which a culture derived from two conidia in certain combinations has been used. GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS ENROLLED DurinG 1933 In addition to the members of the Botanic Garden personnel, four graduate students and independent investigators were en- gaged in carrying on botanical research in the laboratories of the Garden. Mrs. Marie E. Conklin has continued her investigations on the bacteria which form the tubercles on the wild legumes. Her stud- ies involve the problem of the cultural characteristics of the bacteria isolated from different plants, and also their capacity for infecting. She began her studies at the University of Wisconsin, where she obtained the A.M. Degree in 1930. She is continuing her investigations, with a view to submitting the data as a basis for a Doctor’s thesis at Columbia University. Dr. Frances A. Hallock, Associate Professor of Biology in Hunter College, has used some of our facilities in connection with her study of the morphology and relationship of the evergreen shrub Gaarya. Dr. Elva Lawton, a member of the Biology Department of Hunter College, has continued her investigations on regeneration and polyploidy in ferns. Her studies are a continuation of re- searches carried out in the University of Michigan, where she re- ceived the Doctor’s Degree in 1931, Mr. Hans E. Vollert, during the first part of the year, was enrolled at New York University, majoring in plant pathology at the Botanic Garden. Mr. Vollert is a graduate of the University of Leipzig, and also has the equivalent of the degree of Master of Science from that Institution. He was engaged in the study of the cultural characteristics of certain smuts, and had also taken up some work on the thrips of the iris and gladiolus, st lia. 7. Types of placentation (attachment of ovules). Hy, //y- perteum densifloruim, Axile placentation in this case has developed from initial parietal placentation; H 1-2, flower buds with ovules on walls of ovary; THI 3, adult flower with ovules on axis, formed by the ingrowth of the placentae. renarta Korincana; Cen- tral placentation here has developed from initial axile placentation ; A 1-2, flower buds where ovary-walls connect with style; A 3-4, adult flower with central axis separate. T, Tamarix pentandra; Basal placentation with many ovules, occurring only in a few groups (probably a primitive form). M 1, Mesembryanthemum spectabile; M 2, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, showing great difference in attachment of ovules in the same genus. = 65 SYSTEMATIC BoTANY By ALFRED GUNDERSEN The Genus Staphylea With Mr. C. F. Doney, three hundred specimens o baria of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Botanical Garden, the Arnold Arboretum, the U. S. National Herbarium, and the Missouri Botanical Garden. This genus is widely dis- tributed in Europe, Asia, and North America. Of twenty-eight names which have been assigned to Staphylea four belong to other families and five to the related genus Turpinia, others are syno- nyms or included in the accepted species, leaving only eight or ave been making a study of about Fal f the genus Staphylea from the her- {aay possibly nine distinct species. The Classification of Dicotyledons The study of floral structures of many species of dicotyledons has been continued, with drawings by Miss Maud H. Purdy. The drawings are dated, and we are gradually following up the study of missing parts of structures of flower buds at the proper season. Attention is being given especially to placentation and to changes in placentation as the flower develops, as illustrated in fig. 7. [Eichler wrote in his Bliittendiagramme, page 47, in 1874, ‘the whole question of placenta-formation merits very much a new investigation, at the same time from a developmental and systematic-comparative point of view.” This holds true in 1934, — sixty years after. Flardy Species of Trees and Shrubs With Mr. Alfred Rehder, of the Arnold Arboretum, I have continued the work on an alphabetical list of trees and shru based on his Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs. The plan of the work has been somewhat revised and expanded. In this work we have been joined by Mr. Henry Teuscher, dendrologist of the New York Botanical Garden. After each species there is given the author, the year of publication, height, geographic dis- tribution, and zone of hardiness. In case the species was first described under another genus that genus also is given. An ex- — IS ample follows : 66 Symphoricarpos Juss. 1729 15 sh Caprifoliaceae ae es s (L. 1753 sub ee el Blake Sh lm nNAm_ III S, racemosus Miuichx. ) microphyllus Kunth 818 Sh 3m Mex VIII albu: —~ SYSTEMATIC BoTANY By Tlenry K. SvENSON Plants of the Astor Expedition The manuscript on the flora of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands, consisting of about eighty pages with six plates, many photo- graphs and text figures, has been completed since early in_ the spring of 1933 and is awaiting publication. This manuscript does not include the large representation of ferns and fern allies, which comprise about one third of the vascular flora of Cocos — — and are well represented on the higher islands of the Galapagos Archiy - igo. | have been working on these with the cooperation of Mr. A. Weatherby, of the Gray Herbarium, as an additional ae Tt was necessary to examine specimens upon which ob- scure records were based, especially the plants obtained by Darwin | the month of August, at my own pu on the Galapagos Islands during the voyage of the Beagle, an = accordingly went to England for expense. ‘This collection is at the herbarium of Cambridge Uni- versity, where it was made available to me by the kindness of Mr. Gray. With a single exception, all the ferns described by Sir Joseph Hooker from Darwin’s collection were located. At New ee by C apt. W ood in 1846, and the miscellaneous notations nn : | . spent a long time in looking up old records, based chiefly on col- 2 Moore’s /adexv Piicum. Much valued assistance was given by the the curators, especially by Mr. Ballard, who has charge o ferns. While at Kew I also made a fairly thorough survey of the genus Eleocharis, especially with reference to the species of Africa, Australia, and South America, often poorly or not at all repre- sented in American collections. Several types were also examined at the Linnean herbarium in London and at the herbarium at Edinburgh. In addition to identifying Eleocharis for many institutions, in- cluding the U. S. National Herbarium, California Academy of 67 Sciences, and the Herbarium of the New York State Museum at Albany, I have also been identifying Brazilian Cyperaceae for the University of California at Berkeley. There has been the usual routine identification of specimens collected for the herbarium and for exchange with other institutions. Forest PATHOLOGY By ArtHur HarMouNnT GRAVES Chesinut Breeding Work in 1933 The object of this work, which has already been set forth fully in reports of previous years (BrookLyN Bor. GArb. ReEcorp 19: 62-67, 1930; 20: 83-87, 1931; and 21: 46-53, 1932) is, briefly, to obtain if possible a chestnut tree to replace the now nearly extinct native chestnut which has been killed off by the blight. Such a new stock should be both blight-resistant and of timber For — quality, 7.ec. capable of attaining considerable height growth. the present, our method is to cross-pollinate the blight-resistant Japanese chestnut, a low-growing, orchard type of tree, with the susceptible American timber tree, in the hope of getting, among the offspring of these two parents, the desired combination, that is, a blight-resistant tree of the tall timber type. During the past year the work has proceeded principally along red young trees and jan three lines: 1. The culture of some four hunc seedlings of various chestnut species and hybrids, including the collection of extensive data on growth rates and habit tendencies ; 2. The production of new hybrid nuts of Japanese and American parentage; and 3. The addition of several lots of seeds and seed- ings of native American chestnut to our collections, forming the nucleus of a group from which desirable strains may be selected — for future work. 1. Culture of Chestnut Seedlings pt Hybrids of 1932.*—Of the 189 hybrid nuts produced by the crossing of Japanese and American chestnuts in the summer of 1932, only 65 (34.3 per cent.) geminated. The reasons for this * We have adopted the plan of naming and dating our hybrids according to the year in which the cross-pollination was effected, although, of course, the nuts do not germinate until the following season. 68 sharp drop in percentage of germination from the figures attained last year (over SO per cent.) are not altogether clear. It may be due, in part, to a lack of adequate greenhouse facilities. Also, the poor viability of the seeds may have been inherent. In April and May these 65 seedlings were transplanted to the chestnut plantations on my land at Hamden, Conn. Little more than half their number—¥/ in all—survived the summer The European chestnuts (Castanea sativa) received in the fall of 1932 from the botamie gardens of Berlin, Geneva, and Paris, germinated well. Of the 350 nuts received, 176 seedlings (50 per cent.) are now living, 29 in the Hamden plantations and 147 in the nursery of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The losses at the Garden were due almost wholly to the depredations of squirrels and rabbits. —_— A number of seedlings have been grown from nuts of Ameri- can chestnut collected in various localities and sent to us by interested persons—notably those from Virginia given to us by Miss Hilda Loines. The Chestnut Plantation at Haimden.—Vhroughout the grow- ing season considerable time and attention were given to such cul- tural details as pruning, cultivating, and the control of insect pests. Toward the end of the summer this year the leaves of most of the species and hybrids were attacked by aphids and mites, causing a crinkling and browning of the leaves which was_ especially pronounced in the latter part of August and in September. Dr. \V. E. Britton, of the Connecticut Agricultural [Experiment Sta- tion at New Haven, kindly identified these attacks as evidently the work of the aphid Calaphis castaneae Fitch and of the mite Paratetranychus bicolor Banks. It was noted that the thicker, leathery leaves of the Chinese chestnuts (C. mollisstina) were al- most wholly unaffected by these insects. The area devoted to chestnut trees at Hamden is being enlarged constantly, and some of the trees there are now in their eighth year. As the plantings become more extensive and the trees more mature, the labor involved in their culture is increased, so that it would be most desirable to have the assistance of a gardener for a few days two or three times during the coming summer. It may be of interest here to state that the plantation at TTamden 69 is continually exposed to infection from the chestnut blight fungus. The woods surrounding the planted trees contain frequent dis- eased basal shoots of native trees. This is as it should be. We are not trying to protect the trees from the blight. In order to discover whether or not our hybrids are resistant it is well to have them thus continually exposed to the disease. [Eventually—per- haps in two or three years—we shall inoculate all of the older hybrids in order to secure positive evidence on this point. With two or three possible exceptions, where the seedlings have been weakened by drought or some other cause, we have not yet found any of our own hybrids affected with the blight. This is nothing unusual, since such apparent immunity is to be expected in young seedlings. Some of the older Japanese trees have suffered to a slight degree, the infection apparently following winter killing of the tips of shoots. The Chinese trees, now seven years old and in many cases over seven feet high, have remained entirely clear of the blight. Some of the seedlings in the Hamden plantation, received from the U. S. Department of Agriculture during the years 1929-31 inclusive, blossomed in 1933, as follows: Number of Trees Kind Age 1 C. mollissuna (Chinese) 2.2.0... c cece eee cee ee 7 years id S-8 U.S. D. Hybrids (C. mollissima * pumila) 7 “ I FOOS6 4 ClaApanesen sess ed enc area Slee: Be 1 TEOLIAE (SADANCSE)) © aise sick acicdia die nea Aes cee ON ai 1 F. P. T (1931) i SDE PA ac kessde (0 cadet cea ance 4 * With the exception of the shrubby C. Seguinit, which bears nuts regularly every year, only one nut was obtained, namely from a Japanese tree of the forest type (No. 78627) received from the Geos BAe in 9380: Other Plantations —Besides the plantation at Hamden, Con- necticut, the following seedlings were given to several interested people, who had them planted on their own land, as follows: May 5. 12 Castanea crenata to Miss Maud H. Purdy, Pomona, Ney May 12. 12 Castanca crenata to Dr. M. F. Schlesinger, Monroe, IN 70 May 13. 8 Castanea crenata and one pan of C. sativa (from Paris) to Mrs. Kenneth B. Halstead, Speonk, 1s The Japanese seec ae (C. crenata) in this case came from seed obtained in 1931 in Japan by Dr. George M. Reed. Growth Records for 1933.—\We now have a total of 455 chest- at Hamden and in the Botanic Garden nursery, compris- nut trees and hybrids, as follows. ing several different species and varieties Species Number Crem eid: (AIMEMICAN). 24.6.485.pxas.werhaeetauveeanee 17 C. sativa (luropean) oo... 0. ccc cee cent eee eees 182 C. crenata: (Japanese) .ccvs dew ei vs duae git ediave new oedets 43 C. crenata (Jap. forest type) U.S. D. AL wo... 49 C. mollisstma (Chinese) U.S. D. AL lee eee eee 15 Ce glist dD. ipa eect ee earth 4a eae ene ees 3 C. Segquinti U, Pe ENG tin dag eased ov oes ae ee eed ee awe ae ec 10 Ie ai hybrid eee D WOS A coshisiy hice civin taco dk cee eee 1 Hammond hybrid (Jap.-Amer.) 1931 ....0...0.0...0.000000. 4 smith hybrid -CJap-Amer:) 1931. cascscse dec ates acetals: 49 37 Smith: hybrid::(Jap-Amer: ) 1932 seiese css ness sce Seated vases U.S. D. A. (various hybrids and species received from Bureau Of Plant Tneusty yy ayaa ani oe eara eds a a eee 41 Winthtop hybrid 1931) sqvsagscsed eevee oe Cea weenie eats 4 IRO GAL: ce bie sa aveca cect ateyic oie em aces eee ee ue 455 Table I, below, gives the average growth rates for the hybrids of 1931 and 1932 during the season of 1933. The phenomenal Tasce lt. Growrn Rares or Hyprip CHespnuts Ar HaAMpEN, Conn., 19335 Number { Trees Average Height Name Living October October Average Growth Bolle POST): coteade eters ay ets 1 3 ft.6an. 18 in. Hammond 1931 ............ 4 3 ft. 9in. 21 in Sitlith: F9GU sseckreiskeeusasl< 49 2 ft. 2 in, 14 in Sittith: 1932 acess itie siuedyeae 37 7 in 7in \V aaa LOST gaedeces noes 4 lft. 7 in. 9 in growth of Hammond hy] ny No. 86 of 1931, recorded in my re- port of last year (B. 2B. Recorp 22, No. 2; p. 60) was con- tinued in 1933, the total oe growth being about equal to that f the previous vear, so that it is at present about six feet high— an unheard of growth for a two-year-old chestnut seedling. (Ina coppice shoot this would not be remarkable.) Most of the trees made two seasons of growth this year, and many of the hybrids of both 1931 and 1932 made three seasons of growth during the same period. This rapid growth is doubtless to be accounted for, at least in part, by the fact that the seedlings are planted in good . 8 Chestnut bur, four-fifths natural size, containing three nuts and oda from the cross-pollination of a pistillate flower on the Japanese tree of Mr. Paul Hammond, Syosset, Long Island, using pollen from Amer- ican trees growing in the Government nursery at Bell, Maryland. (2497.) garden soil and are kept under clean cultivation throughout the season. 2. Hybridization Work in 1933 For the hybridization work this year the American chestnut pol- len was supplied us, as usual,* through the cooperation of the Di- — * In 1932, since the late-flowering Japanese chestnut of Mr. Renville S. Smith was the only tree worked, we were able to secure our own pollen from native shoots near Lake Mahopac, N. Y., and from New Milford, Conn, 72 vision of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, of the United States Department of Agriculture, from American chest- nuts planted at the Government nursery at Bell, Maryland. For the pistillate trees, ie. the female, or nut-bearing parents, we lim- ited our work to the use of two of the more promising Japanese trees—those of Mr. Paul Hammond and of Mr. John W. Minturn, both at Syosset, Long Island—and to young shoots of American chestnut which we happened to find on the estate of Mrs. James A. Burden. The Minturn tree is a very fine specimen, one of the best in the region, but in past vears we have had no success in securing hybrid nuts from it. This year, therefore, we concen- trated our efforts on it. As a result, out of a total of thirty-nine hybrid nuts collected in the fall, fifteen were from the Minturn pas tree. igure & shows, slightly reduced, one of the burs resulting from the cross-pollination of the Hammond tree. This bur, which yielded three nuts, is of unusually large size, about four inches in its median horizontal diameter. The details of the hybridization work in 1933 are summarized in Table II, below. These nuts Taste Il. ANArysis or Cross-PoLLINATIONs, 1933 Minturn Hammond Burden Total No. of branches bagged . 60-+- 7 selfed 61 + 30 selted 13 171 No. of flowers pollinated 95 76 32 203 No. of flowers developing SRD | ec eae cae recreate 14 15 | 30 No. of nuts ripened ..... 15 23 1 39 * Because of severe storms, we suffered unusual losses of obviously ma- tured nuts. were all planted in sand immediately after collection, and the pots placed out of doors in cold frames for overwintering. A notable feature of our hybridization work this year was the use, for the first time, of an American tree as the pistillate parent. Iextensive crossings of this type would be very desirable, but here- tofore we have been limited to Japanese trees for the female par- ents of our hybrids, because of the scarcity of flowering American chestnuts in the environs of New York. Good sized shoots (to a 73 height of ten feet or more) sprouting from the bases of dead chestnut stumps are not uncommon in this region, but few of these shoots bloom, and more rarely still do they bear pistillate flowers. We were particularly fortunate, therefore, in finding near a road- side, on land of Mrs. J. A. Burden, in Syosset, wild saplings of American chestnut (really basal shoots from an old stump), the oldest of these about ten years old and twelve feet in height, bear- ing several pistillate flowers. These were crossed several times with pollen from the Japanese chestnut of Mr. Minturn, but evi- dently we misjudged the period of receptivity for the pistils of this species, since from the thirty-two flower clusters (young burs) pollinated, only one nut was matured. We hope that members of the Garden and other interested persons will cooperate in our effort to locate similar American trees at points easily accessible from Brooklyn, in order that this work may be extended, that is, using American trees as the nut-bearing parents. Observations on Self-sterility—Continuing our experiments of 1931 (Brooktyn Bor. Garp. Recorp 21, No. 2; p. 52), further data were collected on self-sterility in the chestnut. Thirty branches of the Hammond tree and seven branches of the Min- turn tree, bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers, were bagged before the flowers had opened, and were left undisturbed through- out the blossoming period of the trees, thus presumably insuring self-pollination. None of these inflorescences matured nuts. 3. Plantings of Native Chestnuts In order to obtain stock for future crossing experiments, and also with a view to the possible selection of disease-resistant strains, we have this fall (1933) planted 202 nuts of American chestnut (C. dentata) obtained from various parts of the country ; many more nuts have been stratified for planting in the spring of 1934. A list of these plantings follows. ear Date Number of Nuts Given by Origin Planted 91 (plus * Sau ied) Miss Hilda Loines Virginia ae 4/35 LAA Bee Mrs. G. Stewart Brown Liberty, N. Y. 11/23/33 10 Miss Maud H. Purdy Somerset (?) Co. 10/19/33 Pennsylvania 37 Mr. Charles Bee Pennsylvania 10/19/33 B60 2 ve H. K. Svenso Western Pa. 11/5/33 4 . J. Stuart Thomson Snowy Mt., Pa. 10/14/33 74 IXveryone who traveled last fall through parts of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut adjacent to New York City must have noticed the large number of roadside stands where American cay chestnuts labelled ‘ native chestnuts were offered for sale. — These brought rather high prices compared with those of the old days: at one place in New Jersey Dr. Svenson bought 4% pint for 35 cents; a pint sold for 60 cents. This high price of the nuts is interesting from at least two angles. In the first place it shows that the nuts, which were everywhere enthusiastically advertised as “native,” still retain their old reputation for sweetness and general edibility, and therefore are and will be successful com- petitors with the imported kinds. In the second place, it shows that in our attempt to breed for a disease-resistant timber tree we should also keep in mind the edible quality of the nuts as well. It is said that the nuts offered for sale at the roadside stands are from points in the southern states where the blight has not yet (presumably ) killed out all the native chestnuts. Cuttings —At intervals during the year a number of cuttings were taken from various chestnut species, in an effort to find a method of rooting them. Thus far, there have been no positive results. Herbarium Specimens,—Dried specimens of various chestnut species and hybrids have been collected for a study of the leaf and twig characters, and to serve as a permanent record of the ma- terial studied, Needs.—We are continually hampered in our work for lack of adequate greenhouse space; the poor germination of the hybrid nuts which were secured last year after many days of hard work may have been due in part to a lack of suitable greenhouse condi- tions. If ultimately we shall have been able to develop a chestnut tree suitable for replacing our lost American chestnut, the expense of a special greenhouse for this particular work will seem slight — indeed. T know, of course, that the present is a most inauspicious time to speak of this, yet the urgency of the need is, I think, suf- ficient justification. —_— am glad to have this opportunity to acknowledge with thanks the cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, in this work. I also appreciate the in- 75 terest and cooperation of Mrs. James A. Burden, Mr. John W. Minturn, and Mr. Paul Hammond, the owners of the trees on Long Island. Economic BoTany By Ratepu H. CHENEY Material from the several species of coffee, growing in the trop- ical plant house, was utilized in a study of the chromosomes in this genus. A study to determine the formation of coffee-leaf glands is likewise in progress. The summer of 1933 was spent at the Marine Biological Lab- oratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Studies regarding the effect of alkaloids, especially the methylated xanthines which occur in the genus Coffea Linn., were conducted with reference to the animal organism. REPORIMOF (HE CUORALOR «OFM PibA NS BORGIIS3 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR Sir: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December sul DIRS Bier Iris PLANTATIONS Dr. Reed, in charge of Iris, reports as follows: Many of the newer varieties of Tall Bearded Iris were added to the collection. 116 varieties were received on the basis of ex- change from the following: Mr. Harry Esty Dounce, Bayside, L. IL. .............-...... 4 varicties Mrs. J. F. Emigholz, Kenwood Iris Gardens, Cincinnati, O. .. 26 * Mr. Fred R. Whitney, Hudson Gardens, Germantown, N. Y. .. 11 a Mr. Clint McDade, Chattanooga, Tenn, ................0.005 14 i Mr. John: Ay. Monroe,-Chulay Vista. Galore n.3.c ee eee he. 6 ie Mind Roberts Wayinan, Bayside 1s. 1h? misao eee ane 25 is Mr. John C. Wister, Philadelphia, Pa. ...................... 30 sf Mrs. Z. G. Simmons, Greenwich, Conn., sent us 17 varieties as a gift. 76 species were added to the collection by exchange from the following: 70 Mr. I. C. Brown, Royal Horticultural Society, Surrey, England 5 species Dr. R. Harper, Ridgewood, N. Jo... 0.0.00... 00.2 c eee 6 Mr. L. F. Hoyt, East Aurora, N. Y. 20.0... cece eee 1 Dr. Fritz Lemperg, Hatzendort, Steiermark, Austria .......... ° Dr. J. K. Small, New York Botanical Garden, New York City 56 7 Prot. A. FE. Waller, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio .. 3 RS r. O. E. White, University of Virginia ................0... 1 Mr. S. Tanaka, Shizuoka, Japan, collected plants of 5 additional species in Japan, and forwarded them to us through the Yokohama Nursery Company. The Oregon Bulb Farms, Boring, Ore., gave us 24 bulbs each of 25 varieties of Bulbous Iris, including Spanish and Dutch. Three new beds were prepared on the grounds and planted to the Tall Bearded Iris; many of the newer varieties were included in these plantings. TREES AND SHRUBS During 1933 we have obtained a few additional plants from nearby nurseries. Species which can be obtained from American nurseries are now nearly all represented in our Garden, A num- ber of trees and shrubs not obtainable in this country were im- ported from I*rance (Lemoine), Germany (Hesse), and England (Veitch); also bulbs from Holland (Van Tubergen). Rare plants were obtained by exchange from the Arnold Arboretum, soyce Thompson Institute, U. S. Department of Agriculture, from Mr. Clarence Lewis, and from the Long Island estate of Mr. Anton Hodenpyl. Clematis and other plants were obtained from Mr. J. E. Spingarn. Mrs. Nathan S. Jonas presented a large conservatory collection, chiefly orchids. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden now has a comprehensive col- lection of trees and shrubs. l*urther development must be largely of species which require some special attention, for example, as to soil requirements, moisture or shade, or special winter protection. A part of the nursery has been set aside for experimenting with such plants. Irom our present list of desiderata of trees and shrubs may be mentioned : NI be j Ardisia japonica Ilex geniculata Buckleya distichophyla Liriodendron chinense Cotinus americanus Magnolia macrophylla Cornus Nuttall Nemopanthus mucronatus Daphne arbuscula Pseudotsuga japonica Daphne Giraldit Pterocarya Rehderiana Echinopanax japonicum Sapindus Drummondii Ehretia thyrsiflora Sassafras tzuniu Fagus japonica Sycopsis chinensis LIcACs The lilac collection, about 250 plants adjacent to the Rose Garden on the west, has of necessity received little attention for a number of years. It was found that various preliminary maps, made before the Rose Garden was constructed, far from represent the present arrangement of the plants. Many shrubs have been moved and many service labels attached to branches have been lost due to borers and other causes. To facilitate accurate map- ping of the collection, numbers have been painted on the twenty- eight Rose Garden posts, and a few small boulders have been put in various places to serve as points of reference. New maps have been made by Mr. Joseph Pollio, a CWA draughtsman. Informa- tion about plants and specimens has been correlated so far as pos- sible under three groups: White Forms, Colored Single lorms, and Colored Double Forms. We hope to get the greater part of the collection labeled in the spring of 1934. VIBURNUMS A geographical arrangement adopted last fall for this important horticultural genus much simplifies the study of the group, and enhances its educational value as an exhibit. We have at present 12 American, 3 European and 22 Asiatic species. These figures reflect, in general, the relative number of species of Viburnum in each of the three continents. The Cornus and Spiraea groups especially need similar rearrangement. Maps or TREES AND SHRUBS We have adopted a smaller form for our maps with many small squares. These maps are more easily carried about the Garden 78 and more readily remade, as is often necessary. We expect to have the sources of the plants and year of accession on typewritten lists opposite the maps; thereafter, keeping records of the woody plants will require less time. COURSES In the spring I gave an outdoor course of ten lessons on Plant Fanuhes continued in the fall by five lessons. The spring lessons chiefly related to the structure of flowers and other characters of the higher plants. In the fall the closing lesson on ‘ Interde- pendence in Plant and Animal Evolution ” was given at the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. Visits To Orier GARDENS In the spring and again in the fall I visited the Arnold Arbore- tum at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. | also visited the [state of Mr. Anton Hodenpyl, on Long Island. I have had various consultations with a view to adopting a more permanent form of label. We have abandoned white or yellow paint on the small wooden labels in favor of black on a slightly lighter green background. Statistical report is attached herewith. Respectfully submitted, ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants. LABELS AND SIGNS Labels and signs were made by Mr. John McCallum as follows: Galvanized iron labels for the herbaceous beds ............. 475 Family labels for the beds ............ 00. c ccc eeceeeee eens 88 Lead labels for the woody plants .....0.0..0 00.000 cece eae 288 Small lead labels for local flora and rock garden ........... 574 iat AWOOC! TaDGlS: 4. Seth 8 ohanewenreaue tains ciacenten Miatemnetates 495 Large wood labels ....... 00... .c cc cece eee n ec neebeeuwees 19 WVOOCCU SIONS. tannin cance cheer N ara © aed tiews mci eeu ceed ee 42 Cat dD abd S118 sim. p tbat ce bea tenn arate aes Capenets vas seals 278 ORAM, gana dtuice acinata nah anh ote acetate gue sand se ie ec oes 2,259 4,402 Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs. Fic. 9, Conservatory Plaza. North end, showing steps to Laboratory Plaza. Pyracantha, (839 The two shrubs between the steps are SO STATISTICS RELATING TO LIVING PLANTS Living Plants Recewwed: Species or Varieties Plants By Collection. ..caiwdteavuasacia Pea epewerh es 87 1,329 By CXNCHANOE- cdcucnits th Nia cam peoaionedens 210 419 Biyert -tecsec ans iG aot Miae te Pe haeaeeaes 281 1,443 By: PUrehaSe” A0chosc cue nanedeee tetany Sh dent 289 11,671 By SCGG vec shee Beaten eee inte es ae ee 550 a8 MOU sxhse sce aan niet aden eee eLnae 1417 15,412 Living Plants Distributed: To members, etc. 0.2.0... 0c eens 6 3,924 Biv SOUT t-oe cece auked Wed tea aie ee ed woes eared 1] 20 By exXChanee@ -o.cilis bs Wace odin aniean dia oebne 226 226 T 243 4.170 P THE ASSOCIATE CURATOR: OF PLANTS FOR 1933 REPORT Dr. C. StuART GAGER, DIRECTOR, Sir: [submit herewith my report for the year ending Decembet ol; 1933. Tue HERBARIUM From January to March and from October to the end of De- cember the herbarium had the services of two people from the emergency Work Bureau. They were engaged) primarily in mounting and cleaning specimens, in continuation of work which they had done for us the preceding year. ‘The total number of plants mounted was 2,214 which brings the number of sheets im the herbarium of flowering plants and vascular cryptogams to approximately 109,000. By most botanic gardens the herbarium is considered as their most important single feature, representing as it does the basis of plant records in the publications in the library and the accumulated results of years of exploration, and providing the only exact basis for identification of plants. he Long Island His- =~ Through the inclusion of the herbaria of t 81 torical Society dating back to the early decades of the nineteenth century and that of the Brooklyn Institute, our herbarium has much of historical interest as well as widely representative ma- terial for the routine identification of plants of the United States. There is great need and desirability of special collections, and I think it should be the policy of the herbarium to develop a few restricted groups rather than a general herbarium. During the past two years we have been especially interested in getting col- lections of cultivated plants; an adequate herbarium seems the only solution for the present chaotic conditions in the names and identity of cultivated herbaceous plants. LocaL Fiora SECTION With the exception of the limestone ledge still desired for the growth of walking fern, maidenhair spleenwort, and similar rock ferns, the ecological groups may be said to have reached a certain degree of maturity. The grove of young trees planted in 1918 has taken on the appearance of a small forest, in which the interlacing branches provide good shelter for many hundreds of white tril- liums, spring beauty (Claytonia), hepatica, and violets. Each year substantially improves the woodland conditions by increasing the shade, humus, and aeration of soil. The grove consists of trees planted about & ft. apart in a level well-drained area. The trees were of approximately equal size when set out, and were placed with the idea of seeing which species would survive. The rapidity of growth may be roughly seen in the following average measurements made in December 1933 of the circumference at two feet above the ground: Liriodendron (17.5 in.), Quercus rubra (17.5 in.), Quercus velutina (16 in.), Betula papyrifera (14 in.), Fagus grandifolia (11 in.), Acer saccharum (10.3 in.), Pinus Strobus (10.5 in.), Betula lenta (10 in.). The total num- ber of trees was 65. Of these species Liriodendron is by far the fastest growing, although it is probably exceeded in rate of growth by the sweetgum (Liquidambar). Acer saccharum, Pinus Stro- bus, and Betula lenta appear unable to stand the strong com- petition of the other species. Betula lenta and B. lutea grow well when removed from competition. IExcept for hemlocks and flowering dogwoods which are still — 82 needed throughout the section for ornamental effects, the tree- planting program has been carried out. Within the next decade we should have small stands of red maple, beech, white pine and — pite the characteristic herbaceous plants. 1 pine ina flourishing condition, each group accompanied by Iextension of the boundary fence northward to the pathway coming from Ilatbush Ave. has made the section seem more natural and has considerably increased the area. The soil of much of this newly acquired addition has been improved by turn- Ing in peat. The brook, made in the fall of 1932, has become a natural fea- ture of the landscape and provides moisture for the growth of ferns, Virginia cowshp (Afertensta) and many species of violets. In the sand area there has been gratifying success in the growth of two species of FHudsonia, Corema, Tephrosia, Arenarta caro- liniana, Huphorbia Tpecacuanhae, native species of Helianthemaim, etc. together with mass plantations of l’iola pedata. It has been interesting to observe the variations of flowering-time in the native species of blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchiin angustifolium, S. at- lanticum, S. arenicola and S. mucronatum), and it is expected that the opportunity for similar close observations will give us much information on the relationship of native species within puzzling genera. The bog has completed its third year and the plants show no sien of losing vitality. Pine-barren plants such as curly-grass (Schisaca pusilla), pipeworts (frtocaulon compressum and dec- angulare), Lophiola, Lachnanthes, Nyris, Drosera filiforiis, Helonias bullata, Sabatia lanceolata, and several species of orchids are thriving in the wet peat which they share with northern repre- sentatives, Calla palustris, cottongrass (Eriophorum spissum), Kalmia polifolia, rhodora (Rhododendron canadense), and species of Carer. In the adjoining peat-and-sand area Pyvidanthera and turkey beard (Nerophylliuim) are growing luxuriantly. The moist bank adjacent to the bog has for two years supported a good growth of bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), creeping snowberry (Chiogenes), Linnaea borealis var. americana, and Dalibarda re- pens, plants confined to mountain regions of our area. Practically all the desirable plants native within 100 miles of Fic. 10. Local Flora Section. View facing northwest, showing right. September 28, 1933. (85 pool and sand area. Heliopsis helianthoides (8508. ) at the £8 S4 New York City with the exception of the parasitic and semi- parasitic species and those of saline habitats are now growing i _ 1 the Local Flora Section. CLASSES With the help of Muss Rusk, Instructor at the Garden, four sessions on the Native Plants of the New York Region were held (May 16-June 13) at the Local Flora Section and at Coytesville, New Jersey. Beginning January 9th a series of twelve weekly lectures constituting a course of General Botany was given at the Horticultural Society of New York. A repetition of this course was begun on November 13th. An additional series of twelve laboratory sessions on the Identification of Plants, beginning No- vember 13th at the Horticultural Society of New York, was undertaken with the assistance of Miss Rusk. Statistics from the herbarium will be found appended to this PEpOrk, Respectfully submitted, HleNryY Kk. SvENSON, Associate Curator of Plants. HERBARIUM MAtrERIAL BORROWED FOR STUDY oo of Califormia, Berkeley oo... 0 ccc cece cece ene 28 Mr. C. C. Deam, Bluffton, Indiana oo... cee eee een 7 Cray aaa Cambridge, Mass. 2.0.0.0... ccc cece cece cence erences 45 Dr. Fred. J. Herman, Temple University ......0 000.00... e cee cee ences 2 Leningrad, Academie des Sciences de VURSS ....... 00.0.0 e cece eee 6 Dr, Costa Lima, Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro ....... 00... ee eee 16 Missour1t Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. ........ 0. eee eee ees Z New York Botanical Garden .......0.0 0.000000 ce cece eee neces 155 New York State Museum, Albany .........00.0 000.00 cece eee e neces 346 Mr. J. W. Thompson, Seattle, Wash. ....0... 00.00 c cece cee eee eee 38 U.S. National Herbarium, Washington, D.C. ..... 0... cee ee eee 95 OGAM exes e ue atecataeny es ate asada Gea ane esd get ati Foucaiea ade aia tnbeaaesaeapeseeiee 780, HERBARIUM MaTERIAL LOANED TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS Dr. N.C. Fassett, University of Wisconsin ....... 00.0. ccc ee eee eee 3 Mr. Alfred Friedman, Brooklyn College of Pharmacy ............... 18 Dr. Ada Hayden, Iowa State College ........ 000000 ccc cece ee eee 112 Mr. Albion R. Hodgdon, Gray Herbarium 2.2.0.0... 0.00000 eee 236 Mr. John T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences ...........0005- 85 Dr. H. M. Jennison, University of Tennessee ............. 000-00 c ee 13 MetropolitaneM useim~ of ArtaCtorsexhibit )) 9s. corte oe eee 20 Mr. ees N. Moldenke, New York Botanical Garden .............. 9 Mi ae Chalkieve Palmers Mediantbavs soit eek) ae 2s ee kl ce 1 Dr. a Doagn Uiniversitveran lesa: 25%9 shy ceqmea uske ce eaten ees 19 fleGtralliy ren te ralege coat ernment ar yet SAS leslie tnt gee A eae Pe 473 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS AND DIstRIBUTION Phanerogamic Herbariuin Accessions : By Gift: IB) saree) ere) GLI S Helper eee ec loes dro oss 3: Sha a Ee 70 Vir Fa Xe eG Wy Cletus e PRs 25.5 Geo tug Goren SRR ap eee a 1 IN ieSee el raitavem EL OLEZO fleeces fee coche or agsnan ses Guarentee: Ce ee 105 ING Eiragel Oye ate, Sa NGO rIET ONT ori ere ate eee ees ne on IY cath Oc: 54 IMTS? 2S LEP Engle OIE Sietuitels, ies. sede inno tre Sv eaeeeelhs L 1 Missi. Fanny Al Multord: 24s 0ics. case ocak ctiaaaodates A 232 i envy Kee SVENSON: Hf acese. es ehekdunt-ad-an Peake paket eee 88 IN Titesa VIP Tat ei al kectiarererg nt. he rece att. d carae rte hum at bate ae 2 559 By Exchange: TE) ioe Nee ewe Sia bt Olly pore eR heed tg dk ci ttn sat 2a 2 Winiversitys0 PaGalitOntniader sce 2 cise scans otal os eee ee a ene 40 California Academy of Sciences ...........0.. 00000. eee 10 Botanic Garden, Cluj, Roumania ................. 0020004. 177 Mi Gare CRI) Cairn celui ees foe oe ese scask 2 dang Whey Oe ee 234 Dr. ne TD) Cia TC Chaae eee fate a each te kena many abe nh aed Ae peetae ne gr 312 Dr mag (@S SHiassetts oy ete: clei Ys asso cat ahah & ode Cee eee l Dr. M. A. Johnson, Rutgers University .............0000. 41 INITS Speer VOLS ET eG Oi Gu ern tee wen hob tes, i, hace aaa oe ee ea 10 New York Botanical Garden ............0..00.....000.0.00- 940 Professor T, Tanaka, Tathoku Imperial Univ., Japan ...... 200 Mire in ee WU ner wood 4.5. Wied eae ioe nied ba GA ences Reea oe cae 3 U. S. National Herbarium 1.0.0... .000 000... eee 30 Mr. Louis MBAS EVV ee] Sie lei is, econ aeae Gans pntenlecendosenea bo 7 Mrs. FE. G. Whitney, N. Y. State Museum ............... 1 Mr. Percy Wilson, New York Botanical Garden .......... 1 2,009 By Purchase: 1S Sopp ee IE ISIE E OCS Cie, Site acess he ds Sasacans, sa. tyics ected ave ee 42 42 By Collection: DD) peewee ASN eNS Olly eth 33 Mle ede taken weather 1,379 1,379 AI F(o} ict) Ree ent eee re oe nee en eae AR ee Sy A eee ke 3,989 Distribution ; By Exchange: Gray Herbarium gah vdvtditta aeantesiciia faunas dae eee eee 17 Mr. Ludlow Griscom, Museum Comparative Zoology ...... 3 Dr. Frederick Grover, Oberlin College, Ohio ............. 235 Mrs. Edward K. Harrison ....0. 0... cc ccc cee cece. 12 Mr. J. T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences ........ 4 Mis. Julia: Jbatime@t ocd cc ates wdc euceeaehee< ee ohne eas 22 Mr. T. Chalkley Palmer oo... 0.000 cece cee cee eee ] S. National Museum ....... 2000000000. cee eee eee 3 Mr. C. A. Weatherby, Gray Herbarium .................. 1 298 MOEA, cachet pee atta sendy acne eee ese seats cheats, ciated Seeded 298 Cryptogamic Herbaria Accessions : Pungt By E = inge: Ir. Tr. = uleseik Bucharest, Roumania ......0......005. 512 United States Department of Agriculture ...........0.... 171) 683 By Purchas ov er ae Saat PAA ies ees Sten gaeicn Aava aed,» cereeroanee 130 130 vO Geb) canny ies, pusints @paeryndl vaeedeta Ga aedrteeasidc ty taglines. alent cee aaa uiar oa $13 Other Cryptogais: By Purchase: Fr. Verdoorn, Leiden, Toll ind pon gieicse a etes Sea enatene see 100 Dr. Abel J. Grout, Newfane, Vt. ..........0.........00005- 21 121 By Exchange : Mr. Aaron J. Sharp, University of Tennessee ............ 191 191 OLA, ance Ae es rote eed eats bites Galante t tate eae aint or 312 No. of Specimens Distributed By xchange: Mire. Hanis Bartha: dacs ancctatvenia al aa Sn aie teeeil oe See eee ane 1 Seed Packets Received: Sy ACOMCCHOM 2 tt Geared ea rane Vee s b eee eee ole 133 Or eC, aces be tet oan eaauediod eb teerewiioed. 2d By Saft. 2222 thetin een idGatetaiebieete4 taba Da sop eaa ets os 30 Bye UCASE: sii tee etire- tak ees A ierscsndess esd chee ds eet wean vaya alec anes 112 POCAL stcucesae quienes eee ease eee om eee eee eas 2,805 ae Gas Distributed: xcha SrA eee pe arty leak chroot 3, yosemite ARERR lw Pd: 4,367 = te SEs Ne eR CAG >, Oo a! sy ee RTA a hee NE cera ts 825 STO tea eee ee eh El eh es Aa ena ys RG eee 5,192 REPORMOR THE HORTICULTURIST AND FEAR GARDENER FOR cee Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, Director. Sir: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December SLOSS: PERSON NEL The gardening force (nine men) was the same as in 1932, ex- cept that we had the services of Mr. Henry Funk from June 5th until the end of the year. Mr. Funk worked without pay for the sake of the experience and his services are greatly appreciated. The laboring force and guards at the gates were maintained sub- stantially as in 1932. LABOR PAID FOR BY CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS Throughout the year fifty-nine men, whose wages were paid by charitable organizations, worked for a total of 3,95514 days, as follows: Broolslviresb neato. «Gla nihlecamen rena neer co banat, 5 45 men 3,75714 days Emergency Work and Relicf Bureau ............... aL ae 144 es Brooklyn Ass’n for Improving the Condition of the TOOT pen esteecetn st coctp one hited ier nea wae ew in ae Woe 35 a ee Will Pnclustries! cas. eel che vas tae eee en ve ce 19 z 59 men 3,95514 days GENERAL SYSTEMATIC SECTION Because the plants in the Umbelliferae (Carrot Family) present an unattractive appearance throughout a large part of the year, it was desirable to move the planting from its conspicuous situation opposite the Washington Avenue south entrance and near the walk, to a position to the west where it is partially screened by shrubs belonging in the Cornaceae. Accordingly, three beds near 88 ation of this an the Brook were made in the spring for the accommoc amily. In order to obtain better conditions for the gentians, the bed was dug out to a depth of two feet and replaced with new soil. As the plants in the Hydrophyllaceae (Hydrophyllum, Nemo- phila, Phacelia, etc.) failed to thrive owing to its sunny location, new quarters were prepared for this family in the shade of nearby Catalpas. The Plantaginaceae, for which there was previously no adequate provision, were planted in the bed vacated by the H ] ] 11 1VdtT PPELY ticle, The area occupied by Viburnum was greatly extended—the material necessary space being gained by the removal of “ filler” on the adjacent border mound. In the re-arrangement necessi- tated by this move, opportunity was taken to plant the shrubs in three groups according to their geographical origin, viz. Europe, Asia, and America. The receipt of a gift of forty boxwood plants in the fall served as a reminder that we had for a long time been debating the de- sirability of displaying the Buxaceae (Boxwood and Pachysandra ) in a more effective and attractive manner. It was decided to pro- ceed at once with the extension and regrouping of this Family. Accordingly, two new beds were made, each of about 600 square feet. By combining all available species and varieties from the nursery and grounds with the gift, it was possible to adequately furnish these beds. Six hundred bulbs in thirty varieties of “ Ideal’? Darwin tulips, the gift of J. J. Grullemans & Son, Lisse, Holland, were planted to take the place of “run-down” varieties in the Liliaceae beds. It may be interesting to record that this gift resulted from the favorable impression made by our display of Crocus species and varieties at the International Flower Show in March. Locat FLorA SECTION An additional area of over five thousand square feet was pre- pared for planting by digging in about seventy bales of peat moss. About 275 square feet of flagstone walk was laid and about 100 square feet of ash walk (held together by bituminous emulsion ) was made in the vicinity of the southeast entrance. jar 89 Trenches were dug for nearly 200 feet of irrigation pipe, which was installed by our own men. The planting accomplished is noted in the report of the As- } g I I sociate Curator of Plants. ORNAMENTAL PLANTING One hundred plants of European Hornbeam were planted on either side of the walk near the north Flatbush Avenue entrance. In order to give the trees a fair chance, the soil was dug and manured to a depth of two feet in two strips three feet wide, each 150 feet long. It is proposed to train these trees to form a pleached alley. Seven new peony bec — an s, accommodating about 250 plants, were made at the easterly end of the Museum Embankment. The ma- terial to furnish these beds was obtained from the peony planting in the Conservatory Garden. Five thousand plants of English Ivy, propagated here, were set out under the trees on Boulder Hill where the shade is too dense to permit the growth of lawn grass. The narcissus planting, between the fence of the Experimental Plot and the walk, was removed, the border widened three feet, and planted with various groups of May flowering tulips. Forty- nine varieties were planted—one hundred bulbs of each. Three new iris beds were made. Two, in the Ecological Sec- tion, are each over 800 square feet in area; and one, near the brook west of the Rosaceae, over 400 square feet. About ninety azaleas in twenty-two varieties were planted to replace dead and sickly specimens in the planting near Empire Boulevard entrance. The soil in this area is not suited to the growth of azaleas and should be removed and replaced with new soil, Eight young Magnolia trees and a dozen Clematis plants were set out to frame the Laboratory Plaza planting. CONSERVATORIES In order to accommodate the gift of Mrs. Nathan S. Jonas of over four hundred orchid plants, house No. 3, which contained a miscellaneous collection of tropical plants, was emptied and con- SMALLERS & Tet Plant « ’ vaplaie 8C ia Tete . ” mF OM MOM EN PORES im Paste amy — Fic. 11. Aquarium. One of eight installed in Conservatory House No. 8 in March, 1931, to show plants suitable for , ie ( aquaria. (8545. O6 Ot verted into an orchid house. To make room for the plants, it was necessary to bridge over the walks between the center benches and to construct stepped staging on both side and center benches. WIND STORM On August 23d, the Garden was visited by a terrific wind and rain storm, Practically the whole force of gardeners and labor- ers was occupied for an entire week in cleaning up and repairing the damage resulting from this storm. In most cases, the injured trees and shrubs were not broken off but merely toppled over be- cause the rain-soaked ground failed to hold the roots. This made it possible to pull most of the casualties back to their normal It is really amaz- vertical position and stay them with guy wires. The only trees of ing that so little permanent injury was done. consequence that it was not possible to restore were the Paulownia in the Systematic Section and a large Platanus on Boulder Hill. MIscELLANEOUS Fifteen hundred rooted cuttings of Japanese honeysuckle were planted to clothe the new fence around the [Experimental Plot. were made during About three hundred concrete drain “ tiles ” the winter to be used for the purpose of underdraining the Con- servatory Garden. , Two hundred yards of walk near the north Flatbush Avenue entrance was surfaced with Cow Bay Grits held together with a sealing coat of bituminous emulsion. The old road northeast of the Japanese Gard ject to erosion during every rainstorm, was removed and a new road constructed. This road is 130 feet long and 15 feet wide, made with a stone foundation and a surface of ashes bound with The new alignment and grade necessi- en, which was sub- a bituminous emulsion. tated the construction of a low stone wall on one side which was continued as a stone edging along the fence up to the north en- trance of the Japanese Garden—three hundred feet in all. About five hundred feet of barbed wire fence was replaced at the top of the Museum Iembankment. OZ a XEQUESTS FOR INFORMATION Information on request was supplied as follows: By telephone 298, an increase of 64 per cent. over 1932 In person 206, an increase of 61 per cent. over 1932 3y letter 242, an increase of 27 per cent. over 1932 These 746 appeals ranged from requests for prescriptions for sick rubber plants to that of a Brooklyn hospital for the identifica- tion of a plant (from a telephoned description) so that a child who had been poisoned from eating a portion of it might be cor- rectly treated. It was easy to decide that the plant in question was the castor-bean. A rather unusual inquiry was from a writer who wanted to know about the possibilities of utilizing insectivorous plants m the home and elsewhere in the control of insect pests! ISX HIBITS At the Twentieth Annual International Flower Show, the Bo- tanie Garden's Exhibit of Methods of Plant Propagation was “ec — awarded the Gold Medal of The Garden Club of America dV the unanimous opinion of the judging committee because of its great value in stimulating knowledge and interest in gardening.” This exhibit occupied a space of 30 feet by 12 feet, donated by the Flower Show Committee. Preparation was started more than a year ahead and involved a tremendous amount of work. A de- scription of the exhibit is contained in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XXI, No. 1, April 5, 1933. In connection with the exhibit, a nineteen page Leafiet, “ Methods of Plant Propaga- tion” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XXI, No. 2-6. April 26, 1933), was prepared, which contains a survev of prac- aa" tices used in the multiplication of plants. At the same Flower Show, we were awarded a Silver Medal for a labeled collection of about forty species and varieties of CAOCUS: At the November 15th meeting of the Horticultural Society of New York, we exhibited OS One Vase “ Green Rose,” Rosa chinensis viridiflora (Award of Appreciation ) anc One Vase Idesia polycarpa (Award of Commendation ) At the meeting of December 20th, we exhibited Display of Insectivorous Plants (Botanical Certificate ) COOPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS We cooperated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art by pro- viding much of the living plant material used in connection with the “ Exhibition of Plant forms in Ornament” held at the Metro- politan Museum from May 8 to September 10. The first ship- ment, which required a moving van, was made on May 4 and in- cluded such plants as Acanthus, Laurel, Date Palm, European Grape, Olive, and Pomegranate. Thereafter, sixteen additional shipments were made at approximately weekly intervals. The total number of plants supplied was 570, with 41 bunches of cut flowers and branches. Transportation charges were assumed by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 5,192 packets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic eardens and to other institutions and individuals during 1933. Surplus plants to the number of 4,170 were distributed to insti- tutions and Botanic Garden members. PERSONAL ACTIVITIES I conducted the following ‘ Courses for the General Public” at the Botanic Garden: Plants in the Home; five talks with demonstrations The Fundamentals of Gardening: four of six periods. Advanced Course in Gardening; seven of ten periods. I conducted three sessions of a series of twelve weekly lectures, constituting a course of General Botany, which is being given at the Horticultural Society of New York. 04 | acted as one of the judges for the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State at the International Flower Show, Grand Central Palace, on March 20 and on March 23; Long Island Flower Show of Amateur Gardeners, at Pratt Estate Oval, Glen Cove, June 21; Brooklyn Flower Show, at the Academy of Music, on October 17 and on October 20. I again conducted the ‘ Garden Guide York Sui. In this connection, over 1,040 letters were sent out. column of the New This work was done, with the permission of the director, outside of regular Garden hours with stenographic assistance and other expenses paid for by the Sua. I served as chairman of the Organization Committee of the pro- posed American Rock Garden Society, which held several meetings in New York during 1933. Respectfully submitted, MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist and Head Gardener. REPORT OF TEE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUC LON POR, 1933 Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, DrrecTor. Sir: T submit herewith my report for the year ending December 51. 1933 GARDEN ATTENDANCE The attendance for the year 1933, as registered at the entrance gates, was 1,315,847, as against 1,307,964 for 1932, a gain of about 8,000. Although this is only a slight increase for the year, it is worthy of note that an attendance much exceeding the record oc- curred during the months of April, with a total of 205,410, and June, with a total of 181,887. The largest attendance ever before recorded for April was 146,664 in 1931, and for June, 162,960, in 1932. The combined total for April and June of this year was 309,624, about one quarter (23% per cent.) of that of the whole year, and almost equal to thie ae for the entire year of 1916, when records of this sort first began to be kept, namely 314,- 95 990. The attendance at the Garden for the week-end May 6-7 was 33,958. This was the second largest week-end figure ever recorded. (On May 14-15, 1932, the attendance was 38,304. ) The combined attendance at classes and lectures was 126,934, as against 128,982 last year. The attendance at the Conservatories exceeded all past records. During the month of April over 29,000 people visited the collec- tions housed there. This is by far the highest monthly attendance ever recorded. The total for the year was 139,544, as against 123,036 last year. This represents an average of over 11,000 persons per month. I believe that this increased attendance at the Conservatories is accounted for, at least in part, by the completion of the attractive Laboratory Plaza. Visitors who come to inspect this and its various interesting features are attracted to the Con- servatories, which are close at hand. The appended table gives the details of attendance month by month. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DURING 1933 Jan, Feb. = Mar. Apr. May June July At regular Glasses. ser A072 vl OOS 08 3,067 S72 hide Ste 200 At visiting classes .... 469 564 = 3,088 5,552 15,130 4,638 45 At lectures to children... 409 490 2,067 3,046 — 10,050 3,616 40) At lectures to ACUtltS> ees 0 180 90 502 1,060 443 32 At conservatories 7,643 7,335 7,978 29062 20,374 12,986 7,869 At grounds .... 72,370 67,518 73,011 205,410 219,517 181,887 105,609 Annual Aug. — Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Totals At regular classes ...... 15,000 3,544 1508 2,252 1,449 55,377 At visiting classes ...... () 25 4,590 6,057 1,271 41,429 At lectures to children .. 0) 205 2,491 3,347 1,100 26,861 At lectures to adults .... 0 40 195 600 125 3,267 Aire ene 9,874 9,176 12,099 9488 5,660 139,544 PSU SO TOUS aesmiused serene ce 95,087 87,852 102,920 73,065 31,601 1,315,847 At conservatories 96 ScuHoot SERVICE During the first half of the year Miss Rusk carried on the work of supplying study material to the high schools, junior high schools, and colleges. She was able to do this in addition to her other work, because of assistance from the Emergency Work Bureau. The work has grown so that without such assistance it could not go on. Therefore, after consultation with officials of the Board of Education, it was decided to make a small charge for materials supplied to the schools, since the latter received an allowance from us sort. A price list of materials joeck the City for expenditures of t was prepared and sent to all the schools when they opened in early September. Miss Julia Ik. Best, formerly Assistant in Connecticut College, came to the Garden to take over this part of the work, with the title — of “School Service Assistant.” The table given herewith pre- sents some of the data for this service during the past three years. An interesting point shown 1s that with this new departure the 1931 1932 1933 Total no. of requests for the year vo... ee. ee eee 387 398 421 Total no. of requests for January—August ....... 209 215 238 Total no. of requests for September—December .. 178 183 183 No. of petri dishes filled during year ........... 5482 5727 4888 No. of petri dishes filled January—June ......... 2873 3664 42065 No. of petri dishes filled September—December .. 2609 2063 623 number of requests for material in 1933 actually increased. The decrease in number of petri dishes results partly from a complete loss of requests from certain schools, and partly from a reduction in number of petri dishes per school. The schools which no longer ask for petri dishes include 8 high schools, + of which are known to be preparing their own, 9 junior high schools, and ol. We are very glad of the relief thus afforded s not other- — 1 parochial sc fla this department, our object being to meet school neec wise provided for. ApuLt CLASSES AND COURSES New Courses—The popularity of the new course in “* Flower Arrangement” (A23), given in January, 1933, and sponsored by the Woman’s Auxiliary, was attested by the large enrollment—108 Fig. 12. Portion of Cactus exhibit, Conservatory House No. 6. Opuntia (6 species), Echeveria metallica, Echino- }. a ] cactus horizontalonius, E. Grusont, Ariocarpus fissuratus. (8548.) 98 persons. Miss Mary Averill, Mrs. William H. Cary, and Miss Maude Mason were the lecturers. Another new course was ‘ The Child and his Garden” (A24), conducted by Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw and given in January and February. This was designed particularly for parents and their children. The “ Fundamentals of Gardening” (A25), although described in the Prospectus for the first time in 1932-3, had been given in 1932 under the name of * [Elementary Gardening ina circular issued in the fall of 1931. Eighty-eight persons en- ” ss and announced rolled in this course this year. The course was given by Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. Seventy-two persons attended one or more of the tures and demonstrations for teachers’ (A27), offered this fall 6, FF lhree lec- for the first time, the lectures being given by Miss Shaw, Miss Jenkins, and Miss Miner. Courses on Trees and Shrubs.—One hundred and eight persons registered for this course—8&6 for the spring part and 22 for the fall. The spring group was divided into three sections of about 28 each. This is now listed (beginning with the 1932-33 Pro- spectus) as a “B” course, that 1s, one of those designed par- ticularly for teachers, who may thus earn credit for higher teach- ing licenses. One reason why there was such a large enrollment in the spring, in contrast to the small registration this fall, was that the course was also listed in last year’s Prospectus as an ‘ A” course, free to members of the Garden. General Botany (B1).—This course was conducted by Miss Rusk, as usual, the subject for this year (to Sept. 1933) being the higher plants. Beginning in September the lower plants have been the topic. The arrangement of alternating lower and_ higher plants in successive school years began in 1931. The course for nurses in training (DL) was given in the spring and fall under my direction, as usual. In the fall the class studied sixty-three species of medicinal plants, using the plants in the outdoor plantations, in the Conservatories, and in the herbarium. The classes came from Kings County, Prospect Heights, and St. Johns Hospitals—44 students in the spring and 77 in the fall. At the conclusion of both spring and fall courses a lecture on drugs was given by Mr. Jonathan Gordon, a graduate of St. Johns Col- 99 lege of Pharmacy, class of 1932. This lecture dealt with the methods by which pharmacists recognize drugs macroscopically and microscopically, the preparation of drugs, tinctures, fluidex- tracts, etc., and the biological and chemical methods of standardiza- tion of important drugs. It would be a feature of distinct advantage, not only to these classes but also to the general public, if at some time in the near future a small area such as the triangular plot just west of the Rose Garden could be devoted exclusively to medicinal plants. Such collections are an important and integral part of many Euro- pean botanic gardens. The total number of persons registered in the adult courses for 1933 was 823, as against 908 last year. The figures for the last few years are as follows: * Persons Year Registered ABS PAC) pers yet as rk eae ae a Pe nd es 764 LO BO ees Ramm eee Re NEI iS ao 5. < 4 & dob aly anon aia eee 802 LS ae erica gece eGR es 8d hs pk A Ae 823 SO Se ete en emt MRI ee RR 2D Ss vols. Hlustrations by — Decaisne and Herincq. Miss Hilda Loines. Kado Zenshu. (On Japanese flower arrangement.) Vols. 2,4, 6, 10. Tokio, 1933. A complete list of donors will be found in Appendix 1, Fortunately for the collection the number of periodicals received through exchange with our own publications has materially in- creased this year. The loss of certain institutions and titles from our list, as explained in the last annual report, was a temporary one and we have added a few new names. We have now a total of 756 publications on an exchange basis, nearly 100 more than in 1932, and 68 more than in 1931. This covers the discrepancy hetween the number received as gifts in 1932 (105) and in 1933 (S88). The tota an increase of 76. Of the 455 volumes ac number of serial publications is at present 979, ded, over 200 were sets — C4 or runs completing periodicals and 44 were for use in the Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room and Garden House. LS LIST OF SOME IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS Autograph Letters Gray, Asa. Vries, Hugo de. Books Autran, Eugene and Durand, Théophile. Hortus Boissierianus. Geneve, 1896. Candolle, A. P. de. Plantes rares du Jardin de Genéve. Genéve, 1829. Author’s presentation copy. Contains a letter and inscription to Mlle. Anastatia de Klustine, dated 20 Nov. 1830. Letter signed A. P. de Candolle. Chaney, R. W. and Sanborn, E. I. The Goshen flora of west central Oregon, Washington, D. C., 1933. Courtois, Richard. Commentarius in Remberti Dodonaei Pemptades, 1833. vrescenzi, Petrus de. De agricultura vulgare. Venice, 1511. (Third Itahan edition.) From the library of William Morris, with his bookplate. Dal’Horto, Garcia. Dell’ historia dei semplici aromati. Venice, 1597, Darlington, C. D. Recent advances in cytology. Philadelphia, 1932. Dioscorides, Pedacios. De materia medica libri sex. Venice, 1518, Second edition of Dioscorides in Greek. Dioscorides, Pedacios. Opera ae extant omnia. Ex nova eos atione Jani-Antonii Saraceni. . .. [Lugduni et Frankfort], 1598 Dobell, Clifford. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his “ little panne Am- sterdam, 1932. Dodoens, Rembert. Cruydeboeck in den welcke die gheheele historie, dat cheslacht Antwerp, 1554. (First edition.) Eisai. iseniecnane rate (Series of 100 paintings of Iris, copied from the original by Bunkio Matsuki, by permission of the Imperial Library, Ueno Park, Tokyo.) 1930 Dorf, Erling and Webber, I. E. studies of the Pliocene paleobotany of ‘alifornia. Washington, D. C., Evelyn, John. Directions for the ae at Says-Court. . . . Nonesuch Pr., 1932 Gabrielson, I. N. Western American alpines. New York, 1932. Gerarde, John. Catalogus arborum, fruticum, ac plantarum... in horto Johannis Gerardi... nascentium. London, 1599. Second edition of the earhest catalogue of an English garden. Gray, L. C. and Thompson, E. Kk. History of agriculture in the southern United States. 2 vols. Washington, D. C., 1933. Guilliermond, Alexandre and others. Traité de cytologie végétale. Paris, 2 Hanmer, Thomas. The garden book of Sir Thomas Hanmer, Bart. Lon- don, 1933. Hedwig, Joanne. Filicum genera et species... . Lipsiae, 1799. 114 Hedwig, Joanne. Theoria generationis ... plantarum cryptogamicarum. ... Petropoli, 1784. Heidel, W. A. The heroic age of science. Washington, D. C., 1933. Higeins, Vera. The study of cacti. London, 1933. Humboldt, Alexander von and Bonpland, Aimé de. Plantae aequinoctiales. ...2 vols. Paris, 1808-09 Hurst, C. C. The ibehauiiend of creative evolution. Cambridge, 1932. Jacobson, HT. P. Fungous diseases. Springheld, Hl, 1932. Jaequin, N. J. Miscellanea Austriaca... . Vienna, 1778-81. 2 vols. in Jussieu, A. L. de. Genera plantarum... . Paris, 1789, (First. edition.) Lauric, Alex and Chadwick, L. ©. The modern nursery. ... New York, 1931 Linné, Carl von. Bibliotheca botaniea. Editio nova. Halae, 1747. Linné, Carl von. Systema naturae. Lugdunt Batavorum, 1756. Miquel, F. A. G. Annales musei botanici Lugduno-Batavi. 4 vols. Am- sterdam, 1863-68. Miyoshi, Manabu. Atlas of Japanese vegetation. 15 pts. Tokyo, 1905— Praeger, R. L. Sempervivums. London, 1932 Read, C, = Fossil floras of Yellowstone National Park. Washington, bench 4. D.C. 1933 Robbins, 7 W. sed Pearson, H. M. Sex in the plant world. New York, 1933, Sansome, I. W. and Philp, J. Recent advances in plant genetics. Phila- delphia, 1932. Schaeffer, J.C. Fungorum qui in Bavaria... nascuntur. VY. 1-2. Ratis- bon, 1762-63. (First edition ‘argioni- Tozzetti, ae leew ien botaniche. Firenze, 1802. 3 vols. Second edition. Tornabene, Francisco. Hortus botanicus. ... Catinae, 1887. Turek, F. B. The action of the lying cell. New York, 1933. Tusser, Thomas. Tusser redivivus. London, 1710 Vickery, H. B. and others. Chemical investigation of the tobacco plant. Washington, D. C., 1933 Wallace, A. R. Island life. London, 1880. (lirst edition.) Watt, George. Dictionary of economic products of India. V. 2. Calcutta, 1889. The personal copy of the author, fully spaoiatet Contains an autograph letter to Professor Watt, signed ‘ Prof. Iluckiger.” Watt, George. Rhea or China grass. (Agricultural Ledger.) Calcutta, ) € Periodicals Botanische Zeitung, V. 1-68. Set completed. Fedde. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. V. 1-33. Com- plete to date. Kuhn-Archiv. V. 1-32 (to date). Set completed. Nature. V. 1-132 (to ie of completec Zeitschrift fur pfananleemieheiien: V. 1-8. date. ) We have also V. 18-43, to Ti SPECIAL WorK OF THE LIBRARY The reduction of the budget and of special library funds meant a corresponding loss in the number of books purchased, so the volume of general routine was somewhat lessened. No binding of books or periodicals was attempted until the last week of the year, when we were able to send about 300 volumes to the binder. Two workers from the Emergency Unemployment Relief Com- mittee were kept busy through the winter, and one other has been with us the entire year. In addition to these, a volunteer worker, — a graduate from a library school, needing experience, came four days a week from October to December. With this help the li- brary assistants covered the regular routine and in addition ac- complished the following special work : 1. An inventory of the pamphlet collection was taken and the pamphlets moved to the lower stack room. 2. The Pre-Linnean collection was checked and a special list made. 3. About 2,000 catalogue cards were re-typed as the old subject headings had been written in red ink, and these were copied in black, to conform to our present custom. 4. Cards were made for biographical material in certain peri- odicals, continuing the work of 1932. 5. The author indices for Botanical Abstracts, Vols. 12-15, partially made last year, were completed and are now available for reference in MS. form. 6. The scheme of classification for the lantern slides, worked out by the librarian with the cooperation of the staff, was adopted and applied, and the slides are now filed by subject. As this om" phase of the work belongs in another department, little was re- quired from the library at this time except advice on the prin- ciples and application of subject headings and classification. 7. For a short time the library had the services of a binder from the Emergency Unemployment Relief Committee and a number of volumes were re-backed and mended. It was unfortunate that he was laid off after only a few weeks work. We could keep this man busy practically on full time, thereby reducing our bills for regular (i.e. outside) binding. 8. Having a trained worker gave us the opportunity of re- 116 classifying the section of monographs of Systematic Botany. A member of the scientific staff assisted in assigning family names, and the changing of numbers on cards and books of the entire group has been completed. 9. Assistance was given in the making of various bibliographies during the year. Material was assembled, from other libraries as well as our own, checked and summarized, for a paper by the Director on the effect of radium rays on plants (a resumé of . . papers from 1901 to 1932), for a lecture on botanical literature, given by him before the New York Library Club; for an article on roses, rose culture, and rose gardens, which the horticulturist planned as a number of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp — (not yet published), and for one on plant propagation, published in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaficis, Ser. 21, No. 2-6, April 26, 1933. A long list, prepared by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, on the literature of sources for botanical illustration, was checked and our holdings added, in connection with an exhibit at the Mu- seum of plant forms in ornament. 10. Books, illustrations, seed catalogues, ete., were laid out for inspection on the special flower days observed by the Garden; and for a meeting of the executives of the Garden Club of America we exhibited a small group of books showing the development and history of botanical illustration. REFERENCE Work During the year we answered over five hundred reference ques- tions (ie. questions which required checking and searching for material) by mail and personally from members of the Garden and others who wished information on many aspects of botanical and horticultural science. Students of all ages came to prepare assign- ormation and material for lectures, ments, teachers to obtain in amateur gardeners for advice on the planting and care of flowers, the staff for lists of books, illustrations, identification of plants, — and elusive citations. It should be noted that all projects, prac- tical, educational, and scientific, planned by any department of the Botanic Garden, eventually require research work in the library, reviewing existing literature of the subject. Thus the library be- comes increasingly useful with each new development. 117 NEEDS OF THE LIBRARY As reported last year, another trained worker is needed, since the smooth functioning of the library depends to a very large ex- tent on the prompt and accurate filing of material, adequate cata- loging, and immediate attention to many small details that seem to take a disproportionate amount of time. Wherever possible, this work has been simplified and curtailed, but there is still more than can be properly accomplished by a staff of two persons. It seems hardly necessary to repeat that funds are urgently needed for the purchase of new books and the binding of old ones. iiasie — 1ecking over desiderata we find that items amounting to over $6,000 have been listed during the last three years, from various catalogues, all necessary and most of which were requested by users of the library. Several long runs and sets of periodicals were completed in 1933, increasing the usefulness of these particular titles, but many more are stil — awaiting purchase. The subscrip- tion prices of all foreign periodicals have risen, as the dollar has dropped in value, and more of our small allowance must be used for these in order to keep our sets unbroken. The constant use of our serials, both by readers in the library and by other institutions to which we lend them, is proof of their value. INTERLIBRARY LOANS During 1933, 80 volumes were loaned to: Brooklyn Museum Li- brary ; Buffalo Museum of Science; Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, Department of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.; Co- lumbia University Library; Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York; New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick; New York Botanical Garden Library; New York Horticultural Soci- ety; Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York. Loans were also made to individuals from the library of the Amer- ican Fern Society (deposited here), in accordance with the ar- rangement with this Society. We borrowed 60 volumes from: American Museum of Natural History; American Geographical Society, New York; Dr. George Beatty, Brooklyn; Brooklyn Public Library ; Columbia University 118 Library; Library, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, A Y.; Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston; Massachu- setts State College Library, Amherst; Medical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn; New Yor Department of Agriculture Library, Washington, bratys UU, 2. Gs — The statistical report follows. Respectfully submitted, EMinte P. CHICHESTER, Library Assistant in Charge. STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE ACCESSIONS < Botanical Garden Li- LIBRARY Letters Autograph Portraits Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals ) Parts (Including Exchange ....... 0) 0) 20 85 3,590 AGILE: et cctocinatey ated ted 119 38 157 329 834 Publication ..... 9) 0 0 154 45 Purchasé: 2.dsh6. 1 2 278 45 889 By binding ...... 0 0 0) 0 0 Total ....... 120 40) 455 O13 5,358 Total number of volumes in Hbrary, December 31, 1932 ............ 17,451 Number of volumes added during 1933 0.00.00... 000.0 c cee eee 455 Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1933) .......... 17,906 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1932 ........ 13,487 Number of pamphlets added during 1933 0.0.0.0... 0.00.0. cee ae, 613 Total number ef pamphlets in library, December 31, 1933 ........ 14,100 Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1932 30,938 Net increase of volumes and pamphlets during 1933) .............. 1,068 Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1933 32,006 AMERICAN FERN Society CoLLEcTiION Number of volumes, December 31, 1932 2.0.0.0... 000000000 cece 36 Number ot volumes added during 1933 .... 00.0. eee 3 Total number of volumes, December 31, 1933 39 T19 Number of pamphlets, December 31, 1932 2.000.000... 156 Number of pamphlets added during 1933 0.0.0... 0.000000 cee een 6 Total number of pamphlets, December 31, 1933 .......0.0.0.0..... 162 SERIALS AND PERIODICALS (Including only those of which numbers were received in 1933) SS LDSCELDE Gi leeeper ere wie eae etree ts, 6y Sure Sse eae lees ke. ae ee 128 Orit Perens ete te errrcencn tent SE a oe yt oi sck oo ot i 88 LEDS; el abe hoV sek eiita 55 cs Gy ree nn a RAI edo ole 756 dogo 1a] blot: halo: ele A oiye wo set ay iret te ap an oP Pu PRE A Bet aries 8At 7 CTO Galle eames aM erg es EN a a tecncind ag. doo eee 979 CATALOGING Books,."Painpiletsssand: Senials.catal@ced! css asus aan cee eee 1b 2 7 Total number of cards typewritten te Aled: oc eee eee ee 1,666 PRINTED CARDS Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1932 ...... 44,785 eal @ cles cl Ute 1104 wel SO eae tents etch enter Re Sak Fn os ol ee ee 1,286 Rotale December 312193 3.5 earn eras aa ce Ls oe ee eae 46,071 Catalogue en fiches de la Bibliographie Technique et Agriculture cale, Institut Colonial de Marseille, December 31, 1932 .... 9,693 380 Nanna of cards received during 1933 2...0.02 nod eee eek, MiotalelD) ecembete 3 lest] OSS tar Aerated tonsa i sere aes emu Ua oe 10,073 MISCELLANEOUS ING bereORRISeLs sor “the: slubrany sos ton eee nee cern ee ones 3,494 Books lent to members of the staff .......... 0... ccc cece cece eens 1,208 Books lent to other institutions ............. 0... cee eee eee eeeeeee 80 Books borrowed from other institutions ..............00c00 cee eue 60 FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1933 I. Tax Bupcet AccouNTS 1530 Personal Service: (Regular Employees) 1531 a + Temporary Employees) APDEOPIatlOfie se wetter a oLe Nie. eee ere nin $ 69,266.00 . ded 69,266.00 TSS PEI Cl OC macity, cpanel PRET ecm ae Ree ac Pn arr Code 1532 Code 1534 Code 1535 Code 1536 Code 1537 Code 1538 Code 1539 Code 154( Code 1541 G 120 Other Codes than Personal Service: ‘uel Supplies: Appropriation Transferred Se alae ne a ead $ from Department — of Plant and Structures 2768 Expended Office Supplies: Appropriation Iexpended — eaundry, Cleaning and Disinfecting Supplies: Appropriation Expended Botanical and Agricultural Supplies : Appropriation Expended Motor Vehicle Supplies: Appropriation Expended General Plant Supplies: Appropriation Expended Wearing Apparel: Appropriation Expended Office Equipment : Appropriation Expendec General Plant equipment : Appropriation Expended 2,500.00 982.50 $ 3,482.50 400.00 406.00 130.00 130.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 $ 1,000.00 1,000.00 eneral Plant Materials: Appropriation : Expended ‘fanaa Suis tea na Peto eases § 1,000.00 1,000.00 121 Code 1542 Repairs and Replacements : ENGO WH0(O} 0) EER INYC) 0 ele ae a ee ie $ 2,580.00 Transferred from Department of Plant and Structures 2768 ........ 700.00 Transferred from Board of Child Welfare 2113, Fixed Charges and Gontnibiiiouer ws oa of kta ae ee 259.94 $ 3,539.94 BSCDEN CEU ewe ocr stan nce aunsidh eee ee 3,539.94 Code 1543 Light, Heat and Power: XDD EO Dislall Ol eage 4% 425-14 eee en eee $ 500.00 EDEN det Meeh eae a i Sate dpc ae aan ees 500.00 Code 1544 Telephone Service : END P EOP Gla LO. yo, Soi. 4 oucso Ilona nae $ 500.00 TSEC CC ete ted. le eh Quin osh. dice ake oes eae 500.00 Code 1545 Carfare: PAD DEOD etal Olas cc iaiihansasy aelded a sasea cen nt, pe $ 60.00 jel sa 6 (ol cfc ie cae ence grees Roe oa een erin eae UE Ee ROS, 60.00 Code 1546 Expressage and Deliveries: ENT SEO Piel ala OWN Ys wlio dsevesh eh dy bah Se $ = 200.00 EOS eta Cle Ci mayeetay cosy rep etry it Ce Dac Ea aled cane ae 200.00 Code 1547 General Plant Service: HAT) PLO Pall tel OTe sear tT ie. 2c a RU an ee ere S 400.00 EEK DC TIGC Clementi ean at os Lat i : Mac a ae 400.00 Code 1548 Contingencies : PDLODMAat OMte 2. We oes Suede bac eee ce atoclenwtes $ 50.00 PGT elie E62 56-2. L- force eh dso ary 5 lectadily Cui cs eet eta 50.00 Summary of Tax Budget Accounts: Appropriated ers Omale SOL VACE- fof e.y Sata walt eked hace ere ee $ 69,266.00 Other Codes Original Appropriation .......... $ 11,771. Supplemental (by transfers) ..... 1,942, a 13,713.44 De ok He seo a at ale atte ne ee 82,979.44 Teen Gedernet ate 2 tet 5../n suet et eM cs ene ee $ 82.979.44 122 II. Private Funps Accounts lL. Endowment Fund ($50,500.00) Restricted: * Income Account : ser Tea. as. ke ieee cata eee ene Ge, Bota en enc $ 2,240.94 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 224,09 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 2,016.85 2,240.94 ¢ 0.00 2. sa Me cee Fund ($7,000.00) Restricted: Income Accou Income 1933 sia anasGivawessus Bini a enue eeeiiate ae Gia agestylae ae $293.44 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 29.34 Transferred to nnual Membership Ac- SOUMEY 4 dearer aneteintevened acence staal et 22 204.10 293.44 $ 0.00 3. George C. Brackett Library Fund ($500.00) Restricted: Income Account : PNGQWHE 200. cron siente neon aac unseen oe ea sua $ 22.19 Expended .. 0.0.0.0... cece cece ees 21.17 Transferred to Endowment Increment Pui. 1.02 22.19 $ 0.00 4. Benyamin Stuart fal Memortal Pund ($13,417.20) Restricted Income Account: Balat Tat anuary 1, 1933 ..........000 008. $ 4.16 cae 199 GG athe tws Lereaodstasanecaua 595.44 $ 599.60 Expended, tei vies. che cues wed ead beens $ 366,12 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 59.53 425.65 Balance, December 31, 1933 ..........0.... 0.0000, $ 173.95 5. Martha lV oodward eer Memortal Fund ($10,000.00) Restricted: Income Account Balance, Fr dary 1 1933. 22 chose cat sw toed: $ 432.32 Income DO. deans ae vet eek ae aed 443.75 § 876 EX EMGEC: iy, ete seuvonea tet eceteu a, gerade cane oe : 712.02 Transferred to Endowment Increment [und 44.38 756.40 Balance, December 31, 1983 0.0.0... 000.0000... 005, $ 119.67 * Restricted funds are those limited by terms of gift, bequest, or solicita- tion, to the scientific and educational work of the Garden. IW) 6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,697.00) Restricted: Income Account Balance, yamars Py Melee OG Siren te tro 20) akc foe $ 119.70 GONG: GL Sos = centers manana. oo Tad ha, 119.68 $ 239.38 deloigacchal alate ky peta Wee ko nicie orleans ete $ 120.00 Transferred to Endowment ieecenient Fund 11.96 131.96 Balance, December 31, 1933 ...................0005 $ 107.42 7, Alfred T. White Fund ($243,149.27) Restricted: 8. 9, Income Account PnCOMe@ LOSS rma ar eck Pa act sia dol ee «ane ne $ 10,789.73 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $1,078.97 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 7,110.76 Transferred to Tuition & Sales, Elem. Instr. 200.00 8,389.73 Balance, December 31, 1933 ........0..0.00.0...... oe 2,400.00 A. Augustus Healy Bequest ($9,798.31) Restricted: Income ea UG OIM eats 9 Gira sch Anes. cheatin oieouratire de ate ee $ 434.78 Tee to Endowment Increment [fund $ 43.48 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 391.30 434.78 $ 0.00 Robert B. Woodward Bequest ($25,000.00) Restricted: Income Account GOING ODOM seer cis tl ck bleed a ied ace vali ene eaere eee $ 1,109.37 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 110.94 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 998.43 1,109.37 $ 0.00 0. Alfred T. White Memorial Tablet Fund ($3,889.85) Restricted: 1B: Income Account: WAG ile 2) 3.0? panache aa stg are 9 ok Ga gad Goh doug een Bea $ 172.60 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 17.26 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 155.34 172.60 $ 0.00 Brooklyn Institute Centennial lund B. B, G. Share ($30,060.00) Re- stricted Income Account : Incomes OSS hide enc irew et ecw hl s.r aldol Transferred to Endowment Increment Ifund $ 13312 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 1,198.13 1,331.25 $ 0.00 124 12. John D. Rockefeller, Jr, Hund ($250,000.00) Restricted: Income Account : Balance, January 1, 1933 ................ $ 2,207.55 PCO TBO eee caGaeiecas cue owe 10,572.92 $ 12,780.47 ERPONKEE, veg. t.itoacehdiate Meeheesieny eters 641.22 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund cere Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 9,150. 10,849.10 Balance, December 31, 1933 ...............0..00000.. $1,931.37 13. Citizens Endowment Fund ($253,929.26) Restricted: Income Account: Tncome: 1933> ccc ecnt ie hc oae Be Gdrewedanreuaret hee $ 10,739.08 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $1,073.91 Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 9,665.17 10,739.08 ¢ 6.00 I4. Sustaining Me diabieeuae stricted: Balance, lanwary 1, 1993 iseccrie$eiesdink, $ 66.04 Received from dues ........0 00. ce eee eee 416.50 $ 483.14 Transferred to Annual Membership Account ........... 458.15 Balance, December 31, 1933 .. 00.0.0 ee cee $ 24.99 15. Annual Membership. Restrag ted: Balance, January 1, 1983 ...............4.. $ 501.30 Received from dues 1933 0.000.000.0000... 5,350.00 Transferred from Life Membership Account 204.10 Transferred from Sustaining Membership .. 458.15 Miscellaneous) Receipts 2.0.2.0... eee eee 38.65 $ 6,612.20 Bxpended: hak eacie evi onwatigusdioh ads eisses es $ 4,901.89 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 1,500.00 6,401.89 Balance, December ol. 1959 vis cniyeeveitasrde amar: $ 210.31 16. Tuition and Sales. Restricted: earice.. Vantere do 19388 eee eewcaeese ease $ 3,256.76 Received 1933 is TUMIONS) aiediesw ate ia boaueuaes eet sedes 1,551.15 b. Seed Packets ............ 00... c eee eee 6,364.98 Gi ALCS. aicttes g eig ba oars eee ee ee 24.6 d, Miscellaneous ..... 00... cece eee eee eee 8.51 Transferred from J. D. Rockefeller, Jr eG. ectesiyuxorsnssoe yuu cien eee 200.00 $ 11,706.07 —s bo oa Eiscpendedewesrger ayaa sere rete ee nk tk ee $ 3,956.91 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 5,900.00 Transferred to Mrs. H. C. Folger Fund .... 07 9,856.98 Balances December il 1933" 3 cd tieuga cae eae ee $ 1,849.09 17. Botanic Garden Collections Fund. Restricted: Balances antiainy. ple tlOSSe tive: 2s... s aon, Sears eens $ 1,267.70 Received from Contributions ............0.. 6,134.00 VETS GGL aATie OL Shere emi ee aie DF Fa wr eee 17.36 Transferred from Spec. Purposes—George Washington Memorial Tree ............ 15.00 $ 7,434.06 BEXPen Ged savvy wey teehee aos ok 5 os 8 yl aoe $ 3,145.05 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 4,000.00 7,145.05 Balance, December 31, 1933 1.2.00... 0.0... ccc eee eee $ 289.01 18. Cary Library Fund $10,000.00—1/5 of Income to Brooklyn Botanic rarden) Restricted: ti Cemmn nM VMe atl 90 Sob cca aye buch ee daraee $ 28.19 Income Allotment 1933 .... 0... ccc cee eee 88.75 $ 116.94 EESc peri epee et eens elves we acd ica Say a NE shat $ 44.36 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 8.88 53.24 Balance, December 31, 1933 .... 0.0... ee eee ee $ 63.70 19. Henry W. Healy Trust Fund ae 977.17—1/4 of Income to Brooklyn otanic Garden) Restric Balancers laniatnvala el OS berran sae lers cee ese alors $ 0.00 IinGomerelO SS totus mm aon ean sent eee ase lel O or Samal /7205 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $4 17171 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... eee 1717205 $ 0.00 20. Mrs. Heury C. Folger Fund ($1,000.00) Restricted: Income Account: Balance. Januat yal 1933 ewes eccrine $ 19.56 one 1933 ek fasts poten ese eriauree one ceney ca 44.37 Transferred from Tuition & Sales, Elem. TAS ERA tote coe ical pape ee cathe eestor ep. overs iods 07 $ 64.00 [EP ‘qu leo (al cla ame OmN A teT nt yn tl ce th an atnr te nen ee 64.00 ee. 126 Balance, January 1, 1933 20.00.00... .0 08. Received : a. Anonymous for Japanese Garden ...... b. Special Gifts for Children’s Work ..... c. Bronze Tablets for Glacial Boulders ... d. Victory Maples ............ 0.00000 eee e. Alfred W. Jenkins Bequest ............ f. Planting the Laboratory Plaza ........ G. mereenew FW saa vewites eos mececcds B, MiiscellaneGus csc t es peat baw subcband Ea 4 Balance, December 31, 1933 ............... Plant Pathology Research Fund. Restricted: 933 21. Special Purposes. Restricted by Terms of Gifts: 534.00 $ 5,620.96 15.00 2,049.60 $ 8,726.50 7,685.56 $ 1,040.94 Balance, January 1, 1933 ................... $ 3.28 CGS MR -saeiacesate a ie Win Behe yeaecs 6,000.00 $ 6,003.28 ROO weaken aes ieee ato $ 28.30 Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 5,500.00 5,528.30 Balance, December 31, 1933 02.00.0000 cece eee eee. $ 474.95 98 Spectal Contributions ve 1933 only) Restricted: Balance, January 1, 1933 .................. $ 2,149.40 Contr iited by Staff to Emergency Unem- ployment Relief Fund wo... 22.0000 0 00. 19.18 Dalat y. NGUAEE: yj5c sae eaidhontia bed daxasnwirs 200.00 WSCC SNGOMS 25 j40as oetia de pdewseseadcwun 120.00 Transferred from Endowment Tund Income Account ....... Alfred T. White Fund Income Account A. Augustus Healy Bequest Income Account R. B. Woodward Bequest Income Account A. T. White Memorial Tablet Fund Income Brockion, Inst. Centennial Fund Income Ac- OUI, assent yearts ca ieee wey tau at gasae at aud tee ance ee aaa ae J. D. Rockefeller, Jr.. Fund Income Account Citizens Endowment Fund Income Account Annual Membership Account ............. Tuition & Sales, Elem. Instr. ............ 998.43 155.34 1,198.13 9,150.59 9665.17 1,560.00 5,900.00 Collections Fund fe Ee ee Bal 4,000.00 Cnty eV. @ileahyaminust Mund: 54-3745 eae 1,545.34 Plant Pathology Research Fund .......... 5,500.00 Special Purposes Planting Laboratory Plaza ... $ 1,484.60 Emergency Fund ............ 65.00 Miscellaneous ................ 500.00 2,049.60 Received from Woman’s Auxiliary ...... 733.50 $ 54,403.59 TESCD CTC EC en iere et eRe et Bo eins aah ap edd vee ta eee 52,855.03 Balance ecemper=Ol., 1985 2hivadadad sale coeeee ee eee $ 1,548.56 24, Endowment Increment Fund ($124,989.26) Restricted: ransferred from Other Accounts 1933 .... $ 4,065.88 Interest 1933 16.6 BEM eee N | Nest ok vce adasitan ae oe ncats 9,166.6 FE. Addie Austin Bequest ..........0s00000- 1,000.00 $ 10,232.50 PLUMS he The mont GICAL), % g9'y-d-s0g-0 Gad ae besa one ee 10,232.50 $ 0.00 Summary of Private Funds Accounts: Dalancess Wanlary wl 1933 8 ib bh ch ose hdoean $ 10,878.39 NGI erie sila ak te ey ah i 2 ines gee ae’ 82,065.13 $ 92,943.52 Jeo'g iesatalcla be bes, Sytem mR $ 72,477.03 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund UP TpLid lp cl Op ener ane age oe a ame orang holly uy 10,232.50 82,709.53 Balances, Mecember. $1: 1933) c <6 xs dwsk Getta wes $ 10,233.99 IIT. Summary or Totat MaIntENANCE Bupcet ror 1933 fncome ax Budget Appropriation, 47.2% ......... $ 82,979.44 Private Funds Budget, 52.8% sy pape nee es 92,943.52 POPU hers Be nis: Suda dhe, cance ed Sarit eeueabe eekeawin ain aticer IO 2206 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Principal 10,232.50 PCC LCR RMA Fi ich STR co) re fis tits aque Gt Gt ag ek $165,690.46 Expended Personal Service Macau 1d Sete Ps eked orant-atee aid deta d $69,266.00 Private; Uns. 8 sah eesti ea ola 52,855.03 Total ON Eee ras Seen eee eS EE $122,121.03 — tN ee) Other than Personal Service Tax Pager 4-auieeoakezekaes $13,713.44 Privaté Funds: ¢..20¢63 4043504000 19,622.00 CG. ean haan eny veneers ee. 33,335.44 $155,456.47 dalance, December 31, 1933 2.0.00. cece ens $ 1 1233. 99 Respectfully submitted, DanieL C. Downs, Secretary and Accountant. Note: The above “ Financial Statement” is a transcript of Brooklyn Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the Treasurer of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts & Sciences. The Treasurer's accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a sep- arate audit of this “ Financial Statement” is not made in order to save unnecessary expense. Epwin P. MAYNARD, Treasurer. IV. Tax Notes For PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS N.D.P. 212Q—Completion of improvement of Plaza of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, including construction of underground storage room for tools and bulbs. (Including Architects’ Fees APPVOPIIGHON, bi-oeded eREaa A GaGa RS I Lew Oa Lixpended 1930 1931 1932 1933 Architects’ Fees ..... $ 1,160.79 $ 304.33) $ 0.00 $0.00 Improvement Work .. 15,477.20 3,400.00 655.00 0.00 Totals .......e0e-. $16,637.99 $3,704.33 $655.00 $0.00 20,997.32 3alance, December 31, 1933 2.0.0... c epee nee eee $ 2.68 N.D.P. 212T—General Improvement of Land, lying east of Mt. Prospect 2 oa Reservoir fronting on Eastern Parkway, including Archi- tects’ Fees. APPYOPINGHION. vicenaavadtend ek ea baa Sag ee eee saotstexesis $ 24,100.00 Earpended, ccccceccceccceccceen ete eeneeeee $ $51.97 $0.00 Feeeriuied wi pra 2, A082 sev ae yaaa eecaen ks 22,368.65 0.00 22,920.62 1,179.38 Fc aL a st RR Ae TO eB ae Eanes 1,172.60 al anicenell eceie tania.) Shae .2 eo, a a enema teeta Rat $ 6.78 Certified as correct, Epwarp 9. Ryan, Chief Clerk, Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn. APPENDIX 1 GUS aRECELTY B.D DUR ING 1934 Collections Fund Anonymous Miss Hilda Loines Frank L. Babbott Mrs. William W. Marshall Mrs. Frank L. Babbott, Jr. Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard Frank Bailey James H. Post Edward C. Blut Mrs. James H. Post Mrs. Edward C. alan Mrs, Frederic i Pratt Brooklyn Woman’s ca Harold I. Pra Mrs. Armin FE. Bru Mrs. William " Putnam Mrs. Glentworth oi eae Miss Elise W. Stutzer Mrs. Walter H. Crittenden Mrs. Dugan Brothers Miss John W. Frothingham Anthony Gilas William T. Hunter Miss C. Julie M. S. Parkes Cadman Adele F. Emerson Mary Childs Draper Husson Nathan Sweedler Mrs. Mary Van Norden Aon: Veatch . W .R. C. Weit Miss Frances FE. White Miss Harriet H. White Peter Piper Wright ( Miss Abigail Young has Japanese Garden Anonymous Anonymous Mrs. Charles FE. Perkins ches Teachers Training NY s Parent, ae achers of | School . S. Kindergz irten Association, No. 117 A dog) $ 500.01 Work $ 25.00 BE a deca casts Vy gn 3 ee cr ee ee 25.00 ih Gokve eRe ee ee 20.00 rooklyn Section ........ 10.00 soda da the Sean Naeger Reet 10.00 Miss Florence King 130 Bronze Tablet for Boulder Hill Bieye and: tails. Gi), Sy, We ae ab een ded eae e ieee ao een ake >: OL6/ Victory Maples Colonial Daughters of the 17th Century .........0.........00.00. $ 50.00 Mars: Walter Vo “Grantord: c.cr.deaseisae uw wagacns pave tere 50.00 Fort Greene Chapter D. A. Ro oo. cc cece ene ene 50.00 Alfred W. Jenkins BOQUESE estate els ese hee ound aesiata ees aad Pe das Me ees dae eee ats $5,000.00 Planting the Laboratory Plaza Woman's Auxihary, B. B. G. (58 Contributors) ................ $1,502.00 Emergency Fund ior Laver a ConrInetiOns). ne adcuckousdewendsicinds te eoeeeaes $ 65.00 Miscellaneous Amonwiiie: (Por 1abOr) ¢.¢4ees9ensie ed eeeuse se eke eens $ 500.00 Women of 776 Chapter N.S. D. Rae (Rn cic) eae eae ee mE 15.00 Miss Hilda Loines (Book) vo... ccc cece cette eens 10.00 Mrs. Frederick W. Rowe (Bronze Tablet) 0.0.0.0... 0.0... 00008 6.00 Woman's Auxihary of the B. B. G. (Service) oo... eee eee eee 3.00 Library Books ANIONVINOUS'. 3.42 ssnt een cae e ete baie seats hs aye eee Pate anaes a 2 Antibes. Muinistére de lAgriculture. Institut des recherches agrono- miques. Villa Thuret, Antibes, France ..........0.. 0000000005 1 3ecker, Mr. aa tok Brooklyit.. IN.OY.. cn¢datigods Soee sea eve Sede 1 Black, Hon, Loring M., W aalneeay, DO) Spr Seas iets sities ae ea reese ] Blatt, Miss Natalie, a Lyi, INS Ve gehen ed ate eke sh Exe ao ee 1 Blum, Mr. [Edward C., Brook Vij Ns Veen visedach etnias since nee ie ae 1 Brewster, Miss Laura M., Brooklyn, Ves A dee ee tenance eke 1 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Boys’ and Girls’ Club 2.0... 0.0.0 eee ee l 3rooklyn Botanic Garden Woman's Auxiliary oo... 0.0 c ce eee 2 Brooklyit -Colléseé: 224 occ eee ssreeee awe weed Ue ee eee ews 1 Brunswick, Master Sanford, Cedarhurst, L. loo... 2.2 ee ] Burgess, Mrs. Edward S. and Miss Burgess, Yonkers, N.Y. ........5. 1 3utler, Mrs. Glentworth R., Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 2. eee eee ] Carnegie Institution . W anion: Washington, D. C. oe... cee eee 8 Cary, Mrs. William . New -Gafiaany Cony: oi.swcea cae esleews ees 1 Lol Chichester, Mrs. Emilie P., Brooklyn, N. ca ER RR ee Ce Delanheldsiirss Johns SNew ork, Vos oe ieee aaa) ae le Dijon. Faculté des Sciences, Lara < Botanique, Dijon, France Dorward, Miss Margaret M., Brooklyn, N. Y. 22.0.0... 0000000005. Dr. Drushel’s Class in Teaches of El ementary Science, New York nny ersity eel Coon meee tite a tytn. 5: Scene a Eee Oe Fairbanks, Miss M gem TOOK yt Vi. ou ic ois eager a ee Oe Bree, Mir. Montague Brooklyn: Nw -Y.- i occ. ae ee ee Gager iy eoco tant b Ookla ouN 2 slc, are 2 Ae chicken es ee es 2 Gager, Miss Prudence, Brooklyn, N. Yo oo... oe cee cee ec cece eee General Lord ao ing Society, Children of the American Revolution, Broo <]y yn, BVA meee ot ceca erica fag: nd see Ae a ae ee Gluckson, Master ee Brooklivai. Ni ,: csqctes as ee eee een Gluckson, Master Simeon, Brooklyn, N.Y. ...... 00000 ec ee eee Graves, Dr. Arthur Harmount, Brooklyn, N. Y. .......0..0... 000005. Graves, ae Arthur Harmount and Miss estes M. Rusk, Brooklyn, N. Estate of a Arthur Hollick, New York, N.Y. oo... lee een Husson, Miss C. Julie M., Brooklyn, N. Y. ...... 00... cece eee eee [keno Proressor por eh Olsy.Op Vaan? sacs-ct ules edeckgugues eee me eee, Johnson, Mr. Edward, ee Nu es aehigs Pee kaliedd, 2 See eee Kindergarten Mothers, P. cist Brooklyn, Nie NGS oe seein gre Deine tee ers Loines, Miss Hilda, Brook ne INE ENS ss thie aes ce duane is se ar ee eee oe Meguro, Tokyo. Imperial Forestry Experimenta Stationsesere wer Morrison, Mr. B. Y., W eee LO Coy tpstetecen hte ae Mothers’ Club of P. iS. 47, Brooklyn, . WY. islets Ax ena eee National Federation of Ore Growers of Colombia, New York, N. ¥ Nebraska State Horticultural sae Lincoln, Neb:. 2222 Oppenhem Mrs. William: We. Hast Oranee. N..J.. 2. scien ee ee Parents’ Association, P, S. ae Brooklyn, ING Ya. bsinxeteecs see Reed, Miss Mae, Brooklyn, N. Y. 2... 0.00.00. cee eee ees Roosevelt Garden Club, } ae Teachers Training College, Brooklyn Salisbury, Dr. Ke Ju; London: Bing. ony 6c legen eee Gh bed oe bee ee Shaw, vee Milenebiddy Brookliyiy. N.Y. ac.iachu 4 bk eee hace ob Smalley, Master Melvin, Brooklyn, N.Y. 0.0.00... ccc eee ee SPAatim aie se Ciera CIMA: <8 cpea 0 ecd ox Ace due se eae ee Stoll eVinsdwrank Brooklyn Nie Vo sca:c esc-sceen ssciratd, yen cook peewee ee ee ere Taffae, Master David, Ced: Anise Tie: The, catsate ds acd SR elaborate Seay rere ea Taffae, Miss Rosalind, Cedarhurst, L. I. ...... 0.00000... eee ee U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D. C... Voris, Miss Maude E., Brooklyn, N. Y. oo... ccc cece cee ees Weaver, Miss Josephine Me SBirooleiyin’. IN i. Vs: i scdeatekaks, Sole eae ee ne areas Wihitese Mir cAtlain: ditehtreld:. Gonth. nn Wm. P., Jr Eckardt, Mrs. GaN C Ickstein, Hat Ik ‘dinburg, Mrs, William G. Elbert, William Elbert, Mrs. William KIdert, Mrs. Cornelius Elliott, Mrs. F. E. IImer, Mrs. Charles W. IeImer, Mrs. S. Lewis Epstein, Herbert Ericson, Carl O. Ericsson, Miss H. Wilhelmina Ernstorff, Josepl na Mrs, Anne E. zel, Mrs. Mary M. Sune Mrs. Edward A. Fairbanks, Miss Maria B. Fairchild, B. T Fairchild, Mrs. Far Rockaway Garden Group Fardelman, Mrs. A. Von Prief Fawcett, Judge Lewis L. Feld, Miss mee Feldman, Herber Ferris, Mrs. at W. ee Miss Amy Field, Frederick Fisher, Miss Edna M. Frank K, Women’s C ub: Fisher, Mrs. S Fiske, Mrs. Rodney Fitzhugh, Mrs. William W., Jr. Fleming, Mrs. Thomas R. Flushing Garden Club, Inc. Fogel, Louis FE. “ord, Mrs. Sumner Fortnightly Library Club Forward, Mrs. D. A alies Miss A. M. » Mrs. Mortimer J. rs. George FE. Frohne, Mrs. Theodore Iruchs, Julian Iruchs, Miss Louise Fulda, Mrs. H. C. Fultz, Mrs. Marjorie Gaillard, Mrs. William Dawson Gale, Mrs. Alexander B. Gallagher, Miss Augusta Garden Branch of the Hollis Woman's Club Garden Club of Laurence Gardiner, Mrs. A. S. Gardner, James P. Mrs. If. A. Gerwin, Mrs. Sarah Getreu, Miss Adele K. Gibson, Miss Gertrude Gillingham, Mrs. Catherine R, roa ta James L. Girls Commercial H. S., Brooklyn High School, Brooklyn * Deceased. Gearon, Girls’ 165 Gladding, Walter M. Goddard, Mrs. Eleanor S. Goetze, Mrs. Gonnoud, A. J. Goodfellow, Mrs. M. P. Goodman, Joseph Gordon, Dr. Onslow A,, Jr. Graham, Dr. Grasty, Mae Mabel R. Great Neck Garden Club Great Neck Woman's Club: Committee Griffin, Frank E. Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. Guyer, Louis G., Sr. Haas, Miss Edith *Hadden, Crowell Haff, Mrs. Glee @: Haggerty, s. John Hagstrom, ee ee Thebdere . Miss A. E. Mrs. J. Morton Halstead, Mrs. Kenneth B. Halsted, Mrs. Henry M. Hamilton, Mrs. George S. Hanks, Miss Lenda T. ee eae &G Hargit . Chas, A, ene an Augustus Harris, Mrs. Sarah L. Harrison, Mrs. Joseph Duke Harrisson, Mrs anes M. Hatheway, Wee Phi Havens, Mrs. V. B. Tawes . Edward S., oe Mire: Edward ynes, Miss Mabel Healy, D. J. Hearns, Mrs. Frank T Vv. Garden Heath, Roya Hecht, Miss Sadie Hegeman, Mrs. D. V. B. Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Henry C, Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Wm. F Heller, Dr. Jacob Helm, Mrs. Gustave A. Henning, Mrs. George Herschler, Mrs. Freda Herlehy, Mrs. Frances FE. Hester, Mrs. W. V., Jr. Higgins, Dr, Alice K, Hill, Mrs. Robert C. Hills, Mrs. James M. Hinchman, Mrs. Ralph P. Hirschberg, Benjamin Hoag, Mrs. J. Edward *Hodenpyl, Anton G., Hoffmann, Mrs. George Hollenback, Miss Rigela: B. Hollwegs, Miss Anna Hollwegs, Miss Katherine Howe, Mrs. Arthur M Hoyt, Miss Anne S. Hoyt, Miss Mary F. Hume, Mrs. Henry M. Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Humpstone, Mrs. O. Paul Hunter, Mrs. William T. Iffla, Miss Florence E. Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V. Ingraham, Miss Grace Ingraham, Henry A. Ingraham, Dr. Ruth Irish, William S. Irwin, a "Henry, Jr. Jackson, Edward Jackson, Mrs. Rickard Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. Jadwin, Mrs. Stanley P. James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr. James, Mrs. Warner James, Wilham L. Jameson, Mrs. A. Stedman Jameson, Dr. P. Chalmers Jameson, Mrs. P. Chalmers Jansen, Miss Dora Jantzer, George E. Jeck, Mrs. Katherina * Deceased. Jenks, Mrs. W. P. Jennings, Miss Annie B. Jennison, Miss Rosalie O. Jewell, John Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. Johnson, Mrs. David C. Johnston, Mrs. F. Cliffe Johnston, Miss Florence Johnstone, Mrs. Freda A Jones, Miss Helen Swift Jones, Mrs. Jane Bates Jones, Mrs. Wallace T., Jr. Jones, Mrs. Wallace Thaxter I Kaplan, Miss Fsther Beatrice Kasper, Dr. Gerard Kaufman, I. C. Kay, Miss Lillian S. Keating, Miss Margaret R. IKkennedy, Mrs. James Kennedy, Mrs. Wilham, Jr. Ketcham, Miss Clara | King, Mrs. Warner Kirk’s School, Miss Klempner, Mrs. Ida Knox, Miss Maria IKkohn, Mrs. Florence Kk, Kolb, William D. A, Korey, Miss Ruth A. Kovaleff, Miss Augusta Kunz, Mrs. M. R. Lafrentz, IF. W. Lancaster, Miss Bertha Lane, Miss Ella M Lane, Mrs. LeRoy C. Langdon, Palmer H. Lanman, D. H. Lathrop, Mrs. Henry R. Lathrop, Mrs. John H. Lea, Mrs. mae B. Leeming, Mrs. T. L. Letisulevaues, aa Leonhardt, Dr. H. H. Lester, Mrs. Maxwell 167 Levin, Miss Anna C. Lewis, Clarence McK, Lily of the Valley Guild Lincoln, Mrs. Roy M. Lippincott, Miss Alice C. Litchfield, Miss Cornelia Loines, Miss Elma Loines, Mrs. Stephen Lott, Mrs. Henry DeWitt Love, John H. Lubrecht, Mrs. Charles A, Lucia, Dr. William A. Lyons, Edward Venera ee Minnie MacKay, Mrs. M. S. M y, Miss Mary R. Mansfield, Miss Louise Buckingham Manville, Mrs. H. Edward Marine Park Garden Club Marks, Mrs. Alexander D. Marshall, Mrs. William W. Matheson, Mrs. C. Maxwell, Mrs. Earl C Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. McCammon, Miss Althea McCarroll, Mrs. William R. McCarthy, Edward Joseph McCarthy, Miss Mildred H. McCormick, Mrs. E. McDermott, Mrs. Arthur McDonald, Dr. Milo F. McHugh, Mrs. Mary F, _ Mrs. ae : Mc ae ae McLean, Mrs. F. _ Monell Malcolm, Sr. asi Miss Mary Mead, D. Irving Meeker, Samuel M. Meissner, Mrs. William C. Mellen, Mrs. Graham K. Mellucci, Angelo Melville, Mrs. ae Mercelis, Mrs. Edo Merovitz, Mrs. aes a Merrill, Mrs. Whitney Merritt, Miss Lilla H. Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A. Michelsen, Mrs. Letitia M. Milliken, ree Anne M. Monroe Montonien: Aven ie H. Mooney, James A. Morgan, Miss Charlotte E. Morin, Mrs. George K. Morse, Miss Alice L. Moult, Mrs. John F. Mudge, Mrs. Alfred E. Miller, Adolf Mullikin, Mrs. Richard Munkenbeck, Earl T Munson, Miss Rerthecine I, Murchie, Wilfred E. Murray, Mrs. Joseph Bradley Myers, Miss Elizabeth Paul ey Mrs. ae C Nelli lis, De ae = Nesmith, Miss Charlotte Nevin, Pulte eles Nichols, ee Gurl Leja Novack, Miss Bessie Noyes, Mrs. Charles F. Nurick, Miss Helen D. O’Brien, Mrs. John Fell O’Brien, Miss Mary M. O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A. Ohly, Dr. John H. O’Neill, Charles E. Ormsbee, Mrs. Malcolm H. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C Otis, Mrs. Charles H. Paffard, Mrs, Frederic C. Pallister, Mrs. C. Vv. a J. wikg ten B. Parker, aaa E lizabeth B. Parrish, Dr. John Parshelsky, Moses L. Parsons, Frank H Pashley, Mrs. Charles L. Pass, Miss Beatrice Pass, Miss Rosalind Paumanacke Garden Club Peck, Mr: “Pavan L, Peck, et tC eee Mrs. Wheeler H. Peloubet, Mrs. S. W Pendas, Mrs. M Pa. School of Horticulture Women Penzer, Abraham Perkins, Mrs, Charles E. Perry, George H., Perry, Mrs. — Peters, Mrs. Petrocell Mrs, 7 Pfeiffer, Miss ( C. A, Phenix, Mrs. Spencer Pierrepont, Miss Anna J. Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. Pilsbury, Mrs, I. H. Pinkerton, Mrs. Robert A, Place, Mrs. I. Clifford Platt, Mrs. Augustine R. Platt, Miss EE. L. Plump, Miss Juha H. Pond, Miss Pearl F. Pond, William H, Popper, Mrs. William C, Porter, Mrs. EF. Pender Post, Miss oe W. Post, Mrs. Jat Post, Miss Tes: ssie ee Potter, Mrs. R. Burnside Powers, Miss Z. A. Pratt, Abram J. . Sterling for Rathbun 168 Pratt, Frederic B. — [ei _ oS par ae — — fsb) Pratt, Mrs. Katherine Sloan Pratt, Miss Mary Pratt, Mrs. Nathaniel W. Pratt, Mrs. Richardson Price, Frank J, Prince, Mrs. Benjamin Prosser, Mrs. Alfred L. Prosser, Miss Ella W. Provost, Miss Eva M. Public Schinal 102, Brooklyn Public School 155, Brooklyn Public School 202, Brooklyn Pulis, Mrs. Samuel C. Purdie, Miss Bertha S. Purdy, Miss Maud H., Raiman, Mrs. Robert I. Mrs. Nathaniel Redstone, Jacob Leonard Reed, Mrs. George M. Reimer, Mrs. Otto E. Reinhardt, Mrs. Charles Remsen, Miss Catherine A. Reynolds, Mrs. Lewis G, Richardson, William C, Rider, Lloyd A Ripin, Miss Sadie N, Robson, Mrs. Maurice Roe, Mrs. Clinton T. Rogers, Mrs. Charles E. Romanovsky, Dimitry Rowe, hes paaievidl W. Ruckgaber, Mrs. Louis A. Rushmore, Dr. Jacques C. Sanborn, Mrs. Frederic B. Sanders, Edward I. Sargent, Mrs. William Denny Sartori, Joseph | Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L. Schiller, Miss Frances Schlein, Dr. Julius Schlossberg, A. Schnur, Mies Mildred Schoonhoven, John J. Scoville, Mrs. Herbert Seibert, Mrs. Albert E. Sellew, Mrs. Waldo W. Sessler Sena vi Clara Shapiro, Miss Frances Shattuck, Mrs. Warren S. S M. Sine Dr. WwW. Fawcett Sherman, Mrs. A. W. Shoreham Garden Club Siebert, Mrs. William San Miss Ett Simpson, Mrs. T. Simrell, George a of Smith, B. Herbert Smith, Miss Bertha H. Smith, Geor Snyder, Dr. Wa m. H. 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Tousey, Miss Elizabeth Towl, Mrs, F. M. Traendley, Mrs. Frank H., redick, Miss Helen F, Trenchard, Henry Trismen, Frederick Turner, Mrs. Henry C. Tusch, Mrs. Walter r. G. W. Gelensee Bernard Ughetta, Miss Marye Uhdal, John H Utter, Miss Eleanor 170 Vail, Harry C. Valentine, Stephen Van Brunt, Jeremiah R. Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian vee parce Adrian Varin, Miss Dora N Veatch, Mrs. A. C, Vernon, Paul FE. Von Lehn, Mrs. Richard Vovodich, Miss Catherine Walcott, Mrs. Arthur S. Walder, Miss Selma Waldes, Mrs. Ica *Walsh, James A. Walton, Mrs. Henry R. Wandel, Mrs. William S. Ward, Mrs. Charles | \W aed: Mrs. Rodney C. _ Charles F. » Mrs. Luther F. alice Mrs. W. Teck, Mrs. Edward Weeth, Dr. Charles R. SUMMARY OF Life ete Through the Botanic Garden Through Other Departments Sustaining Members Through the Botanic Garden Through Other Departments Annual Members Total * Deceased. Weinberg, Henry Mrs. R. C. . Walter F. ane F rederick S. Wenzel, Fred. White, Alain Wikander, Miss Elin Wikle, Mrs. Herbert F. Willard, George N. Willetts, Mrs. W. Williams, Mrs. E. F. Wilhams, Mrs. John O. Williams, R. Williamson, Miss Marguerite Moli- Wilson, Mrs. reer W. Wilson, Mrs. Fra Wing, Miss Beulah A Wittmer, Mrs. Mary Wolfe, Mrs. Sophie Kk. Wood, Mrs. Willis D. Woodruff, Miss Helen G. Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne Young, J. Marshall Zabriskie, Mrs. Elmer T. Zartmann, Wm. J. Zellner, Mrs. Carl P. Zimmele, Charles F, Zimmer, Mrs. Wilson Briggs MEMBERSHIP pls nieGer ea bpewre eases 6 aia cheereoete culate daeegsl 14 bia oh eee ea iserehatidetie 26 odbc en praeeacdaadeiaets 71 pear haeeed ree poeia-s hie al epiuaiaatareiue ier brsees 230 251 ee errr 16 eee re 38S Piiestaerssos aa siianupatas ns 677 Sate eed ayes 1,099 The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VicE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Turd VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officto JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD GATES D. FAHNESTOCK ALFRED E. MUDGE MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN GENERAL INFORMATION MempersHip.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. embers enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 veles Susluiling MC ceehip, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Ful atone Gen concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn ape Cinien 1000 Snir pied Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. acts ne, peseiee HE BoraNic GARDEN is open free to Os sa deity from 8 a.m. until dusk; on ae and Holidays a is open a ces.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect Rigas oae: on Washington Avenue, soul of East sas Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, of the Museu g he street entrance to the Teaporetore maaan is at 1000 vasiiateen Avenue, opposite ee To Assist Members and others in studying the collections ne services of a docent may wonanet This service is free a fet he to member the Boba arden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Ariangeneats must be pace by erplicaton to the Curator of Public en at least one day in advan No parties of less than six adults will be co To. THE ce take Broadway (B.M T) sien {0 Eeosher Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue Lorimer Street, or Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley be Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Stree t or Veo derbilt Aven trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. By Automosite from Nines n Long Island take Eastern Parkway west and turn left at Washington Avenue; from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. Beisel, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928) ; bimon thly (1929-1932) ; eage (1933-). Contains, among other things, the Heaacl Report of the director and heads of departments, special nas announcements of salt of Meee seed list, guides, miscel- laneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to mem- bers of the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Circulates in 59 countries. MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the Raditaliog of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk : aA study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price Volume III. Weseinticn of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, Saat 1911. Papers originally published in periodicals, reissued as “ separates,” without change of paging, and numbere consecutively. Twenty-five pvets constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, 00 av ieee nee Circulates in 34 c Os: L ance of resist ee to Tos and covered smut in a hybrid of Early Gothland ae Viet ictor oats. 10 p 1932. 64. Inheritance Pe Pies ef one and covered smut in hybrids of Hull- less with Early Gothland and Monarch oats. 28 pages. 1932. 65, Monographic studies in the genus Eleocharis—II. 34 pages. 1932. 66. Inheritance of resistance to loose and covered smut in hybrids OF Black Mesdag with Hull-less, Silvermine, and Early Champion oats. 14 pag 1934, LEAFLETS. Byaiiahed April 10, 1913. Published weekly or “biavaelty during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets information perk ae ff life for teachers and others. Free to members of the GUID S ae ie collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Recorn; see above. 43 Cues No. 5. The Rock Garden, 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, cen a ide No. 6. sana potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 c uide No. 7. ae tory of our boulders: ae geology of ups Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 22 illusieanione, Price, 35 cents. mail, Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. 8 ee Price, cents. By mail, 40 cents. SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the ss Circulation includes 160 botanic gardens and institutions located in 40 countrie AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established January, 1914, Pub- lished, in cooperation with the BotanicaL Society or AMERICA, monthly, except during August and September. Subscription, $7, 00 a year. ‘Circulates in 33 countries ECOL OGY. Established, January, 1920, Published quarterly in codperation with the EcotocicaL Society or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries. GENETICS. Peres pea, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year, Circulates in 37 countr BROOKLYN =. a BOTANIC GARDEN oe RECORD Vou. XXIII JULY, 1934 2 : No. 3 EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF BOTANY CONTENTS PAGE Report on Winter Injury to the Woody Plants in the oe Botanic AGATE CT SLOSS SS Ayes oo tecw ooh eis oon Midas bees Reels ole wos Sas oe GY A PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON sd ” pea te A. BY THE siete Be Mtenliat ARTS ey ‘SCIENCES Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912. ' BROOKLYN Borie. GARDEN _ Scientific, Educational, and Administrative es SCIENTIFIC AND. EDUCATIONAL | Gc STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., ee Director M3 . ALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Librari MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Gated ee Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator a) Public Instruction ALFRED GUN DERSEN, Docteur de PUniversite (Paris), curele, of Plants - GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pat _ ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B. S5 Citar of Elementary Insiruction HENRY K. SVENSON . Ph D., Associate Curator of Plants ve: MARGARET M. DORWARD, A. B, Assistant Curator of ass Instruction” | ~ Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gandeaing dnd Floral Art HAROLD A. CAPORN, COPaIENE: mea 4) Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resiten’ javenlaion Goan” RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE gaa CHICHESTER, Daher) Asistont in 1 Charge ROTHY JENKINS, A.B., Instru ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Research Se L. GORDON N UTTER, M.S., Research Assistant WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial ‘Aastsiont | oa MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial Assistant . GERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant: — “HILDA HALE OMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, UNS : "ADMINISTRATIVE cy ges C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant UDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary Se STOFFEL BANTA, Office he ae MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A. M., Seeretiby | to the Director FRANK STOLL, RepiroF and Custodian AURA M. BREWSTER, Scopes PAGE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer E YN M. GAILER, Sienourapyen CGN OTANGE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Reena a eee. eT, S7/. [ao loi ik rh-Suce tee wt d « y tthe, y, a oN Sy ao. Pay BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIII JULY, 1934 NO. 3 REPORT ON WINTER INJURY TO THE \Wi@ ODN SwilANDTS «rN TEE BR@ OME AN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1933-1934 Doubtless such extreme cold periods as we experienced during — the past winter have occurred intermittently since the beginnings of our present climate. It is obvious that they must be largely responsible for the northern limit of the range of our more tender native species. Not only this, but as the following report will show, extreme cold periods like that of the winter of 1933-34 determine what kinds of exotics can be grown successfully in our region. During ordinary years, a given species may survive the winters and continue to flourish from year to year. But the de- cisive factor is the extreme low temperature periods that occur at rare intervals. Then the more tender species may be entirely killed. Extreme Weather Conditions in the Winter of 1933-34 There were two periods of extreme cold in the winter of 1933- 34. The temperatures and amount of snow on the ground from day to day are shown in the following tables kindly supplied by the New York City Station of the United States Weather Bureau. The first period (in December, 1933) was the less severe. Very probably if it had been the only one the plants would have suffered comparatively little. There are some features in it, how- ever, which are distinctly dangerous. First, the drop from a maximum of 54° on Christmas Day (which, by the way, was the highest temperature for the whole month) to a minimum of 12° above zero on December 27th is rather sudden. To be felt by the plant as little as possible, a change in temperature should be 7A 172 TABLE SHOWING TEMPERATURE AND SNOW COVER DURING EXTREME COLD PERIODS IN WINTER OF 1933-34 December, 1933 February, 1934 Temperature Snow Temperature Snow (Deerees, (Degrees, Fahrenheit) (Inches) Fahrenheit) (Inches) Date Date z 2 18 Ae. race c Woe ot Se|wige =| Ss woo = & BO ys io 5 5 ona 3 3 mee SES = E alex EB E a Sie =Vx 5 3 Ret as o f= ce |2#E2/ase & ot ey vod & ea oo ae aes a A a A a A A |S a) M 25 54 31 42 0 ) We hee 35 30) 32 9.6 6.5 T 26...) 35 22 28 10.0 | 9.7 F 2...) 31 11 21 0) 0 W 27...] 26 12 19 0) 3 S 355.5). 28 4 14] 0 8 T 28 23 8 16 0 8.8 S 4.. 27 15 21 0.1 7.1 Tf 29 15 _ (6) 0 8.0 M S.. 29 17 Zo 0 6.0 S 30 14 —6 4 T* 8.5 Tr 6 20 5 12 0 Nis) 31 42 12 27 0) 6.6 WE 31 13 22 T* 5.0 T 8.. yx 7 0 4.8 Fr 9 —1 —3 0 4.7 S 10 27 —2 1 0 4.3 1 33 12 22 0 3.4 * T = trace. gradual. Many a plant has been killed by sudden freezing when it might endure without detriment much lower temperatures arrived at gradually. Another factor is, of course, the subzero temperatures (for a period of two days) which are fairly unusual for December in this region. How unusual they are is shown by the fact that subzero temperatures have been recorded in Decem- ber only in four other years since and including 1871 (when records first began to be kept), namely in 1917, 13° below; 1880, 6° below; 1876, 2° below; and 1871, 1° below. This of course applies to the month of December only. Subzero temperatures in January and February in past years have been somewhat more frequent. January has had eleven days with subzero tempera- tures since and including 1871 and February eleven. (March has never had a subzero temperature since records began to be kept.) ut it is probable that subzero temperatures in December are more harmful than those which come in January and February, for the IAS: reason given above, that it is better for the plant to become grad- ually accustomed to the cold. As regards the amount of snow on the ground in December, it will be seen from the table that ten inches fell on the 26th, which had melted to 6.6 inches by the 3lst. The amount of snow cover during these cold spells is an important and decisive factor in the amount of winter injury sustained by low-growing plants such as the Heaths. Snow protects the parts that it covers both from extreme cold and from the drying effects of the winds. Further- more, it protects the roots of the taller plants. Dr. Alfred Gunder- sen, Curator of Plants at the Garden, tells us that in his native home in Norway each spring the low-growing woody plants were often found killed down to a definite line. This was the snow line. In the case of the Swiss Heath (Lrica carnea), which now for twelve years has done yeoman service through all the winter, often blooming on a warm day even in January, this blanket of snow probably saved its life. For we find that although the upper parts are killed, there are many sound shoots close to the ground. The other extreme cold period, as shown in the table, was in February, 1934. The mercury on February 9 stood at — 14° im —the lowest that the weather bureau in New York City has ever recorded. But the figures we have reproduced for a few days in February do not tell the entire story, for the weather continued extremely cold throughout the month, with a minimum of 3° above zero on the 14th, 6° above on the 24th, 7° above on the 28th, and many other days on which the minimum was not far above these figures. The mean minimum for the whole month was 10.8° and the mean maximum 28.9°, as against a normal minimum of 24.2 Zo and a normal maximum of 38.4°. It was an extremely cold month as a whole: on only ten days of the month did the tempera- ture rise above the freezing point, and on only four days above 0°. As regards the snow cover, however, we were again for- tunate, for during the coldest period, as shown in the table, there was a considerable blanket of snow on the ground. For a few days, namely, from the 12th to the 17th inclusive, this was reduced to from 214 inches to half an inch on the 18th; but snowfalls on the 19th, 20th, 25th, and 26th replenished the supply, so that at 174 the end of the month there was more than a foot of snow on the ground. As regards the direction and velocity of the winds, these as a rule are not noteworthy, but a northwest wind with a velocity of hity miles per hour on the 13th (mininium temperature 8°) anda velocity of fifty-one miles per hour on the 23d (minimum tem- perature 10°) must have made matters much worse. Other Disastrous Winters in the Histor y of the Garden In connection with the present report it is interesting to com- pare the reports of Tavlor on the effects of the winters of 1917— IS and 1919-20 on the woody plants in the Garden. Regarding the first period he says “ Since weather records have been kept, there has been no such severe winter as the one just past. Dur- ing the Christmas holidays, and just after, minimum temperatures were recorded of —13° at the Weather Bureau (414 ft. in the air), —10° at the New York Botanical Garden, —7° at the Central Park Weather Bureau station, which is nearly at ground level, and —8° at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden where the ther- mometer is in a somewhat sheltered place. The first four days of the vear showed minimum temperatures of — 5°, + 2°, 0°, and — 3° respectively, and on January 12 the temperature was 50. Worst of all, on the latter day, the velocity of the wind was greater here than in any other place in’ the country, the record showing maximum velocity of 84 miles an hour, from the south- east. The following of such extreme cold by a warm wind of this great velocity apparently played havoc with many valuable plants in the Garden. With the ground frozen to depths unknown be- le as there was practically no snow covering during the coldest days, the root activity of most plants would be stopped, while the warm wind on the 12th, when the maximum temperature for January was recorded, would dry out many evergreens even if they had withstood the cold of a few days before. Because of this combination of cold temperatures followed by warm wind, it 1s perhaps impossible to ascribe all our losses to cold alone. Cer- tainly one or the other, or zat probably their combination, has had disastrous results, ‘Taylor, Norman. Effects of the severe winter on the woody plants in the Garden. Brookiyn Bor. Garp. Recorn 7: 83-84. 1918, 175 It is apparent that perhaps the worst feature of this period was the extremely violent (84 miles per hour) warm wind following directly after the cold period. This should be borne in mind in connection with what will be said later regarding the complexity of conditions causing winter injury. In his report on injury due to the conditions in the winter of 1919-20, Taylor says; ‘“‘ While the winter of two years ago had several days when the temperature was lower than ever before recorded here, the past winter was more continuously cold than any other for thirty years. The notes on the effects of the past winter are, therefore, a record not so much of what one un- precedented period of low temperature will do, but rather the cumulative effect of two exceptionally bad BS with only a single mild one intervening—that of 1918-1919. In his first report (for the winter of 1917-18) Taylor divides the winter injuries into four categories. I. Killed outright. II. Killed to the ground but making new growth. III. Severely winter-killed, but now making recovery. IV. Only a little winter-killed. For the sake of comparisons with the same species or varieties in our present list, we have cited Taylor’s findings wherever they apply, using the following symbols and adding the figures ’17-18, thus: ete 7-18 Il = KG: 717-18 III—SKR: 717-18 Ve —— Wee eke: In his second report (for the winter of 1919-20) Taylor di- vides the winter injuries into three categories, as follows: . Winter-killed. II. Severely winter-killed, but recovering. III. Shghtly winter-killed. MH In a similar way we have inserted these verdicts in our present report, using the following symbols: 1 Taylor, Norman. Effects of the winter of 1919-1920 on the woody plants in the Garden. Brooktyn Bor. Garp. Recorp 9: 121. 1920 176 l=: “19-20, IlT=SKR: 719-20. Lies Lis *10—20. It is hardly necessary to add that the total number of woody plants in the Garden at the time Taylor’s reports were written was much smaller than it is today. Then the Garden was only seven and nine years old, respectively. Perennial Plants In a consideration of winter injury it is of course the perennial plants with which we are concerned, since they are the ones which have to live through the winter. Biennial plants, it 1s true, must also pass through one winter, but these are comparatively few in {25 number, and include no woody species. All perennial plants may be classified into herbaceous and woody species. The herbaceous kinds, e¢.g., the peony, iris, and most kinds of lawn grasses, have no wood in their stems, and die down ’ frosts of winter, — —" to the ground completely at the first “ killing’ maintaining their existence throughout the winter in an under- ground stem or rhizome, a tuber, or a corm. These, then, are protected to a considerable extent during the winter period by a blanket of earth, and sometimes also by an additional covering of snow. The woody perennials, on the other hand, whether they are shrubs such as the rose and the honeysuckle, or trees like the elm and the maple, drop their leaves at the approach of winter. Their woody stems, being exposed to the elements, have to resist death from cold if they are to retain the size to which they have grown. For 1f the part above ground is killed, they have to start all over again from basal shoots. Many of our shrubs, ¢.g., many of the Callicarpas, the Spiketails, and the Buddleias, are having to do this now, and one might argue that no permanent injury has resulted. These plants, although woody, have simply been reduced to the somewhat anomalous position of membership in the class of herbaceous perennials. Still provided with vigorous roots, they can shoot up again with a rapid and extensive development of stem and leaves. In some regions, in fact, some of the Buddleias do ay this as a regular thing, blossoming each year in midsummer. It is hardly necessary to add, however, that repeated injury like this cannot be for the best good of the plant. Further, the rank growth put forth by killed back individuals 1s the more sensitive to injury the succeeding winter. Nature of Injury from Extreme Cold Sachs long ago showed that under ordinary conditions, when plants are frozen, water passes out from the protoplasm and freezes in the intercellular spaces. When thawing occurs, the resultant water remains in the intercellular spaces until it is either evaporated or is reabsorbed by the cells which had released it, and which had become more or less plasmolyzed. In some cases it requires considerable time for the protoplasm to resume its normal condition and position and thus for the cell to regain its turgidity. Freezing in plants has been observed by Wiegand ! to occur in the intercellular spaces. Water withdrawn from the cells forms ice crystals in these spaces. [Excessive withdrawal of water from the cells of course results in considerable plasmolysis, and if this con- tinues to an extreme point, death must ensue. It seems obvious that continued or extreme low temperatures would cause a con- tinued removal of water from the cell, thus eventually causing the death of the cell itself. Winter Injury the Result of a Complex of Conditions Although we believe that the extreme low temperatures of the past winter were the fundamental cause of the injuries to our woody plants, yet it is evident, after careful observation of the different plants, that the matter is not really so simple as this. No one can gainsay the fact that, given sufficiently low tem- perature, protoplasm will freeze, or at least become so altered chemically that it is no longer protoplasm, and hence no longer alive. Yet the physiological condition in which the plant finds itself at the onset of the cold period has much to do with its relative susceptibility and the extent of injury it sustains. This explains 1 Wiegand, K. M. The passage of water from the plant cell during freezing. Plant World 9: 107-118. 1906. 178 in part so many apparent discrepancies in hardiness in different individuals of the same species, and, furthermore, it accounts for different results in different winters. So much depends upon the amount of water present in the plant; the kind of growth it made the season before, whether vigorous or slight, early or late; whether or not it was pruned, and if so, how much, and when; whether or not it was exposed to drying winds or direct rays of the sun; whether or not it had been recently planted or moved, and so, how well it had become established in’ the soil—these are some of the things we may mention briefly to show how the physiological condition of individuals may vary. In addition, we should note that there is in all probability an inherent predis- positional factor (residing in the protoplasm itself )—ji.c. pre- disposing a given individual to injury from cold. This of course is bound up with the constitution of the protoplasm. If such predisposition exists in animals and ourselves (and there seems to be no doubt of this) it seems reasonable to assume that it occurs also in plants. The following paragraph deals with this concep- tion from a genetic point of view. Flereditary Nature of Hardiness In an earher number of this journal, Dr. Orland Ik. White, form- erly Curator of Plant Breeding at the Garden, has stated that since hardiness in plants is an hereditary character, “its basis is or heredi- ”Y dependent on the presence or absence of certain genes tary units in the nucleus of the plant cell. Since new genes (and thus new characters) may arise by mutation, it is conceivable, he says, that a given plant species may have among the individuals composing it some ‘hardy’ mutants. In other words, cold re- sistant varieties may perhaps arise within a plant species by mu- tation.! Reasons for Discrepancies in Data on Hardiness Because of these individual differences; and because of the complexity of the factors whose interaction determines the de- gree of a plant’s susceptibility to winter injury, any collection 1 White, O. E. Geographical distribution and the cold-resisting character of certain herbaceous perennial and woody plant groups. BrooKLyNn Bor. Garp, Recorp 15: 1-10. 1926. LZ? of data on hardiness will of necessity show discrepancies. We may summarize the more important reasons for these discrepancies as follows: I. Possibility of variation between individuals of the same species with respect to susceptibility to cold. II. Site. Locations in the Garden vary as regards protection from cold, soil conditions, and exposure to wind and sun. III. Extent to which plants have become established. Speci- mens set out within the last year or two may be more susceptible to injury than those whose roots are well established in the soil. IV. Some individuals may have been predisposed to injury by attacks of insects, fungi, from drought, or other external factors. V. Other causes for the variation in the physiological condi- tion of individuals resulting in predisposition to injury from cold. (See paragraph above on “ of conditions.”’ ) winter injury the result of a complex VI. Size of individuals. It is possible that in some cases, larger individuals which have grown in a given location for a number of years, may be more cold resistant than smaller speci- mens—this, too, apart from the fact that their roots are doubtless better established in the soil. For these reasons the data presented below can not be regarded as an absolute criterion of hardiness for any given species. Explanation of Symbols Used in List The families with indeterminate growth, such as the roses and honeysuckles, are of course especially susceptible. Where A has been inserted after these or any other species, the meaning is that even in spite of the injury the plant looks well, the new growth having hidden the dead shoots or shoot tips. It will be noted throughout the list that many species are included which were not injured. This winter was such a rigorous test that we think it advantageous to have at least a partial list of those that passed through the ordeal successfully. Many of the “ 4 — half hardy” plants, e.g., Magnolia grandiflora, were protected from early December throughout the winter by a covering of burlap or lath screens. These plants are designated P. The symbols used to designate the data presented in Taylor’s 180 reports have already been explained (pp. 175-176). Those plants which are in the nursery are marked N. Many of these are being tested there for hardiness under Brooklyn conditions. The following Roman numerals are used to denote the character of the winter injury in 1933-34, and, in the cases of the last three, its extent. I. Entirely dead. (Roots and stems all killed.) IT. Killed to base. (Roots apparently sound; new basal shoots showing. ) II]. Percentage of main shoots killed. IV. Percentage of branch tips killed. V. levergreens: percentage of leaves killed. GYMNOSPERMAE Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba—Uninjured Gnetaceae Ephedra distachya—sS. Eu., major var. procera “Uninjured Pinaccae S.W. Eu., Asia Minor—Shght brown- ing of tips of leaves. LK: ‘17-18; SKR: °19-20 Araucaria araticana—Chile—I N Abies Nord Cedrus atlantica—N. Afr—IV_ shight—three specimens. Fair sized trees about 25 ft. high deodara—Himalayas—I P Libani—Asia Minor & Syria—Two specimens: one unin- jured, not P; other killed back about 144 way from tip of 2 main leaders. P; SKR: 717-18 Chamaecyparis Japai ‘th side. K: °17-18 (nana) SKR: °17-18; LK: °17-18; K: ’19-20 obtusa 181 pisifera var. squarrosa—IV 50%. In rather bad condition Uninjured: pisifera, pisifera var. aurea, pisifera var. filifera, pisifera var. plumosa Cryptomeria japonica—China & Japan—lIV slight. In good condition SKR: ’17-18; LK: ’17-18; SKR: ’719- Cunninghamia lanceolata—S. & W. China—I N Glyptostrobus pensilis—China—II Juniperus chinensis—China & Japan—Some tips of branches browned; SKR: °19-20 communis—N. temp. & Arctic regions—Some of last year’s leaves browned, but plant in good con- dition scopulorum—Western U. S. & Can—IV 50%. Looks sickly Uninjured: chinensis (dwarf), chinensis var. Pfitzeriana, horizontalis, Sabina, squamata var. Meyeri; vir- gimiana (SKR: °19-20) Larix laricina and leptolepis—Uninjured Picea pungens—Colo. to N. Mex., Utah & Wyoming—V slight; SKR: ’17-18; LK: ’17-18; SKR: ’'19-20; LK: *19-20 Uninjured: omorika, orientalis; polita; SKR: ’17-18; 19-20 Pinus Cembra—Eu. & N. Asia—Some specimens show a little browning of old leaves at tips Japan—IV & V slight Himalayas—About 50% of old needles shed; those remaining, about 50% brown; branches un- injured; new needles healthy Some specimens show a slight densiflora excelsa koraiensis—Japan, Korea browning of tips of old leaves. C. &. S. Eu., Asia Minor—Many specimens: some browning of needles in a few cases. Seems to be best pine for N. Y. City conditions of summer and winter nigra 182 Pinaster—Mediterr. Region—I N ponderosa var. scopulorum—W. U. S.—Old leaves some- what browned pungens—N,. J. to Ga—Old leaves browned about half way Strobus—Eastern N. A.—Old leaves a little browned at tips. In good condition tabulaeformis (sinensis) —N. to W. China—one specimen V 100%; IV 40%. Many terminal buds seem injured. It may recover. One specimen V 50% ; IV 50% Thunbergiana Japan—one specimen has leaves browned l its old leaves. Buds not injured. Two other speci- — at tips. One specimen has lost nearly a mens in bad shape (partly bud moth injury). Many of old leaves and some of branch tips killed: one six ft., one 12 ft. high. Uninjured: Banksiana, Bungeana, densiflora var. umbra- culifera, flexilis, montana, monticola, parviflora, parviflora var glauca, ponderosa, rigida, sylves- tris Pseudolarix Kaempferi—E. China Uninjured Pseudotsuga Douglasi—B. C. & W. U. S—Uninjured Sequoia gigantea q ooDS Sierra Nevadas—One specimen I; other specimen (8 ft. high) badly killed on main stem and all branches, but many green shoots coming out from branches. SKR: ‘17-18 “ nearly dead ” Taxodium distichum—Uninjured Thuja occidentalis and vars.—E. N. A.—a little browning: in some cases orientalis var. aurea about half killed. Some specimens Uninjgured: occidentalis and vars.; orientalis, orientalis var. asplenifolia, Standishii Thujopsis dolobrata—Cent. Japan—IV 25% N 183 Tsuga caroliniana—Va. to Ga.—one specimen I; one specimen IV slight and V 75% ; 2 specimens uninjured diversifolia—Japan—V slight Sieboldii—Japan—IV 10% Uninjured: canadensis; SKR: ‘17218 Taxaccae Japan—1 plant, 8 in. high, I; one Cephalotaxus drupacea Podocarpus macrophylla—Jay Taxus baccata var. repandens—IV slight Uninjured: brevifolia, cuspidata ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDONES Aceraccae EXC SL Buergerianum—E. China, Japan—IV 100% A campestre—Eu., W. Asia—IV 10% A cappadocicum—Cauc. and W. Asia to Himalayas IV 0% A pan—III 25%; TV 25% III 75%—(Complicated by fungous carpinifolium—Ja Davidi—C. China trouble; may die) macrophyllum—Alaska to Calif—IV 90% —Terminal buds nearly all dead. opalus—S. EKu.—IV 10% palmatum—Korea, Japan—IV 100% A ornatum—IV 100% A; LK: 719-20 Uninjured: ginnala, Negundo (K: 719-20), platanoides, Pseudoplatanus, rubrum, saccharum uninjured—slight protection N Dipteronia sinensis—China Anacardiaceae Rhus canadensis—Eastern N. A—-IV 100% A Cotinus—S. Eu. to Asia—IV 25% 184 javanica vernicifilua China, Japan, Sandwich Is.—IV 100% A Japan, China, Himalayas—IV slight CUninjured: Potanini, punjabensis sinica, sylvestris, Vernix Annonaceae Asimina triloba Uninjgured Aqutfoliaccae Ilex Aquifolium—Eu. and Asia IV 100%—Shooting out be- K: *17-18; SKR: 719-20 P 7 plants averaging about 5 ft. high—II heterophylla—IV 75% ; V 90%; A P cornuta—E, China—I P crenata—Japan—IV 30-50%; V 15-50%—Varies much low dead part. balearica according to site Fargesii—W. China—IV 50%; V 90%; KG: 717-18; SKR: ’19-20 P glabra—Mass. to Fla—IV 10%; V 5% A Japan—lI P latifolha—Japan—II—-A few old basal shoots a sound; KG: °17-1&8 P N. A—IV 5%; V 50%; SKR: 717-18 Uninjured: dubia (monticola), serrata, verticil integra — yparently opaca lata Araliaceae Acanthopanax divaricatus—Japan—IV 90%—Occurs every year Henryi—C. China—-IV 90% 10 L pentaphyllus (Sieboldianus )—Japan—IV 10% A Uningured: ricinifolius Aralia spinosa Uninjured Hedera helix—Eu. to Caucasus—V 40%; ITV 100%, but un- injured where protected under mat of branches Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia durior—E. U.S.—IV shi 5 — ¢ ° _ it 185 R ] beet LDOPUcesiUUuce code Berberis agegregata—W. China—One specimen IV 90% A—other specimen ITT 50%; IV 100%; SKR: °17-18 Prattii—IV 50% N.W. Himalayas—IV 10% A; LK: 719-20 atrocarpa—W. China—I (recently planted) Caucas.—IV 30% A C. & N.W. China—one specimen uninjured —one specimen IV 50% A Dielsiana—W. China—IV 10% A Gagnepainii—W. China—IV 100% S. Chile—II Julianae—C. China—IV 100% ; LK: 719-20 Neuberti—(hort.)—IV_ slight A Poiretii—N. China—IV 10% A; SKR: 719-20 polyantha—W. China—III 25%; IV 100% A provincialis var. serrata—hort—IV 75% aristata chinensis dasystachya ilicifolia stenophylla var. compacta—hort.—I]1 W. China—lIV slight Japan—l1V 25% A atropurpurea—IV slight—In fine condition minor—IV 90% A (in one site—elsewhere uninjured ) triacanthophora—C. China—lIII 90% verruculosa—W. China—IV 90% vulgaris x Thunbergii—IV 100% A Wilsonae—W. China—Two specimens I; two specimens III 90% ; K: 719-20; SKR: ’19-20 Uninjured: amurensis var. japonica, circumserrata, dia- phana, Henryana, Thunbergii var. minor, Vernae thibetica Thunbergii Mahonia Aquifolium—B.C. to Ore.—1 specimen uninjured; 1 speci- men II; 1 specimen I; 4 specimens IV 100%; KG: 717-18; SKR: 719-20 ii—China—III 20% S.W. U.S. to Mex.—II C. China to Japan—-II N Bea pinnata — Nandina domestica 186 Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa—Eu. & N. Asia—III 50%. 18 ft. high, several leaders, the tallest killed nearly to the base; many shoots from base. causes incana—Eu., Cauc., N. A.—IV 75¢ rubra May be due to other Yo Alaska to Calif., E. to Idaho—slight injury setula davurica, Ermani, glandulosa, japonica szechuanica, papyrifera, pendula cens; all uninjured » pendula purpurea, pubes- Carpinus 3etulus var. quercifolia (12 ft. high & 4 in. diam. at base). Upper 2/3 almost dead Uninjured: Betulus (LK: '17-18), yedoensis Corylus americana colurna N. Eng. to Sask. and S. to Fla—IV slight S. Eu., Himalayas—IV 259% maxima purpurea—lIV slight Bignoniaccae Bignonia chinensis—China Catalpa IV 100% A bignonioides—S.E. U. S.—IV slight. Large tree nana—IV 100%—Dormant buds of last year un- folding China—IV 25%; LK: ’17-18 Uninjured—speciosa ovata Large tree Buxaccae Suxus sempervirens var. suffruticosa Some specimens wiuinjured ; some V 20% ; some I; with various intermediate conditions—These were transplanted in fall 1933, which may have a bearing on their condition i spring 1934, Uninjured: sempervirens—K: 719-20; SKR: °19-20 Pachysandra procumbens, terminalis—Uninjured Nn 187 Calycanthaceae Calycanthus floridus—Va. to Fla. KG: ’17-18 occidentalis—Calif—II. KG: ’17-18; LK: ’19-20 Meratia praecox—China—II N IV shght A—In fine condition; Caprifoliaceae Abelia Graebneriana—China—I N grandiflora—hort.—II P with chrysanthemum tops thrust among branches Diervilla rivularis—N. C. & Tenn. to Ga. & Ala.—IV slight; SKR: ae sessil1 .& Tenn. to Ga. & Ala—IV slight; K: ee SKR: 19-20 Dipelta floribunda IV 100% A Kolkwitzia amabil cmc. China—IV 100%—Flowers plentiful Leycesteria formosa—Himal., S.W. China—I N Lonicera demissa—Japan—IV 10% A Ferdinandi—N. China—IV 25%—Flowers abundant. Shrub 16 in. in diameter at base, 12 ft. high with spread of 18 ft. Also small specimen IV 100% A fragrantissima—E. China—IV 100% A—Some of the flower buds were injured so that the flowers were fewer and sometimes abortive ae Cae injured; K: ’19-20 japonica Halliana—IE. Asia—Badly injured Korolkovii—Turkestan—IV 75% A Maack1i—Manch., Korea—IV 60%—But in very fine con- dition. Large shrub (2 specimens) one 12 ft. high with spread of 18 ft. Flowers plentiful Periclymenum—Eu., N. Afr., Asia Minor—II pileata—C. & W. China—II Wisc. to Tenn.—lLV 50% prolifera 188 quinquelocularis var. translucens—Ilimalayas to Afghanist. —III 25%; IV 100% Ruprechtiana—Manch., & N. China—IV slight standishi—China—IV shght—Shrub 10 ft. high with spread of 15 ft. Flowers plentiful syringantha—N.W. China—IV_ sheght tatarica—S. Russia to Altai and Turkestan—IV 100% A— also one specimen uninjured Webbiana—S.E. Eu. to Himalayas—IV 40%—Some leaves wilted after they came out Nylosteoides—IV 259 A Uninjured: chrysantha, chrysantha var. Regeliana, flava, Maximowiezi, muendeniensis, Morrowil, muscavien- sis, Nylosteum Sambucus canadensis E. N. A. acutiloba—IV 100% A nigra—Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia albo-variegata—lI1 30% ; TV 100% pyramidalis—IV 100% A Uninjured: canadensis Symphoricarpos albus (racemosus)—N. N. A.—IV 100% A microphyllus—Mex.—IV 90% A occidentalis—Central N. A—-IV 100% A; LK: ’17-18 Heyeri—IV 100% A orbiculatus—N. J. to Ga., Kans. and Tex., W. to S. Dak. —IV 100% A; LK: 717-18 Viburnum * affine—Que. to Ga—IV 25% A cotinifolium—Himalayas—III 50% foetidum rectangulare—Asia—II N ichangense—W. China—III 40% nudum—L. I. to Fla. and La—IV 75% odoratissimum—S.I*. Asia—I P rhytidophyllum—W. China—II; LK: ’17-18 rufidulum—sS.E. U. S—IV 50% *In general, Viburnums that have been killed back will shoot up again from base, 189 Sargenti—N. China & Jap.—IV 50%—Not growing scabrellum—Pa. to Tex.—IV 10% A theiferum—C. & W. China—IV 90% A; LK: 719-20 utile—C. China—l1 plant I; 2 plants IV 100% N Uninjured: acerifolium, burejaeticum, cassinoides (K: ’?17- ; SKR: ’17-18), dilatatum, Lantana, Lentago, molle, Opulus, O. var. nana, prunifolium, tomen- tosum well Weigela florida N. China, Korea dant variegata—IV slight hybrida IV 100% A—Flowers abun- IV 50%—But abundance of flowers Eva Rathke—IV 10% A Uninjured: candidissima, japonica var. sinica Celastraceae Celastrus angulata—China orbiculatus—China Evonymus IT (2 upright shoots sprouting) IV slight A Bungeana China & Manch.—IV slight A semipersistens—IV 100%. ing out along killed in trunks Japan—IV 25% A japonica—S. Japan—I; KG: 717-18 P nana—Eu. to W. Asia—III 50%; LK: 719-20 patens—China—IV 75% A Uninjured: alata, alata var. compacta, europaea, verrucosa Looks unhealthy ; shoot- trunks; may have been winter- hians C ag Ee TR J] CHE OOEE PTE VECEEE CUE Cercidiphyllum japonicum—Japan—IV slight A dition In fine con- Euptelea Franchetii—C. China—lIV slight A polyandra—Japan—lV slight A 190 Cistaceae Cistus laurifolius—Mediterr. region—I N Helianthemum (hort. forms)—III 50 to 100% P numimularium var. macranthum—Eu., W. Asia Some specimens I; others I] 50% P Compositae Artemisia austriaca—sS.E. Eu.—lIII 50% procera—S.E. Eu. & Asia Minor—III 50% Baccharis halimifolia—Mass. to Tex.—III 25%; some II; SKR: 717-18 Cortariaceae Il; KG: 717-18 Coriaria japonica Cornaceae Aukuba japonica—Himalayas to Japan—II P Cornus (many species omitted) Japan, Korea—lIV 10% Himalayas, China, Japan—IV 10% IIL 50% kousa macrophylla paucinervis—C. China Uninjured: mas Davidia involucrata—W. China—lIII 25%; IV 10%. Looks unhealthy. Shooting out from trunk as if cambium had been injured. Some of leaves curled. Tree in. diam. at base; 15 ft. high Helwingia japonica—China, Japan—IV 15% Ebenaccae II N Diospyros Lotus—Asia FElaeagnaceae Klaeagnus angustifolia—Uninjured Shepherdia argentea—Prairie States IV 25% 19] Ericaceae Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi—Uninjured Calluna vulgaris—N. Eu. & Asia Minor—I alba—I 75% of plants Clethra alnifolia (SKR: 717-18) and barbinervis: Uninjured Enkianthus perulatus (K: 17-18; SKR: 717-18) and campan- ulatus: Uninjured Erica carnea—C. & S. Eu-—I & II. New shoots from part protected by snow Kalmia angustifolia—E. U. S. & Can.—V 5% latifolia—E. U.S. & Can.—III 5%; V 5% Leucothoe Catesbaei—S.E. U. S—IV 25% ; 25% Aaa Necer & S. U. S—Flower bee almost entirely lled; SKR: 17-18 Pieris floribunda—Va. to Ga.—IV 50% ; SKR: 717-18 j buds almost entirely killed; R: 717-18 Rhododendron (hort. forms)—V 25%; flower buds uninjured; some plants I (hort. forms “ Azalea”)—IV 25% carolinianum—N. C.—In poor condition previously ; ers uninjured oth- and V slight A S. & Ont. to Ga., La., & Ohio—IV and V slight A Uninjured: nudiflorum, viscosum. Eucomnuaceae Eucommia ulmoides—Uninjured,; tree 16 in. at base; 18 ft. high; LK: *19-20 192 Euphorbiaceae * Andrachne colchica Asia Minor—IV 100% A Daphniphyllum macropodum—Japan, Korea, China * Securinega * flueggeoides—China & Japan—IV 100% A IN * ramiflora—Asia—IV 100% A Fagaceae Castanea | mollissima—China & Korea—IV slight A sativa—s. Eu., W. Asia, N. Afr —II (Two-year seedlings in nursery) Fagus orientalis—Asia Minor to N. Persia—IV slight A Sieboldi—Japan—lV slight Uninjured: sylvatica, sylvatica vars. atropunicea, Riv- ersi, zlatia Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata IV slight hispanica var. lucombeana—S. Eu.—Three individuals: 2, TV 90% ; 1, TV 100% Michaux (Prinus)—Del. to Tex.—IV 100% A phellos—N. Y. to Tex.—Upper half dead Robur var. fastigiata—IV 100%. Mostly back to 1932 growth Colo. to Nev. & Tex.—IV 100% A Uninjured: alba, dentata, Gambelii, glandulifera, heterophylla, imbricaria, lyrata, macrocarpa, Robur undulata We} fi LNG OUT LIC EAE Idesia polycarpa S. Japan & C. & W. China—(staminate form)—Two specimens, both 7 in. diam. at base —I; (pistillate form)—Two specimens, one 8 in. diam. at base and 15 ft. high—IV 100%. Shoot- ing out from buds near base of last year’s (1932) growth. Many short branches dead, but * These species (which are low shrubs) probably die back a little each year. 193 will recover. Other 6 in. diam. at base, 13 ft. high—III 25%; IV 100%. May recover, but very doubtful. Shooting out from sides of old branches. Garryaceae Garrya elliptica—Oreg. to Calif—I N Guttiferae Hypericum densiflorum—N. J. to Fla., Mo. & Tex.—III 50% Hamamelidaceae Corylopsis pauciflora—Japan—IV 50%; LK: °17-18; SKR: 719-20 spicata—Japan—lV 100% A Fothergilla major—Uninjured Hamamelis japonica, vernalis, & virginiana Liquidambar Styraciflua — Uninjured Uninjured Loropetalum chinense—China—I— (had survived winter 1932- Parrotia persica—Persia—IV slight A. One tree 6-8 in. diam. at base & 25 ft. high; another shrubby specimen 12 ft. high. Both in fine condition. SKR: 19-20 Parrotiopsis Jacquemontiana—Himalayas—II—Tree 9 ft. high Sinowilsonia Henryi—China—IV 100% N Hip pocastanaceae Aesculus Hippocastanum, Baumani, hybrida, parviflora, Pavia, & turbinata Uninjured Juglandaceae Platycarya strobilacea—China—III 50% ; in nursery II Pterocarya fraxinifolia—Cauc. to N. Persia—IV slight A (8 in. diam. at base and about 12 feet high) Uninjured: Carya spp., Juglans spp. 194 Lardizabalaceac Akebia quinata China & Japan—IV 100% A Decaisnea Fargesii—W. China—IIT 50% ; IV 100% A Lauraceae Laurus nobilis—Mediterr. Kegion—II N Leguminosae Albizzia julibrissin—Persia to C. China—IV 100%. Very slow coming out Amorpha fruticosa—E, & S$. U. S—IV 100% A. Shoots killed back 4 or 5 in. N.C. to Ala—IV 15% tennesseeensis—S. U. S.—Nearly dead, excepting a few buds on branches, and many shoots from base Campylotropis macrocarpa—N. and C. China—I & II Caragana ambigua, arborescens, arborescens var. Lorbergii, Boisii, glabra chamlagu, decorticans, frutex, grandiflora, Maxi- mowieziana, & microphylla Cercis chinensis—C. China 19-20 Cladrastis lutea Colutea orientalis—S.E. Eu. & Asia—I istria—Asia Minor—IV 100% A Coronilla Emerus—C. & S. Eu.—IV 100%; V 75%; at north side, IT Uninjured IV slight A; KG: °17-18; SKR: Uninjured Cytisus hirsutus—S.E. Eu-—IV 100% A praecox—hort—one specimen TIT 50%; another IT; others IV 50%. Individuals vary. North side most affected. P scoparius—C, & S. Eu.—lI Genista hispanica—Spain to N. Italy—III 75% N Gleditsia aquatica—s. C. to Texas—IV 100% caspica—Transcauc. to N. Persia—IV 100% 195 triacanthos—W. N. Y. to Tex.—IV oe A. Tree 6 in diam. at base, 20 ft. high. LK: Uninjured: japonica (horrida) Gymnocladus dioica—N. Y. to Okla—IV 100%. Slight dy- ing back at tips of branches an ordinary occur- rence each year Laburnum Watereri—hort.—IV 100 Vo ix Maackia amurensis—Uninyjured Robinia ' Pseudoacacia—E. U. S.—IV slight A Decaisneanz ’ slight A Rehderi—IV 20% Uninjured: fertilis, hispida, Pseudoacacia var. Sophora japonica—Uninjured a Pseudoacacia var. Bessoniana Holdti Ulex europaeus—C. & W. EKu.—II P Wistaria, all spp—IV 100% A Leitneriaceae Leitneria floridan Fla. to Tex.—IV slight Logantaceae Buddleia albiflora (Hemsleyana)—China sgl Himal.— Uninjured: alternifolia Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica—China—II N Magnoliaceae Kadsura japonica—Japan, Korea—II N Magnolia grandiflora NE te. t6s FB] arly dead; one half dead; two others V 100% but buds un- ijured:.. liliflora—China—IV 109 Uninjured: macropl wlla (small tree in sheltered site), parv1 lora, Soulangeana, stellata, tripetala 196 Malvaceae IV 80% Hibiscus syriacus—China, India Meliaceae Cedrela sinensis—China—Two specimens, one 20 ft. high, 10 in. diam. at base; other 30 ft. high, 16 in. diam. at base. Larger one more injured, but both in good condition June 24. One: IV 50%. New growth starting in most cases from dormant buds, often many years back (e.g. one 10 yrs. back); also from accessory buds at base of ter- minal bud. Other: IV 35%. New growth starting in many cases from dormant buds a few years back, but not so many terminal buds killed as in above-—Young tree in nursery, 6 ft. high. IT = Ments perimaceac Cocculus carolinus—Va. & HL. to Fla. & Tex.—IV 100% A K: 719-20 Menispermum canadense—I. N. A.—IV slight dahuricum—China & Japan—IV 100% A Sinomenium acutum var. cinerascens—Japan & China—IV 100% A Moraceae about Broussonetia papyrifera (pist. form)—China & Japan 2/3 dead; LK: ’17-18 Broussonetia papyrifera (stam. form) China & Japan—about 9/10 dead. This specimen was blown over in Aug. 1933, which may account for greater winter injury W. Asia—II P Ark. to Okla. & Tex—IV 100% A rens Carica Maclura pomifera Morus acidosa China & Japan—IV 100% alba var. tatarica—Asia—lIV slight 197 cathayana—C. and FE. China—A weak specimen; only one branch living; SKR: 717-18 mongolica (stam. form)—China—IV 100%. In excellent condition Uninjured: alba var. pendula M yricaceae Myrica caroliniensis—Uninjured Oleaceae Chionanthus retusa—China—IV 10% A virginica—Pa. to Fla. & Tex—IV 100% A Fontanesia IV 100% A: SKR: 719-20 IV 100% A Fortunei—China phillyreoides—W. Asia Forestiera ligustrina—s, EK. U. S—IV 10% neo-mexi : S.W. U. SIV slight Forsythia intermedia spectabilis—30% of flower buds killed—IV 00% Uninjured: suspensa Fortune Fraxinus excelsior—uninjured Jasminum fruticans—S. Eu., N. Afr.—I N nudiflorum—China—IV 100% ; KG: °17-18; SKR: 717-18; R: 719-20 Ligustrum * ovalifolium—Japan—Young hedges IV slight. Older hedges II & III, in varying percentages. Fre- quent clipping during growing season seems render this sp. more susceptible to winter injury. almost entirely dead. SKR: 717-18 strongylophyllum—C,. China—I1 ar oO sinense—China — =) a") * This privet and L. vulgare do not seem to be as much affected in t Garden as in the immediate vicinity 198 Eu., N. Afr.—IV_ slight atrovirens—IV slight vulgare Osmanthus armatus—W. China—II N Japan—II P Phillyrea decora—W. Asia ilicifolius ITN Syringa japonica—Japan—IV 90% A persica—Persia to N.W. China—IV 90% A tomentella—W. China—IV 100% A villosa—N. China—III 75%. Many new = shoots killed but some in good condition and going to bloom Uninjured: (hort. forms) DP] ] - Lf LUTHOUGTHGE CHE Ceratostigma Willmottianum—W. China-—I N Polygonaccae IV 100% A Polygonum Aubertii—China Ranunculaceae Clematis Vitalba—Eu., N. Afr., Cauc.—IV 50% Other Clematis spp. killed back a little, but in good condition Paeonia suffruticosa—N.W. China—IV 100%. Some killed back considerably Zanthorhiza apiifollia—N. Y. to Ky. & Fla. IV 50% A Rhamnaceae Berchemia racemosa—Japan, Formosa—II P Ceanothus americanus—Canada & FE. & Cent. U. S.—III 75% Hovenia dulcis—China—II P Paliurus spina-Christi—S. Eu. and Asia II N Rhamnus imeretina—Cauc., W. Asia—IV very slight Uninjured: cathartica, Frangula S.E. Eu. to S. and E. Asia IV 90% P Zizyphus jujuba 199 Rosaceae * I-xochorda Korolkowi—Turkestan—IV 100% A Uninjgured: Giraldi Kerria japonica—F. Asia—IV 100% A picta (variegated form)—IV 100% A Physocarpus glabratus—Colo—About half dead opulifolius—Que. to Va., Tenn. & Mich.—IV 25%. Some shoots died back long distance Rhodotypos kerrioides—Japan, C. China—IV slight A. In fine condition Rosa (Includes only species and vars. in systematic section) alba—slight injury Carter’s Annual—III 50% centifolia—E. Cauc. III 50% ; LK: ’19-20 Hugonis—C. China—IV 25% rugosa—N. China, Korea, Japan—slight injury Uninjured: californica, multiflora cathayensis AMOUNT OF WINTER KILLING AMONG CLIMBING ROSES IN ROSE GARDEN TF Albertine—III 50% Alida Lovett—all old wood killed. Many well ripened young shoots alive American Pillar—Much injured in exposed places Auguste Roussel—Uninjured Aviateur Blériot—III 70% Baltimore Belle—Uninjured Ben Stad—III 75% Bess Lovett—III 75%. Still dying back (June 22d) Blaze—III 70% P Bloomfield Courage—III 50%. Sparse flowering Bonnie Prince—Uninjured * Many members of this family die back a little in ordinary winters. t Data supplied by Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 209 3reeze Hill—IIL 50%. Still dying back (June 22d) Carmine Pillar—III 50% P Chaplin’s Pink Climber—Uninjured Christine Wright—U injured Cl. American Beauty—IV 100% Cl. Gruss an Teplitz—II Cl. Lady Ashtown—III 50 to 75% Cl. Los Angeles—II P Cl. Mme. Caroline Testout—IIT 75% Cl. Ophelia—I P Cl. Orleans—IV 100%. Still dying back (June 22d) . Richmond—III 50% P Comtesse Prozor—l Coralie—HII 75% Coronation—Uninjured Laterals killed 2 endl yler Crimson Ram Dorothy Perkins—Uninjured Dr. Huey—Some shoots killed; poor blossoming Dr. W. Van Fleet—IV 100%. Much injured in exposed places Emile Fortépaule—Old wood and immature shoots killed. Rest uninjured Emily Gray—I &'TI Evangeline—Uninjured Excelsa—Some canes killed Félicité et Perpetue—IV 100% P Freifrau von Marschall—Uninjured Gardenia—III 75% Ghislaine de Feligonde—Uninjured Gloire de Dijon—III 50% P Hiawatha—U ninjured Hildenbrandseck—HII 75%. Perhaps partly due to attack of scale insects in 1933 Jacotte—III 90% P Lambertiana Roses—Uninjured Le Reve—Uninjured Lessinge—Uninjured Marietta Silva Tarouca Uninjured 201 Mary Lovett—Some shoots alive near top; some killed to ground. Older wood suffered most Mary Wallace—III 50% Max Graf—Uninjured Mermaid—II P Milky Way Miss Flora Mitten—Uninjured Mme. Auguste Nonin—Uninjured Mme. Grégoire Staechelin—II Uninjured Multiflora cathayensis—Uninjured New Dawn—IV 100% Non plus ultra—IV 100% Papa Gouchault—IV 100%. Bloomed well Papa Rouillard—Uninjured Paul Noel—Oldest canes killed Paul’s Scarlet Climber—Laterals dead, and some main shoots. Fairly good bloom Pemberton Roses—III 75% Philadelphia—III 75% Primevére (Primrose)—III 75% Prosperity—Old canes killed Reine Marie Henriette—III 40% P Renée Danielle—III 70% P Romeo—III 75% Rosa rugosa repens alba-—Uninjured II. Newly planted Ruga—III 70%. Newly planted P Schneelicht—Uninjured Scorcher—II P in March Silver Moon—III 50-75% Star of Persia—Uninjured Tausendschon—U ninjured The Beacon—Half top growth killed P Rosella Thelma—Uninjured V on paw! | TV 100% Wichuraiana—One shipment III 90%. Rest uninjured Wichmoss—Uninjured Zephirine Drouhin—IIT 75% Rubus adenophorus—C,. China—IIT 50% A allegheniensis—N. S. to N. C. & Ark—IV 100% biflorus—Himalayas—IV 100% A deliciosus—Colo.—IV 100% A occidentalis—N. B. to Minn. and s. to Ga. & Colo.—lHI 739% A odoratus—N. S. and N.E. U. SIV 100% A phoenicolasius—N. China & Japan—lIII 50% ; IV 100% A Sorbaria Aitchisoni—W. Asia—II IV 100% A assurgens—China?—lIV 100%. Rather badly killed back Lindleyana—Himalayas & China—II sorbifolia—N. Asia from Ural to Japan—IV 100% A IV 100% A arborea var. glabrata stellipila Spiraea albiflora—Japan—II 3illiardii—(S. Douglasi x S. salicifolia)—hort—IIT 50% ; TV 100% half dead. SKR: ’19-20 bumalda Anthony Waterer—hort.—lV 100% A; LK: ’19- cantoniensis—China, Japan—IV 15%. One very good condition; another, [V 100%, about half dead; SKR: *19-20 fl. pl—III 50%; IV 100%. Half dead chamaedryfola—N.FE. Asia—IV 100% A crenata—S. Eu. & W. Asia—IV 75% not severe fontenaysii—hort.— III 50% ; IV 100% rosea—IV 100% A gemmata—N.W. China—IV 100% A Henryi—C. & W. China—One specimen IV slight A; an- other ITI 50%, IV 100%, half dead; K: 719-20; LK: 19-20 hy pericifolia—s. EF. Eu. to Sib.—IV 100% A japonica atrosanguinea—Japan—IV 100% A Margaritae—hort—IV 100% A; LK: 719-20 203 Menziesii—Alaska to Ore—IV 100% A prunifolia var. plena—IV 100%. About half dead Sargentiana—W. China—IV 100% A hort.—III 50%; IV 100%; half dead superba Thunbergii—Japan & China—IV 100% A (Injury slight) tomentosa—N. S. to Ga., w. to Man. & Kans.—l1V 100% A Veitchii—China—IV 25% A Wilsonii—C. & W. China—IV 50% A Uninjured: nipponica, Vanhouttei (in some sites [V 90% A) Stephanandra incisa—Japan and Korea—2 specimens about 14 dead; one specimen only slight injury Rosaceae (Pomoideae) Amelanchier spicata—Uninjured Aronia arbutifolia—Mass. to Fla., w. to Minn. and Tex.—lIV slight. A sickly plant Uninjured: melanocarpa var. elata Chaenomeles lagenaria, Maulei, Maulei var. alpina, sinensis—Un- injured Cotoneaster Dielsiana—C. China—IV 30% (another uninjured) Francheti—W. China—II one specimen half killed; one II; horizontalis—China others uninjured microphylla—Himalayas—II Uninjured: divaricata, foveolata, hupehensis, integerrima, lucida, nitens, racemiflora, racemiflora var. songarica, tomentosa, Zabeli Crataegus pedicellata—Pa. to Conn., N. Y. & Ont—IV 50% A Uninjured: arnoldiana, coccinioides, durobrivensis, Lavallei, Oxyacantha, phaenopyrum, pinnatifida, and others Cydonia oblonga—Uninjured Malus arnoldiana, atrosanguinea, baccata var. mandshurica, coro- 204 naria, floribunda, micromalus, prunifolia, prunifolia var. fastigiata, pumila, pumila var. Niedzwetzkyana, Scheidecker1, Sieboldii var. arborescens, sikkimensis, Soulardi, theifera, toringoides—Uninjured Mespilus germanica—Uninjured Photinia China Uninjured Pyracantha coccinea serrulata villosa IIL N Italy to W. Asia—II. Nine large speci- mens Pyrus communis, phaeocarpa var. globosa, ussuriensis—Uninjured Raphiolepis umbellata—S. Japan—I N Sorbus Aucuparia, intermedia—Uninjured Stranvaesia Davidiana—W. China—I N Rosaceae (Prunoideae) Prinsepia sinensis, uniflora; KG: 17-18—Uninjured Prunus Armeniaca—W. Asia avium—Eu. & W. Asia Conradinae—C. China IV shght IV sheht (large tree) about half dead and shooting up from trunks and branches throughout. Tree shrubby, from a low trunk, 114 ft. in diam. at base and 15 ft. high Laurocerasus—S.E. Eu. & II P orthosepala—Kansas—lV° slight Persica (on Kansuensis) (var. “nectarine’”’)—III 50%; IV 100%. About half dead; K: 717-18 nucipersica—(Z specimens)—IV 75% its. ¢ Guide N On < Vibes Se potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations, Price, 35 ae oe ae a story of our Doula Se: Asa Bectogs of the Brooklyn Bane te KS ee illustrations. Price, 3 Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. "5. esata Bae e cents. By mail, 40 cents. SEED List. CDelecis Seminum) Betabbshed, Deceuther, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number e RD. irculation includes 1 botanic eaiaene and institutions jetted if 40 countries. — a AMERICAN JOURNAL ce BOTANY: Established, January, 1914. Pub- lished, in codperation with the B ‘AL Society oF AMERICA monthly, except during August and September. Esubseripeen, $7. 00° a year. Circulates in $3 countries. COLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the Ecotocitcat Society or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries if GENETICS. Established, elannaey, 1916. cue asia Mea $6.00 a year. Circulates i in 37 countri : ; BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD ; VOL. XXIII - OCTOBER, 1934: NO. 4 PROSPECTUS ee OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1934-35 Bf PUBLISHED, QUAR’ RINCE AND LEMON Sree ‘LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE 0 OF ARTS AND. SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. x. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at ‘Lancaster, Pa.; under act of August 24, 1912 JBEGOk TN. BOTANIC Saba "Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers "SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL c STUART piers Ries Tbe PaD., Director ALVIN W. FOSS, BL, Libraria MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Enetic Gardens, ey, Horticulturist i ns ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., ‘Curator of Public Instruction P ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Doctcur de l'Université (Paris), Curator of Plants MARGARET. M. DORWARD, A, B., Assistant Curator a de ake TIES eae ‘oe Otter Officers ‘ HEAR ool ‘ MARY Liga Yonah Curator of Japanese Gardening oe Floral ARs Bate ROLD A. CAPARN, otis Landscape Archite = RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Doeigalor (Fens) RARE Be ole SeD., Resident Investigator. (Beonomic cons) EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Agisiant Aa Charge ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instruc *H. DOROTHY JENKINS, A.B., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M,, Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, ‘AB, Instructor ESTER M. RUSK, A.M., lsivis ctor ls GORDON ee M. oh Research Assistont WILLIAM #, DURKIN, Curatorial Aigo ae * M ¥ -* - HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B. Curatorial: insiane LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer AUD He See Artist — heen ice SNe c. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant -E, VOR i ‘Assistant Secretary — NORMA “STORFEL BANTA, aes Assistant ; a MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, AM, Sia to the Director - FRANK STOLL, Registrar and C ustodi an AURA M, BREWSTER Stenographer "PAULIN E en BROWN, B.A., ‘Stenographer EVELY ee Sterbara pher — ae CONSTANCE ee ELSON, B.A,, _Senagraphe * Regent Pgueeloe ts 1934. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER FOR THE 4 4 AND THE ADVANCEMENT SERVICE OF OF BOTANY aes THE CTY VOLUME Xxlll 1934 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OKLYN, N. Y. ess LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA, TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIII No. 1, JANUARY Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn 1933 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange) 1 No. 2, Aprin iieab otaniesGardensand thes@ttys.0..0 85 ae eke Preceding page 13 Information Concerning Membership cS Renn ance aa nar a Preceding page 13 Giviles smo um Ncin DELS pumice seth erneere se coke eis Preceding page 13 Forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden .... Preceding page 13 Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Beanie Garden, 1933 4.5.13 Ne nOnte Ole tiem) ihe CtOin meat e tc sot... ge eee een 13 Repottcmongpescanciie 10m nl Gg) see tier et eo ate cee eS 54 REPO GE OMeUem @UlaAtOReOr dy antic span e mide Se cc, hei Reena ee 75 EpouteOrmiilewaxssociate Wuratoneol elatite wees a cree ne ae 80 Report of the Horticulturist and Head Gardener ................ 87 INepOntnonethes CuLatoneonebbliGelnstructiOnmash ee 0 eee 94 Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction ................ 103 Re pOltaro Hemthioar (1 bia: iayaemmmmne ne ee renee 8c del ct, Oe eo 110 Statistical Report onthe sib tatayscee pe et Ae irae) oe eee 118 Pian Clalens tatemen tot O Gall O 30 caren eel ia oe ty ee ee 119 Z Abe brepe 1b Golegoe mya Necloleletecty ne Nae Goyette ee ee 119 malty Ate OLIN S@eNGGOUIiS 4 aus Pram te crear tin awe dae 122 3. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1933 .......... 127 otes for Permanent Improvements ................ 128 Gifts Receiv a DD Uri ee 8 Sie ieenetre eee att mee ed les Oe 129 Publications by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1933 ...... 139 Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1933 ...... 143 Radio Talks by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1933 ...... 148 rite deve tip see @ Onl CU c tec men ear emer ee teins ate ADF iat la gk 149 Meetings of Organizations at the Garden 1933 .................. 150 IVE DOL te Olle OLOeTa piicem\ViG tk ameae een as pcm htt ae ee 151 Report on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Publications, 1933 .......... 152 @thcerceots the =B oacdwommianistcecaewere? aa. (aly .goeer eee 154 Nembersxot; then, B Oai-c meee ne peter arnmeem eee. oor Me cc ln ae 154 WV tila Ci'Sao\Uisci lia vce eae en ene need Ms oe ee Ne 155 IGS 0 eM embers: cs aeamnpeerer es we warn eri ee cee dey oe 157 Sliimary of (Membership see eect ees 170 No. 3, Jury Report on Winter Injury to the Woody Plants in the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens NOG S534 200 iceman yo ream ince: erenmne WAe WP ee er) iV No. 4, OcTosBer PrOenectiie® 10st aoo pad pecker ew Rede Keene eRe RRR SERRA ReR ee 211 Cooperation with: Local Schools: «146i sale at 5 cents each Al colored ie map of the Garden, 744 x 31% feet, designed and executed by Miss Helen Sewall, is on view in the Laboratory 3uilding. This map was presented to the Garden at the Annual Spring Inspection, May 14, 1929, as a memorial to the late Dr. Glentworth R. Butler by members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and other friends of Dr. Butler. Photographs of this map (in black and white, 614 x 414 inches) may be had at 20 cents each. goe Souvenir postcards, in colors, may be had at 10 cents at set (7 cards) ; three for 5 cents; 2 cents each. The subjects are: Scene in the Children’s Garden; The Brook; Daffodils in the Lawn; The Lake; Children’s Building and Formal Garden; The Rock Garden (Waterfall and Iris); The Japanese Garden (Wisteria) ; Inflorescence of Sago Palm. Orders for guide books, maps, and souvenir postcards, ac- er companied by remittance, should be sent to The Secretary. These articles may also be obtained at the Information Desk in the Lab- oratory Building, and at the [entrance Gates. Vi OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES Plantations The plantations comprise the following sections: 1.General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants arranged according to orders and families). 2. Local Flora Section (Native wild flower garden). Ar- rangement ecological. 3. Ecologic Garden. +. Japanese Garden. 5, Rock Garden. 6. kose Garden. /. Iris Garden. 8. Water Gardens (Lake, Brook, Swamp, Bog, Pools). 9, Children’s Garden. 10. Shakespeare Garden. 11. Horticultural Garden. 12. Conservatory Plaza (Water Lilies, Herbaceous Borders). 13. Laboratory Plaza (Magnolias). 14. Experimental Garden (Test Gard Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding Plots). en for beardless Iris; 15. Nursery. As noted under Docentry (p. 216) arrangements may be made for viewing the plantations under guidance. They are open free re public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk ; on Sundays and holidays — to t from 10 a.m. until dusk. ree) Systematic Section The main part of the outdoor plantations is devoted to the Syste- matic Section, which extends from north to south through the central part of the Garden. Here the plants are grouped according to their botanical relationships, in orders, families, and genera, fol- lowing approximately the Engler system of plant classification. From the simpler and more primitive types of plants at the north end, to the more highly developed groups at the south, the Syste- matic Section comprises representative members of the families of plants which are hardy or semi-hardy in this climate. In accord- ance with this arrangement, the ferns and the conifers and other gymnosperms are at the northern end. Then follow the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of the various families of dicotyle- dons. Along the east side of the Brook are the polypetalae. Along the west side of the Brook are the monocotyledons, and the sympetalae. The catkin-bearing trees and shrubs follow the line of the Brook. Wherever possible, the plants chosen to represent their groups are those which are of interest from both botanical and horticultural points of view. Local Flora Section This is an area of about two acres devoted to plants native within approximately 100 miles of Brooklyn (the Torrey Botanical Club range). The following ecological units are represented: bog, sand barren, pond, meadow, and woodland. Nearly all the native plants of general interest are well established here, with the exception of the limestone (calciphile) ferns, for which there is as yet no suit- able place. Although the section is not yet open to the general public, arrangements may be made with the Curator of Public Instruction for its inspection by botany classes, to whose needs this area 1s especially adapted. Japanese Garden The Japanese Garden, first opened to the public in 1915, was a gift to the Botanic Garden from Mr. Alfred T. White, “the father of the Botanic Garden.” The design, by the Japanese landscape architect, Mr. Takeo Shiota, carries out faithfully the Japanese 234 — idea of a Niwa, or landscape garden. From the tea house (near the east entrance) one can see the machiai or “ rest house,” the island with the drum bridge, bronze storks, stone and wooden lanterns, the waterfalls, and the wooden Torii standing in the lake, recalling the one at Miyajima, Japan. Since January 1, 1919, the Garden has been in charge of Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japanese gardening and floral art, and has been steadily im- proved, under her supervision, by Japanese gardeners. For details “The — and explanations of the meaning of the various features see Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden”: Guide No. 4. (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record 19: 197-234. July, 1930.) Rock Garden The Rock Garden, constructed in the spring of 1916, is, in point of time, perhaps, the first rock garden of any considerabie size in a public garden or park in the United States. The rocks used in its construction are glacial boulders which were uncovered in the s; they ery course of grading operations on other parts of the grounc are the only “native” rocks on Long Island, with the exception of one small outcrop on the northwest shore. The general idea in making the garden was that of representing a boulder-strewn slope, but this design, of necessity, was modified in places to provide proper cultural conditions as to drainage, depth of soil, and shade. The garden is planted with about eight hundred species and vari- eties of alpine, saxatile, and other plants suitable for rock garden — culture. Although the rock garden enthusiast may expect to find some- thing of interest in bloom during every month of the year, it is in April, May, and June that the Rock Garden provides its greatest display of blossoms. Persons interested in rock gardening will find Guide No. 5, The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, helpful; also, Leaflets, series XI, No.6, The Rock Garden. Rose Garden The Rose Garden, occupying about one acre in the northwest part of the Botanic Garden, was formally opened to the public 233 on Sunday afternoon, June 24, 1928. This garden was made pos- sible by a gift of $10,000, later increased to $15,000, from Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Connecticut. The general plan of the Garden is as follows. At the north end, entrance is gained through a Doric pergola. Three parallel rows of beds extend to the southward from the pergola, as far as the pavilion. In the central row of beds, varieties of hybrid perpetuals have been planted along with many of the small polyantha type; each of the two side rows contains varieties of hybrid teas. In the arrangement of these varieties the older forms appear at the beginning, near the pergola, the most recent produc- tions near the pavilion, with the intermediate forms in chrono- logical sequence between. Varieties of pillar and post roses are planted at regular intervals, on suitable supports, in the beds, with standards between the beds of the side rows. The trellis sur- rounding the garden, and also the pergola and pavilion, furnish support for climbing roses, while the marginal beds along the trellis are for wild species and their derivatives. South of the pavilion, three additional beds are devoted to historical roses, 7.¢., those mentioned in ancient literature, and to roses of commercial use. The Rose Garden is open to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays (except holidays) during the rose season, and from 9am. to 7 p.m. in June. Children are admitted only when ac- companied by responsible adults. Flower Days In order to afford members of the Garden and friends whom they may invite, an opportunity to see, under expert guidance, some of the most conspicuous and interesting floral displays of the Garden; to assist them toward solving some of their own — gardening problems; and to enable them to meet for discussion, a series of special days, called Flower Days, was inaugurated in 1927. The dates selected are those in which the particular flowers furnishing the theme for discussion are in their prime. Up to and — including 1934 the following “ Days” have been observed: 230 Crocus Day Rose Garden Day (June) Daffodil Day Japanese Iris Day Tulip Day Water Garden Day Rock Garden Day Tfall Rose Garden Day Japanese Garden Day Canna Day Iris Day Chrysanthemum Day On each of these occasions a specialist gives an illustrated talk on the flower of the Day, followed by a tour of inspection of the flowers in bloom on the grounds of the Garden. The speakers are either members of the Garden staff who have made a special study of the flowers in question, or invited experts in their breeding or growing. During the outdoor inspection, members may discuss with the leader questions of desirable varieties, culture, disease, etc. 1e Laboratory Building, tea is served. The ex- any On the return to t ercises commence at 3:30 p.m. These Flower Days, now an established feature of the Garden’s activities, have come to be of more than local interest. In 1934 was the occasion of ”” the Botanic Garden’s “ Rock Garden Day’ the first annual meeting of the American Rock Garden Society. Similarly, in other years, the American Iris Society and the Ameri- can Rose Society have held their meetings at the Garden and have joined with the Garden members in the celebration of their respec- tive Flower Days. Conservatories The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind, West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes), eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used yevines from north — for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, gra and south Africa, date palm, coconut palm, chocolate tree, coffee, sa, cocaine plant, black pepper, — tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, ba annatto (used in coloring butter and cheese), cardamom, o pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango, sugar cane, avocado (so- called “alligator pear”), West Indian and other rubber plants, — ive, (aay banyan, religious fig of India, and numerous others. Za7 It may be of interest to teachers of botany that the nine extant genera of cycads are now represented in House 12. To reach the Cycad House take the first door to the /eft after entering the cen- tral or Economic House and pass through to the end house. The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m— 4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4:30) ; November 1 to March 31, 10 a.m.— 4 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4). _— Herbarium yerbarium consists at present of about 200,000 specimens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. ‘This collection may be consulted daily (except Sundays and holidays) Speci- a The Garden — from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m., Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 12 m. mens submitted for identification will be gladly received. Library — The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present approximately 18,000 volumes and more than 14,000 pamphlets. This is not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to all persons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). Nearly 1,000 periodicals and serial publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects These include the transactions of scientific are regularly received. societies from all quarters of the globe; the bulletins, monographs, reports, and other publications of various departments of the United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- ments, and of all state agricultural experiment stations and agricul- tural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, universi- ties, botanic gardens, and other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is specially rich in publications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnean works. 3ibliographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of the Library staff. 238 Laboratory Building es offices of administra- any The Laboratory Building contains (besic tion and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four lab- oratory rooms, a culture room, three classrooms with stereopticon and other equipment for instruction, a room for the installation of temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium seating about 570 and equipped with motion picture machine, stereopticon, and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and elec- tric current for lectures involving experimental work. Instructional Greenhouses A range of three greenhouses, each about 20 x 30 feet, is pro- vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant propagation and other subjects. Children’s Room A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt, supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which now numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already been secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs, and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all children. Contributions of specimens and of books on nature study and closely related subjects will be most welcome. Children’s Building This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden plot and contains a conference room, and rooms for the storage of garden tools and implements. The furniture in the conference room was a gift from Mrs. James H. Post. Various collections of plants, seeds, and insects of economic importance in the garden oo? are accessible here for consultation by the children. A garden library, a gift of friends, has been added. North of the Children’s Building is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and herbaceous perennials for the instruction of the children. Children’s Garden A plot of about three-quarters of an acre in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden is devoted to the theoretical and practical instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of this area is laid out in garden plots which will accommodate about 200 children. At the south end is a Shapespeare Garden, given by Mrs, Henry W: Folger, Non-Botanical Educational Features Meridian Panel—In 1931 there was placed in the paved walk in front of the main west entrance to the Laboratory Building a Terrestrial Position Panel, briefly referred to as the “ Meridian Panel.” This panel, of black Belgian marble terrazzo, is 21 feet, 2 inches long, and 5 feet wide. It contains a brass strip, 20 feet long and % inch wide, laid along the geographical meridian, the location of which was accurately determined by Mr. Weld Arnold, then of the School of Surveying of the American Geographical Society, but now of the School of Geography, Harvard University. Another brass strip, 1814 feet long and % inch wide, marking the magnetic ave ian, crosses the geographical meridian at an angle of 11° 11’. The data at the ends of the meridians are as follows : jer At the North End: Magnetic north. Variation 11° 11’ west in 1931 Annual increase + At the South End: Altitude above mean sea level, 115 feet North latitude, 40° 40’ 06” Longitude west of Greenwich, 73° 57’ 48” To the North Pole, 3416.7 miles To the Equator, 2798.2 miles 240 This feature is proving of much public interest, and the data are constantly being copied by school classes and others. Armillary Sphere—The central feature of the Laboratory Plaza is the large Compass and Armillary Sphere erected in 1933 This was made possible through a bequest of the late Aifred W. Jenkins, a former member of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee. The Armillary Sphere consists of circular bands of bronze representing the principal celestial circles, and has been designed to serve also as a sun dial. Strictly, an armillary sphere should have either the earth or the sun represented in its center, but here, in order to make it serve as a sun dial, these are omitted, and a slender metal rod, extending from the south to the north pole of ow thrown by this jen the sphere, serves as a gnomon. From the shac rod the correct sun time is indicated on a dial on the inner surface of the equatorial band. By means of the “ Equation of Time” inside the sphere, this can be changed to Standard Time. The signs of the zodiac are to be seen on the outside of this broad band (as the band of the ecliptic where they are usually placed is too narrow to receive them): they were modelled by Miss Rhys Caparn, sculptor. The north pole points to the North Celestial Pole. The sphere is mounted on a pedestal of Carver black granite from Vinal Haven, Maine. A bronze band encireling the pedestal | hears the following classic sun dial motto: pay “Serene I stand amyddst ye flowres To tell ye passing of ye howres. 9 The pedestal rests on an octagonal platform of Stony Creek (Con- necticut) pink granite, and the whole is mounted at the center of a large circular compass paved with marble terrazzo in four colors. each color representing a different point of the compass. The marble chips used in the terrazzo are of various origins, the red marble coming from Massa, Italy, the black from Mazy, Belgium, the green from Cardiff, Maryan, and the yellow from Siena, Italy. Labelled Boulders —The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is located near the western end of the terminal moraine of Long Island. This moraine was deposited at the southern edge of the continental glacier that occupied the northern part of North America, during 24] the last Ice Age. The southward-moving ice picked up and car- ried along innumerable boulders derived from rock ledges in vari- ous localities north of what is now Long Island. During their journey, these boulders were rounded and polished and, in some cases, marked with striations that still persist. Twenty-eight of these boulders have had their lithological composition carefully determined and compared with that of rock ledges to the north. By this study it has been possible to determine, with a fair degree of accuracy, the approximate places from which the boulders now in the Botanic Garden were derived. Bronze tablets, given by President Edward C. Blum, of the Board of Trustees, have been placed on these boulders, telling their composition and probable place of origin, and stating that they were brought to the Garden by the continental ice-sheet during the glacial period. A similar bronze tablet is mounted on a boulder at the foot of 3oulder Hill (which takes its name from the large glacial erratic on its summit). The inscription reads, “ Boulder Hill and the en- tire northern portion of the Botanic Garden are part of the terminal glacial moraine extending from The Narrows to Montauk Point. This tablet was given in 1932 by the Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the 3rooklyn Botanic Garden.” Guide No. 7, The story of our boulders, has been prepared for the uses of classes in geography or geology, or others who may be interested, and may be obtained at the Information Desk and [tn- trance Gates. Arrangements may be made in advance for docents 1ese labelled boulders. — to conduct classes who wish to study tl ee eee ae = Wp ne : INDEX TO VOLUME XXIII Accessions, List of Some Important, American Journal of Botany, 152 eu ocar pus Pnubeey 97 Armillary Sphe or Exp Eaeaeee es 22 at the ence During 1933, 95 Gene Austin See E. Addie, 53 Auxiliary, The Woman’s, tA 46, 155 Averill, Mary, 46, 47 4) Plants of the, 66 Hane ote pe te Mr. Frank L., 48 Bequ Brooklyn Botanic Rae n, ee ms of, a ng p. 13 Best, Julia E., 37, 49, Bog, The, 82 Botanical Abstracts, Author indices fo Botany, on mic, 75 Systematic, Boulders, Labelled 240 Bowker, Richard R., 48 Boys and Girls Club. 34 Broadcasting, 34, 229 Budget and Private Funds, Tax, 52 Bulletins, POSS 102 Bunt of 8 Burden, Mrs. ae Ay 42,073 Cactus Exhibit, 97 Calaphts castaneae, 68 Cae Harold A., 40, 41, 48 Pa 240 Cae rs. William H., 46, 48 ee crenata, 69, 70 dentata, 73 mollissima, 68 Exposition sat ¢ Century of Progress licago), 2 Cheney, Ralph H., 75 Creat Beene Ww ork in 1933, 67 71 Bees at Hamden, 68 Seedlings. Culture of, 67 Gren: Plantings of Native, 73 Chichester, Emilie P., 118 Children’s Courses, 225 B uilding, 238 Circulars of Information, 229 Citizens F amily Welfare Committee, The Botanic Garden and the, en p. Classes and Cou Adult, 96 t the Ga cree ee 212 75 offea, Collections Funds Contributions, 52 Conferences, 2 Cong ress of Genetics, Sixth Inter- nal, 29 Conicin, Mrs. Marie BeOS Conservatories, 89, 236 Goriniticn ns, 153 Soot eaaen with One Institutions nd Organizations, 27, 93 Cooperation with Relief "Agencies, 30 Cour Childre 225 CWA. eee a 30° Davenport, nee ae 46 Davidi , 41 i ene an Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn 1933, 1 Dicotyledons, The Classification of, ctor, mopes of the, 13 een 34, 216 oney, C. F., 6 Dorward M ary, 49 Downs, Daniel C., 128 Du Val, Guy, 30 Echeveria me fallica, 97 Echinocactus horisont us, 96 G ee 97 Ecology, 152 E Heer Work, Scientific and, 21 Educ aol ees Elm-Dise | The Dutch, Emerge Gace ’ Unemployment Relief Committee, 30 Work and Relief Bureau, 30 Exhibits, 34, 92, 100 Experiments, Demonstration, ZS 244 Field Trips Conducted, 149 Financial, 50 Ste itement for 1933, 119 Flower Arrangement, 96 2 5 1 Pat free, Monon 34, 94 Funk, Henry, 50, 8 Gates, Entrance, 19 Genetics, 153 Sixth Inter national Coneress of, 29 Gifts Received During 1933, 129 G ould, Edwin, i “Alfred, 65, 78 Gundersen, Hallock, Frances A., 63 Halstez ud, — Kenneth B., 7( Hammond, 72 Feliopsis is. 83 EF a Terbaria, Cryptogamic, 86 Herbarium, 45, 80, 237 1S Sail Distribution, - Stt Borrowed for § y, 84 Loaned to Other Institutions 8&4 Horticuttaral Society of New York, jar Hortiuteri and Head cee - the, § Pa Gardener 87 Information, Bureau of Public, 23, 215 ‘irculars « of, 229 Requests for, 92 Mire Henry A., 30 nspection, _ Nineteenth Annual Spring, Instruction, Courses of, 216 for 1933, aca of the Curator of Elemet for 1933, oo of the Curator of Public Investigation, — Independen Investigators "E Pica During 1933, qraduate Students and Inde- 63 a NI pendent Registered, 25 sa seer ae 75 y, American, 29 eee Garden, 233 , Thomas, 42 . Dor 3 Jonas, Mrs. Nathan ‘S. 70 Journal of Botany, Ameri can, 152 ustice and G jan ll, The Commis- sion on International, 30 Isabel M., 48 Icimball, Labels and Signs, 78 aboratory Buildin ng, 238 Labor Paid by Charitable ganizat ae 8 Lantern Slides, Scheme of Classifi- cation a Ae Or- Loan Sets of, 215 eae Elva, 63 ee , 153, 229 ie ega 53 L Slaee "The So aenenee of, 3 Library, 44, 237 for 1933, Report on the, 110 Needs of t 117 hee a en on the, 118 Li 7 ] ane the Great, — Material, Study and, Geographical University of Vytautas 213 Extension me es tien 7 Local Flora Section, 39, 81, 88, 233 fanning, Rev. re J., 30 isi eld, Louis oe of the eta a Marcy, D. Elizabeth, 58 Tason, Maud McCallum, John, - McClintock, Norman T., 47 frembers and ~~ “General Public, t of, 157 The distr tion . oe ae propa- ating mate , 46 ie be: ship 45. Information Concerning, Preced- 1g p. 13 Pri rivileges of, Preceding p. 13 Summary of, 170 Memoirs, 153 245 a Association of New York, 2 Meridian Panel, 239 Merrell, Mrs _ Cyrus ans OW 48 Merrill, Mrs. Whitney, 4 Metropolitan Museu of itor ages] Minturn, John W., Nature Study Society, American, 29 Needs, Newspaper Publicity, 35, 228 Nor a Addition, 20 Oat Hybrids to Loose and Covered Smut, Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance Smuts, Gute eee of the, 60 Ph ysiologic Races of, 57 Officers of the Board of Trustees, Organizations at the Garden 1933, Meetings of, 15 Overlook, The, 41, 111 Paeonies, The transfer of, 40 Paratetranychns ee 68 Pathology, Fore Plant, 54 P erkins, Mrs. Charles E., 105 BRO ee taal Work, Report on, 151 Placentation, Types of, eee 88 Chestnut, 68 Plantation at Hamden, Plantations, 233 ant Grounds, 39 Tris, 75 Plat ae Ornamental, 89 Plants for 1933, Benet of the As- ociate Curator Report of the Cue of, 7 Statistics Relating to ee 80 Plaza, Laboratory, 40 Plough, Mrs. M. C., 106 eph, 77 Souvenir, 232 ress Release es, 228 Prospectus: 1934-35, 211 pee rone by the baie Garden Personnel pe g 1933, 1 1933, Report ve onee Botanic Garden, 152 peat 229 Publicity, Newspaper, 35, 228 Public Relati ions, 22 Purdy, Maud El 29, 65, 69 Radio Talks by the Botanic ae den Personnel During 1933, 148, 229 Re woe Brooklyn Botanic Garden Red George M., 29, 54 Reference Work, 116 es Alfred, 65 Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1933, Twenty- ‘Third, 13 » Research, 23, 228 for 1933, Sean on, 54 | 101 oF ye Garden, 234 Sand area, 82, 83 Schlesinger, M. F., 69 School Service, 35, 96 3 W ct 0 + a wn + = Q xO mh Schools Talks aoe ole Science and ieee ’ Public Interest in, Scientific and Educational Work, 21 Seeds for School and Home Plant- ing Offer ed i in Exchange, List of, 1 Shaw, Ellen Eddy, 34, 49, 110 She row, Gerald, 49 abels and, 78 | Z. G., mut, fides te of Resistance of Oat Loose and Covered, 54 Smuts, Sorghum, 58 So rghum Smuts, iba Determination of, 216 Spingar 7 ceien he ‘Get 65 Staten Island Teseeok Work, 102 Statistical Report on the Library, Inheritance ids to Sarees 34 Service, 38 Seadents and Tedependeat Investi- Pee olled During 1933, aed 63 Svenson, FHenry K., 27, 39, 47, 48, Systematic Section, 87, 233 Tablets, Educational, 34 tu Addresses, and Pz pers Given by the Botanic Garden Personnel coments 1933, 143 Tanaka, S., 76 2.46 Tax Notes for Permanent Improve- ments, 128 Teachers ee bi 221 Teus cher, He Thatcher & Son Teh 41 Thinking, The Social Need of Sci- entific, 3% Trees and Shrubs, 76 Hardy Species of, 65 Maps Trustees, 154 Tulips, The new planting of, 40 Turpinia, 65 of, 77 Officers of the Board of, ee 8 a ed States O epiedts 29 , 60 , L. Gordon Viburnums, 77, 88 Vinal, William G., 106 Vollert, Hans E., 63 Walker, ae John C., 30 ,C. A, 66 al) cholar ao Alfred Ty: 109 Wind Storm, 91 Winter fa ury to the Woody ees in the Brooklyn ae Garde 1933-34, Repcay © 71 Woman's: Auxilia "6 Woody Plants in oe Breakin Bo- tanic Garden, 1933-34, Report on Winter Injury to the, 17 Wright, Mrs. Rich ardson, 48 f - Young, Rev. L. Bradford, 30 % The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences ; OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES ' PRESIDENT _ EDWARD C. BLUM First VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT . WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN TuHirp ViIcE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM., MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN | EDWIN P. MAYNARD GATES D. FAHNESTOCK ALFRED E. MUDGE MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ~ WILLIAM A, PUTNAM Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tur FoLttowInG OFFICIALS OF THE City oF NEw YorkK R- THE COMPTROLLER — THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION Memuersuip.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are ‘ligible to membership. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life peg Nes $500. Full information concerning membership may be ha d by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Bokivn, oN. Y. aeewe one, Prospect 9-6173. TANIC GARDEN is open fie to he public daily from 8 a.m, until dusk ; on Sundays and Epa it a open a EntRANcES.—On Flatbush Acc near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir ; on Wacnines RUAN enue, ae of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin The street entrance to the Eee aaiaees is at 1000 WWashipeton Avenue, opposite eee be made by Sspplieaion to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one day in advance. No She s of less than six adults will be con ey 1 THE GarnEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station ; Tater boroneh Subway to Eastern Parkway-Bro oklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard ; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, Flatbush Avenue fe oe Da hie turn left followite Parkway to Washington venue; then turn r "BROOKLYN | BOTANIC GARDEN - PUBLICATIONS p CORD. Established, Janney: 1912. An administrative. piriodieale issued garry ee bimo thly (1929-1932) ; quarterl, - (1933- . Contains rt Ir es in untries Bp “MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918, " published irregularly. Circulates epee aes 47 eaonele Wat one) me Vol Dedication ‘Papers: comprising 33 ecicdtine. papers piesented ithe jeticatigh of the laborat Bioty building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917, 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage. Volume II. The SSCL of one ian: Part I, The vegetation of - Montauk: Ave tudy of Siascland ne for IBY Norman Taylor, Jue 11, I 923. 108 pages. Pie ‘s 00, plus postage. ces Volume III, Vegetation a Mount Desert Island, ‘Maine, and its environ- ie Hs iar ee $b. Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June | 10, 1927, 151 pages. goose Price ; "i oat CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1 1911. Papers originally published ae _ in periodicals, reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered © al popsecuayelys ae enty-five numbers constitute one volume. Brice 25 cents each, . ieee) - Circulates in 34 cou nt Se Se 63. Inhe tlt as resistance a loose and covered smut in a hybrid of Early — % Gothla nd sy eos r oats. 10 p 1932. ie, 64. Ii aneanes. of Eitinnee te loose and canes smut in ‘brid = Hull- less with Early Gothland and Mona ats. 28 pages. 1932. gt ron aie studies in the Se ae 34 page 1932 hese te os Pam Inheritance of resistance to loose and covered smut in hybrids of Black - Mesdag with Hull-less, Silvermine, and Early Champion oats. 14 pages. 1934. Se Ope ghee ante aa resistance m0 loose smut pad, covered. smut in some "oat ie: brids. ve cages during Apri, May, ee Baten Bann dg ober. arene of the ie seen in the Garden near AS date of issue, and to ive popular, elementary —> _ information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the zt en. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each, Circu- es ane pea ae GU b: the collections, buildings, and grounds, ‘Price based upon rare of ubeatian | rT ed as numbers of the Recorp; see a Guide No. 5. The Rock Garden, 28 illustrations. Pa ce, 35 cents. By mail, Ee Gu: dite No, 6. Japanese potted ere (Hachinoki).. at lustrations. Price, aCe a cents. By mail, 40 ¢ Ace wide No. 7. The 1) of our bouldenes Gaia acology of the Brooklyn Len Botonie eae 22 siemens: ‘Price, 35 ¢ il, 40 cents. ee oy A te o. 8 The story of fossil Plants. 8 inca : ‘Price, 35 cents. By “mai SEED ntl IST, (Balecais Seminum) Established, December, 1914, Sities 1925 — issued each year in the January number of. ae Recon Circulation includes 1 60 botanic gardens and: institutions located in 40 countri ee AMERICAN JOURNAL OF es Established, January, 1914. Pub- ee ae lished, in coéperation with the Botanica, Society or AMERICA, monthly, except ‘du uring August and September. “Subscription, $7.00 a ete i scirculatce in 33 ee ies. ‘ ECOL OGY. Established January, 1920. Published quarterly i in codperation with the EcoLocIcaL Society oF AMERICA, Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 eek ries GEN ETICS. SET es) Taner, 1916. Bimonthly, ee $6.00 a year. Circulates i in 37 countri :