BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIV JANUARY, 1935: 2a NO. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN 1934 ee ian os i) Py eitaaw PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N, Y¥._ Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., ge eae CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Libpanee "MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Botanic Cantons Kew, ae parm ta ae h . ee. Apap on Fmhenles Krakowie NaRey cidelbura Tabor 5 Nentes Nogent pene 9 oTUbingen, he Munie oDijon Base ae aL enn Berro = Zufen \ o Innsbruck (Wien Bod ra bona Geneva G34 Grazo oHatzendorf er rAgaux eTalaned. ee te Pe Grenoble oTurin “t!* Pad Trieste Zaqre Toulouse bs ar ily y is Hontp erie rlgnele rdena . bel Marseill Ventimiglia : cow oCoimbra i nig . Modria ina Camerino o Rome Val iac alencia a Q Naples oO CaqMar! Fic. 1. Map of Europe showing, as of November, Catadenia ~ Garden has received seed-exchange lists in recent 1934, the location of botanic casei from which Brooklyn Botanic BiwOnOes Laan BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIV JANUARY, 1935 NO. 1 DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN 1934 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1934, are offered to botanic gar- dens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited quanti- ties, to members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. They are not offered for sale. Please note that applications for seeds must be received during January or February. Seeds are mailed early in March. No seeds are available at other times of the year. sats collected from wild plants are designated by an asterisk SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS GYM NOSPERMAE Ginkgoaceae Cupressaceae Ginkgo Chamaecyparis biloba L. *thyoides Britt. Juniperus Taxaceae *communis L. var. depressa Taxus if *canadensis Marsh. virginiana L. Pinaceae Gnetaceae Picea Ephedra Scanadensis: b.S-be distachya L. DIcoTYLEDONES Aceraceae 163 Anacardiaceae 153 Acet Pistacia ginnala Maxim. chinensis Bge. 1 bo hus Bignoniaceae 258 *copallina L. Catalpa 4 y]- aise 7 a” ae , “glabra 4 bignonioides Walt. oxicodendron L.. (Poison a Ivy) Cactaceae 210 aes y © typhina L. ‘s ~ Opuntia *vernix L, (Poison Sumac) Pouce as eed ortispina [ngelm. Annonaceae 98 Calycanthaceae 96 Calycanthus fertilis Walt. var. ferox Rehc Asimi Sion Dunal Aquifoliaceae 157 lex serrata Thunb. Diervill: *verticillata (L.) Gray per Ve. Nemoy ee Lonicera Mill. Caprifoliaceae 271 : rivularis Gatt. eo Trel. Tivulay att lLonicera i alpige L. Araliaceae 227 alpigena iF eer dine indi Franch. ee oe Tlenryi Hems divaricatus Seem. Maackii Maxim. Henryi Harms Mea senticosus [arms muse aviensis Rehd. en anaes ular 1S ] lar dw. Berberidaceae 93 fatar Berberis aaa canadensis Mull. *canadensis L. diaphana Maxim. Symphoricarpus Gilgiana ledde albus (L.) Blake (S. race- koreana Palib. mosus Michx. x notabilis Schneid. albus var. variegatus Blake Poiretii Schneid. os Hook. Sieboldii Miq. Viburnu turcomanica Warelin” var. ine. integerrima Schneid. *alnifolium Marsh. *cassinoides L. Betulaceae 61 *dentatum L. Betula dilatatum Thunb. ee Ait. dilatatum) var. xanthocar- Carpinu pum Rehd. Ca dius os *Lentago L, *caroliniana Walt. prunifolium L. Ostrya Steboldii Miq. virginiana IK. Koch theiferum Rehd. Celastraceae 158 Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb scandens E-vonymus americana L. Jungeana Maxim. OXyp shy la Miq. patens Reh dl yedoensis Koehne Cercidiphyllaceae 90a Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. Clethraceae 230 Clethra acuminata Michx. alnifolia L. Compositae 280 3accharis halimifolia L. *oraria Bartlett Cornaceae 229 Cornus *alternifolia L. *Amomum Mill. australis C. A. Mey. jideey ly gracilis Koehne ON eattear ae ° Oo; me Bw Ne Bre i \ egret 4 ~y ON srhta Abag " Ar, b, Pies Salers ¢ a On / ~ t a, Pp K BETWEEN THE OLO CITY OF BROOKLYN AND THE TOWNSHIP OF FLATBUSH 285.25 285.83 {89.77 FLATBUSH AVENUE Fic. 5. Diagram of property assembled for the South Addition. (8704) foor Punter imcy | FLATBUSH AVENUE (00 Fr WI0E) Fic. 6. Surveyor’s map showing location of Patent Line between Town- ship of Flatbush (right) and old City of Brooklyn. (8707) 30 side of the Garden, just south of the service gate on Flatbush Ave. The brass strip is securely imbedded in a concrete panel enclosed by narrower brass strips. A bronze tablet giving perti- nent data has been affixed to a glacial boulder on the west side of the walk near the end of the patent line. A photograph of the tablet is reproduced as Fig. 8 The work was planned and the tablet designed by the consult- ing landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn. The brass strip was set on December 20 and the bronze tablet on December 28 by the firm of John Thatcher and Son. The cost was met by contributions of members of the Garden. The Garden is under obligations to the Department of Parks for having the line surveyed, and especially for the preliminary study of maps and records necessary in order to have the brass strip located as accurately as possible. It is hoped that the small sum necessary to mark the patent line across the north-south walk along the east side of the Garden may become available during 1935. Property Assembled in South Addition Data concerning the acquisition and cost of the land comprising the South Addition are given in the Botanic Garden REcorD for November, 1932 (p. 296-298). Land Map 4 (Block 1183, 1191, 1193, 1195, et al.; Lot 1-1-1-1851 et al.) gives the boundaries of the parcels assembled in the area. Figure 5 is based upon this land map. These parcels were acquired by the City by condem- nation proceedings, title vested April 25, 1904. The area was assigned to the Botanic Garden (as indicated above) ten years later (1914). Figure 6 reproduces the map prepared by the Park Department Engineer's Office in 1934, preparatory to locating the patent line where it crosses the paved walks along the west and east sides of the Garden. Figure 7 is a reproduction of a portion of the “Map of Five Cities of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Hudson City. Prepared by M. Dripps for Valentines Manuel [sic] of the Corporation of the City of New York 1860.” Mt. Prospect Reservoir is clearly shown in the area marked ‘' Proposed Fic. 7. Portion of old map from Valentines ‘‘ Manuel,”’ 1860, showing site of ‘‘ Proposed [Prospect] Park” and of Brooklyn otanic Garden, See text (8657) Se Park,” which includes much, but not all of the present Prospect Park. Eastern Parkway, not in existence in 1860, now extends along the northern edge of the Reservoir. The trapezium- shaped area in which the Reservoir is located is the old ‘eastside lands,’ and the portion of this below the Reservoir is the original area (39 + acres) of the Botanic Garden. The street along the lower right-hand side of the trapezium is approximately along the boundary between old Brooklyn (to the left) and the Town- ship of Flatbush (to the right), and indicates roughly the locus of the patent line marked by our brass strip in the walk. Two buildings are seen located in what is now the Garden on the Flatbush Ave. side. On the opposite side, Washington Ave. (not labeled on the map) is now prolonged southward until it meets Flatbush Ave. Spring work on the grounds began about March 29, the season being one of the latest in the history of the Garden. In 1933 Crocus Day was on March 20, while this year the Crocus were at their best on Sunday, April 8. Winter Killing, the most severe in the history of the Garden, is noted in the report of the Horticulturist, and the damage was reported in full in the Botanic Garden REcorD for July. Many fine shrubs that had been maturing in the Garden for 18-20 years were either killed or severely injured. North Addition developmental work has already been recorded at the beginning of this report. Favorable Weather.— Although the middle western states, dur- ing the summer, suffered from the worst drought since the U. S. Weather Bureau was established, there was an abundance of rain in Brooklyn, fairly evenly distributed. Asa result our trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and lawns came through the season in excellent condition so far as growth and vigor are concerned. Plantations Special attention is called to the appended report of the Horti- culturist (p. 95) concerning the various sections of the plantations, and especially to his statement of the need of additional men. Annually, for several years, additional areas have been brought under intensive development, resulting in more lawn to mow, 39 more beds to cultivate, and more trees and shrubs to care for, while at the same time, the trees and shrubs planted in the earlier years have come to pruning, spraying, and other care. n yet we have had no additional gardeners and only incidental and irregular additional unskilled labor for a number of years. Of course the proper standard of maintenance cannot be realized under such a serious handicap. ONES TORK JARTART- 1888 AND peek’ ats Fic. 8. Bronze tablet giving data with reference to the ‘‘ Patent Line” between Brooklyn and Flatbush. (8647) THE WoMAN’s AUXILIARY Members of the Auniliary were of great assistance at the Botanic Garden exhibit throughout the week of the International Flower Show in March, and the Auxiliary, under the continued presidency of Mrs. Charles E. Perkins, had charge as usual of the social part of the annual Spring Inspection in May. The teas at the six Flower Days and at meetings of numerous clubs were also in charge of the Auxiliary. At the annual luncheon of the Aux- iliary on February 7, 140 were present, and Dr. George M. Reed gave a non-technical account of his investigations with Iris and in plant pathology. The membership work, in charge of Mrs. Whitney Merrill, has yielded very satisfactory results for these difficult times. One 34 hundred and four new members of all classes have been enrolled. These, with 193 removals, make a net loss of only 89. Very few organizations and institutions have held their own in mem- bership during the past three or four years. The two lectures given in the Auditorium under the auspices of the Auxiliary yielded a net total of $1650, which has been con- tributed to the Garden to help meet various urgent needs in- cluding the planting of the new Horticultural Section on the North Addition. The lectures were as follows: March 5. The miracles of nature. Mr. Arthur C. Pillsbury. Attendance, 570. November 20. English gardens of the 17th and 18th Centuries. Mr. Gordon Dunthorne. Attendance, 600. The Auxiliary now has 122 members. Their cooperation has been greatly appreciated. — PERSONNEL Dr. Henry K. Svenson, assistant curator of plants (1930-1932), associate curator of plants (1933-1934), was made curator of the herbarium to begin as of January 1, 1935. Mr. Calvin W. Foss, librarian, was absent on sick leave during the year, as last year, Mrs. Emilie Perpall Chichester serving as library assistant in charge. Miss H. Dorothy Jenkins, A.B., instructor since April 1, 1930, resigned to take effect as of September 1, 1934. Miss Elsie T'wemlow Hammond, M.A., who was assistant curator of elementary instruction at the Garden from September 1, 1921 to April 1, 1930, was appointed instructor in place of Miss Jenkins, resigned. The appointment took effect September 1, 1934. Miss Carleen Maley, Cornell A.B., 1933, generously volun- teered her services as assistant in the Department of Elementary Instruction from October 9, 1933 until May 10, 1934, leaving to accept a regular teaching position. Mr. Charles F. Doney, who, since December 7, 1931, has been on the per diem payroll as assistant on part time in the depart- 3D ment of plants, with special reference to woody plants, was ap- pointed curatorial assistant, beginning as of January 1, 1935. From October 5 to December 7, 1931, Mr. Doney very generously gave his time without compensation. Mr. Victor Zalewski, a member of the per diem force of the Garden for twenty-one years, was taken seriously ill November 14, the day before the organization dinner, which he was planning to attend. His illness proved fatal on November 21. Mr. Zalewski was a most faithful and highly respected employee, and will be greatly missed by all. Mr. Andrew B. Newell, janitor since October 1, 1928, died on December 7, following a serious major operation in Kings County Hospital. “Andrew”? was an efficient and loyal employee, universally liked. He, also, will be greatly missed. Mr. Samuel J. Hague, who has been employed by the Garden, during the open season, as general guard on the grounds since May 29, 1932, was appointed janitor beginning as of December 1, in place of Andrew B. Newell, deceased. PERSONNEL DINNER The year 1934 marked the completion of twenty years or more of service of some eight members of the Botanic Garden personnel, as follows. The year after each name indicates the date when the appointment was made. Members of Staff —Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, curator of ele- mentary instruction (1913); Mr. Montague Free, horticulturist (1914); Dr. Alfred Gundersen, curator of plants (1914). Other Members of Personnel.—Mr. Harold A. Caparn, consult- ing landscape architect (1912); John McCallum, labeler (1911); Martin Davitt, fireman (1911); John Juzwick, laborer (1913); Victor Zalewski, laborer (1913). In recognition of these long terms of service an organization dinner was held on November 15, in the main floor rotunda of the Laboratory Building. Those present included officers of the oard of Trustees and of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee of the Board, the entire personnel of the Garden (and their wives), except three who were absent on account of illness. Ap- preciation of the services of each of those in the twenty-year class 36 was voiced by the director, and brief speeches of presentation were made by Miss Loines, Chairman of the Governing Commit- tee. The occasion was altogether a most enjoyable one, seventy- two persons being present. MEMBERSHIP The membership record during the past five years of universal economic depression is about as satisfactory as could well be expected. The figures reported for membership during the past five years are as follows: Number Change BOS Oe he atheue sete coe are nee 113 _ 1S Ree SO ee ee 1125 +12 VOB2 oi 2 gen een ers 1231 +106 1933 sad ohare tiuacews 1099 —132 TOG Aa tas a Shack nate denen aes 03 —67 This encouraging record is due chiefly to the effective work of the Woman’s Auxiliary, with Mrs. Whitney Merrill as member- ship secretary. The needs created by a depression are physical and spiritual. Relief agencies are devoted to supplying the physical needs; they must be supported. Such institutions as botanic gardens minister to the spiritual needs; they should be supported by those able to do so. That the figures of general attendance equal almost half the population of Brooklyn, and that the figures were 36,560 in excess of 1933 leave no doubt of the fact that the public needs and wants the Botanic Garden. — Membership, therefore, may be con- sidered not only from the standpoint of personal benefit but also from that of civic opportunity. Plant Distribution to Members, which tends to become more popular each year, is reported by the Horticulturist (p. 101). Nine courses of instruction were offered free and one course at reduced rates. Flower Days, primarily for members and their friends, are reported in full by the curator of public instruction (p. 76). Their popularity is reflected by the reported average attendance for the six ‘‘Days”’ of slightly over 237, a total of 1425. Sy Exchange of Membership Courtestes By correspondence, arrangements have been made with a number of botanic gardens and museums in other cities by which officials and members of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, when visiting in those cities, may enjoy, without payment, full privileges which those institutions extend to their members. We, in turn, offer such privileges to their members when in Brooklyn. The first announcement of this plan was published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for October. To date the following 18 have authorized us to list them as cooperating institutions: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C. Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa. Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, III. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Newark Museum, Newa . New York State eee UNI N. Y. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California. The Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. TWENTIETH ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION The Twentieth Annual Spring Inspection was held, as usual, on the second Tuesday of May, which fell on the eighth. The attendance was approximately 800. The weather was all that could be desired, and the Woman’s Auxiliary and members of the Junior League cooperated to make the social part of the Inspec- tion an entire success. The itinerary of the Grounds included inspection of the new Equation of Time Tablet on the Armillary Sphere, by which standard time may be calculated from the Sun Dial time; the Bronze Tablet on the north post at the entrance to the Labora- tory Plaza, acknowledging the Woman’s Auxiliary gift of $1,502 38 for the planting of the Plaza; Cherry Walk, the trees being in full bloom but showing some injury from the unusually severe winter of 1933-34; the North Addition, showing the progress of the CWA work; and the Local Flora Section, with additional planting since the year before. While tea was being served the following exhibits were on view: 1. Old Prints of English, French, Italian, and Dutch Gardens, about 50 in number, dating from the 17th and 18th Centuries, including the Oxford Botanic Garden in 1675 and 1733, and other Oxford gardens, exhibited by courtesy of Mr. Gordon Dunthorne, of Washington, D. C. 2. Photographs of Flowers and Gardens, about 50 in number, exhibited by courtesy of Mr. Paul S. Davis, of Boston, Massa- chusetts. 3. Models of Busts of Noted Botanists, referred to on page 17. 4. Design for a mural on the ceiling of the main floor rotunda of the Laboratory Building. See p. 18. 5. Two Terminal Figures—Winter and Summer. Models by Isabel Moore Kimball, sculptor. Presented to the Garden on March 6, 1934, by Miss Kimball. 6. A collection of Seeds of 100 or more native wild flowers, with paintings of the seeds and of the plants in flower. The collection and paintings were made by Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde, a member of the Woman’s Auxiliary, and were exhibited by her courtesy. COOPERATION In addition to our cooperation with various relief administra- tions, special mention should be made of the following: Department of Parks Naming of Trees—In ancient Rome during the period of great- est luxury, we are told that a censor deprived an elector of his vote because his garden was negligently cultivated. Mayor LaGuardia, of New York, is a modern example of a similar lively appreciation of the value of plant life in a city. Addressing the annual convention of the American Association of Nurserymen last July, the Mayor is reported to have said: ‘‘New York City has planted more trees since January 1 than any other city in the 39 history of the world.’ Asserting that we have passed the stage where flowers, trees, and parks are regarded as luxuries, he said: “They are now absolute necessities and we are going to put a tree every place in this city where we can stick one.’ This statement reflects the far-seeing and progressive plans and ac- complishment of our efficient Commissioner of Parks, Mr. Robert Moses. It has been a pleasure for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to re- spond, through Dr. Graves, to the request of the Park Depart- ment for cooperation in naming the larger and more important trees in the City. The trees thus serve educational as well as aesthetic ends. A report of this cooperation is given by the curator of public instruction on page 79. e Garden has also acted in an advisory capacity with reference to the ques- tion of continuing, or otherwise, the conservatories in Central Park. The Garden has advised the Engineer of the Department of Parks with reference to different species of plants for decorative planting in the parks. Washington Avenue Sidewalk.—Owing to previous changes in grade of the roadway of Washington Ave., the sidewalk on the west side, along the Botanic Garden frontage, has for several years been below the level of the ground on either side, so that during heavy rains and especially during the melting of snow the walk became the bed of a stream, making foot traffic difficult. This condition had been pointed out to eee administrations. In June it was brought to the attention of Park Commissioner Moses. The work of regrading anc relaying ie walk was begun in July under the supervision of Mr. W. H. Latham, Park Engi- neer, and largely completed on August 24. The final grading operations were done by our own rien. Exchange of Plants.—The appenced report of the Horticulturist records our supplying the Department of Parks with propagating material of different varieties of Waterlilies sufficient to make 2600 divisions or plants. These were used in the lower lake in Central Park, where the boating >.f former years has been dis- continued by Commissioner Moses. On October 10 we received, in exchange, from the Department, 40 60 potted plants and about 100 cuttings of Sedum. These be- came available in connection with the dismantling of the Central Park Conservatories, which have been discontinued and taken down. Other Organizations Department of Public Welfare: Works Division, New York City.—. In October, the Garden responded to a request of the Engineer of the Department of Standards of this Division for an analysis of the purity and germinating power of samples of lawn grass seed submitted by various vendors in connection with bids. This we were able to do by the generous cooperation of Jessie G. liske, State Seed Analyst of New Jersey. The analysis took several weeks, and the report was forwarded on December 21. New Jersey College of Agriculture Extension Service.—During 1934, for the third season, the Garden has cooperated with the Extension Work in Agriculture of this College in radio broad- casting. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is also cooperat- ing. Mr. Free and Miss Shaw, representing the Garden, have served on the staff of broadcasters over station WOR. In this connection a Radio Garden Club has been organized, extending into Canada and the District of Columbia, and over 18 states, as follows: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. During 1934 the fan mail in connection with the program has amounted to 400 letters. Mr. Free has given 12 broadcasts and Miss Shaw two. These 14 broadcasts are listed, with others, on page 137. A letter of October 3 from the station contains this statement: “We feel that the Radio Garden Club has derived a tremendous amount of benefit from its connection with the Botanic Garden, and that by working together in this fashion we have been able to offer our radio audience information of great practical value.” New Jersey State Museum, at Trenton, held an exhibit of ‘ Plant Forms in Ornament,’ May 20 to June 18. At their request, the Garden loaned living plants of Kleinia repens, Onoclea sensibilis, species of Cactt, and Mimosa pudica. United States Botanic Garden.—At the second session of the —_— 41 73rd United States Congress, April 19, 1934, Congressman Kent E. Keller, Chairman of the House Committee on the Library, introduced House Joint Resolution 327, authorizing the ap- pointment of a ‘Planning Committee in connection with the United States Botanic Garden, and for other purposes.’”’ Under the terms of this resolution twenty citizens, including the Director of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, were named as members of this Committee. Under date of July 30, 1934, Congressman Frederic A. Delano, of New York, nominated in the Resolution as Chair- man of this Committee, addressed a communication ‘To the Members of the Planning Committee of the United States Botanic Garden.”’ This communication announced the naming of the following subcommittees: Location and Size: Chairman, Hon. Frederick A. Delano, M.C. Scope and Function: Chairman, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Head of the Division of Foreign Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture. Administration and Correlation: Chairman, Prof. H. H. Bartlett, Director of the Botanical Garden and Arboretum, University of Michigan. Education and Public Relations: Chairman, Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Legislation: Chairman, Hon. Kent E. Keller, M.C. Mr. John C. Bradley, Secretary to Congressman Keller, will serve as Vice Chairman of the Committee in the preparation of the report, in order to compile and edit the report which will be made up for deliberation by Congress. American Rock . Free, the first president of this new organization, records its first annual meeting at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in his report (p. 102). National Rose Garden.—Mr. Free reports (p. 102) his trip to Washington to confer as member of a committee on the project to establish a National Rose Garden in the District of Columbia, possibly under the auspices of the American Rose Society. International Flower Show.—An account of our four exhibits at the 1934 show, Grand Central Palace, is given by the horti- culturist on page 99. Asa result of these exhibits, we received 40 clippings of news items and editorial mention in newspapers and 42 in horticultural and society magazines. It is estimated that our exhibits were viewed by approximately 130,000 persons. About 7000 copies of a four-page Leaflet describing the exhibit, and about 2400 copies of an eight-page Leaflet on the subject of the main ex- hibit (Methods of Pruning) were distributed. Our exhibits were planned by Mr. Free and installed under his supervision. The director of the Garden continued during 1934 as a member of the International Flower Show Committee. Tlorticultural Society of New York.—The director has con- tinued, for the seventh year, to serve as a member of the Board of Trustees of this Society. Dr. Svenson, of the Garden staff, has, for the third season (since 1932), given an afternoon course of instruction at the rooms of the Society, and Mr. Free lectured before the Society on January 17. Department of Botany of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.—For nine years (since October 19, 1926) this organiza- tion has held its opening fall meeting in the Laboratory Building of the Garden. By an arrangement entered into in September, 1934, the Department will hold all of its regular meetings at the Garden until further notice. Dr. Graves reports two meetings (November and December) held in 1934. The School Garden Association of New York. meeting of delegates from the thirty-six school gardens conducted by this Association during the summer in Brooklyn was held at the Botanic Garden on November 19. These delegates are now called “nature curators.”’ Columbia University, College of Pharmacy, held an exhibit of scientific pharmacy from May 28 to June 2. At the request of the College the Garden loaned for the exhibit 31 potted plants in eight species, one uprooted plant, and 11 cut specimens in 11 fifth annual species. New York Botanical Garden.—Dr. E. D. Merrill, director of this Garden, extended to our ‘‘unemployed”’ and other gardeners the courtesy of free enrollment in the courses for gardeners being given by the New York Garden at the rooms of the Horticultural Society of New York. Two of our regular employees took ad- vantage of this opportunity Arthur Toyt Scott Horticultural Foundation.—During the sum- mer of 1934 Mr. John C. Wister, director of this Foundation, Fic, 9, Brooklyn Fall Flower Show exhibit of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sept. 26, 1934, (8642) cP 4-4 located at Swarthmore, Pa., sent us 63 rhizomes of 29 varieties of Bearded Iris. Most of these varieties are comparatively new and hence somewhat expensive. Mr. Wister also obtained for us 47 rhizomes of 17 varieties of Bearded Iris from Mrs. Z. G. Simmons, Greenwich, Conn. In exchange, we sent to the Scott Foundation, in March, 50 varieties of Japanese Iris and 14 varieties of Siberian Iris. Long Island Uniwwersity.—In October Mr. Free, on request, visited this University and gave suggestions as to what shrubs would be best for planting in the University grounds. llospitals.—As during previous years, the Garden offered a course of lectures and field trips (in the plantations), with special reference to medicinal plants, to the classes of Student Nurses in three Brooklyn Hospitals—Kings County (municipal), Prospect Heights and St. John’s (both private endowments). Dr. Graves reports more fully on this (p. 75). Brooklyn Fall Flower Show.—The Garden installed a very attractive educational exhibit of cacti and other succulents at the Brooklyn Fall Flower Show, held in the 14th Regiment Ar- mory September 25—29. In this connection printed matter con- cerning the Garden was distributed. At the close of the show the authorities presented to the Garden 100 Cedar trees suitable for poles. Mr. William T. Hunter, member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, landly placed at our disposal a truck of his firm (A. Schrader’s Son, Inc.) to bring the trees and the exhibits back to the Garden. Miscellaneous —Cooperation has been continued with the Board of Education of New York City, as more fully recorded elsewhere in this report; with the Botanical Society of America, the Ecological Society of America, and the Editorial Board of Genetics in the publication of the official Journals of those organizations; the American Iris Society in continuing the Test Garden for Beardless Iris; the American Fern Society, of which our Dr. Svenson is treasurer, in connection with the business management of the American Fern Journal, edited by our Dr. Benedict; the State Institute for Applied Agriculture on Long Island, as noted by Dr. Reed in his report on page 58; and the forty-seven organizations that have held meetings at the Garden, as listed on pages 139-141. 45 Inter-Institutional Membership Courtestes—The exchange of membership courtesies between Brooklyn Botanic Garden and various other botanic gardens and museums is mentioned in detail under the heading ‘‘ Membership,” on page 37. GIFTS A list of donors and gifts is given on pages 118-126 of this Report. The gifts, as received, have all been acknowledged with the thanks of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. It is one of the gratifying features of the preparation of this Report to make public acknowledgment of the gifts and to give renewed expres- sion of appreciation to the donors. In difficult times like these, contributions to educational and scientific institutions are evi- dence, not only of public spirit and generosity, but also of a realizing sense of the fact that the advancement and diffusion of knowledge are not the least of human necessities. Men do have intellectual and spiritual as well as physical needs. TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY During December the Governing Committee and the Staff took cognizance of the fact that during 1935 the Brooklyn Botanic Garden will complete the first quarter century of its actual existence, since it was in 1910 that the land was turned over to the Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences to administer as a Botanic Garden, and on July 1, 1910, the first appointment to the Garden personnel took effect. Plans were initiated in December for the celebration of this anniversary by appropriate functions during the usual week of the Annual Spring Inspection, May 13-16. FINANCIAL Such financial reverses as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has suffered during 1934 are difficult to meet. They mean economies which lessen efficiency; they mean retrenchment when the whole situation calls for healthy growth and expansion; they mean economies which spell extravagance; they mean savings which in- volve losses and impoverishment. But, realizing all this, we keep in mind the encouraging fact that botanic gardens tend to persist, that prosperity, like light, normally comes in waves, so 46 that crests always follow troughs or depressions—at least they always have. But if this economic depression, from which the crippled world is now trying to emerge, has emphasized one thing more than another for the administrators of scientific and educational insti- tutions it 1s the necessity for generous endowment funds con- servatively invested. It may seem logical that each generation should finance its own institutions, as a well known philanthropist recently urged, but when the economic structure of the civilized world is endangered, institutions that depend largely on the an- nual contributions of generous donors are not the least nor the last to suffer. nd so we must keep the need of an adequate endow- ment fund in mind as our most urgent as well as most funda- mental need. Increase tn Public Gifts According to an analysis published in 1934 philanthropic gifts “presumably made from current income”’ increased about 44 per cent. for the first six months of the year over the correspond- ing period in 1933 in six large American cities. The amounts for the two years were $19,868,975 in 1934 vs. $13,747,320 in 1933. The totals for three major purposes were as follows: 1933 1934 ares Relief... 2... . 59,986,722 $8,248,956 GOUCATION SG 044 ai ol es OE wees ek ears 1,004,252 5,588,944 Fine fee sf artiste a ates dices Syste aes 354,988 1,792,730 From these figures it is seen that the contributions for Relief fell off $1,737,766, while those for Education and Fine Arts in- creased by $4,584,092 and $1,437,742, respectively. It is interesting (and disappointing) to note that, in such an analysis, including health, play, reform, and religion, besides the three mentioned above, science education (e.g. museums) and scientific research are not even mentioned, although we are often said to be living in a preeminently scientific age. However, substantial gifts are being made to both scientific research and education, and the general increase in philanthropic giving for other objects than relief is some indication that we have made a start toward recovery from the depression. 47 Public Interest in and Support of Science and Art Cost of Science Education In our preceding annual report we called attention to a 1932 report of the U. S. Office of Education that the combined public and private support of science education through science mu- seums, in 1930 in the United States, was less than two thirds that of art education through art museums. An analysis of data taken from the //andbook of American Museums for 1932 indicates that fourteen science museums, widely distributed throughout the United States, had in 1920 a total attendance of 8,050,833. The budgets of these institutions total $3,668,292.00. Dividing the budget figures by the at- tendance figures, it appears that the total cost per visitor, for 1930, for science museums is 45% ¢. Cost of Art Education In a similar way, it appears that the total cost per visitor for twenty-one art museums, for 1930, was $1.58 per visitor. In these institutions, there were included no children’s museums, no history museums, no mixed (science-and-art) museums. There were included, for both science and art, the largest museums of the country. The choice was otherwise made primarily with refer- ence to securing a wide geographical range. The endeavor was also made to choose museums of comparable budgets, but in the art museums one institution was included with a budget of only $2500. This would tend, of course, to bring down the average for art museums. The lowest budget for any of the science museums was $14,077. The attendance figures suggest that there is a much wider public interest in science museums throughout the United States than in art museums. The budget figures suggest that there is a greater interest in art museums among persons of large wealth, since by far the larger proportion of the financial support of both types of museum is derived from private funds, including annual contributions and endowment derived by bequests and gift, rather than from ap- propriations by any branch of the government. 48 To quote from our preceding report, ‘‘the large fortunes out of which art has been so generously endowed were made possible, in large part, by scientific research and invention. Few fortunes have been made by art. Art is endowed by science. Science 1s endowed by art, but not financially.’’ The support of art should not be diminished; but the contributions of science to modern life justify a much more generous financial support both by government and by private philanthropy. Collections Fund The annual Collections Fund was instituted initially to provide means for the purchase of plants and publications for the library, and for the enrichment of the herbaria and other collections (whence the name of the fund). For all of these purposes the Garden is wholly dependent on private funds. During 1934 it was necessary (with the consent of donors) to use $3300, out of $5807.50 contributed, for the personal service payrolls, leaving only $2507.50 for the enrichment of the collections. In the face of increasing needs the annual contributions to this fund have steadily diminished during the past eight years, as follows: 1927 1928 1929 L930 L931 1932 1933 1934 $9,882 $7,420 $7,282 $6,539 $6,762 $6,157 $6,134 $5,807 There has been a falling off of 41% in the eight year period. Tax Budget and Private Funds The Tax Budget appropriation for maintenance for 1934 was as follows: Requested Granted Change from 1933 Personal Service........... $69,266.00 $67,820.22 $1,445.78 Decrease Other Codes. ........00... 16,869.03 14,879.03* $1,165.59 Increase $86,135.03 $82,699.25 $ 280.19 Net Dec. * Including supplementary appropriation of $3,133.03 for deficit on Fuel Supplies for the second half of 1933 and for 1934, The total budget for 1934 was $7672.72 less than for 1933. The Private Funds Budget was $85,550.99, as against $92,943.52 in 1933, a decrease of $7392.53. The Private Funds Budget was $2851.74 more than the Tax Budget. 49 For the past seven years the percentages of the two budgets have been as follows: 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 hax Udo et es caemenae arn om 48% 43% 44% 48% 50% 47.2% 49.2% Privatesbundsi2s. 4. -s 52 1p One, D2 aU 2218% 50:38% Endowment Increment By the Endowment Increment plan $5075.05 was added to the Principal of this account during 1934. This was derived solely as interest on the principal. During 1934 no transfers were made to this principal from other accounts. By the Endowment Incre- ment plan the permanent funds of the Garden have been in- creased by $130,064.31 since the plan was adopted 14 years ago (February 1, 1921). Comparisons with the peak budgets during the six year period ending December 31, 1934, are as follows: Tax Budgets Private Funds Budget Total Budget 1931. $101,400.00 1929, $129 322.81 1930. $228,867.27 1934, 82,699.25 1934, __ 85,550.99 1934. 168,250.24 $ 18,700.75 $ 43,771.82 $ 60,617.03 No comment is necessary to emphasize what a serious matter it is to have a loss of more than $60,000 in income in four years from a budget of only $228,000. APPENDED REPORTS The Reports on Research for 1934, the departmental adminis- trative reports, and Appendices 1—8 follow as integral parts of the Annual Report. — Respectfully submitted, >. STUART GAGER, Dtrector. 50 REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1934 PLANT PATHOLOGY By GEORGE M. REED Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Ilybrids to Loose and Covered Smuts Experiments with the Second Generation of Oat Ilybrids.—The second generation plants of four new hybrids were available for the study of inheritance of resistance to loose and covered smuts. One series of second generation plants of each hybrid was inocu- lated with the loose smut and another with the covered, and the percentage of infected plants determined. Canadian and Black Norway, the parental varieties of Hybrid 83, are very susceptible to loose smut. Only 18 second generation plants were inoculated with it, 15 of which (83.3 per cent.) were infected. Apparently, the second generation plants are about as susceptible as the parental varieties. The variety Canadian is very susceptible to the covered smut, while Black Norway is resistant. There were 64 second generation plants inoculated with this smut and 8 (12.5 per cent.) were infected. Thus, the results indicate that resistance is dominant in inheritance. Hybrid 84 is a cross between Scottish Chief, a variety moder- ately susceptible to the loose smut and resistant to the covered, and Black Mesdag, a variety resistant to both smuts. There were 388 second generation plants of this hybrid inoculated with the loose smut and 70 (18 per cent.) were infected. In this hybrid also, resistance to the loose smut is dominant in inheri- tance. There were 182 second generation plants of this hybrid inoculated with the covered smut and 9 (4.9 per cent.) were infected. It is interesting to note that although both parents are very resistant to the covered smut, yet a few infected second generation plants appeared. Hybrid 85 1s a cross between Black Mesdag, resistant to both smuts, and Danish Island, a variety very susceptible to the loose smut and moderately susceptible to the covered smut. The were 118 second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut and 34 (28.8 per cent.) were infected. Again, resistance to the wn — loose smut is dominant in inheritance. In the covered smut series, 131 plants were inoculated and 10 (7.6 per cent.) were infected. In this hybrid also a few infected second generation plants were observed; in view of the moderate susceptibility of Danish Island to the covered smut, this result might be expected. Hybrid 86, Monarch Selection & Gothland, is a cross between two varieties very susceptible to the loose smut and _ highly resistant to the covered. There were 163 second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut and 152 (93.2 per cent.) were infected. Thus, the second generation plants were as susceptible as the parental varieties. There were 166 second generation plants inoculated with the covered smut, and none was infected. The complete resistance of the parental varieties to this smut appears in the second generation. Experiments with the Third Generation of Oat Hybrids.—In the last Annual Report, the data for the second generation of Hybrid 79, Canadian * Monarch, Hybrid 80, Canadian * Monarch Selection, Hybrid 81, Gothland & Black Mesdag, and Hybrid 82, Danish Island & Monarch, are recorded. During the past year, many third generation progenies of each of these hybrids were grown. Usually, one series of plants of each progeny was inocu- lated with the loose smut, and a parallel series with the covered smut. The parental varieties of Hybrid 79, Canadian and Monarch, are both very susceptible to the covered smut, and in the second generation the percentage of infection was 98.8. There were 52 third generation progenies inoculated with the covered smut, and all of these showed a very high percentage of infection. There was a total of 796 plants, of which 752 were smutted. Thus, the susceptibility of the two parents appears in both the second and third generations. Canadian ts very susceptible to the loose smut, while Monarch isresistant. In the second generation, 39.3 per cent. of the plants inoculated with the loose smut were infected. There were 336 third generation progenies grown, of which 228 descended from uninoculated second generation plants. These progenies were classified as 29 resistant, 87 susceptible, and 112 segregating, the latter progenies giving a comparatively low percentage of infec- tion. a2 Hybrid 80, Canadian & Monarch Selection, is an interesting contrast to Hybrid 79, since both parents are susceptible to loose smut, while Monarch Selection is resistant to the covered. Practically all of the second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut were infected, and the 25 third generation proge- nies grown gave high percentages of infection; altogether, there were 402 plants and 399 were infected. There were 97 second generation plants inoculated with the covered smut and 28 (28.8 per cent.) were infected. There were 142 third generation progenies grown, of which 84 descended from uninoculated second generation plants. These progenies were classified as 18 resistant, 40 segregating, and 26 susceptible. These data are in harmony with those obtained for the second generation. Hybrid 81 is a cross between Gothland, a variety susceptible to loose smut and resistant to the covered, and Black Mesdag, a variety resistant to both smuts. In the second generation, 97 plants were inoculated with the loose smut and 26 (26.8 per cent.) were infected. There were 144 third generation progenies inocu- lated with the loose smut, of which 84 descended from uninocu- lated second generation plants. The third generation progenies were classified as 23 resistant, 38 segregating, and 23 susceptible. Again, the results are in close harmony with the data obtained for the second generation. The second generation of this hybrid gave negative results with the covered smut. It is interesting to note that a few infected plants appeared in some of the third generation progenies. None of the progenies, however, gave a very high percentage of infection. Hybrid 82 is a cross between Danish Island, fully susceptible to loose smut and moderately so to the covered, and Monarch, a variety resistant to the loose smut and susceptible to the covered. In the second generation, 19.4 per cent. of the plants inoculated with loose smut were infected. In the third generation, 195 progenies were grown, of which 135 descended from uninoculated second generation plants. These progenies were classified as 36 resistant, 15 susceptible, and 84 segregating. The results with the covered smut on this hybrid are especially oe interesting. In the second generation, 71.4 per cent. of the plants were infected, a total of 287 being inoculated. The behavior of this hybrid is very different from that of the other hybrids just mentioned. The results obtained may, however, be associated with the fact that Danish Island occasionally gives some infected plants with the covered smut, Monarch being fully susceptible. There were 193 third generation progenies of this hybrid inoculated with the covered smut, of which 133 descended from uninoculated second generation plants. Only 1 of these progenies was classified as resistant; there were 52 segregating and 80 susceptible. Most of the susceptible progenies gave 100 per cent. infection. Experiments with the Fourth and Fifth Generations of Oat Hybrids —Additional data on the fourth and fifth generations of Hybrids 29 to 32, Fulghum * Black Mesdag, were obtained, the plants being inoculated with the Fulghum Race of loose smut. Fulghum is quite susceptible to this race, while Black Mesdag is resistant. The families selected had shown a high degree of resistance in the earlier generations, and it was demonstrated that this resistance persisted through the fourth and fifth genera- tions. The lines selected for growing showed various combina- tions of the morphological characters of Fulghum and Black Mesdag. ' The experiments with these hybrids have extended over a period of several years, and extensive data on the second, third, fourth, and fifth generations have been accumulated. The results have been assembled for early publication. A few third, fourth, and fifth generation families were grown of Hybrid 50, Canadian & Markton, Hybrids 51 and 52, Early Champion * Markton, Hybrid 53, Victor * Markton, Hybrid 56, Gothland & Markton, Hybrid 60, Monarch * Markton, Hybrid 61, Seizure & Victor, Hybrid 62, Scottish Chief Victor, Hybrid 63, Gothland X Monarch, Hybrid 64, Rossman X Monarch, Hybrid 65, Danish X Monarch, Hybrid 66, Danish Island * Monarch, Hybrid 67, Seizure X Monarch, and Hybrid 68, Monarch X Scottish Chief, and some points in the inheritance of smut resistance were clarified. The various crosses involve interesting types of combinations of resistance to the Missouri 54 races of loose and covered smuts. Studies with these hybrids have also been continued over a period of several years, and are now being prepared for early publication. The very extensive results obtained with the hybrids between Black Mesdag and Hull-less, Silvermine, and Early Champion, were published during the past year. The accumulated data extended over the second, third, fourth, and fifth generations. One of the most interesting features of the results with these hybrids was the similarity in their behavior to both loose and covered smuts. The results with another series of hybrids were published in co- operation with T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, and F. A. Coffman, Associate Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. These hybrids involved various combinations in the resistance of the parental varieties. Physiologic Races of Oat Smuts During the past year, particular attention was paid to collec- tions of smuts on varieties belonging to the red group of oats. Five different collections of covered smut on Fulghum, nine collections of loose smut on Fulghum, and four collections of loose smut on Red Rustproof, were grown on an extensive series of oat varieties in order to determine the degree of specialization of these smuts. It is definitely established that the Fulghum race of loose smut is very distinct from the Red Rustproof race, and that both races can be readily separated from many other highly specialized races of loose smut. The covered smut on Fulghum is particularly interesting be- cause of its ability to attack Black Mesdag, a variety of oats which is very resistant to collections of both loose and covered smuts. The data obtained have been combined with other data secured in past years and, in cooperation with T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., the results are now being prepared for publication, 55 The importance of physiologic specialization in the oat smuts is brought out by some of our studies on the inheritance of smut resistance. In most of our studies, the Missouri races of loose and covered smuts have been used, the specific reaction of the parental varieties to these having been determined. In a series of hybrids between Fulghum and Black Mesdag, however, an entirely different race of smut has been used. The reaction of one specialized race on a group of hybrids may be totally different from the reaction of another specialized race. Cultural Characteristics of the Oat Smuts Mr. L. Gordon Utter has continued his studies on the character- istics of both loose and covered smuts of oats when grown on artificial media in flasks. Cultures of several of the specialized races of each of the smut species have been grown, and observa- tions made both on the variations and similarities shown by successive transfers. These observations have covered sets of flasks within a single race, as well as sets between several races and even the smut species. The cultures have been derived from the resting spores (chlamy- dospores) which constitute the black, dust-like mass replacing the oat floral parts, and also from the conidia which are produced by the germination of the chlamydospores. Observations on four races of the loose smut and six races of the covered smut have been made on cultures from chlamydospores, cultures from single conidia, and cultures from combinations of single conidia. The cultures have been continued by successive transfers over a period of a few months to four years. The results with the chlamydospore cultures indicate that cer- tain sets of cultures of individual races may show uniformity, while others show considerable variation. The range of varia- tion within an individual race may be as great, or greater, than that between different races. Some of the cultures of particular races have shown very similar characteristics. One race each from the loose and covered smut, represented by numerous conidial cultures, both singly and in combination, showed many sets to be of similar characteristics. However, there were cases of decided dissimilarity within sets of single 56 conidial cultures as well as between the various sets. Combina- tions of single conidial cultures from the two smut species indi- cated an analogous situation. Data have been accumulated on 235 chlamydospore and conid- ial cultures from 11 races of loose smut, and 244 similar cultures of 6 races of the covered smut, which have been grown over a period of from two months to four years. Careful notes have been taken on the color and topographical characteristics of these various cultures. Several races of the loose smut showed that successive transferring from the original culture, carried through one to five culture generations, generally resulted in continuous variations. Certain exceptions, however, were noted. Although these variations were definite, it was observed that the color and topographic characteristics of all the culture sets were confined within a given range. Culture lines developed from individual spores of a single race tended to exhibit variations both in color and topographic characteristics. When comparisons were made between other individual lines of the same race, or between those of various races, it was found that considerable overlapping of the salient characteristics occurred. Similar examinations of the cultures of covered smut were made, with results paralleling those previously noted. In general, somewhat less variation was observed in the cultures of covered smut as compared with those of the loose smut. Sorghum Smuts Miss D. Elizabeth Marcy has continued her studies on the in- heritance of resistance of various sorghum hybrids to the covered smut of sorghum. In previous years, infection of susceptible varieties has been somewhat uncertain, and during the past year some experiments were carried out in order to find, if possible, more effective environal conditions for infection. Asa result of modifying the moisture relations of the sand in which the seed was planted, a much higher percentage of infection of susceptible varieties was secured. Six varieties which have been classified as susceptible gave between 79.2 and 100 per cent. infection, much. higher than had been obtained in other years. “I on It was further found that Feterita plants showed a definite effect of inoculation. Uninoculated plants produced normal heads but, if the plants were inoculated, approximately 50 per cent. of them failed to produce normal heads, the flower buds being blasted, and very little, if any, grain produced. Some- times smut balls were found on the blasted heads, showing that the smut mycelium had developed in the plant, reaching the stage of spore formation. Occasionally, a typically smutted head was observed, as in other years. A few blasted heads of Feterita had been observed in previous years, and this peculiar effect upon this variety is especially important in interpreting the results with the hybrids. The inoculated Milo plants, as in previous seasons, showed no evidence of infection. While Feterita, under usual conditions, may be classified as a resistant variety, it is evidently genetically quite different in its response to that of the Milos. During the past year, a considerable number of first generation plants were inoculated with the covered smut. The first genera- tion plants of crosses between Feterita and susceptible varieties were infected. The first generation plants of crosses between two susceptible varieties, such as Dawn Kafir and Red Amber Sorgo, also were infected. The first generation plants of crosses between Milo and susceptible varieties remained normal. A large number of second generation plants of crosses of three different types, based on the behavior of the parental varieties, were grown. In the cross between Feterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo, occasional smutted and blasted plants were observed in contrast to previous years, when none was recorded. In the second generation of hybrids between susceptible varieties and Feterita, a large percentage of the second generation plants were either blasted or infected, 50 to 77.5 per cent. having typical smutted heads. The results clearly indicate that suscepti- bility is dominant. On the other hand, when these varieties are crossed with the Milos, no blasted heads appear in the second generation, and there is a low percentage of infection, ranging from 13.7 to 25 per cent. It is evident that the Milo factor of resis- tance is very different from that of Feterita. A hybrid between two susceptible varieties, Dawn Kafir and Red Amber Sorgo, gave 100 per cent. infection in the second generation. ear 58 A series of 264 third generation progenies belonging to nine different hybrids was inoculated with the covered smut. These involved various combinations of smut resistance in the original parental varieties. In the hybrids in which Feterita was one of the parents, many blasted plants appeared. These were in strik- ing contrast to the hybrids in which the Milos were the resistant parents. There were 441 fourth generation families of several hybrids grown. These were tested to determine the relation of resistance and susceptibility in the third generation by observing the behavior of the fourth generation. Altogether, 75 fifth genera- tion families of the hybrid between Feterita and Sumac Sorgo were grown, and additional light on the inheritance of suscepti- bility in this hybrid was obtained. The loose smut of sorghum was also used in a large number of experiments. First generation plants, as well as second, and 273 fourth generation progenies were inoculated, and extensive data on their reaction to the loose smut have been obtained. It was possible to carry out these extensive experiments with the sorghum smuts through the courtesy of Director H. B. Knapp and his associates, State Institute of Applied Agriculture on Long Island, Farmingdale, L. I. Approximately one acre of land was placed at our disposal, making it possible to grow about 26,000 plants. The large amount of data accumulated on all these sorghum hybrids is being prepared for early publication. GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS ENROLLED DURING 1934 During the past year, Mrs. Marie E. Conklin continued her investigations on the bacteria which form tubercles on the wild legumes. Her studies involve the problem of the cultural charac- teristics of the bacteria isolated from different plants, and also their capacity for infecting. She has accumulated a large amount of data, and is now preparing her results for publication. Dr. Elva Lawton, a member of the Biology Department of Hunter College, has continued her studies on regeneration and polyploidy in ferns. Dr. Frances A. Hallock continued her studies of the morphology and relationship of the evergreen shrub Garrya. 39 FOREST PATHOLOGY By ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES Chestnut Breeding Work in 1934 For the benefit of those who are not acquainted with this work, it should be stated that the project consists of the interbreeding of various species and types of chestnut, with the object of replacing, if possible, with new stock, our valuable native chestnut trees. As is generally known, these have now practically disappeared from the forests of North America as the result of a deadly disease caused by the fungus, Fudothia parasitica. The progress of the work in previous years has been recounted in former volumes of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record (19: 62-67; 20: 83-87, 21: 46-53; 22: 57-63; 23: 67-75). It was stated in last year’s report that ‘‘For the present our method is to cross-pollinate the blight- resistant Japanese chestnut, a [comparatively] low-growing, orchard type of tree, with the susceptible American timber tree, in the hope of getting, among the offspring of these two parents, the desired combination [of characters], that is, a blight-resistant tree of the tall timber type.”’ This plan has been considerably extended during the past year: we are now making crosses between as many species and hybrids as we can; and we are finding, incidentally, that the different forms are readily amenable to hybridization. It is scarcely necessary to add that in this way we shall obviously increase the — chances of ultimate success. Since the Garden plantations are too limited in area to include any considerable planting of chest- nut trees, the trial grounds for this work, covering several acres, are located on land belonging to the writer, a 40-acre plot on the southern slopes of Mt. Carmel (known locally as the ‘Sleeping Giant’’) in the township of Hamden, near New Haven, Connecticut. Blooming of [lybrids. By far the most important development of the past year was the blooming of three of our Japanese- American hybrids, which were only in their third year of growth. American chestnut seedlings (Castanea dentata) bloom ordinarily between the ages of 10 and 15 years, Japanese (C. crenata) sometimes as early as 5 years of age. ‘‘Blooming,”’ or the ap- 60 pearance of flowers, means that sexual organs have been formed and germ cells (presumably) have been developed for reproduc- tive purposes. In other words, it means the potential beginning of a new generation of individuals. For, if the egg in the pistil is fertilized by a sperm from the pollen grain, an embryo plant begins to grow, which when fully developed, forms the essential part of the seed. Here, the seed is also surrounded by the ovary wall—the whole forming the ‘‘chestnut.”’ * This early blooming is a phenomenon that is to be expected in hybrids, and is an expression of what geneticists call ‘hybrid vigor’’ or heterosis. Hybrid vigor has been known and studied from the time of Koelreuter (1765), who makes the following interesting and (for the times) rather surprising remark: “I would wish that I or another were so fortunate as to obtain a hybrid of trees, which, in respect to the utilization of their wood, might have a great economic influence. Perhaps such trees among other good characteristics might also have these, that, if the natural ones required for their full growth, for example, a hundred years, they would reach it in half this time. At least I do not see why they should behave differently in this respect from other hybrid plants.”’ t What a vast difference such precocious flowering makes in our problem will be clear when one reflects that it means three years between generations instead of ten or more. We do not expect the future generations to continue as short as this; but, on the other hand, we are no longer counting on ten years as the mini- mum time for a single generation. A second cross of one of these hybrids, made this year, has yielded two nuts, one of the parents being again the American chestnut, from pollen received from the U. S. government nursery near Washington, D. C. Since these hybrids are still small (about 2 feet high at the beginning of ve * The two large parts (almost halves) of the chestnut, just as in the bean or the peanut, are the first leaves of the embryo; the rudimentary stem and root are tiny organs located at the base of these fleshy leaves, where all the parts come in contact. Quoted from Roberts, H. F. ee hybr ieanon ee Mendel. Prince- ton, 1929, p.55. See also Koelreuter, J. G. Vorliufige Nachricht von einigen das Gesc ee der Pflanzen era ee V ee und Nie BEI Dritte Fortsetzung. 1765 61 the season) it is hoped that height growth may be increased by this second dose of the American parent. New Ilybrids in 1934.—Another important development of our work in 1934 has been the production of new hybrids. Inci- dentally, it should be stated that all of the hybridization work this year was carried on at the trial grounds at Hamden, because many of the trees there have now reached the age of bearing flowers and nuts. The pollen used for crossing was in all cases carefully bagged before the anthers dehisced, for there is of course danger of contamination from various causes—chiefly insects and wind. The American pollen (of Castanea dentata), which was supplied as usual through the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., had also been bagged at an early stage. The hybrids produced in 1934 (at least as far as the embryo stage in the nuts) are as follows: (1) 2 Smith hybrids (Jap. * Amer. 7.e. crenata X dentata, 3 yrs.*) crossed with American chestnut (U. S. Dy.) (2) 12 Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima, 8 yrs.) crossed with Castanea dentata (U.S. D. A (3) 19 Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima, var. Mammoth, 6 yrs.) crossed with American Chestnut (U.S. D. A.) (4) 7 Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima, 8 yrs.) crossed with Castanea Seguinii (8 yrs.) (5) 4 Chinese-chinquapin hybrids (mollissima & pumila) 6 yrs., crossed with American chestnut (U.S. D. A.) (6) 4 Japanese forest type (C. crenata var., 6 yrs.) crossed with American chestnut (U. S. D. A.) (i) 8 “S8"” (8 yrs.) crossed with Japanese forest type chestnut. (C. crenate var., 6 yrs.) (8) 1 “58” (8 yrs.) crossed with American chestnut. (C. dentata) (U. S. D. A.) Giotalies7 As far as can be ascertained from definite, published records, these combinations are all new to science. With the exception of the first case, which has already been explained, a few remarks about some of these crosses may be of *The ages of the parents as of 1934 are given, where possible, in parentheses. 62 interest. The numbers in parentheses refer to the different crossings, as numbered above. (2) The Chinese chestnut, as far as blight resistance is con- cerned, is our finest stock. For the whole six years we have had these trees they have never shown a sign of blight. Of the row of fifteen trees the average height is now about 8 feet. Several are 9 feet high, and two are eleven. In spite of repeated pruning of the lower branches, they persist in developing into a low- headed form, z.e. the side branches grow out with greater vigor than the main shoot. Therefore, in view of our aims, a crossing with the more upright-growing American chestnut seems desirable (4) In our form of the Chinese chestnut only one, if any, bur appears at the base of a flowering branch. The dwarf species, C. Seguini, from Eastern and Central China, on the other hand, is most prolific; and, in addition, blooms from June to October. It will be seen that crosses of these two species may y produce valuable breeding stock. “S8,”’ a cross made by Dr. Van Fleet, is said to be a ae ae of the chinquapin, C. pumila, and the Chinese chestnut It is extremely prolific, but, unfortunately, Therefore we gave it a dose C. mollissima. somewhat susceptible to the blight. of the resistant Japanese this year, and hope for more disease resistant offspring. “‘S8,” pollinated with mollisstma, gave negative results. Data on Hybrids now Growing at THlamden- now growing at Hamden 97 Japanese-American hybrid chestnuts. This figure does not include, of course, the 57 hybrid nuts formed The heights and numbers of the In all, there are as a result of crosses this year. hybrids at Hamden are as follows: or Growtu RATES OF JAPANESE-AMERICAN HyBRID CHESTNUTS AT TABLE HAMDEN, CoNNeEcTICUT, 1934 Number of Trees Average Height Average L as h Name Li iving October October Growth, 1934 Wolle 103 lescaciusaus I 4 ft. 10 in Hammond 1931. 4 4 ft. 10 in. 1 ft. 2 in Hammond 1933...... 7 1 ft. 3 in. 1 ft. 3 in Minturn 1933........ 8 1 ft. Sin. 1 ft. 5 in Smith 1931.......... 47 3 ft. 5 in. 1 ft. 1 in Smith 1932.......... 27 1 ft. 4 in. 8 in Winthrop. 1931 ...... 3 2 ft. 9in 11 in 63 The prize tree, a Hammond Japanese-American hybrid of 1931, is now 7 feet high, at the end of its third year. The growth rate has obviously decreased from those of the previous two years. It was also cut back a little in the spring, on account of possible winter injury to the tips of the branches. We have now three Smith hybrids (3 yrs. old) which are over 5 feet in height. Here again we have an illustration of what is meant by ‘‘hybrid vigor.”’ Winter Injury.—The effect of the extreme cold of the winter of 1933-34 on the various species and hybrids of chestnut was most interesting. The mercury fell as low as 24° below zero, the neighbors reported. In the two plantations, one in fine garden soil lower down the mountain and the other in poorer soil farther up, the differences in the extent of the damage were very marked. The upper plantation fared much the worse, some of the Folk (pure) Japanese being badly killed, even to the ground. One especially, which had grown to a height of 8 feet, was killed to the ground. ere also, many of the Europeans from Paris, Geneva, and Berlin (one year old), as well as the “Italian” seedlings set out in the spring of 1932, were killed to the ground, and some were killed outright. The European seedlings in the nursery at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden were also badly injured. Many of the Europeans, however, sprouted up from the base this year. The following is a general summary of the character and amount of winter injury in the different types. 1. Castanea dentata, American chestnut; not injured in the slightest degree. 2. C. crenata, Japanese chestnut; usually killed back along the tips of the branches and in some cases badly killed back to the main trunk. Ina few cases five year old trees were killed to the ground. Also, the buds were injured, as shown by peculiar one- sided, cup-shaped, deformed leaf development from these buds later in the year. Sometimes the wood was blackened, as seen by cutting through the twig. 3. C. sativa, European or “Spanish”’ chestnut; badly affected: some killed to the ground, some entirely dead. 4. C. mollissima, Chinese chestnut; came through the winter entirely uninjured. C. Henryi was badly winter killed. 6. C. Seguinit was also winter killed (as usual.) MY — ‘1 64 7. The Japanese-American hybrids came through very well on the whole. The tips of the twigs were killed back in some cases, especially where there had been a third season’s growth in 1933 and the wood was not mature. Most of this third season’s growth was pruned off in the spring of 1934. It is very interesting to see how the hardiness can 1n most cases be referred back to the native environment of these species. Thus the Chinese C. mollissima and the American C. dentata were perfectly hardy, while the European (‘‘Spanish’’) C. sativa and the Japanese C. crenata were susceptible, the former extremely so. Blight and Other Diseases.—Two of our Smith hybrids of 1931 had side branches affected with blight; one of the Japanese forest type (78634) was badly blighted following winter injury; one of the Americans from seed received from Mr. Thomson in 1931 was slightly blighted; and one American from Portland, Maine, nine years old, was blighted entirely to the ground. Two of the Japanese forest type showed fungi in old pruning scars; in one case, Polystictus versicolor; in the other. P. pergamenus. In both cases the fungus appeared pathogenic, but the trouble may have been linked up with a weakening of the stem tissues through winter injury. Insects —The aphis (Calaphis castaneae) which was found on the leaves late in the summer of 1933, put in an early appearance this year (about July 10), curling the leaves and in a few cases causing them to become chlorotic. The trees were sprayed thoroughly with soap and nicotine sulphate five times in the summer, viz. July 15, 16, 28, August 19, September 1, with the result that the pest was kept under control. New Plantings and Distributions.—Besides the 17 hybrid seed- lings of 1933, 29 2-yr. old Spanish (C. sativa) chestnuts were planted in sod land (15 feet apart) at Hamden. These Euro- peans are from seed I arranged to have sent here when I visited European botanic gardens in 1932. There are still 21 Europeans from Berlin in the nursery at the Garden. In addition, 13 Americans, from seed given us by Miss Hilda Loines, Dr. H. Kk. Svenson, and Dr. M. F. Schlesinger, were planted in the same lot. About 80 ‘“‘natural’”’ nuts, z.e. those which had developed without artificial pollination in our own plantations, were planted in newly cleared forest land in “‘spots’’ 6 feet apart. Trees of C, sativa from the Garden nursery were given to the following: 65 Mr. John Herlihy for planting at Prospect Park, Brooklyn ........ 11 trees Miss Maud H. Purdy for planting at Pomona, N. Y............... 6 “ Mirabrankestollmonplantingeau lsay tonuNe, |jecceie we ot untae OMe Chinquapins.—Castanea pumila, the chinquapin, is an im- portant shrubby species with small nuts, native in the southern states and not yet growing in our plantations. This species is reported to be blight-resistant to some extent. We were fortu- nate, during the fall, again through the cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., in securing a fine lot of nuts of this species from Mr. D. A. Bisset, of the U.S. D. A. Plant Introduction Station at Savannah, Ga. Propagation. Experiments are now under way at the Garden and at Hamden in grafting and layering, by which we hope to propagate the desirable forms asexually. Total Number of Trees Growing.—We have now growing on our plantations a total of 398 trees of the various species and hybrids. This includes 21 Europeans, 2 yrs. old, still growing in the Garden nursery. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY By ALFRED GUNDERSEN The Classification of Dicotyledons The study of flower structures and flower buds, with special reference to placentation, has been continued. Miss Maud urdy has now drawn altogether more than two hundred species. Some of these are incomplete in one way or another but in the great majority of cases have much more detail than is available in published illustrations. The drawings represent nearly two hundred genera, about a hundred families. The work on any one flower often cannot be completed at one time, because flowers are at a certain stage and an earlier stage is wanted. The time of the year that it should be looked for is then estimated. For example, the early stages of the buds of early spring flowers must usually be taken the preceding summer or early fall. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is laid out by the Engler system, which was proposed nearly half a century ago as a modification of the Eichler system which is, in turn, a modification of the Bentham and Hooker system. At first the information on Ix Rus TACEAE LerToprRMs m Ci i STACEAE ATR ee 10. Classification of Dicotyledons based upon flower structure ness. 99 The relative size of the ovaries is exaggerated for clear- 67 flower structures and the drawings themselves were classified by the system of our Garden. Gradually, however, the desirability of certain changes became more and more convincing. Of more recent systems, that of Bessey and that of Hutchinson may be considered as somewhat extensive modifications of the Bentham and Hooker system. The Warming and Wettstein systems are less extensive modifications of the Engler system. Perhaps the truth may be near the middle of conflicting views. It may be possible to modify the Engler system slightly more than is done in the Warming and the Wettstein systems, but without departing from it so far as is done in the Bessey and the Hutchinson systems. This is attempted in the following outline of Dicotyledons, illustrated on p. 66: A. Carpels separate or single I. Magnoliflorae—Magnolia, Rose and perhaps Protea Groups of families. (Stamens usually numerous, petals separate or absent, flowers often large, mostly trees and shrubs) B. ren united . Flowers inconspicuous, CS wind fs nated ; Beinene em ncrels and Ulmu oups. (Mostly trees and shrubs) b. Flowers with cor oy die en insect pollinated a Placentation usually pari III. Cistiflorae—Cistus, Papaver, tes ae Gourd Groups. (Sepals separate, stamens often numerous, embryo often curved) Cf. Bentham oe Hooker B Placentation central or basal . Dianthiflorae—Dianthus, Piper and Primula Groups. (Embryo usu- ally curved, mostly herbaceous plants). The con- nections Cactaceae-Aizoaceae and Frankeniaceae- — a — < Carvophyllaceae make this position necessary. ¥ eal usually axtle . Ovary usually superior ’, Geraniflorae— Soe ae and Rhamnus Groups. (Carpels often but slightly united, f in five’ =< floral parts often in : fate two staminate whorls, petals separate) Erica Group. (Floral parts as in Geranium Group, but svympetalous) . Solaniflorae—Solanum Group. (Carpels usually 2, stamens in single whorl, eect corolla sympetalous) . Ovary usually infer VIII. My Mane seta ee Hydrangea and ookas Groups. (Polypetalous) 1X, Rubiflorae—Rubia and Composite Groups. (Sympetalous) < Ss . Ericaeflorae GARDEN CLASS SCHEDULE May 14-19, 1934 | | Date Class | _ Subject Lantern| No. Monday, May 14. fea B4 80 2. S. 241 Blion, Bot. Gdn. X 40 2 ae Bklyn. Bot. Gdn. x 300 7 Mothers Club Bklyn. Bots Gdn. XxX 75 heat in’s e oe Lecture 12 et A S. 96 Tae pianii 40 Tuesday, May 15..... Sy 3klyn. Bot. Gdn xX 30 ie oa 3klyn. Bot. Gdn xX 40 Newtow n HH. sklyn. Bot. G x 30 Sz 241 apanese Garden xX 40 >. Vild Flowers ne 45 i unior r League eeting and Address ‘ass: Course B2 Nature Study 20 Sas: Course B7 sda Work 20 7isiting Club panese Gardens Wednesday, May 16..) Nurses Course, D1 ERS Plants 13 25. 129 Bklyn. Bot. Gdn x 80 >. S. 188 120 >, S. 241 yarder X 40 > S. 130 The J: ae se Gdn.) Xx 45 9, S. 184 klyn. Bot. Gdn. } Xx 120 2S. 26 eo Bot. Gdn. XxX 90 . S. 73 servation xX 75 srkeley Notes tudy 25 aie Boti inical Club Meeting ul fc ss ‘lass: Course B3 Agric. and Hort 30 Dept. Heads, City Schools Meeting aa Addre ss Thursday, May 17....| P. S. 6 Bklyn. Bo e dn x 120 Pi, Bklyt Bot, Gdn. x 100 \delph Trees x 30 ‘lass: Course A18 rnamental Shrubs 15 es 2 oo vay Luncheon P. Plants of D xX 80 PLS. ie Wild Flowers »« 45 2, S. 200 Bklyn. Bot. Gdn. X 45 Voman’s Club ree lass: Course B1 sener * Bo cae oS Al8 Jrname sie Shrubs 25 Friday, May 18...... s Course, D1 peel aS Plants 25 irookly ae ecriae sklyn. Bot. Gdn x 30 . 5S. 226 3klyn. Bot Gdn xX 200 ays 306 Nature Study Xx 40 >, S. 241 he Japa Gdn. x 40 ae 30 3klyn. Bot. Gdn. x 45 “las ss: Cour Laboratory Saturday, May 19... -hildren’s Clase utdoo den 230 Field Class: Co ae Atl oes and Ferns Six Flower Days were observed during 1934. Field Class: Course B10 Trees and Shrubs FLOWER Days = gives the dates, leaders, and subjects. . Tuesday, April 17. Daffodil Day. Mire By Xs The following Morrison, ne of Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, U. S. D. A.; Secretary, American Iris Society; Editor, National Horti- cultural Magazine. Tuesday, May 22. “Daffodils.” Rose Garden Day. Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and President, American Rock Garden Society. “Styles in Rock Gardens.” ~I ~I 3. Tuesday, May 29. Iris Day. Mrs. Colin S. McKinney, Author of ‘Tris in the Little Garden.” ‘‘Iris.”’ 4. Tuesday, June 12. Seventh Annual Rose Garden Day. Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. “Roses and the Winter.”’ 5. Tuesday, June 26. Second Annual Japanese Iris Day. Dr. George M. Reed, Curator, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Tour of ne Japanese Iris Plantations. 5. Tuesday, October 30. Chrysanthemum Day. Mr. Arthur pee Secretary and Manager, International Flower Show; Author of ‘The Chrysanthemum.” ‘‘The Chrysanthemum, past and present.” These occasions, which are partly social and partly educational, increase in popularity from year to year. The approximate total attendance was 1425, an average of a little more than 237 persons per “Day.” For the smoothness with which the social part of the ceremonies was conducted we are indebted as usual to the efficient services of the Woman’s Auxiliary as well as to members of the Junior League and the young women of the Botanic Garden personnel. COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, BROOKLYN INSTITUTE As a result of a cooperative agreement between the Garden and the Department of Botany of the Department of Education, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, a series of round table discussions was scheduled at the Garden for the second Wednes- ays of November and December, 1934, and of January, Febru- ary, March, and April, 1935. The programs for the two con- ferences held in 1934, which were well attended, were as follows: November 14. Native Plant Gardens. Dr. H. K. Svenson, Associate Curator of Plants at the Garden, presiding. December 12. Soils. Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction at the Garden, presiding. EXHIBITS At an exhibit of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia Uni- versity, from May 28 to June 2 inclusive, the following living 78 material was supplied by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Potted Plants: Marrubtum vulgare, Mentha piperita, Lycopersicum esculentum, Ervthroxylon Coca, Mimosa pudica, Urginea maritima, Aloe verascens, Convallaria majalis. Uprooted Plant: Glycyrrhiza glabra. Cut Specimens of: Adonis sp., Delphinium sp., Ficus carica, Coffea arabica, Sassafras vartifolium, Prunus avium, Rhamnus cathartica, Hamamelis virginiana, Vanilla planifolia, Amomum cardamon, Cinnamomum camphora. At a window exhibit of a local pharmacy, the following cut specimens of drug plants were supplied by the Garden: Pinus Strobus, Llamamelis virginiana, Prunus serotina, Mentha piperita, Marrubtum vulgare, Ricinus communis, Linum usitatissimum, Matricaria, Tanacetum vulgare, Coffea arabica, Datura Stramon- ium, Aconitum Napellus, Nepeta Cataria, IIumulus Lupulus, Cinnamomum camphora, Glycyrrhiza glabra. For the International Flower Show at Grand Central Palace March 19-24, and the Brooklyn Fall Flower Show at the Four- teenth Regiment Armory, September 25-29, this department had charge of the docentry for the exhibits of the Garden. EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICITY As usual, I continued to serve on the board of editors of the American Journal of Botany, as editor of the Plant Section of General Biology for Biological Abstracts, as editor of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, and as associate editor of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. As editor of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, | report that nine numbers were issued during 1934. During the year, 25 news releases, containing 50 articles, were prepared and sent out to the principal metropolitan newspapers. For the most part, the articles dealt with announcements of courses of instruction held at the Garden as well as news concern- ing the plants in the conservatories and outdoor plantations. In addition to these releases, a notice describing our Cycad collection was sent to Science and Torreva. Releases dealing particularly with the activities of the Woman’s Auxiliary of the Garden were sent out through the Brooklyn Publicity Bureau. 57,286.85 | Bibs p15 ps eve hee eemtuaccneaerite tt coi GA aera nr armen Lat arm rece 55,783.87 Balance, December 31, 1934................-0 020055 $ 1,502.98 24, Endowment Increment Fund ($130,064.31) Restricted: PGT e Ste 1 SA eat Mel Ne crt a8 1 4 RS, AO ae ee Ree W010. 20209 siransteGred toubriMel pal ac tak on Wyk ta ees eee eee 2 5,075.05 § 0.00 Summary of Private Funds Accounts: Balances, Januanysl 19346 2240.08) 36 a2s00 8. $ 10,237.36 In Comes OSA, ak eta sa cnn dea atu ote es 75,313.63 § 85,550.99 Fe xpPen edie ts: ai camiee ead aig ies Gani gate gnS $ 70,866.83 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund er Une ee ec eae ete cd hoe 5,075.05 75,941.88 Balances, December 31, 1934.......... 00.0000 220005 $ 9,609.11 Note: The book value total of the principal of all Private Funds as of December 31, 1934, is $1,090,939 Ill. SumMMARY oF TOTAL MAINTENANCE BUDGET FOR 1934 Income Tax Budget Appropriation, 49.2%.......... $ 82,699.25 Private Funds Budget, 50.8%.............. 85,550.99 Pleo Galle pr eter a rete he hs eee hades, “cian Meee er ee $168,250.24 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Principal.... 5,075.05 PAST LUD Cree eee A here ee teat al ber eh anlntecy Sp cetasle Dc gee mamta $163,175.19 118 Lx pended Personal Service Tax Budget.....0.0.0.0.... S 67,820.22 Private Funds. ............. 55,783.87 Olea iatpaae vs te eed ak 2 aeeda es $123,604.09 Other than Personal Service 2a URC os unuteus ek ewas S$ 14,879.03 Private Funds.............. 15,082.96 Total... 0. cece eevee eeae $ 29,961.99 $153,566.08 Balance, December 31, 1934... 0000. c cece ccc ccc cececee S 9,609.11 Respectfully submitted, DANIEL C. Downs, Secretary and Accountant. Note: The above ‘Financial Statement” is a transcript of Brooklyn Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the Treasurer of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts & Sciences. The Treasurer's accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a separate audit of this ‘Financial Statement” is not made in order to save unnecessary expense. EDWIN P. MAYNARD, 7 veasurer. APPENDIX I GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1934 Collections Fund Mrs. Frank L. Babbott Mrs. William W. Marshall Edward C. Blum Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard Mrs. Edward C. Blum Mrs. Charles F. Noyes Mrs. Armin E. Brunn Mrs. Charles E. Perkins Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler James HH. Post Mrs. S. Parkes Cadman Mrs. James H. Post Mrs. Walter V. Cranford Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt Mrs. Mary Childs Draper Harold I. Pratt Mrs. C. I. De Bevoise William A. Putnam Dugan Brothers Mrs. William A. Putnam Otto Ebel Mrs. Seth Thayer Stewart Miss Adele F. Emerson Miss Elise W. Stutzer Mrs. William Emerson Mrs. Mary Van Norden Gates D. Fahnestock Mrs. R. C. Weithas pg Club Mrs. Alexander M. White A Friend Miss Frances Ek. White John W. Frothingham Miss Harriet H. White William T. Hunter Peter Piper W a (A dog) Miss C. Julie M. Husson Miss Abigail Young Miss Hilda Loines 119 Special Gifts for Children’s Work WomantseAttrxiliaipy a Seon © sete nore cae eciee Ps, anna co wer un 5 Maal S$ 266.25 MiTrsw@harlespssml eric Sirs sm ruses aan nhl in alee a aN car ae eee etn 25.00 Parent Teachers Association of P.S.117...................--. 10.00 Beardless Iris Project WisseblelensA dams#battarclgewees emt out) Me ee OR we $ 2.00 IVUISS| Fel Camo takeciicin\g ere -eere Semin Reta tin me raeke SMR Dan oc elk asd 2.00 Victory Maples Datcle bass ela pler, ie ssee) mA is ett ben: Aen acne idee tl euRe $ 50.00 Landscaping, Auditorium, etc. Wierd nigsyen tise? latgy tab oo Greene ee ee ee ge eter OR Rc tee $ 1,000.00 Planting the North Addition WOT Anes eA Us Ill atyZePio uiGneee he eos sR re ee ee ee 5000 Miscellaneous WomeniolayiGsGhajoters Nissi) Nae fye0ghcd aan eC aeaty tae $ 15.00 Library Books Blacks Hon sleoningsivis. |i. Washington, Conc tessa ae eo ups ee anes if Brooklyn Botanic Garden Boys’ and Girls’ Club...................... 12 Brooklyn Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, Brooklyn, N. Y.............. 1 @entutyencsociavion, New VoileaN Ye), 2 5...c08 meee aun teat eet 10 BAVA bred Carbicitd Bictore) d hid v Waal bll a> (eae Mam ABEND EoN e Grnoce tila ie thy eater Ry 1 Hainbaliccee Visca aah} as rOO ke lyits. esac, ctr Speen co Mauna artes 1 Grier byes (Cg Sietecvrleae bi gole) dhiar nuh pan eh RR UnEMmnM @e. le nieye pe Bs ne eee a Vis FrechtyViissysadiem iNew. Yorks IN Yor, eo. ee perked ae 1 Hottes, Mr. Alfred C., Des Moines, Iowa...............-.00 ccc ce eee. 2 emnicersD pa Aline him b res beste) C Crna tot nc sil tsee eee ee a eed ane 1 Eevine. irs: Dorothy, Brooklymc Ne Wet ys kde een See ee 1 Moseeciractts Agricultural College Library, Amherst, Mass............ 1 Minnesota Horticultural Society, St. Paul, Minn.........0.0....0..... 44. Penna, Senor Leonam de Reeds; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.............. 1 Pierpont Morgan Library, New ee IIS ie al ee BO ee het Recetas ea) 1 shaw. Viiss Hllen‘Bddy, Brooklyn, Ne Y..... edo te Saree nae 1 Sali Mrs. Arthur, Bice lyn, N. - Se erect: Stee eee re. nies i Crneenian Institution, W SER AROR: 1a GR ae tee ua ie ee eae oo I Stoll, Mr. Frank, Brees: AINE orci. iP SA ae eee ates GA Ss 1 Sutcliffe, Miss Alvs, Brook AGL OEIN ASS Ghee aie ce a ens, Mun RnR SEL a enbro te oe! AROSE big oe acre ses oar Reena ee a TRE RR UN EL 8 105 120 PAMPHLETS American se seti Society, Worcester, Mass..............-.-06. American Fern Soc Ames, Professor ne CambridgéMass.iacc.s2op ehh edehe tact pees Baur, Professor Erwin, Muncheberg, oe MANY oie rg es oleae ee reeks s Benedict, Dr. Ralph Curtiss, Brookly Ta Ne Voss esc ou oan sete cae eo a Bojko, Dr. Hugo, Vienna, Austria. .is.1ici sav eordr cena tee ied pee ees Boydston, Mrs. Kathryn E., a er Forest, I... . 0 ee Bean. Wiss Licey, Cincinnati, nits eyapecauwess oa chen ees Sed EWA Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C... 02.0.0... .000.. Carnegie EnSiiaton of Washington, Dept. of Genetics, Cold Spring ea Harbor Ly lian.5.itivewcacer te eMe eg eeesa aie tae bud aged as Cheney, Dr. Ralph Holt, Brookly . Ne Vor nna p aa eee eee a Chichester, Mrs. Emilie P., Brooklyn Ni Y oscar een tases tee eee ae Cornell University, Dept. os Plant Doe Ithaca, N. Yo...005e2055 Dachnowski-Stokes, Dr. A. P., Washington, D. C..............002005. Dinsmore, Mr. John Edward, Aonett ican Gas ersity of Beirut, Syria..... Dowd: Nie Daniel, Norwood, ONl0..i5 1. piavsaiewink sane e rede i dears, Mr-Norman Ky Lena, Ne ligne sae eee awawea adore nex 2 Eidlitz, Mrs. Ernest Frederick, New York, N. Y......00.0.0..0..0.00.. Erlanson, Miss Eileen Whitehead, London, England.................. Evans: Mr, Herbert M., Berkeley, Calisisas sig as ssn et ewe Gentes Sane Mr. F. Raymond: oe FAWAM 55 bas sb FS Ieee Free, Mr. Montague, Brooklyn, N.Y... 0.02020 ee Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. . Rilehaeg ah A4h bo eh ie Hane seep Goldring, Miss Winitred, Albaiy; IN. Vis. 43.4 80 aa dt i'y Gane boars aes Hansel, Mrs. Dorothy Ebel, New York, N. Yo... 0.000000... 0.000005. Helbrun, Miss Margaret, Cambridge, Mass..........0.0.........0.0-4 Hitccheeek, Dr to 5.) Washineten, D.C iia e rs cere ecanne ws ee eeresKse Institut eine e pias et Colonial de Nancy, France............. LePrince, Miss G. Marie, New York, N. Y....0.0.0..0....0-02.02.0 2000005 Linnean Society nee London, ane RC er eee ae eee Lioyd, Professor Francis E. Montreal, POs i .sv sag ebb inns se eee e ees Loines, Miss Hilda, Bisoklva, INV ee eran ara peavaed. cxcaieheis Race ata sete steers L ong Island Chamber of Commerce, New York, N. Y....0...0....0..-. Looser, Mr. Gualterio, Santiago, Chile... 2.0.2... 00.0 ee Metheshw ari. Dr:, Pi; Agra, India paascagacnnntee ecres esd nia eee Medical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn, N. Y......0....... Meller, Professor H. B., Pittsburgh, : Bi gies iar Shs wae Wotan degree caertegdiag xd ated New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y........... 0.000.000 0c e eee Pennsylvania, University of, Lata Laboratory, Philadelphia... ... . Robinson, Professor B. L., Cambridge, Mass... .....0.0000000000.0005. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y........... Rohde, Miss Eleanour Sinclair, London, England..............0...... Rose: Dr. Wiliam A, Brentwood, loi des iwtacciets nd ead parecer ee geted Riibel, Dr. Eduard, Dich, Switzerland .2 00) iaisdeceresteedesss — wn Bm Kew we ko N to Wee mee eS wh we eS Oo in) Nm aD OS ee ee PNP ATE NFP NNN 121 ae Miss Edith R., Cambridge, acy 5 CEN Rees ie net Aer ieee rk 4 Savulescu, Dr. Tr. pucureatt RO UIA aes Aree eetes eee eee Meee 9 Seward, Sern C., Cambridge, eagand Bt OO pee eee a reer geste 1 Shreve, Dr. Forrest, ae CSO [PANT Z ay pasties cline recs Witte se ip cag elec ok Ste 1 Smith, Dr. Hay Watson, tee TOG ka Ate Kom, Senne ee Ne 5 sree ce en rans 2 Cap uahedehelnWoadii Beta far’ Oyyye ed eal) ene zy el iva (came mmeurenar venir, aut arene nee Acer ria erg atarey earn 2 Struckmann, ae Erick, Copenhagen, Denmark. ...................-. 2 SVETISON MD) ie ELEN Gye hee LOOK Ly Ey Nat ie wis & ss, ie vgtean yet te ee Menta ftere ences: 1 Tilden, Dr. ace pmeney MU TDi Ane ei fae ue tan | Denauerehrre 8 Witter. Mites Gordons Brooklyn Ne yoru: sp. Mehace nae ter ae elmetaice 2 van Melle, Mr. P. J., Se INGE, “cai, DUE a oan se earg ne med ere eter 1 WenteDrelohauna @eoWassenaametiGlland i iain ent mere oe a 1 Wondleton Mrs» Helen S) Brooklyn: N.Y ist.) sgh mises eee 5 Zillig, Dr. Hermann, peonenerct: nee Mocel! Genmanving ote 13 TG) ical Pear mC Reset erg he Oar 2 fon Rl -y (aoa ee Rahat ce cena ep nee DU aA Lrg 379 PARTS OF PUBLICATIONS (Exclusive of Government Documents) INTEL ICATIS ERIN SOGCLE Layar eerie tone eccece ee al Sek tera ars teeta Wepre acne erp: 62 American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C.................40. 4 American Scenic and Historic Preservation meee New York, N. Y.. | American Sugar Refining Company, New York, N. Y................. | American Tree Association, Washington, D. C.............00 0000-0 eee 1 mes, Professor Oakes, Cambridge, ‘Mass BD coc ON Rn a SC mR 11 Basic ae Research L aboratory, Cincinnati iOS 22564 wen 1 IBY Sl aVaul ated O Yeenen tal Crave Sy cyl U lets ee rill cc gnae aR: Wee en ibyee Werko near tres 6 hevedice re mee Gurtiss #B rookliyini NY: tee Ses 8 eee eae emer 1 British Honduras. Conservator of Forests, Belize...................- 1 Cambridge, “oer of. Botanic Garden Syndicate, Cambridge, TV Gl Pater ND Seca sence D1 fey eR Ee cose are eR eR eae kee Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C................ Carnegie Institution of Washington, Dept. of Genetics, Cold Spring 7 COTM Ee ee ieee RE Nee a, Rt A go Mahe te Silene San ee eee 2 Cattell, Professor J. McKeen, New — Ne IN Wie dee en ey Be 2 @clorados University of, Boulder COlei sia 4 vedas ens aoa alias ears ae ey 2 Eastwood, Miss Alice, San es Cae, ciate sta a ee ca 1 biclitesevirss Minestserederiok,. New York, DM. Noyes sie eee 1 Bishenscientiic@ompany. firusbureh, “Payoh ae oo oe eterna 3 Florida See Society Gamesville Plats. (5 eee ato tee 3 Flushing Garden Club, Inc., Flushing, L. 1...) )..00...2.00..-2 52 -2-. 1 Free, Mr. ees Brooke TINGS Ger scents. > - hd pA noe aaa a ee Rate ee 10 Cue Dr CeStiart. Brooklyn Ne vA gers hee aes le 33 General ta. Supply House. Chicago; [lla ts aes 12 Genetics Society OlAMMer Caio ss: a en eke ke pea etna ee nes | Giardino Botanical Alpino dell’ Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy. 1 122 Graves, Dr. Arthur Harmount, Brooklyn, N. Y.0..0000.0.0........... | Hawai, University of, Honotatu FA Waile «2554-4 gen ne eee Geek ae een 1 Idaho, University of, School of Forestry, Moscow, Idaho. ............. 1 Imperial Bureau of ee Genetics, Khemetounth: Wales.............. 2 Jenkins, Mr. Charles F., Germantown, Pa... 2.000000 000.0.000 00000000 3 McFarland Organizations, Harrisburg, Pa... 0.000.000. 0 ee 1 Medical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn, N. Y.............. 13 Meguro Forestry Experimental Station, Tokyo, Japan................ 1 Michigan, University of, School of Forestry and eee Ann Arbor, Missouri State Museum, Jefferson City, Mo.....0.0.0.0.0...0 2.0.00... Nanking University, College of leas ie and Forestry, Nanking, China = 9 National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.... 2.0.00... 00... eee 2 National Research Council, W ea DDS it gk ah gee ered ne 1 National Research Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan............0...... 2 New Jersey Horticultural Society, New Brunswick, N. J....00......... 6 New York Public Library... 2.0 ....2.0.00 000000000000 eee 6 Holes Haas for Agricultural Research, Kurashiki, Japan. .......... 1 Pyle, . Robert, West Grove, Pa... 0.00200 ee 1 Ri aes Ir, Prencis, Peulder Cl: 402t4s eds ier daca denne nee Cordes I Xeed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. Yoo. 00.0 ee 48 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y........... 2 Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Sinton: Syracuse, N. Y. 2 School Garden Association, New York, No. Yo. 0 002. ee ) Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.....000.00.0.00 0000.00.02. 2 Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid, Spain. ............... 12 Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas... ...000...00.....0.... 2 Stantorcd: Universitye Calin k sis wdek eed tired ase sak een eeee 2 Struckmann, eee Erick, Copenhagen, Denmark. .....0.........0..0... 1 Taber, Mrs. D. Sherman, Flushing, L.].... 00.00.0000. 00. 36 ‘Pothole ee University, Formosa, Japan. ..................000. 1 Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan... 0.0.0... 0. 4 Towson Nurseries, Towson, Md... ....00000.00. 0000002 eee : 2 Utter, Mr. Gordon, Brooklyn, N. Yo... 0000000000002 eee 2 West Virginia Academy of Science, Morgantown, W. Va............... 1 Wild Flower Preservation Society, Inc., Washington, D.C............. 5 Woodleton, Mrs. Helen S., Brooklyn, N. Ne Gea eee ak Hea alae 22 Yale University, School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn................ 5 COlihsng 4 cagany tetas cayeeys ce tia eaae eee eul ed enee eee es 315 PORTRAITS AND PHOTOGRAPHS — Professor Ernst A., East Lansing, Mich Re OR Bae oes oR ens <3 1 eeess, Mires. Edward Sanford, Yonkers IN: Vous: aus1t ries caweendes 1 bnbarsh Royal Botanic Garden, Seouland (Print: View of Edinburgh) . | Free, . Montague: Brooklyn, Nu Ys. 4444654 46 vodaind pegs does a ees 1 ee sen, Dr. Alfred, Beeckiany Ne Men cats oa ts cee ee ee ee 3 123 Council of the Linnean Society of London, England................... Town Council of Montrose, For arenes SCotlainclgeees see eee NovanielvinsGiulion Newsy Onke ING ey! ais, See ewe cane tre Ae es Phillips, Dr. E. Percy, Praetoria, South Aiiiri Caen sete Nc ts ANE A ull, De Gs eorge ey Princeton, Nt J A RMON Oi: RATES et OP PORN NS pec Re Zahlbruckner, Dr. A. WATT AMPA US Cl at oah este wet eee tare ae ts een : ALN trail ete een hte Wate Meets a A choy noe ie Waviauh Mean cau ese a Rear peony are 21 AUTOGRAPH LETTERS Gaccy a Di Gwocilal pep Looe Nes Vsc here Ae wie teeter ee ev a seere. 20 EyellBaronandshons lady langman, Condon, Bnglandiy car 2 seme. a SURG Gall Meare a aerate ROI cs. oN s 50 clin eens Chey te AN ra ogee Woe at gee rt 21 MISCELLANEOUS Chichester, Mrs. Emilie P., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Map of Asia. New York State Library, Albany, N. Y. 1 Geological Map of New York State Socony co Service, New York, N. Y. 6 Maps (New York, New Jersey, vy England, etc.). Pee & ce New York, N. Y. 1 Diagram of Japanese Flower Arrangement. Living Plants Agnew, Miss E. T., Montauk, L. I., 3 Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, 4 shee acaule, Reha mena venosum, Cee dsonia tomentosa, 1 Linaria canadensi es Nurseries, Inc., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, 100 scions of Acer be. noides var. "pabatin a he Herman, Brooklyn, N. Y., 113 plants comprising 87 varieties of , Stapeliads and eee nts. Burpee, a ees Co., Philadelphia, 12 cuttings of Nasturtium. Conard Pyle Co., West Grove, Pa., 9 roses in 5 varieties Elwert, Mr. Vianer Red Hook, N. Y., 50 seedlings of Lobelia cardinalts. Fener, Mrs., Brooklyn, 2 Sarracenia purpurea. Gerber, Mr. Charles N., Brooklyn, 1 plant Winesap Apple. Haartz, Mr. John C., Compton, N. H., 2 bulbs of Or eka aureum. Heath, Mr. Royal V., New York, 1 Huphorbia natalens Hecht, Miss Sadie, New York, 5 plants from ey comprising 3 eke Henry, Mrs. J. Norman, G cae ig Pa., 50s ings of Stapelia labrrgtensts. Jackson & Perkins Co., Nev , New Yor . 68 roses in 14 varieties. Kerr, Mrs. Ellen Van ne ee Valley, N. Y., 1 Crassula Schmidtit. . ‘ , Purchase, N. Y., 4 rose varieties Lemmon, Mr. Cee S., New Y ork, 1 ae oat Lemmont. Long, Mrs. Walter P., Brookivn, 21 plants in 6 species. Macrum, Mr. E. K., Brooklyn, 1 seedling of He imbricata. 124 McKee, Mr. Frank, Brooklyn, 1 Rhododendron. Michal, Mr. A., West Orange, N. J., 1 Globularia trichosantha. New York State, Federated Garden Clubs of, 139 plants prising 131 species of Sedum and Sempervivum. Perkins, Mrs. Charles E., Brooklyn, 1 Cypripedium hirsutum, 1 Orchis spec- tabilis Regan, Mrs. w . Butte, Montana, 33 species of rock garden plants. Rodman, Mr. F. C., Brooklyn, 930 an and bulbs, comprising 11 species of ree es s, Narcissus, e Schwartau, Mrs. Leonard, Brooklyn, : Civ aphylla, Seymour, Mr. C. Lansing, Proctor, Vermont, 28 species of Sedum. Swedroe, Mr. Paul, New York, 6 eas species. Tricker, William, Inc., Saddle River, N. J., 38 species of pO pica water lile Tuthill, Miss I. H., Brooklyn, 1 Pe ee ‘Garza,’ 6 double sweet Viola. Whiting, Mrs. F. L., Chatham, N. J., 12 Opuntia vulgaris. Whitney, Mrs. Elsie G., Albany, N. Y., 5 species of ferns Seeds American Amaryllis Society (1) Mrs. William Hand (2) Mrs. Florence H. Barber (1) Miss Sadie Hecht (1) Mrs. Harold D. Barstow (1) Dr. C. T. Hilton (1) Mr. Herman ere (10) Mr. F. G. Knowlton (1) Miss Mary Bell (17 Miss Hilda Loines (5) Mr. A. G. Bergner r Mr. George W. Park (19) Mr. A. Barnhardt (1) Miss M. Helen Smith (1) Dr. Leon Croizat a Mrs. D. Shearman Taber (1) Great Southern Lumber Company (1) Dr. C. H. Townsend (1) Phanerogamic Herbarium Collin, Mrs. Louise Merritt, 1200 specimens from the United States and ‘anada. Drushel, Dr. J. A., 128 specimens from the United States. Elwert, Mr. Max A., | Gerardia tenutfolia var. alba Fitzpatrick, Mrs. M. J., 1 Margyricarpus setc Hanmer, Mr. Charles - , 735 specimens ee Pahers Island and Nova Scotia. Kittredge, Miss Me M., 6 specimens from Vermont. mt. Pohn, Dir RK. P., - specimens of ferns from Florida. Svenson, Dr. H. K., 3 specimens from New England. Cryptogamic Herbarium Dr. Robert Hagelstein, Mineola, N. Y., 115 specimens of Myxomycetes. bees) Miscellaneous Ford, Dr. E. S., 1 photograph of Botrychium virginianum. For the Department of Elementary Instruction Boys’ and Girls’ Club, Twelve books for the children’s clubroom library. Brooklyn Section, New York Public School Kindergarten Association, $10.00 r the work of the Department. Brunsw a Master Sa $1.00 for the children’s clubroom library. 3utler, Mrs. Glentworth R., One globe for the children’s clubroom. One prize cup competed for by the girls in the outdoor garden. Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, One book for the children’s clubroom library Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph, One cup competed for by the Keen in the outdoor garden. Hecht, Miss Sadie, One book for the children’s clubroom library. Hottes, Mr. Alfred C., Two publications for the children’s garden house. Individual Drinking Cup Company, One set of the ‘‘Dixie Nature Series (pictures) for use in classwor Kirk, Miss Isabel, Fifty seedlings of spider plant and cee eee Levine, Mrs. Joseph, One book for the children’s garden hous Miner, Miss Frances M., One flower bow! for the children’s seen house. Perkins, Mrs. Charles E., $25.00 honorarium for children’s garden work. Phillips, Dr. E. Percy, One book for the children’s clubroom library. aati School 117, Queens, Parent-Teachers Association, $10.00 for the children’s wor Public School 225 Morera Club, One flower bowl for the children’s clubroom. Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, One book for the children’s clubroom library. Four gold honor pins for service in the outdoor garden. One pewter cup as award for children’s work. Smalley, Mrs. Arthur, One book for the children’s garden house. Stern, Mr. Herman, One motion picture reel of work in the children’s garden. Stoll, Mr. Frank, One book for the children’s clubroom librar Sutcliffe, Miss Alys, One book for the children’s clubroom eee United States National Museum, One set of minerals for use in classwork. Miscellaneous Brooklyn Flower Show, Inc., 100 Cedar trees suitable for Mrs. George Stewart Brown, Brooklyn, 1 fossil of pee eee Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler, Brooklyn, 29 specimens of wood of different trees. Dr. M. Davidson and Dr. L. Landau, Kingston Avenue Hospital, Brooklyn, 7 stained slides of pathogenic bacteria. Mrs. Ernest F. Ejidlitz, New York City, 1 photograph of Japanese Day in ower Arrangement Course, 1934. Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde, Brooklyn, 1 steps-stand for seed exhibit. Mr. Marcel le Piniec, Bergenfield, N. J., 15 tons of weathered granite. anon 126 Miss G. Marie Le Prince, New York City, | hanging vase of Inwood pottery. Mr. Giulio Novani, New York City, 1 photograph of night-blooming Cereus. Mrs. William Sterling Peters, Brooklyn, 1 vase and 1 bronze flower container. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland. print of Old Physic Garden, .< r < By the distribution to schools of study material for classes in botany, biology, and nature study. VI. By public lectures and educational motion pictures at the Botanic Garden. VII. By maintaining labelled collections of living plants, ar- ranged systematically, ecologically, and otherwise on the grounds and in the Conservatories of the Garden. VIII. By the herbarium, containing specimens of preserved plants from all parts of the world. IX. By maintaining a reference library on plant life and related subjects, open free to the public daily (except Sundays and holidays). X. By the following periodicals and publications issued by the Botanic Garden: 1. American Journal of Botany (Monthly, except Au- gust and September ). 2. Ecology (Quarterly ). 3. Genetics (Bimonthly ). 4. Brooklyn Botanic Gare — en ReEcorp, including Annual Report and Guides (Quarterly). 5. Leaflets (Weekly or biweekly in Spring and Fall). 6. Contributions (Irregular). 7. Memoirs (Irregular). 8. Miscellaneous : Syllabi of lectures. Guide sheets for classes. Announcement cards and circulars. Bibhographies. Miscellaneous books and booklets. XI. By popular and technical articles in journals and the public press, including regular “ News Releases’? concerning Botanic Garden activities and events. NIT. By the maintenance of a Bureau of Pu seas yic Information on all phases of plant life. XIII. -— sy providing docents to accompany members and others who wish to view the collections under guidance. XIV. By the installation of botanical and horticultural exhibits at XI the Garden, the International Flower Show, and _ else- where. XV. By cooperating with New York City Departments (e.g. Board of Education, Board of Higher Education, Depart- ment of Parks. Board of Health, and the Municipal 3roadcasting Station—\W NYC) and other agencies, in the dissemination of botanical knowledge. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is also taking an active part in the nation-wide movement for Scenic Preservation and legislation for the conservation of our native American plants. A brief summary and report of the public educational work of the Garden from 1910 to 1928, with some attempt to set forth the fundamental principles upon which it is based, was published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1929. This is now out of print, but may be found on file at most of the larger — libraries of the country. < Be CONTENTS Page Cooperation with Local Schools ..........02... 00004 195 Biureaw or Public Information: a4 sac%caca<+4-0dde4000 199 DCC avenues olin pane aqnudaeeeiaee bs dee aus 200 Courses Ol IMetUCHOR: «ia4aos-acoode-d esa pwede 200 A. Courses for Members and the General Public 201 B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with the Brooklyn Teachers Association ............. 205 Ce Chuldreiy Ss Courees: oo. ound 6 oda ale sewer see's ws 208 D. Course for Student Nurses ...............-00 209 Tie SG GIA aie ace Gd oe hed gat tan a Kenta ase ve 209 LC ror CE Heh cle > nee 210 Other Educational Features 2.0.02... 0... cece eee ee 214 lantations, comprising Systematic Section, Local Flora Section, Japanese Garden, Rock Garden, Rose Garden, and various Horticultural Displays. Flower Days. Conserva- tories, Herbarium, Library, Laboratory Building, Instruc- tional Greenhouses, Children’s Room, Children’s Building, Children’s Garden, Shakespeare Garden, Meridian Panel, Armillary Sphere, Labelled Boulders, Ete. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXIV OCTOBER, 1935 No. 4 PROSPECTUS: 1935-36 I. COOPERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOLS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi- cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely re- lated subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruction, demonstration methods, study material, etc., which otherwise would not be available. Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, find the collection of useful plants in the economic plant house, the Local Flora Section, the Japanese Garden, and also the Merid- ian Panel, the Armillary Sphere, and the Labelled Boulders, valu- a — le adjuncts to their class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Illustrated lectures for geography classes may also be arranged for at the Garden. To visiting college classes in geology and physiography the Bo- tanic Garden offers interesting material for a study of glaciation. Notable features are a portion of the Harbor Hill terminal moraine (Boulder Hill), the morainal pond (the “ Lake”), the labelled glacial boulders, and the Flatbush outwash plain. See Guide No. 7,“ The Story of our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn Botante Garden.’ See also pages 222-224 for statements con- cerning the Labeled Glacial Boulders, the Meridian Panel, and the Armillary Sphere. A. Talks at Elementary Schools.—The principals of public or private elementary schools may arrange to have talks given at 195 126 the schools on various topics related to plant life, such as school gardens and garden work with children, tree planting, the con- servation of wild flowers, Arbor Day, ete. If an illustrated lec- ture is desired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Ad- dress the Curator of Elementary Instruction for a list of talks and for appointments. B. Talks at Secondary Schools and Colleges.—Informal illustrated talks on various subjects of an advanced botanical na- an ture have been given for many years at Secondary Schools anc Colleges by members of the staff. Arrangements for such talks should be made with the Civator of Public Instruction. C. School Classes at the Garden.—(«a) Public or private schools may arrange for classes, accompanied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for illustrated lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff. (b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week previous to the date on which a talk is desired. Blank forms are provided by the Garden for this purpose. These talks will be illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Fall and spring announcements of topics will be issued during 1935-36. (c) The Garden equipment, including plant material, lecture rooms, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrangements must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict with other classes and lectures. For High School and College classes address the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and [Ele- mentary School classes address the Curator of Elementary In- struction. (d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be given to a class during the fall or spring. A small fee is charged — to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become the property of the pupils. The lessons will be worked out for the most part in the greenhouse, and the class must be accompanied by its teacher. This is adapted for pupils above the third grade. D. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In 197 1935 more than 1,000,000 packets were distributed. In the early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction. E. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gardening and nature study. Appointments must be made in ad- vance. Address the Curator of Elementary Instruction. F. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities, the Botanic Garden will provide, on request, various plants and plant parts for study; also certain protozoa and sterilized nutrient agar. When containers are necessary, as in the case of agar, algae, and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. In the past, the Garden has offered this service gratis, but both on account of the increasing demand and because of the decrease in appropriations, it has become necessary to make a small charge for the material supphed or loaned. This charge will be made only for material furnished to junior high schools, high schools, and colleges. As far as possible, material will continue to be supplied gratis to elementary schools in case one or more of their teachers are members of regular Botanic Garden classes. A Price List of the various materials furnished will be mailed on request. Requests for high school and college material should be made by mail or telephone (PRospect 9-6173), at least a day in ad- vance, to the School Service Assistant. Itequests for elementary school material should be made to Miss [Elsie T. Hammond, and should be called for at the Information Booth on the ground floor. High school and college material should be called for at Room 327. MatertaL UsuaLty AVAILABLE I. Algae Pleurococcus Spirogyra Vaucheria Desmids Blue-green algae: Oscillatoria and others. Zeeuneie Forms of fungi and lichens. Plus and minus strains of bread mold. O OND 10. 11. 1, 1 - ¢ oe 14. 15. 198 Smut of oats or wheat. Black stem rust of wheat. Liverworts: Conocephalum and Lunularia. Moss plants: protonema * felt,” and capsules. Ferns: Prothallia: for these a covered Petri dish or tin box should be sent. Irronds with spores. Selaginella with sporophylls. I{lodea—to show movement of protoplasm. Corn or sorghum stems, dried. Twigs to show opposite or alternate arrangement of buds. Simple and compound leaves. Various seeds and fruits to illustrate methods of dispersal. Material for the study of genetics: Pods of Jimson weed showing inheritance of both smooth and spiny pods. Sorghum seeds for demonstrating inheritance of red seed- ling color. Pea seeds to show Mendelian seed and seedling characters. Sensitive plants (Mimosa pudica). Protozoa: Paramoecium, Euglena, and others. Fruit flies (Drosophila), wild type and mutants, transferred to bottles of culture medium supplied by applicant. Specimens Loaned for Exhibit. Leguminous roots with tubercles. Riker mounts of powdery mildew, rusts and smuts, maple tar spot. Riker mounts of peas showing inheritance of seed characters. Oats showing inheritance of hull color. Corn showing inheritance of endosperm colors. Sorghum varieties and the I, hybrid. Types of cereals: wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, corn. Eight types of wheat. ight types of barley Riker mounts of types of modified leaves 199 26. Geranium, Coleus, Tradescantia—variegated green and white, for photosynthesis experiment. Sterilized Agar 27. Petri dishes sent in clean and dry ten days in advance, or test tubes or flasks sent in one week in advance, will be filled with sterilized nutrient agar for the study of bacteria and molds. G. Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. H. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides—Sets of lantern slides have “ach set is accompanied been prepared for loan to the schools. by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets must be called for by a responsible school messenger and re- turned promptly in good condition. Address, by mail or telephone, Mr. Frank Stoll. The subjects now available are as follows. Other sets are in preparation. I Planteleite 4. Fall Wild Flowers 2. Spring Wild Flowers 5. Forestry 3. Common ‘Trees 6. Conservation of Native Plants II. BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the library and herbarium are freely at the service of members * of the Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following — subjects : 1. Plant diseases and determination (naming) of fungi. 2. Plant geography and ecology. 3. Determination of flowering plants. 4. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors. 5. The care of trees, shrubs, and lawns, and general gardening — problems. * For information about membership consult pages v—vii of this PRrospEc- TUS 200 Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruc- tion, preferably by letter. Determination of Specimens.—I{ the identification of plants is desired, the material submitted should include flowers, and fruit when obtainable. Identification of a single leaf is often impossible. For identification of plant diseases, representative portions of the part diseased should be sent. I. DOCENTRY To assist members and others in studying the collections, the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. This service is free of charge to members; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information concerning mem- bership in the Botanic Garden see pages v—vil of this Prospectus. [V.. COURSES: OF INSERUCTION Except courses A23 and A29, each of the courses here an- nounced 1s a unit and not a series of unrelated lectures. Students must enroll for an entire course. With the exceptions noted, no registrations will be made for separate class exercises. Courses of instruction are offered in Botany, Horticulture, and Nature Study, and are divided into four classes: A. For members and the general public (* A” courses, p. 201) B. For teachers (“ B” courses, p. 205) C. For children (“ C” courses, p. 208) D. Other courses of a special nature (** D” courses, p. 209) IX. Research courses (* FE” courses, p. 209) No course wil be given when less than ten persons apply for registration. Since registration in many of the courses is re- stricted to a fixed number on account of the limited space avail- able in the greenhouses, and for other reasons, those desiring to attend are urged to send in their application for enrollment and the entrance fee to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance of the first exercise. This avoids delay at the be- ginning of the first exercise, ensures a place in the course, and enables the instructor to provide adequate material for the class. 201 Field Excursions.—\V hen courses of instruction involve field excursions, these excursions are open only to those who have en- rolled for the entire course. Enrollment.—Persons are requested not to register in any course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend the sessions of the class regularly and throughout. This is espe- cially important where the number to be enrolled is limited. To register and not attend will quite certainly deprive someone else of the privilege of attending. Equipment available for the courses: 1. Three Classrooms (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereoscopes and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic exhibits, models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction. 2. ‘Two Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant study. 3. Three Instructional Greenhouses, for the use of juvenile as well as adult classes, for instruction in plant propagation and re- lated subjects. 4. The Children’s Garden, on a piece of land about three-quarters of an acre in extent, in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used throughout the season for practical individual instruction in gardening. 5. The Children’s Building, near the north end of this plot, con- taining rooms for conferences and for the storage of tools, seeds, notebooks, special collections, ete. 6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture machine and _ stere- opticon, and electric current, gas, and running water for experi- ments connected with lectures. In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories and planta- tions, and the various types of gardens, are readily accessible ; while the main library and children’s library, which contain a comprehen- < sive collection of books on every phase of gardening and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. See also pages 214-222, A. Courses for Members and the General Public Although the following courses are designed especially for Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (unless otherwise 202 specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teach- ers are welcome. Starred courses (*) are open also for credit to students of Long Island University, and are described in the cur- rent Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agree- ment entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon recommendation of the Chairman of the Biology Department of Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one student of the University. Unless otherwise specified, all “A” courses are free to mem- bers,’ but the individual class exercises are open only to those who register for the entire course. Of others a fee is required, as indi- cated. In courses where plants are raised, these become the prop- erty of the class members. Al. Plants in the Home: How to Grow Them.—Tlive talks with demonstrations. This course deals with the principles to be followed in raising plants. Practice in potting, mixing soils, mak- ing cuttings, ete. The members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of restricted space im the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration according to the order of application. Fee to nen-members, $6 (in- cluding laboratory fee); to members, $1 laboratory fee. Wednes- days, 11 a.m., N ovember 6 to December 11. (Omitting November 27.) Mr. Free. *A5. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York: Fall Course.— Ven outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition. Jee, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.an., September 28 to December 14. (Omitting October 12 and November 30.) The first session will be held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. “AQ. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York: Spring Course.—Ten outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. Similar to the preceding, except that the different species are studied in their spring and summer conditions. * Accepted for credit in Long Island Univer 7 For information concerning membership in oe Brooklyn Botanic Garden consult pages v—vil. 203 Fee, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 pm., April 4 to June 20. (Omitting April 11 and May 30.) Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson, All. Flowering Plants and Ferns of the New York Region: Spring Course.—Six sessions, in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and in the woodlands near the City, for field identification of spring flowers and ferns. Fee, $3. Saturdays, 9:30 am., April 25 to June 13. (Omitting May 16 and 30.) Miss Rusk, Al13. Flowering Plants and Ferns of the New York Region: Fall Course.—Iive sessions. Field identification of the com- mon plants of wood and roadsides, including identification of seeds and fruits. Fee, $2.50. Saturdays, 9:30 am., September 14 to October 26. (Omitting September 21 and October 12.) ‘The first meeting will be held at Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Miss Rusk. A20, Advanced Course in Gardening.—Ten lessons. ‘This course presupposes a knowledge of the elements of gardening equivalent to that contained in courses Al and A25. It consists of lectures illustrated with lantern slides and living material, and includes frequent tours in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden where the various types of gardens and other subjects of the lectures are (Not offered in 1936.) Mr. Free and Dr. Reed. ant demonstrated A23. Flower Arrangement. Sponsored by the Woman's In cooperation with the Metropolitan Auxiliary. Five sessions. Museum of Art. The principles of effective flower arrangement, the importance of color, and the choice of containers will be dis- kers. A demon- a" cussed and demonstrated by prominent guest spea stration of effective backgrounds for flower arrangements will be viven at the Museum for one of the sessions. The guest speak- ers include Mrs. William H. Cary, Miss Grace Cornell of the Metropolitan Museum, Mrs. Roy M. Lincoln, and Miss Hazel Heissenbuttle. This course is free to members of the Botanic Garden and the Metropolitan Museum. /’ee to non-members $6. Single lectures $1.25. Wednesdays at 11:00 am., January 8 to February 5. For further information address Mrs. Whitney Merrill. A25, Fundamentals of Gardening.—A course in first prin- ciples, for those who desire to carry on practical work in their own gardens and to start seedlings in the greenhouse. The lessons ey are as follows: 204 Making cuttings of plants for use in the outdoor garc Planting seed in the greenhouse. Planning the garden. — en. Pricking out seedlings in the greenhouse. ‘The garden soil. Outdoor lesson. Class limited to 60 members. Fee to non-members, $7 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. Wednesdays, 10:50 am., March 11 to April 15. Miss Shaw and Assistant. A29. Practical cer dcnine An evening course for men and women. ive talks with demonstrations. Subjects discussed are: Soil management ; planting ; pruning; combatting plant pests ; plant propagation, including budding and grafting. At the close of each session the class will be afforded an opportunity to bring up special garden problems for discussion. Fee, $4; single lecture, $1. Mon- sa evenings, 8 p.m., February 3 to March 2. Mr. Free. A30. Oram Shrubs: Spring Course.—Ten outdoor sessions held on the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, dealing with the shrubs used in ornamental planting. More than two hundred species and varieties of shrubs are studied at the time of flowering. Class limited to 25 members, enrolled in order Hs application. Fee, $5. Wednesdays, 4 pan., April 15 to June Mr. Doney or Ornamental Shrubs: Fall Course.—Ten sessions, about eight of which are held outdoors in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the common species and varieties of cultivated shrubs. Fall flowers anc of ary fruits ornamental shrubs and small trees, also evergreen shrubs, are studied. This 1s a continuation of the spring course. Class lim- ited to 25 members, enrolled in order of application. Fee, $35. Wednesdays, 4:15-5:30 p.m., October 2 to December 4. Mr. Doney. *A32. Plant Families: Spring Course—Ten outdoor ses- sions in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This course treats of the structure and possible lines of evolution of flowers, and the char- acteristics of important families of flowering plants, such as the Magnolia, Buttercup, Rose, Pea, Mustard, Pink, Geranium, Mal- 205 low, Carrot, Heath, Potato, Figwort, Mint, Honeysuckle Com- posite, and Lily Families. (Not offered in 1930.) Dr. Gundersen. *A33. Plant Families: Fall Course.—[ight sessions, six out- doors in the Botanic Garden, in continuation of the spring course (A32), for a study of the fall flowers and fruits and the vegeta- tive characters of the different families of flowering plants. ‘The two last exercises are illustrated lectures on plant-animal inter- dependence in evolution. Fee, $4. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., Sep- tember 25 to November 13. Dr. Gundersen. A36. Junior Garden Work.—A course planned primarily for members of garden clubs and women’s clubs desirous of start- ing children’s junior garden work. Four lessons as follows: Preparation for outdoor garden work. Garden plans for voung people. Starting plants indoors. How to lay out the garden. How to plant. General management of children’s garden work. Fee, $2, to cover cost of materials. Thursdays, 10:30 am., Feb- ruary 20 to March 12. Miss Shaw and Miss Miner. A37. Lilacs. 3otanic Garden. About one hundred varieties and fifteen species will be studied at their time of flowering. Fee, $2. Thursdays, 10:30-11:45 am., May 7 to May 28. Dr. Gundersen. Four outdoor lessons on the grounds of the — B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with the Brooklyn Teachers Association These courses have been accepted by the Brooklyn Teachers As- sociation, and appear in its Syllabus of Courses. On satisfactory completion of each course, the student is awarded a certificate by the Brooklyn Teachers Association, in cooperation with the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden. The courses are also accepted by the New York Board of Education for credit toward higher teaching li- censes, one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the exception of “ B8, Plant Culture”). Through an agreement with Long Island University, undergraduate credit for certain courses 206 — will be allowed toward fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the admission requirements at the University and the laboratory requirements have been fulfilled. Such courses are starred (*). By special arrangement with the institution con- cerned, these credits have also been used as undergraduate credits in other colleges and universities. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised become the property of the student. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount from the regular fee for all “ B” courses; from other persons the indicated fee 1s required. Long Island University students desirous of electing any of these or of the “A” courses should notify Dean Tristram W. Metcalfe or Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, who will give the candidate a card entitling him to admission to the course. The student should present this card at the beginning of the first session of the course. No course will be given when less than ten persons apply. Bl. General Botany.—A two-vear course of thirty class meetings and thirty two-hour laboratory periods each vear. The first year (A) is spent on the structure and functions of the higher plants. The second year (B) deals with the structure, life lustories, and relationships of the lower groups: bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, and ferns. Four credits each year. In 1935-36 the second half (B) will be given. The first half is not a prerequisite for the second. lee, $10 each year. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 17, and Fridays, 4-6 p.m., beginning September 20. Miss Rusk. B2 (a). Nature Study.— A thirty-hour course in fifteen two- hour sessions, including field work. This course is based on the New York City Syllabus on Nature Study for the elementary erades, and is planned to acquaint the student with botanical nature material, and to be of specific help in setting up nature rooms and planning lessons. Two credits. ee, $10. Tuesdays, 4-6 p.m., beginning September 24. Miss Hammond and Miss Miner. B2 (b). Nature Study.—A spring course similar to B2 (a). Miss Farida Wiley, of the American Museum of Natural [istory, will conduct a field lesson on bird study on a date to be announced. Two credits. Fee, $10, Tuesdays, 4-6 pan., beginning February 18, Miss Hammond and Miss Miner. 207 B3. Principles of Horticulture—Thirty sessions. lor teach- Lessons in potting and general care of house plants; ers only. bulbs ; methods of plant propagation, including the planting « making cuttings (soft wood, and leaf); sowing seeds; preparing for the outdoor garden. Most of this work is carried on in the Emphasis will be laid on problems of a practical Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning Miss Shaw and Assistant. Ph ) greenhouses. nature. Two credits. fee, $10. September 25. B7. Greenhouse Work.—Thirty sessions. for teachers only. A continuation of Principles of Horticulture and open to students who have taken B3. Further study of plant-propagation methods : arrangement of plants in hanging baskets, window boxes, dishes, of certain house plants and winter-flowering Mr. L. Gordon Utter will give four lectures, and practical work in methods and results of etc.; special culture greenhouse plants. with demonstrations plant breeding. Two credits. Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., be- Miss Shaw. ginning September 24. B8. Plant Culture—A course of twenty weeks duration for those who have taken B3 and B7. Work entirely in the green- house. No Board of Education credits are given for this course. Fee, $10. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 17, Mass Shaw. *B10. Flowering Plants: Field and Laboratory Study.— Thirty sessions. The object of this course is to become acquainted with species of wild flowering plants (including weeds), and to Field and laboratory work are dis- learn how to identify them. yer, the season, and the needs of the tributed according to the weatl class. The field work is done largely in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The laboratory work consists of examining flowering plants and identifying them by means of a key, and of pressing, drying, and mounting plants for permanent specimens. Prerequi- Two credits. Fee, $10. site: an elementary course in botany. Miss Rusk. Wednesdays, 4-6 p.m., beginning September 11, *B13-14. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Twenty two-hour sessions. A course of outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, the principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the common trees and shrubs of the astern United States, which are well represented in this region. The species are considered in systematic order, in both winter and — 208 summer conditions, and the features pointed out by which they may most easily be recognized. ‘Two credits. This course is the same as A5 and A9, and is therefore free to members of the Garden. Fee to non-members, $10. Saturdays, 2:30 p.amn., Sep- tember 28 to December 14; and April 4 to June 20. (Omitting October 12, November 30, April 11, and May 30.) Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. *B15-16. Economic Plants.—Thirty sessions. The most important economic plants of the world are considered—their history, culture, formation of their useful products, and the ex- traction and preparation of the latter by man. Herbarium speci- mens and other material, as well as living plants in the conserva- tories and plantations of the Garden will be used for demonstra- tions. Because of its practical applications, this course will be of special value to teachers. Two credits. Fee, $10. Mondays, 4 p.m., beginning October 7. Dr. Cheney. B17. Genetics.—Thirty class meetings and fifteen 2-hour laboratory periods. An introductory course in heredity and variation, including discussion of Mendelian principles, the phys- ical basis of heredity, sex linkage, factor linkage, factor interaction, and quantitative inheritance. Laboratory work on plant material and Drosophila, Prerequisite: an elementary course in botany. Three credits. Fee, $10. Mondays, 4 p.m., beginning September 16; and Thursdays, 4-6 p.m. (laboratory), beginning in December or January. Miss Rusk. C. Children’s Courses Saturday morning classes for bovs and girls are open to children from eight to nineteen years old. Children are grouped in these classes according to age and experience. Miss Shaw and Assistants. I. The Fall Course takes up nature study on the grounds; plant propagation in the greenhouses, using stem and leaf cuttings; bulbs and corms; making of terrariums and dish gardens. En- rollment limited to 175 children. Fee, ten cents. Saturday morn- ings, 9-11:15, October 19 to December 21. II. Winter Course.—Children who have shown unusual abil- ity are chosen from the fall group for winter work. Introduction 209 to the observation of plants through the microscope; propagation projects; study of economic plants; plans for summer flower bor- ders, involving a liberal use of the Children’s Library; flower games, etc. Group limited to 50. No fee. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, February 1 to March 7 III. Spring Course.—Nature study and preparation for the outdoor garden, including studies of seed germination, seed sowing in the greenhouse, and the making of garden plans. All candidates for the outdoor garden must be in spring classes. [enrollment lim- ited to 200. Fee, ten cents. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, March 14 to April 18. IV. Summer Garden Course ——The outdoor garden is open throughout the summer season, and hours arranged to fit in with children’s vacation schedules. No child is assigned an outdoor garden who has not had the spring preparatory work. Group lim- ited to 200 children. Fee, twenty-five or thirty-five cents, depend- ing on the size of the garden. The garden session begins 4 pril 25. The head garden teacher 1s Miss Miner. D. Course for Student Nurses D1. General Botany With Special Reference to Medicinal Plants.—A course of 10 spring and 10 fall lectures, demon- strations, and field trips for student nurses. Arranged in co- operation with various hospitals. The gene1 pal principles govern- ing the life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers and potted plants in the sick room, will be considered. Special atten- tion will be paid to the identification of officinal plants in the field. Hours to be arranged. No fee. Dr. Graves. E. Investigation 1. Graduate Work for University Credit By the terms of a cooperative agreement between New York University and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, properly qualified graduate students may arrange to carry on independent investiga- tions in botany at the Garden under the direction of members of the Garden Staff, who are also officers of instruction in the Grad- uate School of the University. The advantages of the library, 210 laboratories, herbarium, and collections of living plants at the Garden are freely at the disposal of students registered at New York University for such work. Such properly enrolled graduate students are charged no additional fees by the Garden. The fol- lowing courses are approved by the faculty of the Graduate Schoo! of New York University and are given credit as full courses: E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Investi- gation of problems relating to fungi and fungous diseases of plants. Dr. Reed. E8, Research in Forest Pathology.—Investigation of the diseases of woody plants. Dr. Graves. E9. Research in the Structure of Flowers. Dr. Gundersen. E10. Research in the Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. Dr. Svenson. 2 ] oe y } / > fy ~. LEO POMCUCHE MOCIEEOCLEO EH The facilities of the laboratories, conservatories, library, and herbarium are available to qualified investigators who wish to carry on independent researches in their chosen field. There is a charge of $25 per year, payable to the Botanic Garden, V *LLANEOUS = MISC Press Releases ery In order to keep the public informed of events at the Garden news items are sent at fairly regular and frequent intervals to the metropolitan dailies and to many of the suburban papers. These news releases consist of announcements of the periods when the principal floral displays are at their best, of the acquisition of new plants, the blossoming of rare species, improvements in the planta- exhibits, the results fu tions, the installation of new collections anc of research and exploration, ete. The beginnings of the various public courses, as well as public lectures, meetings of various societies at the Garden, Flower Days, and social events are also announced through the public press. faa Broadcasting During 1934 members of the Garden personnel gave 46 radio — talks on general botanical or horticultural topics and concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, as follows: Over WOR, 15; WANDEG 4.312 The talks over WOR were given in cooperation with the Co- operative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home [Economics of the State of New Jersey. In connection with these talks a Radio Garden Club and a Junior Radio Garden Club have been organized. Bulletins are sent regularly to the members of these clubs, and a “ fan” mail has developed as a bureau of information on horticultural topics. Broadeasting, including the cooperation with the State of New Jersey, is being continued during 1935, and will be continued dur- ing 1936. Those interested should watch the daily paper an- nouncements for talks on gardening and plant life. Circulars of Information Circulars descriptive of the various courses and lectures are dis- tributed, without charge, to a regular mailing list which includes 3rooklyn Botanic Garden officials and members, members of the Woman’s Auxiliary, all the libraries and schools of Greater New York, registered and former students, and others. Requests to be placed on this mailing list should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. Popular Publications Leaflets—The publication of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets commenced in 1913. Approximately ten numbers— sometimes more-—constitute a Series, one series being issued each year. The current series is Number XXIII. At the end of every four years, for convenience in binding, a table of contents of the Leaflets published during the four year period is issued. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to present popular in- formation about plant life in general for teachers and others, and to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant ac- tivities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue. ‘The 212 Leaflets are free to members of the Garden and (on request) to teachers in the schools of Greater New York. For others, the subscription is 50 cents per year, or 5 cents a number (4 pages). 3esides the Leaffets, numerous popular articles on various phases of plant life and gardening are written by members of the staff for publication in periodicals and newspapers. Lhe Plant World—By C. Stuart Gager. A popular introduc- tion to the more interesting facts concerning the plant life of the earth, and the importance of plants in our daily lives. 136 pages: 79 illustrations. Price 75 cents. On sale at the Information Desk and [Entrance Gates, and by mail. A Teaching Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—By Arthur H. Graves and Hester M. Rusk. A handbook used in Botanic Garden classes, of brief, non-technical descriptions of the woody plants of the Greater New York region, with the characters by which they may be recognized in summer or winter. Keys, a glossary, and index are appended. ix + 76 pages. Price 75 cents. On sale at the Information Desk anc and by mail. Illustrations of Flowering Plants of the Middle Atlantic and New England States —By the late George T. Stevens, M.D. Ed- ited by Alfred Gundersen. Contains 199 plates and index of ean Entrance Gates, — about 1500 species of the commoner flowering plants, exclusive of the grasses and sedges. Reprinted primarily for use in Brooklyn 3otanic Garden classes. Price $1.00. On sale at the Information Desk and Entrance Gates, and by mail. Guide Books, Maps and Souvenir Postcards of the Garden During the last few years, Guide Books have been published from time to time, as special numbers of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, based upon and explaining various Botanic Gar- den features and exhibits. Each of these publications is more than a guide to an exhibit: it is an elementary treatise on the general subject illustrated by the Garden feature or exhibit. In this way the Guides have value even for those who may not be able to visit the Botanic Garden. The following numbers have been published : Guide No.2. Gardens within a garden: A | general guide to the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By C. S sy C. Stuart Gager. 213 May, 1929. 36 pages, 16 illustrations and map. Price, 25 cents. Out of print. Guide No. 3. The story of our metate: A chronicle of corn. By F. W. Hodge. November, 1929. 25 pages, 14 illustrations. Price, 25 cents. Guide No. 4. The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By Bunkio Matsuki. July, 1930. 38 pages, 20 illustra- tions. Price, 35 cents; by mail, 40 cents. Out of print. Guide No. 5. The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. By Montague Free. May, 1931. 55 pages, 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents; by mail, 40 cents. Guide No. 6. Japanese potted trecs (Hachinoki). By Bunkio Matsuki. November, 1931. 16 pages, 11 illustrations. Price, 35 cents ; by mail, 40 cents. Guide No. 7. The story of our boulders: Glacial geology of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By C. Stuart Gager and Ernst Antevs. May, 1932. 43 pages, 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cents; by mail, 40 cents. Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. Guide to the eight transparencies in Conservatory House No. 2. By Edward W. Berry. July, 1932. 29 pages, 8 illustrations. Price, 35 cents; by mail, 40 cents. These Guides are mailed free, as published, to members of the Garden. Additional copies at regular rates. Similar guides are in preparation and will be published from time to time. Books and manuscripts illustrating the history of botany: An an- notated list. By Emilie Perpall Chichester and C. Stuart Gager. July, 1935. 36 pages. Price, 40 cents. Based upon incunabula and other items in the Library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A detailed map of the Garden, showing not only the various types of gardens included in the Botanic Garden area, but espe- cially the location of the various orders and families in the Sys- tematic Section, is appended to the General Guide (Guide No. 2). Copies are on sale at 5 cents each. A colored picture map of the Garden, 7% x 3% feet, designed and executed by Miss Helen Sewall, is on view in the Laboratory 3uilding. This map was presented to the Garden at the Annual Spring Inspection, May 14, 1929, by members of the Woman's 214 — Auxillary and other friends, as a memorial to Dr. Glentworth Reeve Butler (1855-1926), and in grateful recognition of the services of Mrs. Butler, chairman of the Woman's Auxiliary, 1926-1932. Photographs of this map (in black and white, 644 x4 inches) may be had at 20 cents each. Souvenir postcards, in colors, may be had at 10 cents a set (7 cards) ; three for 5 cents; 2 cents each. The subjects are: Scene in the Children’s Garden; The Brook; Daffodils in the Lawn; Formal Garden; The Rock jer The Lake; Children’s Building anc Garden (Waterfall and Iris); The Japanese Garden (Wisteria) ; Inflorescence of Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta). Orders for guide books, maps, and souvenir postcards, ac- companied by remittance, should be sent to The Secretary. These articles may also be obtained at the Information Desk in the Lab- jer oratory Building, and at the Entrance Gates. VI OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES Plantations The plantations comprise the following sections and gardens: 1. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants arranged according to orders and families). 2. Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden). Ar- rangement ecological. 3. Ecologic Garden, (Temporarily discontinued. ) Japanese Garden. Rock Garden. un i 6, Rose Garden. 7. Iris Garden. 8. Water Gardens (Lake, Brook, Swamp, Bog, Pools). 9, Children’s Garden. 10. Shakespeare Garden. 11. Horticultural Section, including a Wall Garden. 12. Conservatory Plaza (Water Lilies, Herbaceous Borders). 13. Laboratory Plaza (Magnolias). 215 14. Various horticultural collections, as for example: Flowering cherries, plums, apples, etc. Lilacs. Peonies. Azaleas and Rhododendrons. Iris (Bearded and Japanese). Cannas. Dahlias. Hardy Asters. Hardy Chrysanthemums. 15. Miscellaneous plantations. a. Naturalistic plantings of bulbs. Crocus, Daffodils, Poets Narcissus, ete. b. Decorative and screen plantings. 16. Experimental Garden (Test Garden for Beardless Iris; Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding Plots). 17. Nursery. As noted under Docentry (p. 200), arrangements may be made for viewing the plantations under guidance. They are open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and holidays from 10 a.m. until dusk. Automobiles.—Automobiles are not regularly admitted to the Garden. On application to the Director special permits for automobiles are issued, fo members only, to enable those who may not be able to walk through t — 1e plantations to enjoy the Garden. Arrangements must be made in advance (preferably one day in advance). Jn every case the car must be accompanied by a rep- resentative of the Garden. Systematic Section The main part of the outdoor plantations 1s « — evoted to the Sys- tematic Section, which extends from north to south through the central part of the Garden. Ifere the plants are grouped according to their botanical relationships, in orders, families, and genera, fol- lowing approximately the Engler system of plant classification. From the simpler and more primitive types of plants at the north end, to the more highly developed groups at the south, the Sys- 216 tematic Section comprises representative members of the families of plants which are hardy or semi-hardy in this climate. In ac- cordance with this arrangement, the ferns and the conifers and other gymnosperms are at the northern end. Then follow the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of the various families of — dicotyledons. Along the east side of the Brook are the polypetalae. Along the west side of the Brook are the monocotyledons (north of the Rock Garden), and the sympetalae (south of the Rock Garden). The catkin-bearing trees and shrubs follow the line of the Brook. Wherever possible, the plants chosen to represent their groups are those which are of interest from both botanical and horticultural points of view. Local Flora Section This is an area of about two acres devoted to plants native within approximately 100 miles of Brooklyn (the Torrey Botanical Club range). The following ecological units are represented: bog, sand barren, pond, meadow, and woodland. Nearly all the native plants of general interest are well established here, with the exception of the ferns inhabiting limestone areas. There is as yet no suitable place for these. Although the section is not yet open to the general public, arrangements may be made with the Curator of Public Instruction for its inspection by botany classes, to whose needs this area 1s especially adapted. Japanese Garden The Japanese Garden, first opened to the public in 1915, was made possible by a gift to the Botanic Garden of $12,500 from Mr. Alfred T. White, “the father of the Botanic Garden.” The design, by the Japanese landscape architect, Mr. Takeo Shiota, carries out faithfully the Japanese idea of a Niwa, or landscape garden. From the tea house (near the east entrance) one can see the machiai or “ rest house,” the island with the drum _ bridge, bronze storks, stone and wooden lanterns, the waterfalls, and the wooden Tori standing in the lake, recalling the one at Miyajima, Japan. Since January 1, 1919, this Garden has been in charge of Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japanese gardening and Ze floral art, and has been steadily improved, under her supervision, by Japanese gardeners. For details and explanations of the mean- ing of the various features see ‘The Japanese Garden of the 3rooklyn Botanic Garden”: Guide No. 4. (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record 19: 197-234. July, 1930.) Out of print, but available in libraries. Rock Garden The Rock Garden, constructed in the spring of 1916, is, in point of time, perhaps, the first rock garden of any considerable size in a public garden or park in the United States. The rocks used in its construction are glacial boulders which were uncovered in the course of grading operations on other parts of the grounds; they rocks on Long Island, with the exception are the only “ native” of one small outcrop on the northwest shore. The general 1c an ea in making the garden was that of representing a boulder-strewn slope, but this design, of necessity, was modified in places to provide proper cultural conditions as to drainage, depth of soil, and shade. The garden is planted with about eight hundred species and vari- eties of alpine, saxatile, and other plants suitable for rock garden culture. Although the rock garden enthusiast may expect to find some- thing of interest in bloom during every month of the year, it 1s in April, May, and June that the Rock Garden provides its greatest display of blossoms. In several years there have been flowers in bloom in the Rock Garden in each of the twelve months. Per- sons interested in rock gardening will find Guide No. 5, The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, helpful; also, Leaflets, Series XI, No. 6, The Rock Garden. Conservatory Plaza and Waterlily Pools The initial development of the Conservatory Plaza and Water- lily Pools, including the paved walks, eight stone seats, four herbaceous borders, south pool for hardy waterliles, and north pool for sub-tropical and tropical forms, was due to a gift to the 30tanic Garden of $19,260 in 1919 and 1920 from Mr. Alfred T. White. The south pool contains 26 hardy species, and the north 218 (heated) pool 42 tender species. For the latter the Garden is in- debted to the perennial generosity of William Tricker, Inc., Saddle River, New Jersey. Rose Garden The Rose Garden, occupying about one acre in the northwest part of the Botanic Garden, was formally opened to the public on Sunday afternoon, June 24, 1928. This garden was made pos- sible by a gift of $15,000 from Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Connecticut. The general plan of the Garden is as follows: At the north end. entrance is gained through a Dorie pergola. Three parallel rows of beds extend to the southward from the pergola, as far as the pavilion. In the central row of beds, varieties of hybrid perpetuals have been planted along with many of the small polyantha type; each of the two side rows contains varieties of hybrid teas. In the arrangement of these varieties the older forms appear at the beginning, near the pergola, the most recent productions near the pavilion, with the intermediate forms in chronological sequence between. Varieties of pillar and post roses are planted at regular intervals, on suitable supports, in the beds, with standards between the beds of the side rows. The trellis surrounding the garden, and also the pergola and pavilion, furnish support for climbing roses, while the marginal beds along the trellis are for wild s species and their derivatives. South of the pavilion, three additional beds are devoted to historical roses, #.c., those mentioned in ancient liter- ature, and to roses of ee lise; The Rose Garden is open to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays (except holidays) during the rose season, and from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. in June. Children are admitted only when ac- companied by responsible adults. Flower Days In order to afford members of the Garden and friends whom they may invite, an opportunity to see, under expert guidance, some of the most conspicuous and interesting floral displays of the Garden; to assist them toward solving some of their own gar- PALS, dening problems; and to enable them to meet for discussion, a series of special days, called Flower Days, was inaugurated in 1927. The dates selected are those in which the particular flowers furnishing the theme for discussion are in their prime. Up to and including 1935 the following ‘‘ Days” have been observed : Crocus Day Rose Garden Day (June) Daffodil Day Japanese Iris Day Tulip Day Water Garden Day Rock Garden Day Fall Rose Garden Day Japanese Garden Day Canna Day Tris Day Chrysanthemum Day On each of these occasions a specialist gives an illustrated talk on the flower of the Day, followed by a tour of inspection of the flowers in bloom on the grounds of the Garden. The speakers are either members of the Garden staff who have made a special study of the flowers in question, or invited experts in their breeding or culture. During the outdoor inspection there is free discussion of questions of desirable varieties, culture, disease, ete. On re- turning to the Laboratory Building, tea is served. The exercises commence at 3:30 p.m. These Flower Days, now an established feature of the Garden’s activities, have come to be of more than local interest. In 1934 the Botanic Garden's “ Rock Garden Day” was the occasion of the first annual meeting of the American Rock Garden Society. arly, in other years, the American Iris Society and the Ameri- — Simi can Rose Society have held their meetings at the Garden and have joined with the Garden members in the celebration of their respec- tive Flower Days. Conservatories The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind, West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes), eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grapevines from north 220 and south Africa, date palm, coconut palm, chocolate tree, coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, black pepper, annatto (used in coloring butter and cheese), cardamom, olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango, sugar cane, avocado (so- called “alligator pear”), West Indian and other rubber plants, banvan, religious fig of India, and numerous others. It may be of interest to teachers of botany that the nine extant genera of cyeads are represented in House 12. To reach the Cycad House take the first door to the /eft after entering the cen- tral or Economic TTouse and pass through to the end house. The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m— 4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4:30) ; November 1 to March 31, 10 a.m 4 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4). Herbarium The Garden herbarium consists at present of about 200,000 specimens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. This collection may be consulted daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m., Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 12m. Speci- mens submitted for identification will be gladly received. Address the Curator of the Herbarium. Library The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present more than 18,600 volumes and about 15,000 pamphlets. This is not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to all a daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until \ p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). Nearly 1,000 periodicals and serial eal ome devoted to botany and closely related subjects are regularly received. These include the transactions of scientific societies from all quarters of the globe; the bulletins, monograp reports, and other publications of various departments of the = 1s, United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- ments, and of all state agricultural experiment stations and agricul- tural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, universi- ties, botanic gardens, and other scientific institutions of the world, Z| as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is specially rich in publications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnean works. ann sibliographical assistance is rendered to reac the Library staff. An annotated list of the incunabula, pre-Linnaean works, old herbals and other rare or historically important books in the Li- brary was published as the July, 1935, number of the Botanic Garden Recorp. Copies are for sale at 40 cents each. ers by members of Laboratory Building The Laboratory Building contains (besides offices of adminis- tration and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four — aboratory rooms, a culture room, three classrooms with stere- opticon and other equipment for instruction, a room for the in- stallation of temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium seating about 570 and equipped with motion picture machine, stereopticon, and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and electric current for lectures involving experimental work. Instructional Greenhouses A range of three greenhouses, each about 20 x 30 feet, is pro- vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant propagation and other subjects. Children’s Room A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt, supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which now numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already been secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs, and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction mee and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all children, Contributions of specimens and of books on nature study and closely related subjects will be most welcome. Children’s Building This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden plot and contains a conference room, and rooms for the storage of garden tools and implements. The furniture in the conference room was a gift from Mrs. James H. Post. Various collections of plants, seeds, and insects of economic importance in the garden are accessible here for consultation by the children. A garden library, a gift of friends, has been added. North of the Children’s suilding is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and herbaceous perennials for the instruction of the children. Children’s Garden A plot of about three-quarters of an acre in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden is devoted to the theoretical and practical instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of this area is laid out in garden plots which will accommodate about 200 children. At the south end is a Shakespeare Garden, given by Mrs. Henry W. Folger. Non-Botanical Educational Features —_ Meridian Panel—In 1931 there was placed in the paved walk in front of the main west entrance to the Laboratory Building a Terrestrial Position Panel, briefly referred to as the ‘ Meridian Panel.” This panel, of black Belgian marble terazzo, is 21 feet, 2 inches long, and 5 feet wide. It contains a brass strip, 20 feet long and 4 inch wide, laid along the geographical meridian, the location of which was accurately determined by Mr. Weld Arnold, then of the School of Surveying of the American Geographical Society, but now of the School of Geography, Harvard University. Another brass strip, 18% feet long and ®°¢ inch wide, marking the magnetic meridian, crosses the geographical meridian at an anele sor I)” Ti. follows: —= ‘he data at the ends of the meridians are as 223 At the North End: Magnetic north. Variation 11° 11’ west in 1931 Annual increase 4’ At the South End: Altitude above mean sea level, 115 feet North latitude, 40° 40’ 06” Longitude west of Greenwich, 73° 57’ 48” To the North Pole, 3416.7 miles To the Equator, 2798.2 miles This feature is proving of much public interest, and the data are constantly being copied by school classes and others. Armillary . central feature of the Laboratory Plaza is the large Compass and Armillary Sphere erected in 1933. ras made possible through a bequest of the late Alfred W. Jenkins, 1. former member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. he Armil This lary Sphere consists of circular bands of bronze repre- senting the principal celestial circles, and has been designed to serve also as a sun dial. Strictly, an armullary sphere should have either the earth or the sun represented in its center, but here, 1 order to make it serve as a sun dial, these are omitted, and a slender metal rod, extending from the south to the north pole of the sphere, serves as a gnomon. trom the shadow thrown by this rod the correct sun time is indicated on a dial on the inner surface of the equatorial band. 1 By means of the “Equation of Time” inside the sphere, this can be changed to Standard Time. The signs of the zodiac are to be seen on the outside of this broad band (as the band of the ecliptic where they are usually placed is too narrow to receive them): they were modelled by Miss Rhys Caparn, sculptor. The north pole points to the North Celestial Pole. The sphere is mounted on a pedestal of Carver black granite from Vinal Haven, Maine. —— A bronze band encircling the pedestal bears the following classic sun dial motto: “Serene I stand amyddst ye flowres To tell ye passing of ye howres.” The pedestal rests on an octagonal platform of Stony Creek (Con- necticut) pink granite, and the whole is mounted at the center of a large circular compass paved with marble terrazzo in four colors 224 each color representing a different point of the compass. The marble chips used in the terrazzo are of various origins, the red marble coming from Massa, Italy, the black from Mazy, Belgium, the green from Cardiff, Maryland, and the yellow from Siena, Italy. The armillary sphere (with pedestal) and the compass, as well as the entire Plaza, were designed by Mr. Harold A, Caparn, landscape architect of the Botanic Garden. Labeled Boulders—The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is located near the western end of the terminal moraine of Long Island. This moraine was deposited at the southern edge of the continental glacier that occupied the northern part of North America, during the last Ice Age. The southward-moving ice picked up and car- ried along innumerable boulders derived from rock ledges in vari- — ous localities north of what is now Long Island. During their journey, these boulders were rounded and polished and, in some cases, marked with striations that still persist. Twenty-eight of these boulders have had their lithological composition carefully determined and compared with that of rock ledges to the north. sy this study it has been possible to determine, with a fair degree of accuracy, the approximate places from which the boulders now in the Botanic Garden were derived. Bronze tablets, given by President Edward C. Blum, of the Board of Trustees, have been placed on these boulders, telling their composition and probable place of origin, and stating that they were brought to the Garden by the continental ice-sheet during the glacial period. A similar bronze tablet is mounted on a boulder at the foot of soulder Hill (which takes its name from the large glacial erratic on its summit). The inscription reads, “ Boulder Hill and the en- tire northern portion of the Botanic Garden are part of the terminal glacial moraine extending from The Narrows to Montauk Point. This tablet was given in 1932 by the Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the srooklyn Botanic Garden.” Guide No. 7, The story of our boulders, has been prepared for the use of classes in geography or geology, or others who may be interested. Copies may be obtained at the Information Desk and Ientrance Gates at 35 cents each; by mail, 40 cents. Arrangements may be made in advance for docents to conduct classes who wish to study these labeled boulders. INDEX TO VOLUME XXIV Accessions (Library), 103 Adult Education, 23 ican Fern Journal, 44 jour of Botany, 142 ock Ga is en Society, 102 Xose Society, 102 Ren eee pee -fifth, 45 Annual Report of the Bro oklyn Bo- tanic Garden, 1934, Twenty-Fourth, 11 Arai, . Rioichiro, 74 Avmilary Sphere, 223 ; ect, up Works 17 ennte Ho ys Scott eS er Foundat Rese aces Bees 184 stor Bree 68 Vine ee Attendance the Cree During 1934, 73 ieee Mrs. E. F., Autographs and Autographed Let- eee 215 Auxiliary, Ww oman’s, 33, 144 Averill, Mary Benedict, Ralph C., 44, 71, 111 3 ios Best, Jt gl Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Forms receding p. 11 Bidens, Studies of, 70 Board o ucation, 44 Books and Manuscripts illustrating the History of Botany, An An- notated List, 15 Botany, Economic, 71 of the sie lyn Institute of Arts i , Department of, 42 3 d, 224 out Examin: ations, 80 Ree eeane 24, 211 Bagedes sts, 80 AIS of Robert, 27 5. A., 74 R ate 103 Budget ee 1934, Summary of Total Maintenance, Busts of Botanists, Six, 17 Camp Pie Girls, 85 Harold ihe 98 94 aise William H., 74, 203 er ato sama mexicana, 99 Cheney, ee H., 71 : , Attractio on of, eding Work in 1934, 59 chester, Emilie P., 108 Childcem s Building, 222 8 IO¢ As Vork, Jaye and, 24 City, anic Garden Precedin 11 Civil W eae Olena ation, 12 € eae and Courses, Adult, 74 LF and the, the Garden, Scho 1, 19 ome Post- Linnean Botanic: al, 176 Cocos Isla nd, 70 Coffea apie scudics of, 71 Galleenene Fund, Columbia College of Uaivel ste cy C ences, 197 Conklin, Mrs. Marie E., 58 Conservation es Native Pl: ints, 111 Conservatories, 97, Conservatory ie PAU? Contributions and Viciweiees 143 Cooperation, 38, 44 in Membe t Brooklyn Institute, 77 with Local Schools, 195 Ww ee New York City Park Depart- t, 79 Gast Miss eae 203 Cost of Art ication, 47 of Science Education, 47 Courses, Children’s, 208 cus species, . on Scouleri, 68 ummings, James, 2 (G 3 Curator of Plants for 1934, Report of the Associate, 8 CWA-TERA Project, 15 225 fe Dar Ww ink ae — Davis, Paul 8 I ae tus Semi, 3rooklyn 1934, 1 Dee oO otany of the De- partment ot on, Brooklyn Cooperation with the, nstitu 77 The Clcancauon of, Dicoty vee 05 ~ Dinner, Personnel, 35 Director, Report of the, 11 Docentry, 200 Doney, Charles F., 34, 68 Downs, Daniel C 8 Dunthorne, Gordon, 34, 38 Ecology, 142 ke aoe tion, Adult, 23 ost Art, 47 Cit a Pe 47 -ublic * of our Edu- . ame Ratio’ cational Contacts, 22 Ieidlitz, Mrs. EK. I, 74 Elementary Instruction a ae Re- port of the Curator Eleocharis, 70 > Work ers 12 E xperiments, Demonstration, 199 lrederated ete clubs of New Yor k State 102 Fern Society ee American, 109 Library, 110 Field Excursions, cerning, 201 ‘rips Conducted, Financial, 45 ove. Two Terminal, I° eda oe : ee Line, Floy rangemen 74 ae LS, eG, Show, Brook lyn Fall, 44, Annu: il Restrictions Con- 139 28 99 Interna- Foss, ree, , 34 Montague, 76, 77, 91, 102 Galapagos and Cocos Islands, Flora of, O8 Gager, C. Stuart, 49 eee . eninsula, 91 Genet 71, 142 6 Gifts, 45 Increase in Public, 46 Received During 1934, G padie Students and Soe nvestigators Enrolled Du ee 58 18 Graves, Arthur Harmount, 59, 80 Greenhouses, “Instructional 221 ude C a ren 605, 88 Hague, eu Js Halloc Pomme Elsie Tvemlow, 34 Heissenbuttle, aoa Hazel, 203 Herbals and ther Pre-Linnean Vorks, Bate 1ol Herbarium, 89, Accessions and mer Gre 94 Material BiocEo wed for udy, 93 Loaned to Other eaneee 93 Herrington, Arthur, 77 Hine, Mrs. Walter R., ey of Botany: An Annot: jes . Books and Manuscripts illus ae the, Horticultural College of Southern mn a 85 ie i New York, ee and H lead Se ene for 1934, Report of the, 95 Hospitals, 44 Hunter, Willi iam Tyde, } eee R., 38 Idaho, Seeds from, 9 eee 1abula, 160 formation, Bureau 80 “Bureau of oe re Circulars of, 2 Inspection , Tw Sal Annual Spring, ee iction, Courses of, 200 eer earn 209 Independent ) 21 Iris and Remontants, Dwarf Beard- Japanese, 89 Species, 8 Tall | ded, 88 Tris pseudacorus, 98 ee Garden, 97, Jenki H. De srothy, pina Julius M., 110 Kimball, Isabel Moore, 38 Knapp, H. Knight, E Isie, 83 Labels, and Sie 89 ereeieea “Building ie PHA Labor Paid for by. Charitable Or- ganizations 6 Langman, Hon. Lady, 28, 103 Lantern Sides Loan Sets of, 199 cao Week 39 s, 143 Le Piniec, Marcel, 99 Library, 25, Accessions, Statistical Report on the, 109 for 1934, Report on the, 103 Lilacs, 86 Lilac Species, Sa ry of, 86 Lincoln, Mrs. 7 M., 203 Linné, First coe of His Works Loan Material, Study and, 197 Loans, Interlibrary, 108 Local Flora Section, 92, 216 Long Island Wivercite 44.75 East Indiz in, 97 Lyell, Lord, 28, Right t Hon. Lady, 28 Maley, Carleen, 34, Map of the oy Marans, Mois 7 Marcy, D. Elizabeth, 56 83 213 mbers and the General ourses for, of, 146 Public, List Plant Distribution to, 36 Membership, 3 Courtesies, Exchange of, 37 Inter _Institutio nal, 45 gael Concerning, Preced- e p. 11 Davies of, Preceding p. 11 Out ao wn) Vil Rae iry of, 158 Memoirs and Contr Hee rea Panel, 222 Merrill, E. D., 42 eat Mrs. Whitney, 33 Mi rule eae Fun we the, 24 Morrison, B. Y. Moses, Renee re Mur al Design, ib, 143 National Education Association, 84 Rose Garden, 102 Nature Cura ators, 81 ee a A Study of Variation of New ‘ell, Andrew B., 35 New Jers y College of Agriculture eenier Service, State Museum, 40 New York Botanical Garden, 42 North Addition, 9 Novani, Guilio, 17 Oat Hybrids, Experiments wi ith the Fourth and [Fifth Generations aos Experiments with the Third Gen- ration of, 5 vered Smut reneniance 2 , 50 Organizations at ” the Garden 1934, Mee s of, 139 Otto, ee Carl L., 97 Park Pee Soon een with New York Parl Department of, 38 P: ee Fo l 50 Patent Line, ee Ea lyn, 28 Irs. Charles E., ics of, 73 Petri Dich Service, Ste cs G Tvereity, itis Pharmacy of Columbia VE. ollege o Phillips, | Photographic Report on, 141 Photographing, Baareie and Sketch- ing, Regulations Concerning, vill Pillsbury, “Artht ur C., 34 214 pertoes 2, Plant, Flower ond Fruit Guild, Na- ional, 8 PSH nee eee and, 101 o Mer 36 Shae Ornamental 98 Plants for 1934, Report of the eats of, 8 ge to Living, 88 falter D., 17 Private ae Accoun ts, 113 Funds, Tax Budget and, 48 Zao Prospectus: 1935-36, 159 P ee lr by the Botanic een Personnel During 1934, issued by the Brooklyn. Boise arden 034 Report on Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 142 Pop a O1 Public Instruction for 1934, Report of the of, 72 Vorks of ren ee 17 \ Purdy, Maud, 65, 68 Radio en by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1934, 1 co eer yn Botanic G; arden, 14: R eed, George M., 33, 50, 77 Rehder, Alfred, 68 arch 18 Rese , I for 1934, Reports on, ! Resident fnvestigntor (Ferns) for 1934, Report of the, 110 Rock Garden, 97, 21 Rose Garden, 97, 218 Rusk, Hester M., 79 Sambugnac, Alexan der, 17 schedule, May 14-19, 1954, ae Botanic on den Class, Schmitz, Carl School Garden Assocmtion of New 40, 9 eed and Plant Distribution, 101 TE Sere 9 ntern< ational, 101 Seeds ie - School and Home Plant- 196 OF fiered in te ae List of, 1 Sempervivur Shaw Ellen. ‘Eddy, 7 5 Sidewalk, Washineton Avenue, 39 Sac ms, Z, Smuts, Cultural Characteristics of t at, 55 Physiologic Races of Oat, 54 Sorghum, 56 si pe on the Inheritance of Re- ance of Oat Hybrids to Loose ae Covered, 50 orghum Smuts, 56 eh Addition, Property Assembled in, Specimens, Pe eetminalion of, 200 picer, Mrs. Henry Gage, 83 T. ae The Ger enus, 68 a Institute of Applied Agricul- eon Long Island, 58 eon for 1934, Fina ancial, 111 5 ene a Com- mission, 7 St tatistics of School Service, 26 : 1 D., 17 Svenson, ee nry K., 34, 44, 68, 77, 93 Systematic on 215 General, Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Pa- pers Given by the oo roan P ersonnel Dudas 1934, Tani i S., 8 Tax Budget Accounts, j4 “oO > Loy + a wn Q Trees and Shrubs, Check List of, 68 Trees, Naming oe Trustees, Officers a the Board of, 143 Twentieth Annual Spring Tnspec- tion, 37 ae States Botanic Garden, 40 , L. Gordon, 55 Vilkomerson, Hilda, 79 Wall Garden, 13 W ashing ton, Mt., 91 te Is, Nel son MM. | = in th gen a : vis sion, Department of Public Woe ire, 40 Zalewski, Victor, 35 - } as Ve ¥ The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VIcE-PRESDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS EDWARD C, BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD GATES D, FAHNESTOCK ALFRED E. MUDGE WILLIAM A. PUTNAM EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tue FoLttowinc OFFICcIALs oF THE City or New York H HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION E 1p.—All persons who are interested in the objects and aimee of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy s cial privileges, Annual Membership, $10 ye aye Sustaining Membership, 25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information co ing membershi be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Ts 1000 WasEhGton ee Broo ek 1, N. Y. Telephone, Piospet E Botanic GARDEN is open free to he public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on suns oe Holidays it is open cEs.—On Fla ipuse Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Bidpedt ERecenvoik: on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Bacterh Parkway, west of the Museum Building. The street Saas to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Woshington Avenue, opposite moe ae and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may ie obtained. This Sena is free ce Cais to members of Ne Botanic Garden; to others there is a char 0 cents per person. Arrangem mus be made by aUpigsHon to the Cater of Public pee at least ane ay in advance. No p of less than six adults will be co Ga ARDEN take Broadway (BM TD) Senway to Biter Park or- Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to Sieling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street or Vanderbilt Avenue trolley to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. By AutomosiLe from points on Long Island take Eastern Parkway west and turn left at Washington Avenue; from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue to carer as Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington venue; then turn r Ae fences BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECO tablished, January, 1912, An administrative periodical issued ates teddy (igiz-1928) ; ; bimonthly (1929-1932) ; aah (1933-). Contains, ng other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, apecial reports, announcements of ees of SateRETiOAL seed list, Guides, Re laneous papers, and notes pepe alte Garden progress of events. a ree to mem- bers ee the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Circulates in 59 countries. MOIRS. EtiGeE July, 1918. Published “evegulary es in olume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratony building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 p pages. ‘Price $3.50, plus p Volume II. The ee S Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: e study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1 .00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ent. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, if une 10, 1927. 151 pages. Rice $1.60. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, caves 1911. Papere siginally published — in periodicals, reissued as “separates” out change of pa numbere consecutively. Twenty-five sumer constitute one volume. Mente 33 cents each, $5. volume. Circulates in 34 ¢ No. 68. Monographic S oe in pen ore 13. pages. 1934. No. oe Plants of the Astor Expedition, 1930 (Galapagos and C ocos Islands). 61 pages. 1935. No. 70. Inheritance of resistance to loose smut in hybrids of es and Black Mesdag oats. 10 pages. 1935. No. 71. as ein of the parasitic fungi. 19 pages. 1935. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or pee during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to g e popular, elementary mformation a plact life for teachers and others, Free to m den. , fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents reach Circu- lates in 28 count GUIDES to fe collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication, Issued as numbers of the Recorp; see above. ns Guide No. 5. The Rock Garden, 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents, By mail, cents, : Guide No. 6. panes potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations, Price, 35 cones By mail, 40 uide No, 7. The story of our boulders: ne oe of oe Brooklyn Duarte Garden. 22 sigs tions, Price, 35 cents Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. 3 reece wie 3 cents. By mail, ae cents, : LIST. eat die Seminum) Established, Deccmber 1914. Since 1925 issued Gach year in the January number of the Sree ‘Circulation includes 160 rdens and aeneiians located in 40 countri MERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. ed January, 1914, Pub- lished, in cooperation with the BoTANicaL SociETy oF AMERICA, m monthl-", except during August and September. Subscratien $7.00 a year. Circulates in countries, ECOLOGY. ede Pena 1920. Published quarterly in cooperation as the Hea he SCTE y or America. Subscription, we 00 a are Circulates in 48 coun GEN BarCS Established, eee 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countr: