I--FRANK STEPHENS

Life Areas: of California

IIl--A. W. VOGDES

Address on Books Relating to Geology

1

: Mineral Resources of California

‘

Vol. 1, No. 1. 1905.

~ "PRANS. SAN DIBGO AGAD: NAT, SCIENOBS

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eh ates

see mt SPS

FAUNAS.

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Humboladt.
Shasta.
Modoe.
Sacramenio.
Foothill.
Sierra Nevada.
Alpine.

Clear Lake

San Luis Obispo.
10, Santa Cruz.

11, San Jacinto.

12, San. Diego.

13, San Bernardino.
14. ee

1B, Moja

16, Gola Valley.
17, Island,

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ZO NES:
Arctic.

Boreal.
Transition.

Upper Austral.

> ower Austra).

-| Sub-Tropica],

LIFE AREAS OF CALIFORNIA

BY

FRANK STEPHENS

Most people who have ascended mountains, on business or for
pleasure, have noticed that there was a gradual change in the trees
and other vegetation as height was gained, and some see that there is
a system in this change. Ata certain height in one mountain occurs
a combination of trees, shrubs, plants, birds, insects and mamunals,
which combination is repeated in a genet ral way on other mountains
at a similar altitude, modified by local causes,
‘irection of slope, nearness or remoteness of large bodies of
higher, a change

stich as soil, angle or
water,
es above base level and other conditions. Going
in the birds, trees, etc., occurs through the gradual disappearance of
some species and the substitution of others until a new combination is
formed, A similar combination is repeated in other mountains of the
region in about the same order. Local causes modify these repetitions
more or less, but the general similarity is sufficient to force the close
observer to the conclusion that they are controll lled by general natural
laws. Within a few years muc

tion of these natural laws, and [ will

h study has been given to the elucida-
attempt to summarize some of

the results of these investigations in California.
The causes controlling the geographical distribution of life are
Many, the most important being temperature, moisture, soil and light.
We are accustomed to sum up three of these leading causes in the
Word climate.
‘The most important single cause of the varied distribution of life
18 heat: its quantity and daily and yearly range over a
Other conditions being equal, the warmer the climate of a locality is,
will be. A great

given area.

y ( . s . e Py cf
the more luxuriant and varied its forms of life

yearly or daily range of temperature unfavorably affects the life ofyan
area by weeding out the forms most sensitive to such changes, on the
principle of the “survival of the fittest”.

The heat of a locality is affected by its latitude, altitude, direction
of the prevailing winds, height above base level and slope exposure.
Increase of latitude and altitude produce similar climatic effects, the
higher area having a similar climate to that of the lower area
situated a certain distance further from the equator. In other words,
a traveler passing from the tropics toward the poles at sea level finds
the climate steadily becoming colder; in climbing a mountain the
same change is observed.

If the area of high altitude is great it is warmer than a small
similar area at the same height and latitude, for the reason that the
greater area conserves the greater amount of heat as daily received
from the sun. It sometimes happens that the base level on one
side of a mountain range is higher than that on the other side; in
this case the higher level tends to raise the temperature and therefore
the life zones on that side. A good illustration is the Himalaya
Mountain range. ‘The plain on the south side is several thousand
feet higher than the plateau on the north side; in consequence of
this difference of base level on the two sides the timber line and
snow line are about three thousand feet higher on the north than on
the south side. This is in direct opposition to the effect of latitude
which would tend to lower the snow line on the north side. ‘I‘he
Sierra Nevada Mountains are another illustration. ‘The plateau on
the eastern side is from three to four thousand feet higher than
the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys on the west side, and in
consequence all the life zones are higher on the east side than on
the west.

Slope exposure is another disturbing cause. A slope directly fac-
ing the sun is warmer than one facing away from it. his is very
noticeable in many canyons running east and west in semi-arid parts
of California, in which case the timber will be found growing con-
siderably lower down on the side receiving the least amount of direct
sunshine.

Prevailing winds coming directly from large bodies of water tend
to cool the region contiguous and therefore lower the life zones.

The next most important agent in the distribution of life is mois-

4 . . .
ture. ‘The greater or lesser amount of moisture present in air and

6)

soil strongly affects the vegetable growth of a locality; as animal
life of a locality is practically dependent on the vegetation it is in that
way affected by the proportion of moisture present. ‘The amount of
Moisture of a region is regulated by its distance from large bodies of
water, the direction of the prevailing air currents, and the height of
intervening obstacles, such as mountain ranges. Most of the mois-
ture present in the air originates in the evaporation of seas and other
large bodies of water. ‘he moisture laden air moving inland when
cooled is unable to hold up all its moisture, which falls as rain. A
high range of mountains will greatly cool the air currents passing
Over it and the heavy rainfall or snowfall resulting may abstract so
much of the moisture from the air, that little is left for the region
beyond the mountains, which thus becomes arid. ‘The region of
the Colorado and Mojave Deserts and the greater part of Nevada is
an illustration of the drying influence which the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains exert on the air currents passing over them.

The quality of the soil is another factor in the quantity and
character of the plant and animal life of a region. ‘The carnivorous
Species of animals of a region subsist on the herbivorous species;
these subsist on the leaves, stems, seeds or root of plants which
draw their nourishment from the soil; therefore a richer or poorer
soil has a considerable direct influence on such apparently remotely
connected beings as the foxes or hawks that live in a region.

Dr. C. Hart Merriman has formulated certain laws of the distri-
bution of life which appear to be based on sound reasoning from a
Sufficient mass of observed facts to assure their correctness.

“The northward distribution of animals and plants is determined by
the total amount of heat—the sum of effective temperatures.

The southward distribution of Boreal, ‘Transition zone, and Upper
Austral species is determined by the mean temperature of the hottest
Part of the year.”

If the North ‘Nemperate Realm was composed of sea and level
land only, its life zones would nearly follow parallels of latitude
around the northern hemisphere, deflected here and there by the
effects of warm or cold ocean currents on the shores they wash.

The presence of mountain ranges breaks up such uniformity of clim-
ate and renders the definition of life zones very difficult, nowhere
More so than in California, where, in many mountains, island-like
‘teas are detached from the main bodies of their zoneg or Yong

4

points project, or narrow bands curve to follow the sinuosities of
the mountain sides. The peculiar topography of this state produces
a variety of life zones which is probably equaled by no other similar
area elsewhere. Bordered as California by the sea; traversed its
whole length by a mountain range, in places carrying perpetual snow ;
possessing considerable areas lying below sea level; having a range
of annual rainfall varying from 80 inches in the northwestern part
of the State to 2 or 4 in the southeastern part, it offers the student
of climatology and of the distribution of life facilities unsurpassed
in any civilized country, and problems unknown in most other parts
of the world.

Long ago geographers divided the earth’s surface into five zones,
giving them definite boundaries of certain parallels of latitude
founded on astronomical considerations. Biologists have also divided
the earth’s surface into life zones and other divisions. ‘These divi-
sions seldom have very definite boundaries, but blend into one another,

For my present purpose I shall follow the division of the northern
hemisphere into three Life Realms, as follows: The Arctic Life
Realm, surrounding the north pole and passing southward to the
northern limit of trees, or about the annual isotherm of 32 degrees;
the North ‘Temperate Life Realm, extending southward from the
Arctic Life Realm to about the annual isotherm of 70 degrees; and
. Tropical Life Realm. ‘These Life Realms are subdivided into Life
Zones as follows: An Arctic Life Zone, consisting of all the Arctic
Life Realm; a Boreal Life Zone consisting of the upper or northern
part of the North Temperate Life Realm south to about the summer
isotherm of 63 degrees; a ‘Transition Life Zone, consisting of that
part of the same Realm bounded above or on the north by the
summer isotherm of 63 degrees, and below or south by the summer
isotherm of 70 degrees; an Upper Austral Life Zone lying between
the summer isotherms of 70 degrees and 77 degrees; a Lower Austral
Life Zone consisting of the remainder of the North ‘Temperate Life
Realm; and a Sub-Tropical Life Zone consisting of the northecs
part of the Tropical Life Realm. ‘This covers but a small area in
southeastern California. ‘That part of the Arctic Life Zone in Cal-
ifornia is still smaller, consisting of a few small isolated areas on the
highest mountain summits.

The distribution of life being affected also by the greater or less

average amount of moisture present in a given area, and as this

a

average amount of moisture varies in portions of each life zone it
follows that the distribution of life is not equal throughout a life
zone. ‘lo give expression to the effects of the varying amounts of
moisture in life realms and life zones they are divided in sections
of variable size called regions, sub-regions and provinces. ‘hat part
of the North ‘emperate Life Realm on this continent is known as
the North American Region. ‘That part of this region in western
North America having a small annual rainfall is known as_ the
Arid Sub-Region, and the part near the sea having a large rainfall is
the Pacific Coast Sub-Region. The Arid Sub-Region has been
divided into two provinces: the Sonoran Province consisting of that
part in the Lower Austral and Sub-Tropical Zones; and the Camipes-
trian, consisting of that part in the Upper Austral and ‘Transition
Zones.

| propose further subdividing the life areas of California into
Faunas, to consist of areas of nearly equal temperature, moisture
and soii, and the therefore a nearly homogeneous local assemblage
of life forms. ‘These will not be equal in either size or value, and
are intended only to facilitate the study of distribution of species in
California. ‘lhe boundaries of Life Zones and Faunas as indicated
on the accompanying map are only provisional; further study will
necessitate numerous changes.

The Californian Arctic Fauna is that part of the Arctic Life Zone
in California. A few species of plants constitute the only peculiarly
Arctic life in California, as the areas are so small that animal life of
Strictly Arctic species has disappeared, with the possible exception of
Insects,

The Boreal Zone is forested nearly throughout its extent in Cali-
fornia, ‘I‘he principal forest trees are the Foxtail Pine, White-barked
Pine, Mountain Pine, ‘Tamarack Pine, and Red Fir. ‘The Californian
Mammals peculiar to this zone are the Gray-headed Pika, Mountain
Beaver, Yellow-bellied Marmot, Belding Ground Squirrel, Alpine,
Sierra Nevada and \lpine Chipmunks, Californian Pine Squirrel,
Black Fox, Wolverine, Pine Marten and Ermine. Some of the birds
breeding principally or exclusively in this zone are Sooty Grouse,
White-headed Woodpecker, Williamson Woodpecker, Western Night-
hawk, Calliope Hummingbird, Olive-sided Flycatcher Gray-eared
Finch, White-crowned Sparrow, Lincoln Sparrow, ‘Thick-billed Spar-

a sree : a a ; ine moxy
Ow, Green-tailed ‘owhee, Audubon Warbler and Black-throated Gray

6

Warbler. ‘The Californian part of the Boreal Zone may be called the
Californian Alpine Fauna.

The Transition Zone is of considerable extent in northern Cali-
fornia, but is of less extent in the southern part of the state, where it
is limited to the sides and upper parts of the mountains, except that
small part rising above about 7,000 feet altitude, which is Boreal.
In most parts of the state the ‘ransition Zone is well timbered, and
is the great source of supply of wood and lumber in this state. ‘The
Yellow, Black and Sugar Pines, White Fir, Cedar and Redwood are
characteristic of this zone. It contains a large number of species of
birds and mammals, though few, perhaps none, are limited to: it,
nearly all its species being found in the adjoining zones, either above
or below. Some of the birds breeding principally in it are the Calt-
fornian Woodpecker, Blue-fronted Jay, Californian Purple Finch,
Violet-green Swallow and Mountain Chickadee.

The T'ransition zone in California may be divided into several
Faunas. ‘The northeast part of the state, north of Honey Lake and
east of Mt. Shasta, may be called the Modoc Fauna. It is a high
broken plateau with some coniferous timber on the highest parts.
A character of this Fauna is the abundant presence of sage brush
(Artemesia). South of the Modoc Fauna is a large area of the
Transition Zone in the lower parts of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
which may be called the Sierra Nevada Fauna. It is mostly well
timbered, with Yellow Pine as the principal species. ‘Those areas of
the Transition Zone lying south of Lat. 35 degrees may appropriately
take the name of the San Bernardino Fauna. Here also the Yellow
Pine is a characteristic tree. ‘The region about Mt. Shasta, north to
Oregon and west to the low strip along the sea coast may provision-
ally take the name of the Shasta Fauna until its features are better
known. I know nothing of this fauna personally and I can find
very little published concerning its faunal conditions, A narrow
strip along the seacoast from the Oregon line south to San Francisco
may be called the Humboldt Fauna. This is a region of heavy rain-
fall and fogs, and a strong character is the presence of heavy red-
wood forests. A continuance of this narrow strip along the coast
southward, including the Santa Cruz Mountains, and ending a short
distance south of Point Sur, may take the name of the Santa Cruz
Fauna. It presents similar characters to that of the Humboldt Fauna,

but in a less marked degree.

7

The Upper Austral Zone lies next below or south of the ‘Transi-
tion Zone. in many parts of the Upper Austral Zone a thick growth
of several species of shrubs, collectively known as chapparral or
chemisal, covers the hills. Forests are few and west of the Sierras
are composed mostly of oaks, which east of the Sierras are replaced
by Pinons and Junipers. ‘The Gray-leafed Pine is common in this
Zone in some places within the drainage of the San Joaquin and
Sacramento valleys. ‘The most characteristic mammals of the Upper
Austral Zone are Pocket rats, two genera and several species, Pocket
Mice of several species, Californian Grasshopper Mice, Striped
Skunk, Gray and Island Foxes. The following species of birds find
their upper or northern limits in this zone, Nuttall Woodpecker,
Costa Hummingbird, Yellow-billed Magpie, Nelson Oriole, Law-
rence Goldfinch, Black-throated Sparrow, Long-tailed Chat, Califor-
nian ‘Mhrasher and Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.

That part of the Upper Austral Zone lying on the west side of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains, consisting of a long narrow strip along
the sides of the lower parts of the mountains, may be called the
Foothill Fauna. A broken region of moderate extent, bounded on
the west by the Humboldt Fauna, on the north by the Shasta Fauna,
on the east and south by the Sacramento Valley, may be called the
Clear Lake Fauna. ‘The region bounded on the west and southwest
by the Santa Cruz Fauna and the Pacific Ocean, on the southeast by
the Santa Ynez Mountains and on the northeast by the San Joaquin
Valley may be called the San Luis Obispo Fauna. All the islands
lying off the Southern California coast may be grouped together
under the name of the Island Fauna. ‘hat part of the Upper Austral
Zone south of the San Luis Obispo Fauna, and the Mojave Desert
and west of the Colorado Desert may be called the San Jacinto
Fauna.

The Lower Austral Zone includes most of the Mojave Desert, the
San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, and a strip along the coast from
Santa Barbara to San Diego and southward. Over much of this

area cactuses form a characteristic part of the vegetation. But few

trees occur and these are found mostly along streams and in damp
land. Much of this zone is very arid. Shrews are nearly wanting
mn this zone, Several species of bats find their northern limit in it,
as do several species of ground squirrels. No species of tree squirrels

ee wl ~ 8 4 f * of rape s 4077 AQ
Or chipmunks (genera Sciurus and Lutamias) occur, Several species

8

of pocket rats and pocket mice and the Big-eared Fox are peculiat®
to this zone, the Gambel Partridge, Scott Oriole, Leconte ‘Thrasher,
Crissal Thrasher, Yellow-headed ‘Tit and Plumbeous Gnatcatcher.

The large valley known as the Sacramento Valley (northern part),
and San Joaquin Valley (southern part) may be called the Sacra-
mento Fauna. ‘The comparatively small area of Lower Austral
Zone in the southwestern part of the state may be called the San
Diego Fauna. In the eastern part of the state is a large area of arid
plain, studded with small barren mountains, known as the Mojave
Desert. It 1s principally Lower Austral Zone, but has a few tracts
sufficiently elevated to reach the Upper Austral and a few very small
areas of Transition Zone. This area north of the low Colorado
Desert and west of the bottom lands of the Colorado River may be
called the Mojave Fauna.

The Sub-Tropical Zone in California is confined to the bottom
land along the Colorado River and west in the Colorado Desert,
which is properly a part of the same bottom lands. Among the
birds which do not breed above this zone and are found in this
part of California are the Harris Hawk, probably the Audubon Cara-
cara, Elf Owl, Vermillion Flycatcher, Abert ‘T'owhee and Cooper
Tanager. ‘This part of the Sub-Tropical Zone may be called the
Colorado Valley Fauna.

AN ADDRESS

SAN NIiG Ff NATURAL HISTOR,

Before the San Diego Academy: of-Natural: Sciences, on the Books Relating to
Geology, Mineral Resources and Paleontology of California.

BY

ANTHONY W. VOGDES

In the early days the Science of Geology formed a part of Miner-
alogy, and subsequently, Physical Geology. ‘The earliest writer to dig-
nify the science was Dr. Saussure, in the year 1778. This great ex-
plorer of the Alps was the first to adopt a name for the science of Ge-
ology, instead of the old name of Cosmology.

The earliest account of the Geology of California, was that given
by the Rev, William Buckland, in Beechey’s Narration of a Voyage to
the Pacific and Behring’s Strait, in 1831. Dr. Buckland was born in
Devonshire in 1784, and for many years held the chair of Geology at
the University of Oxford. He was the founder of the museum of Ge-
ology of that University, amd one of the founders of the Science of
Geology. In the Volume on the Zoology, Dr. Buckland gives several
references to the geology of the vicinity of San Francnsco Bay, pre-
pared from notes and collections of Lieut. Belcher, with a map of the
headlands embracing San Francisco Bay. ‘This early map indicates the
Several formations. Serpentine, sandstone, and jasper rocks are rep-
resented,

In the Geology of the Bay of San Francisco he gives an account
of the Geology of San Francisco,—with notes of the earthquakes in
1806, also that of 182

In the report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Moun-
tains in 1842, Captain Fremont gives a few geological notes on Cali-
fornia,

There are also notes regarding the geology of California in Em-
ory’s Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth, to San Diegoy Califor-

1O

nia, and in the report of Col. Cook’s march from Santa Fe to Sar
Diego, published in 1848.

In the U. S. Exploring Expedition, Vol. X, Geology, Prof.
James D. Dana gives an account of the Geology of Shasta Mountains,
also that of San Francisco Bay, with a description of the fossils of
Astoria, Oregon, many of which are common to the Palaeontology of
California.

Only 200 copies of this volume with its Atlas were published and
it is one of the rarest works of California Geology.

During the year 1848-49, other expeditions and journals gave a
few topographical and Geological notes; such as Capt. Johnson’s ex-
pedition from Santa Fe to San Diego,—and Col Cooke’s march of the
Mormon Battalion.

With the discovery of gold in 1848, numerous notices appeared.
The most important Reports were those by Dr. ‘I'yson: Information in
Relation to the Geology of California, Washington, 1850. ‘This work
contains articles on the Geology of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, also
that of the Coast Range, with the geological structure of the Sacra-
mento Valley; Gold regions of the Sierra Nevada,
mines, etc,

the quicksilver

This work was republished with an introduction and an index, at
Baltimore, in 185.

The most important official document published at this date was
the report of the Secretary of War, Part 2.

It contains a topographical memoir, with map of the Sacramento
Valley, by Lieut. G. H. Derby, pp. 2-16, with Warner’s reconnoissance
of a route through the Sierra Nevada by the upper Sacramento, pp.
16-34.

Fxploration of Monte Diablo, ete., by Lieut. Williamson.

The reports of the Secretary of War, 1850, contain an account of
boring near Benicia, by Major Vinton, pp. 278-279.

T. Butler King’s report on California, 1850, gives an account of
the Geology of the Gold Regions.

House Doc. No. 17, 31st Congress, 1850, contains a letter from
Col. Mason. This letter is the first official report on the discovery of
gold in California. He gives a description of the country along the
‘American river, and an historical account of the mining regions, also

a description of the San Jose quicksilver mines. In the same docu-

Tt

ment there is an account of a tour made to the gold regions by Gen.
Riley, pp. 785-792.

In 1857, Dr. James Hall, in the U. S. and Mexican Boundary
Survey, gave a short description of the geology of Southern Califor-
nia, with a section of lignite bluff near San Diego.

Captain Aubrey, gives some notes of the route through the gold
country on the head waters of the San Juan, Salinas, etc., in notes on
route from near ‘Tejon Pass, through Western New Mexico, and the
Colorado to Santa Fe, in the fall of 1853.

In the publication of the Navy Department, House Of Rep, Doc
206, 42nd Congress, 1872, there is a report on the Mount Diablo coal
mines of California, by B. F’. Isherwood.

In the reports of Explorations and Survey for a railroad from the
Mississippi to the Pacific, Volumes 3, 5, © and 7, contain geological in-
formation of California. Vol. 3, contains Jules Marcou’s reports of
routes explored near the parallel of 35 deg. North Latitude, with notes
of geology of Los Angeles.

Vol. V, contains general observations upon the geology of the

)

route, 35 and 32 Sringeri: a il reports by Wm. P. Blake.

‘rancisco to San Joaquin River ‘hapters 2 and

Chapter 1
3, Fort Miller to cones Creek, etc.; also chapters on the vicinity of
Tejon, Mojave River, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Colorado Desert,
Warner’s, Fort Yuma, San Francisco Bay, etc

Prof. Louis Agassiz, describes and figures the fossil fish of Ocoya
Creek, and Conrad, the fossil shells, including those from San Diego,
and Monterey County, Colorado Desert, ete.

Vol. 6, contains reports by John S. Newberry, on the geology of
San Francisco, Sacramento Valley, Western range of Sierra Nevada,
also that of Pitt River and Klamath Basin. The Tertiary fossils col-
lected were described by ‘I. A. Conrad, from Santa Clara, Monterey
County, Santa Barbara, ete.

Vol. 7, contains geological reports by Thomas Antisell—Geology
of the Coast Range, also geology of the district from San Diego to
Fort Yuma, ete.

Reports on Palaeontology, by T. A. Conrad—The fossil shells
collected in California, by Wm. P. Blake, were also published in a
Pamphlet in 1855; also in final report in Vol. 1 of the Pacific R. R.
Survey.

In the reports of the Mineral resources of the States and Terri-

IZ

tories west of the Mississippi, by J. Ross Brown and James W Taylor.

There are many notes on geological formation of the Pacific

Coast, with resources in Gold, Copper, Quicksilver, ete. rc Usk for
1867, there is an annotated catalogue of the minerals by Wm. P. Blake.

The report for 1868, contains a geographical and ian sketch
of Lower California, by W. M. Gabb.

The reports for 1869-1875, by R. W. Raymond, contains many
articles on minerals with a Geological map of the U. S., with several
articles by A. W. Bowman, on Plieocene rivers, Geology of Plumas
County, by J. A. Edman.

Petroleum in ou. by F. A. Clark, ete.

The report of U. S. Mint for 1880-1900, contains statistics of the
production of the precious metals.

The report of U. S. Coast survey for 1855, contains Observations
on psa of the Coast of California, from Bode ega Bay to San Diego,
by W. P. Blake.

The roth U. S. Census, Vol. VI, Part 2, contains a general de-
aes of the geology of California, with reports on building stones
Olu. ; by Geo iP, Merril, tit Vol. <1 1884.

Pre on [ron Ore cated west of the 100 Meridian, by Bayard
1. Putman, Vol. XV, 1886.

In the 11th U. S. Census Report, there are special reports on
Gold, Silver, Quicksilver, Coal, Petroleum, ete.

In Lieut. George W. Wheeler’s survey west of the 100 Meridian,
Jules Marcou, has a special report on the geology of a portion of
Southern California—Rep. of Chief of Engs., 1876, Appendix H.

The geological and mineralogical character of Southern Califor-
nia and adjacent regions are reported on by Oscar pn ai
MH’, pp. 393-419, Geology of the mountain r anges from La Veta pass
to head of Pecos, by A. R. Conklin.

In the preliminary report of Explorations in Nevada and Arizona
in 1872, there are a few notes on the mining districts of California.

The report of 1877 contains a geological report on a portion of
Fastern California, area examined, bounded on the north by ‘Truckee
and Washoe City, on the east by Mount Davidson 1 range, and Como
Mountains, and on the south by Job’s Peal and P yramid Peak, on the
west by ‘Truckee River.

In Hayden's Geological Survey, the 12th Report is the only one
containing notes of California. Dir. White, described a Productus
giganteus Martin, from McCloud’s River.

15

In the contributions of the fossil Flora of the Western ‘Territories,
Leo iesquereux describes several California fossil plants.

The Monographs, Statistical Papers, Annual Reports, and Bulle-
tins of the U. S. Geological Survey, contain many papers on the Geol-
ogy and Palaeontology and mineral resources of California.

The most important are those of J. S. Diller, on the Geology of
Lassen Peak. ‘The Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, by
George F. Becker.

Dr. White’s papers on the Palaeontology of California in the
Bulletins, ‘lhe Earthquakes, by James EK. Keeler, E. S. Holden, and
Charles D. Perrine.

Contributions to the Cretaceous Palaeontology of the Pacific
Slope, by F. W. Stanton. ‘This bulletin describes the Knoxville beds ;
geographic distribution, local development in ‘Tehama, Colusa, Lake,
and Napa Counties, Mount Diablo, and other loccalities, ete.

There is also a paper by the same author on the Faunal Relations
of the Eocene and Upper Cretaceous, in the 17th Annual Report.

The Mineral Resources, by David P. Day, to all the reports.

Reports on Geological maps of the U. S.,, by Jules Marcou and
John B. Marcou.

Chemistry and Physics, by F. W. Clark.

The publications of the Smithsonian Institution, contains only
two reports on the Geology. ‘The first by Hitchcock, Illustrations of
Surface Geology, 1857, pp. 107-108, on the erosions of the west side of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and the second, by Geo. P. Merrill, on
building and ornamental stones. Report for 1886.

The publications of the U. S. National Museum contain papers

by W. H. Dall, of the fossils of the Coast Range, with a paper by Geo.
P. Merrill, on onyx marbles, also notes on the Geology and Natural
History of Lower California, etc.
: ‘The Geological Survey of the State of California was organized
M 1853, by a resolution of the Senate, calling upon Mr. John B. Trask,
ior such information as he may possess, relating to the Geology of the
State, Dr. Trask’s report on the Geology of the Sierra Nevada or
California range is a small pamphlet of 31 pp.—Sacramento, 1853.

The author gives a concise sketch of the geology and resources,
Irom his reconnoissances of 1850-52, embraced within the 36th and
42nd degs. of North Latitude. :

14

Sad

The second report was on the Geology of the Coast Mountains,
Sen. Doc. No. 14, Sacramento, 1855. 95 pp. It contains description
of the physical geography of the Coast Mountains and other geologi-
cal information; Geology of San Bernardino Mountains, Stratified
Rocks of San Bernardino chain, and plains of Los Angeles County,
north of American River; mineral districts of the upper Sacramento
Valley, Geology of northern Coast Mountains, ete.

The third report, by Dr. John B. Trask, on the Geology of the
Assembly Doc. No.
9,1854. 92 pp., contains a description of the geology of Monte Diablo,

Coast Mountains and part of the Sierra Nevada

Salinas Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains, Sacramento and San Joaquin
Valleys, Position of the volcanic rocks to the ‘Tertiaries, etc.

The final report on the Geology of Northern and Southern Cali-
fornia, Assembly Doc. No. 14, 1856, contains 66 pp.

It contains a description of the physical geography of the Coast
Mountains north of San Francisco Bay, etc. ; Geology of ‘Table Moun-
tains, Tuolumne Co., California; rock of northern district, Shasta
County, etc., etc.

In the Surveyor General’s reports there are papers on Geology of
part of Calaveras County—Doc. No. 5, Appendix F, 1855, with a re-
port of a survey of a portion of the section boundary of California, and
a reconnoissance of the old Carson and Johnson immigrant roads, in
the Report of 1856.

The second Geological Survey of California, J. D. Whitney,
State Geologist, consists of several addresses to the Legislature of
California, with lectures on Geology. ‘The final reports included the
Yosemite Guide Books, in several additions; Catalogues of the Inver-
tebrate fossils.

Palaeontology, in two Volumes

Geology, in two Volumes.

The first a report of progress an synopsis of the fields north, from
1860 to 1864, contains Geology of the Coast Range, Geology of the
Sierra Nevada, with an appendix, Description of the Fossils of the
Auriferous Slates of California, by F. B. Meek.

The second volume contains the Geology of the Coast Range.

Detailed description of Monte Diablo coal fields, Coal of Southern
California, etc.

Notes on Geology of Lower California.
The other reports of this Survey include a Volume on Barometric

tS

Hypsometry , with tables—Cambridge, 1874, with supplement in 1878.
Two Volumes on Botany, by W. H. Brewer, and Sireno Watson.
Two Volumes on Ornithology, with geological maps of San

Francisco Bay; also map of California and Nevada.

To these reports should be added a report on the fossil plants of
the auriferous gravel deposits, by Leo Lesquereux, and Auriferous
Gravel of the Sierra Nevada, by J. D. Whitney, with the climate
Changes of Late Geological ‘Times: all published in the memoirs of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge.

The survey was'stopped by the Legislature in 1874, permission
having been given to the State Geologist by the Board of Regents of
the University of California to continue the publications.

The California State Mining Bureau was created by an act of the
Legislature, approved April 16, 1880, and Henry G. Hanks appointed
by the Governor in 1880, as State Mineralogist.

The first Annual, Report, June 1st to Dec. Ist, 1880, contained
analysis of clay from Placer County.

The second, Dec. rst, 1880 to Oct. tst, 1882, 288 pp., and 4 pho-
tographs, with appendix. ‘This report contains various papers on min-
ing,
ClG,

general geology, iron ores, mud voleanoes of the Colorado Desert,

The appendix has a paper on Forest ‘T'rees of California, by A.
Kellogg: notes on hydraulic mining, etc., rare minerals recently found
in the § State, by Wm. P. Blake.

The miscellaneous publications include contributions to Geology
and Mineralogy of California, by Wm. P. Blake, 15 pp., 1881; also a
Paper on the Mill ing of Gold Quartz, by M. Attwood, 20 pp., 1882.

2 atalogues of the State Museum, Vols t and 2, also catalogue of
books and maps in the library of State I Nisei

The ard Annual Report, for the year ending May 15, 1884, con-
tains a . on the borax deposits.

The 4 Annual Report, for the year ending May 15, 1884, con-
tains a gener ral account of the Agricultural, and other resources, etc, ,of
Celifounis also Catalogue of Minerals of California,

The 5 th Annual pest fel for the year ending May 15, 1885, 235
Pp. ; during this year the State Collection of Miner als was sent to the
World’s fait r, at New Orleans, in charge of the State Mineralogist.

The 6th Annual Report, for the year ending June 1, 1886, Part Ti
his report contains an article on San Diego Co., ete.

ge

16

al

Henry G. Hanks resigned his office, May 13, 1886, and William

[Ireland waas appointed in his place.

The publications under William Ireland, State Mineralogist, con-
sisted of the 2nd Part of 6th Annual Report, containing reports on the
mines of Amador, Butte, and other counties.

Vol. 3, Catalogue of State Museum.

The 7th Annual Report, for 1887, contains articles on petroleum,
asphaltum, and natural gas, ete., with a catalogue of fossils, by J. G.
Cooper. ‘This article forms Part 1 of the series; others were pub-
lished in Bulletins.

The 8th Annual Report, for 1888, contains the mineral resources
of the State, considered by counties.

Bulletin No. 1, a description of the desiccated human remains, by
Winslow Anderson.

goth Annual Report, for 1889:

Contains articles on the Geology of the Islands off the Coast of
California; account of San Diego County, etc.

The use of fossils to indicate mineral formation, by J. G. Cooper,
Cue,

The roth Annual Report, for 1890:

Contains a geological map of the State, Geology of the Mother
Lode, by H. W. Fairbanks.

Geological features of Placer, Nevada, Colorado Desert, Trinity,
Orange Counties, etc.

During the year 1880, Vol. 4 of the Catalogues of the State Mu-
seum, with one on the Library, were issued.

The rith Report, for two years, ending Sept. 15, 1892:

Contains special articles on Geology, including that of San Ber-
nardino County.

Under the administration of J. J. Crawford, State Mineralogist,
the following publications were issued, viz. :

The 12th Annual Report, for two years, ending Sept. 15, 1894.
This report contains articles on the auriferous conglomerates, etc. ;
Geology of Ventura, Santa Barbara, and other counties, by H. W.
“airbanks.

This Report was followed by a number of Bulletins—Bulletin No.
2, Methods of Mine Timbering, with a second edition.

Bulletin No. 3, Gas and Petroleum-yielding Formations.

Bulletin No. 4, Catalogue of Fossils, Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5.

a7

sulletin No. 5, Cyanide Process ; Catalogue of West North Amer-
ican Shells.

3ulletin No. 6, California Gold Mill Practices.

Bulletins Nos. 7 and 8, tables showing by Counties, the mineral
productions of the State. No. 9, Mine Drainage Pumps, etc. No. 10,
Bibliography of books relating to Geology of Califormia, republished
as Bulletin No. 30, including a list of the maps of California. No. 11,
Oil and Gas-yielding Formations.

het ath Report, for 1896, contains various articles on minerals,
appendix.

also mineral springs of the several counties, with

Under the administration of A. C. Cooper as State Mineralogist,
th efollowing publications were issued :

Bulletins Nos. 12, 13, 14 and 17, showing by counties, the mineral
AO aie of the State. No. 16, the Genesis of Petroleum. No.17,

the Mineral Productions of the State. No. 18, The Mother Lode re-
gions, general geology of the gold belts, methods of mining, etc.

Bulletin No. ro, Oil and Gas-yielding Formations of California,
with Atlas of Maps.

Bulletin No. 20, a compendium of the mining industry of the
State, for the four years ending Se| ytember, TQOO.

3ulletins Nos. 21 and 22, relate to the mineral production of each
county,

The State Mining Bureau has issued and has in preparationu sev-
eral valuable papers showing the different mines in the several counties.
These pamphlets include a map of each county.

The foll lowing has been published : Register of mines and mining
with maps of Plumas, Calaveras, Siskiyou, Nevada, Lake, Placer, E1
Dorado, Shasta, San Bernardino, ‘Tuolumne, Sierra, Los Angeles,
Amador, and Trinity Counties.

There are also several special bulletins, such as Bulletin No. 23,
reports on Copper; Bulletin No. 24, on Saline Deposits; Bulletin No.
27, On Quicksilver. Gold Production of Cal., 1848-1903.

In the Asseml bly Documents there are several papers rele iting to
Mines and minerals. ‘The ‘Transaction of the Agricultural Society, for

1863, gives a list of gold mines, pp. 101-118, W ith Mining Review for
1862,

Senate Doe. 16, Session 1866, Vol. 3, gives an account of Califor-
Mia Mz arble, with Mining Review for 1865. P

18

>

Senate Doc. 17, Session No. 3, 1867, gives an account of gold,
silver, etc.

The State University has published Report on Mount Diablo, by
S. B. Christy, in Report of President, of Universiey for 1877.

In the Reports of the Regents, there are papers on the genesis of
the cinnabar deposits, by S$. B. Christy; Berkeley, 1878.

List of earthquakes, Report for 1887.

Building Stones, Report for 1883.

List of printed maps, Bulletin No. 9, 1887.

The University has published three Volumes and part of another,
under the title of University of California, Bull. Dept. of Geology.
The Bulletins pa special reports on the Geology of Carmelo Bay ;

Geology of Angel Island, The Great Valley of California, Geology of
Point Sal, oe Study of the Islands of Southern California.

Geology of Point Reyes Peninsula, The Berkeley Hills, Quater-
nary of Southern California, with several papers on minerals and fossils,

There is also a Bulletin of the type Specimen in the Geological
Museum figured in Whitney’s reports.

In the various scientific serials, many articles on California ap-
peared, in a long list of some forty publications. We have only space
to note in general the more important papers.

In the proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, Wm. P. Blake, writes on the Probable Age of the
San Francisco Sandstone, in 1855.

Prof. Joseph Le Conte, in his address for 1893, discusses the the-
ories of the origin of mountain ranges.

In the proceedings for 1895 and 1896, J. P. Smith, of Stanford
University, notes the Carboniferous Strata of Shasta County and met-
amorphic series of that region.

In the American Journal of Conchology, there is a long contro-
versy regarding the Cretaceous and Eocene formation of California,
between Conrad, and Gabb

Conrad refers the Tejon rocks to the Kocene, and Gabb, to the
Upper Cretaceous.

In the American Naturalist, there are papers on the Glacial foriia-
tions of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes.

Remarks on fossil shells of Colorado Desert, also a paper on the
hillocks or mounds formation of San Diego, by Geo, C. Barnes, ete.

19

The American Geologist contains papers by Joseph Le Conte, on
the Flora of the Coast Islands, Vol. 1, 1888.

Papers by J. S. Diller, on Lavas of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Geology of the Mother Lode, by Fairbanks; with a paper on the
Focene, Cretaceous and Carboniferous rocks of California,

There are also several articles by H. W. Turner on the Sierra
Nevada and Coast Ranges.

In the first series of the American Journal of Science, as early as
1839, Conrad has an article on the elevation of California during the
Tertiary epoch.

There is also an early account of the Cinnabar Mines, in 1848.

The gold discovery during this year, 1848, was reported upon by
Rev, C. S, Lyman.

The Quicksilver Mines, and Earthquakes, were subjects of pa-
pers by Wim, P. Blake in 1854.

The Volcanic Springs of Colorado Desert, by John j. Le.Conte,
In 1855. :

In the other Journals, for 1855-58, there are articles of the gold
regions of California; also papers on the earthquakes, by Dr. o.
Trask.

The leading papers in the Journals of 1859-05, are those of Les-
quereux on fossil plants. Silliman’s papers. on Quicksilver Mines
and Petroleum, with a notice of the Geological Survey of California,
I. D. Whitney.

In 1866-70, Whitney published a paper on the 3orax of Califor-
mia. W. H. Brewer wrote papers on alleged discovery of an ancient
Skull, also one on gold-bearing rocks. Gabb and Conrad on the Creta-
ceous subdivisions of the California Geological Survey.

Blake, in Vol. 45, for 1868, refers the gold-bearing rocks of Cal-
fornia to the Carboniferous age.

In Vol. 1, 1871, Clarence King publishes a paper on the discovery
of actual glaciers on the Mountains of the Pacific slope.

Prof. Le Conte, papers on the theory of formation of great feat-
ures of the earth’s surface, appeared in Vols. 4 and 5, for 1872-73.

: In the Volumes for 1873 to 1876, there are various papers on ela-
Clers, lava flows, auriferous gravel deposits of Gold Bluff. Forma-
Hon of Coast Ranges, by Joseph Le Conte; Age of the Tejon group,
by Je Q, Cooper, ete. :

In the Volumes for 1878-80, Dr. Le Conte has an article on the

20

»

Structure and Origin of Mountains, with other papers on volcanoes
about Lake Mono, and the old river beds, ete.

Vols. 24-25, for 1882-83, contains Le Conte’s papers on Metal-
liferous Vein Formation.

Some notes on the Jurassic Strata of North America, by Charles
C. White, appear in Vol. 29, for 1885.

George F’. Becker, writes on the Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks
of California, Vol. 31, 1886. With another paper in same volume on
the Texture of Massive Rocks.

There is an article by Joseph Le Conte, in Vol. 34, 1887, on the
Flora of the Coast Islands of California, in which he discusses the
physical changes af the Coast region, as indicated by the Flora and
Fauna of the Coast Islands.

In Vol. 40, 1890, J. S. Diller writes on the Cretaceous Rocks of
Northern California.

During the years 1893-95, several papers appeared in the Journal.
One, on the so-called Wallala beds, by Fairbanks. Notice of the dis-
covery of Devonian rocks, in California, by Diller and Schuchert, Vol.
47, 1894.

An auriferous conglomerate of Jurassic age, from the Sierra Ne-
vada, by W. Lindgren, Vol. 48, 1894.

Lower Cambrian Rocks of Eastern California, by Charles D,
Walcott, Vol. 49, 1895.

There is a notice of some Mesozoic plants from Oroville, by Fon-
tain, in Vol. 2, 1896.

The Granitic Rocks of Pyramid Peak, by Lindgren, Vol. 3, 1897.

Also the papers by Fairbanks, on Contact Metamorphism, and on
Tin Deposits at ‘Temescal, in Vol. 4, for 1897.

In the publications of the New York Academy of Sciences, there
is an article on the Infusorial Deposits, also a Catalogue of the Shells
Collected at Panama, by C. B. Adams, published in the Annals of the
Lyceums, Vol. V, 1852.

The Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
contains important mining notes regarding California, with the geo-
graphical distribution of mining districts in the United States, by R.
W. Raymond, Vol. 1, 1873.

The Bulletins of the Geological Society of America, containing
the following papers in reference to California:

|
|

21

1. Orographic Movements of the Rocky Mountains—Emmons.
2. Sandstone Dikes—Diller.

3. Structure of a Portion of the Sierra Nevada—Becker.

4. Antiquities from Under Tuolumne Mountains—Becker.

5. Early Cretaceous of California and Oregon—Becker.

6. ‘Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Changes of the Atlantic and Pa-
Coasts—Le Conte.

7. Geology of Mount Diablo—Turner.

8. Geology of Taylorville Region—Diller.

9. Jura and Trias at Taylorville—Hyatt.

10. Stratigraphy and Succession of the Rocks, Sierra Nevada

—Mills.

Cretaceous and Early Tertiary—Diller.
12. Faunas of the Shasta and Chico Formations—Stanton.
13. ‘Two Neocene Rivers of California—Lindgren.
14. Age of Auriferous Slates—Smith.
15. Trias and Jura of Western States—Hyatt.
16. Shasta-Chico Series—Diller and Stanton.
17. Geological Sketch of Lower California—Merrill.
18. Review of Geology of California Coast Range—Fairbanks.
19. Characteristic Features of Gold Quartz Veins—Lindgren.
20. Fauna of Shasta Group, Etc.—White.
21. Earth Crust Movements—Le Conte.
22 Precambrian Fossiliferous Formations—Walcott.
23—Ground Sloths—Merriam.
24. Drainage Features of California—Lawson.
25. Geology of Great Basin—Turner.
26. Sketch of Pedological Geology—Hilgard,
27. Sierra Madre, Near Pasadena—Claypole.
28. Origin and Structure of Basin Ranges—Spurr.
29. Drainage Features of California—Lawson.
30. Geology of the Great Basin in California and Nevada—

x

Lawson,

. : : 4 :
31. Geological Section of the Middle Coast Ranges—Lawson.
nA ree ¢ ‘ : .

Yhe California Academy of Sciences, established in 1854, pub-

shes a series of articles on the geology, fossils, mineral and other re-
Sources of Califnens . . ¢ ies
urces of California. ‘The most important articles are the following:

vA . ‘
lhe Natural System of Volcanic Rocks, by Baron Richthofen,
si 4

Memories, Vol, 1.

22 load

The first Volume of the Proceedings for 1854-57, contains notes
on fossils and earthquakes, also a paper on the mud volcanoes of the
Colorado Desert.

Vol. 2, Earthquakes in California, in 1858-59, by Dr. Trask.

The 3rd Volume has several papers on fossils, notes on earth-
quakes, with a paper by W. P. Blake on oil regions in the Tulare Val-
ley; also miscellaneous notices by the same author.

The 4th Volume gives notes on the ancient glaciers, with geology
of the Coast of Oregon, etc.

The writers in the 5th Volume, are Whitney—Auriferous Gravel
Deposits in Placer County. Davidson—Abrasions of the Continental
Shores of Northwest America.

Chase—Artesian Wells of Los Angeles County.

Davidson—Auriferous Gravel Deposits.

Goodyear—High Sierra, South of Mount Whitney.

Le Conte—Great Lava Flood of the Northwest.

Dall—Tertiary Fossils.

Cooper-—California Coal, with papers on the Pliocene, Miocene,
Eocene and ‘Tertiary formations of California.

The 6th Volume contains several papers by J. G. Cooper, on West
Coast Pulmonata fossils and living, continued from Bulletin No. 8.

Notes on Geology of Lower California, by Lindgren.

There are no geological papers in the second Volume.

Volume 3, has an article on the flexure of rocks, by George H.
Ashley.

A list of the books relating to the Geology of California, by
Vogdes, with a note on discovery of Proctus ellipticus, in the Carbon-
iferous of Shasta County.

Vol. 4,. Pliocene Fresh Water Shells—Cooper.

Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains—Ashely.

Fossil and Sub-Fossil Shells of the U. S.—Cooper.

The Washoe Rocks—Becker.

The 3rd Series of the proceeding contains Geology of Santa Cat-
alina Islands—Smith.

Submerged Rocks of the Coast—Davidson,

Several papers by J. P. Smith, on Ammonites.

Tertiary Sea Urchins—Merriam.

Formanifera

Chapman.

23

Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of the Marine Pliocene, Vol. 3—
Arnold.

There are many other scientific publications containing articles of
value to the student of California resources, such as Hngineecring and
Mining Journal, Harvard University publications, Mining Magazine,
Mines and Minerals, Nature, Philadelphia Academy publications, ete.,
which, owing to the length of this address, can only be noted.
a2 In the Journal of Geology, there are a series of articles by J. P.
Smith, on the Carboniferous and Metamorphic Formation of Shasta
County,

The Age and Succession of the Igneous Rocks of the Sierra Ne-
Vada—Turner. Vol. 3, No. 4, 1895.

Stratigraphy of Coast Ranges—Fairbanks. Vol. 3, No. 4, 1895.

Migration of Marine Invertebrates—Smith. Vol. 3, 1895.

Fauna of Independence Hill—Knowlton. Vol. 4, 1896.

Age of Auriferous Gravel—Lindgren. Vol. 4, 1896.

Classification Marine ‘Trias—Smith. Vol. 4, 1896.

Topography of California—Drake. Vol. 5, 1897.

Geology, San Francisco, Peninsula—Fairbanks. Vol. 5, 1897.

Geology, Martinez Group—Merriam. Vol. 5, 1897.

Post-Pliocene Elevation of Inyo Range—Walcott. Vol. 5, 1897.

Pliocene Skull, of California, Table Mt.—Blake. Vol. 7, 1899.

Replacement of Ore Deposits, Sierra Nevada—Turner. Vol. 7,
T899.

Principles of Palaeontologic Correlation—Smith. Vol. 8, 1990.

Drainage Features of California—Lawson. Vol. 9, 1901.

Geology of Great Basin—Turner. Vol. 9, 1901.

Sketch of Geology, Salinas Valley. Vol. 9, 1901.

a a West American Scientist, published in San Diego, contains
retaceous Fossils, No. 21, pp. 28-31.

Minerals and Mines of San Diego, No. 23, with several articles

y Dr. L. G. Yates, on Fossil Botany.

Tn Zoe, there appears a short article on the Geology of Farallones,
by Blankenship,

[In Mofras’ Exploration des ‘Territoire de l’Oregon des Califor-
hies. etc Yncck ; : ‘ :
SCLC. Paris, 1844, there is a notice of the bitumen near Los An-

o> aval
geles, on De ae7; VOL 2.

OFFICERS

OR AYE

San Diego Society of Natural History

1905

President - GEN. A. W.-Vopcxs, U. S. Army
Vice-President - - Mrs, HAttin N. PHILLIrs
Secretary - - FRANK STEPHENS
Treasurer - THRODORE FINTZEHLBERG
‘Librarian - - Mrs. Luna P. Crouse
Curator of Zoology - I. W. Kersey
Curator of Botany - | T. S. BRANDEGEER

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

GEN. A. W. VonGss, U. S. Army
Mrs. Hattin N. Psirips DANIEL CLEVELAND
Forp A. CARPENTER FRANK STRPHENS

Incorporated 1874

PRISS OF
FRYE, GARRETT & SMITH,
SAN DIEGO, CAL,

\

BRS AR.

Ww. VOGDES

- @ Bibliographical Sketch of Doctor John B. Trask —

II-F. W. KELSEY
Mollusks and Brachiopods Collected in
San Diego, California.

HENRY HEMPHILL .

Note on the Genus Haliotis :

ae

IW-a, Ww. VOGDES| :

The Genus Encrinurus —

DOCTOR JOHN B. TRASK
First State Geologist of California

A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DOCTOR JOHN B, TRASK
FIRST STATE GHOLOGIST OF CALIFORNIA

BY

ANTHONY W. VOGDES

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA

Doctor John B. Trask was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1824,
and died at San Francisco, California, July 3rd, 1879, in the 55th year of
his age. He was. one of the charter members of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of San Francisco and contributed many papers to the Academy.
His last paper was read before the Academy February igth, 1866; after-
wards, though always ititerested in the welfare of the Academy, he ceased
~ take an active part, and devoted his time to the practice of medicine,
In which he was professionally skilled, and remarkable for originality
and independent thought.

Through him the medical professions of the Pacific coast were first
made acquainted with the mode of preparation of Mentel’s Aluminated
Solution and other valuable styptics.

Doctor Trask paid early attention to the medical flora of the Pacific
and made known or discovered the virtues of such plants as Yeréa santa,
for rheumatism, etc., Damiana, a nerve tonic, and Grindelia robusta, for
Ee Poisoning, and other plants.

The first Pacific medical journal published in California was edited
ion Trask, in conjunction with Dr. Wooster, under the title of the
Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal,’ in the year 1858. After some
Years of laborious editorial work the journal passed out of his hands.
_ Doctor Trask was licentiate of Yale University, passing examinations
‘1 Geology, Mineralogy, Chemistry, Medical Botany and cognate
Sciences, and was subsequently honored by the ad ewndem degree in the
year 1859,

He was also the subject of honorable recognition by various Huropean
Os American scientific societies, with honorary degrees from Italian and
ane colleges, awarded for his researches and discoveries in Organic

: ty, Mineralogy, Microscopy and Medical Botany.

ersonally, Dr, Trask was remarkable for originality and independent
thought, earnest and generous-hearted, free from the acquisitive instinct,

28

and always ready to serve those who needed his services, without money
and without price; he had many opportunities for pecuniary advance-
ment, but neglected them.

He was as careless in such matters as in his dress. Direct and blunt
of manner, some thought him rough and rude of speech ; he was, never-
theless, sympathetic and ever ready to lend a helping hand or do a kindly
deed. He was aman of strong convictions and decided in his opinions.

He was connected with the Mexican Boundary Survey as Geologist
of California and the State of Nevada, also State Geologist of California
in the early fifties.

He served in the war as Assistant Surgeon of Volunteers.

LIST OF GEOLOGICAL AND PALA{ONTOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS:
Dr. John B. Trask contributed to the California Academy of Sciences
the following papers:
1—Description of new species of Naiades from Sacramento River; Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, . 27-20, 1855; Axvodonta Kanda, A.
triangularis, A. rotundovata, ‘The second paper describes species
from the Yuba River, A/asmodon yubensis.

2—Description of Ammonites Batestt,; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p.
39, 1855.

3—Description of Fossil Shells; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 40, 1855;
Chemnitzia papillosa, Tornatella elliplica, Murex fragilis, lusus
Barbarensis, F. robustus, F. rugosus.

4—Harthquakes in California from 1812 to 1855; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
VOl, 1, p. 55, 1650,

5—Descriptions of new species of Ammonite and Baculite from the
Tertiary rocks of Chico creek; Proc. Cal, Acad; Sci,, vol. 1, p. 92,
1856; Ammontite Chicoensts, Baculite Chicoensis.

6—Description of three new species of the genus Plagiostoma from the
Cretaceous rocks of Los Angeles; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p.
93, 1856 (plate); Plagiostoma Pedrona, P. annulatus, P. truncata.

7—On Earthquakes in California in 1856; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1,
Pp. 102, 1856.

8—On the direction and velocity of the Warthquake in California January
oth, 1857; Proc. Cal, Acad, Sci., vol. 1, p. 109, 1857.

g—On some new Microscopic Organisms; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1,
p. 110, 1857. In which he establishes the new genus Lep/osiagon
for certain forms attached to Algee of Santa Barbara.

1o—New species of Zoophytes; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 112, 1857.
In which the author describes nine new species from the Bay of
San Francisco and adjacent localities.

t1—Harthquakes in California during the year 1857; Proc. Cal. Acad,
So1,. Vol, 1, 0. 120, 1956,

29

12—Narthquakes in California during 1858, 1859 and 1860; Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 39 and 90, 1859-60.

'3—Harthquakes in California in 1863 and 1864; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
VOl 3: D. 131, 1864.

14—HFarthquakes in California from 1800 to 1864; Proc. Cal. Acad Sci.,
VOl. 3) 0. 131, 1864. Also published as a pamphlet at San Fran-
cisco 1864, 26 pp.

'5—Harthquakes in California during 1864; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci,, vol.

3, P. 190, 1865.
16—Harthquakes in California during 1865; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci, vol.
3; P. 239, 1866.

By resolution of the State Senate, passed March 26, 1853, Dr. Trask
Was called upon for such information as he may possess relative to the
Geology of California and productive resources of the State. ‘This re-
Port, of which only 2,000 copies were printed, is entitled:
™—Report of 1853, Geology of the Sierra Nevada or California Range,

by John B, ‘I'rask, Sacramento, 1853, 31 pp.

Tt contains a sketch of the Geology and Mineral resources of the Kastern
valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, and to the Coast line
Within 41st and 42nd degrees of north latitude, from personal ob-

R Servations made during the years 1850-52,

Reviewed Mining Mag. 1853, vol. 1, pp. 6-23.

2—Report on the Jeology of the Coast Mountains, embracing their Agri-

cultural resources and Mineral productions, also portion of the
Middle and Northern Mining Districts, by Dr. John B. Trask,
ne State Geologist, Senate Doc. No. 14, Sacramento, 1855, 95 pp.

US report contains a description of the physical geography of the Coast
Mountains. Geology of the Coast Mountains. Tertiary rocks G1 wie
Coast Mountains, Primitive rocks of the Coast Mountains. Volcanic
Tocks of the Coast Mountains. Geology of the San Bernardino Moun-
tains, Stratified rocks of the San Bernardino chain of Los Angeles.
Artesian borings. Soil and productions of Los Angeles. Mineral pro-
ductions of Los Angeles. Country north of the American River.
Mineral district of the Upper Sacramento Valley. Geology of the
Northern mountains. Tocal geology of the Northern Coast Mountains.
Carboniferous limestone of the eastern part of Shasta County. Trinity
County. Structure of the Sacramento Valley. Tertiary rocks and
other deposits of the Sierra Nevada. Placer Mining. Quartz veins.
Quartz, Mines, with description of the mines and statistics,

3—Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains and part of the Sierra

Nevada, embracing their industrial resources in agriculture and

mining, by John B. ‘I'rask, State Geologist, Assembly Doc. No. 9,
1854, 92 pp.

ains a description of the Geology of the Monte Diablo range. Salinas

Valley, from Point Pinos to the Nacimiento River, Santa Cruz Moun-

tains, Structure of the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin.

Cont

30

Review of the geological changes in the Coast Mountains and Monte
Diablo ranges. Classification of the rocks of the Coast Mountains and
Monte Diablo ranges. Position and relation of the Volcanic rocks of
the Tertiaries. Volcanic rocks preceding the Tertiary era. Most
recent volcanic rocks of the Coast Mountains, Changes of level and
river terraces. Soils of the Santa Clara valley and shores of the Bay
of San Francisco. Valley of the Salinas. Soils of the Salinas, Pajaro
Valley, Livermore Valley. Mineral resources of the Coast Mountains.
Mineral districts, embracing parts of the counties of Nevada, Placer,
Kl Dorado and Calaveras. Quartz veins and their relative age in Cali-
fornia, Character and position of the older veins below the surface.
Present government of metallic veins. Description of the mines, with
a list of gold mines,
4—Report on the Geology of Northern and Southern California, embrac-
the Mineral and Agricultural resources of those sections, with
Statistics of the Northern, Southern and Middle Mines, by Dr.
John B. Trask, Assembly Doc. No. 14, Session of 1856, 66 pp.
Contains a description of the Physical geography of the Coast Mountains,
lying north of the Bay of San Francisco. Geological structure of the
Coast Mountains. Mineral character of the Primitive rocks of the
Coast Mountains, Soils of Petaluma County. Plains west of the
Sacramento River. San Bernardino. Geology of Table Mountain,
Tuolumne County. Carboniferous rocks of the northern district.
Salines of the Upper Sacramento Valley. Description of mines, etc.
Analyses of Saline waters from Lick Springs, Shasta County. Gold
mines in operation in 1855, ‘lable of altitudes,
5—Report on the Geology of the Sierra or California Ranges, by John B.
Trask; Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 14, 1855, pp. 20-24.

MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS COLLECTED IN SAN DIEGO,
CALIFORNIA.

BY F. W. KELSEY.

For the benefit of collectors of Mollusca and Brachiopoda, the author
has compiled, as nearly as possible, a complete list of recent marine
Species to be found at San Diego, California.

The Species listed have been collected within a district bounded by a
@ Coast line not exceeding twenty-five miles in length, and in but a few
‘stances going beyond a depth of two hundred fathoms.

San Diego is so situated as to afford special advantages to the collector
ol mollusks, as a great variety of collecting ground is accessible within a
limited area, and the climate is so mild as to make collecting not only
Possible, but pleasant at all times of the year.

San Diego Bay affords an unusually interesting as well as prolific field
for the conchologist, owing to the variety of ground awaiting his conquest.

At extremely low tides the nature of the ground uncovered ranges
through all stages from a black, oozy mud, at the head of the bay, to the
White beach sand at its entrance.

The grass flats opposite La Playa, are found well stocked with ever-
Varying sea life, and it is extremely interesting to note the changes in
the molluscan population, as one species after another finds its way into
the sheltered portions of the bay, becoming numerous today and tomor-
Tow disappearing again.

On the Government Reservation, at the northern end of the bay, at a
Point about midway between Quarantine Station and Ballast Point, is 4
Colony of tock borers, several species of which inhabit the sandstone left
bare at middle tide ; while still lower, among the moss-covered rocks, we
find numerous Chitons and several species of Ocinebra, Muricidea, Pleu-
Totoma and Odostomia.

The coarse gravel of Ballast Point contains its share, but gives it up
Only after hard labor: for the toothsome clam seems to be aware of the
fact that he ig popular, and the collector generally earns the savory din-
net which he carries home in his basket.

: The rocks of the Government Jetty are alive with rock dwellers,
‘cluding many species of Littorina, Chlorostoma, Acmaea, Purpura,

32

Haliotis, Crepidula and others, while the ribbon kelp attached to the
rocks carries several species that find shelter among its leaves.

‘The “ marine ways,’’ too, contribute their share of treasures, some of
which, however, are introduced, as many small schooners from the south-
ern coast come here to have the grass, barnacles and other foreign matter
scraped off their hulls. ‘his material furnishes a shelter for small mol-
lusks, some of which are found among the debris.

Probably the most interesting method of collecting, and without
doubt the one most costly, both in money and in labor, is securing the
shells by means of the dredge and trawl. Both Dr. Fred Baker and
I have done a great deal of this during the past five years, and have
quite thoroughly covered an area of about thirty square miles of water,
in the form of a semi-circle, with the entrance to San Diego harbor as a
Cenier:

The area so covered ranges from five to seventy fathoms in depth, and
the species obtained have been quite numerous, including several new
ones, and many others quite rare.

Personally I have dredged, with a good deal of care, all portions of
the bay having over three fathoms of water, and have obtained very satis-
factory results.

In the following list, which contains 554 species and named varieties,
over 500 are at the present time in the author’s collection, while the
remainder are in the collections of Dr. Fred Baker, the Marine Biological
Association of San Diego, and the National Museum at Washington, or
are listed from C. R. Orcutt’s list, published in the Proceedings of the
National Museum in 1885; Philip P. Carpenter’s list, published in 1872,
and various publications mentioned in the explanatory notes,

The author has received the valuable assistance of Dr. William Healey
Dall, Dr, Paul Bartsch and Dr. Fred Baker, in the identification of species.

The Nudibranchs are taken from a list prepared by Professor Mac-
Farland, of Stanford University.

The list has been arranged alphabetically for ready reference, but for
further convenience an index of genera and sub-genera has been provided,
the same being arranged in the order adopted by ‘Tryon in his Structural
and Systematic Conchology.

Acanthochites avicula,
Waly GIESOSUSl Saisie ier bie nea re
AOCIIAGH ASM. Hideo re ive cs
DSDICIA ira oo er ee ee ...Gld.
Found on eel grass in sheltered localities.
WIGOSRA eerie es a ie

HU cas 1 sew un eu ee a ie Hsch
Acmaea TUE res vu dwiswases Fav Vane) Gi Lepore en rain dais nu crs ae
ee nee ee ob x .
RCAC As riiis Vos ree ane ULL ns eC ene
Dead shells, numerous on beaches. ae
ME ee a ee 4. .
OYHOANIZE eye er ier ten hop ec me ee oer e te yas
: It ee Esch.
Re GRU pase levay eae cava ov 44 WW Se UL enV Eien a Gad Rae S ’
Esch,
pelta, var. elevata me
DeltR, Vat, nacelloidesi,cccis cucesevse a cteces ete ye beens cee
On ribbon kelp at Government Jetty. eo
Se cians Ts Cul.
ELS ONG iach vas ea civenis coeresacier estas g busters ia Cone :
i shoen WNHeA Cpr.
DOSROGR ie cicry alec ier cre n) Wen uir Shas eres Corts Srenaia

op de apveyent - 7 redged
This species is quite rare here, although it is occasionally dredg
or thrown upon the shore among drift.

ee Nutt
SORTA on cis a duster aetna Cpr
SGHOYG, Vat, (MALIA ccc co ce ieee ce Cp1
Admete AOU OT hited is eiy sla Manlio ao COOeUEn I mCi anes Tene

Dr. 52 fathoms. Gld

ree CUA ee UO I

Bt en re ee ae i
Ae, Dee
SUVGIMID cay SVS Ciy cas ao log Cenc orc en ies ret oe oo

Beautifully marked little rock borers, having a rich brow I

dermis, C
ee a ; or.
BU i i ae ue ae : mes
Opalescens ........

Aesopus myrmecoon
Dr. 5 fathoms. Cpr.
CHEV SAIIOIICUS ya ee ec Cee ne ee
Dr. 5 fathoms.
Alaba oldroydi

Supralirata
Alabina turrita
Aldis

a Sanguinea .
Alvania purpurea
Amiantis callosa i

One of the most beautiful of our bivalves; rare in San Diego, but

occasionally found on sand beaches. Cpr

Amphisphyra SUBQUACTACA i ccctercce serrate eee see yea ay Caco es lois
Dr. 15 fathoms.

ren

Amphissa COPEUOAUH Lc cecccgutuies irre eh me
UB ci

Dr. 50 fathoms. et

VEUSICOION oyu (Ghevciev tis lis eis Ciel rene eee vere gaia ck oo

Amphithalamus WHOLUSIIS eine ee pr.

condition, owing to the tenacity with which the ica lower
valve clings to the rock.

Oe CA OTINCS se a ee a Cooper
A good eeecidie of an interesting class of mollusks, whose shell,
when present, is concealed in the back of the animal, and can
only be produced by dissection, This is the largest known
species of sea hare.
AICE BEAMS Aris ire rei ccv or sav ada, Sby.
Formerly known as Barbatia gradata, found attached by byssus to
under side of mossy rocks at low tide.
SOUS ie eisiemin
Dr. 13 fathoms.
Saute COUMOUMICH ricer tacts Sr EN aT melas renters
AStienothactis ViIUOSION 1... iii
Dr. 5 fathoms. A delicate little bivalve, with a strong orange
band around the edge of both valves; found abundantly in shal-
low dredging,
ASPeUIO WHACGU AIG ities ta decid ate aie ass Mart.
ACVIGWNIG, SUBINE, a eierricor stain i ei Oa Gld,

Introduced. Found at the ‘‘Marine Ways,’’ where vessels from
the south have been scraped and shells have been among moss
and barnacles.

ACMGH IHTCIIIGUNO Pie ar air icc ule Brod,
Dr. 10 fathoms.
Barléers HanOuoMlan a ssl) ccs eich sd ls Cor
Found concealed among barnacles, moss, etc., on large Haliotis
shells.
SUDCSI Si eh i ie Cs ne a yon
4 VAT, PIMA earn A ny cee er Cor,
Bittman in a ene Opt,
Dr. 11 fathoms,
BBWS MN, viii ors (eleven ers TOE Cole HUN Wine rer teeter yetnies ese Cpr.
Dr. 5 fathoms.
MIVGEELOSSAG ia) veel cet: aicievs Cis ius oe eiss ster PreRier ce) pa
Dr. 12 fathoms,
CUCL EUIULAUI Mite cisirevaiiee re elle Git (eae ey Cor
Found plentifully on mud flats, at low tide.
gubrac gmbh any eee ec ee a art ee Cir
Dr. 50 fathoms.
WOLEOUDOP HOM AVALOUGHSIS ri ecanchedy ie. Viste ce Dall.
Dr. 52 fathoms.
CHSDAULUS (cu var viree icra airtel i caeray isin Dall,
Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, No. 1032, page 712.
CUCVIIAUUS I civaniien errs bertiay errr ieel alvin nics Dall.
Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, No. 1264, page 547.
BUUle MECUIOSRs vies ier Velev misie re quenee il ern Gld.

Found yery plentifully on mud flats, at low tide, or crawling leis-
urely through soft mud in shallow water.
GUGV ig iie Sieh recu tice erie Santee) en gre a Say,

Rare, but occasionally found at False Bay.

Meee OPW ic occ cas a ee Hds.
=-Ranella californica, Hds.
Occasionally taken in fishermen’s nets, or when spawning, in sand
and mud of sandspits at the mouth of False Bay.
Cadlina flavomaculata ............
MAES Aten. iscsi rccievecev ceesNciwav inet Gnu
Cadulus californicus.............
Dr, 160 fathoms.

US TOUINTS fs sets acd eR Oe eee Pils
Dr. 60 fathoms.
MIEN ni ee ie ee AA es Chr
Dr, 5 fathonis.
Caecum californicum...... ee ee Dall.
(de Ini etlenbakainlnnles Gee ee eg ee eee eA Gre a ee Cpr
Dr, 15 fathonis.
LADPUN iss te i Ve ee ee Mont.
ilies) alhbankene ea ven ae Cane ec Gr er ia Cm ti nemo un Stearns.
Dr. 15 fathoms.
OUGUI CCT 5 elon os ei cre clea ec ee ta ee Dall

Found under rocks, at low tide, at Pacific Beach and on Point Loma,
i

These, like Caecum californicum, are generally found in colonies

Calliostoma EhupanblGcyquhetee year a | Meee eee nea oe Mart.
GUITENTOUUIARELIM co Waive cprcs us oss eres Ce re Su ieee Mart

| Vet Parva Gite ea Williamson

SSMU ATI cvcccics resccescusctvavnersiece fess cceere vouesevan ois enia es Cpr
SUOTIOSUI 4 eco i ioiccecdeedte rch Seer Fe eecrer ec eee Dall
SDIGHGEHS os cccicscccdtisslectee cli Gately soups Coding Cpr
Supragranosum ei ek ee Sn ee ie Ne eee VI NL pte Cpr

Dr. 10 fathoms.

(no keloNapeneters (ine te Ne eae or, xabb.
BhGrlawhaqbienl ys Gee ae ee oe a Dall

The Calliostoma are found in considerable numbers nestling among
j The « eHaAc tea 1s ane
the grass on the mud flats, at low tide. Ihe last species is men
=} ate © 2 e g
tioned in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol.

RV LID, pS:

Callistechiton CHASSIGOSUHUUG cicicectccets ese se Fre ey: Pils.
CUISCOERUIS fc) eric ious tee oie ee ap eres Gor
POUIACUS Oo cian en er erence le Cpr

< ‘ WAT, MMTADIUS cst ee omens Bis,

Calyptraea innlhanbilllchak: Peete eee ee ce ot ue Brod.

Dredged.

Cantharidus (Halistylus) PUPOIEUS sce csesecees ceeseeees reaneannn seeeeenes Cor,

‘ Dr. 5 fathoms. :

Capulus CAIITOVEIOUS: 4. cnsie Ge ee ree rn Ce Dall.

Discovered by Mrs. Oldroyd on the shell of the Picten diegoensis,

. q
which is, I believe, its only habitat.

Carita sumbauadratac., selon
-Lazaria subquadrata.

Cardium corbis...... ee ee a ee en hc el Ge Mart.
Rare, although found in considerable numbers farther south,
peisosel ay bb el ee ee ee Sowb.

This cardum, although formerly found alive here, is now only
found in a sub-fossil condition on the shore of Spanish Bight.

OAT os vgs venrevats remiss oleic nl sos eens eee ee Conr.
CAVOlMa ees eka ns ine ic ee Lesueur
Dr. 600 fathoms.
CHIQemCAta cecal cia hore een ee Gmel.
Dr. 120 fathoms.
PEGG ciel olesdastaiesan sem Vrain a Ge Lesueur
Dr. 400 fathoms.
RRPECIITIER CAIIEOTIIOK 6 gis osen bees cts ices ts sss eae ek Hald.

Formerly listed as Cerithidea sacrata, Gld. Found in great num-
bers on mud at middle tide, and on salt marshes,

SaLOniNed, Var. WV POIMyes a daa aie Berry
Described in Nautilus, Vol, XIX, No. 12.

Cenumopes assimilate ieee Ss, Ads,
OO i ei Opty
IGUANAS. tries hens reici a drives Vidar ri nic Della Chiaje.

Dr. 5 fathoms.
MOR reise osev ee nt i oss ce a Cpr.
Dr. 8 fathoms,
PUT PUTS a recep verter sidecivey raise lial ed everieciu boon iit Ci
CUDEECUI AVA leit eat en Wihapany

Dr. 10 fathoms. These small forms, often found in drift, are very
difficult to determine without the aid of a good glass.
Aorhopletta RArOwertt 5.04 ii se i a Cor
MATIC A Veer) PIGS athe sar risercs aii (@pohe
Dr. 75 fathoms. My specimen, found on a rock, drawn upon lines
of fishermen.

Uta Gack, HER GL Oa sae nearer Cb bun bec evee panne PPh iris A (pone.
CUAMA CXOSVIA sate ei ere Woah nw Conr.
Peta ie ee ee ee Sowb,

Quite common on rocks, often growing side by side, and only dis-
tinguishable to a casual observer by the difference in direction
of the spiral turn of the upper valve.

COIODE PRCAVEIG het te i eibisd ml Seoriiupncs Ali Wb ices Cpr
POON ste Secs twas wc ceti es ee ees Sby.
SRN is sy are iy is ee Sby
DOO aren ceils is calersves ated os ues i ek Val

CHIAMY COCONCKG OLCWI avi tiie ee ks ee Dall.

A rare bivalve, discovered by Mr. Orcutt at False Bay. ‘The shells
are entirely concealed within the whitish, spongy portions of the
animal,

Mer oataitia Aurcotnetuel ..... csc. <s scare ee Fbs.
Jpahhnbokethber oe eae Pee ee ene a Phil
HUMEDRAIE Ve acces de irre rk eG A. Ads.

q Wet, SUOADGMUUMI 6.5 erect sip aver ec Cpr.
BOOST cris Gig cciveice a Coe enven sells te race Fbs.
ee Vets TUNCUN agi oe fas Hemp
WISIN cen Depts 0 eeu a ne Phil.
jo \nUN Mop te pe sere a ee a eae ow Whart.

SDE sores davai cies eaten Cc cee (ieee eco . otearns

Nearly all the species of Chlorostoma are found in large numbers
among the rocks at middle tide, and although inclined to colo-
nize, several species are often found in the same locality,

CUO TENTS Fone at ee eg os ete mn ea Oey Hds.
Dredged, Quite common; generally drawn up in nets of fishermen,
Chromodoris GAIITOTHICNSIS) i ede We Sees ease ree cee: Bergh
inaliahol@ah Alchnale barra eean CMe par in encontrar ie ayo ae Cockerell
119) Stef ol RO eh Ge ee ur oo one eo Cockerell
MUVETSL GALLS hivick, river TAN ek enue Cockerell
Chrysallida BOG UISCUIDEA cy visn eevee creeds si beurrn elee retin COGe eG Cpr.
[kel rach pM re DO& B
roubbashlleh ee ie a Fe Cor
Chrysodomus PULCORETTUGie en a es ee era aes Dall
Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, No. 1032, page 709.
Circe RAGA cece) vy av iis evs iciee edna i ect ae Chee cree) Cpr.
‘Dr. 15 fathoms.
Clathurella ORCL cic cen vecuts lees cg et Se stint es re ge Dall,
Dr. 12 fathoms.
HOWET 8 ee a a ee ns Dall.
Dr. 35 fathoms.
Clidiophora MOCUTOL AUR sciycvrevavece) peceesyan ctaneriny Deters OhrOhs yet CN Gas Cor.

Dr. 10 fathoms. Live shells are rare, but single valves are often

washed ashore after storms at Pacific Beach.

eee ee Raug
R Dr. 400 fathoms.
olumbella CASEYTIS) AUTATUIACA .ccc cere cectes nett ete Ger ee es Chases Deu

Dr, 3 fathoms.
COMIN AUR jcc cvis
sausapata
Hindsit....

DGMIGHAEA A cei cch Si icyeehecvae ue yseene tiny cl rears ee eekes nas
UOTE: cu hia ivceu a ec te ees trees
tuberosa

variegata ee CPs
Dr. 3 fathoms.

38

COMmuS: CAIIOLMICUS iil isrreiriesrerh ie sivcikertor celui inesy ere nne vecrt Hds.
Common, among rocks at low tide.
Cooperella stibdiapliata soci true reisohuiecstecesene: abr eit cotiak tin crs Gor

Formerly known as Oedalia, and Oedalina subdiaphana, Cpr.;
found in mud, on flats, at low tide.

Corbtla Tila acc pamscev wri covecceg ure nastnnrnct moines Cpr,
Oe NAR LOSER hi oso He bar haere Ur eneN Tene isne yb cmo Williamson
Dr. 5 fathoms.
Crassatella marginata ci ccccivsssetecs visrevsve senseuted cevtyetre ciureenas canes sec ODI
Dr. 12 fathoms.
Crassinella VaATiIansS soiciiesvec rise sae os on eer ee CG. By Ads,
Dr. 15 fathoms.
Gretiella COMMIS A ais ies et iccasy cseberereleerys ty wureini ye Dall.
Dr. 50 fathoms.
GIVANICAtA ree dhs ieass sVeatenievinen Vrocertss Orb.
Dr. 50 fathoms.
CYGpiciild ACtHleatar is isi eerie seperti wiscin eles MiCevescuyts Gmel.
Pidubhalas) cet eie Wrhe h me Ene ne Otro te ee ree oe Sby.

This shell is found on the backs of other sheils, and, like Capulus
californicus, is marked by a beautiful pink color, unlike most of
the other crepidulae.

AVOCA is cleric Lei iste niis (eING ere el eer cen canis Brod.
GOESAEG vena Selle) Cl el eevee necees Phin mo mrenien nina anu Brod.
dorsata, vat. Wigilatay seem ivisnetrecdtiiericuneicory varie Gld.
ORCAV OR isis cle Le ees isree ines tetas rumen Brod.
JGSSONY Gey ton er OVER nave 3rod.
HAVICEHOINGS eerie cei cstveriiitide cuir sig reve Ania oni Nutt.
Generally found inside the orifice of larger shells.
HAVICEHOICES Val, ES PIANAlA cic clirederie teterin eyes cies Gld.
ope tee ee ee Se 0 oc ee Sby.
TUSOSA rei erir (cen Wet ania te hriaer eters oi er ceer nr in Nutt.

Found in large numbers on other shells, notably on Bulla nebulosa
and Conus californicus.

WH OUIOUMTS cr ere lhe laser ro eee Lam.
CHACIDUIII SWIMOSUI, ce ier en eileen rr ss eayyes Sby.
Cryptomya californica ......... ers es echs V ete ere eee Conr,
(GoitbnebbsiatsecsNbQonguQlert: | hoe eg ey Were ee cg do ee ae Conr.

Found with Platyodon cancellatus, in soft sandstone, into which
they seem to have burrowed like Pholads.

Cuspidaria califormica.........cccccseceveres ceesesen neers eeaerenerent cunt es weal,
Dr. 50 fathoms.

Cylichna: alida.sii.ii rs cerivescs ryt tercetees cyeestne cra Sere ven ne ccesni) Brown

BEC OULGR i ee ed cnt or eva eV EEL ieee CETL IR yond

Dr. 56 fathoms.
Cypraca Spadicea .....c.cceec cee eeeeete ne ceeeennee neeeeeceseustesees eeeene sarees Swains.
This, our only local Cypraea, is found rarely, at False Bay.

arn ;
Boies Brasneyl co es a
» = :
Cytherea fordi.........
Dr. 50 fathoms. In National Museum collection.

Dentalium HEGHEXAPONWIM it ee Sharp & Pils
Dr. 5 to 8 fathoms.
PAIIGOLEMS cy cccicieeve vs ee eee Raymond
Dr. 62 fathoms.
tite RAT ENOLOR, cso. ec ote ean Cor
Diaululua BANCIEBONSIS, yi ir orn nh Cooper

Diplodonta orbella
Besides finding this shell in its cleverly constructed nest of mud,
with tubes covering the siphons, I have found it cosily nested in
the deserted shells of bivalves, like the Semele rupium, with a
cushion of the same muddy nature, which fits the shell and pre-
vents friction with the hard walls outside.

Donax COM TER cy Wier cw vie ie enn

CUUGT occ ee
MEVIGUUIA Va fet. crises colt EA ee
Doriopsis VIGMA Cie Gh ti esa
Doris BICDUSUIM Ani eaves ld re
ti ares ee ee
SON BUINGA acini sci ucine en Wins Janes une
Drillia GRU CMa aves FU Ao Oe ae
Dr. 12 fathoms.
MOIR iy oe Stearns
Dr. 4 to 5 fathoms,
DGIGR, eG Cor,
Dr. 30 fathoms.
TORTN a ee a Cpr.
TCS Te rier cael ry etre siete rer niu eine ae ot tee Cpr:
Found plentifully on rocks at Quarantine, among green moss.
WUOTUUSESVGNSIS ai cries abv liveth ete lan Stearns
DEMICUIGtae oe ae Boo rede od a Cpr
WOM Ste eee ee ee Cpr
ee AGRO i a i Cpr
Dunkeria RUC OM ies osc tebn crete a Coley CLOG Ud Cs , Cpr
che, oe Pie ise ee re ce Cpr
ce Dr. 8 fathoms.
Engina CATDGUENGs: ceo Se Rve.
Ensis i Dr. 13 fathoms.

RUSH clsWhGioyenhkathcy 6 ee i AU eae Dall
4Tato MOU DELIA, oc iu sca |e Mke
: POS oi ooy cases digcicachus, Sistas Duin Hds
Ervilia MOS URNIC Ry acre bier ts Se ee Mont.
Ethalia Ree a as ‘Cpr

Dr. 6 to 8 fathoms.

PCWAIA SUDPAV AAC re, i Piceacits iii ieaes curiis versescne meets
Dr. 6 to 8 fathoms,

EU: DISCOR GAs a ieieud core eave etd axeentir dn nen narnpantie dnc Van,
Dr. 15 fathoms.
PUVSQOSUIIS ALA ecicdirer cuss reg dss iia a appr Suen me sen ae Cit
Dr. 6 fathoms.
TASTAUH traps cgi eek ics 9 as CN iri se pinta hn ere hCr ni caine SOM
Dr. 3 fathoms,
paoll (i215 oe nee Ran WL ena CUnSe panic toot unre Car,
Dr. 3to5 fathoms. Found quite commonly in shallow dredging.
POU i Oa ec ih acemt, (itecheri retrained tsa, i OL EN EPLE TAC a NO (yong,
Dr. 2 to 3 fathoms.
BOUALIA i rennin ket ue rete etey pi bs AS,
My specimens were among moss on large abalone shells,
UD [alhipabKabhbrack (ane) AocihGnOOs gta cc, alm ie yt cue ove ae cae Or.

A very beautiful little shell, resembling Phasianella compta, Gld.;
var. pulloides, Cpr., but more globose and very thin.

PBSUT ela VOlCANO 6 itive sri Oc ds aes Rve,
Very common on rocks at all points along the coast.

tie Gta Wal: ee Get ievriiencis avis cs nett eorcusd orrancetherirecs Dall.
Dr. 100 fathoms.

USS EOC ies erin ial cui yiiriis aeiemiyiy eutIenetL elieon neice) Dall.
Dredged,

Gadinia POUCUIAtH Gracia ere Orit e Sby.

SQ(HIMA SEMIN Geeta, eel eis is deere cel eei as Totten
Dr. 50 fathoms.

Gibbula Opta lisse cecascciiaiers) slit este rimer artneht Hens Cor

PALOIPICtA Wiis ierseee mir E etc ag oc cor,

Dr. 50 fathoms.

GOR) ADCs yer cir vv rch iis vCal uta veri yyaeet ene Hinds.

This little shell in many waysresembles a growing plant; the leaf-
like valves come up through the mud, while the long appendage
strikes down like a root to support the coming plant.

cinlelletc data vaya Gee ee Be ee ii ee ee ee Ce coe Brod.
Dr. 12 fathoms.

GIy plies Asperd a ete ie ic tuneiei ical eesti as Esch,
GQeHSIClAthnAtd ei FN a eee yy ee aay Rvre.

NQACO MOUS epee rite ei caare ee ee ear Sby.
Higliotis assis i cdT ape tst ov rl Vat eC bec capetn CEES Dall.
GOULUSAU ar ey i oho er rion onmen i letivinraint Gray
CEAGCHGLOGME ciency an Leach

ey War COlMOnIONGlon 410i eis eis vee tener te Swains

BPlEMC ONS Giirccirer cried cteoh veeidecar Maeminii es vivcel cians J events Rve.

ssh, tilpens, Phils
PUA TUMe al NBIC UU Cy ly yey ev eva cts li ty ees canny bein Wren Rentt sd GI Ue Gld.

RU POSGOTS. ia eee ren ia ne 5

41

greherodoriax bimacniatiec ...ivsns iter ie D’ Orb.
This shell is found in a great many beautifully colored varieties,
ranging from pure white to dark purple.

Hinnites PIP AUUCUS us iis dere coe re ga Gray
Hippony x balaloaheshukl-\ayal awa ren Vern SCCM Coe ng Lr: Linn
(ha shules(dhcinl Peete age eee a ee i or ee Cpr
CUMOUS eer ivi cess es cee bushes tamer er ee end Cpr
Ir eitel it eaencbds ins oe ee MacFarland
Nautilus, Vol. XVIII., page 131.
WIM Tia ck ee Nutt

This beautiful Pacific species is not rare, frequently being washed
ashore after storms.

Pet oneatrata | cps i ae ie is i ae Cpr
Dr. 8 fathoms.
ODT DE he ee i Cpr
Dr. 8 fathoms,
EaGoWlton clathrate: .cicsccssrciec arn oton Herne aes Rve.
COUSHICUUS ii ruses Oe Cp
et ae ke aie Chr:
translucens......... ee Ty igi ies rns Cee a Cpr
Pe Pia ONC cscs Si Fbs
Siphonalia kellettii.
PUR AOD Wrote cin. conde si sen ads otaner dimen e es oe Desh.
: vat. : ehhixontl Ce ee. Cor
BINDOPOIGUIATIG cc liiiic ica creas Vee on cerita es Mont
Wes Bolle. 8 ea ee Lov
ihveabiciclenlai tay genes ura ee ae ae yy Cpr.
. WAL. AUIPATITIACH i ccsceccscceccenes Couuseens Groen perms Cieenes Cor
Laila COGKSREUT Coe lieu ei bent orc cine Sones vec MacFarland
Nautilus; Vol. XVIII., page 131.
Lamellaria CHES OSTISISN ccs crcc Guercstec ssh cceety yur ate et rT TERE Dall
Rarely found among grass at low tide.
We tchanc ible ee ee Dall
Laqueus c: Whhtonaeiheht oe a ee ge Koch
Dr, 108 fathoms.
Lasea tC pls ee ie ee Mont.
VAT, GUBVINIGIS ries erst CM eriecim ae Cpr.
Numerous colonies of these ruddy little bivaires s are found at low
tides clinging to the rocks like a crust of little jew els.
Leda OUhaN cheno etre re cr ane a Hovley
Dr. 50 fathoms.
ONCE DUOUIS: cite cui rercn rr ern ares oe eye es ah Dall.
Dr. 62 fathoms.
Ana api ches OO a Cpr
Dr. 56 fathoms.
shone ger ee a é.Dall.

Dr. 40 to 60 fathoms.

Lepidopleurus mertensi
TUSAUISE wii we ieciia

, t
VEUCCGMIGIS #0 ae
We GtOu MerOCUM ais. eee en ea
WSUIGUNY CH DROUIG ii) oie iice i ee
CAUDEOWUCt lie ir
DAUCICOMUAUA, A iwiivive ee
IMMA ORICHtALIO Ns erie ir: Ad, & Rve.
Trea SWAT ICH LATA yest eee ee es Mont.
Dr. 52 fathoms.
TAQCATCIIM GlAtUI Gi en He oe a deca Snag Sby.
SUDSUMIAUUEN iii eke eae ieee Conr.
TAU A AQIEICOBIELA ares urea hee ciisscey Cpe,
PEMCOUUALA Cy ie ee eae ree iG Cpt
LACT O DMA RIS CISUAUNG ys hic linet rater ae Dillwyn.
ACIGHUAUS icici iroiirrarvtiit rrere bis Ol vei ni ine ds Terri le ui Desh.
jeden nt ee ee ee ee Hanley
This genus consists of rock-boring bivalves that are only obtained
by the exercise of much labor.
Lb COUIMA DIGUAIS ac ee cies tei Nutt.
scutulata Gld.
OMG O SUSAIMOM es tirt icicle eve Cavin cet ics Hemp,
CCHS SIRAMCA aii ives as ee ee Gray
This limpet seems to love the dashing of the waves, and where the
sea is wildest, there we find it in abundance on the rocks.
AUCAPING CLEMU Ald, cee eae i COU a cee eee Sby.
The great keyhole limpet is at times quite abundant among the
rocks at low tide, where its black, slug-like mass slowly drags
itself through the tangles of sea-weed.
Lica pinelle CALOMaLCiNAtd jc rie veer ees Con.
Quite rare, only a few specimens having been found here alive.
LUCIA ANNA Gi ea
californica
LUCCA yee rice ee Oe ee a ee
Dismal LSWISUl ii ii i le tei yr atic ces 3
Dr. 12 fathoms. A variety of the above is found here which so
closely resembles Lunatia draconis as to be almost undistinguish-
able,
I VOUsta CHMOMMICA cutis ie hi i cee Conr.
Dr. 5 fathoms. .
ALE sacs vers cenboesencins Gee aera) WineER A Cee ne: Conr,

MUICUGLA iver Cue ereinsss ty sere in

:
Macoma WITCOMSHICUA Ns gen a era eee B. - 3)
; Da
TOQUE MUAUA isis Fe ee ere rr eo ony sai
. WAT: TENUITOSONIS. |. csc) ck ce ee seer ma
: all,
VAG oe as De
Dr. 20 fathoms. .
onr.
nasuta Ss
Conr.
SGGCUA avi viydivi visi visu t ener ieen oe
i ee ee Cpr.
WOMUIIOEMTIS vise cers niece Qa are ere eee
Dr. 20 fathoms.
UT GGS ores ges ce ee A, Ads.
Very common on the moss-coyered rocks of Point Loma. :
ei oitieiitg <2 aos oy
ie Renee Aaa oe etre acc onr
CUOLHDETIORNIIR ohh iyi civy Seccersecrcar th tveniusseiy ae =
cWolnhs l ee e I ce e en am vec aio i ee
MUS GEV eo yy 51 Che eK VaR) Wan CLAW OPT ULN D 10d (at 6 UCL Jaen ACU Oen ans
En eplieetias 1) hy si Wes a noe eee ae Dall.
Dr. 36 fathoms.
COR ee es ei es or ee Dall.
© MUGS CENCE CAREC COC ERR EET OREO ET CRORE TUE TR ATE ER EE AEN ET Cee
Keep’s West American Shells, page 23. “
Mangilia COLAC ceri vis iiy rs asters ee Ge pr.

Dr. 10 fathoms.
fuscoligata

MDI GE iy cares
MUU UB resis Voki ve iv tinie neice diners
Dr, 5 fathoms. <
RULUGIG We ercy sec cic eee art ce eae 1h aes tee Cpr.
Dr. 8 fathoms. ee
RUDGE DORN nati tear si reir ei igo t (ula rer Cpr
Dr. 5 fathoms. fe
NCI ea a ee Pe ee Uo =
Marginella jewettii............ ik loud disce sarees ean er ean Cor.
Dr. 6 fathoms. Sau
JONG boy enahh- eee ele ten wrth set sari Ren ener orien Sai eta ico ut Cp
Dr. 5 to 6 fathoms,
UU EUTETS er Gia solic ee a ai is Ta Sw OMAN VEC ENR OT OUCS Cpr
Dr. 3 fathotis. 4
VOW ONS ae Cpr.
Megatebennus MUEMOCULACUS sccscuicepe isis se cess ssa ati hist eccr cutee Dall.
Clampus OUIVECOTS ahi ak iets Ho ens aoe epaere laa ran isee Cpr.

Very numerous on the salt marshes kept moist by high tides, but
seldom covered by water.

Mesalia echo ymnhiet: tates? eee nage wen nT ce ei erm ce utr ore Dall.
Dr. 52 fathoms, “4
Be cia cay) aise cinda sv anetilices adursha se eLres urn tennant east Cor
Dr. 100 fathoms, mt
PO fe ices oii agi seen urent ser risen OF Cpr,

Dr. 3 to 5 fathoms.

MUGUIS RU Arieis ies aa ecies els ears eas svues ber euy encasement ert conte Conr.
Formerly known as Lutricola alta, Conr,
NOGA IN Ge ie iene eal inert aver a cits Dall.
MAGUON PEOIOUCAIS ea eres ripeceiiny to buinrs ala rrepeelisiar yi aes Col,
Dr. 50 fathoms. Proceedings of U. S. Natl. Museum, Vol. XIII,
page 217.

MACACA GHUIOEIIOA pci seay 8 frit cau n inven e aysieen nein 1b, .B;
TOTADIIG: dive cesses EPA PEON ati aie) earewe cal iene G..B, Ads;
NPA MAUNA, ae rae ce oun vin Reiter ean ie Swains,
This beautiful mitra, only rarely found alive on Point Loma,
MAGVORION DIA ASDENA i icine dr tinct teiekis rennin any celui Cor
OBA sas cchase irs cee he emt Cor,
Ailla(a seg aC secu alse Gigante a er Grads Ota Conr,
UES acc uiis Corto ite mele era elnr ie] OC) Nise nivel reruns Fc Say.
DOMUUS iver Heh oly OU aE Heed reo nES Oh NeET apy Verrill.
Dr. 56 fathoms,
POCCUS isis cried pie ire iain ternns cee valet Cay renee.) elise iden Conr.
Moti MiACrOCHISME, ali tenella er erm as i leven ete gmaven Desh,

Formerly known as Placuanomia macrochisma, Desh, a rare but
handsome shell, showing rich color markings.

MEONOCGEOS GHOONAUUIN 2 iivi cc ciee erences cist entrees eben ey Fri lie oes Conr.
Found in large numbers among rocks at Government Jetty.
GNSOUATUI Vet. SPILAUUI rect tndse es pare, Blv.
TUDES ere oes asin aia Ga a Oe eee Sowb.
saeARMos bea nolnal Le ee Go oe ta R, E, C. Stearns.
Not uncommon in shallow pools, at middle tide, at Pacific Beach,
WMO DALIG, MUGS VaE rere cee order a el Nd sae ns Dall.
MOUSCORA sais pink ee! NEO Re nn RG Gld.
Mimiola GHCta iia. We er ee Cpr,
PUMELOULE eee lis\cco reer Ty ona geet es . De Bolin;
MATOS CALDENIGH etc Gey ue Meee ne ie yes Dall.
Nautilus, Vol. XII., page 123.
AGISUIS ii ads fcc eeieeee) UE aad EE oles ce ee ee ee Brod.
COLLATE ae i a etieeer ies uncon ns ilies ieescraa) OG .. sowb,
Rare and generally covered with green limey incrustation.
Muricided DarDarenels, ici csce a re Sipe Gabb.
TOVCOLGL yy ire sera iesdicsiaslnsesi nl deat lds

been found near Quarantine.

WEY CUMS T VUCCl es ire ites elven cvs tsieey as edie cc uy eek rer eas Conr.
MS IS DUP OA User Cai mie GAN a esr bee re, Conr.
CRINOEMIOWS cere rece iit iri irs ies ee cero ene a Conr.

Mytirélla simples... ics rae DP een ecg Tee

Nassa cooperi........ re a ae Sby
Vat. mendica Gld
Mock: [ch ea epee Gee a ee is Or ere ae. Gld.
ibnlcjoynN Oy: epe ee rere ee ee Ga ce \Cjone

Dr. 56 fathoms.
WORDINOUIS scutes ivieeve phy) cre esac sense veee ea Hds.

Very common, showing great variety of color, including some fine

banded forms.

UGS AG et veercnasct eee Se Rve.

ae : Fi Sila

Be EPR ieee cis orm ee Pils.
ae we “

Pee mela darwintl cicis cuit reper a OOY.

Quite abundant in rocks at La Jolla, but so frail as to render it

difficult to secure unbroken specimens,
ee WOM g dia <6.6k sen serccsneeceencen eorolgrares ney OUlts
NE cov hic Matakana eee
A beautiful species, generally found in the ribbon kelp that
fringes the reefs on Point Loma, formerly known as 'Trochiscus

norrisii, Sby.

eI els sss ee es A. Ads
Dr. 52 fathoms.
DASEIGMOIS cis) devi isi se cir heel teas river eC Oy Orr Hds.
Dr. 60 fathoms.
BU ee cc yell Eas Evi inva se Clip einciner On urercia ag Sby.
Dr. 15 to 20 fathoms.
Be et aac ce soc dhcsnsactecdases ansees vc Cpr.
50 fathoms.
Nuttalling GOIIGEHICA Ss Ayres ee cere Nutt.
Pe ial yuh ss Lick asked VG) Cdn Chg eer Gld.
ogee Bi as es ee C. B. Ads.
Ocinebra GCUUGUMN GOSS Te sini vesrivirs seieed tev ip ety nes COs inner Stearns
s VATICLY AUTANTIA ...ccrece icc seer tecrecenn neon ets Stearns
(vd allehiinabsho pee, Oe eee reel erg aera Cen eet a Goo Mn ob Stearns
MMOs. cxiciscetgacccinse)ccpines eo asin oO Cpr.
= VAL. ALFOPULPUTER covisiescercerrceeee reer e ens ee en eeen teas ts Cor.
OVAL. MUTICAIA iis ii cote oA Cpr.
DARING ian. aes PAO as On a a Dall.
Dr. 75 fathoms. Beautiful specimens of this rare shell have been
found by the author ona rock, hauled up on the lines of fishermen.
NBD NDS) ee ee A. Ads.
IPROUR Lonnie Cpr.
Pe Weta. ccdaviccbencjaicen ots Pela Vein ye es Gabb.

DS Bi
Dab.
D. & B.

Odostomia amaura

EMUSINGAU ery iiss ey tis een

fornia Academy of Sciences, Vol, IV., No. 8.

WCOStOHING SLAMINALOS OIA (ove ey ki ee

Eon she TN ene SP Eater ca ye ney h Naty Grime Ge Gld,
INOMLERCV CUSIS i vircti, Guin Fin ee et We Oe tanieh.
AUCHOUMNIS ci vsgsi ony dire ns Glue cose Oey ada a: (yene,
SUDO oye cy ie eer tay lane Se 18)
COMUGa eles AS aa eet Cop ace neta Var er: Cpr
CSMMISCIUD IA, Vein Wc sc vasen Veda oi Cor,
turritominia....... cB,

These minute mollusks are generally found in colonies, among or
under rocks, at low tides, and in many cases cannot be deter-
mined without a lens,

OIVGLIA INDICATE sere ee on i eer i i ee Sby.

Often found in great numbers at low tide; the colors ranging from
pure glossy white, through light and dark gray, to dark brown,

boetica

WIUCOE Gn ii eres
Dr, 12 fathoms,

CUM MASURE UGS CIGAS Winch nser Ge ire termi) ae D’ Orb.
OmpMalius MISGCSGeUS cic ie ay lelngill:
QACUIA ASUUISCILOtA eae sey ac dive re ee bee ele Cpr
UMS CUI GAs ee peeve erent i ee a er D. & B.
OSttGN AMAUA ss. e. ied rer fiad iil: oi vo nea re a ey Cp
COUCHOOIU A ei ri a Pe ee es a ee Cpr,
WEEE vies ig Gees ee VOU ail ie csc eee Cpr

eo) NOL CRUAUSMceevcs ren ouvir ity enc in ei yes 6G Cpr

The various species of Ostrea are found in considerable numbers
on rocks, bottles, cans, pipes, and timbers, at low tide.

Ovula detlesa, Var, Datbarensen iis, ie i kc Dall.
Dredged. Generally found on a species of yellow gorgonia.
POMOUEH QONCuONr A aie sea) ere curries eee reac cite ay anise: Gld,

Rarely found; burrowing in sand and mud to a depth of two feet or

more. Formerly known as Glycimeris generosa, Gld,
Parapholas californica
WAT UMM Ie AMLAMUA iwi oscil ati co prs Dall.
PSCtSH PECISUIOOIIS jrice ri Virev ie teenies tn nines) ni Cpr.

CHCZOSUBIS ci cist us Dall.
Dr. 8 fathoms. ‘This fine species is occasionally pulled up by
fishermen in their nets,and formerly called Pecten floridus, Hds.

latiatiritis ...... Os ee ee ee ae a Conr.
4 VAT) DAMCICOSUAUUG ee vc Cpr
POMOUMMOM Siecle elite en yc ne Conr.

These two species are very common, sometimes a single kelp
plant having hundreds on its leaves.

VAUCOUVELOUSIS haters crite ri oe ey ee Whit,

Dr. 50 fathoms,

=

47

GCIs MIMISWOACUS fcr ieaa ti teclne utes Teese wees vG, Cooper
liratus
Periploma argentaria

discus
Dr. 10 fathoms,
Petricola Garditoides........ v..13< ee a ee Conr.
yy VATE CALITORNIGH Hsha vvciis cece cin Fes erans cence Conr.
CLETHICULOTAI lan cunen nee Treswian sti Navmvocsg Ceo netee ts Ba slong
VETIICOSH i Wns Chieti muir teas Ga) oe Desh.
IBITCOVCES AP PLOMUMMC US mervescrl ccets 1s tacesiori eo ea ree pe ns Dall.
Dr. 12 to 35 fathomis.
SA ITOMMIOUS iti minie sy iterrir ccd Nec CNC y rind Grn Na gett el cm Conr.
nestodnbelmbesoveal cc ure arnt yet en ee Pe pa ee eee ouC cele.
he palybilcfeybMh esi cae: PG ie a ce Cpr,
Dr. 4 fathoms.
HVS IAEA COULD EM nara, caine ter et relies wilted a) Gld,
y FAP. UMGUUMALE rider cet tices ae sen ine ee Cpr.
DUUMOIC SS siesta Pence carn ced cos roeeyuclia ureniiaie ue) cli eee Cpr.

This pretty shell can generally be found in considerable numbers
on the grass at low tide.
POR R, BREN Siler ot ee Orvis eh aia: sesses aac Cpr.
Dr. 20 fathoms. Also known as Bryophila setosa.

INGIRCICGH OVOICER Ge, crn in Ph eee Gld.
WOMIGE Wives hi cree RMP ege ne ical ete na. GON,
BAQUCCHU Trsveces wise Gctin ec threlr eum ac Cole wusay cecbacvunac ewes er Stearns

These fragile species are rock-borers and are difficult to obtain, but
make pretty cabinet specimens. Found near Quarantine and at
La Jolla,

Pholas pacifica .......000 Fiend Dla eee ines Caiecevieicr (Ucn CUCU ate Stearns
UIAGIC A GHOMMNOIOES: ai ici lcuisd cae ee ea ean on Scacchi,
Dr. 50 fathoms.
MLB UNOCON CHTICCIIATIS Vi sci ee fiivis uy ioctiiins ar ve oe nn aves Conr,
MAO GRACE cides ees kde ov Gis west ttc ees cee a Cpr.
Dr. 35 fathoms.
MPOODUTMIGIG CAlOUMICR we cassvir ovcsiiberice eis oer int eae Cpr,
POP OTOMIG, CAL DEUUSTIMEG .isseisiwrasstvcs vonecay te ssseave vote ewan cee Gabb.
Dr. 60 fathoms.
GACAUIE Gi iuin crac ee hice hee me ieei iy Oras annie Os Raymond
Dr. 60 fathoms.
WOOT VGLSR ot Silecri vt oes one Vers len raa EG yp eren eer ey ven Gabb.
Dr. 82 fathoms.
GU LALOR OLE toes ra bay tt dtc eens ss ex ek Wh Oy es es on esas Dall.
Dredged,
BUSAPUISTAT A acter ciscsers iiciiys ciate oltre cy ote a Raymond
Dr. 25 to 40 fathoms.
arise a nn es hy een ee Gabb.

Dredged.

POMmaulass WiCOSUST iticcecisicreben noise cine pena er ye ees (a Wood,
Dr. 7 fathoms. A large, rough, conical shell, often thrown ashore
after heavy storms; frequently carries smaller shells among

moss which adheres to its epidermis.

PHIGMG OLESOUCHEIS ai ce ie: ee Redf.
Dredged.

PYOUOCATCia COMUMIOSA ii iicisasrt sea tre Gees foriveeirire mrreie aval Cpr.
Dr. 50 fathoms.

Protothiaca IACMIIATA. vice i recat a Cpt,
SUAMIMOR ic. ihe puns re ial oinive sain caumurveron tl Conr.
HOTOPTIOIA (och bea aie ee ee em aN elena renee ay (hare

This genus was formerly listed as Tapes.

Paainobia: SCemtula art cw ce is ane ate oe Gabo,

COMMOUMION i ivenme a. ee Ce een nee Conn

Not common, but occasionally found at a depth of a foot or more
at False Bay. The last species has formerly been listed as
P. rubroradiata.
PSEPHICIA OVALS, c11051) eee ceee scenes Ce ro een a ie Ball
Dr. 50 fathoms.
Pteronotus festivus ..
Pterorhytis foliatum
nuttallii.
This genus formerly listed as Cerostoma,

Puncturella COOPCE iia iis sce mer ct pelccs & aan ee ee
Dr. 56 fathoms.
CUCHIIBUA Wa ere tiie Vie er ee races 1d.
Dr. 56 fathoms,
PUPOULA MUTICAtA ic rie) eer eine ee ee Hds.
OSUCUI i vcik ee ck es cee vn ce ee Gld.
Dredged.
BASICOIA Si ye ies ECHL C ne ne Val.

This species found abundantly among stones of Government Jetty,
and furnish a fine illustration of variety in form and color mark-

ing.
Pytamidella GAliOmnica ire i hae ter iel itn DD. cB,
RiGtaRiS PUNCCOCAGLATA rics, aces erie sins erie ee Cor,
Listed as Rhextaxis punctocaelata in Keep’s ‘‘West American
Shells.’’
RAS6Od ACQIISCUIDTA aire cena) haute ere eer OmrpeUntn Venta ay 6 Chr,
COMPACUN Si i enc) ony ta cai wi Us ee Cpr,
Rigsoitia DAKSt Crain ae a an ae Bartsch,
Nautilus, Vol. XVI, No. 1.
SOD eh rier t ies cnee reed oiteed fn fuinnn Mabe cele son Dall,
Dr. 7 fathoms. Nautilus, Vol. XVI, No. 8.
Ripelariandaimeuiera foci No uciee weit tC en teen iiess 5. GOlt,

Dr. 8 fathoms.
SAUSUIOO AMIE TCA re ice evr lies er eesti:

49
MS ASIOH VE ATCUICA aos waaca cindy ei elutes eer ue oe
TUROSH Vieccc rman a a cre ee ey ty eee Linn,

These little bivalves, found among rocks, are very irregular iu
form—no two seeming to follow the same plan of structure.

OAS LCLOMIUIS HCCI iss lect oe tindsies avi cence reins cc cigs gene Conr.
The young of this species has been known as Saxidomus aratus, Gld.
SCOALA DRIIASHHATA hi civcccviv or eo Uren rie toe ts ye Ons Ween el nti, Cpr.
Dr. 15 fathoms,
GHGDTICOSTR LAV ccsuvcesl) cole oels ths Wahid css orn stave crty remnants s rec ae pie
Dr. 20 fathoms.
CHETOUOICESicetociiedier ny Ke ccle nasi fen cecum i Goce Chr.
TECSUN cs ee asf oc Ct aa RS eter ey NSN cn CaN Cor,
Wy ree TINUE aah eae cee bv dl ee tae Crees ese heen Onl
GNA, tas ee Ps cry ee (GAs Uae ro oo Da:
Dr. 40 fathoms.
SALTS EG isc ur ee ck De cae, Le nye Clin eS a Dall.
Dr, 55 fathoms.
MGIESIIT@lIA MEISOVicii ecru cle lancom hetens cas aru Sc ta eeu
Nautilus, Vol. XVIII., page 124.
MGMELE CECISA ii.icss ccvsvee eee eer So ee a Cour.
TOONS TIA Noite Cumin eines Sn ee Chr.
Dr. 5 to 10 fathoms,
pulchra...... GM Ue em ye Ur vetl nmin eran culve GGre eer ee Sby.
Dr. 8 fathoms.
TOOT ODLGLA yas Be a en ee Dall.
Dr. 3 fathoms.
rupium

Fine specimens of the last species are found occupying the deserted
burrows of rock-borers in the rocks at La Jolla.

ap . er

MOGUL ete DIM POR US rites jcisuta sre) Olas evi ooner Cred cor aime eee Rve,
4 . .

Serpulorbis Clogel-saubbedsgil fir ee eee dee Cor
a

Serridens OWIOD RO Wal iain lite Gee ieee cine tis rc Cor;

This interesting little bivalve was found by the author nestling in
the mantle of the Ischnochiton conspicuua. It was listed by
Carpenter as Pristophora oblonga, named from a single valve in

1866.
Si o4qe pe 5
Colles abi cua hit sen dic my HES E eyeviews nen cart or Beira Re eter ermal incr 7a A sid.
iy :
Siliqua Ijhheskol s Mpeg eer Ceueutes Mente a tee ere ee ce ree Conr,
“IH . “pf
a ROC ente mi CARAT AGGACOI «kis ro yaad ancl Chr
. Dr. 15 fathoms.
BT c . s
MOINS ERAT ye his aa ye as ee ae Pl,
=~ . . .
PASTING FORMED fccccccies ciivssesy verapvavanneene ves oO ee Dall.
POUCA ieee OF ah Cer ee Dehn CCC erg Bea aes Dall.
Dr. 400 fathoms,
HETAMIADIIIS: fivavis Cvs te Gite tien eae ear erns «here

Dr. 60 fathoms,

50

SOlEMy a COCtUCMIAlis very wimg ee wacaeiun siecle cn ines ne eins Desh.
Dr. 50 fathoms.
VOLVIIS se ice ines ee he a (pone
WOlGM TOSACEUS. cone rey ieee verses retin Coun HCWid es ae ete E Tes cern das Cpr.
Ehifeya pian (oa eevee yg rr oo even ae eae uh ces Gld.
SOUCHIA AGUS ics Gesseit ei ceriovers cetlisete i ieee cree cratic Cpr.
OVOGIOGE iL oe eed alee ere enon cunt urn nn ttina Gir
Dr. 5 fathoms.
SPILOLY Putts WUUCWA Ware cigs reser edhe names aaa Morch.
Spiewie COUOMIS i ee een ee tee Conr.
TORU DE acecdcvessoreni valee ee one tanh decoy Counc n nd avsita Comme: Dall.
af oGnl Th as aa a ae ee ey Oa oR oe ee ue Conr.
Formerly listed as Mactra.
APES CAMLOLMIANUS 6) hs reset ii einer cin isenndoy cre rivers Heaton oi nos Coir,
SUDUCLES Ake Vanier oye iii ie ae terraces hi ai OOUU:
This genus =Solecurtus,
WOU Ves CUMUIMA yi re iru icant Hels Core lusnanc i amenity cn erent Cpr,
Dr. 51 fathoms,
ellie DOCCWEOMSIS) iia ei ee late twine eres yen Hds.
MYUNCUOU i eet ee erty pees ee vees tyre eT ee Dall.
Dr. 5 fathoms = Angulus obtusus, Cpr.
CALPeHLGtl ny... ey We er rechten” Dall.
Dr. 5 to 50 fathoms = Angulus variegatus. Cpr.
Hen ange dc NHc, peti heeg cee eee et ONE Gu cca Mena ee tas tn ye Gy Otat ers, [@jopr,

Dredged. Proceedings of the U. S. Natl. Musetim, Vol. XXIII.,
page 301.
(SLO OSS cinereus Gn ere i Ee Cosi Mtee rn ay: Dall.
== Tellina gouldi, Cpr.

SAUCHIOSAC ste oa ea it vee eet OPEC Than Dall,
Dr. 12 fathoms.
Verébta specillata jciain cs stoner cruncniiii clans Hds.
Dr. 10 fathoms.
MrereWLataia OCCICGHAlIS tat oo vos) yen winii cee a Dall.
Dredged.
CUOUSV CISA pc pics iiscis re atin insta reed Liters meinen. Sby.
Dredged.
Verebrattlinag CapUserpettles ni: sc acer ni Ges Linn.
Dr. 50 fathoms.
ut Vat UMMC U A airing taiion Cpr.
Dr. 20 fathoms.
Thalotia caffea...... bee vidal i eG oe nn rey ir es yabb.
HECHCGLA WGlOms terreus aviciecnerin sje niieie ovens Sect rc ieeelanins Cockeaell
Journal of Malachol, Vol. VIII., page 87.
QMancsfesievie oh eiern es Soe see a Be ee es fe Conr,
AY Asia DAL DAVCHS Sis) ai cledeniydencss ee ce tav te tigtes Hone ee Dall.

Dr, 56 fathoms. Cryptodon barbarensis.

Pa . . oe
Turiccula bairdii

5}

IGE O: Gt HORUIN avis eh uisu ors aks ed oe eats ny tse Mawe

= Pachydesma crassatelloides, Conr,

SSSA MA ORT UR ican aa evade i tad einen Damn ores Wat pl.
veloc GHICES Ween ie WRONG teen ei Ged ce cane, co (Gl
Culeitella oi... ene es eee i ee Gld.

Dr. S to 56 parka.
BRUT vcs ek vara ee es een Une co ie any Baird
Dr. 56 fathoms.
eek ee eee er eee rs a ie a rer Dall
HAR CUTIGA ea eee ee Oe i eine eve Ferrans Gld
PLAGUE cycevectgseersese sinc cine teee oh Cee tel ean SO Wi erst ete ac Cor
tS WOT. OUTOMSA cases Cease Ae ee Grn kit ers seas apt
THACHVCErMOM CENTEGNS a ic... ys ee eee oe ee ek:
PDPOMSeGMGllG TRTLUMNA s.cis. visecc si.e De Doe us re Gld.
Dr. 10 fathoms = Psephis cautittn, | G td.
MPBGSULS MUCHA yc ct readers ees ean NINO) Coceta needy creda es Conr
-- Schizothaerus nuttallii

MPUTOPIS ACLVGT SO Fecviecirivikcah prone erprccHnl Whee Celeel crrecain can Fences Mont

Tritonia palmeri.......... eV AVG IE ASAE Tt eeeel aed CL CUCU Gre miNsuynn (ore Cor

Oia BA OTENOA. ire ci ona ctu cae tee crim Giay
BO LACCE fo i oc © ees be aa LOCC ee eters Gray

This beautiful shell is rare, but fine ssenipies — been found at
La Jolla and Point Loma.

SPUHIGALGLIA CAIIIORNICA is cor ccietri sce tiesa Als rects iyee secre erate Pit.
SUMIPSOMI . rycen ee ee Stearns
ADU OU, AUTAMUIG te re oe es

Dredged.

NASUATIOE Foci i ivdiiv ctr vers st UNG sa CRC Ligh Cayenne kaa urna rte Cpr

CHOCOLATE 6 6)iiic cele cecpeevec su scen Ver st ies Winen esas Me Cpr.
Dr. 12 fathoms.

WAGUOL vaio i euyemnvetsseaey csv dues cneseu mays Flv eecee cae ee Cc, By Ads.
Dr. 20 fathoms.

MEBISEVL wotsast ici retest eer oe OMirs Onna ures ta D. & 3B.

VASA ee iis certs ie arie Ors eevee tpn er Dall.

VOWEL Cr eely el oe srudeecianyis Creer Caan Pe at ee Dall.
Dr. 12 fathoms.

TUT iio vce cc ten es conser oreo an dcenres veneer taeer snes On orhy cL sasam DD, ob

OLQUD YC cer nere stay Cig nel ON Cees tare tere ey eve LD. oo.

TRovaghitatudl( oh pene ft are ere net or ere ee ty Gld.
yar, SUBCUSPIMATA. ccc cscs ee eee ee eet ee ete ee teens venv es Cpr.

TOPVUUATR citi cecietr nese ranves Crane rn As lag PN sera Gld.
Dr. 10 to 20 fathoms.

tridentata

Dr. 500 fathoms.

AVUUMCLIA QOOPCHL O01) iii vented etree ina netic rier nel erly
TPVIOUGIO TMA oer ae a eee cee ae Gabb.
A brilliant orange-colored mollusk, wih its horay shell, is found
at times at La Jolla.
Ai stosalerhgabieymaini@ible sete OMe cas ai ee i nue cee Dall.
Dr. 822 fathoms. Collection of National Museum, Washington, D.C.
VONTHICOBE i iicrivscisciieciisiVvsiee sui cava el jin cr vlins rs arte Gld.,
Dr. 62 fathoms.
NGEIMetUs GOMiIC UAC US cs rculnctvel tility iit yer pain Val.
3ulletin So. California Academy of Sciences, Vol. IV., No. &.
VW GEMMCULATIA LOWEST) orn scevrees a ieerverve ren cris iiy eeiwer yas Yates.
Ir. 50 fathoms.
VGrUiCOrdia OLNAtd, Jain ates ieiteiee Uy etme iis Orb.
Dr. 50 fathoms.
VAttiiella COMMDIAMACA i ae fore eer aay yor,
SUD DIANA oy a eerie cies ee ee ae eS eber
Dr. 6 to 8 fathoms.
NV OLVUIS GY NUMOA TS si cvincusncre iis esr gee OP vice tes
Wiligtiia VEINS cic ae
Xylotrya pennatifera
SECACED ier as cee patie rere ance at
stutchburyi.....
VOldia cooper 4...
Dr. 10 fathoms.
MONtEreyenS1s v0... i ies, PAUNTC) aed ace ese reer Dall.
Dredged.
ZAG DMAGH CLISOAUA rice ces tec a eee ge ies Linn.

—

—

i INDEX LO GENE KA

OCTOPODIDAL, SCALARIDAK,

WOTODUS: wise treba rsd Pen ir 6. rea n 43 QUE rah Peers ea A rea Sr acs 47
LOLIGINIDAK., TAN THEINIDAT,

LOO cv at (Rshayelathah: hak erste cfg irre ee eee re 39
OMMASTREPT TURR VELA be,

ODIMAStPE DINGS iwc er ie aN 44 rh a ata ra Wee Greer cere i eierrc ss, 50
MYALMIDAK, WOR RIE) edict VN ee PA Oe naa eee 41

GORUVOLIM Ep ora ee ales a CN We ys ee 34 Vv ERM ETD, AW
UG tars Cache Guna he CRT ikon d Kinks 35 AVA chicaak- grit pene eta ara Rap mer ure ee ery at 50
MURICIDAK Vermictlaria ..... Ree ee a 50
Nihi goo,litiar ss mterare ahah eel retese scr mra) creat wa 4 2 SDIVOM LY Dile: ia 9 ev a as as 48
Muricidea 42 CAHCIDALK,
Pteronotus 16 l@bolcishuhen tates Matar aen ermrer iriver bere run are B38
Ocinebra 13 BULIMIDAK,
Pterorhytis 46 iLPHIUAG Ein ak 2 ese OAS Me tot Se eee ORE camera a 38
Cerostoma, see P tororhy is TURBONILELIDAL
Boreotrophon 32 Liab bakes otro AGh ch cea roe ear aang hee ahem ear Greece oC 49)
Purpura 16 ID TIMUR OT euie soa eee a eee fae 87
poo eros 42 DOU OR UOMO vriics ecrais tie ee oh A 13
CVO US vane alaae Bi) Parthenia 44
TRITONEIDAR. Miralda 42
LOO eA howd h vin Lei Gee bin Wark eon hy Co 16 Mumiola 42
ISUID RR pee a Cen sor iace aad 83 Chrysallida 35
Ranella, see Bursa, ' WS GUE eens oe ee 4
FUSIDAR, oe )©6PYRAMIDELLIDAR.,
BUS UUS cea iiss Set 1 aero wav ea rad 3k Pyramidella 16
BUCCINIDA 1. Obeliscus 13
Chryosdomus 35 LIUTORINIDAER,
SOULS UOLE endian att as (Aa one Littorina .. oe ie 10
IWEECOMOTE Sshru es ioe 41 Lacuna 29
Siphonalia, see Kellettia. Isapis 29
N ev leetetan PLA
‘ Nas Coa ee 13 AlBbA 34
MUPRIDA K: Diala 37
MRED pee ey eye en et pe ae Mentne | 34
wW ARG MND AR, oie CHRITHTIDAT
ee rer hs BCU ss se Ce 32
BRE OLE aa ae ans adv ars WA antiht stg 2
OLIVIDAR. Geniihices. ;
Serta tikae ees 44 GOMER) Gis ola anne el es 19
AY 7 5 |
one toe lings 3, RISSORLLIDAR, 2 |
Aesopus 31 Jeffreysia PROS CORN Oar Neots 39
Hngina 37 RISSOIDAK., :
Amphissa . 34 Rissoina Cae ee ope ay eee 46
(e) ree ELULARUDAR, Barlecia ic Camco rch ere 82
met ei ees Gan i Wk ies 31 Rissoa ay
Alvania .. Cen 3
18 Amphithalat DUS Ae aternta aie ch tN 8
42 ASSIMINTIDATH, |
EN L Minai iach: peel Pune ee ah ee earner ares 32 |
Pp lourotoma RENE eee ERS 45 MRUNCATELEPDAI,
Drillia 37 EUG eu OLUON was wor vs ROR eat Nera 19
Clathurella 36 LIOTMDAR,
Mitromorpha A 2, TO Ula os CL aes as ae 10)
MO VUE Pet bas ta een ca Hera PHASTANELLIDAK
Mangilia ata Ae 11 PPUEUSTE LIE, soe ee a ee a a)
CONTDAR, inten a tahikelinhasigeersnere th Mirani oe cate e 38
OS tak sity a (Gi gw ck ue ok 36 TURBINIDAK,
Cc YPRAEIDARK, POS ULE NTU: (ecw sa As ee alae eer kee 82
My OE ic iew se cue Ceicee hia 36 Ghepaetc Hbillcip ca geey ererieee ous re VA 16
Drivia a) TROCHIDAK, |
Ovula 14 OM PNRLUS cry ct ve 14
NATIOCUDAR, Chlorostoma a 3h
MUU eye Gia) as an AO Gibbula 38
Neverita 3 Leptothyra 10
Sigaretus 47 Thalotia iN
: Lamelariz 39 i 838 |
cl ALYPTRAEID AT, 13
\Phabkellfo billig ole eae girs ghee at we ee 36 Solertella ws
\Shoicgantatabillr ae) ae Nee Fe 36 Tureietila 4.9)
OULU Waser a vee uae crunan 33 Vitrinella 3 50
PU O Ne ee a es igen aa thas 39 Trochiscus, see Norri

PLEUROTOMARIDAK
CIB RUC chase ey Hacma te son Ee

issurella
Lucapina
sucapinella
Glyphis
Puncturella..
Megatebennus
PATELLIDAK
Acmaea
Logie se,
CHITONID/
Trachydermon
Chaetopleura
Ischnochiton
Lepidopleurus
Callistochiton
Nuttallina
Mopalia
Acanthochites .
TORNATELLIDAR,
Tornatina
A aogtt so, 4 Sean erat
CYLICHNIDAR,
Cylichna
Volvula ro
Amphisphyra
BULLIDATK,
Bulla
Haminea
AGLAJIDAK,
Navanax
APLYSIIDA
Aplysia
UMBRELLIDAK,

Oe

Doris
Chromodori
Diaulula
Cadlina

Aldisa .
DORIDOPSIDAH,
Doriopsis
POLY CERIDAK,
Thecacera
TRITONTADAR,
Tritonia
Tethys
AKOLIDARK,

Pleuroohwllidia
AURICULIDAK,
Melampus
Pedipes
SIPHONARTIIDAK,
Siphonaria
Williamia
GADINIIDAR,
Gadinia
DENTALIIDAK,
Dentalium
Siphodentalium
Cadulus
TEREDIDAK,
Xylorya
PHOLADIDARK,
Pholas

Airphaea

Raed iotin biel: gs Bae a eatery penetra ec hea

Netcastomella

PVE pile so ras ey
SOLMNIDARK,

BOC [Ae eta ety ee gaa Ve

o4

SAXICAVIDAK.,
Saxicava
Panopaea
tlycimeris

see Panopaea,

MYACIDAK
Platyodon
CORBULIDAK,
Corbula
Plectodon
Sphenia
Cuspidaria
Neaera, see
Cryptomya
ANATINIDAIT,
Clidiophora
Asthenothaerus
Thracia
Periploma
LVOneia. oa.
Mytilimeria
MACTRIDAH,
Mactra
Tresus
Schisothaerus,

Cuspidaria.

see Tresus

a
SEMELIDAK,
Semele
Metis
Lutricola,
Cooperella
Vedalia, see
Cumingia
THLELINIDAK,
Psammobia
Sanvuinolaria
Tellina
Macoma
Donax
Heterodonax
PETRICOLIDAK,
Petricola

fupellaria
Saxodomus
VENERIDAE.,
Chione
Transenella
Psephis, see Transenella.
Psephidea
Cytherea

see

cooperella,

IN OVE os Rictises i) Ci Pee hee enadwa
Amiantis

CINCS Guin ie Pa aly fo Ws re ie
CHET vad hs es ke Gan ee «ee
PEOLOUNECE. nice ea ed aa RK TEEN

Tapes, see Protothaca
CARDITIDAK,
Cardium
Liocardium
PEOUOCE Cia) 5.
VERTICORDIIDAK,
‘ticordia

Chama.

Lucina
Phacoides
Thyasira -
Cryptodon, see Thyasira.
UNGULINIDARK,
Diplodonta
KRY CINIDARK,
Tellimya
Lasea
Lepton
Serridens
pristophore
Kellia
Chlamydoconcha
SOLMMYVIDAK,
Solemya

CRASSATELLIDAK,
Crassatella
ASTARTIDAE,
Crassinella
Cardita
Lazaria

VGILOTUCHMCLIG) wick eee seas

SOUT igs ea ek dee 6 kk
NUCULIDAR,

Nucula

TSG UEL Schaap Poe NW esc eee ice cece ta

YOldia

CO ee re
ARCIDAK

PGR pei eka ii4s 8 ve

Re

DE ee De ee er
MYTILIDAR,

Me gh 2 ee errant

PUGGTOLUM: 26h ie er ois ed eas

Lithophagus
Adula

AVICULIDATK,

PNayaliahlll hat eee rae cis pee ania ra rect oa 82
PINNIDAK,

Inglablliol) nyuate Was Sauna eer: «(Ueki aces mew 45
LIMIDAR.

ching): lata Ronee are treet Se Pere ear ee a 40)

LUREVeD GUL tig arin a wale ney An yagin 40
PHOTHNIDAR,

POOUGN Oy Vai kn he tau os Cie eee {4

linioabsalyats° 4: fami aire We ae ean Rt aryk erarern tre grr merc 89
ANOMIIDAR.

PANU UU tis a ve ude 4 NO ek rete rey Liste 31

VOW ULM Ss cee eV Faw wey ee ae 5 ate 42
OSTRHIDAK,

WOBUL OR Ais Cae AS oes HAE cat {4
TEREBRATULIDAK,

Phachetcl mfg air PHA Wak: hememtacer ets erence ureierenat wae sn 48

AP ODO LeU URMLLel i= samy § ace Ve yn ee {8

Laqueus 39

Platidea 45

Vrieleia 38
LINGULIDAK,

HOU, Svan tn en oe es a 38

NOTE ON THE GENUS HALIOTIS

With a Description of a New Variety
BY HENRY HEMPHILL

‘The genus Haliotis consists of quite large ear-shaped shells, brilliantly
iridescent internally, and when the foreign matter that frequently accum-
ulates on the outer surface is properly removed, most of the shells show
a highly-colored exterior.

So far as we know at present the South Seas in the vicinity of Aus-
tralia, and the adjacent islands, appear to be the metropolis of the genus,
for there the greatest number of the known forms are found.

Woodward, Adams and Tryon recognize in their works on Conchology
about 75 species.

In the later monograph of this genus by Pilsbry it seems that there
have been described and named about 150 species. Dr. Pilsbry recog-
nizes among them about 60 valid species, and 14 varieties worthy of a
name, with several that he could not identify by the descriptions alone.
The rest he places in the synonomy of the others.

The geographical distribution of the genus may be summed up as
follows: Australia and adjacent islands, 30 species; Ceylon, Mauritius
and Eastern Seas, 3; West Coast of Africa, 1; Cape of Good Hope, 3;
Cape Verde Islands, 1; Mediterranean Sea and British Islands, 1, with
two varieties; Gulf Stream, 1; Galapagos Islands (?), 1; Cape Horn Re-
gion, 1 and one variety; Philippine Islands, Japan and China, 7 or 8;
West Coast of North America, from Alaska south to the Gulf of Califor-
nia, 5 and one variety.

The localities of about 16 species are unknown. None have been
found on the west coast of America south of the Gulf of California, and
not a single specimen has yet rewarded the researches of the collector
along the east coast of America, from the Arctic regions to Cape Horn,
except the one species and its variety already credited to the Cape Horn
region,

From the above record of its distribution, it will be seen that the
genus has succeeded in circumnavigating the globe, though greatly re-
duced in the number of species as it wanders away from its metropolis or
the Australia region.

of

Since the publication of Pilsbry’s monograph of the genus Haliotis.
Dr. R. E. C. Stearns has published and described a new variety of
Haliotis, which he characterizes and names /Zaliotis fulgens, variety
Walallensis. ‘his variety was discovered a few years ago on the coast
of Mendocino county, California, near Gualala, by Mr. Rivers. Dr.
Stearns remarks of this shell as follows:

‘This variety differs from the type in its more elongate and flattened
form, its constantly finer spiral threading, and its paler nacre. ‘The con-
centric lamellation is sometimes undeveloped on the young shells. It
has the same number of holes as the type.

‘Ihe above may be regarded as the extreme northerly expression of
/T, fulgens which has not heretofore been credited to any part of the coast
north of Point Conception. From that point to Gualalla is an immense
jump, about 320 nautical miles.”’

While the holes or perforations on the left dorsal side of the shells of
the genus Haliotis may be of generic value, or a distinguishing character
that serves to separate it from the genus Gena—a smaller but a similar
shell without perforations—the number of holes is of no specific value
whatever, as will be seen by the following examination of a large number
of specimens, both, young and adults, of /7adzotis cracherodit (Leach):

Number of holes, 5 to 9.—Carpenter.

Number of holes, about 8.—Pilsbry.

Dr. Stearns remarks of the number of holes in /7. cracherodit, as follows:

“Thirty-seven individuals gave a total of 236 complete holes, an av-
erage of about 6%. One individual had had only 2, two had 4, while
five had 9, approaching the insular form known as Californzensis (Swain-
son). All of the foregoing were adult shells,”

An examination of 27 adult shells of 77, cracherodii (Leach) by myself
Save the following result in the number of holes:

Three had 5 holes;

Four had 6 holes;

Seven had 7 holes;

Seven had 8 holes;

Hight had 9 holes;

One had to holes.

An examination of 85 young shells of this same species, varying in
Size from one-fourth of an inch to two inches in length, gave the following
Variations in the number of perforations:

Two had 3 holes;

Twenty-one had 4 holes;

Forty-four had 5 holes;

Sixteen had 6 holes;

Two had 7 holes.

The smallest individual of the above lot, one-fourth of an inch long,
had four holes; the largest, about 2 inches in length, had six holes; but
there did not appear to be any regular increase in the number of holes in
proportion to the size or age of the shells.

Further examination and close study of these young shells reveals the
fact that when the young creature emerges from the egg, the nucleus,
or first whorl of its shell, is white in color and without sculpturing or
holes. About the time one whorl is added to this embryonic shell the
holes and sculpturing appear, and at the same time the little shell, in
some instances at least, assumes a dirty brick-red color, but soon changes
into the normal shading of brown or blue, while a few shells before me
are of a beautiful shade of dark green.

The holes or perforations are arranged in a serial row on the left dorsal
side of the shell, and are a little tubular until the shell attains about 2
inches in length. They are generally circular in form, but oblong holes
frequently appear with the circular ones in the same individual. The
sculpturing consists of a few oblique or curved radiating ridges passing
from the nucleus to the holes, over which there passes from eight to twelve
wavy spiral threads, a little corded sometimes by the sharp striz of growth.

The interstices formed by the intersecting ridges and spiral threads
often show as deep pits, and especially so in certain shades of light, which
gives that part of the little shell near the nucleus a reticulated appear-
ance and adds much to its beauty. With the increase of age and size
these sculpture characters change greatly, and even disappear altogether
on many of the adult shells. Frequently, however, the spiral threads of
the young can be traced on the back of the adults, as low, obscure ribs,
wavy or corrugated, and in a few instances the whole back of the shell is
covered with obscure corrugations, giving stich shells quite a distinct
aspect.

Flaliot’s cracherodii (Leach), var. californiensts (Swainson),

The shells of this interesting variety found on Guadalupe Island)
Lower California, are peculiar.

The perforations are smaller, more numerous, generally circular, re-
seinbling gimlet holes in a piece of wood, closer set together, while the
entire row is often higher up on the back of the shell than in the normal
or typical shells of //. cracherodit.

This combination of characters conspire to give these shells quite a
distinct aspect of their own, and notwithstanding that there are numerous
intermediates. between the extreme forms of these shells and the typical
H. cracherodii, 1 think it well for the purposes of study and the illus-
tration of variation to retain Swainson’s name, Californiensis, for those
shells with the small holes without regard to their number on a single

a)

Shell, and not jumble together under one name shells so diverse in these
characters,

By the kind permission of Miss Cooke, of the World Shell Store,
here in San Diego, I have had the privilege of examining the large lot of
this variety collected by the late Captain Geo. D. Porter, on Guadalupe
Island, Lower California, that are now in her possession.

Three hundred and twenty of these shells show the following varia-
tion in the number of holes:

One had 4 holes;

Five had 6 holes;

Twenty-four had 7 holes;

Thirty-two had 8 holes;

Thirty-one had 9 holes;

Sixty-three had to holes;

Seventy had r1 holes;

Sixty-five had 12 holes;

Twenty-six had 13 holes;

Two had 14 holes:

One had 15 holes. :

Miss Cooke reports finding 12 specimens in this same lot with 16 holes,
but these were packed away and not accessible at this time.

The shells average a little smaller and a little thinner than
“7, cracherodi?, while the form is more circular, generally. The color of
the epidermis varies from a very dark blue, or black, to a yellowish blue
and passes through various light and dark shades of brown,

Unfortunately there were none among the lot examined smaller than
about three inches long, and these, with adults or larger shells, were
well worn in the region of the spire, with the early sculpture characters
destroyed,

There is evidence enough, however, on the half-grown and adults
Among this lot to warrant the assertion that the sculpturing is similar in
the young state or on the young shells of this variety, to the typical or
normal /. cracherodit,

With this knowledge of the variations of the holes and sculpturing of
the shells of fl. cracherodit, we may now briefly consider its mutations in
the Opposite direction.

Flaliotis cracherodit, var. holznert (Hemphill).

T have before me three shells that, while they possess all the charac-
teristics of fTaliotis cracherodii, they are without perforations, and there
is no evidence on these shells that they ever had any holes. Thus they
have lost the most important generic character that separates the genus
Aaliotis from that of the genus Gena, which has smaller but similar
Shells in every respect except the perforations, which are absent. ‘These

60

three shells then show the intergrading of these two genera, and are of
much importance when taken or considered in connection with the multi-
tude of similar facts already known, and serves to shake our faith in the
present methods of classification, specie and genera making. However
this may be, these shells are unusually high and arching, as well as
narrow and oblong, with the spire much nearer the posterior margin,
than any other specimens of /7. cracherodit that I have examined of the
same size,

The spire of all of these shells is well worn, and consequently the
sculpturing of the early stages of growth is lost, but there is sufficient
evidence on the body of them, similar to that found on the adults of //.
cracherodiz to warrant the assertion that the sculpturing is the same on
both forms.

The measurements of these shells are as follows:

Largest specimen—Length 414, width 3%, height 134 inches.

Medium specimen—Length 44%, width 3%, height 1% inches.

Smallest specimen—Length 4, width 27%, height 114 inches.

Habitat, coast of Lower California.

Mr. Frank Holzner, of San Diego, to whom I dedicate this interest-
ing and very important variety, recently placed these shells in my hands
for study and description. ‘hey were fouud in a lot of shells received
by him from the lower coast, and he very considerately laid them aside
for future cousideration. He informs me that he has, at different times,
received about a dozen similar shells from the coast of Lower California.

Prot. KF. W. Kelsey, of the Commercial College here in San Diego,
has already published a note on this variety in Vol. XVII, page 67,
of The Nautilus, in which he calls it a ‘‘freak,’’ and I am indebted to
him for one of his excellent photos of the medium-sized specimen. I
add a list of all the known forms of our West Coast Haliotis:

Flaliotis gigantea, var. kamtschatkana (Jonas).

Flaliotis rufesuns (Swains).

[Taliotis corrugata (Gray).

[Taliotis corrugata, var. assimilzs (Dall.).

/laliotis fulgens (Phillippi).

Flaliotis fulgens, var. walallensis (Stearns).

Flaliotis cracherodii (Leach).

Flaliotis cracherodit, var. californiensis (Swainson).

Flaliotis cracherodtt, var. holzneri (Hemphill).

THE GENUS ENCRINURUS

Its History, Its Species, Its Proper Division in the Family of Trilobites
A. W. VOGDES

OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA

: Specimens of this ‘Trilobite were known almost 200 years ago; the
first to Herrmann, who, in his Maslographia, plate 9, fig. 50, represents
a tail of this genus, with six nodes on the axis and nine pleurae; he
names it Pectunculttes marmoreus trilobus imbricatus. ‘This book was pub-
lished in the year 1711. For copy of original see plate 3, fig. ro.

Some fifty years afterwards Linné, in Act. Reg. Acad. Sci. Holmiens,
P. 22, plate 1, fig. 3, gave a figure of a specimen from Gotland, under the
Seneral name for all ‘T'rilobites, that of Hx/omolithus paradoxus, For copy
of original see plate 3, tip. it.

The author illustrates a tail with 9 pleurae and 20 axial joints; they
ue notched at the sides: this species served for the type of Wahlenberg’s
Entomostracites punctatus.

Other authors, such as Lehman, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp., vol.
TO, plate 3, fig. ro, and Wilckens, Stralsundishes Mag., vol. 4, 1769, p. 267,
Plate 3, fig. 12, gave illustration of the pygidium, but without generic or
Specific description.

Wilckens has the credit of placing the fossil under the Crustacea. He
Copies Herrmann’s figure and names the fossil “ Entomolithum Branchio-
podis ca ncriformis marint,”’

: Under the general term of ‘Trilobus, Brunnich Nye Samling, af det
Kong. Danskse Vidensk. Skrifker, vol. 1, 1781, p. 394, gave a specific
hame to the fossil now known as Encrinurus punctatus.

The author remarks: ‘‘ Of the two very imperfect fossils I found in
@ soft yellowish limestone from Bohemia, I find across the fossil body
impressed spotted joints, which are sufficient to distinguish it from other
Species. ‘The size of it seems to vary greatly, as my limestone contains
One small and one very large tail; each has 18 joints.’’

Wahlenberg, in his Petrificata telluris Svecanae Upsaliae, 1818, p.
a, plate 2, fig, 1*, not fig. 1 (Calymmene Blumenbach?), under the gen-
Cral name of Entomostracites punctatus, figures a specimen from Gotland.

62

Brongniart, who was the first author classifying the T'rilobites, in
his excellent work Hist. Nat. Crust. Foss., 1821, places this fossil under
his genus Calymmene, naming it Calymmene variolaris, p. 14, plate 1,
figs. 3 a-b.

Burmeister Org Trill., p. 114, and other authors, refer Brongniart’s
plate 1, figure 3a, to Excrinurus punctatus, and his fig. 3b to Z. vario-
laris. ‘The first is an extended specimen, with the genal angles pro-
longed into spines; the second a rolled up specimen, in which the genal
angles are not extended into spines.

The characteristics of the pygidia are amply sufficient to separate the
two common species. “4. variolaris has 9 axial joints, interrupted in the
middle by one or two isolated nodes on each joint, with 7 pleurae, and the
axis is not extended into a long caudal spine, as in 4°, punctatus.

The Rev. Dr. Buckland, Geol. & Mineral Bridgw. Treat., vol. 2,
1837, copies Brongniart’s figure, plate 1, fig. 3a, on plate 64, fig. 6, under
the new name Asaphus tuberoulatus.

Dalman Paleeden, 1826, p. 234, plate 2, fig. 2a-b, gives figures of
Gotland specimens No. 6, Calymmene punctata, and corrects the error of
Wahlenberg’s reference to plate 1, fig. 1* (the head of Calymmene Bilu-
menbachi, to this species).

Murchison, Syst. Silurian., plate 23, fig. 8, illustrates 4. punctatus,
and on plate 14, fig. 1, an entire specimen of /. variolarts erroneously
figured with 13 thoracic segments.

Emmrich De, Tril. Dis., 1839, p. 20, describes under the genus
Phacops vartolaris a species with the posterior angles of the head produced
into short horns, a common characteristic of the other species, Axcrtnurus
punctatus.

As late as the year 1840, the then known two species of this genus
were classified under the genera Asaphus, Calymmene and Phacops.
Kichwald at this date proposed that of Cryptonymus for the generic
name (Sil. Syst. Hsthlands, 1840, p. 71). The author placed such specie as
Calymmene punctata and C, variolaris, including in the new genus C.
Woerthi C. parallelus, now classed under the genus Cybele. The author,
in substituting his abandoned name of Cryptonymus (proposed Obser.
Geog. Zool! per Ingram. Marique Baltice, 1825, p. 44, there used for
eight species, now classed under the genera Asaphus and Illaenus), simply
pointed out his generic types without giving a generic description.

This name should stand under the strict rule of priority, for at least
such species as /:ncrinurus punctatus or /¢. variolaris,; and it was so used
by Angelin in his Palaeont. Scand., in which he gave a description of
the genus,

Hichwald, Bull. Soc. Imp. Sci. Moscow, 1855, claims priority and
gives a history of the generic names.

63

The same author also remarks, Die Urwelt Russlands, 1840, p. 22:
“T found also in Odinsholm fragments of other species, viz: Calymmene
variolaris Brong. (at that date both 4. punctatus and £. variolarzs were
Classed under the name of C. vartolaris), which belongs to the genus
Cryptonymus. * * * JI discovered near Reval an interesting small
Species of Cryptonymus, which has a tail similar to Ca/ymmene punctata,
Dalm.

Hmmerich, Zur Naturgesch. der ‘T'rilobiten, 1844, p. 16, gives the
following description of his new genus Encrinurus. ‘The name was taken
from the resemblance of the tail to a Crinoid stem., Der schwan and
Encrinites:

_ “Eyes smooth, the glabella inflated and club shaped, the tail with many
Yinged axis and few pleurae.

“FE. punctatus Wahl. is so different from all other trilobites that it is
entitled to form a separate genus; it unites the clavate glabella of the Asaphus,
and has the facial suture and eyes like Calymmene. * * On account of its
Peculiar shaped pygidium, I have given it the above naime.”’

The author includes 2. punctatus and two of Portlock’s species,
Ampbhion multi-segmentatus and Ogygia rugosa.

This description, like that of Eichwald, only points out its type.
Almost all the authors on ‘T'rilobites have used it, with the exception of
Angelin, Richwald and Vogdes,

. To retain both genera Emmrich’s Encrinurus might be used for
E. punctatus for a group of species having the genal angles of the head
Produced into spines, the pygidium, with a many jointed axis, termin-
nae in a long caudal spine or blunt point with 9-ro plurae, such as—
Enerinurus punctatus Brunn, Ordovician and Silurian of Norway, Swe-

den and England,

ee VES Hell ie ese Silurian of New York.
Pee CEE OMMOCHINICG iid ile Ordovician of Russia.
—Schisticola SLOUMOQUISt civics lei en Ordovician of Sweden.
Be OURS ELA) iiss seiaseersGvec eur ies cris eu Silurian of New York.
De -SMACOSt ATA SHIUi isis icici divisesivess Ordovician, North Wales, &c., &c.

And the genus Cryptonymus for Kichwald’s second type Z. variolaris
3rong., in which the genal angles of the head are not prolonged into
S i . -TA s 4° “ . en! 4

Pines, ‘Ihe pygidium has few axial joints and few pleurae. Such as—

Encrinurus variolaris BIOORG iicectiar rr ayererts Silurian of England.
ee Dated FeSWell ics ice .... Pentland Hills, England,
Oe PONE FA OT ones. ccs sens ecasieev te tases ies Reg. E Sweden.
—— laevis ATU GI Gece cia hie iersie se Reg. D Sweden.
—— Bowningi ORES TG i i ect ies Silurian, Australia.

——Indianensis Kindle Silurian, Indiana,

Under whi i |
Inder which we have included the species described under the genus
Cromus Barrande,

64.

The Trilobites described under Encrinurus are as follows:
AFRICAN.

Encrinurus cresta-galli Woodward, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 29, p.
32, plate 2, figs. 6 and 7, referred by Lake to Phacops, Devonian.

NortH AMERICAN.

Encrinurus elegatulus, Billings, Cat. Sil. Foss Anticosti, p. 62. f

Prova nly a species Gf CYUGIE. ics ieee id Ordovician.
vigilans, Hall, Palacont, IN. Y,, vol. 1, p. 245, plate 65, tig.

BAN sence ee rire es an ee es ce ‘Trenton.
raricostatus, Walcott, 31st Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 69..... Trenton.

——vyannulus, Clarke, Geol. Minnesota Palaeont., vol, 3, p. 709..Trenton.

—cristatus, Clarke, ’ a % Oy 7a fenton,
——tuberculosus, Collie, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 14, p. 218,
plate 14, fig. 3; same term used by Buckland for a species

Gi tis SEnus Wriclw, Dteat, USSF Ci i cr eee Trenton.

——deltoides, Shumard, Geol. Missouri, p. 198, plate B, fig. 10...Silurian.

——Trentonensis, Walcott, 31st Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 68...Trenton.
fereus, Hall, 2ot Rep, N, VY. State Mus., p. 375, plate 20,

ST Reni aner perc ened MVE eahie dl ciel AU soe CN ear rin Niagara.

——Hgani, Miller, Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 254, plate 15, i

EVE Deyn ce a ray coeur eas ci peri civ iy yh iwecerniave an Gren io Niagara.
Ortiatis, clall, Palacont IN. Vi, Vol. 2, p. 367, plale SOA,

sige eee ter ree ere eg Woche Clinton.

——Threcheri, Foreste, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 2, p. 101, plate 8,

Mirae ee te ne nae Clinton.
Americanus, Vogdes, Des. new species Clinton group, p. 1...Clinton.
Indianaensis, Kindle, Geol. Indiana, vol. 28, p. 482, plate 24,

sR ees ee an eee re eee or eee rt con | Niagara.

——phlyctainodes (Green), Miller, Cat. Amer. Foss, 2nd Ed.,

1 BU acc inies avidin PE ne eae ins faye Niagara.
This species which Dr. Green, Amer, Jour. Sci., vol. 32, p.

167, compares with Calymmene variolarts Brong., Hall

teters 1f to Lichas, Paleont NN, W., vol. 2, p. 314, plate 7o,

HPS. SAH Co nish ite FAL anaes Niagara. ‘

AUSTRALIAN.

Encrinurus Barrandei, DeKonick, Resch. Pal. Foss. Sud. Aust.,

i L5L; Plate 1, We) esis ete ec eeis ieee eee ecsetrpn ects Silurian.
Cromus Murchisoni, DeKonick, Resch. Pal Foss. Sud. Aust, p.
BS, DIAC Tt 0. ct vers eee te ee cece cneerce Silurian

Encrinurus Bowningi, Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 3, p. 122.
DISte To, OS se avoir ian 1a Get uly Silurian.

65

—Mitchelli, Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 3, p. 124, plate
WATE 1S, MOS, 5 ANG SO ic isiicr ceeres cicvesiinasaess Gyeveanne Silurian.
UppER ALPS.
Hucrinurus Novaki, Fresch. Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges., 1888,
i 735, Plate 20, HSS, F-Ou ec cecerisi ites ieee cease Silurian.
: BOHEMIA,
Cromus Beaumonti, Barrande, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, vol. 1, p. 826, plate 43.
figs. 6-14.
——Bohemicus, Barrande, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, vol. 1, p. 828, plate 43,
figs. 15-17.
~——transiens, Barrande, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, vol. 1, p. 828, plate 43, figs.
[d-10,
—intercostatus, Barrande, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, vol. 1, p. 824, plate 43,
figs. 1-5.
Novak Bohm. Ges. Wissensch Jahrg., 1885, refers all of these species
to the older genus, Hnerinurus.
: ! ENGLISH.
Rucrinurus expansa, Haswell, Geol. Pentland Hills, p. 36, plate 4, fig. 4.
——Ppunctatus, Brunn., 1781, Besk. Trilobiten, p. 394, England
Wenlock, Dudley, Upper Ludlow, &c., Ordovician of Swe-
den, Norway, Russia, Silurian of Gotland.
~—nulti-segmantatus, Portlock, Geol. Londonderry, p. 291, plate
Sy MO PO a ut Ordovician of ‘I'yrone, Ireland.
——Stokesi, McCoy, Pal. Sil. Fossils, Ireland, p. 46, plate 4, fig. 15.
——Sex-costata, Salter, Mem. Geol. Sur, vol. 2, plate 1, fig. ro

Ue onakal Soloed ie eg ee re North Wales.
~——Variolaris, Brongniart, Crust. Foss., plate 1, fig. 3b, not 3a,
Wenlock Limestone, Dudley, &C....ucseeccseeeeeeeeeeeee England,
~——allax, Reed, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 55, p. 751, plate
HOMES, 0, 1S ar Genin un ial Irish Silurian.
. RUSSIAN.
Encrinurus Seebachi Schmidt, Ostbal. Sil. Trilobiten, p. 229,
PINTS TA, OR 1626 cert vat cacon coo crass Ordovician.

" “ ,
Also FE. obtusus Ang., E. punctatus Brunn., EK. mulsi-segmentatus, Portl.

“ -. SCANDINAVIAN.

Enerinurus, obtusus, Angelin Pal. Scand., p. 3, plate 4, fig. 9,
Gotland Reg.

——levis, Angelin, Pal. Scand., p. 4, plate 4, fig. ro, West Gotland
Keg, D,

~——Striatus, Angelin, Pal. Scand., p. 89, plate 41, fig. 13...... Reg, D-E.

~—schisticola, Tornquist, Sv. Geol. Under, Ser. C, No. 66, p. 23, plate t,
figs. 15-17,

Also EF, punctatus, Silurian of Gotland.

66

GROUP OF SPECIES WITH 23-33 AXIAL JOINTS IN PYGIDIUM.

Encrinurus punctatus.. ........ (Hattie. 3-30 axial joints, 9 pleurae
elockest, MoCoy ..........; (Entire) oi. 28 Hy he =
—Trentonensis, Wale... (tail)... 4 2 . 9 a
Barrandet, DekKon ........ | ee & tail) 25-26 “ i 9 a
multi-segmentatus, Portl (tail) ........... 32 4 Zz g-Io ‘
Stats, AO Lunia (tail).....not known ‘' ean, uu ‘
——tuburculosus, Collie........ (a) ea 25 m “ 8 i
—-odeltoides, Slinin....,..... (UAT) betes os 24 . : 7 »

GROUP OF SPECIES WITH 20 AXIAL JOINTS IN PYGIDIUM.

Encrinurus sexcostatus, Salter a oe 20 axial joints, 6 pleurae.
——-Aniericants, Vood,. ...., (CBO age fo] at - 5-6
——odrnatus, H. W....(tail, Ohio specimen) ...20 “ - 7-8

GROUP OF SPECIES WITH 16-18 JOINTS TO PYGIDIUM.

Encrinurus nereus, Hall..,..... (tail).............18 axial joints, 8-9 pleurae.

beatiie Milley. in. (Ee) as. 18 o te, a
—Threcheri, Foerste.......... CURE Rae acs 18-20 “ uf 7—8 ie

PATiCOstatud; Wale... (tell)... 16 : ie 6 a

ranmilis, Clarice... 2, (CHOC \en 14-16 “ ue 6 ue

LBV IS, AUS sili (Ete) crs 14 . e 8 fn 4

schisticola, Tornq......... (UIE) eo 14-16 ‘ i | eee

Bowningi, Foerste......... CH MIGS ace 18 = Le cia, a
Encrinurus vigilans, Hall ..... (Entire)........18 axial joints, 9 pleurae.

GROUP OF SPECIES WITH O-I5 AXIAL JOINTS IN PYGIDIUM,

Encrinurus variolaris, Brong. (Entire)........ 9-10 axial joints, 7 pleurae.,
expansus, Hlaswell........, (QSpooht 14 e 28 ul
ta Ase NCCU ied iva: (Gopher Leetd. | Pe sabe ol!
ODiISHE, ANG cece: (Gch ees oe ey 12 oe 16 “
——Indianensis, Collie ...(head and tail)...15 - Zaveaile, ve

The species may be grouped as follows:
H.NCRINURUS.
ncrinurus punctatus, Stockesi, ‘I'rentonensis, Barrandei,
. . vigilans, Seebachi.
3. EH. sexcostatus, deltoides.
4. HK. multi-segmentatus, striatus.
5. H, Nereus, ornatus, Egani, Threcheri, Americanus.
6. I, raricostatus, vannulus,.
CRYPTONYMUS.
7. HE. variolaris, expansus, obtusus, levis,
8. Bowningi.

67

g. KE. Indianensis, tuberculosus.
10. 4, schisticola.
tr. Encrinurus (Cromus) Beaumonti, transiens, Novaki, Murchisoni.
. 3 intercostatus, Bohemicus.
2, . Mitchell, fallax.
ENCRINURUS PUNCTATUS, Brunn.
Syn. Entomolithus paradoxus, Linné, 1759, Act. Reg. Acad. Sc. Holm.,, p. 22,
plate 1, fig. 2, Pygidium, with 9 pleurae, 20 or more axial joints.
Trilobus punctatus, Brunn., Kjobenh,. Sellsk. Skrivt: bye Saimiml!., vol. 1, p.
394; no illustration.
fie ocastise punctate Wahlenb., Petrif. telluris Svecanae., p. 32, plate
2, fig. 1, not fig, 1*.
Calymmene variolaris, Brong., Crust Foss., plate 1, fig. 3a, not fig. 3b, which
represents K. variolaris.
~——Punctatus, Dalman, Palaeaden, p. 234, plate 2, figs. 2, a, b.
ae Murch., Sil. Syst., p. 661, plate 23, fig. 8a-b.
} ‘hacops variolaris, Emmrich, Diss., p. 20.
Asaphus, tuberculatus, Buck., Bridgw. Tr., plate 46, fig. 6.
Brctinurus punctatus, Einmrich, Neus Jahrb., p. 42.
——Stockesii, McCoy, Syn. Sil. Foss. Ireland, p. 46, plate 44, fig. 15.
— Putictatus, Corda, Prodr. Tril., p. 91, fig. 55.
Cybele a heed Fletcher, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 6, p. 403, plate 3?,
figs, 1-5,
Bactinurns punctatus, Salter, Mem. Geol. Sur. Dec. 7, plate 4, figs. 15-16.
—-Kuotr,, Verh. Min. Ges. zu St. Pet., 1847, p. 299, plate 8, fig. 4a, b,c, e. 2,
——Hoffnan, Verh. Min, Ges. St. Pet., 1857-58, p. 35, plate 3, fig. 3a-e.
~—Nieszkowski, Archiv. Nat. Liv. Ehst Kurl, p. 4, plate 3, faa. 6-7,
= Bally, Fig. Char, Brit. Foss, p. 67, plate 23, fig. 2
—Steinhardt, Prenss. Tril., p. 57, plate 4, die. is.
~~—Vvar calcareus, Salt., Nicholson & Etheridge Sil. Foss. Girvan Dist.,
and 205, plate 10, fig. 7.
- Punctatus, Etheridge, Jour. Roy. Soc, N.S. Wales, vol. 14, p. 3, plate 1,
figs. 11 and 12.
Schmidt, Ostb. Sil. Tril., p. 225, plate 14, , 11-13; plate 15, fig. 18.

p. 108

~—Roemer, Lethwa Palaeoz, plate 17, fig. 8.
~Novak, Bohm., Ges. Wissensch Jahrg., 1885, p. 5, plate 1, figs. 1-8.
; Roemer, Lethea erratica, 1885, plate 7, fig. 21.

~—Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 2, p. 102,

—Proc., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 269, for E. ornatus, H. & W.,

Threcheri Foerste.

~—Wigan, Zeitschr., Deutsch Geol. Ges. 1888, p. 91, plate 10, fig. 23.

~—Foerste, Geol. Ohio, vol. 7, p. 531.

~—Trentonensis, Walc., 31st Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 68.

~~ Pttnctatus, Vogdes, Mong. genera Zethus, &c., p. 18, plate 1, figs. 1-5 and

17; plate 2, figs. 5-8; plate 3, figs. 15 and 16,

Snes

ENCRINURUS, Emmrich, 1844.
Diagnosis: ‘Ihe cephalic shield is semi-lunar, with the genal
angles produced into long spines,
Glabella clavate; surface of the glabella and cheeks tuberculated.

Obscure glabella furrows.
Thorax with 11 segments; pleurae not grooved; tips notched.
Pygidium triangular; axis of many joints, 18-23-30; centre marked
by a single row of nodes and terminating in a long caudal spine.

Pleurae, 8-10-12.

ENCRINURUS PUNCTATUS, Brunn. Plate I, figs. 1-18; Plate II, figs. 23-24.
Range, Ordovician of England, Sweden, Norway and Russia, &c.
Silurian of Gotland, Sweden.

Description: ‘The general form ovate, nearly twice as long as wide.
The head is bounded by a thick marginal border, which is narrow at the
glabella and ornamented with two rows of tubercles.

Glabella clavate and gibbous, overhanging with 3 indistinct lateral
furrows; large frontal lobe.

The facial sutures commence on the exterior margin of the head, just
above the genal angles, and run in an oblique direction to the large
pedunculated eyes, over their base, near the middle of the cheeks, then
converge to the front of the glabella; they then turn suddenly, at an angle
of 90 degrees, downward, and running parallel in a vertical direction to
the marginal edge, which they cut, and converging, combine into a rostal
suture.

The fixed cheeks are triangular, and separated in front by the verti-
cal suture, convex and tumid.

Free cheeks are prolonged at their genal angles into spines.

The occipital furrow is continuous; occipital ring broadest in the
centre, which is smooth, but has a node at each extremity.

Hypostoma ovate, obscurely granulated, surrounded by a sinuated
margin, connected by its pointed end with the head. ‘T‘he wings are short
and triangularly pointed. A furrow runs from each side up to one-third
part of its length, which runs vertical, and its end not visible in the pos-
terior thickened part, a small, obtuse continuation is seen.

Thorax with 11 segments. Pleurae without grooves, notched at
their ends, but not spined; surface tuberculated. ‘The axial joints are
somewhat narrower than the pleurae. Spines occur on the 7, Oo, Aid 16
axis joints.

Pygidium triangular, terminating in a caudal spine, the axis tapering
posteriorly to an acute end, which has from 23-30 distinct side notches;
the centre is smooth, with 7 prominent nodes: between the I—3 nodes 2
notches appear; the 3-4 nodes have 4 notches; 4-5 nodes, 5 notches;
6-7 nodes, 5 or 6 notches appear.

The numerical arrangement of these nodes is not inviolable,

Pleurae 8, with a central row of tubercles.

69

Some Ludlow specimens have the glabella narrower, and but 4 nodes
down the axis of the tail. (Salter. )

The variety called avenaceus Salt. differs only in the abrupt ending
of the tail, which has not the long caudal spine of 2. punctatus, but the
terminal joint of the axis of the tail is deflected and blunt.

ENCRINURUS VIGILANS, Hall. Plate III, figs. t7, a, g. From Trenton
Limestone of New York.

The head is more than semi-lunar in form, with its genal angles pro-
duced into long spines extending to the tail. ‘The glabella is not lobed
The front lobe is thickened and marked with 2 rows of tubercles. Eyés
facetted , prominent.

Thorax with r1 segments; the axis has on every second joint a node
or short spine.

Pygidium triangular, with 9 pleurae, every alternate one being orna-
mented with anode. Axisof 18 joints, every third one being marked by a
node, '

The specimen has only 18 axial joints in the tail, and a longer
Spine to the genal angles of the head, than the type E. punctatus, and
should be compared with /. Seebach?, Schmidt.

ENCRINURUS ORNATUS, Hall & Whitfield. Plate III, figs. 15, 15a.

The authors refer Cycele punciaius, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. 2, p. 267,
Plate 66a, figs. ra-e, to this species. Pal. Ohio, vol. 2, p. 154.

: The Clinton specimens from New York have a subcresiform head,
with the genal angles produced into spines extending to the fourth thor-
acic segment. Glabella clavate, also tuberculated; plate 66a, fig. 1, shows
two lateral furrows. ‘Thorax with rr segments.

_ Pygidium triangular; no caudal spine shown in illustrations. Axis
Of 20 or more joints, notched at the sides, centre with row of 6 nodes,
located on the rst, ath, 8th, 13th, 17th, 20th axis joints.

Other specimens from Clinton, at Lockport, have 7—8 pleurae, with
5 nodes On the axis of the tail, viz: on the 7th, 11th, 15th, roth and 23d
Joints. These nodes occur at variable intervals, but with sufficient irregu-
larity to discredit the value of such features for specific distinctions.

Pleurae 7-8, marked with a central row of 3 or more tubercles.

The Ohio species, ©. ornadus, is of larger size; it has 20 axial joints,
7 pleurae in the tail, with 5 nodes on the 2nd and sth joints, the three
Others having three segments between each node.

ENCRINURUS THRECHERI, Foerste.
In the Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, p. 269, the author places
NS species with Hall’s If. ornatus under E. punctatus.
The Species has 13-18 axial joints and 7 pleurae in the pygidium,
with nodes on the 5th, 8th, r1th, rath, 15th and 18th joints.

tk

70

ENCRINURUS TRENTONENSIS, Walcott. Syn. 4. punctatus.

This species from the ‘'renton Group of Wisconsin was described
from the pygidium; it has 23 axial joints, with nodes on the 3rd, 6th,
roth, 14th, 18th and 22nd, with 9 pleurae.

ENCRINURUS NEREUS, Hall. From Niagara Group, Racine, Wis.

This species, described from a tail, has 18 axial joints and 8-9 pleu-
rae. ‘The rings of the axis are distinct and not notched at the sides.
ENCRINURUS EGANI, Miller. From Niagara Group at Joliet, Illinois.

Plate GL, tie, 14)

The genal anges are spined; glabella clavate and gibbous; projects
in front beyond the narrow rim. Thorax 11; segments grooved,

Pygidium a little wider than long, with caudal spine.

Axial joints 18, with centre row of 4 nodes on the 4th, 7th, r1th and
14th joints, Pleurae, 6,

This group of species from the Clinton Group, consisting of Z. orna-
tus and Threcheri with Egani, and Nereus from the Niagara Group, vary
slightly in the number of axial joints, 18 to 20; and in the pleurae from 6
to g: all of these species probably belong to the same species, and should
take the older name, that of 2. neveus, Hall.

Encrinurus Americunus, Vogdes, from the Clinton Group of Georgia,
which has 20 axial joints and 5 or 6 pleurae, belongs to the same group.
ENCRINURUS SEX-COSTATA, Salter. Plate II, figs. 1-12.

Cybele sex-costata, Salter, Mem. Geol. Sur., vol. 2, pt. 1, plate 8, fig. 10, not fig.
9, 1848.

Zethus sex-costata, McCoy, Synops. Pal. Foss. Woodw. Mus., fasc. 1, p. 156.

fncrinurus sex-costata, Salter, Mem. Geol. Sur., Decade 7, plate 4, figs. 1-11.

Brit. Pal., Rocks & Foss, Appendix A, 1855, p. iv. plate 1G, figs. 6-7.

Nieszkowski, Archr. Nat. Liv. Ehst. Kurl, 1857, p. 80.

—Vogdes, Mong. genera Zethus, &c., p. 25, plate 3, figs. 1-12.

General shape, broad ovate head, and tail convex; body rather flat;
head triangular; genal angles produced; the front rounded, gibbous and
overhanging. Glabella pyriform; it overhangs the margin; there is a
strong furrow which runs across the front of the glabella, separated from
it by a thick, prominent ridge (fig. 3a); it has three short lateral furrows.

The cheeks, though convex, are much less so than the glabella, and
bear the eyes in the middle, the surface pitted with fine granules. ‘Ihe
free cheeks have their outer margin thick and separated by a furrow, with
the genal angles produced into spines.

The posterior margin has a strong neck furrow continued along it.
Thorax with rr segments; each pleurae is nearly semi-cylindrical, with a
row of 3-4 tubercules along its centre; tips bilobed.,

Pygidium triangular, wider by one-third than the length, with obtuse
rounded anterior margin. Axis with 20 joints extending across it, but

ap
the upper one-third becomes flatter, and the rings are effaced along the
middle. No nodes along the smooth central portion.

Pleurae 6, strongly indicated, divided from each otirer by narrow,
deep furrows; ends squarish and obtuse. ‘The upper four pleurae are
free, but the two others are fused with those from the opposite side and
€xtend in a very blunt point beyond the tip of the axis.

Llandeilo Flags, North Wales.

ENCRINURUS DELTOIDES, Shumard, Geol. Missouri, p. 198, Plate B, fig. 10.
Cryptonymus deltoides, Vogdes, Mong. genera Zethus, CC. Hi 21,

NHacrinurus deltoides, Foerste, Bull. Denison Uniy., vol. 2, p. 102,
"Keyes, Geol. Missouri, vol. 4, Palaeont, p. 229,

The description of this species was drawn froma pygidium, Silurian
of Cape Gardeau, Mo.

Pygidium subtriangular; width greater than the length. Axis flat-
tened, Convex, with 24 axial joints; the first 4 or 5 are entire, the others
are interrupted in the middle of the axis and bear several very small
stanules, Pleurae, 8.

: This Species is related to E. sex-costata, Salter, from which it differs
In th

E © greater number of pleurae and axial rings.
INC

RINURUS BARRANDEI, DeKonick, Resch. Pal. Foss, Sud Ast, py
61, Plate I, tg. &.
dtate, Mem. Geol, Sur. N. S. Wales, Palaeont, No. 6, p. 40, plate 1, fig. 8.

Head and tail only known from Varralumla.

The head is similar to 4. punctatus, it is, however, a little broader:
the 8labella less convex. ‘The occipital furrow faintly marked; genal
Angles are rounded,

Pygidium subtriangular, slightly broader than long. ‘Ihe axis has
ee joints, not tuberculated. Pleurae 9, smooth; no caudal spine.
ENcRInuRUS MrrcHELLt, Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 5; D: 124,

Plate XV, figs. 2, 3 and 20,
The author illustrates the glabella fixed, and free cheeks, thorax and
The thorax has 12 segments, Pygidium 9-10; pleurae smooth,
And 28 axial joints, notched at the sides, with a central row of nodes.

ING Gana. fee es i ‘
Caudal Spine indicated. Silurian of Australia.
in

tail,

betitaes SCHISTICOLA, Tornquist, Sv. Geol. Under. Ser. C, No. 66,
p. 23, Plate I, figs. 15-17.
The author illustrates the glabella, part of the thorax and tail.
The head has the genal angles produced into short spines. The
Pygidium triangular, with a caudal spine. Axis 14-16 joints, extehding
cross it, with a central row of nodes. Pleurae, 7-8; first 5 obtusely
Tounded, the |

ast 2 spinous. Surface granulated.
Dist. of Siljan Dalecarlia,

72

ENCRINURUS SEEBACHT, Schmidt, Obsbal. Sil. T'ril., P. 220, Plate XIV,
figs. 16-26; Plate XV, figs. 21-23.

The author illustrates the entire species in parts from Wesenberger.
The genal angles of the head are produced into long spines, almost
to the last segment of the thorax, as in /7. vigilans, Hall. The glab-
ella and cheeks coarsely granulated.
Thorax with rr segments. ‘The axis has a spine on the jiiln, copdal,
roth and rith joints.
Pygidium triangular in shape. Axis 30-32, axial joints extending
across it. No nodes. Pleurae 9; not tuberculated.
Hypostoma the same as that of E. punctatus.
ENCRINURUS MUL/TI-SEGMEN'TATUS, Portlock.
Amphion multi-segmentatus, Port., Geol, Rep. of Londonderry, p, 291, plate 3,
fig. 6 a-b.
Ampyx? baccatus, Port., Geol. Rep. of Londonderry, p. 262, plate 3, fig. 11,
Encrinurus multi-segmentatus, Salt., Mem. Geol. Sur., Dec. 7, Encrinurus, pi
—Nieszk., Mong. Tril, Ostseeproy., p. 609 (ex. pt.)
—Schmidt, Untersuch Sil. Form. Erk1., p. 190 (ex. pt.)
———Roemer, Foss. Fauna V. Sandewitz, p. 75, plate 8; figs. 7, a, b, ¢c,
Cryptonymus multi-segmentatus, Vogdes, Mong. genera Zethus, p. 29.
Knerinurus multi-segmentatus, Schmidt, Ostbal. Sil. Tril, p. 227, plate 14, figs.
14-15; plate 15, figs. 19-20. i
Tornq., Sv. Geol. Under., Ser. C, No. 66, p. 24, plate 1, figs. 18-19. A
oo —Roemer, Lethaea erratica, plate 4, figs. 14, a.

The author figures the pygidium (plate 3, figs. 6-a, b) and the head
as Ampyx baccatus, plate 3, fig. 11.
The following is the original description:

Characters: ‘Axial segments very narrow and numerous, 28 being ent-
merated as far as the last side segment, and still continuing through very
minute, to the very apex. A small, lozenge-shaped caudal plate. Side seg-
ments, 12 on each side, exclusive of the false segment. ‘They are rounded and
slightly bent or raised at their extremities; no punctures or marks of any kind,’”’ \

Dr. Roemer Foss., Fauna von Sadewitz, p. 75, plate 8, ss 7, Gy Dy
c, illustrates a head and tail, which he refers to this species; fig. 7-a of
the head has the genal angles prolonged into short spines; fig. 7-c of the
tail, exhibits side notches on the axis and a smooth centre; no orna- it
inentations

The same author referred Aucrinurus striatus, Ang., to this species
as a synonym.

The Irish species will easily be distinguished by its large, coarsely B
tuberculated head and many ribbed tail. ‘T’he crest of large tubercles on
the glabella are parted in the middle along the front of the glabella.

i)

ENcCRINURUS FALLAX, Reed, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. 50, 1899, p.
#55, Plate XDI, es. o=12.

The author illustrates an entire specimen of a young individual; also
the head and tail of an adult; from County Waterford, Ireland.

The head shield broadly semi-circular, strongly convex. Glabella
Sonvex, subcylindrical, slightly broader in front than at the base; not
Inflated in front or overhanging the margin. ‘Three pair of short lateral
furrows. Frontal lobe twice the length of the anterior pair of lobes; not
overhanging them laterally; it is rounded in front, where it is encircled
by a marginal furrow, which runs into the deep and strong axial furrow.
A narrow tuberculated, almost horizontal border, is thus marked off from
the anterior end of the glabella, as in EK. Seebachi, Schm. Fixed cheeks,
“olvex; elevated genal angles, bent down. Eye lobe large and elevated.
: The facial suture curves backwards and outwards from the front of
ihe Slabella to the 2nd lateral furrow, where the eye is situated; from
this point it bends slightly outwards, and running nearly parallel to the
Posterior margin in front’of the genal angles. Surface ornamented with
Small tubercles,

Thorax with 12 segments, Axis convex; each ring has a median,
eed, rounded ridge, ornamented with tubercles; narrow, flat, articu-
ats band on the anterior and posterior margins. A conspicuous nodule
18 Seen on each side of the axis, as in Calymmene Blumenbachi. Pleurae
mth medium tuberculated ridge; free ends bluntly pointed. Pygidium
ee T2-15 axial joints; only the first 9 or 10 rings are entirely across
<a peraies only the first four. ‘The axis ends in a bluntly

ae extremity. ‘The anterior joints have each four tubercles The rst
eis Gates 2nd, two or three; 3rd, two, and the 4th and 5th, one
ee [he first pleurae are strong, without furrows, and curve
ae dackwards; the 5th and 6th pair are weaker, and run nearly

gr backwards,
= ay a compares the species with t sex-costatus, Salt, It has
aba. vet uinging glabella of that species; the lateral furrows of the
ca ey different; cheeks are tuberculated, not pitted; number of
bad oa Sin the pygidium is less; pleurae curve back more strongly,
amented with tubercles. Salter’s species has smooth pleurae.
oe facial sutures, the glabella, 12 thoracic segments,
Biv ae gasg also the pygidium, all point to Cybele or a prototype of
genus,
A’ similar species from Australia, described as /°. ALttchell?, by
ee — ce pleurae Rid 12 thoracic segments; also the con-
tail, oe f es es on each side of the axis of a witha similar
The ‘ las a greater number of axial joints (28) and pleurae (9-10).

‘
Foer

ast now before me from Bowning does not indicate tubercles.

74

Crypronymus, Hichwald, 1840.

Diagnosis: Head semi-circular; genal angles rounded, not produced
into spines, asin E. punctatus. Glabella gibbous and overhanging, with
obscure furrows. Eyes prominent; smooth. ‘Thorax with 11 segments.
Pleurae without grooves, notched at ends. Pygidium triangular, con-
vex, and rounded at the end, with 9-15 joints and few pleurae (7 or more).

In typical Aucrinurus punctatus, &c., the axial joints of the tail
have a single row of nodes; in Cryplonymus variolarts, &c., the axial

joints two or more rows.
CRYPTONYMUS VARIOLARIS, Brong., Plate III, figs. 8-9.

Not named Parkinson Org. Rem., vol. 3, plate 17, fig. 16.
Illustrates a head and part of thorax, inflated glabella, with large

tubercles.

Calymmene variolaris, Brong., Crust. Foss., p. 14, plate 1, fig. 3-b, not 3-a.

Murch., Sil. Syst., p. 655, plate 14, fig. 1 (entire).

Cybele variolaris, Salter, Mem, Geol. Sur., vol. 3, plate 1, p, 344.

—'Wetcher, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 6, p. 403, plate 32, figs. 1-5.

Zethus variolaris, McCoy, Pal. Foss. Woodw. Mus., p. 157.

Encrinurus variolaris, Salter, Mem. Geol. Sur., Dec, 7; Emcrinurus, p. 7, plate
4, figs. 13 and 14.

Cry ptonymus variolaris, Vogdes, Mong. genera Zethus, &c., p, 21, plate 1, figs.
6-10; plate 3, figs. 13-14.

Description: Head triangular, gibbous, one-half as long as wide,
tuberculated. Glabella gibbous and overhanging, spherical, with a short
neck; the inflated glabella has not an anterior row of tubercles, as in E.
punctetus.

Glabella furrows obscured by the size of the tubercles. Eyes large,
smooth. Occipital ring smooth. Genal angles rounded, with prominent
tubercle in place of spine. ‘Mhorax with 11 segments. Pleurae without
furrows and notched at ends. Pygidium with 9-12 axial joints; each
joint frequently interrupted in the middle by one or two isolated nodes.
Axial grooves distinct; not notched at their sides, as in 4. punctatus.
Pleurae 7, bent down; not spinous, but prominent at the ends; no termi-
nal caudal spine.

English species, Wenlock Limestone, &c., known as the Strawberry-
headed ‘Trilobite.

CRYPTONYMUS EXPANSA, Haswell, Sil. For. Pentland Hills, p. 36, plate
4, tig. I.

Glabella pear-shaped, rounded in front, narrow behind, with 2 glabella
furrows extending on each side one-fourth its width, studded with about
28 small tubercles. Fixed cheeks, convex; triangular genal angles
rounded; eyes lateral, projecting; thorax with 11 segments. Pygidium

to

bent down; axis smooth in the centre, with transverse marking at the
Sides; 14 joints; 8 pleurae.

This is a doubtful species of Cryptonymus, but placed here on
account of its characteristic tail.

Crypronymus optusus, Ang., Pal. Scand., p. 3, plate 4, fig. 9.
Cry ptonymus obtusus, Vogd., Mong. genera Zethus, p. 22.
Nncrinurus obtusus, Pompecki, Tril., Fauna Westpreuss, p. 39, plate 5,

figs, 25, 25-a.
~—Wigand, Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. 1888, p. 92, plate 10, fig. 24.

This species was described from a tail and part of the thorax from
Reg. E, Gotland.

The pygidium is triangular; axis with r2 joints, notched at the sides,
With a row of central nodes; pleurae ro.

Pompecki, plate 5, figs. 25 and 25-a, show 14 joints, with 1o pleurae.

he anterior border of the hypostoma is very much produced in the
Species (see Limdstrom Visual Org. T'ril., plate 4, fig. 15.) Plate 3, fig. 14.
ENcrrnurus RARICOSTATUS, Walcott, Adv. sheets 31st Rep. N. Y. State
Mus., p. 16, 1877; p. 69 of the report, 1879.

Nncrinurus raricostatus, Safford & Vogdes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi, Phila, 1887,
on n 167, fig. in text.
in es us ERE TRORTE SHR, Yogne® Mon genera Zethus, 9 p.
“Cerinurus raricostatus, Clarke, Geol. Minnesota, vol. 3, p. 740.

Pygidium subtriangular, convex; length and breadth about equal.
Axial not very prominent, with 16 joints. Pleurae 6.

A similar species from the Trenton Limestone of Wisconsin was
‘lescribed by Clarke, Geol. Minnesota, vol. 3, p. 739, as Zxcrin. vannulus,
lhe author illustrated the head, thorax in part, and pygidium, The
axis of the tail has 14 or 16 joints, with the first 6 or 7 joints extending
Across it; the others are notched at the sides. Pleurae 6.

CRvPronyatus LAKVIS, Angelin, Pal. Scand. p. 4, Plate IV, fig. 10, Reg”
Ky. Gotland.

~—Vogdes, Mong. genera Zethus, &c., p. 22, plate 2, fig. 10.

~—Wigand, Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges., 1888, p. 92, plate 10, fig. 25.

The author figures an entire specimen. ‘The genal angles of the
head are rounded, and the surface coarsely tuberculated. WT hOtas, 1
*egments, Pygidium triangular, with 7 smooth pleurae; axial joints 14,
Notched at the sides; centre smooth.
ae The hypostoma has its anterior margin prolonged, which character-
oe marks the species. (I,indstrom Visual Org. Tril., plate 4, fig. 16).
See plate 3, fig. 16,

J

ais

q & . .
‘NCRINURUS BowNINGI, Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., vol. 3, plate 22.

ts = ee -
B The author illustrates the elabella only, which he compares with
4 Re . »
: Barrandei, DeKon.

76

The glabella is inflated, clavate, covered with large tubercles. Ina
specimen from Bowning, N. S. Wales, now before me, the thorax has 11
segments; it does not show the ends of the pleurae, Pygidium one-third
wider than long; it has 1o pleurae. ‘The axial joint, 18 or more; the
first ro are entire and extend across the axis to opposite the 8th pleurae;
the other notched at the sides; the centre is smooth and ornamented by
4 nodes on the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and oth joints.

ENCRINURUS TUBERCULATUS, Collie, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 14,
p. 418, Plate LIX, fig, 3, Oct. 19, 1903.

This name used by Buckland for a species, Bridgw. ‘Treatise, 1837,
for the species now known as /. punctatus.

Eyncrinurus Indianensis, Kindle, Geol. Indiana, vol. 28, p. 482, plate 24, figs.

14-15, 1904.

The Indiana specimen exhibits the glabella, fixed cheeks and 1H 0
the genal angles apparently terminating in short spines; the pygidium
elongate-triangular, convex, with 15 axial joints extending across it;
each joint ornamented by 3 to 5 nodes. Pleurae ro (fig. 15, plate 24;
only shows 8 or 9.)

The Pennsylvania specimen has 25 axial joints, with 3 nodes on
each joint; 8 pleurae.

The number of axial joints and pleurae vary so much in species of
this genus, that this slight variation discredits the value of such features
for specific identification.

Remarks on the genus Cromus Barrande :

Certain species, which Barrande has placed under his genus Cromus
Novak (Ges Wissensch Jahrg, 1886) has referred the older genus Encri-
nurus, on account of the direction of their facial sutures, which are the
same in both genera. ‘They are:

Cromus Beaumont, Barr. Sil. Syst. Bohéme, p. 826, Plate XLIII,
figs. 6-14.

In which the genal angles of the head are rounded off; the elabella
4-lobed; pygidium 15-20; axial joints with 1-4 tubercles on each ring;
pleurae 12 tips, rounded. See plate 2, figs. 13-15.

Cromus Bouemicus, Barr, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, p. 828, Plate XLIG
figs. 15-17.

In which the genal angles of the head are rounded off; pygidium 20;
axial joints 12; pleurae ends ending in spines. See plate 2, figs. 20-21.
Cromus TRANSIENS, Barr, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, p. 828, Plate XLII1,

figs. 18-19.

In which the tail is triangular; pleurae ro-12; ends rounded off ;

axis 12-14; from 2-5 tubercles on each ring. See plate 2, figs. 16-19.

aS

Cromus inrERcostarus, Barr, Sil. Syst. Bohéme, p. 824, Plate XLIII,
figs. 1-5.

In which the head and tail is spined with 20-28 axial joints; pleurae
12-16; all from Reg. EB. See plate 2, fig. 22.

All the species are characteristic of the typical Cryptonymus in hav-
ing their genal angles of the head rounded off; pygidia with few joints,
F2—20; and few pleurae, 10-12-16, without the long caudal spine com-
mon to those species which we have classed under Enerinurus. The
replacement of fine granules, in place of coarse tubercles, gives a better
view of the marking of the glabella, and exhibit 4 lobes on each side.

The pygidia of C. Beaumonti and C. transiens are those of Cry ptony-
mus, although the head of C. znfercostatus has the genal angles spined.
It exhibits only the variation common to all the genera.

The pygidia of C. zntercostatus and Bohemicus have the ends of the
pleurae spinous with the Encrinuride; they are notched at the end.
There is a general tendency of all Trilobites with semi-cylindrical pleu-
Tae, to extend themselves into spinous terminations, and should only
have specific value.

Tornquist exhibits a species, /. schisticola, from Dalecarlia, which
has the terminal, pleurae of the tail spinous. We also note that the
tubercles on the axis of the tail vary in number from 1-5; in the centre
the tendency is to become enlarged. ‘This characteristic is more in keep-
Ng with species of Cryptonymus than in Encrinurus, which has only the
central row of nodes.

In tracing these spinous forms from the Ordovician to the Silurian,
We notice that each group begins its history in notched segmentation.
This form of pleurae develops into spinous form; becomes more abundant
at the culminating of the group, reached in Cromus intercostatus; after-
wards the genus becomes extinct in the higher Silurian beds.
ENCRINURUS Novakti, Frech, Zeitschr d. Deutsch Geol. Ges., 1887,

Pp. 735, Plate X XIX, figs. 5-9 of Cromus Beaumonti.
Cromus Murcuisont, DeKoninck Rech. Foss. Pal. Sud. Aust., p. 55,
Plate I, fig. 9.

The species is distinguished from all others by the shape of the

Slabella and depth of the furrows which separate it from the fixed cheeks.

78
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

W@NCRINURUS PUNCTATUS,
Fig. 1. The head enlarged.
Kig. 2. The head and part of the thorax enlarged.
Fig. 3. The pygidium enlarged.

Fig. 4. Side view of the pygidium enlarged.

ig. 5. Interior view of the pygidium enlarged.

Photographic copies of Kutorga’s plate 8, figs. 4 a-f, with an alteration of
the anterior course; facial sutures.

Fig. 6. Full grown specimen.

Fig. 7. Adult specimen.

Fig. 8. The pygidium, upper fig. of the 10th segment, with spine.

Fig. 9. Under side of head, showing hypostoma; lower fig.; eye magnified.

ig. 10. The hypostoma; the tip is slightly recurved.

Photographic copies of Fletcher’s plate 32.

Fig. 11. The hypostoma, after Lindstrom’s plate 4, fig. 5.

Fig.12. The hypostoma, front and side view—after Lindstrom’s plate 4,
figs. 12 and 13.

Fig. 13. The hypostoma enlarged, a sinuated margin: b, cucullate base;
c, the points of the extended base of attachment.

Photographic copies of Salter’s plate 4.

Fig. 14. The head, showing anterior course of facial sutures and hypos-
tom—aafter Schmidt’s figures.

Vig. 15, Front view of the head.

Fig. 16. Under view of the tail, somewhat enlarged to show the incurved
scabrous margin which unites the lateral ribs of the tail; their free points are
seen projecting beyond it—after Salter’s plate 4, fig. 15,

Fig. 17. ‘The hypostoma.

Fig. 18. The glabella and fixed cheek; shows anterior course of facial

suture,

PLATS 1.

80

EHxPLANATION OF PLATE II.

ENCRINURUS SEX-COSTATUS, Salter.

Vig. 1, A rolled up specimen; from Rhiwlas.

Fig, 2. A view showing the 11 thoracic segments.

Fig. 3, Anterior view of the head and tail, showing the raised ridge of
the anterior branches of the facial suture.

Kig. 4. Side view.

ig. 5, Head cheeks and glabella, showing pitted surface.

Vig. 6. Magnified view of glabella, showing tuberculated and granulated
surface of glabella, with 3 lateral glabella furrows.

Fig, /, A thoracic segment enlarged: at a, the ftilcoral point; b, the
facetted, and c, the blunt, indented tip of the segment.

Fig. 8. Side view of the pleurae in a coiled state; at a, one of the facetted
surfaces is seen.

Hig. 9, The pygidium,

ig. 10. Part of the same magnified, to show the scabrous surface,

ig. 11. Variety of the pygidium, with 7 pleurae; also fig. 12.

Photographic copies of Salter’s plate 4, figs. 1-12.

ig. 13. KNCRINURUS (CROMUS) BrkAUMONT’I, Barr. ‘The head.

I‘ig. 13-a. The under side of the head.

Fig. 14. Side view of the head.

Fig, 15, Anterior view, showing course of facial sutures,

Fig. 16. ENCRINURUS (CROMUS) TRANSIENS, Barr. Glabella and _ fixed
cheeks,

Fig.17. Side view.

Hig, 18. The hypostoma.

Fig. 19. Front view of the hypostoma.

lig. 20. Encrinurus (Cromus) Bonmmicus, Barr. Front and side view of
the hy postoma.

Big. 2h, > [ie same,

Fig. 22. KE NCRINURUS (CROMUS) INTERCOSTATUS, Barr. The hypostoma.

Vig. 23. KNCRINURUS PUNCTATUS. Side view of head.

lig. 24. Side view of hypostoma.

PratE II.

Pig dl,
Pig. 2.
Pig, -3.

Fig, 4.

Fig. 5.

Figs 6;

Figs 7s
Pigs. 8
Fig. 9

Fig. 10.

Fig. ii,
doxus,

Big, les

Figs 13,

5

Fig. 14,

Fig. 16.

Pig, 7,

Fig. 15.

$2

HXPLANATION OF PLATE III,

CRYPTONYMUS VARIOLARIS, Brong.

A young specimen.
Rolled up specimen.

The headandthorax. The segments are slightly bent backwards;

it shows the sharpened front edge, and notched termination of the pleurae.

A rolled specimen, nearly full-grown.

From photographic plates of Fletcher’s plate 32.

Head, showing anterior course of facial suture—after Salter.
The same: a, side view; a-a, facial suture.

Side view—after Fletcher.

Shows front part of head and hypostoma—after Fletcher.
Under side of the pygidium.

The pygidium—after Herrman’s illustration, 1711.

“Pectunculiles marmoreus tytlobus tmbricatus.”’

The pygidium—after Linné’s figure, 1759. Entomolithus para-

Pygidium of 4. multi-segmentatus, Portl.—after Roemer,
ENCRINURUS EAGANI, Miller—after Miller’s plate.
Hypostoma of /, ob/usus, Ang.; front and side views.

ENCRINURUS ORNATUS, Hall & Whitfield; from Clinton, Gr, N. Y.

after Hall’s plate.

Hypostoma of /, Leavis, Ang.; front and side views.

CYBELE VIGILANS, Hall, Trenton, a-g, N. Y.—after Hall’s plate.

PLATE III.

OFFICERS

OF THE

San Diego Society of Natural History

irda

President - GEN. A. W. Vocprs, U.S. Army
Vice-President | - - Mrs. Harrre N. PHILLips
Secretary - + 0 - Wn. S. Wricur
Assistant Secretary - - - FRANK STHRPHENS
Treasurer - - - THEODORE FINTZELBERG
Librarian - - . -. FF. W. Kersey
Curator of Zoology Mrs. FRANK STHRPHENS
Curator of Botany - T, S. BRANDEGEE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Gn. A. W. Vocpxs, U.S. Army
id ;
Mrs, Harr1m N. Paiiiips DANIEL CLEVELAND
ForD A. CARPENTER — FRANK STHKPHENS

Incorporated 1874

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PRESS OF FRYE & SMITH
SAN DIEGO, CAL,

ae
\-PERCY LEONARD

2 ‘The Honey Ants of Point Loma, California.
—HENRY HEMPHILL
Descriptions of Some Varieties of Shells, with

Short Notes on the Geographical Range and Means
ae of Distribution of Land Shells.

M—FORD A. CARPENTER

vi hotographing “Red Snow” in Natural Colors.

TRANS, SAN DIEGO SOOIRTY OF NATURAL HISTORY .
Vol. 1, No. 8. 1911. Pp, 88-118

IN DIRECT COLOR AND COPYRIGHTED 181} BY FORD A, CARPENTER

“RED SNOW ” (SPHAZRELLA NIVALIS)

on Lambert Dome, Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite,

July 19, 1911. Photographed in colors from nature by
Ford A. Carpenter, U. S. Weather Bureau

JUN 4 1921

I—-PERCY LEONARD

The Honey Ants of Point Loma, California.

II-HENRY HEMPHILL

Descriptions of Some Varieties of Shells, with
Short Notes on the Geographical Range and Means
of Distribution of Land Shells. j

III—FORD A. CARPENTER

Photographing ‘“‘Red Snow” in Natural Colors.

TRANS, SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. 1, No. 3 1911. Pp, 85-118

The Honey Ants of Point Loma

BY PERCY LEONARD

Ever since Llave first described a Mexican honey ant in 1832,
these insects have been more or less before the public notice, and yet
there are many obscure points to be cleared up in respect to their habits,

The following notes are a contribution to the subjeet, and are
based upon nearly a year’s observations of these ants, both in the wild
State and in eaptivity.

In opening up'a nest of honey ants, we are liable to meet with
Six distinct phases, Firstly, and most numerous are the workers, the
undeveloped females which occur in three sizes, the majors, the minors,

and the minims; and
the so-called

’’ who exer-

““queens
cise no regal power,
~ but are simply the

egg producers and

mothers of the eom-
munity. They have
deprived themselves
of their wings and
inhabit the darkest
recesses of the nest.

Pig. 1. Winged female of Myrmecocystus mexicanus Next come the
Mojave. Major, minor and minim workers. Two : : ;
replete majors and a nodule brought Vir Pin 5 ema ] es,

out of the nest. ‘
adorned with gauzy

Wings of great beauty, and lastly, the almost brainless males, likewise
Provided with wings. (Fig. 1.)

Besides these we find the repletes, which are not, however, a dis-
tinet phase, but are simply workers (usually majors) whose erops
are so distended with honey as to justify their generic name Myrme-
Cocystus (i. e., ant bladders). These ants have evolved their distine-
tive habit with reference to climatic conditions. In the Californian
Springtime the hills are covered with flowers and flowering shrubs.
The Juicy shoots of many plants are also infested with aphides, which
*Xcrete the “honey dew’’. These inseets use only a part of the sweet

Sap sucked from the erowing shoots, the surplus being exereted, and

SETTER

SRT PECTS TET

86

the foraging ants lap it up from the surface of the leaves, or directly
from the excretory orifice of the aphides. The quantity of syrup thus
produced is extraordinary. As an extreme case we may mention an
aphis living
on the sugar
maple which
excretes for-
ty-eight
arops ii
twenty-four
hours.”
During the
season of
plenty, a cer-
tain number
of the work-
ers, usually
majors: are
set aside to
store up the

£ Bg. 2. Replete majors hanging from the ceiling of subter-
supplies col- ranean honey vaults.

lected by

their foraging sisters. They hang motionless from the vaulted ceilings
of the underground chambers (Fig. 2), and are always ready either to
relieve a returning collector of the contents of her crop or to regurgi-
tate a drop or two to feed a hungry member of the community. The
swallowed honey is not ‘‘consumed’’; but simply stored. It remains
in the crop, and is returned to the mouth in the same condition as
when first swallowed. A minute quantity is of course passed on to
the stomach proper, for the sustenance of the individual, but the crop
contents are available for the use of the community ‘‘on demand’’.

The tendency to active exertion, common to ants, is held in abey-
ance, and the patient replete resigns herself to the monotonous oeeu-
pation of serving as a simple container for the fluid wealth of the
community.

During the dry season, the whole community depends upon the
honey stored in the repletes, supplemented by dead bees, wireworms
and other insects. The replete when appealed to by the antennae of
another ant opens her mandibles to their fullest extent, and the recipi-
ent sucks up the honey with mandibles almost shut. In two or three
minutes the meal is over, and it is usual for the party served to lick

*Ants, Their Structure, Development and Habits. Page 341.

t

87

the replete all over, and massage the abdomen, as she is powerless to
perform her own toilet. The crop, which expands to fill almost the
entire gastric cavity, has no glands discharging into it, and as its walls
are composed of non-absorbent chitine,* it is to all intents and purposes

as cleanly a container for fluids as a glass bottle.
MYRMECOCYSTUS MEXICANUS MOJAVE

Early in March, 1910, some boys of the Raja Yoga School at
Point Loma, San Diego, brought me some honey ants. Their gasters
looked like partly deflated bladders or half-dried raisins. This was
beeause their honey contents had been almost exhausted by the winter
consumption of the nest, and the spring blossoms having not yet opened
ho fresh supplies were available.

It is a golden moment in the myrmnecologist’s career when, with a
few blows of a mattoek on the hard, tough, sandstone subsoil, he lays
open the honey vaults. In the bright sunshine the repletes glitter lke
jewels, They look like highly-polished amber beads, clear and trans-
lucent, as they hang from the domed ceilings. So firmly do they cling
that only one or two are dislodged by the shock of the mattock. Many
of the workers huddled together, like frightened sheep, in one of the
chambers, and made no effort to defend their citadel, but, doubtless,
they were paralyzed by the sudden glare. All the chambers and pas-
Sages were spotlessly clean and absolutely free from smell. Although
they look quite helpless, the heavily laden repletes are perfectly well
able to regain their position in the dome when shaken to the floor.
Wm. M. Wheeler comments on the need of keeping the nest dry to
prevent the crumbling of the walls and to prevent the growth of moulds
on the repletes.t My observations, continued daily for nearly a year,
have convinced me that they actually prefer a moist soil. I have found
Many chambers of repletes about four inches below the surface of the
flower beds, in a garden whieh is repeatedly irrigated during the sum-
Mer months. A wild nest under observation was situated at the bottom
of a steep bank where it received not only its own rainfall but the
Surface water shed by the adjoining slope. The soil erumbles very
readily when moist, and how the nest escaped disaster is not very
‘pparent, nevertheless, it appears to be a strong and populous form-
leary,

At first it seems almost incredible that these ants, whosemandibles
‘annot pierce a plum skin or the rind of a pear, should be able to

“Ants, Their Structure, Development and Habits. Page 33.
}Honey Ants, with a Revision of the American Myrmecocysti.” Page 380.
tAnts, Their Structure, Development and Habits. Page 177.

88

drive tunnels in the hard sandstone subsoil. The sandstone, however,
must appear to the ants as lilliputian masonry, the stone being repre-
sented by the sand grains, the mortar by the yellow clay which binds
them together. It is not a question of cutting through the tiny bloeks
of silica, it is only necessary to moisten the clay matrix with saliva
and remove the loosened grain. Lafeadio Hearn’s statement that ants
can bore tunnels in the solid rock is therefore seen to be misleading.
Wm. M. Wheeler states his belief that the relatively large nest opening
is an adaptation for increasing the ventilation.t My own view, based
upon observation, continued for many months, is that the large en-
trance is required for
the removal of nodules
of iron encountered
while excavating. Dur-
ing the hot weather of
July and August the
entrance was almost
entirely blocked up
with little clods; but
when the first autumnal
rain fell, softening the
soil and favoring exea-
vation, the hole was en-
larged to a size some-
what greater than that
of a ten-cent piece
(which measures eight-
een millimeters, in di-
ameter). (See fig. 3.)
Six or eight workers
unite their efforts to
drag out a nodule.

-

Fig. 3. Nest entrance of Myrmecocystus mexi- Hach erasps if On dis
canus mojave, with a ten-cent piece (18 mm. ne Lae ne oe
dia.) for comparison, A winged female equatorial line with her
lies on the coin. : :

mandibles, and _ their
bodies radiate outwards from this center like the spokes of a wheel
Those in front drag, while those behind push, and after very heavy exer-
tions the heavy burden is deposited outside the entrance. To allow egress
for a team of eight workers surrounding a nodule necessitates a com-
modious gangway. The constant stream of ants circulating through
the galleries is probably sufficient to prevent the accumulation of stag-
nant air. The nursery chambers are invariably situated in the upper

+Ants, Their Structure, Development and Habits. Page 375.

89

portion of the nest, and one may sometimes see a worker carrying a
cocoon outside the nest as if to give it an airing.

One usually associates ants with dry weather and sunshine, but
these ants come out only at night. A thick fog drifts in from the ocean
spangling the scanty grass blades with glittering drops. The landscape
is shrouded in darkness; but the little circle, illuminated by the lantern,
is a scene of bustling activity. A constant stream of amber-colored
ants pours out of the entrance hole, each sarrying a small pellet of
sand-erains in her mandibles. Some leave their burden just outside,
others laboriously plod as far as three or four feet before they drop
their load and hurry back for another. The underground workings are
being extended almost every day in the year. I have seen the ants at
work at 9 p. m. in the pouring rain and at a temperature as low as
44° Fahr. They do not leave their holes until about half an hour after
sunset. Thus they escape the birds and the lizards, their only enemies
being the night-prowling toads, and ant lions.* Jf we smear a little
honey ona piece of glass, it is quickly surrounded by 40 to 50 ants, who
climb upon each other’s backs to reach the tempting fluid. In two or
three minutes they are loaded to the limit of their capacity, and then
they stagger off towards home. They are perfectly ready to regurgi-
tate, when appealed to on their way by a hungry comrade. The ant’s
antennae, in whieh the ‘‘contact-odor’’ sense resides, are cons:antly be-
ing cleaned to free them from dust, which must dull their sensibility.
The egos and larvae are continually being licked over, probably as a
Sanitary preeaution to prevent the growth of moulds, to which they are
very subject in the damp recesses of the nest.

As evidence of individuality in character I give the following
anecdotes,

An ant had fallen into the moat surrounding my artificial nest
and Was rescued in a moribund condition, and laid upon the surface
of the island, Two of the workers came up, inspeeted the sufferer and
Passed by without the slightest effort to help. Presently a minor
Worker arrived and showed the liveliest concern,

Mor many minutes she vigorously kneaded the patient ’s gaster, and
Worked the stiff legs until at last the half-drowned ant revived.

On another occasion, after a team of six workers had deposited a
nodule outside the nest opening, one major stayed behind and by
Strenuous exertion dragged the load one-third of an inch further away.
Its exact location was a matter of absolute unimportancé; but the
Major’s notions of exactitude had to be satisfied.

*Si zl itt . . ~ 8 . .
Since writing, my nest was raided by driver ants (Eciton sumichrasti) on June

12th That ' F nn

Were torr. ‘The invaders poured into the nest and emerged carrying larvae. They

are ¥ coaed by spraying them with kerosene oil. “The ant’s most dangerous enemies
ther ants, just as man’s most dangerous enemies are other men.” —Forel.

8)

Hor more than nine months I was unable to get the least indiea-
tion as to the source of their honey. Occasionally foraging ants would
drag a dead bee or other insect into the nest; but I could never find
any foragers returning with distended crops.

On March 16th, 1911, however, it seemed as if the whole population
was on the move, and streaming up and down the trunk of a neigh-
boring pepper tree (schinus molle). An examination of the iree by
daylight showed a quantity of blossoms, but I could find only one or
two scale insects. My captive ants greedily lapped up the neetar from
milking’? the aphides wpon
roses and carnations at night. It is probable that almost ali the wild

tc

these flowers. I have found these ants

flowers are visited by the lores ants. I know they get nectar from
the “rattlesnake weed’? (Euphorbia setiloba), the honey plant (Kehium
simplex, a cultivated flower), and the blossoms of that fraerant wild
shrub, Ceantothus cuneatus. As evidence of the stay-at-home habits
of these ants, I can certify that a honey plant was in full bloom
twenty-seven feet away from their nest and yet it was three weeks
before the foragers discovered

The honey stored in a replete of average size I found to weigh
0.1885 of a gramme, and if we take MeCook’s figure of 690 repletes in
a nest of the horti-deorum variety™ to be approximately true of M. M.
Mojave, this would give ug 113.10 grammes, or a grand total of about a
quarter of a pound of honey. Small though it may appear to us, I
fancy that the knowledge of a share in this provision ‘mparts a certain
dignity to every individual member of the nest.

These ants do not display such a wolfish eagerness to acquire
chance scraps of food, as is shown by other species, who live from hand
to mouth. To show the inoffensive character of the ants under consid-
eration, | may mention that once a troop of little black ants (Dary-
myrmese pyramicus var. niger) gathered round to lap up some honey
which I had put at the nest entranee, but there was no resentment ex-
pressed towards them.

When watching the nest at night one may sometimes see erickets
hop about among the ants who cover the ground outside the entrance ;
but no notice is taken of these intruders, and they hop away in a leis-
urely manner. Once I saw a tiny ericket emerge from the nest among
the moving throng of ants, and markedly differentiated from his com-
panions by his sudden, jerky action of progression. He skirmished
about for a minute or two and then retreated down the hole. Hyidently
he was one of the ‘‘pets’’ of the nest.

Among the solitary insects, such as the flies, the moths and beetles,
only a very small percentage of their numerous offspring ever reach

*“Nature’s Craftsmen.” Page 104.

Ol

maturity, owing to parental neglect. Among ants, under favorable
conditions, the infant mortality is practically nil, so that if every
female produced eggs the population would very soon outrun the
means of subsistence, It has been very plausibly suggested that the
ants regulate the supply of ‘‘queens’’ by rearing a selected number
of female larvae on a full diet, while the great majority of them are
so insufficiently nourished that their reproductive organs never de-
velop. The feminine trait of taking delight in nursing the larvae
survives, however, in its full strength in these stunted females, and
they devote themselves passionately to the care of the little, white,
semi-translucent erubs, which resemble a crook-necked squash in gen-
eral form. I think [ have never looked into my artificial nest at any
time during the day or night without seeing the nursing ants employed
In caring for the larvae.

On October 28th, 1910, I caught a worker near my wild nest
who was carrying about a cocoon in her mandibles. I placed her
upon the island nest, where a quantity of other workers were wan-
dering about,.not yet having begun to excavate tunnels. There arose
immediately a tremendous competition to nurse the cocoon. The
lucky possessor was constantly surrounded by eager applicants for
the privilege. Sometimes they showed their impatience by stamping
violently on the ground or jerking their bodies forward in their un-
controllable desire to caress the helpless pupa. A few days after-
wards the covering was stripped off, and the pale, unfinished infant
was carried to and fro without a moment’s peace, as one ant after
another acquired possession of it. Hvery worker wanted to be good
to it and in the end it died, killed by kindness. If the care of the
luckless pupa had been entrusted to one nurse all would have gone
well, but by a perversion of the nursing instinct a tragedy resulted.

On October 16th, 1910, after the first real rain of the winter
Season, T notieed a number of ants peeping out of their hole in great
excitement. To produce the effect of nightfall I inverted a box over
the entrance, On raising the box after a few minutes IT saw the ground
alive with ants and among them a virgin queen, which I secured.
This is the first sapture of this phase of M. M. Mojave. The general
coloring and markings remind one of a wasp. (Wig 1.) Although
many nests have been searched, only two queens of this species have
been found,

During the hot dry spell of weather at the end of August, 1910,
the ants stayed underground. The entrance was almost closed with
little clods of sarth, which seems to show that the ext saordinary
large hest opening is needed not so much for ventilation as to afford
egress for ants removing nodules.

92

For some time I had noticed ants come out of the nest carrying
what seemed to be the corpse of ants in their mandibles. I casually
noted that they dropped their burdens and returned to the nest.
Later on, I discovered that these burdens were “ve ants, and that
when deposited, both parties plodded away in opposite directions
without showing the slightest trace of emotion. Other observers who
have witnessed similar occurrences have thought them to be a kind
of play; but what I saw was much too solemn to be called a frolic. T
would suggest that the ants carried out were ‘‘callows’’, that is ants
newly emerged from the chrysalis, and that after being allowed to
harden their shells for some days in the shelter of the nest they were
thus formally introduced to the outside world as a hint that they might
now undertake the regular work of the nest.

Professor Wheeler has established the fact that it is only ‘‘eal-
lows’’ which are capable of becoming repletes. Once an ant gets
thoroughly matured and hardened it appears to lose the elasticity re-
quired in order to allow of the enormous distention of the crop which
characterizes the replete. An ant in process of becoming distended

6 80d @

Fig. 4. Five replete majors of Myrmecocystus mexicanus mojave posed on a string.

to the proportions of a replete can never be confounded with a re-
plete who has fed away her store and is slowly collapsing to her
normal condition. In the former case the gaster is tense and more
or less spherical (Fig 4), in the latter the skin is corrugated into folds
and the segments stand out as ridges.

MYRMECOCYSTUS MEXICANUS

These ants have never been found in the United States until 1910,
and our discovery of a nest on Point Loma was the third reported

occurrence of this species in the year.

co
oo

On November 6th, I dug up a nest in a soil composed of dis-
integrated shale. They are hardly distinguishable to the casual ob-
server from the preced-
ing species, except by a
slightly darker color.

There were many
semi-repletes moving
about the galleries (Fig.
5), and about eight lay-
ing females.

When opened up, the
resulting hole was only
three feet deep and two
evi-

feet in diameter

Fig. 5. Winged females of Myrmecocystus mexi- dently a new nest. The
Ccanus. Partially deflated replete majors, males, * 4 :
and major, minor and minim workers. la yrs f emales: im

pleasing contrast to the

queens in a beehive, are very friendly and spend hours with their heads
together, saressing one another with their antennae. On January 30th,
1911, I found a solitary female in a little hole in a bank. The excava-
tion could not have been more than a day or two old. Had she been
undisturbed, in due time a new colony would have been produced by
her unaided efforts.

Shortly after T had established an island nest in a basin and had
moistened the earth, a minor worker was struck with the idea of
Sinking a shaft. Aecordingly she scratched away at the soil, using
her fore legs just like a terrier. Her energy was so infectious that a
Major joined her, and presently a minim was drawn into the under-
taking. Ants digging in pure sand are obliged to remove it @rain
by grain, but the slightest admixture of clay permits the formation
of pellets thugs enormously economizing labor. The loose dirt is first
Scraped into a heap under the ant. The gaster is then curved forward
and downward as in the act of stinging* and the front pair of legs is
Used to pat the earth against the opposing lower surface of the gaster.
The loose soil granules are thus packed into a solid pellet, which is
Seized in the mandibles and carried out. When digging a gallery
against the inner wall of a glass tumbler, the digging consists for the
Most part in tugging at the sand grains and detaching them by main
force. The gallery is afterwards enlarged to give passage room for

the females. One of the nests under observation had its entrance

* “ . 1 tye :; ‘ ry Ue =
bel N. B. No ant of the Subfamily Camponitinae, to which the genus Myrmecocystus
elongs, possesses any sting. ‘They have a large poison bag, the contents of which are
Us ¥ % we . if . ee I

ed to spray their enemies and their prey.

94.

against the edge of a level slab of smooth conerete, so that the circular
area over which the ants deposited their excavated soil was divided
into two parts; one extended over a flower bed, the other over a sur-
face of cement.

Kvery day the concrete slab is swept, so that on any given morn-
ing the loose earth is exactly half of the total amount brought up
during the preceding night. On January 24, 1911, the radius of the
circle of debris was 7 feet, 4 inches. The night had been calm, so
that in sweeping up the deposit I am sure that I collected no wind-
borne particles, The weight was 23.6489 grammes, and by doubling
this figure we get the total output of loose dirt for the night. When
poured into a cubic inch measure it almost exactly filled it. Under
favorable conditions, therefore, these ants can excavate nearly two
cubie inches in a night. During a colder night, a few days previous,
the radius of the circle was only 4 feet 8 inches. Quite early in the
evening, some ants will be seen travelling to the very cireumference
of the circle, passing by bare spaces where we might imagine they
would be perfectly justified in getting rid of their load.

Prof. Wheeler, in speaking of repletes, remarks that they ‘‘are
of course imprisoned for life’’; but I have found my ants gradually
resume their original figure when their contents are exhausted. In
the nest I excavated November 6th, 1910, there were two or three
dozen semi-replete majors whose gasters were no larger than those of
the fertile female’s and who could walk about quite freely. Others
had apparently been entirely emptied, owing to the lapse of time
since the spring honey harvest and their gastric segments were in a
distressing condition of misfit. They did not overlap smoothly, but

Nig. 6. Replete major of Myrmecocystus mexicanus unable to regurgitate honey
while hanging, and who has to assume a recumbent posture before she
can feed her sister workers.

were warped and twisted out of shape. But another course is open
to a replete who finds her honey content diminishing. She may
swallow airy and thus maintain her size. (Fig. 6.) This ig done by
both M. M. Mojave and the present species. In my artificial nest I
found a full-sized major replete three-quarters full of honey, and

|
|
|

with an air bubble occupying the upper region of the crop. | stinted
supplies of honey to bring about diminution of her stock, and as she
fed away her store the air bubble increased, until it filled three-
quarters of her capacity, while the remaining quarter of honey lay
in the lowest part of the crop.

I now frequently found her lying on the floor of the little grotto
where she lived, with six or eight workers gathered around to be fed.
The reason for her recumbent posture is at once apparent. So long
as she was hanging from the ceiling, the air bubble oceupied the upper
portion of the crop, and her efforts to regurgitate honey could only
result, in an escape of the imprisoned air; but if she lay upon her side,
or ventral surface, on the principle of the spirit level the air rose to
the highest point of the gastric wall and then any contraction of the
proventriculus, or pumping stomach, forced the honey out at the
mouth. Contrary to the observations of MeCook on the horti-
deorum variety, I have found that these ants very economically
lap up the honey contents of dead repletes, after depositing the heads
and thoraces in the moat round their nest. It was very amusing to
watch the workers of this species feeding their larvae with eggs
The nurse holds the egg in her jaws and oe it into the mouth
of the helpless baby, who shows great eagerness t » be fed. After the
larva has got what it can, the nurse cleans out ae shell, and regurgi-
tates the remnant into the larva’s mouth. Frequent ly the nurse sticks
an ege on to the back of the larva’s neck by saliva, so as to have it
ready for the next feeding time.

Although these ants have no stings, they can spray some poisonous
fluid into the wounds made by their mandibles, from a gland situated
in the tip of the gaster. Two ca terpillars, an inch and a half long
and a quarter of an inch in diameter, sueceumbed to the spray in a few
minutes, and were dragged down into the nest for food. It is quite
common to find dead insects, termites, flies, ete., lying among the
larvae, and in wild nests and among ¢ aptive communities it is usual
for two or three repletes to hang from the ceilings of the nursery
chambers. Sometimes the larger larvae remain for a long time with
their heads thrust into the thoraces of dead flies, devouring the
muscular tissue.

The high development of ants is shown by the long period of
helpless infaney and absolute dependence upon t the care of the nurs-
ing workers. Although they he upon the bare earth of their caves,
ee are protected from actual contact with the soil by stiff bristles
which are set in their soft skin, and which allow of a free circulation
of air all round them, Living as they do in damp subterranean caverns
they are peculiarly liable to be attac sked by various moulds, and it

96

for this reason that the nurses are indefatigable in licking their
charges to remove the spores from which these vegetable parasites
take their rise. Larvae isolated from the attentions of the workers
very quickly succumb to these exhausting growths. It is probably
due to the need of a certain amount of ventilation that the larvae are
usually found in the upper chambers, thus presenting a parallel with
the case of the short-tailed field vole (microtus agrestis), of Kneland.
The ordinary retreat of these rodents ig a burrow situated far below
the surface; but their young are reared in a nest of split grass, built
upon the very surface of the ground. They are exposed to innumer-
able dangers, of course; but a litter of six or eight young mice would
probably be suffocated if confined in a deeply situated nursery,

As showing the preference of these ants for moist surroundings,
I may mention that for some months I kept a colony upon a porous
earthenware saucer inverted in a basin of water and completely coy-
ered by a mound of clay and sand. When I eventually broke up the
formicary, I found that the chambers and galleries had all been
hollowed out in the soil immediately above the damp earthenware
surface, the saucer itself forming the floor, The higher and drier
portion of the mound had not been inhabited at all.

PRENOLEPIS IMPARIS

{s found here in great abundance, and is common from the At-
lantic to the Pacific. We will content ourselves, therefore, with mere-
ly recording its occurrence. It ascends the blue gum, (eucalyptus
globulus), and may be found by the dozen resting half hidden among
the fragrant anthers.

MYRMECOCYSTUS MELLIGER FOREL

The typical form hag not yet been found here, but a rariety whieh
appears to be intermediate between varicties testaceus and semirufus
has been identified by Professor Wheeler.

MYRMECOCYSTUS MELLIGER LOMAENSIS

Another variety or sub-species has been found here, only previously
reported from Riverside and Whittier by Mr. Quayle.

This ant is strietly diurnal in its habits, and hag been geen feeding
upon the white flowers of mesembryanthemum aequilaterale,

In an artificial nest. these ants were fed with a drop of bee’s honey
in a leaf. Instead of greedily lapping it up, as the first two species
here treated of would have done, they became violently agitated.

They flung themselves upon the honey and sprayed it with their poison,

snapping at it furiously with their mandibles, and it was some time
before they realized that it was good for food. Is it possible that
being diurnal in their habits they have a perennial feud with honey
bees when they compete with them for the contents of the nectaries
of flowers, and that the smell of the honey forcibly suggested bees
to their minds, and provoked the customary hostilities? Whereas the
honey bees require a hollow tree and household furniture in the shape
of waxen cells for rearing brood or storing honey, the ants ean carry
on their lives with nothing more than food, and a few ecubie feet of
soil. They use no implements, utensils nor bedding, and the sole
garment they require is the swaddling gown of woven silk that wraps
them in the pupal state. Ants have no personal ambition. The only
end they have in view is to cover the earth with colonies of their own
particular species, and urged by this remote, impersonal desire they
spend their lives in ‘ceaseless toil. The instinet which impels the ants’
unselfish labor is probably as irresistible as that which forces human
beings to pursue their personal advantage. ‘The personality of ants
appears to be dissolved, and every individual seems to act as if it was
the agent for that nameless, universal will that urges on the slow ad-
Vance of cosmic evolution. Without compulsion or direction their
Social life is carried on in perfect harmony. Hach ant is a law to her-
Self; but as the aim of all is identical, a spirit of perfect harmony
prevails. The ants have shown the possibility of a perfeet communal
life, and have proved that individuals ean be incited to the maximum
of effort. with the minimum of personal advantage, and that the little
States based on unselfish sisterhood are supremely fitted to survive in

the struggle for existence.

This paper would be incomplete without an expression of grateful
acknowledgement to Professor William Moreton Wheeler for his kindness in
identifying the various species of ants to which reference has been made.
Without this help in naming specimens, and the assistance derived from his
Correspondence, the production of the paper would have been indefinitely
delayed,

The illustrations are from plates prepared expressly to illustrate the
text, and are the work of the Lomaland Photo and Engraving Department,
Loma Homestead, Point Loma, San Diego, California.

It may be of interest to note that I have in my possession specimens of
replete Honey Ants collected at Coronado, San Diego, in 1890, by Dr. F. EH.
Blaisdell, formerly a member of the San Diego Society of Natural History.
Chey evidently belong to the species Myrmecocystus mexicanus, but whether
to the pure type, or to one of the sub-species or varieties, it is impossible
to determine, owing to their defective state of preservation. .

Descriptions of Some Varieties of Shells,
with Short Notes on the Geographical Range
and Means of Distribution of Land Shells

BY HENRY HEMPHILL

The study of variation among Mollusks involves the consideration
of the laws of life, if one desires to understand or ascertain the cause
or causes that produces all this great diversity that we see in every
department of nature,

Briefly, life as I understand it, consists of energy moulding mat-
ler into form and of expressing through those forms, not only the
Objects of life, but also the properties of matter,

An organism is a specialized portion of energy and matter, sep-
arated from the great mass, and endowed with organs that have fune-
tions for performing special work necessary in the economy of the
Creature, all of which act in harmony with the class to which the
organism belongs.

Development is the fundamental law of growth, and nature’s
Sreat working basis in organic evolution, and should be the working
basis of every student of her laws.

Diversity, or variation as it is frequently called, is the detail
Work of development and evolution, if we can separate the action
and meaning of these two closely related terms.

The fundamental law of equilibrium presides over all of nature’s
laws. It is dual in its activities; radiates, so to speak, from a common
Center in opposite directions, and adjusts diversity by developing
°Pposite varieties of equal weight, quality value and importance in
‘ach class of organisms, and generally maintains or keeps the union or

umty of nature complete.

MUREX CARPENTERI TREMPERI, HEMPH.

Murex carpenteri, Dall., has been deseribed as, of a “livid brown
Color, pinkish towards the apex and whitish around the aperture”’
have in my collection one specimen dark reddish brown in color,
with a dash of white along the columellar side of the aperture; an-

100

other with the body ashen white, shading off darker on the varices, and
another one of the typical coloring.

Recently I have seen in the very fine collection of Dr. R. H.
Tremper of Ontario, Cal., a magnificent series of this and other deep
water shells, from the Santa Barbara channel, and perhaps the best
collection of these shells extant, in good condition and artistically
arranged to please the eye. Among the lot there is a series of Murex
carpenteri, about typical in form and coloring, with the addition of
three white revolving bands, that expand in width as they pass toward
the outer edge of the foliated varices, and show on three of the spire
whorls. There are three broad, thin varices on the specimen before
me, the edge of the last broken by five rather broad, circular indenta-

Plate 1.—Murex carpenteri tremperi.—Hemphill (Mnlarged.)

tions, separated by four broad, rather short, chisel-shaped digitations,
curved upward at the ends. The somewhat large basal indentation
forms about two-thirds of a regular circle, is one-fourth of an ineh
across, its edge thickened and regularly reflexed, except next to the
lone, curved and well-covered canal. The body and varices are quite
smooth, except the last varix, which is roughened on the lower side
by wavy, file-like striae.

These beautiful shells were dredged in the Santa Barbara channel,
off Newport, by Dr. R. H. Tremper, who kindly gave me a specimen
and to whom I dedicate this beautiful variety.

OCINEBRA STEARNSI, HEMPH.

The general outline of this small shell is diamond shape, with the
side points rounded off. It is composed of six turns or whorls.

4h

he

101]

nucleus or embryonic whorls, are white, rather rough, and consist of
about two turns. The next whorl has flat sides and a square-edged
shoulder and is divided by a small revolving groove into two revolving
nodulus riblets with shallow pits, in the interstices. The antepenulti-
mate and penultimate whorls are convex in form and divided into three
revolving nodulus riblets by two revolving grooves, with deep,
rounded pits in the interstices. The convex body-whorl comprises
hearly two-thirds the entire length of the shell with similar seulptur-
ing as that of the two preceding whorls, and with the pits more con-
Spicuous above, than below the periphery of the body-whorl. The
suture is distinet and well impressed. The outer lp is very much
thickened for such a small shell, its outer edge being faintly denti-
culated by the revolving ribs and grooves, the inner edge just within
the aperture bearing 5-denticles. The form of the aperture is oval,
slightly pointed bélow; canal short and covered. The base of the
columella is creased by an umbilical slit. The color is light or dark
yellow or brownish, plain or with a single white revolving band at
the periphery of the body-whorl, covering one and sometimes two of
the revolving riblets.

Length, 18; breadth, 8 mm. Habitat, Monterey, Cal.

This small shell has the general form of O. gracillima, Stearns;
the coloring of O. lurida as well as that of O. gracillima, and some
Varieties of interfassa, but may be readily separated from other mem-
bers of the lurida group by the pitted sculpturing. I dedicate it to
the late Dr. R. BE. C. Stearns, in return for many favors of a similar
kind,

HELIX VAR. SONOMAENSIS, HEMPH.

Shell rather small, greatly depressed, umbilicated, of a yellowish
or buff color, whorls 544, slowly inereasing in size, the last flatly
convex beneath, and not excavated around the umbilicus; unbilicus
large and deep; suture distinet ; aperture rather small, nearly quadrate
in form and bearing on its columellar portion a long oblique tooth;
Peristome slightly reflected, crowding but not covering any portion
of the umbilieus, and bearing on its inner side two small denticles, one
on the basal, and the other near its upper termination,

Great diam., 8; height 2144 mm.

Great diam., 7; height 24% mm.

Habitat, near Healdsburg, Sonoma County, Cal.

The larger gize, more depressed form, lighter eolor, and larger
umbilicus, will serve to separate this variety from the other known

forms of Helix (triodopsis) loricata Gld.

102

TONITES (CONULUS?) WASCOENSIS, HEMPH.

Shell small, smooth, shining, transparent, perforate, consisting
of 414 or 5 convex whorls—the last a little more tumid than the penul-
timate whorl; striae of growth very fine, hardly perceptible under a
strong pocket lens; suture distinct, well impressed; aperture moder-
ately narrow, semilunar; outer lip simple, acute, not falling at its
upper termination; columellar portion of the shell, very convex;
base of shell convex, hardly excavated around the umbilicus; umbilicus
small and deep.

Great diam., 2; height 1 mm.

Habitat, Wasco County, Oregon; also near Salem, Oregon.

This small shell seems to be new. It has the aspect of Tonites
chersennellus Dall., but is about half the size of that shell, with about
the same number of whorls. The aperture is narrow and resembles
that of L. eapsella Gld.

HELIX WALKERIANA, HEMPH.

Shell umbilicated, glaubosely convex, rather thin and somewhat
transparent, of a reddish brown or chestnut color; spire elevated with
an obtuse apex, or with a sharp pointed apex on the narrow, tall
forms; whorls 514 convex, the last well rounded above and_ below,
descending a little in front, bearing a well defined chestnut-colored
revolving band just above the periphery, margined by two light yel-
lowish or horn-colored zones or bands, all three of about equal width.
These bands are rarely absent, but when the central band is absent

Plate 2—Helix walkeriana—Hemphill. (About natural size.)

the marginal bands coalesce and form a faint light revolving zone. I
found but one shell with all the bands absent.

The sculpturing consists of rather coarse oblique file-like striae
of growth cut by numerous, rather fine, well impressed but irregularly
spaced revolving grooves, forming in some instances parallelograms
or little squares, and numerous rude, rather coarse granules, that
occasionally coalesce and are arranged along the striae of growth or
are scattered over the upper surface of the body whorl. Below the

103

periphery this sculpturing becomes much modified, and disappears
near the umbilicus. The suture is distinct and well impressed ;
aperture, subeireular and large; peristome simple, very slightly re-
flected, its ends approaching the basal or columellar end, crowding
and half covering the rather small umbilicus.
treat diam., 26; height 20 mm.
treat diam., 25; height 18 mm.
treat diam., 20; height 14 mm.
A very tal ited shell measures:
Great diam., 20; height 20 mm.
Two depressed shells measure :
sat diam., 23; height 19 mm.
Two small shells measure :
Great diam., 19; height 151
Great diam., 18; height 144% mm.
Habitat, San Luis Obispo, Cal.

HELIX VAR. MORROENSIS, HEMPH.

This variety of walkeriana differs from the typical form, in hav-
ing the revolving grooves obsolete, or extremely faint, and more pro-

© mm.

fusely granular.

treat diam., 29; height 18 mm.

Great diam., 22; height 16 mm.

Great diam., 18; height 15 mm.

Habitat, San Luis Obispo County, Cal., among brush and rocks.

This shell and its variety are extremely interesting forms, when
one reads and interprets their combinations of characters intelligently.
It combines the form, file-like striae of growth, open umbilicus and
general aspect of Helix ramentosa Gld., with the glaubose (not typical
form), open ae file-like striae of growth, and the revolving
grooves of the typical H. ayresiana Newe.

I dedicate this shell to Mr. Bryant Walker in recognition of his

Valuable services in the study of conchology.

CIRCINARIA VAR. KELSEYI, HEMPH.

Shell umbilieated, greatly elevated, of a yellowish horn-color ;
whorls about 5 convex above and below, gradually enlarging, the
last sloping rapidly to the periphery; spire ereatly elevated, with a
medium pointed apex; striae of growth oblique, rather “fine; suture
distinet but not very deeply impressed; aperture somewhat effuse,
roundly oval; peristome simple, a little thickened, outlined by a rim
of dark brown epidermis, the ends approaching and joined by a thin

Parietal callus; umbilicus deep and quite narrow.

104

Great diam., 15; height 12 mm.
treat diam., 16; height 9 mm.
Great diam., 17; height 10 mm.

Plate 3—Circinaria var. kelseyi—Hemphill. (Natural size.)

Habitat of the most elevated shell, San Mateo County.

Habitat of the other two shells, San Luis Obispo County, Cal.

I dedicate this variety of Prof. F. W. Kelsey of San Diego, Cal.,
who has taken much interest in the study of shells, and whose photo-
graphs of shells are nearly perfect.

HELIX VAR. AVALONENSIS, HEMPH.

Shell sub-lenticular, deeply unbilicated, whitish horn-color.
Whorls 5 or 514, flatly convex above, more rounded beneath, with a
sharp carina at the periphery, which becomes obsolete on the last half
of the body-whorl of the single mature shell that I have. The seulp-
turing, under a strong pocket lens, on the nuclear whorls, consists of
fine rib-like striae of growth, regular in form and arrangement, that
after two or three turns become obsolete and are superseded on the
following whorls by very small revolving granular riblets, one of
which rapidly develops into a sub-carina with the aid of the pinch
of the peripheral carina, making the shell bicarinate as in Helix hemp-
hilli, Newe. The revolving riblets above and beneath vary consider-
ably in strength, number and arrangement.

The whole surface of the shell, except the nuclear turns, is cov-
ered with fine, sharp striae of growth, and rather rough indentations
that divide the surface of the shell into irregular sections. Beneath
the surface is smoother, but under a strong pocket lens, the sharp
striae of growth and the revolving riblets give that portion of the
shell the exact aspect of Helix haydeni, Gabb. The suture is distinct
and well impressed and after three or four turns shows the upper
part of the carina as a sutural riblet.

The umbilicus ig moderately broad and deep, and in very young
shells, it is defined by a blunt carina, but does not appear in the adult
shell. The peristome is simple and acute, its upper termination not
falling. The aperture is nearly a complete circle, but in immature

specimens its outer margin is made angular by the peripheral carina.

|
|
|
|

105

treat diam., 14; height 8 mm.

Habitat, Santa Catalina Island, Cal.

abl 2 . Poy ¢
The presence of a colony of land shells, living on Santa Catalina

[sland today, belonging to the strigosa group, whose metropolis at the

Plate 4—Helix var. avalonensis—Hemphill.

orese 1 Fe : : 7 ‘

; sent time is several hundred miles distant and northward from this

Isla gt ¢ : rf 7 : "

4 and, at an elevation of from four to eight or ten thousand feet above

LNe seg ra mh : . : :
Sea level, with a ereat stretch of desert-hke country intervening

106

between the coast and the metropolis of this group of shells, calls for
some explanation and remarks on the geographical range, and the
means of distribution of such slow-moving creatures.

Undoubtedly in the early history of the continent, it has been ele-
vated and submerged several times above and below the sea level,
before the land assumed its present state or condition. The great
abundance of marine fossils in the various stratas of rocks in every
part of the country, inland as well as along the coast, and in the low
valleys as well as on the high mountains, confirm this statement.

Perhaps, after many hundreds of centuries had passed, and dur-
ing the miocene or about the middle of tertiary times, the continent
became comparatively quiet, and when the great lake system of the
interior had become well established, and dense forests and rank
vegetation had become well developed, and served as food for the great
herbiverous creatures of that time, whose fossil remains are found in
almost every part of the continent, whose bodies became, in turn, the
food of the huge carniverous amphibians that lived in the lakes and
low marshy land at that time, and were probably the terror of their
day, and whose fossil remains are the wonder of men at the present
time.

It is quite possible that land shells and probably [elix strigosa,
or its progenitor of large size, may have occupied the higher and dryer
areas of the land, as it does today, and became widely distributed by
the floods and drainage system of that time, Santa Catalina Island,
with the other islands of the Santa Barbara group, were probably
high landmarks of a broad range of mountains, at that time, and ex-
tended many miles in a northerly and southerly direction, and probably
spread out many miles beyond San Nicolas, the outermost island of
the Santa Barbara group.

Perhaps, during the latter part of miocene times, this colony of
the strigosa group and the other land shells that are peculiar to these
islands today, occupied high areas on these mountains. At the eloge
of the miocene period great volcanic disturbances occurred again,
when this Santa Barbara range, as it may be ealled, went down below
the sea, leaving the eight islands standing above the turbulent waters.
as monuments or tombstones to mark its burial place, where these
stranded colonies of land shells have continued to exist but have be-
come somewhat modified in form. Fossil land shells of the present
living forms, indicate considerable age and seem to support these
assertions and suppositions.

About the time that this western range of mountains became

submerged, another and perhaps the last general elevation of the
continent took place, when a hundred voleanoes on its western slope,

107

belehed forth a flood of lava that formed high ranges of mountains and
laid the rocky floors of many valleys in its flow to the lower levels,
and perhaps during this great upheaval the limestone bedrock of the
Mississippi and adjacent valleys was pushed up to its present height,
out of the sea, which its marine fossils indicate.

At this time it is possible that part or all the continental moun-
tain ranges were raised to their present elevations, probably higher,
in which time and the adjustment of the earth’s crust to the new order
of things after these upheavals, may have made some minor changes.

With this general elevation of the land the barriers that held the
waters of the great internal lake system of that time were broken,
the water rapidly drained off and the rush of floods cut the river
channels that form the drainage system of the continent, which the
storms and floods subsequently have completed as we have it today.

As the geographical range of land shells is a question of consid-
erable importance to conchologists, | wish to call especial attention to
the rivers and drainage system of the continent, as the principal
avenue and means of distribution of these slow-moving creatures.

Little study of the map of North America will show that all the
principal rivers that form the drainage system of the continent have
their souree in the district formed by, or near, the union of the states
of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah and Nevada. These rivers flow
to the Aretie oeean at the north, to the east and south, into the At-
lantic, to the southwest, the west and northwest into the Pacifie ocean,
and curious enough, this district, the source of all these rivers, is also
the metroplis of all the genera of the universally distributed American
land shells. TI have collected in this district myself, the following
genera: Suecinea, Vitria, Tonites, Cireinaria, Helicodicus, Patula or
Pyramidula, Polygyra, Vallonia, Pupilla, Cochlicopa, Polygyrella,
Hemphillia and Prophysaon.

The last three genera, however, are confined in their geographical
range to the western slope of the continent so far as we know at the
Present time.

There is little doubt in my mind, that the universally distributed
genera and species have been seattered over the continent prineipally
by the drainage system.

During heavy storms and great floods, whole colonies, as well as
Individual shells, are washed into the streams with the woodland

debris and carried far away from their native haunts in the higher
areas of the mountain districts, to the lower levels of the valleys,
Where lodgments are made, and colonies are formed, perhaps after
Many failures, but in the course of time beeome permanently estab-
lished and spread over the adjacent territory.

108

Here under the constant stress of changed conditions in the en-
vironment, principally perhaps, by the chemical affinities contained in
the food and atmospheric conditions, the progeny of the newly estab-
lished colonies become modified wholly or in part as the adjustment
of the organism to its environment demands and requires.

This manner of distribution by the drainage system has been
going on for ages, and is still scattering the slow-moving creatures
over the face of the land, and it is not strange and no wonder that
we meet with similar shells, high up on the mountains, low down in
the valleys, far up in the cold north, away down in the hot south, back
in the effete east, out in the wide west, as well as on the beautiful

islands of the sea.

-mcriromtencetneeseastaeetai aaa

mnseninoninancipionac

2

Photographing “Red Snow
In Natural Colors*

BY FORD A. CARPENTER

On July 13th, 1911, as we were encamped on the shores of Lake
Merced in the Little Yosemite Valley, the advance party of the Sierra
Club returned with the news that ‘‘red snow’’ was visible for many
miles over the Vogelsang pass. At the campfire that evening, Dr. Goa.
Kofoid, professor of zoology at the University of California, gave an
informal talk -on protococcus nivalis, or, aceording to the new nomen-
clature, sphaerella nivalis, popularly known as ‘‘red snow’’. He called
attention to the fact that this phenomenon was unusual even in the
mountains of the Sierra Nevada, and that the members of the Sierre
Club were fortunate in having the privilege of viewing this interesting
species of aleae. Dr. Kofoid’s talk aroused the anticipation of the
Members go that it was discussed in many of the detached groups as
they clambered over the Vogelsang trail early the next morning on their
20-mile jaunt to the Tuolumne Meadows.

It was not at all remarkable, however, that with the magnificence
of the panorama spread before them on approaching the rugged Vogel-
Sang Pass, that the phenomenon of colored snow was almost forgotten.
In faet, our party first noticed it while following in the trail broken
by the pack animals. The trail led through several miles of deep snow
into which the pack train plunged heavily at every step. Several of
the hoof-prints were splotehed with red as if the snow erust had eut
the mule’s feet and dyed the snow with drops of blood. Then it dawned
upon us that we were witnessing that alpine curiosity, sphaerella
navalis, The place where the first sphaeredla nivalis was observed was
in the nearly perpetual snowfields on the saddle of the Vogelsang
Pass. This Pass has an altitude exceeding 10,000 feet and the sur-
rounding peaks and erests are rugged and forbidding, Owing to the
length of the day’s march the party could not linger on the trail, but
ramped steadily forward to that night’s camp at the Tuolumne
Meadows,

See frontispiece.

110

It was on the summit of Lambert Dome, which is the dominant
feature of the Tuolumne Meadows, that the photograph which accom-
panies this article was taken. Lambert Dome is a solid mass of granite,
rising a thousand feet above the Tuolumne River that skirts its base.
It is a rock which has withstood the grinding of the glaciers of the
past, and shows on its crest glaciated patches polished to a mirror-
like surface. While the Sierra Club was in camp ‘across the river at
the Tuolumne Meadows, Lambert Dome was the objective point of
many short climbs. It was during one of these excursions that patches
of sphaerella nivalis were found. To quote from my note-book under
date of July 16th:—‘‘On the west side of Lambert Dome are patches
of ‘red snow’. It looks as if carmine ink has been spilled over the
snow. The snow-drift, splashed with red, is in the immediate fore-
ground, the tall pines on one hand, and the precipitous sides of the
Dome on the other inclose a vista of deep green tree-tops and meadow,
through which meanders the silvery Tuolumne River. The purple
foothills flank the snowy glacier-scarred peaks that pierce the sky: the
whole is overhung with slowly drifting cumulus clouds.’’ It was
under these picturesque circumstances that the first photograph of
‘“‘red snow’’ was ever made in natural colors.

One of the most prominent members of the 1911 outing of the
Sierra Club was Dr. W. lL. Jepson, of the botanical department of the
University of California.

Upon request he furnished me this memorandum on_ sphaerella
nivalis: ‘* “Red snow’, protococcus nivalis, or according to the latest
nomenclature, is sphaerella nivalis. The cells are spherical and have
no power of motion in the frozen snow, but in the summer, when the
snow melts, the cells become vegetatively active, increase in size, and,
after the fashion of the simple algae, divide into usually four, or six,
or eight (or even two daughter) cells. These daughter cells escape
from the original cell, and by means of rotating hairs at one end, they
have the power of motion through the melted film of water, which fills
the spaces between the particles of snow on a warm summer’s day.
The cells secure their nourishment partly from the water, and partly
from the atmospheric dust which always lies on the snowfield, and
which becomes dissolved in the film of melted snow.’’

The color-plate of shhaerella nivalis, which forms the frontispiece
of this volume of the transactions, is a direct reproduetion from the
original photograph made by the Lumiere process in natural colors.
The apparatus used in making this autochrom was a 314x514 camera
fitted with a No. 1, Series Ifl, double anastigmat, F 6.8, 6 inch focus,
diaphragmed down to f24. The autochrom was given an exposure of
6 seconds, This relatively long exposure was necessary on account of

1h

the yellow-orange rayfilter which was fitted to the lens in order to
equalize the intensity of the light and compensate for the predominat-
ing actinic effect of the violet and blue rays. The plate was developed
in a metroquinone solution, cleared in potassium permanganate and
reversed by re-development in the monomethyl-para-amidophenol sul-
phate and hydroquinone.

Six years ago the writer exhibited before the San Diego Society
of Natural History several direct-color photographs of still life such
as fruit, flowers, ete., but at that time the process required an extremely
long exposure through thick color filters, which made it impractical for
landseape photography. One of the photographs shown at that time
was a study of a few clusters of Tokay and Muscat grapes ; this picture
required an exposure of 40 minutes through the orange-red filter, and
proportionate exposures when using the green and violet filters.

In the Lumiere process the proceedure is rendered very simple
and the speed is only about two hundred per cent. greater than in
ordinary photography. Through the courtesy of the brothers Lumiere
the following outline of the process is given herewith: ‘‘Autochrom
plates differ from ordinary plates as follows: Interposed between the
Sensitive coating and the glass is a thin layer of transparent miseropi-
cal starch grains, dyed orange-red, green and violet, spread without
overlapping, and mixed in such proportion that the layer appears col-
orless when examined by transmitted light, and absorbs but a small
percentage of the light received. The sensitive coating is extremely
thin, and made of a special fine-grained panchromatic emulsion. When
such a plate is exposed in the eamera, the glass side towards the lens,
the light, before reaching the sensitive coating, passes through the
colored stareh grains, which act individually as minute screens, each
one absorbing all colors but its own. A microscopical selection takes
Place, and after development there is found under each grain a cor-
responding black spot, reduced silver of a density proportionate to
the amount of eolor reeeived and transmitted by this particular grain.
Were the plates fixed at this stage, the picture when examined by
t ‘ansmitted light, would show only the colors complementary to those
In the original, sinee the true colors are masked by the black spots
beneath the erains. But when the reduced silver is dissolved in the
Permanganate solution, the image is reversed: the opaque image under
each grain becomes translucent and transmits colored light precisely
of the same hue as the light transmitted by the grain when the plate
was exposed in the camera: in other words the color is reconstructed
Just as it was decomposed during exposure.”’

Mt aes the bibhograpily of sphaerella nivalis ineludes the writings
he ancient Greek philosophers, Swiss geologists, arctic explorers,

112

geographers, and modern eryptogramic botanists, it should not be in-
ferred that ‘‘red snow’’ is of common occurrence in alpine regions.
In fact, there are not a few Alaskan explorers and mountaineers who
have never encountered this phenomenon, Mr. Samuel B. Parish,
one of the oldest botanists in the state of California writes that al-
though he has botanized over the greater portion of the state he has
not had the fortune to see sphaerella nivalis. Mr, Frederic G. Plum-
mer of the United States Forest Service and Geographer of the United
States, says, ‘‘Although this phenomenon has often been reported by
aretic explorers and I have seen it in the alpine regions of Washington
and Oregon, it is the first time to my knowledge that it has been geen
by a reliable observer as far south as central California. I would be
glad to know if there ig any reliable record that ‘red snow’ has been
found in still lower altitudes.’’

In the third century before Christ, Aristotle mentions ‘‘red snow’?
in his ‘‘Meteorologies’’; Saussure in the eighteenth century hinted
at its true cause, Sir John Ross, in his voyage of discovery in the
arctic regions in 1819, mentioned finding deep banks of ‘‘red snow”’
on the eastern shores of Baffin’s Bay extending for miles; six years
later Parry made detailed entry in his journal of observing large
tracts of ‘‘red snow’’. In fact, the literature on the subject is quite
extensive. Through the suggestion of Dr. Frederic VY, Coville, botanist
of the United States Department of Agriculture, Dr. Marshall A, Ilowe,
of the New York Botanical Gardens, prepared for this article a com-
plete bibliography of sphaerella nivalis as follows:

Sphaerella nivalis (Bauer) Sommerfelt, Mag. for Naturv. 4: 249-253. 1824.

——-Wille in Eng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1°: 39. 1890.

-——Chodat, Bull, Herb. Boiss. 4: 879.889, pl. 9. f. r-2¢, 1896,

—— Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 1°: 140, 1901.

———-Hazen, Mem. Torrey Club 6: 235-238. 1899.

--West, Brit. Freshwater Alg. 189. 1904.

Uredo nivalis Bauer, Quart. Jour. Sci. & Arts 7: 225) 2.6. toto, Pin,
Trans. 1820: 165-173. pl. 77. 1820.

Protococcus nivalis Ag. Syst. Alg. 13. 1824; Icon. Alg. Eur, Phe el, 1828:

Palmella nivalis Hook. App. Parry’s Jour. Second Voyage 428, 1825.

Coccochloris nivalis Spreng., pro parte, Syst. NOR) 4.373, 182%;

Coccophysium nivale Link, Handb. 3: 342. 1833.

Haematococcus lacustris De-Toni. pro parte, Syll. Alg. 1: 552. 1889.

Chlamydomonas nivalis Wille, Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvidenskab 41: Tay. 24
3+F. 44, 45s pl. 4. f. 25. 1903; Eng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. I”

(Nachtrage): 18. 1909.

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